AIRCOM Asset LTE Basics and Asset
AIRCOM Asset LTE Basics and Asset
AIRCOM Asset LTE Basics and Asset
Roadmap
2G 2.5G 3G phase 1 Evolved 3G
LTE HSUPA* HSDPA WCDMA EDGE GPRS GSM 2003/2004 2005 2007 2010
2000/2001
2
LTE is now on the market (both radio and core network evolution) Release 8 was frozen in December 2008 and this has been the basis
for the first wave of LTE equipment
Flat Architecture
Traditional Architecture
GGSN
LTE
SAE GW
IP Network
SGSN
SGSN
IP Network
RNC
RNC
MME
IP Network
NODE B
NODE B
eNODEB
S6a X2
MME
S7
S1-MME
S11 S1-U S5
LTE-Uu
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access This new OFDMA based air interface is also often referred to as the Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN) 300 Mbit/s per 20 MHz of spectrum
Uplink
uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) Single Carrier Frequency means information is modulated only to one
carrier, adjusting the phase or amplitude of the carrier or both
eNODE B
SC-FDMA
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Multiple Access DL
LTE employs OFDM as the basic modulation scheme and multiple access is achieved through: OFDMA in the LTE Downlink A multi-carrier signal with one data symbol per subcarrier Scalable to wider bandwidths, multipath resilient and better suited for MIMO architecture Drawback: Parallel transmission of multiple symbols creates undesirable high PAPR
Multiple Access UL
SC-OFDMA in the LTE Uplink SC-FDMA transmits the four QPSK data symbols from a user in series at four times the rate, with each data symbol occupying N x 15 kHz bandwidth. Signal more like single carrier with each data symbol being represented by one wide symbol Occupied bandwidth same as OFDMA but crucially, the PAPR is the same as that used for original data symbol
Use multiple channels to send multiple information streams (spatial multiplexing) Increase throughput
MIMO creates multiple parallel channels between transmitter and receiver. MIMO is using time and space to transmit data (space time coding).
MIMO needs a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the UE High SNR ensures that the UE is able to decode the incoming signal This ensures good orthogonality
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LTE - FDD/TDD
FDD F -DL
F -UL TDD
Type 1: used for the LTE FDD mode systems. Type 2: used for the LTE TDD systems.
LTE can be used in both paired (FDD) and unpaired (TDD)
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spectrum. FDD & TDD supports bandwidths from 1.4 Mhz to 20Mhz
FDD
Type 1 used for the LTE FDD mode systems. The basic type 1 LTE frame has an overall length of 10
ms. This is then divided into a total of 20 individual slots. LTE Subframes then consist of two slots - in other words there are ten LTE subframes within a frame.
10 ms
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One Subframe = 1 mS
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TDD
Type 2 LTE Frame Structure
The frame structure for the type 2 frames used on LTE TDD is
somewhat different. The 10 ms frame comprises two half frames, each 5 ms long. The LTE half-frames are further split into five subframes, each 1ms long.
