Physics Chapter 25

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors
T. Pang, Ph.D.

25.1 Wave Fronts and Rays Wave fronts: Surfaces of constant phases (2 apart) of a wave.
Rays: The lines the wave fronts in the direction of propagation. Spherical waves: Wave fronts are concentric spheres; rays along r.
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
Plane waves: Wave fronts are parallel planes with rays along a straight line.
Example: The plane wave (radiation eld) from a center-fed antenna
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25.2 The Reection of Light The law of reection: (1) The incident ray, the reected ray, and the normal direction of the mirror are all in one planethe incident plane; (2) The incident angle is equal to the reected angle: i
= r .
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What happens if the surface is not at?

r i
Digital movie projectors: Application of digital micromirror devices
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25.3 The Formation of Images by a Plane Mirror Look into a mirror to see the image of an object, you see (1) An upright image of the same size of the object:
hi = ho ;
(2) A (virtual) image formed behind the mirror at the same distance of the object from the mirror: di
= do ;
(3) Objects left side becomes images right side, and vice versa.
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Real image: Light passes through the image. Virtual image: The extension of light (but not the light itself) passes through the image (marked by a negative image distance).
Conceptual Example 1. Full image and half-sized mirror
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25.4 Spherical Mirrors
Concave mirrors:
Note that parallel paraxial rays converge to a focal point after reection; AF
= CF f R/2.
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
Convex mirrors:
Parallel paraxial rays diverge (as if come from a focal point) after reection. Focal length:
f = di as do . For a concave spherical mirror, f R/2, and for a convex spherical mirror f R/2.
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
Spherical aberration and parabolic mirrors:
Spherical
1 0 0 1 0 1 11 00 00 11 00 11
Parabolic
1 0 0 1 0 1
Remarks: (1) A minus sign in a distance means that the corresponding object or image is virtual without the light actually passing through it; (2) Focal point is the image of an object at the innity. So the sign convention also applies to the focal length.
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
25.5 The Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors Concave mirrors:
(1) A parallel ray becomes a ray going through the focal point; (2) A ray from the focal point turns into a parallel ray; (3) A ray from the spherical center goes back directly;
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
(4) A ray to the vertex reects back symmetrically.
Remarks: (1) Spherical aberration is ignored in constructing a ray diagram; (2) The effect of the curvature of the mirror is ignored in calculating distances and heights; (3) Two out of the four rays are needed in constructing a ray diagram; (4) The object and the image are interchangeable in a ray diagram: The principle of reversibility.
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
(5) Image can be real or virtual, upright or inverted, and enlarged or reduced. General features: (1) Image is real, inverted, and reduced if do
> 2f ; > do > f ; < f.
(2) Image is real, inverted, and enlarged if 2f (3) Image is virtual, upright, and enlarged if do
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An application: The head-up display in a windshield
Multiple reections: the image from the rst mirror is the object of the second mirror, so forth.
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Convex mirrors:
(1) A parallel ray becomes a ray coming from the focal point; (2) A ray to the focal point turns into a parallel ray; (3) A ray to the spherical center goes back directly;
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
(4) A ray to the vertex reects back symmetrically.
F
General features: (1) The image is always virtual, upright, and reduced;
(2) The image can be deceiving: Warning: Objects in mirror are closer than they appear! This is the warning on the mirror on the passenger side of a vehicle.
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
25.6 The Mirror Equation and the Magnication Equation
ho
do hi di
ho
do hi di
From the two pairs of similar triangles, we have
ho do do f = = , hi di f
which leads to
1 1 1 The mirror equation + = ; do di f hi di m= = . The magnication ho do

General Physics II Page 16
T. Pang, Ph.D.
Remarks: (1) The equations are for both the concave (f (f
> 0) and convex
< 0) mirrors;
(2) All types of images can result, real (di
> 0) or virtual (di < 0), upright (hi > 0) or inverted (hi < 0), and enlarged (|m| > 1) or reduced (|m| < 1); = , and thus di = do d = do /m.
and hi
(3) Plane mirror is a special case with f
= ho ;
(4) Apparent distance for the image of a convex mirror:
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
Example 3. A real image of a concave mirror
= 2.0 cm, do = 7.10 cm, and R = 10.20 cm, nd (a) the image distance di and (b) the image height hi .
(a) The focal length is f equation we have
If ho
= R/2 = 5.10 cm. Then from the mirror
7.10 5.10 do f di = = cm = 18 cm. do f 7.10 5.10

