Glossary

Term C Definition Degrees Celsius, a unit of measurement for temperature. To convert to degrees Fahrenheit, F = C absolute or global extrema acceleration accepted value acute adjacent (a) algebra algebraic function alternate
9 5

Notes

+ 32

The highest or lowest value that a function can take Rate of change of velocity A value used when the exact value is not known An acute angle has a measurement of less than 90 degrees The side in a right-angled triangle next to a given angle The study of operations and relations A function consisting of variables and rational coefficients Equal angles formed on opposite sides of a line that crosses two parallel lines, for example the inner angles of a Z This is what you accept if the observed value is a rare event when the null hypothesis is true Height. In a triangle, this is the perpendicular distance from the base to the apex Given the size of one angle and the lengths of two sides a unique triangle can not be drawn Half the distance between the minimum and maximum values of the range of a periodic function The angle formed below the horizontal to an object The angle formed above the horizontal to the top of an object The initial part, or cause, of an argument

alternative (H1) hypothesis altitude

ambiguous case (of triangles) amplitude

angle of depression angle of elevation antecedent

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Term antiderivative antidifferentiation apex approximated value

Definition See integral See integration Point, for example of a triangle or cone An estimate of an exact value. This involves an error which can be calculated as a percentage In any triangle ABC with angles A, B and C, and opposite sides a, b and c respectively, the area is given by
1 absineC 2

Notes

area of a triangle

area under the curve

The area bound by a curve and the horizontal axis. This area can be found by differentiating the function A geometric representation of the complex number z = x + iy by the point with co-ordinates (x, y). The horizontal axis is the real axis and the vertical axis is the imaginary axis A compound statement that includes implication An angle between the line OP and the positive real axis, where P represents z The mean, or average, found by dividing the sum of all the values by the number of values Another name for an arithmetic series A sequence generated by the same constant or common difference being added onto the previous term The sum of terms in an arithmetic sequence A law which states that changing the association of operations does not change the result. For example (1 + 6) + 2 = 1 + (6 + 2) A straight line that a curve approaches but never meets

Argand diagram

argument arguments (in equations) arithmetic mean

arithmetic progression arithmetic sequence

arithmetic series associative law

asymptote

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Term at a constant rate

Definition With no change in speed. The gradient of a graph representing constant rate is a straight diagonal line The result of adding two or more quantities and then dividing this sum by the number of quantities Average acceleration =
change in velocity time

Notes

average

average acceleration

average rate of change average value

The slope, or gradient, of a secant line A value that has been calculated by taking the sum of all of the values and dividing by the number of values. The result is not exact, and may not even be one of the original values Average velocity =
change in displacement time

average velocity

ax2 + bx + c = 0 axiom axiomatic axis of revolution

The general form of a quadratic equation A rule or statement that is accepted to be true Self-evident An axis in a plane, about which the area bound by a curve and the axis is revolved to form a solid of revolution A line dividing a shape such that the two parts on either side of the line are identical A chart which uses bars to give a visual representation of data A number associated with a power Accurately defined units, independent from each other. The seven base units are length (metre), mass (kilogram), time (second), electric current (ampere), temperature (Kelvin), amount of substance (mole) and intensity of light (candela)

axis of symmetry

bar chart base base units

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Term base vectors

Definition In three dimensions, the base vectors in the direction of the x-, y-, and z- axes are i = (1 0 0), j = (0 1 0) and k = (0 0 1) respectively The position of an object, with reference to the angle it makes with a set point or pole An experiment based on the binomial distribution. There are a fixed number of independent trials done under the same conditions, each trial has two possible outcomes; success or failure with the probability of success p and the probability of failure q = 1 p A sample in which certain groups are over- or under-estimated Cases where two statements are either true together or false together - they are equivalent to each other A distribution with two modal values X follows a binomial distribution if P(X = x) = (n r)prqn - r for r = 0, 1, 2, n An experiment in which the sample is based on the binomial distribution In geometry, to cut an angle in half Data concerning two variables (x, y) Bivariate analysis is concerned with the relationship between pairs of variables (x, y) in a data set A known value which is used to find the particular solution of a differential equation A graphical representation of a distribution using only the minimum, maximum, median and the lower and upper quartiles of the data The equation of a line or curve expressed only in terms of the variables x and y The equation of a plane expressed in the variables x, y and z

Notes

bearings

Bernoulli experiment

biased sample biconditional

bimodal binomial distribution

binomial experiment bisect bivariate bivariate analysis

boundary condition

box and whisker graph

Cartesian equation

Cartesian equation of a plane

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Term Celsius

Definition A unit of measurement for temperature. To convert to degrees Fahrenheit, F = C

Notes

chain rule of differentiation chi-squared test (2) circumference class boundaries cm cm2 cm3 coefficient of determination

The rule which allows you to differentiate a function of a function A statistical test used to determine if sets of data are independent The perimeter or distance around the edge of a circle Upper and lower limits of a class of data in a set of grouped data A metric measure of length, centimetre A metric measure of area, square centimetre A metric measure of volume, cubic centimetre An indication of how much of the variation in one set of data can be explained by the variation in the other set of data Equations giving a relationship between the functions sine and cosine For coincident vectors, a a = a2 Collinear points all lie on a straight line A vector represented in the form (x y), where x represents a movement in the positive x direction and y a movement in the positive y direction Choices. The number of possible arrangements when order is not important The constant difference between consecutive terms in an arithmetic progression Fractions in which both the numerator and denominator are integers The constant multiplier used to form each consecutive term in a geometric series

