Self Phase Modulation Reduction For WDM Transmission Using EDFA
Self Phase Modulation Reduction For WDM Transmission Using EDFA
Self Phase Modulation Reduction For WDM Transmission Using EDFA
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected], [email protected] Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Abstract
Main objectives of this paper is to reduce the self phase modulation reduction for WDM transmission using EDFA. For systems operating at 10 Gb/s and above, for lower-bit-rate systems that use high-transmitted powers, the SPM can significantly increase the pulse-broadening effects of chromatic dispersion. In the present work, an alternate approach (reduction of the SPM effect by optimizing core fiber area) is suggested which, is discussed. In fact, there are different methods to reduce this effect.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this paper we will discuss reduction of SPM for WDM transmission using EDFA. The response of any dielectric to light becomes nonlinear for intense electromagnetic fields and it is also applicable to optical fiber. Although, silica is not a highly nonlinear material , the waveguide geometry that confines light to a small cross section over long fiber lengths make non linear effects very important in design of modern light wave system. The non-linear optical phenomena are stimulated light scattering (SBS and SRS), SPM, XPM and FWM. Stimulated light Scattering (SBS and SRS) Rayleigh scattering is an example of elastic scattering for which the frequency (or the photon energy) of scattered light remains unchanged. By contrast, the frequency of scattered light is shifted downward during inelastic scattering. Two examples of inelastic scattering are Raman scattering and Brilliuon scattering. The main difference is that optical phonons participate in Raman scattering, whereas acoustic phonons participate in Brilliuon scattering. Both scattering processes result in a loss of power at the incident frequency. However, their scattering cross sections are sufficiently small that loss is negligible at low power levels. But at high power levels, the nonlinear phenomena of SRS and SBS become important. Self-Phase Modulation SPM arises because the refractive index of the fiber has an intensity-dependent component. This nonlinear refractive index causes an induced phase shift, which is proportional to the intensity of the pulse. Thus different parts of the pulse undergo a different phase shift, which gives rise to chirping of the pulses. The pulse chirping in turn enhances the pulsebroadening effects of chromatic dispersion [24]. This chirping effect is proportional to the transmitted signal power so the SPM effects are more pronounced in systems using high-transmitted powers. The SPM-induced chirp affects the pulsebroadening effects of chromatic dispersion and thus is important to consider for high-bit-rate systems that already have significant chromatic dispersion limitations. Cross-Phase Modulation The intensity dependence of the refractive index can also lead to another nonlinear phenomenon known as XPM. It occurs when two or more optical channels are transmitted simultaneously inside an optical fiber using the WDM technique. In such systems, the nonlinear phase shift for a specific channel depends not only on the power of that channel but also on the power of other channels. The reason is that the XPM acts in isolation without dispersive effects and is valid only for CW optical beams. In practice, pulses in different channels travels at different speeds. The XPM-induced phase shift can occur only when two pulses overlap in time. Four Wave Mixing The power dependence of the refractive index leads to the third-order nonlinear susceptibility. The nonlinear phenomenon, known as FWM, also originates from third-order nonlinear susceptibility. If three optical fields with carrier frequencies 1 , 2 and 3 co-propagate inside the fiber simultaneously, (3) generates a fourth field whose frequency 4 is related to other frequencies by a relation 4=123. Several frequencies corresponding to different plus and minus sign combinations are possible in principle.
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Figure 1.8: Functional types of Optical Amplifiers To increase the density of erbium ions i.e the number of erbium ions in a volume unit of silica fiber we reduces the core diameter of the erbium doped silica fiber, which reduces its core diameter. The core diameter of and erbium doped fiber ranges from about 3 to about 6 m; while the core diameter of a regular fiber, ranges form 9 to 11 m; where the core diameter of a doped fiber is small (meaning it has a small core diameter), the probability of a collision between the erbium ions and the photons of information signal (that is, the signal being amplified) increases. In other words, a small core diameter increases the efficiency of the amplification process. To achieve even more efficient amplification, we not only decrease the core diameter but also concentrate most of the erbium ions in the center region of the small core. The concentration of erbium ions in the center area varies form 100 to 2000 parts per million. An active fiber with concentration of erbium ions as high as 5000 ppm is also available. Basic Operation of EDFA: Spontaneous emission is random in phase and occurs without external stimulation (erbium ion moves from lower state to higher state. This state is unstable and thus they return to lower state resulting in release of energy. This is spontaneous emission. When the erbium ions are made to move to lower state (external stimulation) its emission is coherent, called stimulated emission. For stimulated emission to take place emission must be greater then absorption. For that, no. of erbium ions must be greater then at intermediate level then at lower level. This is called condition of population inversion. To attain population inversion we need to pump erbium ions at intermediate level.
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Where j = 1,2, n 2 is the nonlinear index co-efficient, P is the optical power and Aeff is the effective core area. So increasing core effective area can decrease the variation in refractive index. This method is used in present work to reduce the SPM effect. The DCF fiber is used and signal is transmitted up to 100 km and core effective area of this fiber is varied from 20 pm2 to 30 pm2. This method over comes the limitation of first method in the following manner. 1. The input power is varied from 10 dBm to 17.5 dBm to show clearly the effect of the SPM. 2. Input pulse width is constant (59 ps). 3. Distance of transmitting fiber is increased from 5 km to 100 km.
A 10 Gb/s NRZ signal is transmitted with standard single mode fiber, dispersion shifted (normal) fiber, dispersion shifted (anomalous) and dispersion compensated fiber. The power at the input of each configuration is varied from 10 dBm to 17.5 dBm. By increasing the power, the SPM grows and depletes the signal and the output power decreases. This deteriorating effect is more pronounced at 17.5 dBm, which causes additional pulse broadening. Figure (3.1) and Figure (3.2) shows the block diagram and the circuit diagram. This mainly consists of following three parts. 1. Transmitter Section: This includes data source, driver, optical source and modulator. 2. Fiber Section: Different types of fiber used in this section are standard single mode, dispersion shifted fiber (normal), dispersion shifted fiber (anomalous) and DCF. The signal is transmitted up to distance of 100 km. 3. Receiver Section: This section consists of pre-amplifier, filters, photo-detector and measuring devices.
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1 f 2 f1
Table 3.1: SSM fiber Output f2 f1 power (THz) (dBm) 9.915 .018 9.861 .021 9.662 .034 9.204 .041 Table 3.2: DS normal fiber Output f2 f1 power (dBm) (THz) 10.155 10.320 10.205 9.108 .018 .020 .034 .040
The observations for pulse width are summarized in table 3.1 for SSM, table 3.2 for DS normal, table 3.3 for DS anomalous and table 3.4 DCF.
Table 3.3: DS Anomalous fiber Output f2 f1 Pulse power (dBm) (THz) width (ps) 10.035 10.258 10.097 8.823 .017 .018 .038 .041 58.82 55.56 26.32 24.39
Table 3.4: DCF fiber Output f2 f1 power (dBm) (THz) 9.782 9.754 9.701 9.553 .017 .018 .018 .026
Based upon these observations, the graphs are shown in Figure (3.20) and Figure (3.21). Figure (3.20) shows the variation of output pulse width with input power for all fiber configurations. The input pulse width is 59 ps as seen from
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Figure 3.21: Variation of output power with input power However, if core area is increased beyond this limit the output power decreases due to introduction of ASE noise effect due to which dispersion increases and pulse broadening occurs again. Table 4.5 shows the variation of output power with core effective area. Table 3.5: Variation of output power with core effective area.
Core area 20 (pm2) Power (dBm) 22 24 26 28 30 32
9.60 9.658 9
9.906 9.929
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