Unit 4R - Calculations and Chemical Reactions
Unit 4R - Calculations and Chemical Reactions
Unit 4R - Calculations and Chemical Reactions
Atomic mass
A Formula mass is the sum of atomic masses of all atoms in the chemical formula of a substance. Worked Example 4-1 Calculate the formula mass of each of the following: H2O, N2O3, and Mg(OH)2. Solution H2O = (2 x 1.01 amu) + (1 x 16.00 amu) = 18.02 amu N2O3 = (2 x 14.01 amu) + (3 x 16.00 amu) = 76.02 amu Mg(OH)2 = (1 x 24.31 amu) + (2 x 1.01 amu) + (2 x 16.00 amu) = 58.33 amu
Practice 4-1 Calculate the formula mass of each of the following: Fe(NO3)2 and C12H22O11. Answer
Fe(NO3)2 = (1 x 55.85 amu) + (2 x 14.01 amu) +(6 x 16.00 amu)= 179.87 amu C12H22O11 = (12 x 12.01 amu) + (22 x 1.01) + (11 x 16.00 amu) = 342.34 amu
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Worked Example 4-2 How many moles of sodium are in 8.44 x 1022 sodium atoms? Solution Given: 8.44 x 1022 Na atoms Find: mol Na Conversion Factor: 1 mol Na = 6.02 x 1023 Na (in this case particles are Na atoms) What conversion factor should we apply?
1 mol Na 6.02 x 1023 Na 6.02 x 1023 Na 1 mol Na
or
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Practice 4-2 How many atoms are present in 0.0045 mol of xenon? Answer 6.02 x 1023 Xe 0.0045 mol Xe x --------------------- = 2.7 x 1021 Xe 1 mol Xe
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Practice 4-3 Calculate the formula mass and molar mass of each of the following: Fe(NO3)2 and C12H22O11. Answer
Fe(NO3)2 = (1 x 55.85 amu) + (2 x 14.01 amu) +(3 x 16.00 amu)= 179.87 amu C12H22O11 = (12 x 12.01 amu) + (22 x 1.01) + (11 x 16.00 amu) = 342.34 amu The formula mass of Fe(NO3)2 is 179.87 amu, so the molar mass is 179.87 g/mol. The formula mass of C12H22O11is 342.34 amu, so the molar mass is 342.34 g/mol.
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Practice 4-4 Calculate the number of moles in 45.8 g of sucrose, C12H22O11. Answer The molar mass of sucrose is 342.34 g/mol.
1 mol C12H22O11 45.8 g C12H22O11 x 342.34 g C12H22O11 = 0.134 mol C12H22O11
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Worked Example 4-4 Balance the following chemical equation: HCl(aq) + Ca(s) CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) Solution Step 1: Counting atoms Reactants Products 1 H atom 2 H atoms 1 Cl atom 2 Cl atoms 1 Ca atom 1 Ca atom Step 2: Ca is balanced (one on each side). H and Cl are not balanced. Step 3: Placing a 2 in front of HCl balances both the H and the Cl. 2HCl(aq) + Ca(s) CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
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Worked Example 4-5 Balance each of the following chemical equations: a) Fe(s) + H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + H2(g) b) BaCl2 (aq) + K2CO3(aq) BaCO3(s) + KCl(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) c) C6H12O6(aq) + O2(g) Solution Step 1: Counting atoms Reactants Products 1 Fe atom 3 Fe atoms 2 H atom 2 H atoms 1 O atom 4 O atoms Step 2: H is balanced (two on each side). Fe and O are not balanced. Step 3: Placing a 3 in front of the Fe, balances the Fe. Placing a 4 in front of H2O, balances the O. 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + H2(g)
Step 4 : H is not balanced now. Placing a 4 in front of H2 balances ALL elements. 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) b) We use the same procedure as in part (a). BaCl2 (aq) + K2CO3(aq) BaCl2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) BaCO3(s) + BaCO3(s) + KCl(aq) 2KCl(aq) Unbalaced Balanced
c) We use the same procedure as in part (a). C6H12O6(aq) + O2(g) C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(l) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) Unbalaced Balanced
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Practice 4-5 Balance each of the following chemical equations: a) PCl3 + HF PF3 + HCl b) N2O4 + N2H4 N2 + H2O c) NaH2PO4 + NaOH Na3PO4 + H2O Answer
a) PCl3 + 3 HF PF3 + 3 HCl b) N2O4 + 2N2H4 3 N2 + 4 H2O c) NaH2PO4 + 2 NaOH Na3PO4 + 2H2O
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Worked Example 4-6 State whether each of the following compounds is soluble or insoluble in water. K2SO4, Mg(NO3)2, Pb(C2H3O2)2, CaSO4, Ag3PO4, Ba(OH)2, and AgCl. Solution K2SO4 Mg(NO3)2 Pb(C2H3O2)2 CaSO4 Ag3PO4 Ba(OH)2 AgCl Soluble (contains potassium) Soluble (contains nitrate) Soluble (contains acetate) Insoluble (contains sulfate exception) Insoluble (contains phosphate) Soluble (contains hydroxide exception) Insoluble (contains chloride exception)