co-function identities coincident vectors collinear column vector form

combinations

common difference

common fraction

common ratio

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Term commutative law

Definition A law that states that the order of the terms does not affect the result of the operation. For example 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 The directions on a compass. The four cardinal compass points are North (N), South (S), East (E) and West (W) If A is a set, then the subset of the sample space U containing all elements not in A is the complement of A, denoted A' Rearranging a function into the form (ax + b)2 + c where c is a constant Complex numbers z that are solutions of the equation zn = rcos The part of a vector which gives the movement of the vector parallel to one of the coordinate axes The resultant function when two or more functions are combined Interest which is not calculated only on the original sum, but on the accumulated sum A statement made up of simple statements joined together by connectives If f''(x) < 0 for all x in (a, b) then f is concave down on (a, b) If f''(x) > 0 for all x in (a, b) then f is concave up on (a, b) What you believe to be true at the end of an experiment Lines that all pass through a certain point The likelihood of an event after taking account of what is known about another event A solid figure with a circular base connected to a point or vertex An additional variable that may have an affect on the data With the exact same form

Notes

compass points

complement

completing the square complex nth roots of the unity component

composite function compound interest

compound statement

concave down concave up conclusion concurrent conditional probability

cone confounding factor congruent

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Term conjecture conjugate conjunction

Definition A rule which generalizes findings made by observing patterns If z = a + ib then its complex conjugate is z* = a - ib In logic, meaning and, represented by the symbol ^. The equivalent to intersection in set theory Terms linking simple statements to produce a compound statement. The five connectives commonly used are NOT, AND, OR, OR and IF THEN The effect in a compound statement A function taking only one fixed value. The graph of a constant function is a straight horizontal or vertical line The derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of the function The integral of a constant times a function is the constant times the integral of the function When a constant is differentiated it goes to zero. When integrating you need to assume that there was a constant in the original function and include this in the result The derivative of any constant is zero The integral of a constant k is kx plus a constant of integration, C Known limits used to solve an optimization problem A table containing observed data A quantitative continuous variable can be measured and its accuracy depends on the accuracy of the measuring instrument used A continuous function is able to have all values within a given range A random variable that can take on any value in some interval

Notes

connectives

consequent constant function

constant multiple rule of differentiation constant multiple rule of integration constant of integration

constant rule of differentiation constant rule of integration constraint contingency table continuous

continuous continuous random variable

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Term contradiction

Definition A (logical) contradiction is a compound statement which is false whatever the truth values of its simple statement For the direct statement p q, the contrapositive is the statement qp The sum of the series tends towards a specific value as the number of terms in the series increases A series is converging if, as n gets very large, the values of the series approaches a limit, the sum to infinity For the direct statement p q, the converse is the statement q p A graph used to estimate the value of the dependent variable at a known value of the independent variable When a value is rounded to the nearest tenth When a value is rounded to the nearest thousandth When a value is rounded to the nearest hundredth A measure of linear association between two variables. It takes values between 1 and -1, and is independent of any linear change of scale of the variables Coefficients of the same power of a variable One of the trigonometric ratios. For an angle in a right angled triangle, cosine = adjacent/hypotenuse In any triangle ABC, a2 = b2 + c2 2bccosA An integer that makes the converse a false statement A critical number of f is a point where f'(x) = 0 or is undefined The first value at either end for which H0 would be rejected

Notes

contrapositive

convergent series

convergent, converging

converse conversion graph

correct to one decimal place correct to three decimal places correct to two decimal places correlation

corresponding coefficients cosine

cosine rule counterexample critical number critical value

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Term cross-section

Definition A slice through a three-dimensional solid figure. The cross section of a right prism is the same shape and size throughout the solid Complex numbers z that are solutions of the equation z3 = rcos A function in which the highest power of the variable is 3 A measure of volume, m3. 1m3 is a cube which has lengths all equal to 1m F(x) = P(X x) is the cumulative distribution function for the random variable X The sum of all of the frequencies up to and including the new value A graph with the upper class boundary on the x-axis and the cumulative frequency on the y-axis A solid figure with two congruent and parallel circular faces Decasecond, a unit of time Collected information A representation of a rational number using decimals. This may be finite or not A number represented as a fraction A function f(x) is decreasing for a < x < b if the graph of y = f(x) has a negative gradient, or f'(x) < 0, for all values of x in the interval a < x < b Integration between given limits a and b Integration evaluated with numerical limits, giving an exact value A setting on a GDC. By choosing this setting, all angles are given in degrees An angle measure. 1 degree is equal to
1 of a whole circle 360

Notes

cube roots of unity cubic function cubic metre cumulative distribution function (CDF) cumulative frequency cumulative frequency curve (or graph) cylinder das data decimal expansion of a rational number decimal fraction decreasing function

definite integral definite integration degree mode degrees

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Term degrees of freedom

Definition In a chi-squared test, degrees of freedom = (number of rows 1) (number of columns 1) density =
mass volume

Notes

density dependent events

The outcome of one event has no affect on the outcome of another event being considered A variable affected by a change in another variable When a value decreases over time The result when a function has been differentiated. The derivative with respect to x is denoted by
dy or f'(x) dx

dependent variable depreciation derivative

derivative of ex derivative of ln x derivatives of sine, cos and tan derived units Descartes' rule of signs

If f(x) = ex then f'(x) = ex If f(x) = lnx then f'(x) =

The derivatives of sine(x), cos(x) and tan(x) are cos(x), sine(x) and sec2(x) respectively Units expressed in terms of the base units The number of positive real roots of a polynomial f(x) is equal to the number of variations in sign (from + to or from to +) of the coefficients, or an even number less. Also the number of negative real roots of a polynomial f(x) is equal to the number of variations in sign of the coefficients of f(x), or an even number less. Difference between two values If a b = c, then c is the difference of a and b The expression f(x + h)
f (x ) , which h

deviation difference difference quotient

gives the gradient of the secant line differentiable A function which can be differentiated

