Fire Det - Siemens Gen Fire Det System Planning

General fire detection system planning Planning guidelines
Fire & Security Products

Siemens Building Technologies Group
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Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8 8.1 9 9.1 10 10.1 10.2 11 Compliance with local national guidelines and regulations . . . . . . . . . . . Extent of monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zones with fixed extinguishing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Choice of detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smoke detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat detectors types D/T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IR flame detectors type S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manual call points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number and arrangement of point-type detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smoke detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smoke detectors on flat ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smoke detectors on sloping ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flame detector S2406 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear smoke detector DLO1191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air sampling smoke detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manual call points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detector zones and detection lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formation of detector zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum number of detectors per detector zone and detection line . . . . . . . Temporary, local switching off of fire detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire detection system control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Location of control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Remote display and operating terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centralized or decentralized arrangement of the control unit in large fire detection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Configuration of the Cerberus fire detection system control unit . . . . . . . . . . . Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire control installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Avoiding deceptive alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Possible measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure for planning a fire detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1 2 4 5 5 9 16 18 20 21 21 24 43 55 68 77 77 77 78 80 80 80 83 84 85 85 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 90 90 90 92 93
Keyword index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
Fire & Security Products Siemens Building Technologies Group 06.2002
II
Foreword
These planning guidelines contain the basic know-how for the planning of sophisticated fire detection systems. It is an important tool and reference work for the planner of fire detection systems. It contains basic information which applies to all fire detectors. As far as possible we have tried to provide a layout which can be used irrespective of detector type. Specific detector data is provided where it is needed in depth. For the new AlgoRex generation of detectors, such specific data are provided in separate documents as setting parameters differs considerably from the setting of previous generations of detectors. However, section 5, Number and arrangement of point-type detectors also applies for AlgoRex detectors.
Compliance with local national guidelines and regulations

The relevant local national planning and installation guidelines or regulations must be obtained and taken into account before starting with the planning of each project. Local national specifications: Such specifications always take priority. They are issued by insurers, authorities, PTT, associations, customers etc. They also include regulations in relation to approvals which must be complied with for the choice of equipment and systems. Requirements for specific products: These are taken from technical descriptions, service manuals etc. Technical data contained in such documents must be complied with. No requirements: Where no regulations must be taken into account, planning and installation must be carried out according to Cerberus planning guidelines which correspond to the level of performance of Cerberus products.
1
Fire & Security Products Siemens Building Technologies Group e432d 06.2002
Extent of monitoring
In principle we should endeavour to provide complete monitoring in all fire compartments. The monitoring of selected fire compartments (partial monitoring) or selected rooms or groups of rooms (selective monitoring) should only be applied exceptionally. With complete monitoring (or within partial monitoring) the following zones must also be monitored: Lift, transport, transmission and light shafts in which the nature of the structure or an accumulation of material poses a fire risk Cable ducts and shafts if they are accessible, or in close proximity to other sectors which are not isolated by fire-resistant divisions 1) Sanitary and heating installation supply shafts if accessible, or in close proximity to other sectors which are not isolated by fire-resistant divisions 1) Rooms for ventilation and air conditioning installations as well as fresh and used air ducts Ducts for chutes for material and refuse and their hoppers Closets and structures which are large enough for a person to enter Covered-in loading ramps with protruding roof if they are not at least isolated from the monitored sector by a fire-resistant 1) division Storage areas under protruding roofs if they are not at least isolated from the monitored sector by a fire-resistant 1) division Areas below galleries Voids in dropped ceilings and raised floors according to table Fig. 1 Voids above dropped ceilings with evenly distributed openings of 50% of the surface area should be regarded as a part of the room just below Zones in rooms which are created by shelves or other fixtures and fittings which reach to within 30cm of the ceiling Exceptions to the rules concerning monitoring Sanitary installation rooms, e.g. washrooms, toilets, providing no combustible stocks or refuse are stored there, or the enclosing walls are non-combustible Cable shafts with cable sealing on each floor and which have no electrical switchgear or safety cut-out installations. Rooms which are protected by an automatic fire extinguishing system and are at least fire-resistant isolated should the automatic monitoring of these rooms provide no special advantages Voids in dropped ceilings and raised floors which according to table Fig. 1 are constructed as zones without monitoring According to the situation, (to be determined in each case) the following can be excluded: Separate, fire-resistant 2) isolated storage tank rooms Air raid shelters which in peacetime are not used for other purposes Residential zones, fire-resistant 2) isolated Cold storage rooms and intense cooling plants 50m2 Separate battery rooms, fire-retardant isolated 1)
1) 2)
Structural divisions are described as fire-retardant if they can withstand a fire for at least 30 minutes. Structural divisions are described as fire-resistant if they can withstand a fire for at least 90 minutes.
2
Void features Inaccessible or accessible and without fire load or sources of ignition or few and fire-proof electrical installations (at least self-extinguishing) Accessible with electrical installations with cable trays concentrated at certain places or built-in electrical equipment (e.g. servo motors) Accessible and large number of electrical installations distributed throughout Other/additional void features, which influence fire danger
Means of monitoring in this sub-section
none
Selective monitoring along electrical installations or specific monitoring of the built-in electrical equipment Room monitoring (complete monitoring of void) Assess each situation according to the fire risk (likelihood of fire outbreak/consequences)
Fig. 1
Table Means of monitoring voids
3
Zones with fixed extinguishing systems

Fixed extinguishing systems should be installed in zones: Where rapid fire development and spread is highly likely (solvents stores, plastics stores etc.) Where the building construction has inadequate fire resistance (e.g. danger of collapse due to unprotected steel construction) With a high concentration of valuable property, or in which heavy damage can be expected calling for additional fire risk reduction (EDP systems, switchgear etc.) The additional installation of a fire detection system in such zones is called for: To fulfil the protection target specified for this sector According to the actuation type of the extinguishing system Depending on the fire development, there can be a considerable difference in time between the response of the fire detection system and the sprinkler system. In order to reduce the fire risk and fire damage it is often sensible to employ both in such sectors.
4
4
4.1
Choice of detector
General
The specifying of which detector to use and where depends on the monitoring category or the general monitoring aim of the FDS* room height the ambient influences including deceptive phenomena
4.1.1
Monitoring categories / monitoring aims of the FDS

The monitoring categories cover three different general monitoring aims of the * fire detection system. They are adjusted to the fire risk and other application criteria.
Monitoring category
General monitoring aim of the fire detection system * open incipient fire signalling required
Fire risk / consequences
Application criteria no danger to life and unit structure or fire compartment 150m2 and little fire spread and/or danger of smoke logging and low concentration of valuable property
Application examples Kitchens Heating plants Recreation rooms/lounges Small garages Small workshops possibly small offices
smouldering incipient fire signalling not required
low to medium
II
open incipient fire signalling required
smouldering incipient fire signalling desirable
medium to large
with danger to life or no unit structure or fire compartment >150m2 or with fire spread and/or danger of smoke logging or with medium concentration of valuable property
Hotel rooms Factory rooms Offices with important documents Research laboratories Staircases
III
open incipient fire signalling required
large g to very large -
smouldering incipient fire signalling required
with high danger to life and high risk of fire spread and/or danger of smoke logging or high g concentration of valuable property irreplaceable works of art
Wards EDP systems Museums Historical buildings
Fig. 2
Table Monitoring categories, monitoring aims, fire risk, application criteria and application examples
5
4.1.2
Influence of room height

The higher the room, the weaker the influence of the fire phenomena to be detected. With increasing room height, in view of the greater room volume, an incipient fire can be larger without increasing the danger of rapid fire spread or a flashover.
Heat (convection)
Rauch Room height
h 3 h 2 h 1 Radiation
Seat of the fire
Fig. 3
Reduced influence of fire phenomena with increasing room height h
Smoke detectors The thermodynamics of open fire transport smoke particles, which become diluted in the larger volume of air, even to very high ceilings. Allowance for this smoke dilution can be made by employing sensitive smoke detectors. Smouldering fires lack the thermodynamics to transport the smoke. Such fires are only detected by detectors on high ceilings when they develop into open fires. Heat detectors The hot air currents rising from an open fire cool rapidly with increasing distance from the fire and increasing room volume. For this reason their limitations in respect of high-ceiling applications are soon reached. Flame detectors Although heat radiation decreases by the square of the distance from the fire location to the detector, thanks to its high response sensitivity these detectors can also be used in high rooms.
4.1.3
Suitability table
The table shows an evaluation of the detectors according to their suitability in respect of the monitoring target (U) and room height (H). The overall suitability is found by multiplying the values U and H.
6
Monitoring category
Monitoring g tar tar- Suitability y rating g get of the DFS U = Suitability on the basis of monitoring target or monitoring category H = Suitability on the basis of room height h U x H = Detector suitability Rating: U x H = 4 very good suitable 2 well suited 1 suitable 0 in i certain t i cases Detection /must be checked of: - unsuitable open fire open fire smouldering fire (desired) open fire smouldering fire U Suitability on basis of monitoring target U Suitability on basis of monitoring target
Suitability value of types of detector Flame detectors Infrared flame detectors Sensitivity selectable 1 2
Smoke detectors Linear smoke detectors Sensitivity selectable 1
Heat detectors Fixed temperature detectors
F-detectors Sensitivity Standard 1 selectable 1
R-detectors Sensitivity Standard 1 selectable 1
Rate-of-rise detectors Sensitivity cl.1 2 cl.2 2
I II
III
0 **
0 **
0 **
0 ** (1 in combination with smoke detectors) (2 in (1 in combination with smoke detectors)
U Suitability on basis of monitoring target
H - values Suitability value H for room height h or mount mounting height of flame detector Room height 4,5m >4,5 - <6m >6m - <7,5m >7,5m - <9m >9m - <12m >12m - <16m >16m - 20m >20m 2 2 2 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 2 2 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
Fig. 4
Suitability table for automatic fire detectors
** see also section 4.1.5
7
4.1.4
Combining different detectors

Fire phenomena vary in their physical characteristics according to the combustible involved and fire development so that frequently fire detectors with different operating principles have to be used.
Monitoring g category I
Additional requirements If smoke detectors: Detection of smokeless fires
Variants 1 2 3 4 5 6
Recommended detector combination F l m l m m m l m l m m m l l m l m l m m l m m m l m m m l l m l m m m l m m l m m l m m m l m l m m m R D/T l m S A2400
II
Detection of smokeless and smoke-forming fires
1 2 3 4 5 6
Room height 10m
1 2
III
Detection of smokeless and smoke-forming fires
1 2 3 4 5 6
Predominantly electrical risks, i.e. light smoke is to be expected
1 2 3
Room height 6 - 10m Room height >10m
1 1 2
Legend:
l m
frequent combination possible combination F ionization smoke detector R scattered light smoke detector D/T heat detector S IR flame detector A2400 linear smoke detector
Fig. 5
Table Summary of suitable combinations of types of detector
8
4.1.5
Taking ambient conditions into consideration

A detector may not be exposed to impermissible ambient influences if it is to operate without giving false alarms: - Ambient temperature above or below those specified for the detector - Excessive vibration caused by mounting the detector on machine equipment - Too high humidity - Corrosive environment - Smoke, dust, steam or other aerosols caused by work processes - Sources of heat, heat radiation and hot steam - Modulated heat radiation, sometimes also light reflection in the open air Smoke detectors Heat detectors Flame detectors particularly in the case of all types of detector
The permissible data can be found in the following tables with detector features. If, due to impermissible deceptive phenomena, heat and flame detectors have to be installed in rooms with monitoring category II, often other fire protection measures of a preventive and/or defensive nature are called for (see Fire Protection Planning, CRP, document e431).
4.1.6
Fire detection reliability