Practice 4-6 State whether each of the following compounds is soluble or insoluble in water. NaOH, PbI2, Ba3(PO4)2, (NH4)2S, CoCO3, Al(NO3)3, Hg(OH)2. Answer
Soluble (contains sodium) Insoluble (contains iodide exception) Insoluble (contains phosphate) Soluble (contains ammonium) Insoluble (contains carbonate) Soluble (contains nitrate) Insoluble (contains hydroxide)
Let us consider two solid ionic compounds, AgNO3 and KCl. Both of these solids are soluble in water (see the solubility rules). Remember from unit (3), that ionic compounds are composed of ions, cations and anions. When AgNO3 is added to water, the ions separate and spread throughout the solvent. A AgNO3 solution, expressed as AgNO3(aq), does not contain any AgNO3 units, but rather silver ions (Ag+) and nitrate ions (NO3-). 4-11
Similarly, when KCl is added to water, the ions separate and the KCl solution, expressed as KCl(aq), contains potassium ions (K+) and chloride ions (Cl-). What happens when we mix these two solutions? The instant that the solutions are mixed, all four ions (Ag+, NO3- , K+, and Cl-) are present. Assuming that cations change partners, the two possible products will be KNO3 and AgCl. Next, we refer to the table to determine the solubilites of these two products. We find that KNO3 is soluble and AgCl is insoluble. Applying the principles of equation writing, we can write: AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq) The above equation, showing the complete chemical formulas, is called a formula equation because it shows the chemical formulas of the reactants and products without indicating their ionic characters. In describing reactions that occur in solutions it is desirable to write the equation for the reaction in ionic form, indicating explicitly the ions that actually exist in the solution: Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) + K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
The above equation with all soluble compounds shown as ions is called a complete ionic equation. Notice that the K+ and NO3- and ions dont undergo chemical changes. They are in the exact same form on both sides of the equation. Ions that dont undergo a chemical change during a chemical reaction are called spectator ions. If we omit the spectator ions, we will have the net ionic equation: Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) Steps for Writing Formula Equation, Ionic Equation and Net Ionic Equation 1. Write the names, then and formulas of reactants (unit 3 naming). 2. Exchange cations and write the names, then formulas of products (unit 3 naming). 3. Write a chemical equation to showing the formulas of reactants and products. 4. From the solubility rules include the (aq) for soluble and (s) for insoluble substances. 5. Balance the equation. This is a formula equation. 6. Write the substances with (aq) as ions. This is a total ionic equation. 7. Omit the spectator ions. This is a net ionic equation.
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Worked Example 4-7 Write the formula equation, total ionic and net ionic equations for the reaction of Ba(NO3)2 and Na2SO4. Solution 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Reactants: bariunm nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, and sodium sulfate, Na2SO4. Products: barium sulfate, BaSO4, and sodium nitrate, NaNO3(exchange cations). Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + NaNO3 Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + NaNO3(aq) Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) Ba2+ + 2NO3-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s)
Practice 4-7 Write the formula equation, total ionic and net ionic equations for the reaction of MgCl2 and Na2CO3. Answer 1. Reactants: magnesium chloride, MgCl2, and sodium carbonate Na2CO3. 2. Products: magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, and sodium chloride, NaCl (exchange cations). 3. MgCl2 + Na2CO3 MgCO3 + NaCl 4. MgCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) MgCO3(s) + NaC(aq) 5. MgCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) MgCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq) 6. Mg2+ + 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq) MgCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) 7. Mg2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) MgCO3(s)
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4.