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Term differentiation

Definition Process used to find the gradient of the tangent to a curve at a particular point A stretch or compression of a graph. The result of multiplying the variable x (horizontal dilation) or y (vertical dilation) by a constant a A vector with direction used to describe the effect of a translation If vector OP = rcosi + rsinej, where i and j are unit vectors in the x- and ydirections, then the the direction of the vector, tan =
y x

Notes

dilation

directed line segment direction of a vector

discontinuity

A point where a function is undefined, and the graph of the function is broken at that point A function that is not continuous Able to have only certain values A random variable where all of the outcomes can be listed In a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 the discriminant is b2 4ac separate Inclusive or. The disjunction of any two statements p and q is written pq. Disjunction corresponds to union in set theory, where if x is an element of P Q, then x can be placed in either set P or set Q or in the intersection P and Q The distance of a moving body from the original point after time t. This is a vector quantity A function that models the position of an object from an origin at any time t A vector which represents the movement from one point to another A scalar quantity describing length The distance along the perpendicular to the plane that contains the point

discontinuous discrete discrete random variable discriminant

disjoint disjunction

displacement

displacement function displacement vector distance distance from a point to a plane

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Term distinct distribution function

Definition different A function which models the cumulative frequencies of the outcomes of an experiment. The cumulative distribution (CDF), F, of a discrete random variable X is defined by: F(x) = P(X x) = P(X = t) Used to expand brackets and factorize expressions. a(b + c) = ab + ac Without a limit decimetre, a unit of length A set of values which define the elements of the independent variable (the x-values) The scalar product of two vectors Formulae involving sine 2, cos 2 and tan 2 Standard trigonometric identity involving the angles A and 2A involving movement A system generated by a recurrence relation where zn + 1 is defined in terms of zn The line at which two faces meet A function that is algebraic, transcendental, or a sum, difference, product, quotient or composition of algebraic and transcendental functions A method used to solve simultaneous equations. One of the variables is eliminated by expressing it in terms of another variable A set containing no elements The appearance of a graph as it is followed further and further in either direction Two complex numbers are equal if both their real and imaginary parts are equal

Notes

distributive law

divergent dm domain

dot product double angle identities double-angle identity dynamic dynamical system

edge elementary function

elimination method

empty set end behavior

equal

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Term equal roots equal vectors

Definition When the solutions of a quadratic function are the same factor twice Two vectors are equal if they have the same direction and the same magnitude; their i, j, k components are equal too, and so their column vectors are equal A mathematical expression involving an equality With the same meaning or effect Fractions that are equal in value, but represented by different values of numerators and denominators The difference between an estimated value and the exact value An approximation of an actual value An approximation that is usually used to check the reasonableness of an answer To calculate the mean from a grouped frequency table, an estimate of the mean is total of fix/total frequency where fi is the frequency and xi is the corresponding midpoint of each class An approximation of an exact value A function for which f(x) = f(x) for all values of x An outcome from an experiment A numerical value which is exact A rate used to convert between two units of currency One or the other but not both One or the other but not both An estimation of the frequency. When testing for independence, the formula for probability of independent events can be used The mean or expected value of a random variable is defined as E(X) = px

Notes

equation equivalent (logically) equivalent fractions

error estimate estimate of a quantity

estimate of the mean

estimated value even function event exact value exchange rate exclusive disjunction exclusive or expected frequencies

expected value

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Term experiment exponent exponential exponential growth and exponential decay extrapolation

Definition The process by which we obtain an observation A number showing how many times the base number is multiplied by itself A function of the form ax where a is a positive constant Growth and decay which result from changes over time given by y = Aekt and y = Ae-kt respectively, where k > 0 Prediction for values of x which lie outside the range of values used to construct the line of regression The product of all integers up to and including that number A measure of temperature The opposite of success When the converse of a valid argument is not valid The collection of all curves whose equations satisfy the differential equation A structure containing complex numbers in which addition and multiplication satisfy certain rules A structure containing real numbers in which addition and multiplication satisfy certain rules A value with a limit A set with a finite number of elements A function differentiated once. If the function is differentiated with respect to x the first derivative is denoted or f'(x)
dy dx

Notes

factorial (!) Fahrenheit failure fallacy of the converse family of curves

field of complex numbers field of real numbers

finite finite set first derivative

first derivative test first quartile

A test used to locate relative extrema of a function f The value one-quarter of the way into the data. One quarter of the data lies below the first quartile and threefourths lies above

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Term five statistical summary

Definition A list of information from which you can get a sense of a data sets distribution Used, instead of frequency, for histograms with intervals of varying width. Frequency density =
frequency interval width

Notes

frequency density

frequency histogram

A visual representation of data using the class boundaries and the frequencies A graphical representation of data. It plots the midpoints of each class of a frequency diagram against the frequency on a graph. It is formed by joining the midpoints of each class by straight lines A table used to record statistical data, giving an easy way to view the data quickly and see any patterns A mapping in which each x-value maps onto one and only one y-value A theorem referring to the existence of the complex zeroes of a polynomial If f is a continuous function on the interval a x b, and F is an antiderivative of f on a x b, then f(x) dx = [F(x)] = F(b) F(a) An abbreviation of gram, a measure of mass The plane model of complex numbers, sometimes called an Argand diagram The general form of a straight line is ax + by + c = 0 where a, b, and c are constants Denoted by un. By substituting values for n the general term becomes a specific term A formula used to find the solutions of a quadratic equation given in the general form

frequency polygon

frequency table

function fundamental theorem of algebra fundamental theorem of calculus

g Gaussian plane general form

general formula for the nth term general formula for the solutions of a quadratic equation

