4644hydrologic Simulation Models
4644hydrologic Simulation Models
4644hydrologic Simulation Models
concerned with the physical processes that occur within a catchment and lead to the transformation of rainfall into stream runoff: (1) Rainfall Hyetograph: Time-series of rainfall in a catchment. (2) Streamflow Hydrograph: Time-series of stream discharge at catchment outlet.
2 Hydrologic Simulation Models Dr. Sameer Shadeed
It is typically complex and site dependant according to the characteristics of the land surface, vegetation, stream channel and human infrastructure (flood control, irrigation, dams, roads, etc). The rainfall-runoff transformation is considered to be: (a) non-linear, (b) scale-dependant, (c) sitespecific and (d) complex.
3 Hydrologic Simulation Models Dr. Sameer Shadeed
and
temporally
1. Spatial and temporal variation of rainfall input 2. Travel time across hillslope pathways determined by surface topography, soils, vegetation cover, geology 3. Travel time through the channel network determined by length, cross sectional area, flow resistance and surface-groundwater interactions
5 Hydrologic Simulation Models Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Deterministic
Stochastic
Lumped
Semi-distributed
Distributed
Space-independent
Space-correlated
Empirical
Conceptual
Physically-based
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Define purpose Field daa Conceptual model Comparison with field data Code selection Selected code suitable? No Code modification Field daa Model building Field daa Yes
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HEC-HMS
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HEC-HMS
The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC HEC-HMS) is designed to simulate the rainfall-runoff processes of dendritic watershed systems. It is designed to be applicable in a wide range of geographic areas for solving the widest possible range of problems. This includes large river basin water supply and flood hydrology, and small urban or natural watershed runoff. Hydrographs produced by the program are used directly or in conjunction with other software for studies of water availability, urban drainage, flow forecasting, future urbanization impact, reservoir spillway design, flood damage reduction, floodplain regulation, and systems operation.
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HEC-HMS
The program is a generalized modeling system capable of representing many different watersheds. A model of the watershed is constructed by separating the hydrologic cycle into manageable pieces and constructing boundaries around the watershed of interest. Any mass or energy flux in the cycle can then be represented with a mathematical model. In most cases, several model choices are available for representing each flux. Each mathematical model included in the program is suitable in different environments and under different conditions. Making the correct choice requires knowledge of the watershed, the goals of the hydrologic study, and engineering judgment.
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HEC-HMS
The program features a completely integrated
work environment including a database, data entry utilities, computation engine, and results reporting tools. A graphical user interface allows the seamless movement between the different parts of the program. Program functionality and appearance are the same across all supported platforms.
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HEC-HMS (Features)
HEC-HMS is comprised of
a graphical user interface (GUI), integrated hydrologic analysis components, data storage and management capabilities, and graphics and reporting facilities The Data Storage System, HEC-DSS, is used for storage and retrieval of time series, paired-function, and gridded data, in a manner largely transparent to the user
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HEC-HMS (Components)
HEC HEC-HMS model components are used to simulate the hydrologic response in a catchment HMS model components include basin model, meteorologic models, control specifications, and input data A simulation calculates the rainfall-runoff response in basin model given input from the meteorologic model The control specifications define the time period and time step of the simulation run Input data components, such as time series data, paired data, and grided data are often requied as parameter or boundary conditions in basin and meteorologic models
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diversions- diverts a specified amount of runoff to an element based on a rating curve - used for detention storage elements or overflows
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User Interface
Catchment Explorer
Component Editor
Message Log
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Catchment Explorer
The catchment explorer was developed to provide quick access to all components in HECHEC -HMS project For example, the user can easily navigate from a basin model to a precipitation gauge and then to a meteorologic model without using menu options or opening additional windows The catchment explorer is divided into three parts: Components, Compute and Results
33 Hydrologic Simulation Models Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Component Editor
When a component or sub-component in the Catchment Explorer is active, a specific Component Editor will open All data that can be specified in the model component is entered in the Component Editor Any data required will be indicated with a red asterisk
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Message Log
Note, warming, and errors are shown in the Message Log These messages are useful for identifying why a simulation run failed or why a requested action, like opening a project, was not completed
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Desktop
The Desktop holds a variety of windows including summary
tables, time-series tables, graphs, and the basin model map The basin model map is used to develop a basin model. Elements (sub-basin, river reach, reservoir, etc.) are added from the toolbar and connected to represent the physical drainage network of the study area
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Example 5-1
A small undeveloped watershed has the parameters listed in the following tables. A unit hydrograph and Muskingum routing coefficients are known for subbasin 3, shown in Fig. E5.1(a). TC and R values for subbasins 1 and 2 and associated SCS curve numbers (CN) are provided as shown. A 5-hr rainfall hyetograph in in./hr is shown in Fig. E5.1(b) for a storm event that occurred on June 19, 1983. Assume that the rain fell uniformly over the watershed.
