PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

An example of source code written in the Java programming language, which will print the message "Hello World!" to the standard output when it is compiled and then run by the Java Virtual achine! A programming language is a formal language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer! "rogramming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and#or to express algorithms precisely! $he earliest programming languages preceded the invention of the computer, and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jac%uard looms and player pianos!&'( $housands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, and still many are being created every year! any programming languages re%uire computation to be specified in an imperative form )i!e!, as a se%uence of operations to perform*, while other languages utili+e other forms of program specification such as the declarative form )i!e!, the desired result is specified, not how to achieve it*! $he description of a programming language is usually split into the two components of syntax )form* and semantics )meaning*! ,ome languages are defined by a specification document )for example, the - programming language is specified by an .,/ ,tandard*, while other languages, such as "erl 0 and earlier, have a dominant implementation that is used as a reference!

Definitions
A programming language is a notation for writing programs, which are specifications of a computation or algorithm!&1( ,ome, but not all, authors restrict the term "programming language" to those languages that can express all possible algorithms!&1(&2( $raits often considered important for what constitutes a programming language include3

Function and target: A computer programming language is a language used to write computer programs, which involve a computer performing some 4ind of computation&5( or algorithm and possibly control external devices such as printers, dis4 drives, robots,&0( and so on! 6or example "ost,cript programs are fre%uently created by another program to control a computer printer or display! ore generally, a programming language may describe computation on some, possibly abstract, machine! .t is generally accepted that a complete specification for a programming language includes a description, possibly ideali+ed, of a machine or processor for that language!&7( .n most practical contexts, a programming language involves a computer8 conse%uently, programming languages are usually defined and studied this way!&9( "rogramming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are only used for interaction between people, while

programming languages also allow humans to communicate instructions to machines! Abstractions: "rogramming languages usually contain abstractions for defining and manipulating data structures or controlling the flow of execution! $he practical necessity that a programming language support ade%uate abstractions is expressed by the abstraction principle8&:( this principle is sometimes formulated as recommendation to the programmer to ma4e proper use of such abstractions!&;( Expressive power: $he theory of computation classifies languages by the computations they are capable of expressing! All $uring complete languages can implement the same set of algorithms! A<,.#.,/ ,=>?;1 and -harity are examples of languages that are not $uring complete, yet often called programming languages!&'@(&''(

ar4up languages li4e A >, H$ > or troff, which define structured data, are not usually considered programming languages!&'1(&'2(&'5( "rogramming languages may, however, share the syntax with mar4up languages if a computational semantics is defined! A,>$, for example, is a $uring complete A > dialect!&'0(&'7(&'9( oreover, >a$eA, which is mostly used for structuring documents, also contains a $uring complete subset!&':(&';( $he term computer language is sometimes used interchangeably with programming language!&1@( However, the usage of both terms varies among authors, including the exact scope of each! /ne usage describes programming languages as a subset of computer languages!&1'( .n this vein, languages used in computing that have a different goal than expressing computer programs are generically designated computer languages! 6or instance, mar4up languages are sometimes referred to as computer languages to emphasi+e that they are not meant to be used for programming!&11( Another usage regards programming languages as theoretical constructs for programming abstract machines, and computer languages as the subset thereof that runs on physical computers, which have finite hardware resources!&12( John -! Beynolds emphasi+es that formal specification languages are Cust as much programming languages as are the languages intended for execution! He also argues that textual and even graphical input formats that affect the behavior of a computer are programming languages, despite the fact they are commonly not $uring?complete, and remar4s that ignorance of programming language concepts is the reason for many flaws in input formats

TYPES OF OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Web languages
Dsed for creating and editing pages on the web! -an do anything from putting plain text on a webpage, to accessing and retrieving data from a database! Vary greatly in terms of power and complexity!

H$ > Hyper $ext

ar4up >anguage! $he core language of the world wide web that is

used to define the structure and layout of web pages by using various tags and attributes! Although a fundamental language of the web, H$ > is static ? content created with it does not change! H$ > is used to specify the content a webpage will contain, not how the page functions! >earn H$ > at our H$ > tutorials section! A > Extensible ar4up >anguage! A language developed by the W2- which wor4s li4e H$ >, but unli4e H$ >, allows for custom tags that are defined by programmers! A > allows for the transmission of data between applications and organi+ations through the use of its custom tags! Javascript A language developed by <etscape used to provide dynamic and interactive content on webpages! With Javascript it is possible to communicate with H$ >, create animations, create calculators, validate forms, and more! Javascript is often confused with Java, but they are two different languages! >earn Javascript at our Javascript tutorials section! VF,cript Visual Fasic ,cripting Edition! A language developed by icrosoft that wor4s only in icrosoftGs .nternet Explorer web browser and web browsers based on the .nternet Explorer engine such as 6lash"ea4Gs ,lim Frowser! VF,cript -an be used to print dates, ma4e calculations, interact with the user, and more! VF,cript is based on Visual Fasic, but it is much simpler! >earn VF,cript at our VF,cript tutorials section! "H" Hypertext "reprocessor )itGs a recursive acronym*! A powerful language used for many tas4s such as data encryption, database access, and form validation! "H" was originally created in ';;5 Fy Basmus >erdorf! >earn "H" at our "H" tutorials section! Java A powerful and flexible language created by ,un icro,ystems that can be used to create applets )a program that is executed from within another program* that run inside webpages as well as software applications! $hings you can do with Java include interacting with the user, creating graphical programs, reading from files, and more! Java is often confused with Javascript, but they are two different languages! >earn Java at our Java tutorials section!

