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60-1610
Chapter 60.--PROCEDURE, CIVIL
Article 16.--DIVORCE AND MAINTENANCE
60-1610. Decree; authorized orders. A decree in an action under this article may include orders on the following matters:
(a) Minor children. (1) Child support and education. The court shall make provisions for the support and education of the minor children. The court may
modify or change any prior order, including any order issued in a title IV-D case, within three years of the date of the original order or a modification order, when a
material change in circumstances is shown, irrespective of the present domicile of the child or the parents. If more than three years has passed since the date of
the original order or modification order, a material change in circumstance need not be shown. The court may make a modification of child support retroactive to a
date at least one month after the date that the motion to modify was filed with the court. Any increase in support ordered effective prior to the date the court's
judgment is filed shall not become a lien on real property pursuant to K.S.A. 60-2202 and amendments thereto. Regardless of the type of custodial arrangement
ordered by the court, the court may order the child support and education expenses to be paid by either or both parents for any child less than 18 years of age, at
which age the support shall terminate unless: (A) The parent or parents agree, by written agreement approved by the court, to pay support beyond the time the
child reaches 18 years of age; (B) the child reaches 18 years of age before completing the child's high school education in which case the support shall not
terminate automatically, unless otherwise ordered by the court, until June 30 of the school year during which the child became 18 years of age if the child is still
attending high school; or (C) the child is still a bona fide high school student after June 30 of the school year during which the child became 18 years of age, in
which case the court, on motion, may order support to continue through the school year during which the child becomes 19 years of age so long as the child is a
bona fide high school student and the parents jointly participated or knowingly acquiesced in the decision which delayed the child's completion of high school. The
court, in extending support pursuant to subsection (a)(1)(C), may impose such conditions as are appropriate and shall set the child support utilizing the guideline
table category for 16-year through 18-year old children. Provision for payment of support and educational expenses of a child after reaching 18 years of age if
still attending high school shall apply to any child subject to the jurisdiction of the court, including those whose support was ordered prior to July 1, 1992. If an
agreement approved by the court prior to July 1, 1988, provides for termination of support before the date provided by subsection (a)(1)(B), the court may review
and modify such agreement, and any order based on such agreement, to extend the date for termination of support to the date provided by subsection (a)(1)(B). If
an agreement approved by the court prior to July 1, 1992, provides for termination of support before the date provided by subsection (a)(1)(C), the court may
review and modify such agreement, and any order based on such agreement, to extend the date for termination of support to the date provided by subsection
(a)(1)(C). For purposes of this section, "bona fide high school student" means a student who is enrolled in full accordance with the policy of the accredited high
school in which the student is pursuing a high school diploma or a graduate equivalency diploma (GED). In determining the amount to be paid for child support,
the court shall consider all relevant factors, without regard to marital misconduct, including the financial resources and needs of both parents, the financial
resources and needs of the child and the physical and emotional condition of the child. Until a child reaches 18 years of age, the court may set apart any portion
of property of either the husband or wife, or both, that seems necessary and proper for the support of the child. Except for good cause shown, every order
requiring payment of child support under this section shall require that the support be paid through the central unit for collection and disbursement of support
payments designated pursuant to K.S.A. 23-4,118, and amendments thereto. A written agreement between the parties to make direct child support payments to
the obligee and not pay through the central unit shall constitute good cause, unless the court finds the agreement is not in the best interest of the child or children.
The obligor shall file such written agreement with the court. The obligor shall maintain written evidence of the payment of the support obligation and, at least
annually, shall provide such evidence to the court and the obligee. If the divorce decree of the parties provides for an abatement of child support during any period
provided in such decree, the child support such nonresidential parent owes for such period shall abate during such period of time, except that if the residential
parent shows that the criteria for the abatement has not been satisfied there shall not be an abatement of such child support.
(2) Child custody and residency. (A) Changes in custody. Subject to the provisions of the uniform child custody jurisdiction and enforcement act (K.S.A. 38-
1336 through 38-1377, and amendments thereto), the court may change or modify any prior order of custody, residency, visitation and parenting time, when a
material change of circumstances is shown, but no ex parte order shall have the effect of changing residency of a minor child from the parent who has had the
sole de facto residency of the child to the other parent unless there is sworn testimony to support a showing of extraordinary circumstances. If an interlocutory
order is issued ex parte, the court shall hear a motion to vacate or modify the order within 15 days of the date that a party requests a hearing whether to vacate or
modify the order.