Use the information given to develop a HEC-HMS input data set to model this storm. Run the model to determine the predicted outflow at point B.
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Example 5-1
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Example 5-1
for setting up a new project in HEC-HMS and the corresponding steps for running the model for Example 5-1
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Study Outline
Objectives Research Needs and Motivations Methodology Study Area Data Collection and Analysis Modeling
Model Setup Model Parameterization Model Application Sensitivity Analysis Scenario Modeling
Objectives
The objective of this research is to obtain dependable estimates of naturally available, water resources in arid and semi-arid environment of the West Bank, Palestine The newly coupled TRAIN-ZIN model was used in this study to evaluate the availability of surface water resources in the Faria catchment Such evaluation can be utilized in the development of best management practices that can be adopted to manage the scarce water resources in the catchment
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Research Questions
Follow up to the above objectives, a few questions are raised
What are the active runoff generation processes in arid and semi-arid regions? What is the best hydrological model that can be used to assess the runoff generation process in arid and semi-arid regions? How can we provide improved estimations of catchment initial conditions (e.g., soil moisture, infiltration rate,.)? How do we characterize the TRAIN-ZIN model uncertainties? How can we use the TRAIN-ZIN model in assessing the runoff generation under land use and climate changes scenarios? What are the total available water resources in the Faria catchment? What are the proper water resources management options for the most efficient water use in the Faria catchment?
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Methodology
Research Needs and Objectives Geography Topography Climatology Geology & Soil Springs & Wells Rainfall & Runoff Land use & Infiltration Hydrological Network
Parameters Determination
Data collection
Calibration Validation
Model Simulation
GIS Excel
Simulation of Water Management Options Setup GIS Database Conclusions and Perspectives Model Building Coupled TRAIN & ZIN Models
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Rainfall (mm)
Year
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Y #
# Y Z Y $ # Z $ Y # Y # # Y Y # Y Y # Y # Y# # Y # Y# # Y # Y Y # Y # Y # # Y Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y Y # Y# Y# # Y # Y # Y # Y Y# # Y#
Catchment Boundary Springs Domastic Wells Agricultural Wells Israeli Controlled Wells Surface Water Network
0 5 10 Kilometers
which
577.4
Y # Daily Gauge & TBR Y # Daily Gauge & TBR 322.3 Tammun
#
549.0
431.7
#
642.6
# Daily Gauge
262.1
#
#
# # Y
Catchment Boundary Catchment Boundary Existing Rainfall Stations Suggested TBRs Rainfall Existing Rainfall Stations Stations
208.2
#
161.6
#
9 Kilometers
C a tch m en t B o u n d a ry E v 1 (4 -6 /0 2 /0 5 ) 1 0 3 .6 0 1 - 1 1 1 .9 9 7 1 1 1 .9 9 7 - 1 2 0 .3 9 2 1 2 0 .3 9 2 - 1 2 8 .7 8 7 1 2 8 .7 8 7 - 1 3 7 .1 8 2 1 3 7 .1 8 2 - 1 4 5 .5 7 8 1 4 5 .5 7 8 - 1 5 3 .9 7 3 1 5 3 .9 7 3 - 1 6 2 .3 6 8 1 6 2 .3 6 8 - 1 7 0 .7 6 4 1 7 0 .7 6 4 - 1 7 9 .1 5 9
0 3 6 9 Kilom eters
C a tch m en t B o u n d a ry E v 1 (4 -6 /0 2 /0 5 ) 5 9 .3 9 1 - 72 .9 6 5 7 2 .9 6 5 - 86 .5 3 9 8 6 .5 3 9 - 10 0 .1 13 1 0 0.1 1 3 - 1 1 3 .68 7 1 1 3.6 8 7 - 1 2 7 .26 1 1 2 7.2 6 1 - 1 4 0 .83 4 1 4 0.8 3 4 - 1 5 4 .40 8 1 5 4.4 0 8 - 1 6 7 .98 2 1 6 7.9 8 2 - 1 8 1 .55 6
0 3 6 9 Kilom eters
IDW (4 stations)
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Runoff Data
