DCS Presentation

In the Name Of Omnipotent
K.N.Toosi University Of Technology Control Engineering Department Masoud Dorosti
Study of DCS Technology

or
Distributed Control Systems

Based On
TXP Power Plant Control System

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Automation
Factory Automation: Or Discrete Automation is to control a mechanism that function in ON/OFF mode or in 1 and 0 logic such as an automation in automobile factory. Solution of this automation is .PLCs that is in function in industries since 1970s and control sequential tasks. Process Automation: Or Continuous Automation Means to control process variables in closed loops in order to reach to desired values. In process control we have multi loops.
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Introduction to Control Systems
Hierarchy of Control Systems: Pneumatic (3-15 psi) Electromechanical Electrical (Analog) (4-20 mA) Electrical (Digital)
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Introduction to Control Systems

Chronological of control systems in large scale plants: LCS in 1960s CCS(DDC) in 1970s DCS in 1980s . FCS in 1990s LCS: Locally Control System CCS: Centralized Control System DDC: Direct Digital Control DCS: Distributed Control System FCS: Field Control System
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THE HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF DCS
Operating and monitoring level
OT
OT
OT
OT/ET
OT/DT
Terminal bus
Processing level
AP
PU
ES680
DS670
Plant bus
AP AP
APF AGF SIM-F
AP
APT
AP
S5-AG S5 E/A
CT675 CT
Group control level Individual control level Field level
FUM-B
FUM-F
SIM-T
SIM-B
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Field bus control system

What is the field? Field is a place that some processes take place in it and instruments & actuators such as control elements & valves & pumps & motors & transducers & etc is placed on it. So What is the field bus? . that join control elements Field bus in general is a network together and to higher control systems such as PLCs & DCS. In other words Field bus is a bus that go through the field and go toward instruments & actuators. In new field bus we have smart elements. instruments, transducers and actuators have digital processor on itself to perform a two-way communication with other elements and / or control itself
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What is Foundation field bus? Foundation field bus Is the name of a brand such as Profibus and Devicenet. Foundation field bus and . Profibus have the same physical layer and work by rate of 31.25 kbps in the field
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A typical Field bus has following layers: Physical layer: instead of 4-20 mA analog signal Data link layer: communication control between different devices . Application layer: data converting understandable box for other systems User layer: perform a functional control block
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GAS TURBINE FUNDAMENTALS

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V94.3A COMBUSTION TURBINE
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GAS TURBINE CONTROL FUNDAMENTALS

The control of a Combustion Turbine is a very precise and complicated task. Some of the items that need to be precisely controlled are: Active power, Reactive power, Power factor, . Voltage, Frequency, Speed, Torque, Ramp rates, and Temperature.
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PROCESS CONTROL
A Gas Turbine is a process. The control of a Gas turbine is process control. We use different types of control schemes (Speed, Load) Speed Loop Example Synchronization of Generator. Goal - Match Frequency of Generator to Frequency of Grid Controller changes speed of turbine to change the speed of the generator. . Speed is Proportional to Frequency Speed Change = Frequency Change Position Loop Example Fuel Control Valves. Change the position of a valve - Increase or Decrease Amount of Fuel Change Flame Temp - Increases amount of Fuel - Flame will Become Hotter. Hotter Flame = Increase in Hot Gas Expansion Through Turbine Increase in the Mass Flow through the Turbine. Increase in Either the speed or torque of the turbine.
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PROCESS CONTROL
What prevents the speed/frequency from increasing when the generator is on load? The mass flow through the turbine is increasing The controller in the SES (static excitation system) is increasing the Field Current to the generator, Field Current Increase = Increase . in the Magnetic Field, which prevents the speed from increasing. The increased field and increased torque cause an increase in the amount of current flow through the generator stator End Result = Increase in Load (Active Power).
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TURBINE CONTROL
Combustion turbines are controlled during all phases or modes of its operation, from standstill through full load operations back to standstill. The 5 basic modes of control for a Combustion Turbine Generator are: SFC/SES Control Speed Run Up Speed Control Load Control Temperature Control .
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O% Speed
Fuel ESV Opens Main Flame On
13
% Speed
SFC/SES Control
@ 100 % Speed
22 % Speed
Speed Run-up Controller
@ 70 % Speed
Synchronizer On Speed Controller Generator Breaker Closes Initial MW Jump
0 MW @ 5 MW
BASIC TURBINE CONTROL
Load Controller
Switch to Premix IGVs Begin Opering
@50-60% Load Base Load Temperature
Base Load Temperature Limit

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Tempera ture ller Contro
SFC/SES CONTROL
Initial Start Up Phase of the Turbine. Controls the Generator As a Motor to Start the Combustion Turbine. From Standstill the SFC (Start-up Frequency Converter) Controls Turbine Speed By Energizing the Stator of the Generator. . The SES (Static Excitation System) Provides a Field to the Rotor of the Generator. The SFC/SES Will Be the Sole Controller in Operation Until Approximately 11 s-1 (660 RPM) [@22% Speed]. At this point, the Gas Turbine Controller will activate the Speed Runup Controller.
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SPEED RUN-UP FUNCTION

6 At 6.6 s-1 (396 RPM) [13% speed] - NG ESV is opened and the turbine is fired 6 CT is not capable of accelerating on its own. 6 SFC/SES will continue motoring the generator to assist in the acceleration. 6 At 22% speed (11 s-1) [660 rpm], the Speed Run-up Function will be activated. 6 The Speed Run Up Function & SFC/SES Work Together
. the Diffusion Control Valve to Increase !The Speed Run-up Controller Controls
the Amount of Fuel to Ramp Up to Nominal Speed !As the Speed Run Up Function slowly increases its control of the turbine (increases the amount of fuel), the SFC/SES Control slowly decreases its control (amount of torque supplied by the generator). 6 At 70% Speed ( 35 s-1) [ 2100 RPM] the SFC and SES are turned off 6 CT will continue to accelerate on its own.
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SPEED RUN-UP FUNCTION

6 Actual Turbine Speed Is Compared to a Speed Setpoint (100% or Nominal Speed). 6 Output of the Speed Run-up Function Will Demand Greater Amounts of Fuel Within the Limits of the Turbine Until the Actual Speed Approaches the Setpoint 6 As Actual Speed Approaches Setpoint, the Output of the Speed Run up Function Decreases. 6 Speed Run up Function Accelerates the Turbine to Nominal Speed ! The Speed Run-up Controller Controls the Control Valves to Increase the Amount of Fuel to Ramp Up to Nominal Speed
. ! As the Speed Run Up Function Slowly Increases its control of the turbine (increases the amount of fuel), the SFC/SES Control slowly decreases its control (amount of torque
supplied by the generator). 6 Valve Controller Converts the Speed Run up Function Output to Analog Electric Signal. 6 EHC Electro Hydraulic Converter Converts the Electric Signal to a Hydraulic Signal
Speed Setpoint 100%
Actual Speed
Speed Run Up and Protection Function
Limiting
Valve Controller
EHC Electro Hydraulic Converter

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SPEED CONTROL
6 Controls the Amount of Fuel to the GT While Operating at or Near Synchronous Speed With the Generator Breaker Open. 6 Increases or Decreases Speed of the GT to Enable Synchronization of the Generator to the Grid. 6 The Gas Turbine Controller; ! Activates the Speed/Load Controller in the Speed Control Mode for Synchronization, ! Deactivates the Speed Run-up Controller, ! Activates the Static Excitation System (SES) again 6 Synchronizing Unit Provides the Speed Setpoint Based on the Frequency of the Grid. . ! Speed can be Adjusted from 95% to 103%, 6 When Synchronizing Unit closes the Gen Breaker; ! Gas Turbine Controller switches from Speed Control to Load Control ! Load Controller Setpoint Output is set to 5 MW ! Prevents Exhaust Gas Temperature Decrease ! Reduces Thermal Stress of the Turbine
Speed Setpoint 100% Speed Setpoint Control
Actual Speed
Load/Speed Controller
Limiting
Valve Controller
EHC Electro Hydraulic Converter

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LOAD CONTROL
The Load Control Mode Adjusts the Generated Load Based On the Load Setpoint and Other Conditions. Under Load Control, the SES Controller is Used to Generate and Change Load.
Load Control is more complicated than Speed Run-up or Speed Control. At Any Time the Gas Turbine Controller Can Switch From Load Control to Speed Control or Temperature Control if Certain Conditions Occur. Many Turbine Protection Functions Are Designed into the Gas Turbine Controller. They Can Prevent the Generator Load from Reaching the Load Setpoint.
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LOAD CONTROL
Corrected Outlet Temperature
100 MW
Manual Load Setpoint Fast/Slow Gradient Select Base/Peak Load Select
Humming 1 = -6 MW Humming 2 = -15 MW

Humming/ Acceleration Detection
Generator Load Limit
Gradient Setpoint Adjuster
Norm = 13 MW/min Fast = 13 MW/min Slow= 7 MW/Min
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Temperature Setpoint Control Corrected Outlet Temperature Control EHC Electro Hydraulic Converter
5 MW
13 MW/min Load Setpoint Control 5, 18, 31, etc ~ 7 min to 100 MW

Load/Speed Controller Frequency Influence
Actual Load
Limiting
Valve Controller
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TEMPERATURE LIMIT FUNCTION

Temperature Control is the ultimate control of the turbine.
@ 50-60% Load Base Load Temperature
Controlling the exhaust temperature ensures that the temperature limitations of the combustion turbine are not exceeded.
13 % Speed
22 % Speed
O% Speed
@70 % Speed
TATK = Corrected Outlet Temp (TT.ATK.EGGLK) = 574C

Temperature Limit
@ 100 % Speed
SFC/SES Control
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Load Controller
Synchronizer On Speed Controller Generator Breaker Closes
Speed Run-up Controller

Fuel ESV Opens Main Flame On
Switch to Premix IGVs Begin Opering
Initial MW Jump
Temperature ller Cont ro
Base Load
@ 5 MW
0 MW
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FREQUENCY INFLUENCE
Allow a certain amount of fluctuation before attempting to correct the speed (frequency) of the combustion turbine. Two different frequency functions are associated with combustion turbine control, Frequency Limit Function Allows the speed of the generator to droop a total of +3/-5% (+90/-150 RPM) to stay synchronized. If the speed droop exceeds the limit, the generator breaker will open. The Frequency Limit Function is always active.and cannot be disabled for normal operations. Primary Frequency Influence Function When activated, will only allow the frequency to fluctuate 0.05Hz (3 RPM) before attempting to make a correction. This is a much tighter control of the frequency. Allows the Gas Turbine Controller to adjust the power output to compensate for the slightest frequency change; the maximum power output adjustment is limited to +/-75 MW from the setpoint. The generator breaker will open if this limit is exceeded.
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TXP CONTROL
The actual tasks of starting, stopping, controlling, monitoring, and protecting the turbine are controlled by the TXP AS620. It would be impossible for anyone to operate the Combustion Turbine Generator by hand, there are way too many task that . have to be carried out.
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SUB LOOP CONTROLLER SLC