(B) Examination of parties. The court may order physical or mental examinations of the parties if requested pursuant to K.S.A. 60-235 and amendments
thereto.
(3) Child custody or residency criteria. The court shall determine custody or residency of a child in accordance with the best interests of the child.
(A) If the parties have entered into a parenting plan, it shall be presumed that the agreement is in the best interests of the child. This presumption may be
overcome and the court may make a different order if the court makes specific findings of fact stating why the agreed parenting plan is not in the best interests of
the child.
(B) In determining the issue of child custody, residency and parenting time, the court shall consider all relevant factors, including but not limited to:
(i) The length of time that the child has been under the actual care and control of any person other than a parent and the circumstances relating thereto;
(ii) the desires of the child's parents as to custody or residency;
(iii) the desires of the child as to the child's custody or residency;
(iv) the interaction and interrelationship of the child with parents, siblings and any other person who may significantly affect the child's best interests;
(v) the child's adjustment to the child's home, school and community;
(vi) the willingness and ability of each parent to respect and appreciate the bond between the child and the other parent and to allow for a continuing
relationship between the child and the other parent;
(vii) evidence of spousal abuse;
(viii) whether a parent is subject to the registration requirements of the Kansas offender registration act, K.S.A. 22-4901, et seq., and amendments thereto, or
any similar act in any other state, or under military or federal law;
(ix) whether a parent has been convicted of abuse of a child, K.S.A. 21-3609, and amendments thereto;
(x) whether a parent is residing with an individual who is subject to registration requirements of the Kansas offender registration act, K.S.A. 22-4901, et seq.,
and amendments thereto, or any similar act in any other state, or under military or federal law; and

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(xi) whether a parent is residing with an individual who has been convicted of abuse of a child, K.S.A. 21-3609, and amendments thereto.
(C) Neither parent shall be considered to have a vested interest in the custody or residency of any child as against the other parent, regardless of the age of
the child, and there shall be no presumption that it is in the best interests of any infant or young child to give custody or residency to the mother.
(D) There shall be a rebuttable presumption that it is not in the best interest of the child to have custody or residency granted to a parent who:
(i) Is residing with an individual who is subject to registration requirements of the Kansas offender registration act, K.S.A. 22-4901, et seq., and amendments
thereto, or any similar act in any other state, or under military or federal law; or
(ii) is residing with an individual who has been convicted of abuse of a child, K.S.A. 21-3609, and amendments thereto.
(4) Types of legal custodial arrangements. Subject to the provisions of this article, the court may make any order relating to custodial arrangements which is
in the best interests of the child. The order shall provide one of the following legal custody arrangements, in the order of preference: (A) Joint legal custody. The
court may order the joint legal custody of a child with both parties. In that event, the parties shall have equal rights to make decisions in the best interests of the
child.
(B) Sole legal custody. The court may order the sole legal custody of a child with one of the parties when the court finds that it is not in the best interests of
the child that both of the parties have equal rights to make decisions pertaining to the child. If the court does not order joint legal custody, the court shall include
on the record specific findings of fact upon which the order for sole legal custody is based. The award of sole legal custody to one parent shall not deprive the
other parent of access to information regarding the child unless the court shall so order, stating the reasons for that determination.
(5) Types of residential arrangements. After making a determination of the legal custodial arrangements, the court shall determine the residency of the child
from the following options, which arrangement the court must find to be in the best interest of the child. The parties shall submit to the court either an agreed
parenting plan or, in the case of dispute, proposed parenting plans for the court's consideration. Such options are:
(A) Residency. The court may order a residential arrangement in which the child resides with one or both parents on a basis consistent with the best interests
of the child.
(B) Divided residency. In an exceptional case, the court may order a residential arrangement in which one or more children reside with each parent and have
parenting time with the other.
