This document provides an overview and summary of histology techniques and the four main tissue types presented in a first year medical school histology course at Cambridge University. It includes brief descriptions of staining techniques, the key features and functions of connective, muscular, nervous, and epithelial tissues. Examples of anatomical structures like blood vessels and parts of the respiratory system are also summarized. The presentation aims to provide simple overviews of tissue types and identification for students learning histology.
This document provides an overview and summary of histology techniques and the four main tissue types presented in a first year medical school histology course at Cambridge University. It includes brief descriptions of staining techniques, the key features and functions of connective, muscular, nervous, and epithelial tissues. Examples of anatomical structures like blood vessels and parts of the respiratory system are also summarized. The presentation aims to provide simple overviews of tissue types and identification for students learning histology.
Original Description:
A summary of all 1st year medical related Histology
This document provides an overview and summary of histology techniques and the four main tissue types presented in a first year medical school histology course at Cambridge University. It includes brief descriptions of staining techniques, the key features and functions of connective, muscular, nervous, and epithelial tissues. Examples of anatomical structures like blood vessels and parts of the respiratory system are also summarized. The presentation aims to provide simple overviews of tissue types and identification for students learning histology.
This document provides an overview and summary of histology techniques and the four main tissue types presented in a first year medical school histology course at Cambridge University. It includes brief descriptions of staining techniques, the key features and functions of connective, muscular, nervous, and epithelial tissues. Examples of anatomical structures like blood vessels and parts of the respiratory system are also summarized. The presentation aims to provide simple overviews of tissue types and identification for students learning histology.
Cambridge University by Christiane Riedinger 2011 Aim of this presentation When starting to learn histology, I was looking for simple overviews presenting the key features of each tissue type or tissue found in the body. Since I could not nd that anywhere, I made it myself! This presentation should be used with a standard histology textbook (or the internet ;-)) showing you slides/pictures of the structures described here. Pictures of particular stains (part I) have been cited. C.Riedinger Contents staining and xing techniques histological properties of human tissue types ways to identify tissues/cells 2.1. connective tissue 2.2. muscle tissue 2.3. nervous tissue 2.4. epithelial tissue
blood cells (connective tissue)
ganglia (nervous tissue)
components of the urinary system
tissue types of the GI tract
1. 2. 3. 4. histological properties of anatomical structures C.Riedinger staining and xing techniques 1. C.Riedinger staining and xing techniques (2) 1. C.Riedinger staining and xing techniques (3) 1. C.Riedinger staining and xing techniques (4) 1. C.Riedinger 2. tissue types: connective tissue Overview of tissue types: C.Riedinger tissue type function cell types layers/comp onents appearance stains connec- tive (mesoderm) - fibroblasts (excrete ECM), come from mesoderm - adipocytes - chondroblasts - myofibroblasts - immune cells: macrophages, histiocytes, mast cells, white blood cells - collagen mostly I, II in cartilage, II in skin, vessels, IV in epithelium of basement membranes - elastic fibres (stain poorly) - ground substance (= gel embedding collagen and elastin) types: 1. Loose (10-20% C) 2. Dense (40-50% C, tendons 90%) 3. elastic lung, skin, bladder, vessels, change with age 4. cartilage 70% ground substance 5. bone = cartilage with 70% salts 6. fat white or brown 7. blood - binds functional cell groupings together - regulation - masson's trichrome (collagen) - van gieson (collagen) - elastin stain (elastin) - eosin (collagen, but not specific) - silver stain (reticulin) C.Riedinger 2. tissue types: muscle tissue Overview of tissue types: C.Riedinger tissue type function cell types layers/comp onents appearance stains