(b) The image height is given by
di 18 hi = ho = 2.0 cm = 5.0 cm. do 7.10

Example 5. A virtual image of a convex mirror If do
= 66 cm and f = 46 cm, nd (a) di and (b) m.

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General Physics II
T. Pang, Ph.D.
(a) From the mirror equation, we have
66 (46) do f = cm = 27 cm. di = do f 66 + 46
(b) The magnication is then given by
hi di 27 m= = = = 0.41. ho do 66
Example 6. Convex mirror versus plane mirror
= 9.00 cm and di = 3.00 cm if the plane mirror is replaced by a convex mirror, nd f of the convex mirror.
If do
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
From the mirror equation, we have
do di do (do + di ) d2 f= = = do o do + di do do + di di 9.002 cm = 18 cm. = 9.00 3.00
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A Quick recap: The mirror equation and magnication:
1 1 1 R + = ; f = , do di f 2 hi di m= = . ho do
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
Plane mirror:
f , di = do , and m = 1.
Convex mirror:
do R do f = < 0; di = do f 2do + R hi di R . m= = = ho do 2do + R

Note that |di |
< do and 0 < m < 1.
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
Concave mirror:
do f di = ; do f hi di m= = . ho do
The nature of the image depends on do (virtual, upright, and enlarged). Combination of mirrors: The image of the previous mirror is the object of the next mirror.
> 2f (real, inverted, and reduced), 2f < do > f (real, inverted, and enlarged), or do < f
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T. Pang, Ph.D.
Key Issues of the Chapter: (i) The law of reection: i
= r ;
(ii) The mirror equation and magnication:
1 1 1 di hi + = ; m= = , do di f ho do
where f
= R/2 for a spherical mirror; .
(iii) The plane mirror is the limit of R
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Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Example: The plane wave (radiation eld) from a center-fed antenna

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

What happens if the surface is not at?

Digital movie projectors: Application of digital micromirror devices

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Conceptual Example 1. Full image and half-sized mirror

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

25.4 Spherical Mirrors

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Spherical aberration and parabolic mirrors:

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

25.5 The Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors Concave mirrors:

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

(4) A ray to the vertex reects back symmetrically.

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

> 2f ; > do > f ; < f.

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

An application: The head-up display in a windshield

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

(4) A ray to the vertex reects back symmetrically.

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

25.6 The Mirror Equation and the Magnication Equation

From the two pairs of similar triangles, we have

1 1 1 The mirror equation + = ; do di f hi di m= = . The magnication ho do

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Remarks: (1) The equations are for both the concave (f (f

> 0) and convex

(2) All types of images can result, real (di

(3) Plane mirror is a special case with f

(4) Apparent distance for the image of a convex mirror:

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Example 3. A real image of a concave mirror

= R/2 = 5.10 cm. Then from the mirror

7.10 5.10 do f di = = cm = 18 cm. do f 7.10 5.10

di 18 hi = ho = 2.0 cm = 5.0 cm. do 7.10

= 66 cm and f = 46 cm, nd (a) di and (b) m.

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

(a) From the mirror equation, we have

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

From the mirror equation, we have

do di do (do + di ) d2 f= = = do o do + di do do + di di 9.002 cm = 18 cm. = 9.00 3.00

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

A Quick recap: The mirror equation and magnication:

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

do R do f = < 0; di = do f 2do + R hi di R . m= = = ho do 2do + R

< do and 0 < m < 1.

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Chapter 25 The Reection of Light: Mirrors

Key Issues of the Chapter: (i) The law of reection: i

(ii) The mirror equation and magnication:

= R/2 for a spherical mirror; .

(iii) The plane mirror is the limit of R