Generally speaking, only those detectors should be used which on the basis of their characteristic data or adjustability, guarantee false alarm-free operation. The temporary switching-off of automatic detectors for operational reasons should be avoided. A better solution is to use a less sensitive type of detector and keep it in operation.
4.1.7
Special investigations
If the prevailing conditions are not covered by these guidelines, or not in sufficient detail, such as unforseeable fire development, spread of fire phenomena, prevailing deceptive phenomena etc. special investigations should be carried out, e.g. fire tests. For this purpose, analogue signal measuring detectors of the same type with evaluating and display equipment are available.
4.2
Smoke detectors
Application: Where smoke is the fire phenomenon to be expected Where the smoke detectors are not excluded by the ambient conditions Detection characteristics: F-Types: R-Types: Linear Types: Detect all kinds of smoke Detect visible, particularly light smoke Detect visible smoke
9
Note: The detection characteristics of the new AlgoRex generation of detectors with AlgoLogic, differentiate themselves in some ways considerably from the types of detector dealt with below. This mainly concerns the response behaviour of the F- and R-types as well as the recommendations on the suppression of false alarms. AlgoRex detectors are described in the DS11 manual. Smoke detectors with adjustment facility: Even in their least sensitive setting conform to standards Can be adapted to specific ambient conditions, e.g.: In EDP rooms In high rooms By risk of false alarms Integrating smoke detectors: Can be used to prevent false alarm through transient deceptive phenomena such as cigarette smoke, specially in rooms of <3m in height. Alternative: The detector zone must be connected to an intermediate alarm memory.
4.2.1
Smoke detectors F-Type

Application: Smoke detector for universal application
Operating principle
Application
Deceptive phenomena
Type/model detector
Special features
F-Smoke detector
Detection of all incipient smoke-producing fires Generally suitable for monitoring rooms g y suitable e.g. g for: Highly - Offices - Cleaning closets - Corridors - Staircases - Rest rooms/lounges - Residential promises - Hospital wards - Hotel rooms - Attics - Museums - Showrooms - Weaving mills - Spinning mills - Printing shops - Carpenters shops - Storerooms - High rooms - air conditioning ducts (with air sampling unit) - Industrial buildings etc. Also suitable for monitoring installations e.g.: - Monitoring of air currents up to 20m/s using air sampling unit - in air-sampling systems - in switching cabinets etc.
All floating particles if in concentrated form (smoke also consists of floating particles) e.g.: - Water vapour - Exhaust gas from combustion engines - Welding work, soldering - Plastic processing - Cooking over flame, grilling, baking - Cigarette smoke - Paraffin vapour - Whirling dust - Fog-forming chemicals
F716i F716Vi
Standard, EN 54-7/9, no adjustment facilities, for MS7-, MS9 and MS9i-System As for F716i, but with integration to suppress the influence transient deceptive phenomena (cigarette smoke), e.g general application in rooms less than 3m high As for F716 but with one adjustment facility: - 3 sensitivity settings Standard, EN 54-7/9, with one adjustment facility: - two-stage smoke entries to adapt to conditions at the place of installation As for F906 but AFNOR standard (sampling chamber supervised) and fixed smoke entries, without integration Standard, EN 54-7/9 with three adjustment facilities: - 3 sensitivity settings - 2 integration stages - two-stage smoke entries to adapt to conditions at place of installation As for F910 but intrinsically safe for explosion hazard zones 1+2 acc. to EN 50 020 As for F910 but AFNOR standard (sampling chamber supervised) no integration Standard, EN 54-7/9 with three adjustment facilities: - 2 sensitivity settings - two-stage smoke entries to adapt to conditions at the place of installation further features: - Drift indication on inquiry (MS9-PLUS) - Monitored sampling chamber with fault indication at inadmissible deviation
F732 F906
F905
F900
F911 F915 F930
10
Detector setting in dependence of monitoring category, room criteria and room height
Application features Monitoring g category g y Room criteria <3 I II III normal, clean or slightly dirty rooms normal, clean or slightly dirty rooms normal, clean rooms slightly dirty rooms 1m 1m 2m 1m Sensitivity setting (1-3) / Smoke entry Room height in metres 3...6 1m 1m 2m 2m 6...12 1m 1m 3m 3m 12...20 2m 2m 3m 3m
Fig. 6
Table Application of adjustment facilities
m Smoke entry small m Smoke entry large
For application in rooms with a room temperature of <0C, response sensitivity must be set to setting 1.
permissible ambient tem perature in C -10 ...+60
Humidity 75C
max. ap plication height above sea level (m) 1500
IEC protec tion cat. cat (detector / base) IP 43
Degrees of resistance to dry dust very good Fibres (heavy fibre content) adequate Accumulation of moist, dirt, grease unsuitable
Influence of air currents transient max. 10m/s continuous max. 5m/s (V >6m/s sensitivity increase until false alarm)
-25 ...+80
75C
1500
IP 43
very good specially with small smoke entries
good
critical possibly, check using test
10m/s
5m/s m (V >7m/s sensitivity increase until false alarm)
8m/s m (V >10m/s sensitivity increase until false alarm)
-25 ...+80
75C
3000 (set to sensitivity setting 3)
IP 43
very good specially with small smoke entries
good
critical possibly, check using test
10m/s
-25 ...+80
75C
3000 (set to sensitivity setting 3)
IP 43
very good
good
adequate
10m/s
Smoke entry Smoke entry small large
11
4.2.2
Smoke detector R-Type

Application: Where pyrolytic smouldering fires are to bee expected Is only limited suitable for dusty environments such as textile factories, carpenters shops, mills etc. If too many dust particles or individual fibres enter the detectors highly sensitive optical system, this can lead to false alarm. As the scattered-light smoke detector can only detect an open cellulose fire at a late stage, they are frequently combined with F-smoke detectors in rooms where more than 1 detector is required at a ratio of 1:1.
Operating principle
Application
Deceptive phenomena
Type/model detector
Special features
R-Smoke detector
Detection of fires with visible smoke Generally suitable for monitoring rooms where mainly pyrolysis smouldering fires are expected e.g. for: - Electrical installations of all kinds * - Bed rooms - Hotel rooms - Car parking garages - Restaurants - Rooms with high rate of air exchange Also suitable for monitoring installations e.g.: - Switching cabinets - Air sampling systems * Mi Mixed ed monitoring with ith F-types in a ratio of 1 : 1 recommended
All visible floating particles (larger 0,4m) e.g.: - Water vapour - Visible exhaust fumes from diesel engines starting cold - Welding work - Plastic processing - Whirling dust - Fog-forming chemicals - Cigarette smoke - Textile fibres
R716i
Standard, EN 54-7/9 and AFNOR standard (sampling chamber supervised), no adjustment facilities, for MS7-, MS9 and MS9i-System Standard, EN 54-7/9, with three adjustment facilities: - 2 sensitivity settings - 2 integrating stages - two-stage smoke entries to adapt to conditions at the place of installation further features: - long-term compensation of the alarm threshold value Standard, EN 54-7/9 and AFNOR standard (sampling chamber supervised), with one adjustment facility: - two-stage smoke entries to adapt to conditions at the place of installation Standard, EN 54-7/9, with two adjustment facilities: - 2 sensitivity settings to adapt to conditions at the place of installation - 2 integrating stages further features: - Guidance of smoke sensitivity - Drift indication on inquiry (MS9-PLUS) - Fault indication at reaching the final value of the sensitivity guidance - Approval only with type of base Z94.. Like R930, but for the collective detection system MS9 - Approval only with type of base Z94..
R910
R925
R930
R936
12
Detector setting in dependence of monitoring category, room criteria and room height
Application features Monitoring g category g y Room criteria <3 I II III normal, clean or slightly dirty rooms normal, clean or slightly dirty rooms normal, clean rooms slightly dirty rooms 1m 1m 2m 1m Sensitivity setting (1-3) / Smoke entry Room height in metres 3...6 1m 1m 2m 2m 6...12 1m 1m 3m 3m 12...20 2m 2m 3m 3m
Fig. 7
Table Application of adjustment facilities
m Smoke entry small m Smoke entry large
For application in rooms with a room temperature of <0C, response sensitivity must be set to setting 1.
Humidity 75C
max. applica tion height above sea level (m) unlimited
IEC protec tion cat. cat (de tector / base) IP 43
Degrees of resistance to dry dust good to adequate Fibres (heavy fibre content) inadequate Accumulation of moist, dirt, grease unsuitable
Influence of air currents transient max. continuous max.
no influence
-25 ...+75
75C
unlimited
IP 43
good (compensation circuit)
inadequate
critical * * poss. check using test
no influence
-25 ...+75
75C
unlimited
IP 43
good to adequate
inadequate
unsuitable
no influence
-25 ...+75
75C
unlimited
IP 43
very good
good
critical * * poss. check using test
no influence
13
4.2.3
Linear smoke detector A2400

Application: In particular it is used in large rooms in which smoke can be expected as fire phenomena and wherever it is not excluded by ambient conditions The linear smoke detector is often superior to point-type detectors, e.g. for smouldering fires in ventilated rooms Requirements: Uninterrupted line of sight between the transmitter and receiver from 10 to 100m (anything in the way causes a trouble signal) The two units must be firmly mounted so that the IR beam does not become misaligned with the receiver due to building movement (heat/cold) which would cause an alarm or trouble signal. Important: It is essential to provide good accessibility to the transmitter and receiver for setting the system optics!
Operating principle
Application
Deceptive phenomena
Type/model detector
Special features
Extinction smoke detector
Detection of fires with visible smoke Monitoring beam of at least 10m up to maximum 100m 180 deflection of monitoring beam with reflector possible Suitable e.g. for the monitoring of: - High rooms in which smouldering fires can be expected (mount detectors low down) - Rooms with powerful air currents (e.g. EDP systems) - Museums with valuable ceilings where point-type detectors are not desired - Rooms with ceilings where point-type detectors are not easily or inaccessible - Rooms in which point-type detectors quickly become soiled e.g. weaving mills, spinning mills) - Large and long rooms such as: - Hotel atria - Warehouses - Factory buildings - Power supply ducts - Corridors etc.
All visible floating particles if in concentrated form e.g.: - Water vapour - Exhaust fumes from diesel engines starting cold - Welding g work - Plastic processing - Whirling dust - Fog in winter with open buildings - Fog-forming chemicals of all kinds Condensation If mounted on cool outside walls, where high humidity and rapid increase in temperature is to be expected, measures to heating must be used to prevent Due to the long monitoring distance, the accumulation of deceptive phenomena applies
A2400 Transmitter A2400S Receiver A2400E
Three defined response sensitivity stages selectable: Stage 1 = Extinction 60% in relation Stage 2 = Extinction 35% to entire Stage 3 = Extinction 20% measured distance Signal compensation circuit to increase service life Interruption of monitoring beam causes trouble signal (no alarm) Wide response spectrum to the various types of smoke Not suitable for wide spread fires from liquids. A violent concentration of smoke can block the alarm actuation (interrupted light beam). For these risks the combination with point-type detectors may be considered (mixed monitoring) ( g) May not be operated with pulse memories!
14
Humidity 75C
max. applica tion height above sea level (m) unlimited
IEC protec tion cat. cat (de tector / base) IP 52
Degrees of resistance to dry dust very good Fibres (heavy fibre content) good periodic external cleaning Accumulation of moist, dirt, grease adequate
no influence
15
4.3
Heat detectors types D/T