Sub Loop Controllers Can be turned On or Off When turned On, ? Runs in a continues loop. ? Constantly checking the status of a device or function. ? If that status requires a specific action or task to be accomplished, the Sub Loop Controller will carry out that action and continue monitoring the status for a change. Several Sub Loop Controllers are used in Combustion Turbine: Turn Off Turning Gear . Open Fuel Gas ESV Adjust Fuel Gas Control Valve Turn On Lube Oil Pumps Turn Off Lift Oil Pump Test Emergency DC Lube Oil Pump Turn Off SFC Turn On Lift Oil Pump Adjust Fuel Gas Control Valve Turn On Lube Oil Tank Vent Fan Close Blow Off Valves Turn on the Hydraulic pumps Turn On SES Open Inlet Air Damper Adjust Voltage & Fuel Gas Control Valve Open Blow Off Valves Turn On Synchronizer Turn On SFC Adjust Voltage & Fuel Gas Control Valve Adjust Speed Close Breaker Turn On Igniters Adjust Load & Fuel Gas Control Valve
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SUB GROUP CONTROLLER SGC

Sends out a sequence of commands to devices and functions to perform a specific task, and waits to see if that task was accomplished in the required time. If not accomplished in the required time, the SGC MAY stop the whole process and begin the Shut Down Sequence. If accomplished, the SGC will proceed to the next sequence step to send . out more commands. Organized in steps, each step issues specific commands. A single step can issue one or more (and sometimes none) commands. Within that same step, there are tasks or statuses that the SGC needs to verify have been accomplished before proceeding to the next step, these are called permissives. Typically, steps 1 through 50 are used for a Start Up Sequence, and steps 51 through 100 are used for a Shut Down Sequence.
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SUB GROUP CONTROLLER SGC

Sub Group Controllers are part of the AS620. Several Sub Group Controllers are used to control the Combustion Turbine: SGC Gas Turbine . SGC Lube & Lift Oil System SGC Natural Gas SGC Fuel Oil etc.
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SGC STEP SEQUENCE EXAMPLE

STEP 56 WT = 2s MKY01EU010 GENERATOR MKC01DE307 VAR=0 ZV02 N ON LD XG33 VALID
2s/30s
S56
MBJ01DE103XS56 SFC MKC01DE111 VAR = 0 BALANCE
CMD OFF XS56 ON
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CB MBJO1DE1013 CMB OFF CB MKC01DE111 CMD ON
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0s/5s
BAC01GS001 GEN CB XS57 CMD OPEN
S57
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GAS TURBINE INSTRUMENTATION

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GT INSTRUMENTATION
The Gas Turbine Instrumentation system monitors: Critical Combustion Turbine Parameters Speed Vibration Temperature . Pressure Variables Compressor Inlet Guide Vane Pitch Adjustment Dryer Conditions Combustion Chamber Instrumentation Pressure drop across the burners of combustion chambers Acceleration - Humming Flame-out conditions
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GT INSTRUMENTATION
The combustion turbine instrumentation system can be divided into the following tasks: Combustion Turbine Speed Measurement Combustion Turbine Casing Vibration Measurement Combustion Turbine Shaft Vibration Measurement Bearing Temperature Measurement . Compressor Inlet Guide Vane (IGV) Pitch Adjustment Compressor Inlet Temperature Measurement Compressor Inlet Pressure Measurement Compressor Outlet Pressure and Temperature Measurement Turbine Outlet Temperature Measurement Combustion Turbine Intake Air Drying
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GT INSTRUMENTATION
C a s in g V ib r a t io n
S h a f t V ib r a t io n A ir D r y in g G T S peed B e a r in g T e m p .
C a s in g V ib r a tio n a t i o n V i b r a t io n
T u r b i n e O u tl e t Tem p.
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S h a f t V i b r a t io n B e a rin g T e m p .
C o m p . IG V A c tu a to r
C o m p . O u tle t P re s s . a n d T e m p .
C o m p . In le t T e m p .
C o m b u s tio n C h a m b e r C o n tr o l
C o m p . In le t P r e s s .
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SPEED
Gas Turbine Speed Measurement Ensures the gas turbine operates within its designed range (95 to 103% of rated speed) May operate outside of these limits for a brief time only Immediate trip if the gas turbine exceeds ~54 s-1 (3240 rpm), (108%) of rated speed . GT controller uses sensors for indication and for over and under frequency protection. Two redundant speed monitoring systems Each system contains 3 channels Both monitoring systems signals are forwarded to the over speed protection system Two channels of one speed monitoring system exceeds 108% of rated speed the turbine is tripped on over speed.
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SPEED
The gas turbine CONTROLLER receives signals from ONE speed monitoring system which receives signals from their speed sensors, MBA10CS101-103. This speed monitoring signal is used for the operation and control of the gas turbine. With the generator loaded (or not) the gas turbine will trip on over-under frequency if speed exceeds specific values for an extended period of time. If any 2 channels within a single speed monitoring system do not function properly, the gas turbine will immediately trip. If any 2 of the 3 channels of either set of signals to protection system do not function properly, the over speed protection system will trip. If at least 2 out of 3 speed signals from one of the speed monitoring systems indicate that the speed exceeds about 3,240rpm, the gas turbine will trip.
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SPEED
MBD12CY111 MBD12CY112
1. Speed Transmitter (MBA10CS101) 2. Speed Transmitter (MBA10CS104) 3. Speed Transmitter (MBA10CS102) 4. Speed Transmitter (MBA10CS105) 5. Speed Transmitter (MBA10CS103) 6. Speed Transmitter (MBA10CS106) 7. Intermediate Shaft 8. Compressor Bearing 9. Plug Connector 10. Lower Bearing Seal a. Groove in Intermediate Shaft b. Gap Between Shaft and Sensor
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CASING VIBRATION
Operating within the allowed vibration levels: Minimizes stress and wear on components. Prevents mechanical connections from loosening. Helps to ensure steadystate operation. Casing Vibration Sensors: Measure vibration levels at the bearings since the bearings transmit vibrations from the rotor to the casings. Turbine Bearing Housing - MBD11CY101 and MBD11CY102. . Compressor Bearing Housing - MBD12CY101 and MBD12CY102 Each sensor signal is processed independently. Signalprocessing unit calculates the effective vibrational velocity and forwards it to the combustion turbine controller. Alarm Signal : Any one sensor reports vibrations above 9.3 mm/s (0.37 in/s). Trip Signal : Both sensors for a bearing report that the vibrations exceed 14.7 mm/s (0.58 in/s) OR One sensor reports vibrations exceed the limit value 14.7 mm/s (0.58 in/s) and a fault of the other sensor exists.
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CASING VIBRATION
CT Startup is NOT allowed if a Vibration Measuring Fault exists. Sensor Calibration Condition must be checked occasionally: During Normal Operation - Turn the CAL key lock switch to Cal - Checks the sensor and circuit condition. DO NOT Check during Startup, Shutdown, or Large Load Changes . Sensor is removed from Circuit and CAL ON alarm is issued. CAN FLT or FAULT Signals from sensors of same bearing deviate by more than 1.0 mm/s for > 3 seconds. Processor Module recognizes a disturbance of the sensor signal Sensor Signal is Above or Below its Specified Range.
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CT CASING VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

Compressor casing vibration
Compressor Casing Split MBD12CY101 MBD12CY102 MBD11CY112
MBD11CY111 MBD11CT102 MBD11CT101
MBD11CY101
MBD11CY102
Turbine casing vibration

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SHAFT VIBRATION
Shaft Vibration Caused by: Shaft imbalances, alignment errors, compressor surges, combustion instabilities, uneven compressor and turbine air flows and bearing instabilities The Shaft Vibration Measuring System: Recognizes shaft vibration changes Monitors radial clearances (for unbalanced thermal condition, critical speed) and Records kinetic overstress of the bearings. Shaft Vibration Sensors: . Turbine Bearing Housing - MBD11CY111 and MBD11CY112. Compressor Bearing Housing - MBD12CY111 and MBD12CY112 Each pair of sensors is located in the same axial plane and they are offset by 90 from each other. Each sensor has a proximity sensor and a signal amplifier. Proximity Probes generate a highfrequency electromagnetic field that changes as the distance between the shaft and the probe tip changes. This change generates a variable output voltage that is routed to the signal amplifier Processor module combines the output from both sensors to determine the maximum shaft displacement
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CT SHAFT VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

Compressor shaft vibration Turbine shaft vibration
MBD12CY111
MBD12CY112
MBD11CY112
MBD11CY111 MBD11CT102 MBD11CT101
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GT BRG VIB/TEMP PRT
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BEARING TEMPERATURE
Compressor Bearing: Thrust Bearing Generator End, MBD12CT102 and MBD12CT103 (Double Element) Thrust Bearing Turbine End, MBD12CT104 and MBD12CT105 (Double Element) 2-out-of-3 Voting Group with one spare . Compressor Journal Bearing, MBD12CT101 (Triple Element) Turbine Bearing: Turbine Journal Bearing, MBD11CT101 and MBD11CT102 (Triple Element)
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BEARING TEMPERATURE
MBD12CT102/103
MBD12CT104/105
MBD12CT101
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COMPRESSOR IGV
The inlet guide vanes (IGVs) control the amount of air flowing through the compressor and turbine. Opening the inlet guide vanes (IGVs) increases the amount of airflow. Closing the IGVs decreases the amount of air flowing through the compressor and the turbine. The control system can maintain a constant fuel/air ratio by changing the fuel flow and airflow rates simultaneously. Maintaining a constant fuel/air ratio ensures that the corrected turbine outlet temperature . (TATK) remains constant during load changes.
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COMPRESSOR IGV
The V94.3A IGV position can be varied between 10% (Fully closed) and 110% (Fully Open) During startup, boiler purge and shutdown, the IGVs are positioned to fully closed. When the rotor speed gets close to rated speed (~45 s-1, 2700 rpm), the IGVs move to the CLOSED position (~0%) to prevent compressor blade . vibration problems. When Corrected Turbine Outlet Temperature Reaches Its Setpoint,The IGVs will commence opening towards their Fully Open position. Increases the airflow through the compressor and turbine allowing the control system to continue to increase the amount of fuel while maintaining a constant corrected turbine outlet temperature. When the IGVs have reached their Fully Open position, any further increase in load (fuel) will increase the corrected turbine outlet temperature.
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COMPRESSOR IGV
Closed: -10% Open: 110%
1. Adjusting Ring 4. Pushrod Actuator 7. Compressor Inlet Guide Vanes
2. Bearing 5. Actuator 8. Vane Connecting Rod
3. Stationary Blade Carrier I 6. Compressor Support 9. Lever
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COMPRESSOR INLET TEMPERATURE

Required to calculate the corrected turbine outlet temperature (TATK). Four dualelement RTDs. One element from each RTD is used to calculate the average compressor inlet temperature. The other element is a spare.
MBA11CT104 MBA11CT103 MBA11CT102 MBA11CT101
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COMPRESSOR INLET PRESSURE/SURGE DETECTION