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Term general solution

Definition A solution of a differential equation which contains an arbitrary constant. It defines a family of curves See geometric sequence A sequence in which the next term is always formed by multiplying the previous term by the same constant. Sometimes called a Geometric Progression The sum of the terms of a geometric sequence A vector represented by an arrow or directed line segment The study of the size and shape of points, lines, angles, surfaces and solid figures The length-to-width ratio of a golden rectangle The number one followed by one hundred zeros The slope of a straight line which includes its direction or sign. Positive gradient is + and negative gradient is A function expressing the gradient of a function y = mx + c is the gradient-intercept form of the straight line equation, where m is the gradient of the line and c is the point at which the line intercepts the y-axis When data is spread over a wide range, the data can be treated in groups rather than individual values A table used to organise large sets of data by recording the data in groups rather than by individual data values The series 1 + r
1 1 1 + + + where 3 r 2

Notes

geometric progression geometric sequence

geometric series geometric vector geometry

golden ratio googol gradient

gradient function gradient-intercept

group

grouped frequency table harmonic series

and ri is the general term

height (of a prism)

The distance between the two faces of a prism

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Term hemisphere hence

Definition A solid figure with two faces, one plane and one curved. Half a sphere A command term that is frequently used in exams. It tells you to use the preceding work to find the required result hectogram, a unit of mass The derivative of a derivative, or the derivative of the derivative of a derivative, etc The largest factor common to the terms being considered A frequency diagram where the area of each bar is proportional to the frequency of the observations in that class interval A line that has zero gradient A horizontal line that the graph of a function approaches but never meets as x tends to infinity The amount of movement in the direction of the horizontal axis A value which shows the extent of a horizontal stretch or compression A movement of a graph in the direction (positive or negative) of the horizontal axis A curve with equation ax2 by2 c2 where a, b and c are constant The longest side in a right-angled triangle. The side opposite the right angle An idea to be accepted or rejected following an experiment Sets which contain identical elements A statement involving a variable which is true for all values of the variable A function which has no affect on the input value

Notes

hg higher order derivatives

highest common factor histogram

horizontal horizontal asymptote

horizontal component horizontal stretch of scale factor horizontal translation

hyperbola hypotenuse (h)

hypotheses identical (sets) identity

identity function

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Term image imaginary part imaginary unit implication implicit

Definition The resulting values when all values in the range are input into a function b, the coefficient of i in the complex number a + ib The imaginary unit i is equal to the square root of 1, so i2 = 1 The connective IF THEN. Represented by the symbol => Differentiating a function of one variable with respect to another variable An event is impossible if it has the probability 0 A fraction where the numerator has a greater value than the denominator The angle between two two sides of known length Inclusive or. For two statements p and q, it is written p q. Disjunction corresponds to union in set theory, where if x is an element of PQ, then x can be placed in either set P or set Q or in the intersection of P and Q Inclusive disjunction. For two statements p and q, it is written p q. Disjunction corresponds to union in set theory, where if x is an element of P Q, then x can be placed in either set P or set Q or in the intersection of P and Q A function f(x) is increasing for a < x < b if the graph of y = f(x) has a positive gradient, or f'(x) > 0, for all values of x in the interval a < x < b A small increase in value The opposite of differentiation, denoted by the symbol f(x) dx The opposite of differentiation, with the symbol f(x) dx. The integral is given in terms of x with a constant of integration, C, without being evaluated for specific values of x

Notes

impossible improper fraction included angle inclusive disjunction

inclusive or

increasing function

increment indefinite integral indefinite integration

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Term independent events

Definition A and B are independent events if the outcome of A does not affect the outcome of B and vice versa A variable which is not affected by other variables The power to which a number or variable is raised A form of proof of a hypothesis With no limit A set with an unlimited number of elements An increase in monetary value The points on a graph where the concavity changes A boundary condition when t is zero The starting point of a position vector The position of an object when t = 0 The side of an angle that lies along the positive x-axis The velocity of an object at the starting point Given two non-zero vectors u and v, u.v = |u||v|cos, where is the angle between u and v. Otherwise u.v = 0. The result is always a number Acceleration at a specific point The slope of a tangent line at a specific point on the graph of a function Velocity at a specific point A theorem stating that a root of a polynomial is a factor of the constant term of that polynomial The set of whole numbers, positive and negative A function which can be integrated

Notes

independent variable index induction infinite infinite set inflation inflexion points initial condition initial point initial position initial side initial velocity inner product

instantaneous acceleration instantaneous rate of change instantaneous velocity integer zero theorem

integers integrable

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Term integral with linear composition

Definition An integral of the form f(ax + b) dx =

Notes

integrals of

The integrals of

c and ex + c respectively, where c is a constant of integration integrals of sine and cosine integrand integration integration by parts The integrals of sine(x) and cos(x) are cos(x) + c and sine(x) + c respectively, where c is a constant The function to be integrated The opposite of differentiation A method of integration whereby an integral is transformed into another integral which is easier to find A percentage of an amount paid to you by a bank for a savings account Prediction for values of x which lie inside the range of values used to construct the line of regression. Where the line is a good fit to the data, these predictions are generally viewed as quite reliable The difference between the lower and upper quartiles. It therefore represents the spread of the middle half of the distribution The point where two or more lines meet The intersection of subsets A and B, denoted A B, includes the elements that lie in both A and B If the compound statement that represents an argument is not a tautology, then the argument is invalid A term that is unchanged by an operation or process The inverse of a function f(x) is f-1(x). It reverses the action of that function For an original statement, p => q, the inverse is p => q