Application: In an incipient fire with rapid increase in temperature Where due to the presence of smoke and vapour etc. smoke detectors cannot be used.
Operating principle Heat detector
Application
Deceptive phenomena
Type/model detector
Special features
Detection of incipient fires with rapid increase in temperature and where smoke detectors cannot be used due to deceptive phenomena or smokeless fire, e.g. in: - Solvent stores - Heating plant rooms - Kitchens (do not forget water vapour) - Workshops - Dusty rooms - Small offices with only slight fire danger provided fire compartment 150m2
Sources of heat e.g. - Radiators - Baking g ovens etc. Direct solar radiation Water vapour Rapid temperature fluctuation e.g. large doors leading to warm adjacent rooms
D716
Standard, EN 54-5, category 2 high resistance to corrosion Standard, EN 54-5, category 1 high resistance to corrosion As for D900, but intrinsically safe for explosion hazard zones 1+2, EN 50 020 As for D900, but AFNOR standard As for D900, but for higher ambient temperature (EN 54-8, temperature range 1) As for D920, but intrinsically safe for explosion hazard zones 1+2, EN 50 020 Standard, EN 54-5, category 1 with integrated base (Scandinavia) The detector contains two measuring systems with different response sensitivity System 2 sensitive System 1 insensitive, EN 54-5 category 2 Special composite circuit to increase response sensitivity between adjacent detectors Special type of base (Z2401) required No connection for external response indicator
D900
D901 D915 D920 D921 D2417
Dual heat detector
Detection of incipient fires with rapid increase in temperature and rooms in which normal heat detectors cannot be used due to a chemically aggressive atmosphere, heavy dust formation, high humidity, moisture etc. e.g.: - Road tunnels - Wood chips silos - etc. Cases where a higher response sensitivity is required than laid down in EN54-5
Sources of heat e.g. - Radiators - Baking ovens etc. Direct solar radiation Water vapour Rapid temperature fluctuation e.g. large doors leading to warm adjacent rooms
D2401
D2401 Ex Maximum heat detector Detection of incipient fires upon exceeding the specified maximum temperature Application under tough ambient conditions e.g. the monitoring of: - Oil baths - Hardening shops - Ships engine rooms - Cupellation chambers (with sensor protective coating e.g. Teflon) - Large g kitchens (e.g. ( g direct installation of the D2410 in large extractor hoods) Work processes which allow ambient temperatures to exceed the specified maximum value D2409
As for D2401, but intrinsically safe for explosion hazard zones 1+2, EN 50 020 Compact model with 21.5cm long perforated, rigid protective tube Not compatible with base Temperature range +40C ... +300C Complies with no EN standards As for D2409, but with sensor separate from housing (connected via capillary tube) Capillary tube 2m long (up to max. 5m) Details and other dimensions can be found in the data sheet
D2410
T2418 T2416
Standard, EN 54-8, Temperature range 1 (+74 ... +90C) with integrated base (Scandinavia) Standard, EN 54-5, category 2 with integrated base (Scandinavia)
16
Permissible ambient tem perature in 5C -10 ...+50
Degree of resistance to Humidity 75C IEC protection category (detector / base) with standard base IP 43 with ZS90 IP 53 (detector IP 65) with standard base IP 43 with ZS90 IP 53 (detector IP 65) Dry dust very good Fibres (heavy fibre content) very good Accumulation of moist, dirt, grease, etc. good, provided protected from direct dirt accumulation good, provided protected from direct dirt accumulation
critical with strong draughts, which can carry away the heat critical with strong draughts, which can carry away the heat
-25 ...+50
75C
very good
very good
-25 ...+50
-40 ...+50
75C
IP 43
very good
very good
-25 ...+50
95C
IP 65
very good
very good
good, provided protected from heavy dirt accumulation
critical with strong draughts, which can carry away the heat
-25 ...+60
95%
IP 65
very good
very good
good, provided protected from direct dirt accumulation
-25 ...+270
100% for sensor + capillary tube
IP 65
very good
very good
good, provided protected from heavy dirt accumulation
-40 ...+50
75C
IP 43
very good
very good
17
4.4
IR flame detectors type S..

Application: Are suitable for applications in which an incipient fire involving carbonaceous material is expected to produce flames instantaneously and where smoke and heat detectors are unsuitable. Detectable flaming fires These are all flaming fires involving carbonaceous materials, such as wood, plastic, alcohol, mineral oil products, natural gas, butane, propane etc.
Operating principle IR flame detector
Application Rapid detection of flame-forming fires e.g. in - high rooms - churches - hangars - covered storage tanks - etc. The detector can not detect through window glass!
Deceptive phenomena Direct sunlight (but not through pane of glass) Sunlight reflected at a short distance from puddles, venetian blinds etc. unless filtered out by an intervening pane of glass, or by eliminating this phenomena by masking the angle of vision Modulated radiators *, such as - hot an moving machine parts machine parts - motors etc. - welding work etc. Extremely immune to deceptive phenomena due to the correlation of 2 sensors built into the detector. Thus highly insensitive to: - artificial light - sunlight and all kinds of heat, ultra-violet, x-ray and gamma radiation Susceptible to welding work1), especially oxy-acetylene cutting. With powerful sun rays, detector axis towards the sun, radiation modulated and made more sensitive by clouds in blue sky, detector adjustment cannot eliminate deceptive alarms. The same applies to modulated and very hot bodies which are only a few metres from the detector. By y reducing detector sensitivity (1 or 2) the detector is once again immune to deceptive phenomena. Therefore, the detector must not be turned towards the sun.
Type/model detector S610 (1-channel detector)
Special features Standard with 2 adjustment facilities - 2 sensitivity stages - 2 integrating stages MS6 base required Only slight loss of sensitivity from obstruction by fire smoke * The likelihood of detectors being deceived increases: - with increasing area - with increasing temperature - the shorter the distance from detector to source of nuisance signal
IR flame detector
Rapid detection of flame-forming fires in rooms and in the open air e.g. - hangars - oil-cooled reactor pumps - refineries - oil rigs - ships engine rooms - open-air stores - etc. The detector can not detect through window glass!
S2406 (2-channel detector)
Standard with 2 adjustment facilities - 2 sensitivity stages - 2 integrating stages Special base (Z2406, IP 65) required Only slight loss of sensitivity from obstruction by fire smoke The detector must be able to see the flame. The rain hood must be used for applications in the open air
S2406 Ex S2406 SEx
As for S2406, but intrinsically safe for explosion hazard zones 1+2, EN 50 020 1) Electrical welding only at short distance to detector
S2406 R S2406 REx
As for S2406, but with rapid alarm actuating (R=rapid) for special applications in rooms
18
Non-detectable flaming fires These are flaming fires involving exclusively non-organic elements such as phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and hydrogen. However, as other materials are usually present in almost every fire, e.g. packing material, even these non-detectable fires can be detected.
permissible ambient temperature in C -20 ...+70
Degree of resistance to Humidity 75C IEC protection category (detector / base) IP 43 Dry dust, fibres good (nevertheless keep optics clean) Accumulation of moist, dirt, grease, etc. poor, optics become obscured
No influence
-40 ...+70
95C
IP 65
good (nevertheless keep optics clean)
poor, optics become obscured
No influence
95C
19
4.5
Manual call points

Application: For immediate manual actuation of fire alarm For immediate manual alerting of external fire-fighting forces For safety, the alarm actuating element is protected by a glass plate which must be broken in order to give an alarm.
4.5.1
Special design manual call point

For immediate manual actuation of fixed extinguishing systems such as gas and deluge systems.
Operating principle Breaking of the glass plate
Application - along escape routes, e.g. exits, corridors, staircases - in specially hazardous areas, e.g. chemical laboratories, solvents stores - at extinguishing cabinets - in areas where automatic detectors frequently have to be switched off, or only insensitive detectors can be operated - in and at the entrance to extinguishing sectors
Danger of erroneous actuation - When mounted close to light switches - When mounted at exposed parts of buildings e.g. risk of damage from vehicles - Penetration by water, e.g. from snow in multi-storey parking - Deliberate actuation when mounted in places where people act and escape unobserved e.g. in multi-storey parking, or where units are mounted on outside walls - Where the purpose of the unit is not clearly shown
Type/model unit AT50 AT51 AT50Mi AT51Mi ATAN50
Permissible ambient temperature in C -25 ...+80
Humidity 75C
IEC protection category IP 30
Special features Standard manual call point for surface mounting As for AT50, but with protective cover Addressable standard manual call point for surface mounting As for AT50, but with protective cover
-25 ...+80
100C
IP 66
Model for wet and very dusty applications and in explosion hazard areas Application in intrinsically safe areas
20
Number and arrangement of point-type detectors

General
All detector types
The fire phenomena which are utilized for fire alarm (smoke, heat, radiation) spread in different ways. Therefore, the number of detectors required (or the monitoring area per detector) is to a large extent influenced by the spreading characteristics of the fire phenomena concerned.
Heat (convection)
5.1
5.1.1
Smoke
Radiation
Seat of the fire
Fig. 8
The different spreading characteristics of various fire phenomena
In general, a fire detection system with a decreasing monitoring area per detector becomes more sensitive because the distance between the detector and fire location is smaller. Beyond a certain size of monitoring area (particularly with smoke detectors) an increase in the number of detectors produces little gain in sensitivity. We must strive for a sensible ratio between cost and effectiveness when choosing a suitable monitoring area. Thus the number and arrangement of automatic detectors depends on: the type of detector used and its sensitivity room geometry ambient conditions They must be so chosen and arranged so that incipient fires can be detected at an early stage (see also the section on system test fires). Each room to be monitored must contain at least one automatic detector. Smoke and heat detectors are mounted on the ceiling or wherever the fire phenomena to be expected spread and accumulate. As far as possible, flame detectors require direct line of sight to every likely fire location and, therefore, are best installed high up in the corners of a room.
21
The detector arrangement must be adapted to the prevailing features of the room such as ceiling construction, room division, (wall recesses etc.) furnishings, fittings etc. Other aspects to be taken into account: It must be possible for the corresponding fire phenomena (smoke/heat/ radiation) to reach the detectors Foreseeable deceptive phenomena Foreseeable mechanical influences (vibration etc.) Correct testing and exchanging Often when positioning detectors it is necessary, for aesthetic or construction reasons, to make a compromise whereby the maximum prescribed distances or monitoring areas may be exceeded by up to 10%.
5.1.2
Cross-zoning
When detectors are cross-zoned the permissible monitoring area for the same type of detector must be reduced in principle by 50%, providing that the alarm signal is only actuated by two linked detector zones. Excluded from this exception is the cross-zoning of detectors for specific purposes to prevent false alarms, e.g. smoke detectors in parking garages. Here the detectors must be uniformly and symmetrically distributed through the two zones.
Zone A
Zone B
Fig. 9
Cross-zoned room monitoring with 2 detection lines (conventional solution)
Detection line MS9i
Fig. 10 Cross-zoned room monitoring with addressable detection system MS9i
22
5.1.3
Special cases
Special cases which are not covered by the Cerberus guidelines, or not in sufficient detail, and the causes of which lie in the fire hazard, the type of detector used, room geometry, room utilization, or the ambient conditions, require individual treatment. It may be necessary to determine the number of detectors and their locations by carrying out fire tests with measuring detectors and the corresponding measuring equipment.
5.1.4
Symbol
Planning symbols for fire detection systems (ISO/DIS 6790.2)

Designation Fire detector F R D T S A P Ionization smoke detector Scattered light smoke detector Heat detector Maximum temperature detector Flame detector Linear smoke detector Air sampling unit ASD-Duct ASD (ASD-Mono, ASD-Flex, ASD-Modular) Symbol Designation Transmission equipment (Model ...) Receiving equipment (Model ...) Signal box (Model ...) Audible alarm device (Model ...) Visual signal transmitter (Model ...) Permanent magnet (Model ...) External control relay fire control installation Signal display panel of actuation of extinguishing (Model ...) Extinguishing system valve
Manual call point Automatic alarm transmitter for extinguishing system Fire detection system control unit (Model ...) Signalling, e.g. mimic panel, terminal etc. (Model ...) Supplementary equipment for addressable detection system MS9i F (i) ... (Mi) ... (Si) Ionization smoke detector in a Z90i base ... detector in a Z90Mi base ... detector in a Z90Si base (E90Ci) Master element E90Mi (E90Mi) AT50 (Mi) AT50 (Si)
Response indicator
Manual call point AT50Mi Manual call point for parallel operation AT50Si Control element E90Ci
23
5.2
5.2.1
Smoke detectors
Influence of room height
As the room height increases, so smoke density decreases because the quantity of smoke is distributed throughout a greater volume of air.
(Accumulation of heat)
h 3 h 2 h 1
Open fire
Fig. 11 Decrease in smoke density and smoke distribution with increasing room height The higher the room, the further away from the ceiling the detector must be mounted. The smoke which gradually cools as it rises cannot break through the cushion of warm air. The mounting of point-type smoke detectors on the wall is only effective if the room is of small dimensions. Smouldering fires usually have insufficient thermal current to carry smoke to high ceilings.
24
Room height
(Accumulation of heat)
h3
h2
h1
Smoldering fire
Fig. 12 Smoke distribution in a smouldering fire with little thermal current Consequences With increasing room height: response sensitivity of the fire detection system decreases the incipient fire would have to be larger to actuate an alarm the smoke from a larger incipient fire would spread over a greater ceiling area the smoke from smouldering fires would not reach the ceiling These physical conditions must be taken into account when installing the fire detection system as shown in Fig. 13 below.
Room height
25
open fire smouldering fire
open fire smouldering fire
AM l Small monitoring area because: - room height ~3m - the detection of smaller incipient fires (both open and smouldering fires) is possible by means of smoke detectors on the ceiling.
AM> l Large monitoring area because: - room height ~6m - the detection of open incipient fire (smouldering fire often only at the point of transition to open fire) is possible by means of smoke detectors on the ceiling.
AM>> l Very large monitoring area because: - Room height ~9m and above - the detection of larger and more open incipient fire (smouldering fire normally only at the point of transition to open fire) is possible by means of smoke detectors on the ceiling.
Application of smoke detectors with standard sensitivity
Application of smoke detectors with increased 1) response sensitivity as partial compensation for the smoke dilution in large volumes of air.
Fig. 13 Taking increasing room height into consideration when planning a fire detection system
1)
The immunity to deceptive phenomena of this smoke detector with increased sensitivity is normally maintained by increasing room height itself, as deceptive phenomena without any appreciable inherent thermal current cannot reach the ceiling.
26
5.2.2
Monitoring area per smoke detector

