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    Modulation Techniques Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) : Binary Binary T F A T S Binary T S

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    Milruwan Perera
    1) Amplitude shift keying (ASK) represents binary data by modulating the amplitude of a carrier signal with two different amplitude levels. 2) Binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) represents binary data by transmitting two different frequencies, with each frequency representing one of the two binary values. 3) Multiple frequency shift keying (MFSK) uses more than two frequencies to represent data, allowing for higher bandwidth efficiency than binary FSK but also higher susceptibility to noise.

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    Modulation Techniques Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) : Binary Binary T F A T S Binary T S

    Uploaded by

    Milruwan Perera
    67 views5 pages
    1) Amplitude shift keying (ASK) represents binary data by modulating the amplitude of a carrier signal with two different amplitude levels. 2) Binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) represents binary data by transmitting two different frequencies, with each frequency representing one of the two binary values. 3) Multiple frequency shift keying (MFSK) uses more than two frequencies to represent data, allowing for higher bandwidth efficiency than binary FSK but also higher susceptibility to noise.

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    Digital modulation

    Original Title

    Modulation

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    1) Amplitude shift keying (ASK) represents binary data by modulating the amplitude of a carrier signal with two different amplitude levels. 2) Binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) represents binary data by transmitting two different frequencies, with each frequency representing one of the two binary values. 3) Multiple frequency shift keying (MFSK) uses more than two frequencies to represent data, allowing for higher bandwidth efficiency than binary FSK but also higher susceptibility to noise.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    67 views5 pages

    Modulation Techniques Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) : Binary Binary T F A T S Binary T S

    Uploaded by

    Milruwan Perera
    1) Amplitude shift keying (ASK) represents binary data by modulating the amplitude of a carrier signal with two different amplitude levels. 2) Binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) represents binary data by transmitting two different frequencies, with each frequency representing one of the two binary values. 3) Multiple frequency shift keying (MFSK) uses more than two frequencies to represent data, allowing for higher bandwidth efficiency than binary FSK but also higher susceptibility to noise.

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    of 5

    Modulation Techniques

    Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)


    In ASK, the two binary values are represented by to different amplitudes of the carrier frequency The resulting modulated signal for one bit time is
    A cos( 2f c t ), binary 1 s (t ) = binary 0 0,

    Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

    Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)

    Susceptible to noise Inefficient modulation technique used for


    up to 1200bps on voice grade lines very high speeds over optical fiber
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    Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)


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    Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)


    The most common form of FSK is Binary FSK (BFSK) Two binary values represented by two different frequencies ( f1 and f2 )
    A cos( 2 f 1t ), binary 1 s (t ) = A cos( 2 f 2 t ), binary 0
    0 f2 0 f2 1 f1 1 f1 0 f2 1 f1 0 f2 0 f2 0 f2 1 f1 0 f2

    Full-Duplex BFSK Transmission on a Voice-Grade line


    Voice grade lines will pass voice frequencies in the range 300 to 3400Hz Full duplex means that signals are transmitted in both directions at the same time

    less susceptible to noise than ASK used for


    up to 1200bps on voice grade lines high frequency radio (3 to 30MHz) even higher frequency on LANs using coaxial cable
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    f1

    f2

    f3

    f4

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    Multiple FSK (MFSK)


    More than two frequencies (M frequencies) are used More bandwidth efficient compared to BFSK More susceptible to noise compared to BFSK MFSK signal:
    s i ( t ) = A cos( 2 f i t ), where f i = f c + ( 2i 1 M ) f d f c = the carrier frequency f d = the difference frequency M = number of different signal elements = 2 L L = number of bits per signal element
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    Multiple FSK (MFSK)


    MFSK signal:
    where f i = f c + ( 2i 1 M ) f d M = number of different signal elements = 2 L L = number of bits per signal element s i ( t ) = A cos( 2 f i t ), 1 i M

    1 i M

    Period of signal element


    T s = LT b , T s : signal element period Tb : bit period

    Minimum frequency separation


    1 / Ts = 2 f d 1 /( LT b ) = 2 f d 1 / Tb = 2 Lf d ( bit rate )

    MFSK signal bandwidth:


    W d = M ( 2 f d ) = 2 Mf d
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    Example
    With fc=250KHz, fd=25KHz, and M=8 (L=3 bits), we have the following frequency assignment for each of the 8 possible 3-bit f i = f c + ( 2i 1 M ) f d data combinations:
    000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 f 1 = 75 KHz f 2 = 125 KHz f 3 = 175 KHz f 4 = 225 KHz f 5 = 275 KHz f 6 = 325 KHz f 7 = 375 KHz f 8 = 425 KHz

    Example
    The following figure shows an example of MFSK with M=4. An input bit stream of 20 bits is encoded 2bits at a time, with each of the possible 2-bit combinations transmitted as a different frequency. f i = f c + ( 2i 1 M ) f d
    00 01 10 11 i =1 i=2 i=3 i=4 f1 = f c 3 f d f2 = fc fd f3 = fc + fd f4 = fc + 3 fd

    bandwidth = W s = 2 Mf d = 400 KHz

    This scheme can support a data rate of:


    1 / Tb = 2 Lf d = 2 ( 3bits )( 25 Hz ) = 150 Kbps
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    Phase Shift Keying (PSK)


    Phase of carrier signal is shifted to represent data Binary PSK (BPSK): two phases represent two binary digits binary 1 A cos( 2 f c t ),
    s (t ) = A cos( 2 f c t + ), binary 0 binary 1 A cos( 2 f c t ), = A cos( 2 f c t ), binary 0 = Ad ( t ) cos( 2 f c t ), d (t ) = 1
    1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

    Differential PSK (DPSK)


    In DPSK, the phase shift is with reference to the previous bit transmitted rather than to some constant reference signal Binary 0:signal burst with the same phase as the previous one Binary 1:signal burst of opposite phase to the preceding one

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    Four-level PSK: Quadrature PSK (QPSK)


    More efficient use of bandwidth if each signal element represents more than one bit
    eg. shifts of /2 (90o) each signal element represents two bits split input data stream in two & modulate onto the phase of the carrier

    QPSK and Offset QPSK (OQPSK) Modulators

    A cos( 2 f c t + 4 ) 3 A cos( 2 f c t + ) 4 s (t ) = 3 A cos( 2 f c t + ) 4 A cos( 2 f c t ) 4

    11 01 00 10
    QPSK : OQPSK
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    can use 8 phase angles & more than one amplitude


    9600bps modem uses 12 phase angles, four of which have two amplitudes: this gives a total of 16 different signal elements

    1 1 I ( t ) cos( 2 f c t ) Q ( t ) sin( 2 f c t ) 2 2 1 1 s (t ) = I ( t ) cos( 2 f c t ) Q ( t T b ) sin( 2 f c t ) 2 2 s (t ) =


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    Example of QPSK and OQPSK Waveforms


    for QPSK : 1 11 1

    Performance of ASK, FSK, MFSK, PSK and MPSK


    Bandwidth Efficiency
    ASK/PSK: transmissi on bandwidth = B = 1 + r , T MPSK: MFSK:
    R log 2 M = , BT 1+ r R log 2 M = BT (1 + r ) M data rate R 1 0 < r <1

    3 0 1 1 1 4 3 0 0 1 1 4 1 0 1 1 4

    M : number of different signal elements

    Bit Error Rate (BER)


    bit error rate of PSK and QPSK are about 3dB superior to ASK and FSK (see Fig. 5.4) for MFSK & MPSK have tradeoff between bandwidth efficiency and error performance
    40/45 41/45

    Performance of MFSK and MPSK


    MFSK: increasing M decreases BER and decreases bandwidth Efficiency MPSK: Increasing M increases BER and increases bandwidth efficiency

    Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)


    QAM used on asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) and some wireless standards combination of ASK and PSK logical extension of QPSK send two different signals simultaneously on same carrier frequency
    use two copies of carrier, one shifted by 90 each carrier is ASK modulated

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    QAM modulator

    QAM Variants Two level ASK (two different amplitude levels)


    each of two streams in one of two states four state system essentially QPSK

    Four level ASK (four different amplitude levels)


    combined stream in one of 16 states

    Have 64 and 256 state systems Improved data rate for given bandwidth
    QAM : s ( t ) = d 1 ( t ) cos( 2 f c t ) + d 2 ( t ) sin( 2 f c t ) 1 442 4 4 3 1 442 4 4 3
    ASK ASK

    but increased potential error rate


    44/45 45/45

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