10 ms
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TDD
One radio frame Tf =10 ms
special sub-fames
Sub-frame #0
Sub-frame #2
Sub-frame #3
Sub-frame #4
Sub-frame #5
Sub-frame #7
Sub-frame #8
Sub-frame #9
DwPTS GP
UpPTS
DwPTS GP
UpPTS
DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Timeslot) GP (Guard Period) UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Timeslot)
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TDD
A total of seven up / downlink
configurations have been set, and these use either 5 ms or 10 ms switch periodicities. when you go from DL to U
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single E-UTRA RF carrier with the transmission bandwidth configured in the uplink or downlink of a cell
and is used as a reference for transmitter and receiver RF requirements operation in the narrow bandwidth modes , i.e. < 5 MHz channel bandwidths, i.e. > 15 MHz
2 1 6 6 2 5 4 10
1 1 4 4 1 3 6
1 X 3 3 1 2 5
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LTE Bands
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Comparison FDD/TDD
1. FDD LTE uses frequency division, while TDD LTE uses
time division
2. FDD LTE is full duplex, while TDD LTE is half duplex 3. FDD LTE is better for symmetric traffic, while TDD is
better for asymmetric traffic
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Sub-Carriers
GSM 200Khz
QPSK b0 b 1 Im
01
11
00
10Re
Re
Re
0000
20
(depending upon cyclic perfix size), thus a single resource block is containing either 72 or 84 OFDM symbols
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01
11
00
10Re 0000
Re
64QAM b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5 Im
Re
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Channel BW
CHANNEL BW (Mhz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20 Nrb BW config= % of Nrb x 12 x15 Channel 1000 BW 6 15 25 50 75 100 BW Channel BW config R R R R R R R R R R R R R B B B B B B B B B B B B B
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1.4
6
3
15
5
25
10
50
15
75
20
100
Subcarriers
72
180
300
600
900
1200
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Cyclic Prefix
In the time domain, a guard interval may be added to each symbol to combat
inter-OFDM-symbol-interference due to channel delay spread
The guard interval is a cyclic prefix which is inserted prior to each OFDM symbol
cyclic prefix
One sub Frame=1mS One Slot = 0.5ms
7 OFDM Symbols
The length of the cyclic prefix, CP is important. If it is not long enough then it will not counteract the multipath reflection delay spread. If it is too long, then it will reduce the data throughput capacity.
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Delay Spread
2
Normal For LTE, the standard length of the cyclic prefix has been chosen to be 4.69 s. This enables the system to accommodate path variations of up to 1.4 km. With the symbol length in LTE set to 66.7 s
1
3 Time Domain
Last Reflection
Guard Period
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Sampling Window
Cyclic Prefix
To each OFDM symbol, a cyclic prefix (CP) is appended as guard time
One downlink slot consists of 6 or 7 OFDM symbols, depending on whether extended
or normal cyclic prefix is configured, respectively spread of the radio channel
The extended cyclic prefix is able to cover larger cell sizes with higher delay
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For 20Mhz bandwidth (1200 carriers) symbol rate = 1200 x 15= 18Msps
Each symbol using 64 QAM (6 bits) Total peak rate = 18 Msps x 6 bits = 108Mbps Subtract overhead and coding and add gains (MIMO)
66.7us
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RSRP is a RSSI type of measurement. It measures the average received power over the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals within certain frequency bandwidth.
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Configuration of Carrier
Note that when multiple antennas are used for transmission, then
there is a resource grid for each one.
R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0
R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0
Port 1
R0 R0
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R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
Downlink Reference Signal Structure The downlink reference signal structure is important for channel estimation. The principle of the downlink reference signal structure for 1 antenna. Ref Signal TX1 = 8 for 15Khz spacing
R0
R0
Specific pre-defined resource elements (indicated by R0-3 in in the time-frequency domain are carrying the cell-specific reference signal sequence.
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Overhead
R1
R0
R1
R0
Downlink Reference Signal Structure The downlink reference signal structure is important for channel estimation. The principle of the downlink reference signal structure for 2 antenna. Ref Signal TX2= 16 for 15Khz spacing
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R0 R1
R1
R0 R1
R1
R0
R0
R0
R1
R0
R1
Specific pre-defined resource elements (indicated by R0-3 in in the time-frequency domain are carrying the cell-specific reference signal sequence.
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Overhead
R0 R1
R2
R1
R0 R1 R2
R1
The downlink reference signal structure is important for channel estimation. The principle of the downlink reference signal structure for 2 antenna. Ref Signal TX3= 20 for 15Khz spacing
R0
R0
R0 R2
R1
R0
R1
Specific pre-defined resource elements (indicated by R0-3 in in the time-frequency domain are carrying the cell-specific reference signal sequence.
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R1
R3
R0
R1 R2
R0
R0
R2
R1
R0 R3 R1 R2
R1
R1 R3 R0
Downlink reference signal structure The downlink reference signal structure is important for channel estimation. The principle of the downlink reference signal structure for 2 antenna. Ref Signal TX3= 20 for 15Khz spacing
R0
R0 R2
R1
R0 R3
R1
Specific pre-defined resource elements (indicated by R0-3 in in the time-frequency domain are carrying the cell-specific reference signal sequence.
