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    CH 26 Phylum Porifera

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    CH 26 Phylum Porifera

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    api-244168124
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    ch 26 phylum porifera

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    298 views51 pages

    CH 26 Phylum Porifera

    Uploaded by

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 51

    Ch.

    26 Sponges & Cnidarians

    What is an animal?
    Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Aerobic Reproduce sexually (and perhaps asexually) Develop from embryos Are motile at some point in their life cycle

    Vertebrates vs. Invertebrates


    Vertebrates have a backbone Include all fishes, amphibians, reptiles,birds, and mammals. Comprise approximately 5% of the worlds species. Invertebrates are not primitive and evolutionarily stunted, but rather display adaptations to an amazing variety of environments. Over 95% of the worlds species.

    Concept Map
    Section 26-1

    Animals

    have Eukaryotic cells with

    are

    carry out Essential functions such as

    Heterotrophs

    No cell walls

    Feeding

    Respiration

    Circulation

    Excretion

    Response

    Movement

    Reproduction

    What animals do to survive


    Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction

    Trends in animal evolution


    Cell specialization and levels of organization Early development Body symmetry Cephalization Body cavity formation

    Early Development
    Protostomes-mouth is formed from blastopore (most invertebrates) Deuterostomes-anus is formed from blastopore (echinoderms and vertebrates) Endoderm-innermost layer (digest & respiratory systems) Mesoderm-middle layer (muscles, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory system.) Ectoderm-outermost layer (sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin.)

    Body Symmetry
    Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry Posterior end Dorsal side Anterior end

    Ventral side

    Plane of symmetry Planes of symmetry

    of sense Cephalization- concentration organs & nerve cells at the front allow the organism to respond more quickly. Anterior Posterior Dorsal Ventral

    Lateral

    Phylum Porifera The Sponges

    Frogfish sitting among sea sponges on Sulug Island reef, 25 m/80 ft.

    Taxonomy
    Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Parazoa (lacks tissues) Phylum Porifera (pore-bearers)

    Characteristics
    o Simplest of all animals o Contain specialized cells but no other organization level o 9000 species, most are marine o Saltwater sponges are brightly colored o Freshwater sponges are small and dull green color (100 species) o Size 2cm to 2m

    Characteristics
    o Porifera means porebearing, evolved 540mya. o Water enters through pores bringing in food and oxygen o Filter/suspension feeders consume plankton. o Osculum large opening at the top where excess water leaves

    WATER OUT

    Water Flow Through the Sponge


    WATER IN Osculum

    Water Flow Through Sponge

    Characteristics
    o Asymmetrical o Sessile as adults (attach to rocks) o Free-swimming larval stage called Dipleurula o Also reproduce by fragmentation (pieces break off & form a new sponge)

    Anatomy of a Sponge
    Water flow Osculum Central cavity Pores

    Choanocyte
    Spicule Pore cell Pore Epidermal cell Archaeocyte

    Sponge Body Structure


    o Inside body cavity of sponge is hollow o Called the Spongocoel o Have 2 cell layers: Outer epidermis Inner endoderm o Jelly-like material between cell layers called mesenchyme

    Specialized Cells
    Choanocytes (collar cells) line inside of body cavity (spongocoel) Have flagella that spins to pull in water & plankton Collar traps plankton (food) from water

    Collar

    Other Specialized Cells


    o Amebocytes: Roam to pick up food digestion. Move through the
    from choanocytes, finish

    mesenchyme & distribute food to other cells. Transport carbon dioxide & wastes away from cells. Form tough skeletal fibers (spicules) within the mesenchyme

    Skeletal Structure of the Sponge


    Skeleton made of network of protein fibers called Spongin Spicules are hard spear or starshaped structures Spicules made of CaCO3 (limestone) or silica (glass)

    Sponge Skeletons
    Silica Spicules

    Limestone Spicules

    SPONGIN

    Sponge Skeletons

    SPICULES

    VENUS FLOWER BASKET

    Sponge Reproduction
    o Sponges can regenerate (regrow) lost body parts through mitotic cell division (asexual) o Sponges also reproduce asexually by budding

    Sponge Reproduction
    o Sponges are hermaphrodites (produce both eggs & sperm) o Sponges reproduce Sexually by releasing sperm into the water from the Osculum o Cross-fertilize each others eggs
    Sponge releasing sperm

    Sponge Life Cycle


    MEIOSIS
    Haploid (N)
    Diploid (2N)

    Sperm from a sponge are released into the surrounding water. Water currents carry the sperm to other sponges.