Compressor Inlet Pressure (MBA11CP101) measures the vacuum in the vertical intake duct. Three Differential pressure switch (MBA11CP001, 002, 003) measures the pressure difference between the vertical intake duct and the compressor inlet, immediately upstream of the IGVs. At turbine speeds greater than 42 s-1 (2520 rpm), if the differential pressure decreases below a specific level (approximately 30 mbar, 0.435 psi) a turbine trip is initiated to prevent compressor surge. Compressor surges can be caused by: Operating the combustion turbine too slowly without opening the blowoff valves, Throttling the compressor IGVs, Sudden uncontrolled combustion of fuel, Excessive combustion chamber pressure.
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COMPRESSOR OUTLET PRESSURE / TEMPERATURE

PRESSURE Indication of cooling air supply. Indication of relative combustion chamber pressure loss. Signal used for limit control of the compressor outlet pressure gradient. Two pressure transmitters, MBA12CP101 and MBA12CP102, are located downstream from the compressor outlet. . TEMPERATURE Indication and control of the compressor outlet temperature. Indication of the burner temperature during premix. The compressor outlet temperature dual-element thermocouples, MBA12CT101, 102 and 103, are located downstream from the compressor outlet
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TURBINE OUTLET TEMPERATURE

Twenty-four tripleelement thermocouples, MBA26CT101 through 124 Equally spaced around the exhaust diffuser circumference directly downstream from the turbine exhaust. The Operator Terminal displays all 24 individual readings and the corrected turbine outlet temperature (TATK). The temperature controller uses the average turbine outlet temperature to calculate the corrected turbine exhaust temperature (TATK). The combustion turbine temperature controller uses the TATK to adjust the fuel flow to respond to changes of temperature and hence changes in combustion.
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The TXP uses the B22 and B23 elements to protect against three abnormal temperature conditions: A high temperature over the entire combustion area, A hot spot near one thermocouple, and Cold streaks. The TXP uses only six thermocouple to detect overall HIGH TEMPERATURE. High Temperature ALARM - >620C High Temperature Trip - >660C.
. SPOTS or burner failures. All 24 thermocouples are used to detect HOT Each thermocouple is compared to the average temperature. Hot Spot warning HS WARN - Any temperature differs from the average by >30C. Hot Spot Trip - Any temperature differs by more than 50C.
If one or more burners extinguish, COLD STREAKS can form in the exhaust gas flow. The turbine temperature protection system issues a warning WARN if two extinguished burners are detected. It will generate an alarm GTS/D and initiate a normal shutdown if three adjacent burners extinguish. If four adjacent or 2 groups of 3 adjacent burners extinguish, the turbine will trip.
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GT TEMP TURB OUTLET

GT TEMP TURB OUTLET
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GAS TURBINE INTAKE AIR DRYING

During standstill, dehumidifier MBA10AT001, protects moisturesensitive turbine components from prolonged exposure to high humidity, condensation, and corrosive environments. 2 hours after shutdown begins, the shutdown sequence will close the motor operated air inlet duct shutoff damper MBL20AA001 and turn on the dehumidifier. The combustion turbine control system automatically switches the dehumidifier off before startup.
Dehumidifier
Reactivation Air Filter
Heater Control Panel Desiccant Heater Wheel
Reactivation Blower
Reactivation Air Filter
Reactivation Blower
Process Blower
Process Blower
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COMBUSTION CHAMBER INSTRUMENTATION
Used to : Detect the pressure drop across the combustion chamber Combustion process instability (humming) . Flameout.
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COMBUSTION CHAMBER INSTRUMENTATION

Combustion chamber measuring instruments are used to detect the pressure drop across the combustion chamber, combustion process instability (humming), flashback, and flameout. In order to insure proper combustion. the combustion chamber is monitored in several ways. Differential pressure transmitter MBM10CP101 monitor the pressure across the burners. Pressure transmitter MBA12CP101 measures the compressor discharge pressure.
. The control system uses these pressure measurements to determine if the combustion process is stable or if the combustion process is becoming unstable and a quick changeover from premix to diffusion mode is required.
Two dynamic pressure transducers, MBM11CP102 and MBM21CP102 are used to detect humming. Two Accelerometers, MBM11CY401 and MBM11CY402 are used to detect CC acceleration Temperature and flame monitoring are used to detect individual burner failure. Thermocouples located at the axial twirlers of each burner are used to detect flashback.
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FLAME MONITORS
Checks for presence of flames. And trips the turbine if there is no flame. Two monitoring systems flame scanner associated analog module . each scanner monitors a group of 7 burners detect the radiation emitted by the flames two photocells- a silicon cell and a leadsulfide cell sense flame radiation cover a wave length range of approximately 350 2700 nm
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FLAME MONITORS
During a gas turbine start, the flame monitoring system is activated approximately 9 seconds after an open command has been issued to the gas emergency stop valve. After an additional 3 seconds, the flame monitoring signal is released. If at this time the flame on signal of at least one of the two monitoring systems is present, the startup sequence is may proceed. . Hence, a gas turbine trip is only initiated if both flame monitors report that the flame intensity has dropped below the flame off limit for more than 1 second.
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MONITORING FLAME
MBM13CR102 MBM13CR101
MBM13CR101 MBM13CR102
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HUMMING/ACCELERATION
Gas turbines with hybrid burners may experience combustion instabilities manifested as elevated alternating pressure amplitudes in combustion chamber pressure, called combustion chamber humming. The alternating . pressure amplitudes, or humming, causes vibrations to occur in the combustion chamber. These pressure changes must be quickly detected and eliminated to prevent a further rapid increase in alternating pressure amplitudes and the possible consequential damage to components of the combustion turbine.
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Humming is detected by measuring the alternating pressure amplitudes of the combustion chamber pressure using the two dynamic pressure transducers MBM11CP101 and MBM11CP102 mounted on the turbine center casing. The two pressure transducers measure combustion chamber pressure fluctuations. A signal conditioning unit filters out other frequencies to give an output measure for each transducer as an effective value. Each effective value is sent to the TXP for monitoring purposes.
. Acceleration is detected by measuring the vibration of the combustion chamber using two (2) accelerometers, MBM10CY101 and MBM10CY102 mounted on the combustion chamber. The two accelerometers measure the vibration of the combustion chamber.
Limit Limit 1 (GW1) Limit 2 (GW2) Limit 3 (GW3) Humming Setpoint 25 mbar 40 mbar 80 mbar Acceleration Setpoint 2.5 g 3g 8g
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Three limits are imposed associated with humming and acceleration, typical values are as follows: > Limit 1 for 4 seconds the turbine output is rapidly reduced by 6 MW. If the limit is still exceeded the power is again reduced by 6 MW. > Limit 2 for 1 second the gas turbine output is rapidly reduced by 15 . MW. If the limit is still exceeded the power output is again reduced by 15 MW. In both cases if these power reductions do not mitigate the humming or acceleration the natural gas system is tripped resulting in a gas turbine trip. If Limit 3 is exceeded the gas turbine is immediately tripped.
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IGNITION TRANSFORMERS AND IGNITORS

Ignition transformers, MBM12GT001 to ...024 provide high voltage to generate sparks at the igniters of the 24 burners. During the startup sequence, low voltage is supplied to the transformers where it is transformed into 2 x 5000 V. The high voltage is used to generate a spark at the tip of the igniters MBM12AV001 to ...024. The sparks are required to ignite the diffusion gas during a startup on fuel gas.
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GT BURNER TEMP MON

GT BURNER TEMP MON
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TXP INTRODUCTION
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Introduction into TXP
Telperm uniX power Plant control system
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Introduction into TXP
Teleperm XP (TXP) process control system provides all I&C facilities that are necessary for automating, handling, monitoring, and archiving processes (such as operational instrumentation and control systems of power plants) . system in TXP are The task of a process control distributed to different subsystems: OM650: Operating and Monitoring system ES680: Engineering system DS670: Diagnostic system AS620: Automation system SINEC H1: SIEMENS network communication system
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The structure of TXP

Modular - Several software modules work together, Distributed - Tasks are distributed across several pieces of hardware, Function Oriented Similar functions are grouped together. unit, Module : component, subsystem Modular : made of standardized units which can be assembled in different ways
OM 650 Operation and Management System
ES 680 Engineering System
DS 670 Diagnostics System
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SIMATIC NET Industrial Ethernet AS 620 Automatio n System
CT 675 Commissioning Tool
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THE CLEAR AND HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF TXP
Operating and monitoring level
OT
OT
OT
OT/ET
OT/DT
Terminal bus
Processing level
AP
PU
ES680
DS670
Plant bus
AP AP
APF AGF SIM-F
AP
APT
AP
S5-AG S5 E/A
CT675 CT
Group control level Individual control level Field level
FUM-B
FUM-F
SIM-T
SIM-B
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TXP FUNCTIONS
Several Major Functions are required to accomplish the complex task of Power Plant Control.
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TXP FUNCTIONS
The OM650 process control and information system is the interface between the system and operator in the control room. This highly ergonomic window to the process enables the process to be centrally monitored and controlled. In addition the system provides all functions that are required for logging the process and for archiving the data. . central configuration The ES680 engineering system is the system of TXP. ES680 is used for configuring the AS620 automation system, the OM650 process control and information system, the SINEC H1 FO bus system, and the necessary hardware. ES680 centrally administers all configuration data. The configuration of the AS functions and processing functions in OM is based on control system flow charts to VGB guidelines
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TXP FUNCTIONS
The DS670 diagnostic system is the tool that is used for monitoring and detecting malfunctions in the I&C components of TXP. In the event of malfunction, the diagnostic system swiftly takes the user to the source of the fault and informs . elimination of the fault about cause and possible The network structure of the SINEC H1 bus system enables communication between the individual subsystems of the process control system. The bus system complies with the international standards and consequently offers the prerequisites of open communication.
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TXP FUNCTIONS in hierarchy structure
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AS620 Automation System