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Type1-DL Frame
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Type1- UL Frame
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could be rolled out. This may be because an older legacy technology can be progressively switched off, or because they have spectrum that is currently unused operators will at least consider the possibility of refarming their existing licensed spectrum for LTE use. spectrum in which to operate LTE. Even when new spectrum is available, an operator will need to consider a number of configuration options.
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units of MHz and in km, in which case the FSPL equation becomes:
dBm
electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-of-site path through free space, with no obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction.
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20dB different
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20dB different
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Examples
What is the free space path loss at: 1800Mhz at 1Km
20 log (1) + 20logx1800 =0 +65 =32.5 + 65 dB =97.5
=32.5+85dB
=117.5
=32.5+105dB
=137
2.6 GHz
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At 700 MHz could be between three and four times larger than at 2.6 GHz.
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resource: the low frequency is efficient and will allow for a network that doesnt require a dense build out and provides better in-building penetration than higher frequency bands.
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The ongoing subscriber migration from GSM to UMTS taking place in over 150
countries worldwide is relieving pressure on the GSM900 networks and is starting to free up some spectrum capacity in that band.
Deploying LTE in 900MHz can also bring the additional cost and logistic
benefits of being able to deploy LTE at existing GSM sites as the coverage of GSM/LTE in 900MHz should be very similar. user throughputs, sector capacity and reduce user plane latency to deliver a significantly improved user experience. As such, the industry expects that Service Providers will wait to deploy LTE in the refarmed 900 MHz
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How much spectrum an operator may have access to. Historically, radio
licences for 20 MHz,either TDD or FDD, have been rare.
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Questions
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Questions
1. What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a
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Questions
2. What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a
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Questions
3. What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a
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Questions
4. What is meant by Normal type1?
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Antenna Database
Antenna Information and Mask
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PL K1 K 2log (d ) K 3H ms
K 4logH ms
K 5logH eff
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0.00
-2.22 -0.8 -11.70
0.00
-2.55 0.00 -13.82
0.00
-2.88 0.00 -13.82
0.00
-2.93 0.00 -13.82
0.00
-3.04 0.00 -13.82
0.00
-3.20 0.00 -13.82
k6
k7
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-4.30
0.4
-6.55
0.7
-6.55
0.8
-6.55
0.8
-6.55
0.8
-6.55
0.8
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LTE Carriers
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LTE Carriers
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66
67
68
69
010100
010100
T X
010100
R X
SU-MIMO
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010 T X 100 R X
010100
SU-MIMO
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Transmit diversity
Open loop Spatial multiplexing Closed loop spatial multiplexing Multi user MIMO SU-MIMO
Receive Diversity
MU-MIMO
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SU-MIMO
This includes conventional techniques such as Cyclic Delay Diversity Transmit\Receive diversity (Space frequency block codes)
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MU-MIMO
Multiple users (separated in the spatial domain in both UL and DL) sharing the same time-frequency resources Uses multiple narrow beams to separate users in the spatial domain and can be considered as a hybrid of beamforming and spatial multiplexing. Serves more terminals by scheduling multiple terminals using the same resources this increases the cell capacity and number of served terminals Suitable for highly loaded cells and for scenarios where number of served terminals is more important than peak user data rates
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Adding Sites/Cells
You can add network elements by using the site
design toolbar in the Map View window and also by using the Site Database window. and modify network elements. Contact your administrator if you do not have the correct permissions
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LTE Parameters
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Scheduler
Scheduler Round Robin Description The aim of this Scheduler is to share the available/unused resources equally among the terminals (that are requesting RT services) in order to satisfy their RT-MBR demand. This is a recursive algorithm and continues to share resources equally among terminals, until all RTMBR demands have been met or there are no more resources left to allocate. The aim of this Scheduler is to allocate the available/unused resources as fairly as possible in such a way that, on average, each terminal gets the highest possible throughput achievable under the channel conditions. This is a recursive algorithm. The available/unused resources are shared between the RT terminals in proportion to the bearer data rates of the terminals. Terminals with higher data rates get a larger share of the available resources. Each terminal gets either the resources it needs to satisfy its RTMBR demand, or its weighted portion of the available/unused resources, whichever is smaller. This recursive allocation process continues until all RT-MBR demands have been met or there are no more resources left to allocate. The aim of this Scheduler is to allocate the available/unused resources in proportion to the RT-MBR demand, which means that terminals with higher RT-MBR demand achieve higher throughputs than terminals with lower RT-MBR demand. This is a non-recursive resource allocation process and results in either satisfying the RT-MBR demands of all terminals or the consumption of all of the available/unused resources. The aim of this Scheduler is to maximise the terminal throughput and in turn the average cell throughput. This is a non-recursive resource allocation process where terminals with higher bearer rates (and consequently higher SINR) are preferred over terminals with low bearer rates (and consequently lower SINR). This means that resources are allocated first to those terminals with better SINR/channel conditions than others, thereby maximising the throughput.