    New sponge

    Sperm (N)

    Mature sponge (2N)

    Egg (N) Planula (Swimming larva)

    The zygote develops into a free-swimming larva. Water currents carry the larva until it attaches to a surface and grows into a new sponge.

    Larva (2N) Sperm enter another sponge through pores. The sperm are carried to eggs inside the body wall. Sperm fertilize eggs.
    FERTILIZATION

    Surviving Harsh Conditions


    o Gemmules are specialized buds made to survive harsh weather (dry or cold) o Contain food, amebocytes, and a protective covering of spicules o Released when a sponge dies o Resist dessication (drying out) o Become adult sponge conditions become favorable

    How Humans Utilize Sponges


    Biomedical Researchmay provide treatments for malaria, tuberculosis, cancer, osteoarthritis Chemical Engineering

    Japanese deep sea sponge

    To be stylishhow many people do you know that have a rare 19th century natural sea sponge collection.as if.

    A new and unique place to draw smilies.

    Scrub a dub-dubor a babyyou know, whatever is handy

    Sea Sponge Attacks HUMAN!

    No, not really

    Sea sponges produce a large variety of toxin, which are present, either on the surface of the sponge or released into the water. The intended function of these toxins is to ward off predators that would otherwise feed on the sponges, but humans can become the unintended targets by handling sponges or by abrading against sponges. Small particles from the sponge surface (spicules) may also dislodge and remain adherent to the skin surface of the unfortunate traveler causing local inflammation.

    Classes of Sponges
    Calcarea includes chalky sponges with calcium carbonate spicules. Hexactinella includes glass sponges & the Venus flower baskethave silica spicules. Demospongia includes horny & bath sponges with only spongin or spongin & silica spicules. Sclerospongiae are coral sponges that have spongin & silica and calcium carbonate spicules.

    Tube Sponge (Callyspongia vaginalis)


    The Tube Sponge is one of the most common varieties of sea sponge to be found on the reef. It is distinguished by its long tube-shaped growths, and ranges in color from purple to blue, gray, and gray-green. Filtered water is ejected through the large openings on the ends. This is one of the few reef invertebrates that is blue in color.

    Vase Sponge (Ircinia campana)


    The Vase Sponge is a common species found in the Caribbean off the eastern coast of Florida. A large bell shape with a deep central cavity characterizes it. This sea sponge grows up to 2 feet wide and 3 feet high. It ranges in color from purple to red and brown, and is found attached to rocks near the sandy bottoms.

    Yellow Sponge (Cleona celata) This small Yellow Sponge species is commonly found throughout the Pacific coastal waters of the United States. It is found growing in small colonies, and ranges in color from orange to bright yellow. This sea sponge and can be found encrusting rocks on the reef face. Red Tree Sponge (Haliclona compressa) This bright red sponge species is very common throughout the Caribbean Sea. This sea sponge usually grows to a height of about 8 inches. This is one species that is easy to keep and can do relatively well in a home aquarium environment. These sponges require a moderate water flow and dim light to do well.

    Branching Tube Sponge

    Stove Pipe Sponge

    Vase Sponges

    Barrel Sponges

    Ball Sponges

    Rope Sponges

    Common Name: Ping Pong Tree Sponge Scientific Name/Class: Chondrochladia Lampadiglobus Little is known about this type of sponge, they live 2600-3000 m down into the abyss. They can grow up to 19 inches tall feeding on small invertebrates passing by.

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