Software languages
Dsed for creating executable programs! -an create anything from simple console programs that print some text to the screen to entire operating systems! Vary greatly in terms of power and complexity!

An advanced programming language used for software application development! /riginally developed by Hennis Bitchie at Fell >abs in the ';9@Gs and designed to be a systems programming language but since then has proven itself to be able to

be used for various software applications such as business programs, engineering programs, and even games! $he D<.A operating system is written in -! -II Hescendant of the - language! $he difference between the two languages is that -II is obCect?oriented! -II was developed by FCarne ,troustrup at Fell >abs and is a very popular language for graphical applications! Visual Fasic A language developed by icrosoft based on the FA,.- language ! Visual Fasic is used for creating Windows applications! $he VF,cript language )also developed by icrosoft* is based on Visual Fasic! Java A powerful and flexible language created by ,un icro,ystems that can be used to create applets )a program that is executed from within another program* that run inside webpages as well as software applications! $hings you can do with Java include interacting with the user, creating graphical programs, reading from files, and more! Java is often confused with Javascript, but they are two different languages! >earn Java at our Java tutorials section!

The different generations of languages

$here are currently five generations of computer programming languages! .n each generation, the languages syntax has become easier to understand and more human? readable!

6irst generation languages )abbreviated as 'J>* Bepresent the very early, primitive computer languages that consisted entirely of 'Gs and @Gs ? the actual language that the computer understands )machine language*! ,econd generation languages )1J>* Bepresent a step up from from the first generation languages! Allow for the use of symbolic names instead of Cust numbers! ,econd generation languages are 4nown as assembly languages! -ode written in an assembly language is converted into machine language )'J>*! $hird generation languages )2J>* With the languages introduced by the third generation of computer programming, words and commands )instead of Cust symbols and numbers* were being used! $hese languages therefore, had syntax that was much easier to understand! $hird generation languages are 4nown as "high level languages" and include -, -II, Java, and Javascript, among others! 6ourth generation languages )5J>* $he syntax used in 5J> is very close to human language, an improvement from the previous generation of languages! 5J> languages are typically used to access databases and include ,=> and -old6usion, among others! 6ifth generation languages )0J>* 6ifth generation languages are currently being used for neural networ4s! A nueral

networ4 is a form of artifical intelligence that attempts to imitate how the human mind wor4s!

Procedure-oriented programming
A type of programming where a structured method of creating programs is used! With procedure?oriented programming, a problem is bro4en up into parts and each part is then bro4en up into further parts! All these parts are 4nown as procedures ! $hey are separate but wor4 together when needed! A main program centrally controls them all! ,ome procedure?oriented languages are -/F/>, 6/B$BA<, and -!

Object oriented programming

A type of programming where data types representing data structures are defined by the programmer as well as their properties and the things that can be done with them! With obCect?oriented programming, programmers can also create relationships between data structures and create new data types based on existing ones by having one data type inherit characteristics from another one! .n obCect?oriented programming, data types defined by the programmer are called classes )templates for a real world obCect to be used in a program*! 6or example, a programmer can create a data type that represents a car ? a car class! $his class can contain the properties of a car )color, model, year, etc!* and functions that specify what the car does )drive, reverse, stop, etc!* ,ome obCect?oriented languages are -II, Java, and "H"! FEATURES OF BASIC BASIC )an acronym for Beginner's All purpose S!m"oli# Ins$ru#$ion Co%e* is a family of general?purpose, high?level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasi+es ease of use! .n ';75, John J! Kemeny and $homas E! Kurt+ designed the original FA,.- language at Hartmouth -ollege in <ew Hampshire! $hey wanted to enable students in fields other than science and mathematics to use computers! At the time, nearly all use of computers re%uired writing custom software, which was something only scientists and mathematicians tended to do! Versions of FA,.- became widespread on microcomputers in the mid?';9@s and ';:@s! icrocomputers usually shipped with FA,.-, often in the machineGs firmware! Having an easy?to?learn language on these early personal computers allowed small business owners, professionals, hobbyists, and consultants to develop custom software on computers they could afford!

FA,.- remains popular in many dialects and in new languages influenced by FA,.-, such as icrosoftGs Visual Fasic! .n 1@@7, 0;L of developers for the !<E$ 6ramewor4 used Visual Fasic !<E$ as their only programming language!&'( Fasic is a multi?platform language because many basic compilers use the same types of routines! Fasic allows3 Loops Inpu$ &rom $'e (e!"oar% Menu )ri*en Appli#a$ions S!s$em Comman%s ? $hese are words that ma4e the system perform a specific tas4 immediately! S$ru#$ure% Programming Su"rou$ines Buil$ In Fun#$ions User )e&ine% Fun#$ions Arra!s+ sor$ing+ an% sear#'es

A),ANTAGES OF BASIC Fasic has many strong points, such as3 Easy to learn for beginners Adds powerful additional features for the advanced user .s designed for interactive use rather than batch wor4 >ends itself to learning by hands?on practical use and is therefore suitable for both the professional and non?professional! )ISA),ANTAGES OF BASIC $he disadvantages include the fact that it normally re%uires lots of memory for initial installation and in order to function efficiently after installation!