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Proportional Fair
Proportional Demand
Max SINR
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LTE Parameters
Load (%) 35 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Interference Margin (dB) 1 1.3 1.8 2.4 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.2
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Predicting Coverage
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Coverage Reports/Statistics
Once coverage arrays have been created, you can generate coverage statistics.
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Coverage Reports/Statistics
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Array Manager
Array manager enable memory management on arrays and simulations. In addition, the Array Manager provides the ability to retrieve archived arrays, allowing for the benchmarking of statistical changes over time.
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Indicates a combination of modulation and coding scheme that the NodeB should use to ensure that the BLER experienced by the UE remains < 10%
CQI Modulation Efficiency Actual coding rate Required SINR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
0.1523 0.2344 0.3770 0.6016 0.8770 1.1758 1.4766 1.9141 2.4063 2.7305 3.3223 3.9023 4.5234 5.1152 5.5547
0.07618 0.11719 0.18848 308/1024 449/1024 602/1024 378/1024 490/1024 616/1024 466/1024 567/1024 666/1024 772/1024 873/1024 948/1024
-4.46 -3.75 -2.55 -1.15 1.75 3.65 5.2 6.1 7.55 10.85 11.55 12.75 14.55 18.15 19.25
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LTE Services
The parameters that you specify will influence how the simulation behaves and will enable you to examine coverage and service quality for individual types of service.
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Clutter Parameters
You can define different shadow fading standard deviations for outdoor terminals and indoor terminals per clutter type. If a building is in urban, it will encounter greater fading than in parkland. You can also specify different indoor losses for each clutter type.
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Terminal Types
ASSET models traffic demand by generating traffic density maps for the different types of terminal. These density maps define the amount of traffic offered to the network by each type of terminal on a pixel-bypixel basis, corresponding to the available clutter map data resolutions. A Terminal Type in ASSET defines these key characteristics:
How much traffic will the terminal type generate in total? How will the traffic be spread geographically? What is the expected mobile speed distribution for this terminal
type?
Which service will the terminal type provide?* What are the mobile equipment characteristics?
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Max. Modulation (DL) Max. Modulation (UL) RF Bandwidth Transmit Diversity Receive Diversity Spatial Multiplexing (DL) Spatial Multiplexing (UL) MU-MIMO (DL) MU-MIMO (UL)
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Traffic Rasters
Traffic Rasters are arrays that store the distribution of traffic over an area. They can be created either from the information in the Terminal Types or from imported Live Traffic values. The name of the created traffic raster will be the same as the name of the terminal type. The Traffic Rasters enables you to:
for a nominal network. By visualising the array, you can then gain a good idea of where to locate your sites. mature network. Can verify site configuration is sufficient to match the traffic spread over the network.
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Traffic Rasters
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Simulator Outputs
ASSET provides ways of setting your own array definitions, so that you can specify exactly which arrays you want to be output when you use the Simulator. The easiest way is to use the Auto Setup option. This ensures that all the relevant array types and their parameter combinations are included in the simulation outputs for display and analysis.