muscular (embryologically a subtype of connective from mesoderm) - contraction - unicellular: myoepithelial cells (secretory glands), pericytes (like smooth muscle, surrounds blood vessels, called multiunit smooth muscle as each unit functions individually), myofibroblasts (contractile and collagen, scarring) - multicellular: smooth (lots of cells function as single unit), cardiac, skeletal - no striations, spindles - 1 elongated centrally located nucleus - irregularly branching fasciculi, can have ganglia - shorter, often layered - fasciculi aren't in parallel - no myofibrils - caveolae - gap junctions - intermediate - appears striated - 1-2 central nuclei - intracellular boundaries hard to see - cells appear continuous (funct. Syncytium) - branched ends - long, cylindrical - rich capillary network - intercalated discs (Z) - gap junctions - no end plates, tendons! - diad (SR + T) - extremely elongated - multinucleate (in transverse section may not be seen) - nucleus at periphery - striated - parallel fasciculi - triad = SR terminal cisterna + T-tubule - surrounded by lamina - attached via link proteins - endomysium: supp. tissue around each individual muscle fibre - perimysium: surrounds each muscle cell bundle = fascicle - epimysium: around groups of fasciculi, dense collagenous sheeth around whole muscle - masson's trichrome: (muscle, connective tissue) C.Riedinger 2. tissue types: muscle tissue (2) C.Riedinger striated: light: I-band containing Z-line (made of actin fibres) dark: A-band containing myosin fibres H-band: myosin-only region in A-band M-line: middle of A-band T-tubules: T-tubules are at level of Z-bands (cardiac, amphibian skeletal) T-tubule at junction of A and I bands (skeletal) Red skeletal muscle: (aerobic, stains more strongly) rich in myoglobin, numeruous mitochondria, many capillaries White skeletal muscle: (anaerobic, stain is more pale) less myoglobin, fewer mitochondria, poorer blood supply cardiac: junctions! intercalated discs: black line perpendicular to length of fibre, parallelt o striations membrane-to-membrane contact in intercalated discs (only visible at EM resultion): 1. Fascia adherens: intermediate junction, anchors actin at terminal sarcomeres - mechanical connection 2. desmosomes: (macular adherens), attachment of intermediate filaments to cytoskeleton - mechanical 3. Gap junctions: (nexus), exchange/transmission of ions and small molecules from cell to cell - electrical result: functional syncytium! purkjinje fibres: pacemaker cells, larger than cardiac muscle cells and sometimes binucleated contain lots of mitochondria but less myofibrils (irregular), no T-tubules and intercalated discs still have desmosomes and gap junctions, lots of glycogen (can stain for it specificlally!) smooth: dense bodies/plaques: points of attachment for actin filaments caveolae: invaginations of the plasma membrane, help Ca2+ entry macula - spot (latin) C.Riedinger 2. tissue types: nervous tissue Overview of tissue types: C.Riedinger tissue type function cell types layers/comp onents appearance stains nervous (from ectoderm?)
transverse: - bundles of axons = fasciculi - endoneurium = around each nerve fibre along with myelin - perineurium = dense conn. tiss around bundles of nerve fibres = fascicles - epineurium = loose conn. tiss around fascicles Longitudinal: dendride, nodes of ranvier other: ganglia, myelin, axon hillock, terminal - neurons (multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar) - glial cells (schwann cells, oligodendrocyte, astrocytes, satellite cells) - fibrocytes - large cell body - large, round, prominent but pale staining nucleus, dispersed chromatin - extensive basophilic cytoplasm - large and central nucleolus (transcriptional activity) - in longitudinal section of nerve trunks: zig-zaggy lines with round nuclei (of schwann cells!!!!) - abundant rER in nucleus and dendrites (= Nissl substance from Nissl staining RNA) - ganglia: cell bodies and/or synapses - electrically conduct signals - Nissl methylene blue (rER) - Sudan black (for LM) and osmium (for EM) (myelin and lipids, connective dissue) 2. tissue types: epithelial tissue Overview of tissue types: C.Riedinger tissue type function cell types layers/comp onents appearance stains epithelial (endoderm, ectoderm) - cover the body and line spaces and tubes within it - protect - absorb - secrete - skin, nephrons, airways, glands, gut... - very closely packed epithelial cells - subtype reflects function - goblet cells (mucus secreting) - hair cell (sensory) - gustatory (taste cell) Even though not a cell type: epithelial tissue always contains a basement membrane (lamina densa) consisting of type IV collagen simple: = single layer - squamous - cuboidal - columnar - pseudostratified stratified: = multiple layers - squamous (wear & tear) - cuboidal - columnar - transitional - flat thin cells difficult to distinguish sometimes only nuclei visible - round centrally located nucleus, often polygonal - tall, elongated cells may be ciliated - mostly ciliated cells, nuclei not in line - NEVER CILIATED! - only top layer flat, bottom layer