The AS620 subsystem performs the automation tasks of the industrial processes. The AS620 acquires measured values and states from the process, perform open and closed loop control functions, and transfers the resulting manipulated variable values, correction values, and command to the process. . The other subsystems employ the AS620 subsystem as the interface to the process. The AS620 transfers the commands from OM650 operator communication and visualization system to the process, reads information from process that is required by OM650, ES680, or DS670 and transfers this information to the upstream operator communication and visualization level.
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AS620 B Automation System
The AS620 Automation System is divided to following subsystems: AS620 B: basic system for general automation tasks, system and unit protection, closed loop control. Central structure or distributed arrangement using buses are both possible. FUM-B variant: in a central structure, FUM modules (function modules) are used for connecting the sensors and actuators of the process.
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AS620 B Automation System
SIM-B variant: SIM modules (signal modules) enable a distributed structure to be set up (locally, in vicinity to the process). A bus connected the SIM modules with the central system components.
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AS620 Automation System
AS620 F: fail-safe for protection and control tasks that require TUV approval (e.g. burner control). Single and fault-tolerant structures are both possible, including the variants with the fail-safe automation processor (APF) and the failsafe programmable logic controller (AG-F). FUM-F variant: configuration with the fail-safe APF automation . modules (fail-safe function processor and the related FUM-F modules) SIM-F variant: configuration with the AG-F programmable logic controller. This variant employs the SIMATIC S5 AG S5-115F programmable logic controller with SIM-F modules. AS620 T: Turbine controller and other high-speed control tasks at the turbine unit. Auxiliaries connection: signal exchange with the SIMATIC S5 units. The SIMATIC units contain the implementation of a complete automation task that is not configured via ES680.
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AP Automation Processor
The AP automation processor is the central component of the AS620 B and AS620 F automation systems. It is based on the powerful SIMATIC S5 CPU 948/948R. The hardware of the automation processor is based on SIMATIC S5 155U The AS620 T employs a special automation processor, the APT(SIMADYN D), to solve high-speed automation tasks at the turbine . unit.
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AS620T - FAST, CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL FOR TURBINES
Communication with OM650 is accomplished via the AP (AS620B) Powerful SIMADYN processor for . Fast Closed-Loop controls Position Control 6 ms in case of gas or steam turbines Fast Signal Conditioning (1 ms timestamp resolution) 1 of 2 redundancy design for closed loop controls
OM
Plant bus
ES
AP
AP T
SIM T
SIM T
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GAS TURBINE CONTROLLER
DESCRIPTION The functions of the gas turbine controller are performed in different parts of the automation system. The controller itself is the AS 620 T (SIMADYN D). The gas turbine controller also uses the AS 620 F for the turbine protection functions and the AS 620 B for the open-loop . control of the turbine. The gas turbine controller is connected directly to the plant bus. Communication between the controller and the operation and monitoring system or the other components of the automation system is accomplished by a function block in one of the automation processors of basic automation system (AS620B). Operation and monitoring of the gas turbine controller is done from the Operation and Monitoring System (OM Screens).
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GAS TURBINE CONTROLLER HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

Operation and M onitoring System OM 650
Plant bus
Gas Turbine Controller
.
Function block for gas turbine controller
Simadyn D
CPU
APT "A APT "B"
Internal Bus
CPU
AS 620 B
Turbine Open - Loop Control
AS 620 F
Turbine Protection
AS 620 T
Live Signal
Plant
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GAS TURBINE CONTROLLER CONCEPT

Low-Stress Startup and Shutdown of the Turbine Prevention of Thermal Overloading of the Gas Turbine Synchronization with the Grid
Prevention of Overloading of the Compressor
Digital automation system . D for

fast closed-loop control and calculation fast open-loop control and monitoring fast report and record
SIMADYN
Loading of the Turbine
Gas Turbine Controller

Ability to Ride Out a Load Rejection Reliable Load Rejection to Unit Auxiliary Power Requirement Frequency Stabilization
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TYPICAL OM650 STRUCTURE WITH EXTERNAL GATEWAY
Comprised of: Operator Terminals (OT) Man - Machine Interface Up to 40 may be connected to the Terminal Bus. Up to 4 screens attached to a single OT. Color and Alarm printers Mouse driven (standard keyboard optional) Processor Unit(s) Information channel for man-machine interfaces. Plant Process traffic cop Server Unit Support functions Not required for process control
1 ... 4
1 ... 4
External Network
Barco/EOS
Barco/EOS
Barco/EOS
.
OT
...
OT
...
Terminal bus
OT
Bridge/ Gateway
PU
...
PU/SU
Plant bus
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PROCESSING UNIT (PU) FUNCTIONS

The processing unit establishes the link between the automation system connected to the plant bus and the process control and management system connected to the terminal bus. On configuration, I&C plant areas (automation systems) are assigned as function groups to a PU. The PU can be implemented in a 1 of 2 . redundancy, two PUs identical in Hardware and Software.
A PU comprises the following HW components: Pentium class mini-tower NICs for connecting to the busses. Standard graphics adapter for servicing monitor connection.
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PROCESSING UNIT (PU) FUNCTIONS
The main tasks of a PU are: Processing the communication between the OM and the AS for the associated plant areas. Updating an image of the current values or states of the associated plant areas. . Storing all data changes (events) for the associated plant areas in a short-term archive. Applying binary status information to logic circuits and obtaining all-encompassing status changes (common alarms, incident review documentation). Performing process information functions. Performing calculations supplying the dynamic information for the Operating Terminals (output and updating of dynamic display information).
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SERVER UNIT (SU) FUNCTIONS
The Server Unit (SU) is responsible for the central functions of long-term archiving and logging as well as for supply descriptive data. The SU is only connected to the terminal bus via which the communication between the PUs and OTs is processed. At least one MOD is connected for exporting long term archive data. . The SU is always implemented regardless of the number of PU smain used. The tasks of the SU are: Managing data descriptions planned on the ES 680 in a central database. This information is used mainly by the MMI and log functions through out the terminal bus (administrative) network. Log functions. Long-term Archiving with external data storage.
The SU can be implemented in a 1 of 2 redundancy, two SUs identical in Hardware and Software.
An SU comprises the following HW components: Pentium class mini-tower NIC for connecting to the Terminal Bus. Standard graphics adapter for servicing monitor connection.
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DATA STORAGE WITH OM 650 SHORT TERM ARCHIVE

Short term archive of all data in the PU (signals, statuses, calculated values and alarms) Binary and analog Design of the short term archive organized in the RAM as a ring memory Storage capacity for all signals appr. 8 hours
Plant bus
Short term archive

OT
Terminal bus Ring memory adjustable 500 000 signals
PU
AS
Transfer of the data into the long term archive every 20 sec.
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DATA STORAGE WITH LONG TERM ARCHIVE
OM 650
Long term archive

OT
Terminal bus Ring memory 12 x 10 6 signals extendable
Long term archive for all data with same density as in the short term archive
harddisc
MOD .
PU
SU
Design of the long term archive organized on the harddisc as a ring memory Storage capacity for all Signals approx. 8 days Transfer of data to MOD
Plant bus
Storage capacity on MOD Approx. 16 days Direct access to all data On MOD
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AS
DATA STORAGE WITH OM 650 LONG TERM ARCHIVE USING JUKEBOX
Jukebox
OT
Terminal bus
. Jukebox
PCcontrol
1 2
Number of MOD`s: 32 up to 200 Storage capacity for all signals appr. 1 to 8 years
. . . . . .
PU
SU
30 Plant bus
Up to 2 MOD drives for simultaneously reading and writing
AS
200
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PLANT DISPLAY HIERARCHY

00CJA00EJ001 PLANT OVERVIEW
FUNCTION AREAS Second Level Diagrams PLANT OVERVIEW Highest Level Diagram
11MBY10EJ101 GT11 OVERVIEW
12MBY10EJ10 GT12 Overview
....
SYSTEM DISPLAYS Third Level Diagrams
11MBP10EJ102 GT11 NG SYSTEM
11MBA10EJ220 GT11 AIR SYSTEM
11MBP10EJ202 GT11 LUBE/LIFT SYSTEM
11MBY10EJ205 GT11 HYDRAULIC SYST VLV
...
Note: Number of diagram levels is not limited.
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PLANT DISPLAY (EXAMPLE)
Plant display headline
.
Plant display Display selection Pictograms Analog values Binary values
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DISPLAY SCREEN STRUCTURE
Screen Header
.
Display Area
Screen Footer
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SCREEN HEADER
Current System Date and Time Plant PullDown Menu Button Plant Overview Display Button Common Alarm Indicators (CAI) Process Display Overview (Trends) Button
Horizontal Hierarchy Display Menu Selection Button
Vertical Hierarchy Alarm Sequence Display Title System Pull-Down Display Menu Display (ASD) Menu Button Selection Button
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SCREEN FOOTER
Return to previous display page(s) (1 to 50)
Go to RIGHT Horizontally related display page
Silence Audible Alarms (Opt) Print Hardcopy of Screen
Go to LEFT Horizontally related display page
Select Monitor . for next display action Acknowledge Alarms
Go to HIGHER Vertically related display page
Online HTML Help Manual
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DISPLAY SELECTION KEY SHORT CUT NAVIGATION
Plant display (Subarea)

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PROCESS SOLUTIONS ARE DESIGNED WITH THE ES680 AND THE YFR LOGIC DIAGRAMS (FUP)
Analog and Digital Signals flow from left to right, top to bottom. The FUP can be made dynamic, showing live analog and digital signals, useful during troubleshooting and tuning
Inputs
.
Signal flow
Outputs
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LOGIC DIAGRAM (NAVIGATION)

Signal finding through direct logic diagram navigation
>1
.
&
Follow up diagram available Follow up diagram not available
>1
&
OFF
ON
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SYSTEM MENU (ONE COMMON CONFIGURATION)
SYSTEM Menu Pull Down Button
Fault Event List Button Logs/Plots Button Long Term Archive Button Notepad Button Parameter Change Button Calculator Button Printer Admin Button Alarms Disabled / Signals Inhibited Button List Current Rights Button
LOGON/LO GOFF Button Common/ Automatic Alarm Acknowledg e-ment Button
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DYNAMIC PICTOGRAPHS
INDICATORS
Fault/Status Indicators
TEXT
Flame
Numerical
COMPONENTS
Valves & Dampers Motor Pump Fan
M
Heater
Breaker
CONTROLLERS
Device Switch Over Sub Loop Controller Pre-Selection Continuou s Controller Trend Selection Key
1
Sub Group Controller Display Selection Key
23
Set Point Controlle r
KEYS
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POP-UP WINDOW STRUCTURE

Point Identification System type Alarms (12 max) Relocation Bar Window Extension #1 (Mini-ASD) Acknowledge Alarms
Manual Tracking Alarms (Type O -12 max)

Enable / Disable Freely Configurable (from ES680) Error Messages Execute Selected Command
Acknowledge Manual Tracking Alarms Engage / Disengage Logic Diagram Detail Window Window Extension #2
Operation and Display Area
Notebook Close Pop-Up Window

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OPERATION WINDOW
Events (Mini-ASD) Logic diagram
Device Pictograph image
Detail window
Enable/Coupling Notebook
Command buttons
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BLOCK / ENABLE BUTTON
Block/Enable Manual Commands (Buttons)
Block/Enable Automatic Inputs
.
Block Enable
Enable Block Automatic inputs
Manual Command buttons
A OFF
A ON
SLC
CB OFF
OM CB OFF
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DRIVE CONTROL OPERATING WINDOW

Device Feedback: Off/Closed : white On/Open : System Color
Off
On
Other Components using this Operating-Window Heater Fan Breaker Damper Pump
Close
Open
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DAMPER / ACTUATOR OPERATING WINDOW
Pulse-Open Pulse-Close
.
Actual Position
Other Components using this Operating-Window Close Stop Open Actuator Enable Pulse-Buttons
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CONTROLLER OPERATING WINDOW CONTROL VALVE
Controller Deviation Actual Position Pulse-Open Pulse-Close
.
Enable / Disable + Coupling / Decoupling Notebook
Automatic / Manual Button
Close
Stop
Open
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CONTINUOUS CONTROLLER Also known as a Manual/Auto Station.

Function: (continuously) position a
component to a desired position based on Manual input or Automatic comparison of a plant process actual . value (AV) to a setpoint (SP)
Modes:
Manual - Operator determines the required VALVE position (Y). Auto (closed loop control) - TXP positions valve to desired value (Y) based on SP-AV deviation (error signal).
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SETPOINT CONTROLLER
Also known as a Setpoint Station.