You can also define your own customised collection of output array types from the Simulator. This enables you to specify array definitions to determine precisely which arrays you want to output and display, in any combination of parameters you choose. This method is probably only beneficial for advanced users.
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Simulation RSRQ
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108
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Simulation DL RS SINR
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arrays that show the locations of terminals generated by the simulation snapshots, and to show whether the terminals succeeded or failed to make a connection. The following arrays are provided for each terminal type used in the simulation.
and where the user has checked the Allow Terminal Info Arrays box on the 2nd page of the simulation wizard.
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AIRCOM Enhanced Macrocell model (as well as some 3rd party prediction models complete list TBD) have the ability to produce line-of-sight (LOS) information for each predicted location, in addition to the existing pathloss value. Using LOS info in a simulation can be used to improve MIMO modelling. MIMO schemes rely on there being a low correlation between the signal paths to the receive elements of an antenna. Locations that have line-of-sight to an antenna are more likely to have high correlation between signal paths to the antenna. The LTE simulator supports 3 basic MIMO schemes: SU-MIMO Multiplexing, SU-MIMO Diversity, and MU-MIMO. A new page is added to the LTE simulation wizard, providing the user with the option of enabling/disabling these 3 MIMO schemes in LOS regions.
If a prediction model is used that does not generate LOS info, then the sim will treat pathlosses from that model as non-LOS.
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Pixel Analyser
The Pixel Analyser visualises detailed signal strength information that has been accumulated during a simulation.
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Flat Architecture
Traditional Architecture
GGSN
LTE
SAE GW
IP Network
SGSN
SGSN
IP Network
RNC
RNC
MME
IP Network
NODE B
NODE B
eNODEB
S6a X2
MME
S7
S1-MME
S11 S1-U S5
LTE-Uu
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Function of eNodeB
3GPP Release 8, the eNB supports the following functions:
Radio Resource Management Radio Bearer Control Scheduling (uplink and downlink ) Radio Admission Control Connection Mobility Control IP header compression and
encryption of user data stream Selection of an MME Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway paging messages
Each eNB will have Physical Cell Identity (PCI). There are 504 different PCIs in LTE. In addition, a globally unique cell identifier (GID)
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Mobile is required to
PCI PCI
measure the Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) associated with a particular PCI.
detect and resolve local PCI conflicts.
It is important to
Send Report
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MME: Mobility Management Entity S6a MME S7 Policy & Charging Rule Function PCRF S11 S1-U LTE-Uu Serving Gateway PDN Gateway S5 IMS
S1-MME
LTE-UE
EPS Bearer
The QoS parameters associated to the bearer are: QCI, ARP, GBR and MBR
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eNB
eNodeB
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EPC Access
Attachment & Service Request Security & Authentication
Bearer management
MME
Mobility Management Entity
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Lawful Interception
S-GW
SAE Gateway
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UE IP address allocation
P-GW
PDN Gateway
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Coverage & Capacity Optimisation Mobility optimisation RACH optimisation Load Balancing optimisation
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Release 8
Data Rate: Peak data rates target 100 Mbps (downlink) and 50 Mbps (uplink) for 20 MHz spectrum allocation, assuming 2 receive antennas and 1 transmit antenna at the terminal
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Release 8
Latency: The one-way transit time between a packet being
available at the IP layer in either the UE or radio access network and the availability of this packet at IP layer in the radio access network/UE shall be less than 5 ms times of less than 100 ms from camped state to active state
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RRC
connected mode Cell selection and re-selection Interpreting broadcast system information Managing radio bearers Measurement reporting and control Ciphering control
Logical Channel
SRBs are divided into 3 types: 1. Signalling Radio Bearer 0: SRB0 2. Signalling Radio Bearer 1: SRB1 3. Signalling Radio Bearer 3: SRB3
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Admission Control
Logical Channel
Admission Control
Transport Channels FDD | TDD - Layer 1 ( DL: OFDMA, UL: SC-FDMA )
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The purpose of this procedure: Establish/ Modify/ Release RBs Perform Handover Configure /modify measurements