interest interpolation

interquartile range

intersect (of lines) intersection

invalid

invariant inverse inverse

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Term irrational Kelvin

Definition A number that cannot be expressed as a fraction A temperature scale. The freezing point of water is 273.15K, and the boiling point of water is 373.15K A derived unit used for density or mass density The study of the motion of objects The two shortest sides of a right angled triangle A general case of the product rule for differentiation giving f"(x) A theorem which is proved and then used in the proof of another theorem The level at which a 2 test is conducted A fixed value that the terms of a sequence approach A line drawn on a scatter diagram to find the direction of an association between two variables and to show the trend. This line can be used to estimate values or make predictions A linear relationship can be represented by a straight line A summation of functions which are multiplied by constants When the relationship between two sets of data can be represented by a straight diagonal line A function given in terms of a linear expression A system in which vectors and operations satisfy certain axioms The name given to a maximum point of a curve which has more than one of these points The name given to a minimum point of a curve which has more than one of these points

Notes

kilogram per cubic metre kinematics legs (of a triangle) Leibnizs formula lemma level of significance limit line of best fit

linear linear combination linear correlation

linear function linear space local maximum

local minimum

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Term logarithm

Definition The logarithm is the power to which the base must be raised to give that number If b = ax, then logab = x Calculated by finding the mean of the lower value from the class being considered and the upper value of the previous class A lower limit determined from historical data The lower value at which an integral is evaluated. It represents the x coordinate of the vertical line at the lower boundary of the area bounded by the graph Quartiles separate large ordered sets of data into quarters. The lower quartile Q1 can be found by reading the value on the cumulative frequency curve, corresponding to n +
1 on the 4

Notes

logarithmic function lower boundary

lower control limit lower limit

lower quartile

cumulative frequency axis, where n is the total frequency lowest common multiple lowest terms (of a fraction) magnitude of a vector The lowest multiple shared by two or more values A fraction given in its most basic form The size of a vector. If vector OP = rcosi + rsinej , where i and j are unit vectors in the x- and y- directions, then the magnitude, |OP| = r = ( x 2 + y2) A function which maps all elements in its domain onto one value in its range When the occurrence of one event does not affect in any way the occurrence of the other The point at which the gradient of the curve changes from positive to negative An average. Calculated by all of the values together, and then dividing the total by the number of values

many-to-one function mathematically independent maximum point

mean

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Term mean point

Definition A point used to draw a line of best fit. It is calculated by finding the mean of the x values and the mean of the y values Average value to be expected over many trials of the experiment A value that can be recorded physically The middle number when a set is put in ascending or descending order. When there are two numbers in the middle, it is the average of the two middle numbers A derived unit used for speed or velocity The middle value of the interval. Used to work out an estimate of the mean of a set of data The point at which the gradient of a curve changes from negative to positive A unit of time. 1 minute is equal to 60 seconds A number that is expressed as a whole number and a fraction An abbreviation of millilitre, a measure of volume The class to which the modal value belongs The value which appears most often in a set of data a The magnitude or absolute value of a number x, denoted by |x| b The magnitude (or length) of a vector A complex number in the form z = r(cos + isine), where r = |z| and is an argument of z A formula stating that, for two events A and B, P(AB) = P(A|B) P(B) A description of a factor that appears more than once

Notes

mean value measured median

metre per second midpoint of a class interval minimum point

minutes mixed number ml modal class mode modulus

modulus-argument form multiplicative probability Law multiplicity

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Term mutually exclusive events natural logarithm natural numbers necessarily (true or false) negation

Definition A and B are mutually exclusive events if they can not occur at the same time A logarithm in base e, written as either logex or lnx The set of whole numbers, greater than and equal to 1 Without doubt or question The connective NOT, with the symbol . For the statement p, negation is represented by -p. This corresponds to the complement in set theory A general downward trend shown on a graph. The dependent variable decreases as the independent variable increases A vector with equal magnitude but in the opposite direction to the original vector An angle that is not between two sides of known length A relationship that can not be represented graphically by a straight line When the relationship between two sets of data can not be represented by a straight line. The data sets do not have a visible correspondence A vector with magnitude greater than zero A function on some GDC calculators which calculates the magnitude of a vector The normal to a point on a curve is the straight line perpendicular to the tangent at that point The graph of a Normal Probability Function (PDF)

Notes

negative correlation

negative vector

non-included angle non-linear

non-linear correlation

non-trivial vector Norm (command)

normal (line)

normal curve

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Term normal distribution

Definition A commonly occurring distribution in the natural world and in manufacturing processes. It is symmetric with a single peak at the centre, and often described as bellshaped A random variable X described by a PDF which follows a normal distribution with mean and variance 2. We write X ~N(, 2) Taking no value This provides the probability basis under which the test is to be considered - the observed value of the statistic is compared with the sampling distribution if the null hypothesis was true A vector with zero magnitude The number of objects in a set. This can be evaluated using a Venn diagram A pattern of numbers arranged in a particular order according to a rule Sets used to classify different types of numbers Considering numbers Data values recorded from an experiment A function where f(x) = f(x) for all values of x A cumulative frequency diagram A function which maps each element in the domain onto a unique value in the range The side in a right-angled triangle which lies opposite the angle being considered Vectors which are equal in magnitude, but have opposite direction Practical problems involving finding maximum or minimum values minimized or maximized

Notes

normal variable

not defined null (H0) hypothesis

null vector number of elements

number sequence number sets numerical observed data odd function ogive one-to-one function

opposite (o)

opposite vectors optimization problems optimized

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Term ordered pairs origin orthogonal outliers