Function: (continuously) generate a
setpoint (SP) for a plant process based on Manual input or Automatic . evaluation of a plant process.
Modes:
Manual (Internal Setpoint) - Operator determines the required setpoint. Auto (External Setpoint) - TXP automatically generates setpoint (SP) based on existing plant conditions. Operator unable to change setpoint.
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PID CONTROLLER
The PID Controller uses the Setpoint and Continuous Controllers to manipulate a plant component to control a plant process or actual plant value (PV) to match a desired value (SP). . Example: A Tank Level PID Controller - senses the tank level (AV), compares AV to a desired value (SP). If AV < SP then it will open the make-up control valve (Y) to admit more water to the tank, raising tank level (AV) to equal the desired level (SP).
PID Controller
SP AV
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PID CONTROLLER - MODES OF OPERATION - MANUAL
MANUAL MODE - The continuous controller is in manual mode, setpoint controller mode is irrelevant. The operator must evaluate and respond to changes in AV. The operator controls the Y output via . manipulation of buttons in the pop-up window. SP and AV have no effect on valve position (Y).
PID Controller
SP AV
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PID CONTROLLER - MODES OF OPERATION - AUTOMATIC
AUTOMATIC MODE - The continuous controller is in automatic (closed loop) mode, setpoint controller is in manual mode. The operator enters his desired setpoint . (SP) via the setpoint controller. The continuous controller compares SP and AV inputs, generates an error (deviation) signal. The error signal automatically adjusts the Y output to make the error signal equal to zero (SP=AV).
PID Controller
SP AV
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PID CONTROLLER - MODES OF OPERATION - CASCADE

CASCADE MODE - The continuous controller is in automatic (closed loop) mode, setpoint controller is in automatic (closed loop) mode. The operator is unable to adjust SP or Y. . is The setpoint controllers output (SP) automatically determined and adjusted based on plant conditions. As in Automatic Mode, the continuous controller compares SP and AV inputs, generates an error (deviation) signal. This error signal automatically adjusts the Y output to make the error signal equal to zero (SP=AV).
PID Controller
SP AV
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SETPOINT OPERATING WINDOW
Actual Setpoint
Slider Pulse-Decrease Pulse-Increase Decrease Stop Increase Enable Pulse-Buttons

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Operation Limits
PID-CONTROLLER FUNCTION PLAN
A_Open/Close R_Open/Close S_Open/Close A_CON R_CON A_MAN R_MAN RM_Open/Close RM_CON/MAN
= Automatic Open/Close . = Release Open/Close = Protection Open/Close = Auto-Control = Release Control = Auto Manual = Release Manual = Checkback Open/Close = Checkback Auto/Manual
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SGC OPERATING WINDOW
Waiting-Time Monitoring-Time
Actual Step (Step-Set) Next Step
.
Select Step Jump to selected Step Go Next Step Step Branch
Operator Guide Mode Button & Indicator
Shutdown
SGC On / Off
Startup
Other Components using this Operating-Window GC
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SGC FUNCTION PLAN
F_OPER/STIL A_OPER/STIL R_OPER/STIL SA_OPER/STIL A_OFF/ON STEP OPER/STIL RM_OPER/STIL CB_RT CB_A_OFF/ON
= Flickering SU/SD = AUTO SU/SD . = Release SU/SD = Protection SU/SD = Auto SGC OFF/ON = SGC Steps SU/SD = Checkback SU/SD = Checkback Monitoring = Checkback SGC OFF/ON
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DS670: . Alarm Sequence Display (ASD)
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ALARM EVENT TYPES (PRIORITIES)

An arriving alarm of the event type A indicates that an alarm limit was exceeded. An arriving alarm of the event type W indicates that a warning limit was exceeded An arriving alarm of the event type T indicates that a tolerance limit was exceeded.
An arriving alarm of the event type F indicates that an individual function in the I&C system is faulty.
An arriving alarm of the event type O indicates that there is a Manual Operator Adjustment event that occurred. An arriving alarm of the event type S indicates that there is a fault in the I&C system which affects several functions (Super ordinate I&C) An arriving alarm of the event type L indicates that a local fault has occurred.
An arriving alarm of the event type C indicates that a status has changed An arriving alarm of the event type M indicates that a Maintenance Action is required.
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ALARM HIERARCHY
Tracing the source of an Alarm.

Common Alarm Indicators in the Header signify that there is that type of Alarm somewhere in the plant. Common Alarm Indicators in the Plant Menu signify in which Function Area that the type of Alarm is located.
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ALARM HIERARCHY
Tracing the source of an Alarm.
Bar Graph Color shows the status of display indications.
Common Alarm Indicators on a System Display page shows which component or function is ALARMING.
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ALARM SEQUENCE DISPLAY - FA OVERVIEW
Various Function Areas available to the Operator Number of NEW Alarms processed by the FA. Number of OLD Alarms processed by the FA. Function Area Selection/Deselection Button
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ALARM SEQUENCE DISPLAY
Function Area Overview - Statuses of the entire plant ASD and the individual FA ASDs. Alarm Display - Chronological listing of Alarm Events that have been recorded by the ASD. Up to 21 Alarm Events may be listed May be configured for Newest on Top or Newest on Bottom
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ALARM SEQUENCE DISPLAY - FA OVERVIEW
Go to First NEW (Unack) Alarm Total number of NEW Alarms Go to First OLD (Ack) Alarm Total number of OLD Alarms Toggles on and off of the automatic update of the ASD to display the most recent alarm on the page. Disables the selected Alarm - only removes from ASD, not from archiving. Alarm Event Display Filters Display NEWEST Alarm Page Back in Time Page Forward in Time
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ALARM EVENT DISPLAY LINE
CAI (Common Alarm Indicator) identifies the Event Type. Function Identification Code (FID) Signal Identification Code (SID) FA Processing the Alarm Alarm Text (as Defined in BDM module of OM650) Alarm Status Alarm Units Month/Date/Time of Event MM.DD HH.MM.SS.mmm
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ALARM SEQUENCE DISPLAY
Opens the Notepad Function.
Selection of alarm for individual or group alarm acknowledgement (use the Acknowledge Alarm Button at bottom of page). Selection of alarm and activating the disable button.
page
ALARM ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Acknowledge Alarms Button Active only when ASD is being displayed. Will acknowledge the entire page of displayed or selected alarms
Silence Audible Alarms Button - Active on every display page.
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DISABLING AN ALARM
Select Desired ALARM.
Select disable button to disable Alarm.
OR.
page
DISABLING AN ALARM
Enter Search Criteria ended with *. Leave remaining spaces blank. Select SEARCHES button. Select Desired ALARM. Select Right Arrow to disable Alarm.
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DISABLING AN ALARM
The disabled alarm is now listed in the disabled box.
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SEARCHING FOR AND REENABLING AN ALARM
To Search for all disabled alarms, enter only * for the search mask. Select on SEARCHES button to search for disabled alarms and inhibited signals. Select desired alarm, Select left arrow button to re enable the alarm
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PROCESS DISPLAY IN OM650 . ON-LINE TRENDS
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PROCESS OVERVIEW DISPLAY (TREND MENU)

Process Overvie w Key
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PROCESS DISPLAYS IN THE OM650
Pre-Configured and Configurable Trends Value vs Time Bar Chart X vs Y Up to 10 points displayed in Value vs Time trend, both analog and digital. 10 definable time and value ranges, default ranges: 0-1 hr 0% to 100%
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TIME SCALE KEY SET

Increase Time Range Decrease Time Range Dynamic/Static Flow Key Absolute/Relativ e Time Key Move Time Range Right
Move Time Range Left
Select Date Key
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VALUE RANGE KEY SET

Increase Value Range
Move Value Range Up Select Default Settings
Move Value Range Down Decrease Value Range
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LEGEND
.
Paramete r Key Plant ID Code Plant ID Text Lower Limit Value At Curve Start Upper Limit Units Value At Cursor
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CURVE CONFIGURE WINDOW
Configur e Window
Configur e Key
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CONFIGURE KKS
Configure KKS Key Function ID (KKS) Signal Text
KKS Configure Window
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PROCESS DISPLAYS IN OM650 - BAR CHARTS
Bar Chart Displays Limit value indications Colorized status indications Real Time Values
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ES680: LOGIC/CONTROL OPERATION . AND APPLICATIONS
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I&C DOCUMENTATION OVERVIEW

Function-oriented documentation is important to the power plant operator. The control schemes are described on functional (or logic) diagrams. Function diagrams are simplified representations which represent the logical circuitry used for the safety, control, processing and monitoring of the power plant. . Function diagrams illustrate the processing of: Sequencing signals (start-up and shutdown programs) Protection signals (alarm and trip) Supervision signals
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Modular Concept
Each module (which may consist of several pages) represents the logical circuitry of a functional assembly. Each module is designed to be used with other functional assemblies. Each modular diagram: . Defines the operator inputs, Defines the inputs from other functional assemblies, Shows how these inputs are integrated, Performs functions, Provides outputs that are routed to other functional assemblies.
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MODULAR CONCEPT
Function diagrams identify:

The operating permissives for devices (motor, valve, etc.), The operating permissives for subsystems (lube oil, turning gear, etc.), . The operating permissives for the power plant. The conditions required before starting the gas turbine (Ready to Start). The operations that must be completed from one command step before proceeding to the next step. The conditions that will initiate a turbine trip.
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KRAFTWERK KENNZEICHENSYSTEM . OR POWER PLANT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
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Process-related identification: Identification of systems and items of equipment according to their functions in mechanical, civil, electrical and I&C (Instrumentation and Control) engineering. Topographic Mounting location identification: . Identification of mounting locations of electrical and I&C equipment in Mounting units such as cabinets, panels and consoles. Location identification: Identification of topographic allocations in structures, floors, rooms and enclosures.
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KKS PROCESS RELATED CODES
11MBY10CS901.XQ01
lFunction Identification Code (FID) the unique identification of a component or Function Plan (Logic).
.
lSignal Identification Code (SID) the unique identification of a signal defined on a Function Plan.
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KKS PROCESS RELATED CODES
1 A
2 N
MBP 13 AA
001 X
-S 01 Typical KKS Number -A NN N = Number, A = Character .