Logical Channel
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Logical Channel
The purpose of this procedure: To re-establish the RRC connection A UE in CONNECTED state in order to continue the RRC connection This succeeds only if a valid context exists
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Logical Channel
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Logical Channel
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SIBs
Logical Channel
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DTCH
DCCH
CCCH
BCCH
Signalling Radio Bearers (SRB) are defined as Radio bearers that are used only to transmit RRC and NAS
SRB0: RRC message using CCCH logical channel. SRB1: is for transmitting NAS messages over DCCH logical channel. SRB2: is for high priority RRC messages. Transmitted over DCCH logical channel
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Max RTT Min RTT Av RTT (ms) (ms) (ms) PING NOLOAD PING LOAD 18 168 15 15 16.25 20.71
PING Loss 5 5
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RTT (ms)
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CELLPCH
CELL SELECTION
IDLE
CELL SELECTION
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UE States LTE
RRC CONNECTED
Handover
RRC IDLE
CELL SELECTION
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Each application is
Radio Tuner
Streaming Video
Web Browsing
Server Backups
Videotelephony Streaming video
Streaming music
INTEGRITY
Telephony
UMTS
File downloading
Web browsing
Calendar synchronisation
Teleshopping
Mail downloading
Teleworking
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Quality of Service
Traffic Class Maximum Bit Rate Delivery Order Maximum SDU Size SDU Format Information SDU Error Ratio Residual Bit Error Ratio Delivery of Erroneous SDUs Transfer Delay Guaranteed Bit Rate Conversational Streaming Interactive Background
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X X X X
X
X X X X X
X
X X X X
X
X X X X
X X X
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Services/Applications
Traffic Class Conversational Streaming Interactive Background
Speech
Video Call
X
X
X X X
X X X X X
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LTE QoS
Allocation and Retention
Priority (ARP): Within each QoS class there are different allocation and retention priorities to decide whether a bearer establishment / modification request can be accepted or needs to be rejected in case of resource limitations (typically available radio capacity in case of GBR bearers)
In addition, the ARP can be used (e.g. by the eNodeB) to decide which bearer(s) to drop during exceptional resource limitations (e.g. at handover)
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Questions
1. Give a example of layer 4 protocol? 2. Give a example of layer 3 protocol? 3. What is the function of ARP? 4. What does QCI 1 mean?
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Questions
5. How has Latency been reduced in LTE? 6. What is meant by 4x2?
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CELLPCH
IDLE
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LTE Always On
In the early deployment phase, LTE coverage will certainly be
restricted to city and hot spot areas.
LTE Connected
Handover
GSM Connected
IDLE
LTE _IDLE
GSM/GPRS IDLE
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UE Power-up
UE Power up DL Syn and Physical Channel ID
PLMN ID matches
Yes
Pre-amble / Attach
Cell Selection
After a UE has selected a PLMN, it performs cell selection in other
words, it searches for a suitable cell on which to camp information that is broadcast
While camping on the chosen cell, the UE acquires the system Subsequently, the UE registers its presence in the tracking area,
after which it can receive paging information which is used to notify UEs of incoming calls
eNB
When camped on a cell, the UE regularly verifies if there is a better cell; this is known as performing cell reselection.
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S6a
X2
S1-MME
MME
S7
PCRF
S11 S1-U
S5
Serving Gateway PDN Gateway
Internet
LTE-Uu
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MME
EMM-REGISTERED:
information for the UE at least to the accuracy of a tracking area responds to paging messages and performs the service request procedure if there is uplink data to be sent
MME
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Tracking Area Identity = MCC (Mobile Country Code), MNC (Mobile Network Code) and TAC (Tracking Area Code Tracking Area Tracking Area
s6a
Home
HSS
MME
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TAI2
TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI3 TAI3 TAI3 TAI3
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MME
MME
NAS Protocols
S1-AP SCTP IP
eNB
Tracking Area Identity MCC (Mobile Country Code) MNC (Mobile Network Code) TAC (Tracking Area Code)
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GTP-U
UDP
IP L1/L2
Serving Gateway
M-TMSI
MME
MME
MME POOLING
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Context Request
Context Request
old GUTI, complete TAU request, P-TMSI, MME address etc. Basically this message is sent by new MME to old MME to inquire about UE's authenticity, the bearers created if any etc.