Definition The x and y values giving the location of a point on the coordinate grid The point where the axes of a coordinate grid meet At right angles, perpendicular Extreme values in a distribution. Sometimes outliers are unimportant for the purposes of analysis, but sometimes they are the most important values A smooth or shaped curve. The corresponding function is quadratic Two lines are parallel if they never meet or intersect in a given plane Two vectors are parallel if one is a scalar multiple of the other A law used to find the sum of two vectors a The variable t in a parametric equation x = f(t), y = g(t) of a curve b The variable t associated with the points on a line used to determine the vector equation of the line The equation of a plane expressed using parameters A curve can be defined by expressing x and y in terms of a third variable, called a parameter A function satisfying the differential equation and which does not include an arbitrary constant A measure of the correlation between two variables, giving a value between +1 and -1 Part of one hundred A value giving the accuracy of an estimation. Percentage error = |(vA
VE )| 100%, where vA VE

Notes

parabola parallel parallel vectors parallelogram law parameter

parametric equation of a plane parametric equations

particular solution

Pearson productmoment correlation coefficient (r) percentage percentage error

represents approximated value or estimated value, and vE represents exact value

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Term percentiles

Definition Percentiles separate large ordered sets of data into hundredths. To find the percentiles, p%, read the value on the curve corresponding to
p( n + 1) on 100

Notes

the cumulative frequency axis perfect correlation perimeter period of a decimal period of a function periodic function permutation perpendicular perpendicular vectors When all plotted points lie on a straight line The distance around the outside of a closed figure The digits or group of digits that is repeated after the decimal point The interval in which a periodic function repeats itself A function which repeats itself after a given interval An arrangement in which the order of items is important Two lines are perpendicular if they form a right angle at their intersection Vectors at right angles to each other. Two vectors are perpendicular if and only if their scalar product is zero A translation of the graph of a trigonometric function along the x-axis July 22, or in day/month format which is an approximation to the value of Pi Day March 14, or in month/day format 3/14. This is because 3, 1 and 4 are the three most significant digits of A chart that uses pictures to represent information A circle divided into sectors. The sector angles are proportional to the quantities they represent A flat surface that extends infinitely Indicate a pair of coordinates on a graph
22 , 7

phase shift

Pi Approximation Day

pictogram pie chart

plane plot

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Term Poisson distribution

Definition A probability distribution used to describe independent events with probability within a small fixed interval and where there is no chance of two events occurring at precisely the same moment or at the same place A system in which a point A is specified by its distance r from the pole O and the angle which the line OA makes with the initial line A closed geometric figure with at least three sides The entire group of people or objects which is of interest, from which samples are drawn or on which a census will be conducted The vector which represents the movement from the origin to a given point Greater than zero A general upward trend shown on a graph. The dependent variable increases as the independent variable increases The same as index If f(x) = xn, then f'(x) = nxn-1, where n R

Notes

polar coordinates

polygon population

position vector

positive positive correlation

power power rule of differentiation power rule of integration Power set

xn dx =

1 1 xn + 1 + C, n 1 n

The set in a sample space that contains all possible events, denoted P(U) Used to avoid writing very small or very large quantities The amount of money that you put in the bank at the start A number that is only divisible by one and itself A measure of belief, on a scale of 0 to 1, of the likelihood that an event will happen

prefixes present value prime probability

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Term probability a posteriori probability axioms probability density function (PDF)

Definition A probability calculated after the event The first three probabilities in probability theorem f(x) is the probability density function (pdf) for X if P(a<x<b) = f(x)dx for all values of a, b and certain conditions are satisfied A set of possible values, with associated probabilities, for the outcome of a random experiment A formula which expresses the probability that the random variable X takes a value, k, as a function of k The result of a multiplication P(AB) = P(A) P(B)
d udv vdu x (uv) = + , where u and dx dx dx

Notes

probability distribution

probability distribution function product product rule for independent events product rule of differentiation proper fraction proper subset properties of limits as x properties of polynomial addition properties of polynomial multiplication properties of vector addition proportion pyramid Pythagorean identities

v are functions of x A fraction where the numerator is smaller than the denominator A subset that is not identical to the original set Properties to find the limits of a function as x algebraically Properties showing how to combine polynomials under addition and when multiplying with real constants Properties showing how to combine polynomials under multiplication Properties showing how to combine vectors under addition If two properties a and b are in proportion, then the ratio a:b is fixed A solid figure with a polygon base and triangular sides Identities involving sine2, cos2 and tan2

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Term quadratic equation

Definition An equation in which the highest power of the variable is 2. A quadratic in the variable x has the general form ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b and c are constant and a 0 The formula used to solve a quadratic equation if the equation does not factorise easily. For the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, the formula is x = b b 2
4ac 2a

Notes

quadratic formula

quadratic function qualitative quantitative quartic function quartiles

A function given in terms of a quadratic expression Data seen as categories, sometimes called categorical data Information that can be counted or measured A function in which the highest power of the variable is 4 The data values which divide the distribution into quarters. They are called the minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile and maximum A function in which the highest power of the variable is 5 The result of a division The derivative of the quotient of two factors is the denominator times the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator, all divided by the denominator squared A setting on a GDC. By choosing this setting, all angles are given in radians A unit of angle measurement, radians = 180 A random sample must have two characteristics: every individual has an equal opportunity of selection, and the sample has essentially the same characteristics as the population

quintic function quotient quotient rule of differentiation

radian mode radians (rad) random

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Term random experiment

Definition An experiment in which there is uncertainty over which event may occur A sample in which each element has the same chance of being included A quantity that can take any value determined by the outcome of a random event. The difference between the highest and lowest value recorded A set of values which define the elements of the dependent variable (the y-values) A percentage charged on an amount of money The rate at which a variable changes over time. The instantaneous rate of change applies to an instant of time. The average rate of change applies over a period of time The comparison of two values, using division A function of the form f(x) =
g(x) , h( x )