Component Serial No. Component Identification Code Equipment Redundancy (Optional) Equipment Serial No. Equipment Identification Code System Area Serial No. System Identification Code Unit Code Plant Code
AAA NN AA NNN A
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KKS PROCESS RELATED CODES FUNCTION ID

l Plant Code identifies largest grouping of plant equipment. The plant can include multiple generating sets and common systems. l Unit Code identifies the specific generating unit within the plant. l A four engine simple cycle site may have a Plant/Unit Code breakdown as shown below.
1 A
2 MBP 13 AA
001
-S 01
Typical KKS Number
N AAA NN AA NNN A
-A NN N = Number, A = Character
.
PLANT/UNIT CODE 00 10 11 12 20 21 22 STATION GENERATING UNIT #1, COMMON SYSTEMS GENERATING UNIT #1, GAS TURBINE #1 GENERATING UNIT #1, GAS TURBINE #2 GENERATING UNIT #2, COMMON SYSTEMS GENERATING UNIT #2, GAS TURBINE #1 GENERATING UNIT #2, GAS TURBINE #2 UNIT
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l The System ID code is a three letter code used to identify systems that comprise the power plant. l The first letter designates major systems or functions and includes: l M Main Machine Set l H Steam Generating l E Fuel delivery l L Steam?Water/Gas Cycles l The second letter identifies the sub group of the major system. Some examples: l MA Steam Turbine l MB Gas Turbine l HA Pressure Systems, both Steam and feedwater. l The third letter designates the individual system. l M Main Machine, B Gas Turbine, P Fuel Supply, Gas
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1 A
2 MBP 13 AA
001
-S 01
Typical KKS Number
N AAA NN AA NNN A
l System area serial number. Assigned to system areas, normally increasing with direction of flow. l Equipment ID code. Identifies the type of component: l The first letter identifies the component group type: A or B Mechanical Equipment, C Direct Measuring circuit, D - Closed Loop Control, etc. l The second letter identifies the specific component type: AA Valve/Dampers/etc, AP Pumps, CE Electrical Measurement, CF Flow Measurement, CP Pressure Measurement, etc. l Equipment Serial (Sequence) Number. Used to identify the particular component and its function. See KKS chapter for examples.
1 A
2 MBP 13 AA
001
-S 01
Typical KKS Number
N AAA NN AA NNN A
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l Equipment Redundancy and Component ID Optional designation of smaller units on or within a component. Such as a valves open or closed limit switches. l Component Serial Number unique serial number for smaller units.
1 A
2 MBP 13 AA
001
-S 01
Typical KKS Number
N AAA NN AA NNN A
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KKS PROCESS RELATED CODES SIGNAL ID
11MBY10CS901.XQ01
l Signal ID Code (SID) identifies a particular signal on a Function Plan (as given by the FID) l First letter identifies the usage of the signal (Origin refers to the source of the signal, Application refers to the destination of the signal). l X Identification for an individual signal origin. l Z Identification for a gated (or composite) signal origin. l Y Identification for a Signal Application (destination). A signal can have several applications. l Second letter identifies the type of signal: l XQ Analog signals l ZQ Analog signal that has been modified an XQ turbine speed in RPM converted to a ZQ turbine speed in Hz. l XS Functional Group Control step signals l XH - Binary Limit Signal that is derived from an Analog Process signal. l ZV Signal Gating, such as protective or alarm logic signals l YP Supervisory Control Destination, such as the Alarm Processing Area of the OM650. l Last two numbers are the serialized identification of the unique signals. l There are more rules and specific definitions for SIDs when using function blocks. See KKS definitions for specific rules. For example: l XA41 and XA42 are the Checkback On and Checkback Off signals from a SLC. l XB01 is the DCM command signal to turn on (or open) a pump (valve).
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TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW Functional Plan (FUP) documentation is important to the power plant operator and is part of the technical plant documentation. FUPs allow the operator to fully understand the control of the plant components.
.
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TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW
Function diagrams are a type of functional plan. (YFRs)

. Function diagrams are simplified representations which represent the logical circuitry used for the safety, control, processing and monitoring of the power plant.
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TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW
Function diagrams identify:

The operating permissives for individual devices (e.g. motor, valve, etc.), for subsystems (e.g. lube oil, turning gear, etc.), and for the power plant. The conditions required . before starting the turbine (Ready to Start). The operations that must be completed from one command step before proceeding to the next step. The conditions that will initiate a turbine trip.
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TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW

Overview Level (YFH)
Organized in a hierarchical structure. overview level (YFH) area level (YFM) . single-loop level (YFR). Each level of the hierarchy represents diagrams of greater detail.
Area Level (YFM)
Individual Level (YFR)
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TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW YFR is subdivided into three sections; inputs, functions and outputs.
Tabulator Section Tabulator Section
.
Signal Inputs Presentation of Functions Signal Outputs
Text Field
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TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW

7 0PGC40 EE001 AUX CW PMPS 7 0LAC11 CP001 EFP A OIL P ZV01 XH04 NOT LO DB 90 D 15.9 DB 93 D 114.1
7 0LAC20 AP001 EFP B MTR
XH01 on
DB 90 D 1.11
Inputs
7 0LAC20 AP001 EFP B MTR XB02 off DB 90 D 15.13
Signal Flow
10
XA01 /2
&
7 0LAC00 EC001 EFP A & B 7 0LAB00 EC001 Feedw ater System
XA21 equi1 on XS53
DB 90 D 15.12 DB 90 D 15.15
.
>1 -
&
7 0LAB41 CP901 EFP A NPSH PROTECTION 7 0LAC10 CT001 EFP A MTR NDE BRGT
XH54 OPTD XH03 HIHI
DB 90 D 17 .0 DB 93 D 208.1
1
1 P OFF EN OFF O OFF BL AP O ON EN ON P ON OM XB95 /Z1
DCM
motor/solenoid valve
CB OFF
channel
SIGDEF XB95 SIGDEF EFP A MTR
SIGDEF
OM
CB ON
Outputs
XB01 /Z1
XB02 /Z1
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TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW

The Diagram Information provides:
Title and purpose of the function diagram Designation of affiliation, (noun name) Function Group, and Function Chain (CT) . Document Type YFH - Overview Level Function Diagrams YFM Area Level Function Diagrams YFR - Single-Loop Level Function Diagrams Affiliation - KKS Sequentially Numbered Section Diagram Section Page Numbering
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TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW
PROJECT INFORMATION
DIAGRAM INFORMATION
Stat.
Modification
Date
Name
Date Drawn Check Stand.
GAS TURBINE SIMULATOR TRAINING CENTER OFFENBACH

Orig./Repl.f/Repl. by
Function Group Function Chain

YGTA00 FC GT
Affiliation Document Type

YFR = 11MBV21AP001
B001 Page 1 5 Sh.
Siemens AG
MAIN LUBE OIL PUMP

Functional diagram individual level
Designation of affiliation
page
TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW

On the input signal side each signal provides; KKS (12MBV20CT003B), FGC (XMBV00) Designation (Lube Oil Supply Temp #2), . Signal Identification (XQ01) Setting (0 to 250) Unit of measure (C)
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TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW

On the signal output side each signal provides; Signal Identification (ZQ01) KKS (12MBX71AA183), Designation (Lube Cooler Temp Control Valve), . Setting (0 to 250) Unit of measure (C)
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TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW

Tracing signals within a single processrelated identification area.
B / T001
1
Connector
&
Signal from page no.
.
XN02 SLC OIL CIRCULATION CKAA01GK300 PRINTER S02 N OFF K YP50
YFR
= MBV21EE010
T003 Sh.No.
Siemens AG
SLC OIL CIRCULATION

FUNCTION CHART
B - Connector (like signal name), T001 - Page number (where signal came from)
page
TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW

Tracing signals within a single processrelated identification area.
Connector
Signal to page . no.

XA42 SLC OIL CIRCULATION MYB01EC001 SGC GAS TURBINE MBV21EU002 SLC OIL CIRCULATION OFF YV YV
M003 U001
B / T003
Siemens AG
YFR
= MBV21EE010
T001 Sh.No.
SLC OIL CIRCULATION

FUNCTION CHART
B - Connector (like signal name), T003 - Page number (where signal is going to)
page
TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW

Tracing signal connections between different process-related identification areas.
Signal name: MBV21EE0101-XA42 SLC OIL CIRCULATION - OFF Connected to: MYB01EC001 - page M003 SGC GAS TURBINE
.
M003 U001
XA42 SLC OIL CIRCULATION MYB01EC001 SGC GAS TURBINE MBV21EU002 SLC OIL CIRCULATION
OFF
YV
Name of this page: MBV21EE010 page T001 SLC OIL CIRCULATION
Siemens AG
YFR = MBV21EE010
T001
Sh.No.
SLC OIL CIRCULATION

FUNCTION CHART
page
TXP LOGIC OVERVIEW

Tracing signal connections between different process-related identification areas..
MBV21EE010 SLC OIL CIRCULATION XA42 OFF T001
Signal from: MBV21EE010 XA42 pageT001 SLC OIL CIRCULATION - OFF
>1
AD / M004
Name of this page: MYB01EC001 page M003 SGC GAS TURBINE
Siemens AG
YFR
= MYB01EC001
M003
Sh.No.
SGC GAS TURBINE

FUNCTION CHART
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GATE LOGIC
Gate logic is used to perform basic process and algebraic functions on signals.
.
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BINARY VS. ANALOG SIGNALS EXAMPLES
Binary
1 True Open On Energized Yes High Etc Closed 0 False Close Off De-energized No Low Etc Open
Analog
40.3 MW 93% 88C 160 bar 4.6 mA 340 mm 15 mV
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SIGNAL FLOW PATHS

Signal Inputs or or
Same Input Signal to 3 Different Inputs
Signal Outputs
or
.
Signal Name Signal Branch
Signal Crossing (no connection)
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AND GATE An AND gate is a binary device whose output is defined by a truth table. The output signal is logic "1" when all input signals are logic "1". If any input is 0, the output is 0.
A B & C
Inputs
Output
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
C 0 0 0 1
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OR GATE An OR gate is a binary device whose output is defined by a truth table. The output signal is logic "1" if any input signals are logic "1". If all inputs are 0, the output is 0.
A B >1 C
Inputs
Output
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
C 0 1 1 1
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EXCLUSIVE OR GATE
An Exclusive OR gate is a binary device whose output is defined by a truth table. The output signal is logic "1" if and only if one input signal is a logic "1". If all inputs are 0, or more than 1 input is a logic 1 the output is 0.
.
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NOT GATE - NEGATION A NOT gate (sometimes called a Negator) is a binary device whose output is the inverse of the input. The output signal is logic "1" when input signals is logic "0".
.
1 (0) 1 (0)
1
0 (1)
or 0 (1)
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Sub Loop Controller

A OFF BLOM CB OFF A ON
SLC
OM CB ON
A Sub Loop Controller is .used to keep defined process states. Functions like a RS flip flop. Automatic controls can block operator input by placing a 1 on BLOM input Priorities are: Automatic OFF Automatic ON Manual ON/OFF
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SUB LOOP CONTROLLER
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SUB LOOP CONTROLLER
INPUT SIGNALS:
A-OFF A-ON BLOM -Automatic off -Automatic on -Block OM .
SLC
OM CB ON
OUTPUT SIGNALS:
CB-OFF CB-ON
-Checkback off -Checkback on
OTHER SIGNALS:
OM -Operating / Monitoring
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DRIVE CONTROL MODULE