The monitoring area (AM) is determined as a function of room height and the fire danger.
Room height h [m] 25 20 15 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
3
1
AM [m2]
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Monitoring area per smoke detector
Degree of danger 1 little fire danger 2 moderate fire danger 3 major fire danger
Fig. 14 Monitoring area per smoke detector as a function of room height and degree of danger Degree of danger 2 can be chosen for most applications Degree of danger 1 should only be chosen: if all danger to life can be eliminated if no valuable or irreplaceable articles are stored in the room concerned if the fire risk is low if other fire protection measures would virtually preclude fire spread if no smoke logging, in particular involving corrosive fission products, can occur in adjacent areas Degree of danger 3 is recommended if: if there is serious danger to life if valuable and/or irreplaceable articles are stored in the room concerned if the loss of goods or installations would threaten the existence of the owner of the premises concerned if the fire risk is classified as high
27
5.2.3
The influence of exchange of air

In artificially ventilated rooms the spread of smoke is disturbed. The greater the exchange of air the more the smoke particles are continuously carried away so that a uniform smoke concentration cannot be formed. As the amount of smoke is reduced and varies from place to place this leads to a reduction in sensitivity of the fire detection system. This can be partly compensated for by reducing the monitoring area and increasing detector sensitivity. To reduce the monitoring area for a situation with increasing air change, the monitoring area based on the room height must be reduced by the following multiplication factors:
Air change per hour >10 <20 >20 <30 >30 <40 >40 <50 >50 <75 >75 <100 >100 Example: Air change 25 times AM 100m2 Result: 100m2 x 0.8 = 80m2 AMk Multiplication factor to reduce smoke detector AM 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
Fig. 15 Reduction of the monitoring area per detector in rooms with an abundant change of air
AM AMk = Monitoring area = Monitoring area rectified
28
5.2.4
Maximum detector spacing (s)

The maximum permissible distance from detector to detector or detector to wall depends on the chosen monitoring area AM. In principle a detector monitors a circular area. The maximum distance from detector to detector as defined by Cerberus is approximately the diameter of this circle. The square based on this diameter has a larger area than the selected monitoring area AM. In order that AM can be maintained, the maximum distance between detectors may only be applied in one direction (length or width) and must be reduced in the other direction.
AM S
2 A M + s x + s x d 4
s max + 1.2 x A d max + sM
AM
Fig. 16 The relationship between the monitoring area and the maximum distance between detectors (s) Maximum distance detector wall
1
2 s +
1.2 A M 2
For practical reasons the maximum distance detector wall must be measured at right angles horizontally to the wall and not to the corner of the room (this is why the factor 1.27 is rounded down to 1.2).
29
Fig. 17 below shows the symmetrical distribution of detectors maintaining the permissible detector spacing and the monitoring area AM.
AM
S/2
max. detector spacing between detectors utilized
s + 1.2 A M Fig. 17 Distribution of detectors

6m (s/2) 12m (s) 6m (s/2)
Reduced detector spacing between detectors to maintain A M 4.15m (d/2) 8.3m (d) 4.15m (d/2)
16.6m
A 400m2
24m
Fig. 18 Example AM 100m2 If for reasons of room geometry, or due to obstacles which prevent detector mounting (e.g. light fittings) maximum detector spacing is applied in both directions, the monitoring area AM must still be maintained.
30
5.2.5
Minimum detector spacing

The distance from the detectors to the walls, fittings and stored goods may not be smaller than 0.5m except in corridors, ducts and other similar parts of a building with a width of less than 1m. If there are joists or beams, or, e.g. air conditioning ducts under the ceiling which are closer to the ceiling than 0.15m, then the lateral distance must be at least 0.5m.
15cm
0.5m 0.5m
Fig. 19 Distances between detectors and walls, joists and fittings
5.2.6
Racks, stored goods

Stored goods or racks whose distance from the ceiling is less than 0.30m, prevent smoke spread to such an extent that they must be treated as room dividers (walls).
Fig. 20 Room divide = h <0.3m
31
5.2.7
Roof structures
Roof structures which are connected to the room to be monitored and whose surface area exceeds 10% of the total ceiling area, or providing this portion of the ceiling is >AM, must be regarded as separate rooms. Otherwise they need not be taken into account.
Roof structure
Fig. 21 Room with roof structure Wall-mounting of smoke detectors For installation reasons the mounting of detectors on the wall can be useful in small rooms, providing that 1 detector is enough for monitoring and the following conditions can be maintained.
min. 10cm Ceiling min. 10cm
max. 30cm 10% h
unsuitable zone
Roomheight 4m
max s
Floor
Fig. 22 The wall-mounting of smoke detectors
32
5.2.8
Ceiling vents
With ceiling vents (Cupolux, domed vents, dampers etc) detectors must be mounted in the vicinity of the vents providing the distribution of the vents, the monitoring area and the maximum distance between detectors permit this.
~40cm
Fig. 23 Detector arrangement with unilateral ceiling ventilation
~40cm
Fig. 24 Detector arrangement with bilateral ceiling ventilation
33
5.2.9
Galleries
Basically galleries or similar structures which do not allow smoke to pass should be treated in the same way. The degree to which smoke can penetrate trellis-work must be judged on the basis of the section on Grid pattern dropped ceilings. Detectors must be provided beneath galleries which do not permit smoke penetration, providing: b >s whereby s must be calculated from the monitoring area in relation to room height beneath the gallery.
2/ 3
1/ 3
Fig. 25 Detector arrangement for a gallery without joists If h + t 0.1 h the joist can be ignored. Detectors to be arranged according to Fig. 25. If however h + u 0.1 and b u 1m h detectors must always be mounted beneath the gallery. The monitoring area must be calculated according to the room height beneath the gallery.
h h b h
Fig. 26 Detector arrangement for a gallery with joists
34
5.2.10
Grid pattern dropped ceilings

Dropped ceilings in the form of grids, trellis-work, or slats, e.g. for decoration purposes, to act as a screen or to support light fittings, influence the spread of smoke and heat. The degree to which grid pattern dropped ceilings allow smoke penetration varies according to the size of the grid openings and the type of fire, i.e. open fire or smouldering fire.
Void
Position B
Grid pattern
Ceiling opening
Position A h
Room monitoring I, II, III
Fig. 27 Detector arrangement for a grid pattern dropped ceiling

Monitoring category Percentage of grid ceiling opening (uniformly distributed) 50% Must grid openings be monitored? yes / no according to Fig. 1 yes Detector arrangement Pos. A x Pos. B x
I
or
no
II III
>50%
yes or no
50%
yes no
x x x provided h 4m x
50 - 70% >70%
yes or no yes or no
x x
Fig. 28 Detector arrangement for a grid pattern dropped ceiling In order to ensure response sensitivity detectors may not be mounted between the upper and lower covering layers of the grid pattern dropped ceiling, rather in the layer which forms the ceiling.
Grid pattern ceiling
Fig. 29 Detector arrangement for on a grid pattern dropped ceiling
35
5.2.11
Ventilated / air conditioned rooms

Basically speaking, the fire detection system must be planned so that even when ventilation is switched on, monitoring is guaranteed. Smoke detectors used for room monitoring may not be installed in the path of the fresh air current of air conditioning and ventilation systems. Fresh air: Fresh air supply laterally on the wall, through grilles: Detector position at least 1.5m distance from air inlets.
1,5m
Fig. 30 Detector positions with lateral fresh air supply Point-type ceiling fresh air inlets (diffusers etc.). Detector position symmetrically between the air inlets
Fig. 31 Detector position with point-type air inlets on the ceiling
36
~1m2 seal off
Fig. 32 Detector arrangement with fresh air ceiling vents covering a large area Return air: Point-type return air ceiling vents (diffusers etc.): Do not mount detectors in front of return air vents, rather in the turbulence zone.
Fig. 33 Detector position with point-type return air vents Return air vents distributed over the ceiling surface normal detector arrangement
Fig. 34 Detector arrangement with return air ceiling vents spread over a large area
37
Return air grille in the wall directly below the ceiling: Detectors must be mounted in front of the return air grille
Fig. 35 Detector arrangement with lateral return air
Fig. 36 Return air vents in the wall near the floor: In addition to the detectors on the ceiling, monitoring of the return air duct with the air-sampling unit ASD-duct detector unit is recommended
38
5.2.12
Ventilation ducts
Fresh air duct In order to prevent smoke-logging when fire breaks out in an air conditioning or ventilation system (e.g. motor or filter fire) the air-sampling unit ASD-duct (with F smoke detectors) must obviously be installed immediately after the equipment concerned on the outgoing side.
Fig. 37 Position of the air-sampling unit to monitor fresh air Return air duct Monitoring of the return air duct in no way replaces monitoring of the room by detectors because room monitoring must be guaranteed even when the used air is switched off. Furthermore, the smoke from an outbreak of fire is usually diluted with smokeless return air from other areas. Thus normally only large fires are signalled by detectors in the return air duct. In spite of this the installation of the air-sampling unit ASD-duct in the return air duct is recommended for room with an air change of >30 times per hour. In order to prevent smoke being overdiluted, wherever possible the return air sectors must be monitored with the air-sampling unit ASD-duct and not just the manifold.
Fig. 38 Monitoring of the return air with air-sampling unit ASD-duct in the return air sectors
39
Tips on installation: The distance to duct change of direction or change of cross-sectional area must be approx. 1.5 times duct circumference Air sampling tubes should as far as possible be in the centre of the duct Good accessibility for service work Recommendation: Provide service hatches immediately next to the ASD-Duct Minimum duct depth: The tubes may not be shortened to less than 15 cm. Each tube must have at least 6 air holes (if necessary drill additional holes). Replace the end plug.
5.2.13
Staircases
In staircases at least one detector must be installed on the top floor ceiling. If other floors are separated from the top floor by a door, another detector must be mounted on the ceiling in front of this door. In staircases which are >12m high and have no vertical separation, an additional detector must be installed at least on every third floor or every sixth landing.
Smoke barrier between basement and upper floor
Fig. 39 Detector arrangement in staircases
40
5.2.14
Vertical installation shafts

In vertical installation shafts, detectors must be mounted at a maximum distance apart of 8m as there is a danger that in spite of the collector plate the smoke will go past the detector. A smoke detector must always be mounted at the highest point of the shaft and in front of each horizontal fire-proof seal.
0,5m
0,6m Collector plate 0.3m2
Fig. 40 Detector arrangement in vertical installation shafts
5.2.15
Ceiling constructions
The monitoring area and detector arrangement will vary according to the slope of the ceiling. For practical reasons the slope of the ceiling is not given in degrees, but as a ratio of height to length of slope. This factor is called the slope (N) No slope:
(h = 0)
N + h + 0 b Fig. 41 Room with ceiling slope N = 0 (see section 5.3 Detectors on flat ceilings) Slight slope:
N1 N2 h
b1
b2
h + v 0.2 h + v 0.2 b2 b1 Fig. 42 Ceiling slopes N1 = N2 0.2
41
Ceilings with N 0.2 are regarded as flat ceilings (see section 5.3 Detectors on flat ceilings). If a ceiling (or roof) has surfaces with different slopes, e.g. north light roofs, then the least steep slope applies providing it is not less than s and therefore can be ignored. If both parts of the ceiling are steeper than s, then each part can be treated separately. Moderate slope:
N1
N2
h h
b1
b2
0, 2 t h + v 0.5 b1
0, 2 t h + v 0.5 b2
Fig. 43 Ceiling slopes N1 = N2 >0,2 0.5 (see section 5.4 Detectors on sloping ceilings) Steep slope:
N1
N2
h h
b1
b2
h + u 0.5 b1
h + u 0.5 b2
Fig. 44 Ceiling slope >0.5 (see section 5.4 Detectors on sloping ceilings)
42
N2
h h
b1
b2
N 2 + h + u 0.2 b2 Fig. 45 Asymmetrical ceiling with N2>0.2 Ceilings with N >0.2 are regarded as sloping ceilings (see section 5.4 Detectors on sloping ceilings).
5.3
5.3.1
Smoke detectors on flat ceilings

