AS Mathematics

Revision Notes
Rotating vector
1 y 1 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.25 0 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 x 1 0 0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.5 -0.75 -1 -1 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

y = sin

Bob Francis 2004

Revision Notes

Core Mathematics 1

Topic
You should be familiar with: Collecting like terms Removing (expanding) brackets Factorising with one bracket Multiplication Algebraic Fractions

Basic Algebra
Examples
9x 5y 2x + 4y + x = 8x y 3x(4 5y) = 12x 15xy 35ab + 14a 28b = 7(ab + 2a 4b) (3xy)2 5x = 9x2y2 5x = 45x3y2 3x 4 4x 2 x 3 y 8x 9 y = ; = 5 9 y 15 y 3 4 12

References
MEI Core 1
Pages 2 to 5

Manipulating Algebraic Expressions

Linear Equations and Rearranging Formulae

You should be able to: Solve linear equations using any of the above techniques Rearrange a formula (change the subject of an equation) using algebraic techniques

3x 2 + = x 15 x + 8 = 20 x 5 x = 8 4 5 x = 1.6

MEI Core 1
Pages 7 to 9 Pages 11 to 12

9 9 5 f = c + 32 c = f 32 c = ( f 32 ) 5 5 9

Quadratic Equations
You should be able to: Factorise three different types of quadratic expression

2x2 10x = 2x(x 5) 3x2 48 = 3(x2 16) = 3(x 4)(x + 4) 2x2 x 15 = (2x + 5)(x 3) 1) x2 x 12 = 0 (x + 3)(x 4) = 0 x = 3 or x = 4 2) x2 2x 10 = 0 (x 1)2 1 10 = 0 (x 1)2 = 11 x = 1 11
1 (1)2 4 2(9) 3) 2x x 9 = 0 x = 2 2 1 73 x= x = 1.89 or 2.39 4
2

MEI Core 1
Pages 13 to 24

Solve quadratic equations using three

different methods:

Interactive Spreadsheet
Parabolas

1) Factorising 2) Completing the square 3) Quadratic formula: b b 2 4ac ax2 + bx + c = 0 x = 2a

Recognise the type of solution to a

quadratic equation, dependent on the 2 sign of the discriminant b 4ac

For the equation x + 6x + c = 0: Discriminant = 6 4 1 c = 36 4c

2

b2 4ac > 0 2 distinct roots b2 4ac = 0 2 equal roots b2 4ac < 0 0 real roots
Simultaneous Equations
You should be able to:

36 4c > 0 c < 9 2 distinct roots 36 4c = 0 c = 9 2 equal roots 36 4c < 0 c > 9 0 real roots
MEI Core 1
Pages 28 to 31 Pages 55 to 56 Pages 68 to 72

Solve a pair of linear simultaneous

equations by elimination or substitution

Solve a pair of (one linear and one nonlinear) simultaneous equations by substitution

Solve 6x + y = 40 (1) and 4x + 3y = 36 (2): Eliminate y by multiplying equation (1) by 3 then subtract equation (2), etc. Make y the subject of (1) and substitute in equation (2), solve for x, etc. Solve 6x + y = 40 (1) and x + y = 64 (2): Make y the subject of (1), subst. in equation (2), solve a quadratic equation. in x etc.
2 2

Core Mathematics 1

Revision Notes

Topic

Co-ordinate Geometry
Examples
Gradient of line from A (-2, 3) to B (4, -1) is

References
MEI Core 1
Pages 34 to 37

Gradients of Straight Lines For a line AB, where A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2)
Gradient of AB = m is

y2 y1 x2 x1
Parallel lines have equal gradients. If a line AB has gradient m1, then a perpendicular line PQ has gradient m2, s.t.

(1) 3 4 m = = 2 = 3 4 (2) 6
Any line with gradient which simplifies to 2 is parallel to AB. 3 If line AB has gradient m1 = 2 , then 3 perpendicular line PQ has gradient m2 s.t.

Interactive Spreadsheet
Co-ordinate Geometry

m2 =

1 or m1 m2 = 1 m1

m2 =

1 3 = 2 m1
MEI Core 1
Pages 37 to 39

Distances and Mid-points For a line AB, where A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2)
Distance from A to B is

Find the distance from A (-2, 3) to B (4, -1) and the co-ordinates of mid-point M Length of AB = =

( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
Co-ordinates of mid-point M are

(1 3) 2 + (4 (2)) 2 52 = 7.21 (3 sf)

16 + 36 =

x1 + x2 y1 + y2 , 2 2
Equations of Straight Lines
Equation of a straight line: passing through (0, c) with gradient m is

Mid-point M =

(2) + 4 3 + (1) , = (1, 1) 2 2

MEI Core 1
Pages 42 to 51

A straight line passing through (0, 7) with gradient 2 has equation y = 7 2x A straight line passing through (5, 8) with gradient 3 has equation

y = mx + c
passing through (x1, y1) with gradient m is

y + 8 = 3(x 5) y = 3x 23 or y = 3x + c where c = 8 3 5 y = 3x 23
A straight line with equation 3x + 4y = 30 passes through (10, 0) and (0, 7.5)

y y1 = m(x x1) or y = mx + c where c = y1 mx1

A straight line with equation ax + by = c passes through (c/a, 0) and (0, c/b)