cuboid - intermediate betw. Stratified cuboidal and squamous. But all layers have the same shape! C.Riedinger 3. anatomical structures: vessels organs: vessels C.Riedinger 1. Tunica intima internal elastic lamina 2. Tunica media external elastic lamina 3. Tunica adventitia general fenestrated layer of elastin separating 1. and 2.. In very large elastic vessels hard to see as media has so many layers of elastin. less defined layer of elasting separating 2. and 3. arteries, elastic + + + + arteries, muscular + + + + arteriole + - <0.3mm diam vein - - overall much thinner wall compared to lumen lymph capillaries - - - - continuous, fenestrated (windows bridged by thin diaphragm) or sinusuidal with proper gaps venule + - - - + nuclei of endothelial cells are elongated in direction of vessel, smooth muscle nuclei are elongated circumferentially layers blood vessels other like veins but no erys in lumen, few leucocytes and precipitaed lymp protein (artifact of preparation!) 1a. Endothelium (1 flat layer, cells difficult to distinguish in LM, often see only nuclei) 1b. Basement membrane 1c. Connective tissue - smooth muscle - collagen - elastin - quite thick compared to intima - supporting tissue: collagen - contains innervation and blood supply (for very large vessels, vasa vasorum) - in continuation with surrounding tissue + very broad, contains concentrically arranged layers of elastin with some smooth muscle between layers, elastin decreases with age + circumferentially arranged smooth muscle + (thin) + (almost entirely smooth muscle) + (merges with surrounding tissue) + (most prominent) + (thin) + (thin) + (only 1a and 1b) 3. anatomical structures: respiratory system organs: respiratory system (lung) C.Riedinger 1a. epithelium 1b. Lamina propria 1c. Smooth Muscle trachea - bronchus + bronchioles alveoli compart- ment stain 1. mucosa? 2. submucosa 3. cartilage - pseudostratified columnar ciliated - many mucus secreting goblet cells - unusually thick basement - loose connective tissue - many blood vessels - C-shaped hyaline cartilage - with layers of fibroelastic tissue between cart. rings - submucosa merges with its perichondrium - pseudostratified columnar ciliated (less tall, smaller) - fewer goblet cells - more dense - more elastic - numerous seromucinous glands - serous cells stain strongly - mucous cells stain poorly - H&E - fewer seromuceous glands - flatter, interconnected plates of cartilage rather than rings - not C-shaped - simple columnar ciliated - <1mm diam. - smaller bronchioles cuboidal - less to no goblet cells, but Clara cells! (= resp. bronchiole) + prominent feature! -very thin - is it there? -seems to be there but much less glands and thinner - lined with pneumo- cyte type I cells (40% covering 90%) - can only see nuclei - 60/10% pneumocyte type II (cuboidal, much CP, secrete surfactant) - endothelial cell on the blood side - thin-walled pulmonary artery branches can lie next to bronchiole - alveolar ducts: smooth muscle cells, collagen and elastic fibres - alveolar septum (wall): alveolar capillaries and sparse network of elastin and collagen with pneumocytes of the walls of the two adjacent alveoli next to it - septum also contains few fibroblasts - elastin and collagen condense around alveolar openings to form supporting network for lung parenchyma (parenchyme = bulk of a substance = lung material) - 8um openings in septum: alveolar pores (of Kohn) for air exachange - also alveolar macrophages (dust cells) with thin flattened, even nucleus 3. anatomical structures: urinary system organs: urinary system (kidneys) C.Riedinger epithelium other cells features bowman's capsule - - - - - - ureter, bladder compartment glomerulus thick ascending loop of henle distal convoluted tubule (DCT) collecting tubules (CT) collecting duct (CD) renal corpuscle proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) thin descending and thin ascending loop of henle afferent arteriole - podocytes - mesangial cells 2. extraglomerular mesangial cells simple squamous endothelium (fenestrated) simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium - invaginated sphere - visceral and parietal layer (but where is visceral layer? Can't see it on EM) - 1* and 2* foot processes - embrace capillary loops - filtration barrier: 1. Endothelial cells, 2. Basement membrane, 3. podocytes - contractive cells, phagocytotic (can reduce GFR) - surround glomerular capillaries - mesangium = supportive tissue similar to basement membrane, cytoplasm very stained - flat, elongated continuous with glomerular mesang. cells - conical mass, cytoplasmic processes - brush border (aids reabsorbtion) - many mitochondria, endocytotic vesicles and lysosomes - FUZZY LUMEN!!! simple cuboidal epithelium - NO brush border! - smaller cells, stain