Distance from the ceiling
Detectors must be installed at a level below where heat accumulates so that smoke can reach them unhindered. They must be spaced from the ceiling according to the table within the limits shown.
Room height in m Ceiling slope (Angle ) up to 58cm/m (up to 30) a up to 6m 6 up to 7.5m 7,5 up to 9m 9 up to 12m 3 up to 30cm 7 up to 40cm 10 up to 50cm 20 up to 80cm from 58cm/m (from 30) a 20 up to 50cm 25 up to 60cm 30 up to 70cm 50 up to 100cm
Fig. 46 Table Distance from the ceiling
Fig. 47 Distance from ceiling of smoke-sensitive element
43
5.3.2
Monitoring area per detector

Room height h [m] 25 20 15 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
3
1
AM [m2]
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Monitoring area per smoke detector
1 little fire danger 2 moderate fire danger 3 major fire danger
Fig. 48 Monitoring area per detector with flat ceilings
5.3.3
Maximum detector spacing

Monitoring area AM [m2] 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 max. detector spacing (s) s [m]
s + 1, 2 A M
Fig. 49 Maximum detector spacing s
5.3.4
Room space A AM
The detector must be mounted on the ceiling so that 1/2 s is not exceeded.
44
5.3.5
Room space A >AM

Increase of AM in rooms with an area of max. 1.33 AM If the area of the room to be monitored is no more than 1/3 larger than the monitoring area per smoke detector, the monitoring area AM may also be 1/3 larger. Under such conditions, thanks to smoke accumulation 1 detector is sufficient for room monitoring. Detector spacing s in relation to the increased monitoring area must be maintained.
Normal monitoring area AM

Increased monitoring area (max. 1.33 AM)
Fig. 50 Cutting down on the number of smoke detectors by utilizing smoke accumulation in the room Symmetrical distribution of detectors Once the monitoring area AM per detector and therefore the maximum permissible spacing of detectors s is known, the symmetrical distribution of detectors in large rooms is made as follows:
l Length: l = 55m Width: b = 35m Area: A = 55 x 35m = 1925m2 Monitoring area: AM = 100m Maximum detector spacing s = 1.2 100 + 12m
Fig. 51 Example of distribution of detectors
45
Detector distribution 1. Number of detectors (M) in
Variant 1: Begin with the length lengthwise direction l:
Variant 2: Begin with the width width b:
l + 55 + 4, 58 5 Ml + s 12
2. Effective detector spacing in lengthwise direction l:
35 Mb + b s + 12 + 2.9 3
width b:
s + l + 55 + 11m 5 Ml
3. Max. reference measurement without exceeding AM in the width:
s b + b + 35 + 11.70m 3 Mb
lengthwise:
A s bmax. + sM + 100 + 9.10m 11 l b M b + s max. + 35 + 3.84 4 9.1 b
A s lmax. + s M + 100 + 8.50m 11, 7 b l M l + s max. + 55 + 6.5 7 8.45 lb
4. Number of detectors (M) in
width b:
length l:
5. Effective detector spacing in
Width b:
length l:
s b + b + 35 + 8.75m 4 Mb
6. Check: sl x sb AM 11 x 8.75 = 96.2m2 i.e. <100m2
s lb + l + 55 + 7.85m 7 Ml
sl x sb AM 11.,7 x 7.85 = 91.8m2 i.e. <100m2
Fig. 52 Systematic detector distribution
Variant 1 requires 5 x 4 = 20 detectors Variant 2 requires 3 x 7 =21 detectors The experienced planning engineer can achieve the same result with the following, simpler procedure: Calculate the minimum number of detectors: Mm + A AM The number of detectors (Mm) must be symmetrically distributed throughout the room concerned so that s is not exceeded. Moreover, the effective number of detectors is usually higher.
5.3.6
Narrow rooms
In narrow rooms the smoke spread is channelled. Therefore detectors may be spaced further apart. The monitoring area AM may not be exceeded however. Providing the room width is s, detector spacing s can be increased as follows:
46
Monitoring area AM [m2] 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Maximum detector spacing (s) s [m]
s l + 1.6 A M
Fig. 53 Increased detector spacing Example: Monitoring area chosen AM 80m2

sl sl sl
5m <s
7m
14m
7m
Fig. 54 Increased detector spacing s + 1, 2 80 + 5.36m + 5.4m 2
i.e. the room width is <s and the lengthwise spacing may not exceed sl. s l + 1.6 A M + 1.6 80 + 14.3m Actual detector spacing of 7 or 14m is always slightly below the permissible maximum detector spacing. In corridors not wider than 3m, in general detector spacing may be in creased to a maximum of 15m.
7,5m 15m 15m
3m
Fig. 55 Increased detector spacing in narrow corridors
47
One detector must always be installed at corridor junctions.

15m 15m
15m
Fig. 56 Detector arrangement at a corridor junction
5.3.7
Joists
Minimum distance detector joist Joists obstruct the spread of smoke. The minimum distance joist detector is 0.5m.
50cm
Fig. 57 Minimum distance between detector and joist Obstruction of smoke spread The deeper the joist in relation to room height and the smaller the inter-joist area in relation to the monitoring area per detector, the more smoke spread will be obstructed. With a large number of very small inter-joist areas the obstruction of smoke spread again becomes less. The obstruction of smoke spread must be taken into account by first determining the joist/room height ratio and the inter-joist ratio.
48
Ratio of joist height to room height
h Joist height
h Room height
Fig. 58 Room height and joist height Ratio joist height/room height = h h A ratio of h/h >0.3 counts as a room division, i.e. the joist must be regarded as a wall. Joists with h 10cm can be ignored with the exception of the minimum spacing. Ceilings with suspended structures or fixtures, e.g. air conditioning ducts, the upper edges of which are not closer than 15cm to the ceiling should be treated as flat ceilings. Otherwise they should be regarded as joists and treated in the same way. Ratio of inter-joist area to monitoring area AM The inter-joist area (AU) must be worked out and divided by the monitoring area AM. Inter-joist area ratio = AU AM
Detector arrangement with an inter-joist ratio of AU/AM 0.9 If the ratio of joist depth to room height h/h lies between 0.1 and 0.3, and if the inter-joist area ratio AU/AM is 0,9, then the monitoring area AM must be reduced as follows (otherwise see page 51). Correction factor K for the reduction of the monitoring area AM The reduction of the monitoring area is achieved as a function of the ratio of joist depth to room height and the ratio of inter-joist area to monitoring area and takes into consideration the obstruction of smoke spread. The corrected (reduced) new monitoring area per detector is designated AMk.
49
Ratio
AU AM
- 0.1 0.11 - 0.2 0.21 - 0.3 0.31 - 0.4 0.41 - 0.5 0.51 - 0.6 0.61 - 0.7 0.71 - 0.8 0.81 - 0.9 0.9
Ratio
h h
0.06-0.1 P P1 P1 P1 P4 P4 P1 P1 P1 P6 K 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 h = h = P P2 P3 P4 P4 P4 P5 P5 P6 P6 0.11-0.15 K 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 P P2 P3 P4 P4 P5 P5 P5 P7 P7 0.16-0.2 K 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 P P2 P4 P4 P4 P5 P5 P5 P7 P7 0.21-0.25 K 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 P P2 P4 P4 P5 P5 P5 P7 P7 P7 0.26-0.3 K 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 P P2 P5 P7 P7 P7 P7 P7 P7 P7 Treat as room division, i division i.e. e the joist forms a wall >0.3
-0.05 * K 0.9 0.9 0,9 0.9 1,0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
No reduction of the monitoring area, see page 51 Joist height Room height
AU = Inter-joist area AM = Monitoring area * K P Ignore joists of <10cm! Correction factor Arrangement
Fig. 59 Detector arrangement on ceilings with joists (AU 0.9AM) The monitoring area AM chosen on the basis of the risk and room height must be multiplied by the correction factor K shown in Fig. 59. AM x K = AMk The detector arrangement factor is given in the adjacent box. Detector arrangement factor: P1 P2 P3 In inter-joist area or on joist On joist or in inter-joist area at joist level On joist
P4 On joist, provided the width of the inter-joist area is s; otherwise in the centre of each 2nd inter-joist area. If, as a result, detector spacing is exceeded, detectors must be arranged in a staggered (chess board) pattern in every 2nd inter-joist area, whereby a reduction of up to 15% of the number of detectors required is permissible. P5 On joist provided the width of the inter-joist area is s; otherwise install one detector in each inter-joist area. P6 One detector in the centre of each inter-joist area, provided that s can be maintained; otherwise arrange the required number of detectors on the joists. P7 Install one detector in the centre of each inter-joist area, provided that the increased maximum detector spacing ( 1.6 A Mk ) is not exceeded; otherwise arrange the required number of detectors on the joists. Application example for calculating the reduced monitoring area AMk Room height Joist depth Inter-joist area Calculate h h 4m 1m
Monitoring area AM 80m2 AU 24m2 AMk
50
Solution: 1. Calculate the ratio h + 1 + 0.25 4 h 2. Calculate the ratio AU + 24 + 0.3 80 AM

Ratio Ratio
AU AM
- 0.1 0.11 - 0.2 0.21 - 0.3 0.31 - 0.4 0.41 - 0.5 0.51 - 0.6 0.61 - 0.7 0.71 - 0.8 0.81 - 0.9 0.9
h h
0.06-0.1 P P1 P1 P1 P4 P4 P1 P1 P1 P6 K 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 h = h = P P2 P3 P4 P4 P4 P5 P5 P6 P6 0.11-0.15 K 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 P P2 P3 P4 P4 P5 P5 P5 P7 P7 0.16-0.2 K 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 P P2 P4 P4 P4 P5 P5 P5 P7 P7 0.21-0.25 K 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 P P2 P4 P4 P5 P5 P5 P7 P7 P7 0.26-0.3 K 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 P P2 P5 P7 P7 P7 P7 P7 P7 P7 Treat as room division, i division i.e. e the joists forms a wall >0,3
-0.05 * K 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
No reduction of the monitoring area, see page 51 Joist height Room height
AU = Inter-joist area AM = Monitoring area * K P Ignore joists of <10cm! Correction factor Arrangement
Fig. 60 Example of detector arrangement on ceilings with joists (AU 0.9AM) Read off K = 0.5 in Fig. 60. Multiply the monitoring area determined AM by this correction factor, i.e.: 80m2 x 0.5 = 40m2 AMk Guidelines for detector arrangement for inter-joist areas with a ratio of AU / AM 0.9 Basic information: Detector location depends on the ratio of joist depth to room height and ceiling geometry. The location of detectors can vary according to the size of inter-joist areas and their shape (square, rectangular, predominantly long and narrow). Detectors must be distributed symmetrically while maintaining max. permissible detector spacing. Maximum detector spacing must be recalculated from the reduced monitoring area.
51
Corrected monitoring area AM [m2] 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Max. detector spacing (s) s [m]
s + 1.2 A Mk
Fig. 61 Maximum detector spacing Maximum detector spacing must always be chosen in the longitudinal direction of the inter-joist areas so that detector spacing is reduced at right angles to the joists (obstruction of smoke spread). Oblong inter-joist areas with a ratio of h/h 0.1 promote smoke spread in the longitudinal direction. Provided one detector is mounted in each inter-joist area, maximum detector spacing may be increased as follows:
Corrected monitoring area AM [m2] 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 s [m] 16 18 20 Increased detector spacing
s l + 1.6 A Mk
Fig. 62 Increased maximum detector spacing Guidelines for detector arrangement for inter-joist areas with a ratio of AF / AM >0.9 Width of inter-joist area s The obstruction of smoke spread by joists is negligible provided that at least one detector is mounted in each inter-joist area. The number of detectors (M = A/AM) must be distributed symmetrically. Preferably, detectors should be mounted in inter-joist areas or on the joists. Detectors must therefore be distributed to comply with these conditions. This is the case if the maximum permissible detector spacing s is used in the longitudinal direction of the inter-joist area. The minimum distance detector joist of 0.5m must be maintained.
52
Example: AM 100m2 / AU 120m2