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Worked Example 4-8 In each of the following reactions, determine which element is oxidized and which is reduced: 2Al2O3 a) 4Al + 3O2 b) Zn + CuCl2 ZnCl2 + Cu Solution a) 0 0 4Al + 3O2 3+ 22Al2O3
The oxidation number of aluminum changes from 0 to +3. This means that the aluminum has lost electrons, so the aluminum is oxidized. The oxidation number of oxygen changes from 0 to -2. This means that the oxygen has gained electrons, so the oxygen is reduced. 0 2+ 1b) Zn + CuCl2 2+ 10 ZnCl2 + Cu
The oxidation number of zinc changes from 0 to +2. This means that the zinc has lost electrons, so the zinc is oxidized. The oxidation number of copper changes from +2 to 0 (it reduces). This means that the copper has gained electrons, so the copper is reduced. The oxidation number of chlorine does not change, so it is neither oxidized nor reduced.
Practice 4-8 Assign oxidation number to the nitrogen in each of the following: N2H4 NO N2 NO3NO2NH3
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Practice 4-9 In each of the following reactions, determine what is oxidized and what is reduced? a) 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 b) Cr + 2H+ Cr2+ + H2 c) Pb + 2Hg2+ Pb2+ + Hg d) MnO2 + 4HBr MnBr2 + Br2 + 2H2O Answer a) Oxidized: Na b) Oxidized: Cr c) Oxidized: Pb d) Oxidized: BrReduced: H+ Reduced: H+ Reduced: Hg2+ Reduced: Mn4+
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Two arrows pointing in opposite directions (a double arrow notation) are used to indicate a reversible reaction. forward reaction A + B reverse reaction C + D
A reversible reaction proceeds in both the forward and a reverse direction. The forward reaction is called the reaction to the right, and the reverse reaction is called the reaction to the left. Lets examine a typical reversible reaction using the equation above. When we add compound A to compound B, we initiate the forward reaction. The two compounds begin to react at a certain rate (the rate of the forward reaction). As the reaction proceeds, the concentrations of reactants (A and B) decrease while the concentration of products (C and D) increase. Now, compounds C and D begin to react and initiate the reverse reaction at a certain rate (the rate of reverse reaction). Since we have a large amount of reactants at the beginning, the rate of the forward reaction is the highest at the start of the reaction and then gradually decreases. Conversely, the rate of the reverse reaction, which begins at zero, gradually increases. At some point, the rate of the forward and reverse reactions will become equal. At this point the concentration of reactants and products remain constant and a state of equilibrium has been reached. We refer to this as dynamic equilibrium because the reactions continue in both directions without producing an overall change in the concentrations of reactants and products.
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moles of A
moles of B
grams of A
grams of B
KNOWN
UNKNOWN
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Worked Example 4-9 What mass of H2O would be produced from 7.4 g of O2? Given the equation: 2H2(g) + 1O2(g) 2H2O(g) Solution a) First convert the given mass of O2 to moles of O2 using the molar mass of O2 as a conversion factor, (molar mass of O2 = 2 x 16.00 g/mol = 32.00 g/mol).
1 mol O2 7.4 g O2 x 32.00 g O2 = 0.23 mol O2
b) Next, convert the moles of O2 to moles of H2O by applying a mole ratio using the coefficient in the balanced equation, (1 mol O2. 2 mol H2O).
2 mol H2O 0.23 mol O2 x 1 mol O2 = 0.46 mol H2O
c) Lastly, use the molar mass of H2O (18.02 g/mol) as a conversion factor to calculate the mass of H2O produced.