less intensely - nucleus protrudes into lumen - cell volume smaller - specialised epithelial cells - closely packed, taller, thin basement membrane - located on side of DCT that faces corpuscle simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium (low) simple columnar epithelium - large diameter - pale cytoplasm, few organelles - pale stained - short microvilli - darker cytoplasm, many mitos, vesicles (H+) - wider than CDT - less regular in shape stratified transitional epithelium - 3-6 layers - thick luminal surface - impermeable to urine/water 3. macula densa (where in contact with glomerulus) simple squamous endothelium 1. juxtaglomerular cells - modified smooth muscle cells JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS formed by comparments of glomerulus, afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule - principal cells - a-intercalated cells simple cuboidal epithelium - CLEAR LUMEN!!! (Wheater's p. 318, 320,325) 3. anatomical structures: glands organs: glands C.Riedinger type of gland arrangement main component ducts features other Salivary lobules separated by septa, surrounded by capsule acini (end pieces) = clusters of mucus secreting cells, serous secreting cells, or a mix of both. Duct system more prominent intercalated ducts leading to striated ducts, stain red. Simple cuboidal epi, central round nucleus mucus secreting: bigger, sain pale with nuclei on side. Serous secreting: smaller, stain strongly, pyramidal/cuboidal cells lots of vessels, nerves, (parasympathetic) ganglions, extretory ducts, connective tissue, lymphatic vessels acini (exclusively serous with central nuclei, surrounded by fine network of supporting tissue containing sinusoids) intercalated ducts (difficult to ID with LM), leading to intralobular and interlobular ducts (big lumen) arranged circularly with lateral nuclei (apex towards inside, nucleus basal), tiny lumen, sometimes centroacinar cells abundant blood supply, network of arterioles. in ducts: cells change from squamous or cuboidal epithelium to stratified cuboidal in large ducts islets of langerhans - smaller, scattered pale staining blobs of varying size, cells contained smaller than acinar cells, evenly distributed cells with evenly distributed nuclei immunological stain for glucagen (alpha-cells, smaller) or insulin (beta-cells, stain with aldehyde fuchsin) reveals that glucagon is produced in the periphery whereas insulin is produced centrally hepatocytes and sinusoid arterioles polyhedral cells with round nuclei, some binucleated, arranged into branching sheaths of 1 cell thickness, separated by sinusoids which appear as empty spaces portal tracts/triads: entry site of blood from terminal branches of portal vein and hepatic artery, leads to central vein, exit of bile duct (canaliculus). thin-walled veins, thicker walled arteries, darkly staining bile ducts. Also contains lymphatic tissue/ducts which is often collapsed macrophages (Kupffer cells) present in sinusoids to remove debris, sinusoids have gaps between endothelial cells to promote exchange of plasma components with the hepatocytes (see EM). canaliculi with microvilli that run countercurrent to the sinusoids lobules separated by loose supporting tissue surrounded by collagenous capsule. Exocrine (80-85%) and endocrine (1-2%) features! Pancreas polygonal lobules with thin boundaries of collagenous supporting tissue Liver 3. anatomical structures: glands (2) organs: glands C.Riedinger type of gland arrangement components products features other follicles, contain thyroid hormones stored in homogenous colloids, lined with single layer of cuboidal follicular cells tri-iodothyronine, 4- iodothyronine (=thyroxine) morphology ~ activity: resting thyroid follicular cells flattened, lots of colloid, active thyroid follicular cells large, columnar, basal nucleus, less colloid hormones bound to thyroglobulin, a glycoprotein, when stored. Thyroid gland is unique in storing lots of hormone when inactive! parafollicular cells calcitonin scattered, lumps or single cells, near fenestrated capillaries for hormones to enter blood stream endoneurocrine, derived from neural crest cells? chief/principal cells (most common) PTH large, round nuclei, resting cells have pale cytoplasm, prominent golgi, rER, secretory granules. When active smaller, more rER, stain more strongly oxyphil cells (minor component) unknown eosinophilic cytoplasm, numerous mitochondria, larger than principal cells Anteroir pituitary (adeno) blob glandular epithelium, intimate vascular connections with hypothalamus. chromophobe and chromophil cells = ~troph cells with lots of granules* GH, ACTH, LH, FSH, prolactin, thyrotrophin cords or clumps of cells, sinusoid capillaries, collagen and reticulin network, chromophobes: smallest, few granules, chromophils: acidophil or basophil. *50% somatrophs (GH) 20% corcitutrophs (ACTH) 20% lactrotrophs (prolactin) 5% gonadotrophs (LH, FSH) 5% thyrotrophs (thyrotrophin) Posterior pituitary (neuro) connects to hypothalamus via stalk non-myelinated axons, pituicytes (speciallised glial cells) ADH, oxytocin axons: lots of granules, accumulate in distended terminations = Herring bodies, granules contain hormone precursors generated in cell body, final hormone generated during transport. Pituicyte EM: few granules cell bodies of axons in hypothalamus poorly defined lobules + septa contained in the capsule of thyroid gland (septa [blue] = extensions of capsule containing neurovascular structures) Parathyroid glandular elements can be intermixed with adipose cells, in age becomes infiltrated by lymphocytes Thyroid lobulated 3. anatomical structures: GI tract C.Riedinger C.Riedinger BLOOD Wheater's: table page 64 1. red blood cells: 2. white blood cells: (1/1000 blood cells) 5 types, named based on staining properties of granules granulocytes: Neutrophils do not stain in humans 60% eosinophils pick up eosin and therefore stain orange 3% basophils pick up azures and therefore stain blue, rarest cells 1% single multilobed nuclei (polymorphonuclear) originally believed to be polynuclear mononuclear leucocytes: lymphocytes clear cytoplasm, rounded nucleus 34% (agranular) monocytes large, indented curved nucleus 4% non-lobulated nuclei agranolucytes 3. platelets: - total absence of organelles - no nucleus - flattened disc with elevated circumference - reticulocytes (= precursors, <1% of circulating erys) have some residual nuclear material - very young cells some rER and mitochondria - small - non-nucleated - round or oval, biconvex - cytoplasm purple stained - granules = 20% of platelet volume - many organelles identify: blood cells (connective tissue) 4. C.Riedinger identify: blood cells (connective tissue) (2) 4. C.Riedinger identify: type of ganglia (nervous tissue) 4. C.Riedinger how to distinguish ganglia cell bodies are large with smaller supporting cells around it symp + parasymp: contain synapses (stellar ganglion = largest symp ganglion) sensory: just contain cell bodies appearance sensory ganglion: many and larger nuclei of satellite (supporting cells), form neat circle around cell body, even larger cell bodies pseudounipolar neurons! sympathetic ganglion: smaller and more scattered satellites, smaller cell bodies more space between cell bodies as axons and dendrites have to pass through! same basic structure as sensory ganglia parasymp. Ganglion: near target organ! Islands of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves and ducts nerve cell bodies lie within nerve trunk, are surrounded by support cells, less satellites, smaller cell bodies large cell bodies and axons nerves in longitudinal section zig-zaggy strands with nuclei of schwann cells visible each myelin producing schwann cell covers ca. 1mm of the nerve fibre in-between: nodes of ranvier often stained black with pink connective tissue in-between individual myelinated fibres organs: alimentary system (gut) C.Riedinger Wheater's: page 286, 287, for glands 97 How to distinguish different parts of the gut: Are there villi? * Yes Small intestine: Duodenum/Jejunum/Ileum Are there brunner's glands? * Yes Duodenum * No Jejunum/Ileum Are there peyer's patches? * Yes Ileum * No Oesophagus/Stomach/Colon * No Jejunum Are there glands? * Yes Stomach/Colon What do the glands look like? Straight and beautiful Colon Thick very thick layer underneath ducts, less ordered Stomach * No Stratified squamout epithelium? Oesophagus - looks more structured than stomach - mucin stains more blue than cyan identify: GI tract 4. identify: urinary system 4. organs: urinary system (kidneys) C.Riedinger adrenal gland egulfed in dense supporting tissue that extends into gland to support secretory cells zona glomerulosa 5-10% secretes mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone) whorls of cells and capillaries zona fasciculata 75% narrow cords of large cels sinusoid capillaries cortex: rich in sER and lipids "foamy" secretes glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol) zona reticulosa irregular network of branching cords numerous capillaries of wide diameter smaller cells than other two layers secretes androgenic steroids medulla: chromaffin cells clumps and cords of cells surrounded by fine supporting tissue large nucleus (stains blue) basophilic cytoplasm secretes catecholamines (e.g. (nor)adrenaline) steroid secreting cells: many mitochondria with unusual tubular cristae sER lipid droplets (if secreting cholesterol, in cortex) membrane-bound granules (if secreting catecholamines in medulla, but those are not steroids) The End.