(C) Nonparental residency. If during the proceedings the court determines that there is probable cause to believe that the child is a child in need of care as
defined by subsections (d)(1), (d)(2), (d)(3) or (d)(11) of K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 38-2202, and amendments thereto, or that neither parent is fit to have residency, the
court may award temporary residency of the child to a grandparent, aunt, uncle or adult sibling, or, another person or agency if the court finds by written order that:
(i) (a) The child is likely to sustain harm if not immediately removed from the home;
(b) allowing the child to remain in home is contrary to the welfare of the child; or
(c) immediate placement of the child is in the best interest of the child; and
(ii) reasonable efforts have been made to maintain the family unit and prevent the unnecessary removal of the child from the child's home or that an
emergency exists which threatens the safety to the child. In making such a residency order, the court shall give preference, to the extent that the court finds it is in
the best interests of the child, first to awarding such residency to a relative of the child by blood, marriage or adoption and second to awarding such residency to
another person with whom the child has close emotional ties. The court may make temporary orders for care, support, education and visitation that it considers
appropriate. Temporary residency orders are to be entered in lieu of temporary orders provided for in K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 38-2243 and 38-2244, and amendments
thereto, and shall remain in effect until there is a final determination under the revised Kansas code for care of children. An award of temporary residency under
this paragraph shall not terminate parental rights nor give the court the authority to consent to the adoption of the child. When the court enters orders awarding
temporary residency of the child to an agency or a person other than the parent, the court shall refer a transcript of the proceedings to the county or district
attorney. The county or district attorney shall file a petition as provided in K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 38-2234, and amendments thereto, and may request termination of
parental rights pursuant to K.S.A. 2007 Supp. 38-2266, and amendments thereto. The costs of the proceedings shall be paid from the general fund of the county.
When a final determination is made that the child is not a child in need of care, the county or district attorney shall notify the court in writing and the court, after a
hearing, shall enter appropriate custody orders pursuant to this section. If the same judge presides over both proceedings, the notice is not required. Any
disposition pursuant to the revised Kansas code for care of children shall be binding and shall supersede any order under this section.
(b) Financial matters. (1) Division of property. The decree shall divide the real and personal property of the parties, including any retirement and pension
plans, whether owned by either spouse prior to marriage, acquired by either spouse in the spouse's own right after marriage or acquired by the spouses' joint
efforts, by: (A) A division of the property in kind; (B) awarding the property or part of the property to one of the spouses and requiring the other to pay a just and
proper sum; or (C) ordering a sale of the property, under conditions prescribed by the court, and dividing the proceeds of the sale. Upon request, the trial court
shall set a valuation date to be used for all assets at trial, which may be the date of separation, filing or trial as the facts and circumstances of the case may
dictate. The trial court may consider evidence regarding changes in value of various assets before and after the valuation date in making the division of property.
In dividing defined-contribution types of retirement and pension plans, the court shall allocate profits and losses on the nonparticipant's portion until date of
distribution to that nonparticipant. In making the division of property the court shall consider the age of the parties; the duration of the marriage; the property
owned by the parties; their present and future earning capacities; the time, source and manner of acquisition of property; family ties and obligations; the allowance
of maintenance or lack thereof; dissipation of assets; the tax consequences of the property division upon the respective economic circumstances of the parties;
and such other factors as the court considers necessary to make a just and reasonable division of property. The decree shall provide for any changes in
beneficiary designation on: (A) Any insurance or annuity policy that is owned by the parties, or in the case of group life insurance policies, under which either of
the parties is a covered person; (B) any trust instrument under which one party is the grantor or holds a power of appointment over part or all of the trust assets,
that may be exercised in favor of either party; or (C) any transfer on death or payable on death account under which one or both of the parties are owners or
beneficiaries. Nothing in this section shall relieve the parties of the obligation to effectuate any change in beneficiary designation by the filing of such change with
the insurer or issuer in accordance with the terms of such policy.