P OFF EN OFF A OFF BLOM A ON EN ON P ON OM CB ON
DCM
CB OFF
. (DCM) and associated SIM The Drive Control Module module are used by the AS 620B to carry out the drive control function for a motor or solenoid. Precedence: Protection Off Protection On Auto Off Auto On
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MBV21AP001 MAIN LUBE OIL PUMP
Selection of Window Extension 1
Enable Disenable Function Diagram Selection 1
M
0 1
Open the Detail Window Selection/Deselection of Window Extension 2 Notebook
Execute
Close
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P-OFF EN-OFF A-OFF A-ON EN-ON P-ON BLOM BLAP
P OFF EN OFF
-Protection off -Release off -Automatic off -Automatic on -Release on -Protection on . -Block OM -Block AP
A OFF BLOM
CB-OFF CB-ON
-Checkback off -Checkback on
OTHER SIGNALS:
OM -Operating / Monitoring
BLAP
A ON
EN ON
P ON OM CB ON
DCM
CB OFF
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DRIVE CONTROL MODULE Auto Off

0 1 1 X X 0
P OFF
EN OFF
A OFF
A ON
EN ON
P ON OM CB ON
DCM
CB OFF
1 X means it does not matter if it is a 1 or 0
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DRIVE CONTROL MODULE Protection Off

1 X X X X X
P OFF
EN OFF
A OFF
A ON
EN ON
P ON OM CB ON
DCM
CB OFF
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DRIVE CONTROL MODULE Auto On

0 1 0 1 1 0
P OFF
EN OFF
A OFF
A ON
EN ON
P ON OM CB ON
DCM
CB OFF
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DRIVE CONTROL MODULE Protection On

0 X X X X 1
P OFF
EN OFF
A OFF
A ON
EN ON
P ON OM CB ON
DCM
CB OFF
X means it does not matter if it is a 1 or 0
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SUB GROUP CONTROLLER (SGC)

SDA STIL EN STIL A STIL CB STIL A OFF A ON CB OPER A OPER EN OPER SDA OPER OM CB ON CB OPER PROG STEP OPER OPER
SGC
STEP STIL PROG STIL CB STIL CB RTA CB A OFF
. The Sub Group Controller (SGC) is used to automate large processes such as: System or Turbine Startups System or Turbine Shutdowns System Test functions
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SUB GROUP CONTROLLER (SGC)
SGC
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SUB GROUP CONTROLLER

INPUT SIGNALS:
SDA-STIL EN-STIL A-STIL CB-STIL A-OFF A-ON CB-OPER A-OPER EN-OPER SDA-OPER -Protection com. standstill -Enabling standstill -Automatic com. standstill -Checkback standstill -Automatic com. SGC-Off -Automatic com. SGC-On -Checkback operation -Automatic com. operation -Enabling operation -Protection com. operation
OUTPUT SIGNALS:
STEP-STIL PROG-STIL CB-STIL CB-RTA CB-A-ON CB-A-OFF CB-OPER PROG-OPER STEP-OPER OM -to 1st step standstill -Program memory standstill -Checkback standstill -Checkback monitoring time -Checkback SGC-On -Checkback SGC-Off -Checkback operation -Program memory operation -to 1st Step operation -Operating / Monitoring
CB OPER A OPER EN OPER SDA OPER OM CB ON CB OPER PROG STEP OPER OPER
OTHER SIGNALS:
SDA STIL
EN STIL
A STIL
CB STIL
A OFF
A ON
SGC
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page

SGC
. STIL - Standstill : Initiates standstill program
OPER - Operation : Initiates Operation Program
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SGC
A/ON - The automatic. function of SGC is switched on by logic allowing automatic control of SGC. A/OFF - The automatic function of SGC is switched off by logic preventing automatic control of SGC.
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SGC
. function of SGC has CB A/ON - The automatic been switched on by logic allowing automatic control of SGC. CB A/OFF - The automatic function of SGC has been switched off by logic preventing automatic control of SGC.
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SGC
Very similar to DCM off control. . EN STIL - Start enable for operating direction Standstill A STIL - Operating direction Standstill has been selected by logic SDA STIL (Status Discrepancy Alarm) - Operating direction Standstill has been selected by protection logic
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SGC
STEP STIL - Start signal for operating direction Standstill to begin step 51 PROG STIL - Steps in the operating direction Standstill are in progress
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SGC
. CB STIL (Input)- Checkback signal from logic CB STIL (Output)- Indicates a checkback signal from logic has been received
CB RTA - A step in the selected operating direction has exceeded its monitoring time.
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SGC
Very similar to DCM on control. . EN OPER - Start enable for operating direction Operation A OPER - Operating direction Operation has been selected by logic SDA OPER (Status Discrepancy Alarm) Operating direction Operation has been selected by protection logic
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SGC
STEP OPER - Start signal for operating direction Operation to begin step 1 PROG OPER - Steps in the operating direction Operation are in progress
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SGC
. CB OPER (Input)- Checkback signal from logic CB OPER (Output)- Indicates a checkback signal from logic has been received CB RTA - A step in the selected operating direction has exceeded its monitoring time. Same output used for both operating directions
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SGC STEP SYMBOL

Alternative Bypass From Previous Logic From Previous Step
Step No. 51
Waiting time tw: 20s
Mo - Time tue: 25s
& 1
Command
Command Output
.
To
Follow-on Logic
To Next Step
The individual steps of a subgroup control are each programmed in individual blocks called step/program blocks. Step/program blocks include step number, wait times, monitoring times, enabling steps and commands.
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SGC STEP SYMBOL

Step No. 51
Mo - Time tue: 25s
& 1
Command
Command Output
.
To
Follow-on Logic
To Next Step
Step numbers tell the operator what step of the program the SGC is on. In general, steps 1 - 50 are used for the operation direction (startups) and steps 51 - 99 are used for the standstill direction (shutdown)
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SGC STEP SYMBOL

Step No. 51
Mo - Time tue: 25s
&
Command
.
To
Command Output
Follow-on Logic
To Next Step
The inputs are called step enabling conditions To start this step either, the previous step must be completed AND the previous logic satisfied OR the alternate bypass logic must be satisfied
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SGC STEP SYMBOL

Step No. 51
Mo - Time tue: 25s
&
Command
.
To
Command Output
Follow-on Logic
To Next Step
When the step enabling criteria are met, the step block first looks at the follow-on logic for the next step. If the follow-on logic is satisfied prior to the step being executed, this step is skipped (Command output remains a 0) and a 1 is placed on the next step output.
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SGC STEP SYMBOL

Previous logic satisfied Step 3 complete
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SGC STEP SYMBOL
.
If this logic is satisfied prior to sending command output from step 4, step 4 is skipped.
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SGC STEP SYMBOL

Step No. 51
Mo - Time tue: 25s
& 1
Command
Command Output
.
To
Follow-on Logic
To Next Step
If the enabling criteria is satisfied and the follow-on logic is not satisfied, a 1 is placed on the command output. When the next step is executed, the 1 is replaced with a 0.
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SGC STEP SYMBOL

Step No. 51
Mo - Time tue: 25s
& 1
Command
Command Output
.
To
Follow-on Logic
To Next Step
Immediately after sending out the command step, a 1 is placed on the output to the next step. When the next step is executed, the 1 is replaced with a 0.
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SGC STEP SYMBOL

Step No. 51
Mo - Time tue: 25s
& 1
Command
Command Output
.
To
Follow-on Logic
To Next Step
Both the wait and monitoring time begins when the enabling criteria are satisfied. Following the wait time (here 20s) a 1 is placed on the output to the follow-on logic. If the next step is not entered prior to the monitoring time, the SGC is considered blocked at this step and an error message is sent to the TXP OM station.
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SGC STEP SYMBOL
Lets walk through a complete step.

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RS FLIP FLOP A flip flop is a Digital memory device whose output states are as defined in a truth table. They have Binary inputs R and S. They can have Binary . outputs Q and Q not. Note the Q is always associated with the S and the Q Not is associated with the R.
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RS FLIP FLOP - RESET A flip flop is a binary memory device whose output states are as defined in a truth table. S in the truth table indicates that the output remains in the same or previous state. Reset Sensitive or Reset Override is the preferred state. .
Set Reset
Inputs Outputs
R Q
S Q
Q Q NOT
S 0 0 1 1
R 0 1 0 1
QQ S S 0 1 1 0 0
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RS FLIP FLOP - SET A flip flop is a binary memory device whose output states are as defined in a truth table. S in the truth table indicates that the output remains in the same or previous state. Set Sensitive or Set Override is the preferred state. .
Set Reset
Inputs Outputs
S Q
R Q
Q Q NOT
S 0 0 1 1
R 0 1 0 1
QQ S S 0 1 1 0 1 0
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RS FLIP FLOP This gate works the same as the previous Flip Flop. Note the Q is always associated with the S and the Q Not is associated with the R.
Set Reset
Inputs
Outputs
R Q
S Q
Q Q NOT
S 0 0 1 1
R 0 1 0 1
QQ S S 0 1 1 0 1 0
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SUB LOOP CONTROLLER

Inputs
Outputs
On Off On Off
SLC
OM CB ON
. A Sub Loop Controller is used to keep defined process states. Functions like a RS flip flop. Automatic controls can block operator input by placing a 1 on BLOM input Priorities are: Automatic OFF Automatic ON Manual ON/OFF
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0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
S S 0 1 1 0 0
SUB LOOP CONTROLLER
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P EN A OFF OFF OFF A ON EN ON P ON
&
&
.
>1 >1
CB CB OFF ON
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PULSE GENERATORS & TIME DELAYS
Time Delay On
output is a logical 0 anytime the input is 0 When the input becomes a logic 1, the output will change to a logic 1 only after the time designated (2 sec in the example) has passed. The output will remain in the logic 1 state as long as a logic 1 remains at its input . If the input changes back to 0 before the time delay expires, the output never changes When the input changes from 1 to 0, there is no delay in the output changing to 0.
Note: For a TD on, the designated time (2) is on the left and the units (s) are in the middle.
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Time Delay On
Input
0 1 2 3 4
10
time [s]
2s
Output
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 time [s]
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Time Delay Off (Sequence Timer Off Delay)

A time delay Off output is a logical 1 anytime the input is 1 When the input becomes a logical 0, the output becomes a logical 0 after waiting the designated amount of time (2 sec in the example) . 1 to 0, it must remain a 0 for a When the input changes from time interval equal to or greater than the time delay before the output will become 0. If the input changes back to 1 before the time delay expires, the output never changes When the input changes from 0 to 1, there is no delay in the output changing to 1. Note: For a TD Off, the designated time (2) is on the right and the units (s) are in the middle.
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Time Delay Off
Input
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 time [s]
2s
2s
Output
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 time [s]
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Max Pulse Generator (Pulse Generator)

A binary device that limits the time of the output signal to a specific duration With an input signal of extended time duration, the output signal will be converted . of a specified duration. to an output (pulse) The duration of the output signal (pulse) is defined in the middle portion of the rectangular symbol, in the symbol shown the output (pulse) duration is max. 2 seconds. If the input reverts to a 0 before the time period is complete, the output will immediately follow the input to the 0 state.
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Max Pulse Generator
Input
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 time [s]
MAX
.
2s 2s 1s
Output
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 time [s]
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PULSE GENERATORS & TIME DELAYS Pulse Generator (One Shot) A pulse generator With input signals of varying time duration, the output signal will be converted to an output (pulse) of a specified duration. If the input signal is a logical 1 for greater than . the specified duration, the output will be a logical 1 for the specified period of time (Input = 1 for 3 seconds, Output = 1 for 2 seconds). If the input signal is a logical 1 for less than the specified duration, the output will remain a logical 1 for the specified period of time (Input = 1 for 1 second, Output = 1 for 2 seconds).
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PULSE GENERATORS & TIME DELAYS Pulse Generator (One Shot)
Input
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 time [s]
.
2s 2s 2s
Output
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 time [s]
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TIME TAGGING DEVICE
Data (Time Tagging Devices)