Circles and Other Curves A circle with centre (0, 0) and radius r has
equation

MEI Core 1
A circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 5 has equation

x2 + y2 = r2 A circle with centre (h, k) and radius r has

equation

x2 + y2 = 25 A circle with centre (3, 2) and radius 8 has

equation

Pages 60 to 66

(x h) + (y k) = r

Points of intersection with circles and other lines or curves may be found by solving a pair of simultaneous equations. Other curves of note include

(x + 3)2 + (y 2)2 = 49 x2 + 6x + y2 4y 36 = 0

To find points of intersection of

y = xn, for n = 2, 3, 4, 1, -2, 3.

x2 + 6x + y2 4y 36 = 0 and y = 4 x substitute y = 4 x in circle equation, solve resulting quadratic in x, find corresponding y values

Revision Notes

Core Mathematics 1

Topic
Operations with Polynomials
Polynomial functions may be added, subtracted and multiplied.

Polynomials
Examples
3 3

References

(5x3 2x + 4) + (2x2 + 7x 5) = 5x3 + 2x2 + 5x 1 (5x 2x + 4) (2x + 7x 5) = 5x 2x 9x + 9 (5x 2x + 4)(2x + 7x 5) = 5x3(2x2 + 7x 5) 2x(2x2 + 7x 5) + 4(2x2 + 7x 5) = 10x5 + 35x4 29x3 6x2 + 38x 20
2 2 3 2

MEI Core 1
Pages 78 to 81

A polynomial function may be divided by a linear function to give a quotient with or without a remainder.

Given that (x 1) is a factor of (5x3 2x 3) find (5x3 2x 3) (x 1): Let 5x3 2x 3 (ax2 + bx + c)(x 1) Compare coefficients to show a = 5, b = 5, c = 3 or use long division Name Quadratic Cubic Quartic Order Example 2 3 4

Polynomial Functions
A polynomial function of x has terms in positive integer powers of x, and may have a constant term. The order of a polynomial is the highest power of x appearing in the polynomial.

MEI Core 1
Pages 82 to 88

f(x) = 2x 5x + 7 f(x) = x3 + 2x2 5x + 4 f(x) = 3x4 5x3 + 2x2 + x

Factor and Remainder Theorems

Let f(x) be any polynomial function in x Factor Theorem f(a) = 0 (x a) is a factor of f(x) f(a/b) = 0 (bx a) is a factor of f(x) Remainder Theorem The remainder when f(x) is divided by (x a) is f(a)

Let f(x) = x3 5x2 2x + 24

f(3) = 33 5 32 2 3 + 24 = 0 (x 3) is a factor of f(x)

2 3 2 2 2 f( 2 3 ) = 3( 3 ) + ( 3 ) + 3 2 = 0 (3x 2) is a factor of f(x)

Pages 89 to 93

MEI Core 1

Let f(x) = 3x3 + x2 + x 2

f(2) = 3 23 + 22 + 2 2 = 28 when f(x) is divided by (x 2) remainder is 28

Sketch the graph of y = f(x) = x3 + x2 6x Graph passes through (0, 0) Factorising: f(x) = x(x2 + x 6) = x(x + 3)(x 2) hence f(x) = 0 x = 0, x = 3 or x = 2 y
10 5 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 -5 -10 0 1 2

Solving equations / Graph sketching

Let y = f(x) = ax + bx + cx + d Graph of y = f(x) intersects y-axis at (0, d)
3 2

MEI Core 1
Pages 85 to 88 Pages 91 to 92

Factorise f(x) to solve f(x) = 0 Use roots of f(x) = 0 to find co-ordinates of points of intersection with x-axis Sketch graph

x
3

Binomial Expansions For any natural number n (a + b)n = an + nC1an-1b + nC2an-2b2 + + nCn-2a2bn-2 + nCn-1abn-1 + bn
where Cr =
n

(2 + x)4 = 1 24 + 4 23x + 6 22x2 + 4 2x3 + 1 x4 = 16 + 32x + 24x2 + 8x3 + x4

Term in x5 in expansion of (3 x)8

MEI Core 1
Pages 108 to 115

n! r !( n r )!