0.46 mol H2O x 18.02 g H2O 1 mol H2O = 8.3 g H2O
After you gain confidence in solving stoichiometry problems, you should be able to perform a continuous calculation (dimensional analysis): grams O2 mol O2 mol H2O grams H2O
1 mol O2 7.4 g O2 x 32.00 g O2 x 2 mol H2O 1 mol O2 18.02 g H2O 1 mol H2O
= 8.3 g H2O
Practice 4-10\ How many grams of Cl2 can be produced from 3.1 g of HCl? MnCl2 + 2H2O + 1Cl2 Given the equation: MnO2 + 4HCl Perform a continuous calculation. Answer 70.90 g Cl2 1mol HCl 1 mol Cl2 3.1g HCl x ----------------- x ----------------- x ---------------- = 1.5 g Cl2 36.46 g HCl 4 mol HCl 1mol Cl2
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Practice 4-11 Calculate the mass of carbon required to produce 18.6 g of iron. Given the equation: 2Fe2O3 + 3C 4Fe + 3CO2 Perform a continuous calculation. Answer 1 mol Fe 3 mol C 12.01 g C 18.6 g Fe x -------------- x -------------- x -------------- = 3.00 g C 55.85 g Fe 4 mol Fe 1 mol C
Practice 4-12 How many grams of phosphorus are required to react completely with 6.6 g O2? 4P + 5O2 2P2O5 Perform a continuous calculation. Answer
1 mol O2 4 mol P 30.97 g p 6.6 g O2 x -------------- x ------------- x -------------- = 5.1 g P 5 mol O2 1 mol P 32.00 g O2
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Practice 4-13 Given the equation: Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 Calculate the following: a) How many moles of Fe are produced from 1.80 mol of CO? b) How many moles of Fe2O3 are needed to produce 66.0 g of CO2? c) How many grams of Fe will be produced from 7.52 g of CO? Answer 2 mol Fe a) 1.80 mol CO x --------------- = 1.20 mol Fe 3 mol CO
1 mol CO2 1 mol Fe2O3 b) 66.0 g CO2 x ------------------- x ---------------3 mol CO2 44.01 g CO2
1 mol CO 2 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe c) 7.52 g CO x ------------------ x --------------- x ---------------- = 10.0 g Fe 28.01 g CO 3 mol CO 1 mol Fe
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Homework Problems
4.1 Calculate the number of moles in a 5.00-g sample of each of the following: a. Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) b. Aspirin (C9H8O4) c. PenicillinV (C16H18N2O5S) 4.2 Balance the following equations: a. Cl2O7 + H2O HClO4 b. Fe2(CO3)3 Fe2O3 + CO2 c. H3PO4 + Mn(OH)2 Mn3(PO4)2 + H2O d. P2H4 PH3 + P4 e. SO2Cl2 + HI H2S + H2O + HCl + I2 4.3 Write the formula equation, total ionic and net ionic equations for each of the following: a. The reaction of Pb(NO3)2 and LiCl. b. The reaction of ZnSO4 and KOH. 4.4 In the following redox reactions, identify what is oxidized and what is reduced: a. Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) b. Sn2+(aq) + 2Ce4+(aq) Sn4+(aq) + 2Ce3+(aq) c. 2Au(s) + 6H+(aq) 2Au3+(aq) + 3H2(g) d. 4Co(s) + 3O2(g) 2Co2O3(s) e. 2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)
4.5 Define, explain, or describe each of the following terms: a. exothermic reaction b. endothermic reaction c. reversible equation d. dynamic equilibrium
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4.6 Consider the following reaction: 2NiS2(s) + 5O2(g) 2NiO(s) + 4SO2(g) a. How many moles of SO2 will be produced from 8.95 g of O2? b. How many grams of NiO would be formed from the reaction of 0.0125 mol of NiS2? c. How many grams of O2 are needed to completely react with 3.74 g of NiS2? 4.7 Consider the following reaction: 4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) 4NO2(g) + 6H2O(l) a. How many moles of NH3 react with 5.64 mol of O2? b. How many moles of NO2 are obtained from 3.27 mol of O2? c. How many moles of H2O will be produced from 8.95 g of NH3? d. How many grams of NH3 will be needed to produce 0.0160 g of NO2?
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