2 Parshall flumes were constructed at the upper part of the catchment One at Al-Badan sub-catchment (83 km2) outlet and the other at Al-Faria sub-catchment (56 km2) outlet
Z $ $ Z
Catchment Boundary Z Flumes $ Main Stream Al-Badan Sub-catchment Al-Faria Sub-catchment Lower Faria Catchment
0 3 6 9 Kilometers
Runoff data (10-min time step) were collected for the three rainy seasons 2004-2007
79 Hydrologic Simulation Models Dr. Sameer Shadeed
2 35
234
236
38 2
20
207 7
2 03
225
237
23
205
2 226
23
199
240
2 16
218
21 2
227
2 19
01 2
2 00
2 41
2 14
215
206
217
208
2 13
211
209
20 2
7 19
196
195
194
186
243
18
172
18 1
85
187
273
1 93
275
167
177
274
1 69
162
145
248
249
254
146
144
253
80
25 2
255
17
2 77
251
265
3 03
137
7 25
1 89
24 7
3 18
250
2 76
168
9 17
4 18
16 6
1 88
1 91
170
228
220
2 21
222
223
229
2 42
44 2
198
224
17
210
175
2 46
19
17 3
17 8
272
2 45
180
1 90
27
176
27
161
13 9
130
1 42
156
1 35
1 58
293
3 21 3 37
62 2
1 33
9 6
28
2 96
356
4 26
270
2 31
3 34
3 50
3 04
14
2 95
59
15
336
310
1 57
160
3 11
143
320
155
2 63
1 41
3 13
1 51
12
302
126
260
2 87
344
96
2 88
28
10 1
3 41
28 5
3 16
2 98
114
117
1 20
35 4
1 13
56
98
326
355
3 64
1 16
97
366
1 0 7
8 1 1
1 19
10 5
106
102
1 10
3 33
3 70
61
3 86
87
60
347
94
0 33
385
64
54
53
1 33
3 81
109
390
1 08
3 24
63
37
10 4
58
5 32
3 88
31 7
0 0 1
305
6 30
34 2
340
115
3 00
12
122
124
66
18
29
345
65 3
361
267
131
28 9
99
319
30
327
3 63
127
2 59
1 40
26
30
30 9 31 5
3 39
4 31
3 38
3 08
26
290
351
11
88
3 29
377
93
81
3 69
50
82
4 8
90
43
34 6
83
91
44
3 73
68
76
35
397
398
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75
26
48
74
72
34
22
21
409
41 2
416
420
40
4 15
47
1 41
417
4 21
7 40
40 6
65
395
39
99 3
4 08
40 4
4 03
66
71
32
20
39
31
38
4 30
18
37
30
28
423
4 3 9
424
427
4 45
4 43
4 34
438
44
442
425
4 33
452
432
464
4 44
44
45
4 63
46
9 45
455
48 34 82
4 80
4 86
79
4 85
5 04
49
500
501
5 03
5 19
5 14
5 28
30
5 33
53 4
54 0
5 38
526
539
54
5 42
9 Kilometers
5 44
# #
81
543
527
164
1 48
165
1 36
149
279
1 50
25
294
3 16
3 15
283
281
138
284
3 58
152
3 35
13
2 29
357
35
134
297
36
2 91
12
323
62
3 43
352
5 12
3 28
123
258
3 53
112
389
372
384
332
57
3 49
103
55
378
79
85
111
86
62
348
59
37 9
380
382
80
95
89
39 2
387
83
3 91
92
393
5 2
51
4 6
42
376
394
368
375
8 7
45
36
27
14
13
10
4 0
12
367
374
49
Catchment Boundary Segments Nodes Polygons Al-Badan Sub-catchment Al-Faria Sub-catchment Lower Faria Catchment
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25
41
24
23
4 19
5 40
40
69
73
70
40
4 10
4 14
41 8
422
43
33
4 29
3 41
19
428
7 43
436
435
29
16
17
15
426
449
448
447
6 4 4
3 45
462
4 7
4 75
468
9 473 46
4 60
457
467
450
4 51
8 6 45 45
474
4 72
5 46
6 46
1 47
47
481
84 4
488
489
478
7 48
2 49
491
49 4 493
495
509
477
5 05
510
490
5 06
498
50
5 08
51 1
51
502
513
4 99
496
51 5
51 6
21
522
520
5 23
8 51
5 24
52 5
7 51
5 29
532
531
535
537
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Double rings infiltrometer was used to determine the infiltration rate for different terrain types
Double-Rings-Infiltrometer
400 Terrian C 350 300 250 200 Terrian F 150 100 50 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Terrian G Terrian H Terrian D Terrian E
Time (min)
9 Kilometers
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Model Parameterization
The parameter values for the TRAIN-ZIN model were Measured directly in the field capacity and channel geometry) (infiltration
Estimated from the literature (e.g. hydraulic conductivity, porosity, channel roughness, field capacity and others) and Recorded (climatic parameters)
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Y # Y #
Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y #
Y # Y #
Y #
Y #
Y #
Y #
9 Kilom eters
Y #
Y #
Y #
9 Kilom eters
Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y #
Y #
Y # Y #
Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y # Y #
Y # Y #
Y #
Y #
Y #
Y #
9 Kilom eters
Y #
Y #
Y #
9 Kilom eters
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Model performance
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Model performance
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Continuous Simulation of the Three Rainy Season 2004/05, 2005/06 and 2006/07: (a) Daily Rainfall, Al-Badan Sub-catchment; (b) Al-Faria Sub-catchment (c) the Entire Faria Catchment
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For the rainy day 9 of February 2006, actual evapotranspiration is considerable whereas for the dry day 5 of February 2007, actual evapotranspiration is small
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Valuse (MCM)
Season
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Scenario 1: Urbanization, the simulated runoff response to an increase in built-up areas of 10% and 50% respectively was obtained
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Assuming that the rooftops runoff represents about 50% of the generated built-up areas runoff and a consumption rate of 70 liters/capita/day Rainwater harvesting from rooftops can fulfill the domestic demands for nearly 24,000 inhabitants for more than 4 months from May to September when the water resources are very limited
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Although the catchment areas of the proposed cisterns accounts only for 15% of the entire catchment, the flood generation out of these areas are 30% and 62% for event 1 and event 2
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2. 3. 4.
5.
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Therefore, It is necessary to go beyond the basic research and undertake demonstration projects for possible application of the proposed management options in the Faria catchment
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Conclusions (1/2)
Three years of monitoring rainfall and runoff combined with field campaigns are considered to be the cornerstones for the success of this study
The main research question that was addressed by this PhD research study what is the best hydrological model that can be used to assess the active runoff generation process in arid and semi-arid regions (IEOF and/or SEOF) was answered
Despite difficulties, limitations and uncertainties associated with obtaining observations and measured parameters, this study ended-up with optimistic results for the simulation of single events and entire seasons in continuous mode
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Conclusions (2/2)
Rainfall characteristics (mainly the rainfall intensity) and the initial soil moisture content are the main parameter that controlled the runoff generation processes (IEOF and/or SEOF) that took place in the Faria catchment The seasonal water balance which cab be obtained out of the coupled TRAIN-ZIN model is the main input for sustainable water resources management in the Faria catchment The results of this research study show that the impacts of land use and climate changes on runoff behavior are eventdependent and that event characteristics (intensities and duration) as well as the initial soil moisture content should be identified for different scenarios
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Reference
Shadeed, S. (2008). Up To Date Hydrological Modeling in Arid and Semi-arid Catchment, the Case of Faria Catchment, West Bank, Palestine. PhD Dissertation, Institute of Hydrology. Freiburg University, Germany. http://www.freidok.uni-
freiburg.de/volltexte/5420/pdf/Sameer_PhD.pdf
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