4m 8m 8m 8m 8m 4m
12m
6m
6m
40m
Fig. 63 Example of detector arrangement on ceilings with joists (AU >0.9 AM) Width of inter-joist area <s s h/h 0.1 Distribute as for flat ceilings, however, maintain minimum space between detector and joist of 0.5m. h/h >0.1 Maximum detector spacing is increased in the longitudinal direction because smoke spread is promoted in this direction. s l + 1.6 A Mk The required number of detectors (M = A/AM) is so arranged that each inter-joist area contains at least one detector. Take advantage of increased detector spacing in the longitudinal direction! Example: AM 100m2
7.5m 15m 7.5m
30m
Fig. 64 Example of detector arrangement on ceiling with joists (AU >0.9AM) If with this arrangement considerably more detectors are needed than with A/AM, proceed as if for a inter-joist area width of s. Inter-joist area width of s
25m
24m
53
The required number of detectors (M = A/AM) are distributed on the joists so that s or s is not exceeded. Example: AM 100m2
2.9m 35m
Fig. 65 Example of detector arrangement on a ceiling with joists (AU >0.9AM) Frequently the number of joists prevents symmetrical distribution. Example: AM 100m2
2.9m 35m
Fig. 66 Example of an unsymmetrical detector arrangement on a ceiling with joists (AU >0.9AM)
54
26.1m
31.9m
5.4
5.4.1
Smoke detectors on sloping ceilings

Smoke channelling
Sloping ceilings tend to channel smoke towards the ridge where we find the heaviest concentration of smoke. For this reason the basic area to be monitored AM and detector spacing are increased.
Fig. 67 Smoke channelling on a sloping ceiling
5.4.2
Monitoring area per detector on sloping ceilings

Room height h [m] 30 25 20 15 12 9 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
3
1 10 20 40
2
60 80
1
100 120 140 160 132 - 147 180 200
AM [m2]
1 little fire danger 2 moderate fire danger 3 major fire danger
Degree of danger 2, chosen 145m2
Fig. 68 Monitoring area per detector on sloping ceilings Application example grey shaded (h = 9m /AM = 145m2)
55
5.4.3
Detector spacing in the vicinity of the ridge

In order that smoke can reach the detector unimpeded, the detector must be installed in the vicinity of the ridge below the level at which warm air accumulates. When dealing with ceiling structures with varying angles of slope, the longer of the two sides is decisive. Additional rows of detectors on the slope of the ceiling (with the exception of non-insulated ceilings which in fact form the slope of the ceiling) need not be spaced. The detector must merely be mounted vertically.
Ceiling slope (Angle ) up to 50 cm/m (N 0.5) distance a 3 up to 30cm 7 up to 40cm 10 up to 50cm 20 up to 80cm from 50 cm/m (N 0.5) distance a 20 up to 50cm 25 up to 60cm 30 up to 70cm 50 up to 100cm
Room height in m (RH)
up to 6 6 up to 7.5 7,5 up to 9 9 up to 12
Fig. 69 Table Detector spacing in the vicinity of the ridge N + h b

a h h
Fig. 70 Detector spacing in the vicinity of the ridge Where the ceiling slope varies, the detector must be moved to the side with the least slope.
a
N + h b2
h h
b1
b2
Fig. 71
Detector arrangement with asymmetrical gable roof
56
5.4.4
Reference figure for determining the required number of rows of detectors

Instead of the maximum detector spacing s, the reference figure z is used which takes into account the effect of smoke channelling with sloping ceilings.
Monitoring area AM [m2] 180 160 145 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 z [m]
z + 0.75 A Mk
Fig. 72 Reference figure z for determining the required number of rows of detectors Fig. 75 allows us to determine the number and spacing of rows of detectors using the reference figure z.
5.4.5
Rows of detectors parallel to ridge

In Fig. 73 below shows both symmetrical and asymmetrical ceiling structures with slopes of varying steepness. With asymmetrical ceilings, the shorter distance from the side wall to a vertical from the ridge is always designated b1 and the longer distance b2. Depend ing on the slope of the ceiling, detectors on the slope are moved to a greater or lesser degree towards the ridge.
h1 N1 N2 h2
N1 +
h 1 b1
b1
b2
h2
N2
N1
h1
N2 +
h 2 b2
b2
b1
h h Joist ratio
h h
Fig. 73 Designation of building measurements for Fig. 75
57
The number and arrangement of rows of detectors parallel to the ridge is determined taking into account the slope of the ceiling N1 and N2 and the comparison of the two parts of the building width b1 and b2 with the reference figure z. With very narrow buildings, the ratio room height to joist depth is taken into consideration as an additional criterion. In Table Fig. 75 the various criteria for the comparison are shown horizontally and vertically. At the point of their intersection which meets the conditions for the comparison, we can read off the corresponding number and arrangement of detector rows.
b1 / b2
1/3 0 2/5 0 1/2 0 2/3 0 1/1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 [m] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 [m] 1/1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 [m] 2/3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [m] 1/2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 [m] 2/5 1/3
Fig. 74 Table to read off the fractions of b1 or b2
58
Application example:
N2 + 5m + 0, 33 15m N 1 + 0, 83 5m ( ) 15m
b1, b2 z z = 9m
b 1) b 2 u z 2
4m
15m b2
6m b1
b1, z
b1 z
+
b2 z 1/2b2 z a
A
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
N1 <0,5 N2 <0,5
B
N1 >0,5 N2 >0,5
C
N1 <0,5 N2 >0,5
D
N1 >0,5 N2 <0,5
b c
1/3b2 z
2/3b1 z
b2>z, 2/3b2 z 1/2b2 z 2/5b2 z
d e f
1/2b1 z
+ + +
1/3b2 z
* *
g h i
2/3b2>z, 1/2b2 z 1/3b2 z
2/5b1 z
1/2b2>z, 2/5b2 z 1/3b2 z
k l
1/3b1 z
2/5b2 >z, 1/3b2 z
Key:
+ _ *
Yes No Special case: 3 or more lateral rows required

1/ 2 1/ 3 1/ 5
4m
7.5m
b2 15m
7.5m
b1 6m b1
b2
Fig. 75 Determining the required rows of detectors parallel to the ridge and their distribution over two parts of the building width b1 or b2
4m
h 0, 3 h
5m
h1 9m h
See detector arrangement Flat ceilings with joists
59
5.4.6
Symmetrical arrangement of detectors

1 row of detectors in ridge (Result from Fig. 75)
b The minimum number of detectors M is calculated with A/AM. The result is then rounded up to the nearest figure.
1/2x
The greatest possible detector spacing x at the ridge depends on the monitoring area A and full building width b and may not exceed 2z.
Fig. 76 Longitudinal arrangement of detectors with 1 row of detectors in the ridge 2 rows of detectors with no row of detectors in the ridge (result from Fig. 75)
b1
b2
The minimum number of detectors M is calculated with A/AM. The result is then rounded up to the nearest figure.
1/2x
1 Detector spacing x is: x + 2 M
Fig. 77 Longitudinal detector arrangement with 2 rows of detectors with no row of detectors in the ridge
60
3 rows of detectors (result from Fig. 75)
b1
b2
The minimum number of detectors M is calculated with A/AM. For a practical detector arrangement the result must be corrected acc. to the following table: Result 1-3 4-5 6-8 9 - 11 12 - 14 15 - 17 18 - 20 etc. Detectors required M 3* 5 8 11 14 17 20 etc.
* Position all three detectors in the same axis
1/2x x x l x x x
My
Mx
My
The number of detectors Mx in the ridge is: Mx + M * 2 3 The number of detectors My in the lateral row is: My = Mx + 1 1 Detector spacing x is: x + My
Fig. 78 Longitudinal arrangement of detectors with three rows of detectors
61
4 rows of detectors with no row of detectors in the ridge (result from Fig. 75)
b1
b2
The minimum number of detectors M calculated with A/AM. The result is then rounded up to the nearest figure which is divisible by 4.
1/2x
My
My
My
My
1 Detector spacing x is: x + 4 M
Fig. 79 Longitudinal arrangement of detectors with 4 rows of detectors with no row of detectors in the ridge
62
b1
b2
The minimum number of detectors M is calculated with A/AM. For a practical detector arrangement the result must be corrected according to the following table whereby AM is slightly exceeded in borderline cases: Result 1-5 6-7 8 - 13 14 - 18 19 - 24 25 - 29 etc. Detectors required M 5* 7 12 17 22 27 etc.
* Position all 5 detectors in the same axis
1/2x x x l x x
My2
My1
Mx
My1
My2
The number of detectors Mx in the ridge and in both outer lateral M*2 rows are each: Mx + My 2 + 5 The number of detectors My1 in both inner lateral rows is: My = Mx + 1 Detector spacing is: x + y 1 + y 2 + 1 My 1
Fig. 80 Longitudinal spacing of detectors with 5 rows of detectors
63
5.4.7
Asymmetrical arrangement of detectors

1 row of detectors as for symmetrical gable roof (result from Fig. 75) 2 rows of detectors (result from Fig. 75)
b1
b2
The minimum number of detectors is calculated with A/AM. The result is then rounded up to the nearest uneven number.
1/2x x x l x x
Mx The number of detectors Mx in the ridge is: Mx + M * 1 2 The number of in the lateral row is: My = Mx + 1 Detector spacing is: x + 1 My
Fig. 81 Longitudinal arrangement of detectors with 2 rows of detectors with a row of detectors in the ridge
64
3 rows of detectors with a row of detectors in the ridge (result from Fig. 75)
b1
b2
The minimum number of detectors M is calculated with A/AM. For a practical arrangement the result must be corrected according to the following table: Result 1-3 4 5-7 8 - 10 11 - 13 14 - 16 17 - 19 etc. Detectors required M 3* 4 7 10 13 16 19 etc.
* Position all three detectors in the same axis
1/2x x x l x x
Mx
My1
My2
The number of detectors Mx in the ridge and in the outer lateral row My2 is each: Mx + My 2 M * 1 3 The number of detectors My in the lateral row is: My1 = Mx + 1 Detector spacing x is: x + 1 My 1
Fig. 82 Longitudinal arrangement of detectors with 3 rows of detectors with row of detectors in ridge
65
3 rows of detectors with no row of detectors in the ridge (result from Fig. 75)
b1
b2
The minimum number of detectors M is calculated with A/AM. The result is then rounded up to the nearest figure divisible by 3.
1/2x
Detector spacing x is: x + 3 1 M
Fig. 83 Longitudinal arrangement of detectors with 3 rows of detectors with no row of detectors in the ridge
66
b1
b2
The minimum number of detectors M is calculated with A/AM. For a practical detector arrangement the result must be corrected acc. to the following table: Result 1-4 5-6 7 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 28 etc. Detectors required M 4* 6 10 14 18 22 26 etc.
* Position all 4 detectors in the same axis 1/2x x x l x x
My1
Mx
My1
My
The number of detectors Mx in the ridge and in the outer lateral row are each: Mx + My 2 M * 2 4 The number of detectors My on the two inner lateral rows is: My1 = Mx + 1 Detector spacing x is: x + 1 My 1
Fig. 84 Longitudinal detector arrangement with 4 rows of detectors
<1/4s
Fig. 85 Detector arrangement for special north light roofs
67
5.5
5.5.1
Heat detectors
No spacing from the ceiling
Unlike smoke detectors, heat detectors are mounted at the highest point of the ceiling.
Fig. 86 Heat detector arrangement at the highest point of the ceiling
5.5.2
Ceiling structures / Sloping ceilings

The monitoring area and the detector arrangement is determined according to the slope of the ceiling. For practical reasons the slope of the ceiling is not given in degrees but as a ratio of height to length of slope. This value is designated the slope (N).
(h = 0) h h
N1
N2
h h
b1
b2
N + h b
N 1 + h b1
N 2 + h b2
Fig. 87 Calculation of ceiling slope(s) N 0.2 N >0.2... 0.5 N >0.5 = flat ceiling = moderately sloping ceiling = steeply sloping ceiling
68
5.5.3
Heat channelling
With sloping ceilings, heat travels across the slope of the ceiling to the highest point. This creates a concentration of heat in the ridge. For this reason the basic monitoring area AM and detector spacing are increased.
Fig. 88 Flow of heat to the highest point on the ceiling
5.5.4
Monitoring area and maximum detector spacing

The temperature increase at the ceiling directly above the seat of the fire falls by the square of the room height. For this reason the monitoring area per heat detector is smaller than for smoke detectors. The maximum permissible distance from detector to detector (s) or detector to wall (1/2s) depends on the monitoring area and the slope of the ceiling.
Area of the room to be monitored AM 30m2 >30m2 30m2 20m2 Maximum monitoring area (AM) and maximum detector spacing (s) Slope of ceiling N * 0.2 s 7.80m 6.60m AM 30m2 30m2 >0.2 ... 0.5 s 9.20m 9.20m AM 30m2 40m2 >0.5 s 10.60m 12.00m
Fig. 89 Table Monitoring areas and detector spacing for heat detectors
* If a ceiling (or roof) has surfaces with varying slopes, e.g. north light roofs, then the one with the least slope is determinative provided it is not shorter than 1/2s and therefore can be ignored. If both halves of the ceiling are 1/2s, then each half can be calculated separately.
5.5.5
Symmetrical detector arrangement