(2) Maintenance. The decree may award to either party an allowance for future support denominated as maintenance, in an amount the court finds to be fair,
just and equitable under all of the circumstances. The decree may make the future payments modifiable or terminable under circumstances prescribed in the
decree. The court may make a modification of maintenance retroactive to a date at least one month after the date that the motion to modify was filed with the
court. In any event, the court may not award maintenance for a period of time in excess of 121 months. If the original court decree reserves the power of the court
to hear subsequent motions for reinstatement of maintenance and such a motion is filed prior to the expiration of the stated period of time for maintenance
payments, the court shall have jurisdiction to hear a motion by the recipient of the maintenance to reinstate the maintenance payments. Upon motion and hearing,
the court may reinstate the payments in whole or in part for a period of time, conditioned upon any modifying or terminating circumstances prescribed by the court,
but the reinstatement shall be limited to a period of time not exceeding 121 months. The recipient may file subsequent motions for reinstatement of maintenance
prior to the expiration of subsequent periods of time for maintenance payments to be made, but no single period of reinstatement ordered by the court may
exceed 121 months. Maintenance may be in a lump sum, in periodic payments, on a percentage of earnings or on any other basis. At any time, on a hearing with
reasonable notice to the party affected, the court may modify the amounts or other conditions for the payment of any portion of the maintenance originally
awarded that has not already become due, but no modification shall be made without the consent of the party liable for the maintenance, if it has the effect of
increasing or accelerating the liability for the unpaid maintenance beyond what was prescribed in the original decree. Except for good cause shown, every order
requiring payment of maintenance under this section shall require that the maintenance be paid through the central unit for collection and disbursement of support
payments designated pursuant to K.S.A. 23-4,118, and amendments thereto. A written agreement between the parties to make direct maintenance payments to
the obligee and not pay through the central unit shall constitute good cause. If child support and maintenance payments are both made to an obligee by the same
obligor, and if the court has made a determination concerning the manner of payment of child support, then maintenance payments shall be paid in the same
manner.
(3) Separation agreement. If the parties have entered into a separation agreement which the court finds to be valid, just and equitable, the agreement shall be
incorporated in the decree. A separation agreement may include provisions relating to a parenting plan. The provisions of the agreement on all matters settled by

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it shall be confirmed in the decree except that any provisions relating to the legal custody, residency, visitation parenting time, support or education of the minor
children shall be subject to the control of the court in accordance with all other provisions of this article. Matters settled by an agreement incorporated in the
decree, other than matters pertaining to the legal custody, residency, visitation, parenting time, support or education of the minor children, shall not be subject to
subsequent modification by the court except: (A) As prescribed by the agreement or (B) as subsequently consented to by the parties.
(4) Costs and fees. Costs and attorney fees may be awarded to either party as justice and equity require. The court may order that the amount be paid
directly to the attorney, who may enforce the order in the attorney's name in the same case.
(c) Miscellaneous matters. (1) Restoration of name. Upon the request of a spouse, the court shall order the restoration of that spouse's maiden or former
name. The court shall have jurisdiction to restore the spouse's maiden or former name at or after the time the decree of divorce becomes final. The judicial council
shall develop a form which is simple, concise and direct for use with this paragraph.
(2) Effective date as to remarriage. Any marriage contracted by a party, within or outside this state, with any other person before a judgment of divorce
becomes final shall be voidable until the decree of divorce becomes final. An agreement which waives the right of appeal from the granting of the divorce and
which is incorporated into the decree or signed by the parties and filed in the case shall be effective to shorten the period of time during which the remarriage is
voidable.
History: L. 1963, ch. 303, 60-1610; L. 1965, ch. 355, § 6; L. 1975, ch. 305, § 1; L. 1976, ch. 256, § 1; L. 1978, ch. 231, § 30; L. 1979, ch. 185, § 1; L.
1980, ch. 175, § 2; L. 1981, ch. 236, § 1; L. 1982, ch. 152, § 9; L. 1983, ch. 199, § 1; L. 1985, ch. 144, § 6; L. 1985, ch. 115, § 48; L. 1986, ch. 218, § 1; L.
1986, ch. 219, § 1; L. 1986, ch. 137, § 25; L. 1988, ch. 215, § 1; L. 1991, ch. 171, § 2; L. 1992, ch. 273, § 2; L. 1995, ch. 268, § 2; L. 1996, ch. 186, § 2; L.
1997, ch. 182, § 4; L. 1998, ch. 162, § 3; L. 2000, ch. 171, § 15; L. 2001, ch. 195, § 7; L. 2005, ch. 154, § 2; L. 2006, ch. 200, § 108; L. 2007, ch. 162, § 2; July
1.

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