Notes

random sample random variable

range range

rate (of interest) rate of change (of f with respect to x)

ratio rational function

where g(x) and h(x) are polynomials rational numbers The set of numbers of the form
a b

where a and b are integers and b 0 real numbers real part reciprocal reciprocal function Numbers which exist and can be shown on the number line The value of a in the complex number a + ib The reciprocal of a number is 1 divided by that number A function of the form y =

1 ( x a)

recurring decimal

A decimal in which a digit or a group of digits repeats itself after the decimal point

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Term recursive

Definition In a recursive formula, the value of a term depends on the value of the previous term A recursive equation has the form un = un 1 + d such that you can work out any term using this equation only if you know or can generate the previous term Fitting a line of best fit to data shown in a scatter graph The straight line which provides the best fit to a set of bivariate data, using the criteria which give the minimum sum of squares of the residuals A more accurate version of a line of best fit, also known as the least squares regression line. It is the line drawn through a set of points such that the sum of the squares of the distance of each point from the line is a minimum A set of ordered pairs (x, y) The relationship between two perpendicular lines is that the product of their gradients is -1 Local minimum and maximum points The number of successes divided by the number of trials. This ratio can be used as an estimate of probability. The larger the number of trials, the closer the relative frequency is to the probability A function has a relative maximum point when the function changes from increasing to decreasing A function has a relative maximum point when the function changes from decreasing to increasing There is no change in the variable An unbiased, random understanding of a population

Notes

recursive equation

regression regression line

regression line for y on x

relation relationship

relative extrema relative frequency

relative maximum point

relative minimum point

remains constant representative

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Term residual

Definition The difference between an observed y value and the value predicted by the regression line A restriction given to the domain so that the relation is a function The result when two or more vectors are added and/or subtracted. Also known as the resultant A cone in which the apex is vertically above the centre of the base A prism in which the end faces are the same shape and size and are parallel A pyramid in which the apex is vertically above the centre of the base A triangle containing a right angle If x is a number, then the square root of x is the number a such that a2 = x The roots, or solutions, of an equation f(x) = 0 are the values of x which satisfy the equation. In other words when a root is substituted for x in f(x) the answer is zero Two functions have the same degree if the highest power of the variable in each function is equal A subset of a population A list containing all the units or elements which are the members of the population to be sampled A value of x satisfies an equation if it is a solution of the equation A quantity defined only by its magnitude Multiplication of a vector by a scalar The result of combining two vectors into a single numerical (scalar) quantity A set of points on a coordinate grid. The coordinates of the points represent the values of two variables

Notes

restrict the domain resultant vector

right cone right prism right pyramid right-angled triangle root roots of an equation

same degree

sample sample space

satisfy (an equation) scalar scalar multiplication scalar product

scatter diagram (or scatter plot)

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Term secant line second derivative second derivative test

Definition A line that intersects a circle at exactly two points The result when a function has been differentiated twice A method of finding relative extrema of a function by considering its second derivative The median of the entire set of data A function such that f(f(x)) = x A set of terms which are derived using a general rule The sum of the terms in a sequence Mathematical notation used to describe the properties of the elements of a set The international abbreviation for the International System of Units Notation used to express a sum The numbers of significant figures in a result is the number of figures that are known with some degree of reliability Triangles with the same three angles, and in which their corresponding sides are in the same proportions Statements that can easily be determined to be true (T) or false (F) Several equations in several variables which you can solve to give a common solution One of the trigonometric ratios. For an angle in a right angled triangle, sine = opposite/hypotenuse In any triangle ABC, =
c sine C a b = sine B sine A

Notes

second quartile self-inverse function sequence (of numbers) series set builder notation

SI sigma notation significant figures

similar triangles

simple simultaneous equations

sine

sine rule

size of a vector skew

Length, or magnitude A measure of the lack of symmetry of a distribution

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Term skew lines

Definition Non-parallel straight lines in 3D space which pass each other without intersecting The distance from the apex to any point on the circumference of the base An acronym used to remember the trigonometric ratios in a right-angled triangle A solid figure formed by rotating a plane figure about an axis of revolution For the function f(x), a is a solution if f(a) = 0 Finding unknown angles and sides Rate of change of distance A solid figure where each point on the surface is an equal distance from the centre When a value is multiplied by itself A measure of area. 1 square metre is a square with length of 1 metre A measure of spread of a set of data. It is the square root of the variance A way of writing very large or very small numbers without writing a lot of zeros. A number is written in standard form if it is in the form a 10k where 1 a < 10 and k is an integer If X ~ N(, 2) then the transformed random variable Z = X - / has a standard normal distribution An angle with its vertex at the origin and its initial side along the positive x-axis A method of standardizing a normal variable of unknown mean and variance into the normal variable ~ N(0, 1) A sentence or phrase with a precise mathematical meaning

Notes

slant height SOHCAHTOA

solid of revolution

solution solving (triangles) speed sphere

square square metre standard deviation standard form

standard normal distribution standard position

standardized normal variable

statement

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Term stationary point

Definition A point where the gradient of the function is zero. It can be a maximum or minimum point or a point of inflexion The shortest distance between two points A very visible correspondence between two variables When the argument is a tautology, the structure of the argument is considered to be perfect If every element in a given set, M, is also an element of another set, N, then M is a subset of N, denoted M N