A symmetrical detector arrangement is the same as for smoke detectors (section 5.3.5).
69
5.5.6
Minimum detector spacing

The distance between detectors and walls, fixtures and fittings and stored goods may not be less than 0,5m, except for corridors, ducts and similar parts of buildings of less than 1m in width. If there are joists, beams or e.g. air conditioning ducts running below the ceiling, which are closer to the ceiling than 0.15m, then detectors must be spaced at least 0.5m laterally from these structures.
0.15m
0.5m 0.5m
Fig. 90 Spacing detectors from installation fittings
5.5.7
Racks, stored goods

Stored goods or racks which extend to within less than 0.3m of the ceiling obstruct the spread of heat to such an extent that they must be regarded as room divisions (walls). Room division = h <0.3m
Fig. 91 Room divided by racks or stored goods
70
5.5.8
Raised roof structures

Raised roof structures which are connected to the room to be monitored and whose surface area exceeds 10% of the total ceiling area, or as long as this part of the ceiling is AM, must be regarded as separate rooms. If not, they can be disregarded.
Roof structure
Fig. 92 Room with raised roof structure
5.5.9
Ceiling ventilation
With ceiling ventilation (Cupolex, mushroom vents etc.) detectors may be installed near the vents provided this is permitted by the arrangement of the vents, the area to be monitored and the maximum detector spacing.
~0.4m
Fig. 93 Detector arrangement with unilateral ceiling ventilation
~0.4m
Fig. 94 Detector arrangement with bilateral ceiling ventilation
71
5.5.10
Galleries
Basically, galleries or similar structures which suppress the influence of heat flow should be treated in the same way. The permeability of the flow of heat through trellis constructions must be assessed as under the section Grid pattern dropped ceilings (5.5.13). Detectors must be provided beneath galleries without heat flow permeability provided: b >1/4s whereby the monitoring area s must be based on the room height beneath the gallery.
2/ 3
1/ 3
Fig. 95 Detector arrangement beneath a gallery If

h + t 0.1 h h + is u 0.1 and b u 1 h
the joist can be disregarded. Detector arrangement according to Fig. 94. However, if
detectors must always be provided beneath the gallery. The monitoring area must be calculated according to the room height beneath the gallery.
Fig. 96 Detector arrangement for a gallery with joist
72
5.5.11
Ventilated / air conditioned rooms

Detectors for room monitoring may not be installed in the path of the fresh air current from air conditioning and ventilation systems. Perforated ceilings which provide ventilation must be sealed around the detectors.
~1m2 abdichten
Fig. 97 Sealing a perforated ceiling
5.5.12
Narrow rooms / corridors

In narrow rooms or corridors not wider than 3m, detector spacing may in general be increased to 10m. The maximum permissible monitoring area may, however, not be exceeded. A detector should always be installed at the junction of corridors.
5m 10m
10m
Fig. 98 Detector arrangement in narrow rooms / corridors
73
5.5.13
Grid pattern dropped ceilings

Dropped ceilings which form a grid pattern, e.g. for purposes of decoration, to diffuse light, or to support light fittings, influence the spread of heat. The heat permeability of grid pattern dropped ceilings varies according to the percentage of space taken up by the openings and the nature of the openings themselves.
Void
Position B
Grid pattern
Ceiling opening
Position A h
Monitoring categories I, II, III
Fig. 99 Detector arrangement with grid pattern dropped ceilings

% of space taken up by openings (evenly distributed) >50% >25% ... 50% <25% Size of opening small, e.g. 1cm slits yes or no yes yes nein yes or no y large, e.g 2cm slits or larger yes or no no no yes yes or no y Must the void be monitored? yes/no according to Fig. 1 yes or no no yes yes or no no yes X X X X X X X Detector arrangement Pos. A Pos. B X
5.5.14
Joists
Joists must be taken into account according to room height and depth of joist.
h [m] Room height 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Detectors to be installed in each inter-joist area Joists need not to be taken into account
Joists must be taken into account
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 0.8 Joists in m
Fig. 100 Determining whether joists must be taken into account
74
If they have to be taken into account refer to the following table Fig. 101:
Mount one detector in each IJA* 2. IJA 3. IJA 4. IJA 5. IJA IJA 2. IJA 3. IJA 4. IJA 5. IJA * IJA = Inter-joist area
Maximum monitoring area
Size of inter-joist area >12m2 8 - 12m2 6 - 8m2 4 - 6m2 <4m2 >18m2 12 - 18m2 9 - 12m2 6 - 9m2 <6m2
20m2 Heat detector 30m2
Fig. 101 Detector arrangement where joists have to be taken into account
5.5.15
Sloping ceilings (N >0.2)

If the slope of the ceiling N is >0.5, then one row of detectors must be installed in the ridge or the highest part of the room. Other rows of detectors on the slope of the ceiling are inevitable if the permissible detector spacing s is maintained. Detectors in the lateral row are slightly offset towards the ridge, i.e. the distance from detector to wall should be the same as from detector to detector.
s<b2s
<s
s<b2s
min. 0.5m
Fig. 102 Arrangement of detector rows with a ceiling slope of N >0.5 If the slope of the ceiling N lies between 0.2 and 0.5m, a row of detectors in the ridge can be waived. The rows of detectors are heavily offset towards the ridge.
1/ 3
1/ 6
1/ 6
1/ 3
5/ 12
5/ 12
1/ 6
s<b2s
s<b2s
Fig. 103 Arrangement of detector rows with a ceiling slope of N from 0.2 up to 0.5 For ceilings with varying slopes, the row of detectors in the ridge is installed on the least steep slope. The greater the variation in slope, the more the row of detectors must be offset.
75
0.2 - 0.5m
Fig. 104 Detector arrangement in the ridge with varying slope of ceiling For north light roofs, detectors can be mounted as for roofs with joists where the roof structures are less than 1/4s provided h + 0.3 . h The monitoring area AM must in this h case be calculated as for a flat ceiling.
76
5.6
Flame detector S2406

The description and planning are contained in document e164 Infrared flame detector in the DS24 manual, section 2.
5.7
Linear smoke detector DLO1191

The description and planning are contained in document e1276 Linear smoke detector in the DS11 manual, section 3.
5.8
Air sampling smoke detection

The description of and planning for the following products are contained in the corresponding documents. ASD-Duct DBZ1197A: Document x1367, manual DS11, section 3 ASD-Flex, ASD-Mono, ASD-Modular: Manual DS24, section 5 HSD2400: Document e993, manual DS24, section 5
77
5.9
5.9.1
Manual call points

Number and locations
Manual call points must be installed where they are clearly visible along escape routes, e.g. Exits Corridors Staircases Lift foyers Entrance halls Hose cabinets particularly hazardous areas at intervals of not more than 40m.
40m
<40m
40m
40m
>40m
Manual call point Hose cabinet
Fig. 105 Locations of manual call points along escape routes
78
Fig. 106 Locations of manual call points in rooms with increased fire danger Zones of manual call points without mechanical self hold may not be operated via intermediate alarm memories.
5.9.2
Mounting height
In general manual call points should be mounted at a height of 1.5 to 1.7m from the floor. This prevents unwanted operation (e.g. confusion with light switches in the dark). They may be mounted at a lower height when built into hose cabinets or control desks.
Fig. 107 Mounting height of manual call points
1.50 - 1.70m
79
6
6.1
Detector zones and detection lines

Terminology
A detector zone is a group of detectors connected in one detection line, for which an indicator (fire location indicator) is provided at the control unit. The detection line is the monitored electrical transmission line which connects the fire detectors to the control unit.
6.2
6.2.1
Formation of detector zones

Automatic fire detectors
The entire monitoring zone must be divided up into detector zones. Detector zones must be planned so that the fire location is signalled quickly and clearly.
Fire detection system control unit

Detector zone Location Attic Upper floor Ground floor Upper floor
Attic
Ground floor
Fig. 108 Seat of fire location by forming detector zones Detector zones must not extend beyond one floor and/or one fire compartment. Excluded from this rule are staircases, light, lift and installation shafts or tower structures and small multi-storey buildings which can be treated as separate detector zones.
80
Zone Attic
Zone Ground floor south
Fire wall

Zone Staircase
Zone upper floor Zone Ground floor north
Fig. 109 Sub-division of the entire monitoring area into detector zones A number of rooms should only be combined in one detector zone if the rooms are adjoining, if there are not more than five rooms or if the rooms are adjoining, if their entrances are easy to supervise and if easily visible external response indicators are mounted in the vicinity of the entrances to signal a fire in the room concerned.
Control unit
Fig. 110 One detector zone for max. 5 adjacent rooms, external response indicator is unnecessary
Control unit
Fig. 111 One detector zone for more than 5 adjacent rooms, external response indicator necessary Normally flame detectors form detector zones of their own because these detectors often monitor large areas.
81
Detectors installed in raised floors, dropped ceilings, cable, air conditioning and ventilation systems, should form a special zone of their own, or it must be possible to determine in a simple way, e.g. using external response indicators, in which area detectors have responded.
Zone Room External response indicators on the wall (or under glass panel in raised floor)
External response indicators under glass (or external response indicators on the wall) Zone Room and ceiling void
Zone Floor void
all external response indicators on the wall
Fig. 112 Formation of detector zones in areas which are not immediately visible
6.2.2
Manual call points

The specific zone alarm signal is the initiating function at the control unit for the alarm organization sequence. For this reason separate zones must be created for manual call points. Manual calls points in staircases with more than 2 basement levels must always form separate zones working downwards from the ground floor or from the fire department entrance.
82
Zone A
F
Upper floor
Fire department access

F
Basement floor
Zone B
Fig. 113 Formation of zones of manual call points in staircases with more than two basement levels
6.2.3
Fire control installations

Frequently, in the event of fire, installations such as dampers, ventilation systems, lifts etc. have to be automatically activated. In order that this is possible from the zone control outputs at the control unit, the size of zone must be must be determined according to these conditions.
6.3
Maximum number of detectors per detector zone and detection line

Note: Collective detection line MS9 Addressable detection line MS9i See Planning guidelines, document d804, Manual ZH4.1 Planning Control unit for danger detection CZ10
6.3.1
Restrictions on application
In order that a fire can be located quickly and clearly no more than 25 automatic detectors or 10 manual call points may be connected in one detector zone.
6.3.2
Maximum technical ratings

Fire detection system control unit line modules have varying technical specifications. The maximum permissible number of detectors per line module is technically restricted and varies according to the kind and model of the detector.
83
6.4
Temporary, local switching off of fire detectors

Fire detectors can be switched off by means of the time switch (AMT 12C) for between 18 minutes and 12 hours and automatically switched on again upon expiry of the selected switch-off period. Within the same detector zone (MS7/MS9) any two detectors or several detectors in sequence can be switched off. During the switch-off period fire alarm must still be guaranteed by manual call points in the zone concerned so that personnel permanently present can raise an alarm installing other, possibly less sensitive detectors (e.g. F detectors partially switched off, S- or D-type detectors continuously switched on).
220V / 50Hz
MAT
Fig. 114 Switching off of several detectors in sequence (MS7 or MS9)
MAT
220V / 50Hz
Fig. 115 Switching off of slave detectors with addressable detector system MS9i
84
7
7.1

Location of control unit
The control unit must be located according to the following criteria: In the immediate vicinity of the main entrance of the area to be monitored, or the entrance used by the fire department in an emergency. If this is not practical, then a display and operating terminal should be located here and connected to the control unit by a primary wire. Normal ambient conditions in respect of temperature, humidity, dust, vibration and mechanical damage. Easily accessible for servicing No solar radiation (avoid accumulation of heat) Location of the control unit in the area to be monitored and monitored by smoke detectors Trouble-free wiring (detector network, alarm, fire control installations etc.).
7.2
Remote display and operating terminal