Context Response
Create Session Request/Response: If there was no change in SGW there will not be this message.
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LTE Connected
Connection Establishment/Release
IDLE
LTE _IDLE
Cell Selection /Reselection
GSM/GPRS IDLE
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RRC IDLE
Logical channels
BCCH
MIB
BCH DL-SCH
Transport channels
Physical channels
PBCH PDSCH
20Mhz BW
MIB BW = 1.08Mhz
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P-SCH
S-SCH
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Cell Reselection:
PCI
Measurement criteria
Qrxlevmin SIB1
PCI
PCI
PCI
Measured neighbours
S criteria Srx > Q rxlevmeas (qrxlevmin Qrelevmin offset)-P Compensation R criteria neighboring cell was ranked with the highest value R
Suitable neighbours
P Compensation = max(Pamax-PbMax)
For a cell to be suitable: S rx level>0 Srx > Q rxlevmeas (qrxlevmin Qrelevmin offset)
Q rxlevmeas RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
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Q qrxlevmin =-80dBm
Q rxlevmeas
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PCI
PCI
PCI
Measured neighbours
S criteria
Suitable neighbours
R criteria
Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts cell)
Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsets,n
for candidate neighbouring cells for cell reselection
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Qmeas,n
RSRP (dBM)
Rn
Qmeas,s Qhysts
Rs Qoffsets,n
Treselection the time interval value Treselection, whose value ranges between 0 and 31 seconds
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Measurement Rules
Measurement rules Which frequencies/ RATs to measure: high priority high priority + intra-frequency
absolute priorities, where each frequency has an associated priority. Cell-specific default values of the priorities are provided via system information.
E-UTRAN may assign UE-specific values upon connection release. In case equal priorities are assigned to multiple cells, the cells are
ranked based on radio link quality.
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worse than one absolute threshold and neighbour cell becomes better than another absolute threshold
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Source eNodeB
DCCH: RRC Measurement Control
becomes better than absolute threshold worse than one absolute threshold and neighbour cell becomes better than another absolute threshold
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RSRQ additionally takes the interference level into account due to the inclusion of RSSI.
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RLC
RLC X2
Connection
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
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Handover Timings
Source cell
1 2 3
Target cell
Event A3. Neighbour cell becomes better than an offset relative to the serving cell
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Handover
The event detected and reported is the event A3 within 3GPP LTE
Handover
Source eNode B HO Command Forward Packets to target Target eNode B
Buffer Packets
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Target eNodeB
MME
SAE
Switch DL path
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Handover
Source eNodeB
In LTE, data buffering in the DL occurs at the eNB because the RLC protocol terminates at the eNB.
Therefore, mechanisms to avoid data loss during inter- eNB handovers is all the more necessary when compared to the UMTS architecture where data buffering occurs at the centralised Radio Network Controller (RNC) and inter-RNC handovers are less frequent.
Handover Decision
X2: Handover Request Ack DCCH: RRC Connection Reconfiguration Target eNodeB
RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete message.
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Handover
Connected Mode Mobility In LTE_ACTIVE, when a UE moves between two LTE cells
User Plane TCP/UDP IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY Control NAS RRC RLC MAC PHY
Serving Gateway
MME
DATA
GTP -C UDP
IP
L2 Ethernet L1-SDH
L1-SDH
L1-SDH
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Questions
1. Define the following: a) Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ)
b) E-UTRA RSSI
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Questions
2. What is a PCI and how many are there?
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Questions
4. What is the difference between PCI and global cell ID?
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Questions
5. The total number of handovers are likely to be higher
in LTE than in UMTS. Why?
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Thank you
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