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    Bio Metals

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    The document discusses biometals used in biomedical engineering applications including 316L stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, and titanium-aluminum alloys. It covers fabrication methods, mechanical properties, stress shielding effects, corrosion, and implant applications of these materials.

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    Bio Metals

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    min_yu_6
    146 views23 pages
    The document discusses biometals used in biomedical engineering applications including 316L stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, and titanium-aluminum alloys. It covers fabrication methods, mechanical properties, stress shielding effects, corrosion, and implant applications of these materials.

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    ME4253

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    The document discusses biometals used in biomedical engineering applications including 316L stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, and titanium-aluminum alloys. It covers fabrication methods, mechanical properties, stress shielding effects, corrosion, and implant applications of these materials.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    146 views23 pages

    Bio Metals

    Uploaded by

    min_yu_6
    The document discusses biometals used in biomedical engineering applications including 316L stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, and titanium-aluminum alloys. It covers fabrication methods, mechanical properties, stress shielding effects, corrosion, and implant applications of these materials.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    ME4253 Biomaterials Engineering Biometals

    Thian Eng San, Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117 576

    Outline

    Reading List Introduction Fabrication Bioinert Metals Bioactive Metals Mechanical Properties Stress Shielding Corrosion Applications Summary

    Reading List

    Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE. Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine. Academic Press, 2nd Edition, c2004. Chapter 2, Section 2.9 (CL RBR: R857Mat.Bi2004) Teoh SH. Engineering Materials for Biomedical Applications. World Scientific, c2004. Chapter 2 (CL RBR: R856Teo2004) Callister WD, Rethwisch DG. Materials Science and Engineering. World Scientific, 8th Edition, c2004. Chapter 11, Sections 11.4, 11.5, 11.6 (CL RBR: TA403Cal2011)

    Introduction

    Inorganic materials Metallic bonding Polycrystalline Bioinert Usually used in a form of alloy

    Achieve required properties Stainless steel Cobalt alloy Titanium alloy

    Introduction

    Factors influencing materials properties


    Microstructure (Grain size) Porosity Grain size distribution Orthopaedic implants and fixation Orthodontic implants Internal electrical devices

    Applications of biometals

    Introduction
    Stress Strain Graph
    Tensile Strength Yield Stress Plastic Deformation Non-reversible

    Fracture

    Material undergoes an elastic deformation (blue) initially until it reaches a point - yield stress, whereby second stage of deformation called plastic deformation (red) dominates. Deformation will proceed till the metal fractures. Before fracture, the material will reach its maximum (ultimate) tensile stress

    Recoverable Elastic Strain

    Fabrication

    Forming

    Forging Extrusion Sand Die Powder Metallurgy

    Casting

    Others

    Fabrication
    Forging

    A force is applied to both top and bottom die halves Hot metal is deformed in the cavity
    Image extracted from doitpoms.ac.uk

    Fabrication
    Extrusion

    A force is applied to a ram Metal is forced through a die orifice Reduction in x-sectional area

    Image extracted from Materials Science and Engineering

    Fabrication
    Sand Casting

    Sand is used as the mold material A two-piece mold is formed by packing sand around a pattern A gating system is used to allow the flow of molten metal into the cavity

    Fabrication
    Die Casting

    A two-piece permanent mold is clamped together to form the desired shape Molten metal is forced into the mold cavity under pressure and at high speed The molds are opened and the cast piece is ejected once solidification is completed

    Fabrication
    Powder Metallurgy

    Compaction of powdered metal Heat treatment of green part to produce a more dense piece

    Bioinert Metals

    316L Stainless Steel

    Composition

    Fe (bal.) Cr (16-18 %) Ni (10-14 %) Mo (2-3 %) Mn (2 %) C (0.03 %)


    Photo extracted from emedicine.medscape.com

    Excellent corrosion resistant Abundantly available

    Bioinert Metals

    316L Stainless Steel


    Relatively cheap Ease of manufacturing Mainly used in orthopaedic fixation

    Bioinert Metals

    Cobalt Chromium Alloy

    Composition

    Co (bal.) Cr (26 %) Mo (5 %)

    Very excellent corrosion resistant Better wear resistance than 316L stainless Photo extracted from steel and titanium-based alloy emedicine.medscape.com Difficult to machine due to its relatively low ductility More expensive than 316L stainless steel Mainly used in orthopaedic implants

    Bioactive Metals

    Titanium 6-4 Alloy

    Composition

    Ti (bal.) Al (6 %) V (4 %)

    Very excellent corrosion resistant Excellent strength to weight ratio Less stiffer than 316L stainless steel and cobaltchromium alloy means stress shielding is minimised Poorer wear resistance than 316L stainless steel and cobalt-chromium alloy

    Bioactive Metals

    Titanium 6-4 Alloy

    Significantly more expensive than 316L stainless steel Mainly used in orthopaedic implants and fixation

    Photo extracted from emedicine.medscape.com

    Mechanical Properties
    Mechanical Properties of 316L SS, Co-Cr and Ti6Al4V
    E (GPa) 316L SS Co-Cr Ti6Al4V Cortical Bone 200 230 110 7-30 Y (MPa) 210-1200 430-1000 780-1100 n/a UTS (MPa) 200-1200 430-1000 800-1100 50-150 % Elongation ~10 ~10 ~10 1-3

    Stress Shielding
    Stress Shielding

    A reduction in bone density due to the removal of normal stresses from the host bone by an implanted prosthesis Governed by Wolffs Law

    In healthy human, bone will remodel itself in response to the applied load If loading on the bone increases, it will become stronger over time due to the continued stimulus that is required to maintain bone mass

    Corrosion

    Galvanic Corrosion

    Occurs when two dissimilar metals/alloys are electrically connected in the presence of an electrolyte Metal/alloy having the more negative potential becomes the anode and corrodes preferentially Metal/alloy having the less negative potential becomes the cathode

    Corrosion

    Galvanic Corrosion

    Rate of Corrosion

    difference, the higher rate of corrosion

    more anodic

    (active)

    (inert)

    The higher the potential

    more cathodic

    Potential Difference

    Platinum Gold Graphite Titanium Silver Copper Tin Lead 316 Stainless Steel Iron/Steel Aluminum Alloys Cadmium Zinc Magnesium

    Applications
    Total Hip Replacements
    Acetabular cup liner (UHMWPE) Femoral head (Co-Cr) Pelvis

    Bone cement (PMMA) Femur Femoral stem (Ti6Al4V)

    Summary

    Describe the class of biometal materials, its advantages and disadvantages when used as implant materials Describe the engineering design principles for effective functioning of implants, in terms of material properties Describe the processing routes for manufacturing of biometals Describe the phenomenon of stress shielding effect and galvanic corrosion

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