Notes

straight line strong correlation structure of an argument subset

substitution method

Replace a variable in a formula by a particular value. Often used to solve simultaneous equations A central angle subtended by an arc is an angle with its vertex at the centre of the circle and its sides passing through the endpoints of the arc The arithmetic operation of taking one value away from another value A desired outcome The result of an addition The derivative of a function that is the sum or difference of two or more terms is the sum or difference of the derivatives of the terms The integral of a function that is the sum or difference of two or more terms is the sum or difference of the integrals of the terms The sum of the areas of all the faces of a solid The equivalent in set theory of exclusive or The standard name given to one side of a coin

subtended

subtraction success sum sum or difference rule of differentiation

sum or difference rule of integration

surface area symmetric difference Tails

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Term tan

Definition One of the trigonometric ratios. For an angle in a right angled triangle, tan = opposite/adjacent A line which touches a curve and is parallel to the curve at this point of contact An equation showing the relationship between tan, sine and cos A tangent line to a circle intersects the circle once At a tangent to the point of intersection of a circle A compound statement which is true whatever the truth values of the simple statements it is made up from An individual number or element of a sequence The end point of a vector The side of an angle that does not lie along the positive horizontal axis A decimal number with a finite number of digits after the decimal point An idea that has been proved to be true The theoretical probability of an event A is P(A) = n(A)/n(U) where n(A) is the number of ways that event A can occur and n(U) is the total number of possible outcomes The value three-quarters of the way into the data. Three quarters of the data lies below the third quartile and one quarter lies above A direction expressed as an angle measured clockwise from north Functions that can not be expressed as sums, differences, products, quotients and radicals involving xn In geometry, the means whereby a shape changes its position or shape or both

Notes

tangent

tangent identity tangent line tangential tautology

term terminal point terminal side terminating decimal

theorem theoretical probability

third quartile

three-figure bearings transcendental function

transformation

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Term trial triangle law triangular prism trigonometry truth table

Definition An experiment conducted a number of times under the same conditions A method of adding two vectors A prism with triangular faces The study of angles and lengths of triangles A table in which the truth values associated with a simple statement are tabulated. Each connective has its own truth table associated with it Whether a statement is true (T) or false (F) The point at which the gradient of a curve changes direction. It can be a maximum or minimum point All outcomes have an equal probability Without a solution The union of subsets A and B, denoted A B, includes the elements that lie in A, or in B, or in both A and B

Notes

truth value turning point

unbiased undefined union

unit unit circle unit fraction unit vector unit vector form unitary ratio univariate univariate analysis universal set upper boundary

A quantity used as a standard A circle with centre at the origin and radius 1 A fraction with numerator 1 A vector with a magnitude of 1 A vector expressed in terms of the base vectors i and j A ratio in which one of the terms is 1 Concerning a single variable Analysis involving a single variable The set including all elements being considered Calculated by finding the mean of the upper value from the class being considered and the lower value of the following class An upper limit determined from historical data

upper control limit

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Term upper limit

Definition The upper value at which an integral is evaluated. It represents the x coordinate of the vertical line at the upper boundary of the area bounded by the graph Quartiles separate large ordered sets of data into quarters. The upper quartile Q3 can be found by reading the value on the cumulative frequency curve corresponding to 3(n + 1)/4 on the cumulative frequency axis, where n is the total frequency An argument is valid if the compound statement that represents the argument is a tautology A letter which can take various numerical values. Not a constant The variable with respect to which a function is integrated The average squared distance from the mean for a set of data A quantity with both magnitude and direction Given u = u1i + u2j + u3k and v = v1i + v2j + v3k, the vector (cross) product of u and v is the vector u v = ( u2v3 u3v2 )i + ( u3v1 u1v3 ) j + ( u1v2 u2v1 )k The equation of a straight line expressed in terms of vectors and a parameter When a plane has a point with position vector a and two non-collinear vectors u and v parallel to the plane are known, then any point on the plane with position vector r satisfies the vector equation of the plane r =a+u+v A set whose elements satisfy certain properties under addition and multiplication Rate of change of displacement The instantaneous rate of change of displacement A diagram showing the relationship between events represented as sets, with associated probabilities

Notes

upper quartile

valid

variable variable of integration variance vector vector (cross) product

vector equation of a line vector equation of a plane

vector space

velocity velocity function Venn diagram

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Term vertex vertical vertical asymptote vertical axis vertical component vertical height vertical stretch of scale factor vertical translation volume of a cuboid

Definition A point where two lines intersect Perpendicular, or at 90 degrees, to the horizontal A vertical asymptote occurs when the value of y tends to infinity as x tends to 0 In the Cartesian coordinate system, this is the y-axis The amount of movement in the direction of the vertical axis The distance from the apex to the centre of the base A value which shows the extent of a vertical stretch or compression A movement parallel to the vertical axis Volume of a cuboid is V = l w h where l is the length, w is the width and h is the height Volume of a prism is V = area of cross-section height When the connection between the data sets is questionable The entire group of people or objects which is of interest, from which samples are drawn or on which a census will be conducted The coordinates of the point where a line intersects the x-axis. The y coordinate of this point is always zero A method to work out the 2 value when the number of degrees of freedom is 1 The coordinates of a point where a line intersects the y-axis. The x coordinate of this point is always zero No correspondence between variables. Shown by the absence of a trend in the scatter diagram The function (x) = 0. The graph is the x-axis itself If xy = 0 then either x = 0 or y = 0 or both All the elements in the vector are zero

Notes

volume of a prism weak correlation whole population

x-intercept

Yates continuity correction y-intercept

zero (or no) correlation

zero polynomial zero product property zero vector

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