TTD AP #
Binary time tag device, actually called DATA with time binary, records the time and change in a binary state. (FB79)
.
TTD AP
Analog time tag device, actually called DATA with time analog, records the analog signal and time based on signal change. (FB214)
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ALARMS FOR BINARY TTD

E - No Alarm A Alarm (an analog value exceeded its alarm limit) W Warning (an analog value exceeded its warning limit) T Tolerance (an analog value exceeded its tolerance limit) L Local fault has occurred (e.g. tank level too high on automatic tank overflow) M Indicates that a Maintenance or service activity is necessary (e.g. filter clogged; change to spare filter) . changeover to a spare pump) C A status has Changed (e.g. REV = Reversion of the edge of evaluation of input signal. 0 rising edge generates TTD, 1 falling edge generates TTD
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YFR INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
Input signal function blocks are used with a SIM module to enable the AS 620B to read and monitor analog signals from the plant or other processors.
.
Output signal function blocks are used with a SIM module to enable the AS 620B to send analog signals to components in the plant or other processors.
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Analog Signal Conditioning (FB74)
I
LV1 LV2 LV3 LV4 ULLL1 ULLL2 ULLL3 ULLL4
AT
GS4
CHANNEL AI SIG
LRV URV UNIT
GS1
GS2
GS3
KG
The analog signal conditioning function block is used with a SIM module to enable the AS 620B to read and monitor analog signals from the plant.
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ANALOG SIGNAL CONDITIONING INPUT
I
LV1 LV2 LV3 LV4 ULLL1 ULLL2 ULLL3 ULLL4
AT
GS4
CHANNEL AI SIG
LRV URV UNIT
GS1
GS2
GS3
KG
.
I =Analog Input LV = Limit Value LRV = Physical Lower Limit URV = Physical Upper Limit ULLL = Upper (1 or UL) or lower (0 or LL) limit value UNIT = Defines measuring units (C or Bar, etc.) GS = When limit reached becomes a 1 output AI SIG = Analog signal output KG = Outputs is 1 when analog signal input is OK
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ANALOG TRANSMITTER INPUT TYPES AT - This FB74 is used for analog input signals of 0-20 or 4 - 20 ma. RT - This FB77 is used . for sensor conditioning of Resistance Thermometers. Input in S. TT - This FB76 is used for sensor conditioning of Thermocouples, J & K type. Input in mV.
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13.96 ma
I
LV1 LV2 LV3 LV4 11 13 -2 -2 ULLL1 ULLL2 ULLL3 ULLL4 LL LL
AT .
CHANNEL AI SIG
LRV URV UNIT
0 20 PSIG
GS1
GS2
GS3
GS4
KG
12.45
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ANALOG SIGNAL CONDITIONING
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ANALOG SIGNAL CONDITIONING
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page
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BINARY SIGNAL CONDITIONING INPUT
BT
BI SIG
CHANNEL
KG
I = Binary Input BI SIG = Binary signal output KG = Outputs is 1 when binary signal input is OK
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LIMIT MONITOR
The limit monitor takes an input analog variable (X) and compares it to a setpoint (GW). If the setpoint is reached, a limit signal (SWITCH) is placed on the output (Q). . or dead band, can also be A hysteresis, assigned to the setpoint to prevent rapid toggling of the output. Can be used as a high or low monitor by setting switch value.
X
SWITCH HYS GW
Analog or Binary?
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LIMIT MONITOR HIGH MODE

179 X 1 3 225
SWITCH HYS GW
Switch is set to 1 When X input is below GW setpoint of 225, the Q output is a 0

.
0
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225 X 1 3 225
SWITCH HYS GW
Switch is set to 1 When X input is below GW setpoint of 225, the Q output is a 0 . When the X input exceeds the GW setpoint of 225, the Q output changes to a 1
1
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224 X 1 3 225
SWITCH HYS GW
Switch is set to 1 When X input is below GW setpoint of 225, the Q output is a 0 . When the X input exceeds the GW setpoint of 225, the Q output changes to a 1 As the X input decreases below GW setpoint, the Q output remains a 1,
1
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222 X 1 3 225
SWITCH HYS GW
Switch is set to 1 When X input is below GW setpoint of 225, the Q output is a0 When the X input exceeds the . setpoint of 225, the Q GW output changes to a 1 As the X input decreases below GW setpoint, the Q output remains a 1, until the value goes below the setpoint minus the hysteresis which would be 225 - 3 = 222 for our example
1
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LIMIT MONITOR LOW MODE

3600 X 0 5 3510
SWITCH HYS GW
Switch is set to 0 When X input is above GW setpoint of 3510, the Q output is a 0

.
0
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3510 X 0 5 3510
SWITCH HYS GW
Switch is set to 0 When X input is above GW setpoint of 3510, the Q output is a 0 . When the X input decreases below the GW setpoint of 3510, the Q output changes to a 1
1
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3513 X 0 5 3510
SWITCH HYS GW
Switch is set to 0 When X input is above GW setpoint of 3510, the Q output is a 0 . When the X input decreases below the GW setpoint of 3510, the Q output changes to a 1 As the X input increases above GW setpoint, the Q output remains a 1,
1
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3515 X 0 5 3510
SWITCH HYS GW
Switch is set to 0 When X input is above GW setpoint of 3510, the Q output is a 0 When the X input decreases below the GW setpoint of 3510, the Q output changes to . a1 As the X input increases above GW setpoint, the Q output remains a 1, until the value goes above the setpoint plus the hysteresis which would be 3510 + 5 = 3515 for our example
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ANALOG SWITCH ASW (FB115)

X1 X2
SWITCH
# F
.
Y
The analog switch function block optionally switches one of two analog inputs to the Y output. X1 and X2 are analog inputs, SWITCH is a binary input and Y is an analog output. Figure is drawn in the de-energized position or as if the switch input was a 0.
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ANALOG SWITCH ASW

210 223
# F. 210
With the switch input set to 0, the X1 input is passed to the Y output.
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ANALOG SWITCH ASW

210 223
# F. 223
With the switch input set to 1, the X2 input is passed to the Y output.
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MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
Summation and Subtraction

+ + -
Analog or Binary?
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MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS Multiplication and Division
X
.
X1 X2
14.5
Analog or Binary?
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Maximum & Minimum Functions

X1 X1
.
X2 MAX X2 MIN
Analog or Binary?
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MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS Mean Value (Average Function) (FB 189)

X1
EN1
X2
. EN2
X3
EN3
Analog or Binary?
/n AVER
Determines the mean value of up to 16 analog inputs. EN must be a binary one to use that signal.
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Absolute Value (FB67) The function block AV Absolute Value calculates the absolute value of an analog input value. Positive and negative values are represented as positive numbers.
.
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PRESELECTION FB137
EN SELM
COM COM COM SEL1 SEL2 SEL3
SELECT
CB CB CB SEL1 SEL2 SEL3
OM
The preselection function block allows the AS 620 B to store an operators preselections Precedence: Selection 1 Selection 2 Selection 3
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PRESELECTION
EN SELM COM COM COM SEL1 SEL2 SEL3
SELECT
OM
. EN SELM = Enable Selection Module COM SEL1 = Automatic command set binary output CB SEL1 = When selection 1 is selected, output is a 1, all other CB SEL outputs will be a 0.
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PRESELECTION OF 1
1
EN SELM
SELECT
OM
1 0
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PRESELECTION OF 2
1
EN SELM
SELECT .
OM
0 1
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PRESELECTION EXAMPLE
Pulse output or continuous
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ANALOG SELECTION 2-OUT-OF-3
Deviation allowed
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DELAY ELEMENT FB84

Smoothes analog signals This function block acts as a delay element to smooth analog input values.
.
Y
X Analog input Y Smoothed analog output T Delay time in seconds
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Fuzzy Logic Controller
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Acknowledgement
Best regards to: Ditmar Reppman Majid Dini Contact: . 0935 2223936 e.mail: [email protected]
Any question?
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In the Name Of Omnipotent

K.N.Toosi University Of Technology Control Engineering Department Masoud Dorosti

Study of DCS Technology

Distributed Control Systems

TXP Power Plant Control System

Introduction to Control Systems

Introduction to Control Systems

THE HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF DCS

Operating and monitoring level

Group control level Individual control level Field level

Field bus control system

Field bus control system

Field bus control system

GAS TURBINE FUNDAMENTALS

V94.3A COMBUSTION TURBINE

GAS TURBINE CONTROL FUNDAMENTALS

Fuel ESV Opens Main Flame On

Speed Run-up Controller

Synchronizer On Speed Controller Generator Breaker Closes Initial MW Jump

BASIC TURBINE CONTROL

Switch to Premix IGVs Begin Opering

@50-60% Load Base Load Temperature

Base Load Temperature Limit

SPEED RUN-UP FUNCTION

SPEED RUN-UP FUNCTION

Speed Run Up and Protection Function

EHC Electro Hydraulic Converter

EHC Electro Hydraulic Converter

Humming 1 = -6 MW Humming 2 = -15 MW

Generator Load Limit

Gradient Setpoint Adjuster

Norm = 13 MW/min Fast = 13 MW/min Slow= 7 MW/Min

13 MW/min Load Setpoint Control 5, 18, 31, etc ~ 7 min to 100 MW

TEMPERATURE LIMIT FUNCTION

TATK = Corrected Outlet Temp (TT.ATK.EGGLK) = 574C

Speed Run-up Controller

Switch to Premix IGVs Begin Opering

Temperature ller Cont ro

SUB LOOP CONTROLLER SLC

SUB GROUP CONTROLLER SGC

SUB GROUP CONTROLLER SGC

SGC STEP SEQUENCE EXAMPLE

MBJ01DE103XS56 SFC MKC01DE111 VAR = 0 BALANCE

CMD OFF XS56 ON

GAS TURBINE INSTRUMENTATION

CT CASING VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

MBD11CY111 MBD11CT102 MBD11CT101

Turbine casing vibration

CT SHAFT VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

MBD11CY111 MBD11CT102 MBD11CT101

GT BRG VIB/TEMP PRT

1. Adjusting Ring 4. Pushrod Actuator 7. Compressor Inlet Guide Vanes

2. Bearing 5. Actuator 8. Vane Connecting Rod

3. Stationary Blade Carrier I 6. Compressor Support 9. Lever

COMPRESSOR INLET TEMPERATURE

COMPRESSOR INLET PRESSURE/SURGE DETECTION

COMPRESSOR OUTLET PRESSURE / TEMPERATURE

TURBINE OUTLET TEMPERATURE

TURBINE OUTLET TEMPERATURE