With systems which cover a wide area it is practical to install display and operating terminals in different locations to save time in investigating alarm signals. According to the Cerberus alarm concept, alarm investigation including the resetting of an alarm, should not exceed ten minutes. In addition, no part of the area monitored should be more than 200m from a terminal.
CT..
Display and operating terminal
Fire department access
CT.. CZ..
Display and operating terminal
Fig. 116 Example of a fire detection system with remote display and operating terminal
85
7.3
Centralized or decentralized arrangement of the control unit in large fire detection systems
Cerberus control units are designed for a certain maximum number of detector zones. Their specifications and configuration possibilities are laid down in separate planning documents (Manual ZH4, CZ control units). If the fire detection system requires a larger number of detector zones or detection lines than permitted by the fire detection system specifications, one or more additional control units are required. In order to keep the line network to the fire detectors and control equipment as short and economic as possible, the additional control units are usually decentralized. They can function autonomously and can be combined with: display and operating terminals in one place or comprise with the DMS7000 integrated system.
7.4
Configuration of the Cerberus fire detection system control unit

For planning information for the configuration of fire detection system control units see: See Manual ZH4.1 for CZ10, ZH5 for CZ1.02 and CS11 for AlgoRex.
86
8
8.1
Alarm
General
Alarm must enable rapid intervention of fire-fighting forces. Basically the Cerberus alarm concept (CAC) should be used. See Planning guidelines, document e804, Manual ZH4.1 and document e1089, Manual CS11.
87
9
9.1
Fire control installations

General
Installations which form part of the fire protection concept can be actuated automatically by the fire detection system. This includes: the switching off of air conditioning or ventilation systems the closing of dampers the closing of fire doors the switching on of smoke and heat venting systems the switching on of emergency lighting the sending of lifts to the ground floor and blocking them there the switching off of machines and equipment of all kinds The actuation of such installations must not have a negative influence on the fire detection system.
9.1.1
Actuation of fire control installations

The actuation of fire control installations depends on the prevailing conditions in the area being protected and must be specified in each case. With smaller fire detection systems, normally all fire control installations are actuated in the event of an alarm. With large fire detection systems fire control installations are linked to certain zones and actuated at alarm stage I or II. Vital installations can be cross-zone actuated. Upon power failure all actuated installations must revert to their safe position, e.g.: Fire doors and dampers must close. Fire control installation functions must be laid down in the system file.
9.1.2
Switching of external control

The control panel of the system concerned must indicate that actuation via the fire detection system has taken place. Actuated installations must be brought back to their normal operating condition independently of the fire detection system. Example:
Control unit External control P Relay contact closes upon alarm, opens upon reset, in exceptional cases upon switching off the audible alarm
Ventilation control voltage
Fig. 117 Switching off ventilation
88
9.1.3
Control unit in TEST mode

If the control unit is in TEST mode, fire control installations may only be actuated if the fire detection system has to give a genuine alarm, e.g. when a manual call point is actuated.
9.1.4
Testing fire control installation actuation

It must be possible to test the correct functioning fire control installations without their being actuated.
Switch-off key Actuation
External control
+
Performance check
Switch-off indicator
Fig. 118 Possibility of testing fire control installations
9.1.5
Safety precautions
Depending on the type of installation or device, actuation can have consequences which question the advantages of automatic actuation. If in doubt choose manual instead of automatic actuation.
89
10
10.1
Avoiding deceptive alarms

General
Deceptive alarms can be largely avoided by choosing a suitable type of detector, response sensitivity, detector arrangement and by taking into account ambient conditions. The fire detection systems immunity to deceptive alarms is more important than high response sensitivity. The following possibilities are just a few examples of how deceptive alarms can be avoided. Decide in each case on which measures are the most suitable.
10.2
10.2.1
Possible measures
Fire detectors
General information: Set all automatic detectors or detector zones to alarm intermediate data storage. F-type detectors a) In low rooms (room height 3m): use integrating detectors (blue marker) or switch detector zone to alarm intermediate data storage install detectors outside ceiling areas above permanent work places (e.g. near the door in small offices) set detectors to sensitivity level 1 b) In dusty and low rooms: use dust-resistant type of detector (e.g. F910 with small smoke entries or F930 with drift inquiry) shorter servicing interval (exchange of detectors) set detectors to sensitivity level 1 c) In rooms with transient deceptive phenomena caused by work processes: install detectors outside areas subject to deceptive phenomena use integrated detectors (blue marker) or switch detector zone to alarm intermediate data storage use detectors with adjustable smoke entries set detectors to sensitivity level 1 R-type detectors As for F-type detectors, except: use F-type detectors or linear smoke detectors in dusty rooms.
90
D/T-type detectors Do not install detectors in places where, due to natural or operational sources of heat, the ambient temperature can cause the detector to respond. no direct solar radiation on the detector install at a distance from equipment which radiates heat such as baking ovens, hot air blowers, hot steam etc. protect detectors from warm air currents with metal screening Rate-of-rise heat detectors Replace the rate-of-rise heat detector by a maximum temperature detector if the above measures are not successful. Flame detector S610 (single channel detector) Keep detectors as far as possible from heat radiators the detector may only look towards the open air through glass, therefore, screw tight window to prevent it being opened do not expose detector to vibrations (oscillations) so that deceptive phenomena are not modulated reduce detector sensitivity, e.g. use stages 3, 2 or 1 use flame detector S2406 (dual channel detector) Flame detector S2406 (dual channel detector) Keep detectors as far as possible from modulated heat radiators when used in open air the detector axis must not be pointed directly at the sun (observe suns movement, it should shine from behind detector) do not expose detector to vibration (oscillations), so that deceptive phenomena are not modulated reduce detector sensitivity, e.g. use stages 3, 2 or 1 if there are very hot and modulated heat radiators near where a detector must be installed, protect using the polyethylene foil provided.
10.2.2
Signal processing in the control unit

Cerberus alarm concept (CAC) Temporary alarm storage A temporary alarm storage (pulse register) in the control unit suppresses alarms, e.g. from brief electromagnetic influence, following repeated polling.
10.2.3
Measuring deceptive phenomena

If the cause of an alarm is unclear likely deceptive phenomena must be measured with the appropriate measuring devices.
91
11
Procedure for planning a fire detection system
It is assumed that fire protection fire planning has been carried out according to Cerberus document 431 and that the fire detection system has to be planned as part of the all-round fire protection measures.
1 Compliance with local national guidelines and regulations - Establish which regulations must be complied with. Such regulations take priority over Cerberus guidelines. 2 Specification of monitoring area - Using plans, specify the area to be monitored. 3 Specification of sectors with fixed extinguishing systems - Fire protection planning or the regulations will determine if an extinguishing system is required and if so what kind - The extinguishing system must be planned according to separate guidelines. 4 Choice and arrangement of detectors - Specify detectors on the basis of building or room utilization and the protection targets - Specify the number of detectors required on the basis of the number of rooms and their geometry - Make a detector specifications list. 5 Specify detector zones / detection lines - Comply with technical and application limits - Specify wiring for detector zones and detection lines.
6 Specify control unit location - Specify any possible additional indicator and control terminals - If several control units are required, check out the CS100 system. 7 Alarm - Specify alarm concept (2-stage alarm/discreet alarm/possibly evacuation). 8 Fire control installations - Specify which equipment is to be operated - Set up a function plan - Specify the locations of control elements with addressable systems and integrate them in detection line. 9 Prepare an installation block diagram - Specify installation concept (with/without intermed. distrib.) - Take into account max. permissible voltage drop - Comply with local national regulations as regards type of cable, cross-sectional area, method of wiring etc. 10 Specification of the control unit - Specify number and type of signal lines and extinguishing sectors - Specify required emergency operating power period (battery) - Take into account space available at control unit location - Specify peripherals (printer etc.).
11 Calculation of equipment costs - Make list of the equipment required with prices - Possibly list in blocks for the purpose of the quotation - Also list required test equipment and spares. 12 Calculation of installation costs (usually estimated poss. external) - Wiring - Installation and connection of detectors, alarm devices etc. - Installation and connection of control unit, remote operation - Commissioning and training - Insert detectors and performance check. 13 Calculation of engineering costs (poss. incl. in equipment costs) - Project planning - Prepare the customers technical documentation - Prepare user data - Co-ordination, visit site. 14 Prepare quotation (possibly fill out a tender instead of quotation) - Prepare system description (concept) - Prepare quotation (brief specification with price) - Specify documents to be enclosed (system brochure, installation block diagram etc.).
Explanation of abbreviations
< > a b d d h h l s sl x z smaller than greater than smaller than or equal to greater than or equal to Lateral distance (S detectors) Full building width (gable width) Maximum detection distance (S detectors) Reference measurement for maximum detector spacing (s) Height Partial height Length Maximum detector spacing Increased maximum detector spacing Effective detector spacing parallel to ridge Reference measurement to determine the number of detector rows required for gable roofs A AF AU AM AMk K M Mm Mx My N Total surface area to be monitored by detectors Size of fire (S detectors) Inter-joist area Monitoring area per detector Corrected (reduced) monitoring area per detector (monitoring area per detector, multiplied by correction factor K) Correction factor for the reduction of the monitoring area per detector Number of detectors required Minimum number of detectors required Number of detectors required in the ridge Number of detectors required on the slope of the ceiling Angle of inclination of ceiling
92
Keyword index
C
Complete monitoring, 2
D
Deceptive phenomena, 5
E
Exchange of air, 28 Explanation of abbreviations, 92
F
Fire control installations, 88 Fire load, 3 Fire phenomena, 21 Fire resistance, 4 Fire risk reduction, 4 Fire spread, 6 Fixed extinguishing system, 4
O
Open incipient fire, 5
P
Partial monitoring, 2 Planning symbols, 23 Point-type detector, 14
S
Smoke distribution, 24, 25 Smouldering fire, 6 Smouldering incipient fire, 5 Sources of ignition, 3
93
Siemens Building Technologies AG Alte Landstrasse 411 CH8708 Mnnedorf Phone +41 1 922 61 11 Fax +41 1 922 64 50 www.cerberus.ch
94
Fire & Security Document no. Products e432d Siemens Building Technologies Group Edition 06.2002 Manual 06.2002 CRPB Section 2

Fire Det - Siemens Gen Fire Det System Planning

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What are the main considerations for choosing detectors?

What are the main considerations for choosing detectors?

What factors determine the number and arrangement of point-type detectors?

What factors determine the number and arrangement of point-type detectors?

General fire detection system planning Planning guidelines

Fire & Security Products

Compliance with local national guidelines and regulations

Means of monitoring in this sub-section

Table Means of monitoring voids

Zones with fixed extinguishing systems

Monitoring categories / monitoring aims of the FDS

Fire risk / consequences

smouldering incipient fire signalling not required

open incipient fire signalling required

smouldering incipient fire signalling desirable

open incipient fire signalling required

large g to very large -

smouldering incipient fire signalling required

Wards EDP systems Museums Historical buildings

Influence of room height

Rauch Room height

Seat of the fire

Reduced influence of fire phenomena with increasing room height h

Smoke detectors Linear smoke detectors Sensitivity selectable 1

Heat detectors Fixed temperature detectors

F-detectors Sensitivity Standard 1 selectable 1

R-detectors Sensitivity Standard 1 selectable 1

Rate-of-rise detectors Sensitivity cl.1 2 cl.2 2

0 ** (1 in combination with smoke detectors) (2 in (1 in combination with smoke detectors)

U Suitability on basis of monitoring target

Suitability table for automatic fire detectors

** see also section 4.1.5

Combining different detectors

Additional requirements If smoke detectors: Detection of smokeless fires

Recommended detector combination F l m l m m m l m l m m m l l m l m l m m l m m m l m m m l l m l m m m l m m l m m l m m m l m l m m m R D/T l m S A2400

Detection of smokeless and smoke-forming fires

Room height 10m

Detection of smokeless and smoke-forming fires

Predominantly electrical risks, i.e. light smoke is to be expected

Room height 6 - 10m Room height >10m

Table Summary of suitable combinations of types of detector

Taking ambient conditions into consideration

Fire detection reliability

Smoke detectors F-Type

F911 F915 F930

Table Application of adjustment facilities

m Smoke entry small m Smoke entry large

permissible ambient tem perature in C -10 ...+60

max. ap plication height above sea level (m) 1500

IEC protec tion cat. cat (detector / base) IP 43

very good specially with small smoke entries

critical possibly, check using test

5m/s m (V >7m/s sensitivity increase until false alarm)

8m/s m (V >10m/s sensitivity increase until false alarm)

3000 (set to sensitivity setting 3)

very good specially with small smoke entries

critical possibly, check using test

3000 (set to sensitivity setting 3)

Smoke entry Smoke entry small large

Smoke detector R-Type