= C5 33 (x)5 = 56 27 (x)5 = 1512x5 coefficient of x5 is 1512

8

Core Mathematics 1

Revision Notes

Topic
Quadratic Functions

Curves and Translations

Examples
References
10

y = 2x2 + 8x + 7 2(x + 2)2 1 p= 8 b = = 2 2a 2 2

2

MEI Core 1
Pages 97 to 100

Any quadratic function may be given by

f(x) = ax + bx + c a(x + p)2 + q [completing the square] b 2 and q = c ap where p = 2a has vertex (p, q) and line of symmetry x = p and y-intercept is at (0, c)
Cubic Functions
Any cubic function may be given by

8 6 4 2 0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1

q = 7 2 2 = 1 vertex is (2, 1); line of symmetry is x = 2

-2

and y-intercept is at (0, 7) y = 8 + 14x 5x2 2x3 (2 x)(1 + 2x)(4 + x)

y 30 20 10 0 -1 -10 0 -20 -30 -40 x 1 2 3

MEI Core 1
Pages 82 to 91

f(x) = ax + bx + cx + d
sign of a [coefficient of highest power of x] determines behaviour for large x May have 0 or 2 turning points May have 1 stationary point of inflection
-5 -4 -3 -2

Quartic Functions
Any quartic function may be given by

y = (x + 3)(x 1)2(x 4)
30 20 10 0 -1 -10 0 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 x 1 2 3 4 5 y
2

MEI Core 1
Pages 82 to 91

f(x) = ax + bx + cx + dx + e
sign of a [coefficient of highest power of x] determines behaviour for large x May have 1 or 3 turning points May have 1 stationary point of inflection
-4 -3 -2

Translations
A translation of a function may be given by

y = f(x) = x2 5 vertex is at (0, 5);

Vector gives new vertex (4, 2) and f(x 4) + 3 = [(x 4)2 5] + 7 = x2 8x + 18
y 20 15 10 5 0 -6 -4 -2 -5 0 2 4 6 8 10 x

MEI Core 1
Pages 101 to 105

f(x t) + s t This is given by the vector which s

represents a two-way shift:

4 7

t units horizontally, s units vertically

-10

Revision Notes

Core Mathematics 1

Topic
Errors

Uncertainty
Examples
e
The radius of a circle is measured as 5 cm, but its true length = 5.2 cm. Consider its area: Absolute error in area = 5.22 52 = 6.4088 Relative error in area = 6.4088 / 84.9487 = 0.075 (2 s.f.) Percentage error in volume = 7.5% (2 s.f.)

References
MEI Pure 1
Pages 119 to 122

Absolute error Difference between true and measured values Relative error = absolute error / true value Percentage error = relative error 100

Inequalities
Linear inequalities may be handled just like linear equations, except that when both sides are multiplied or divided by a negative number, the inequality must be reversed. Quadratic inequalities may be handled by solving the corresponding quadratic equation, then use a sketch graph or table to identify the solution set(s). Set f(x) = (x )(x ) = 0

4x + 5 23 4x 18 x 4.5 15 2x > 43 2x > 28 x < 14 Solve x2 4x < 21 x2 4x 21 = 0 x2 4x 21 = 0 (x + 3)(x 7) = 0 x = 3 or x = 7 2 hence x 4x < 21 3 < x < 7
y 20 10 0 -2 0 -10 -20 -30 x 2 4 6 8 10 12

MEI Core 1
Pages 123 to 125

x = or x = [ < ]

Either or

x< f(x) < 0 f(x) > 0

a<x< f(x) > 0 f(x) < 0

x> f(x) < 0 f(x) > 0

-8

-6

-4

Topic
Working with powers and roots a1 = a a0 = 1 n (ab)n anbn ab n a n b

Examples

Indices
70 = 1 7x
3

References
MEI Core 1
Pages 127 to 129

51 = 5 (5 4)2 52 42
x3 x 125 5
3

7 x

a a n b b

n n

a b

n n

a b

64 4 2 6 x x

You should be able to add, subtract and multiply expressions of form a b c

(3 + 2 5) + (2 7 5) = 5 5 5 = 5(1 5) (3 + 2 5) (2 7 5) = 1 + 9 5

(3 + 5)(2 5) = 6 3 5 + 2 5 5 = 1 5
Rationalising the denominator: If the denominator of a fraction is multiply top and bottom by

b,

If the denominator of a fraction is a+ b , multiply top and bottom by a b

Laws of indices 1 1 a-m m an n a a am an am+n am an amn

1 5 2 (1 5 2) 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 5 2 (1 5 2)(3 2) 3+ 2 (3 + 2)(3 2)

3 5 6 15

3 15 2 2 + 5 2 13 16 2 2 3 2 7

42 =
2

1 42
3

1 16
5

125 3 = 3 125 = 5 9 x2 3 3 1.5 x 3 5 2 x 6x

2

MEI Core 1
Pages 130 to 135

2x 5x 10x

amn ( a

m n

) or ( a )

n m

m n

a m or

( a)
n

x6 ( x 2 ) or ( x 3 )
3

x3

x 2 or

( x)
3

Core Mathematics 2

Revision Notes

Topic
Sequences and series

Sequences and Series

Examples
The sequence 1, 2, 5, 14, 41, may be defined using the inductive definition: uk+1 = 3uk + 1 with first term u1 = 1 The sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, may be defined using the deductive definition:

References
MEI Core 2
Pages 160 to 166

A sequence is an ordered set of numbers

u1, u2, u3, , uk, , un

where uk is the general term. A series is the sum of the terms of a sequence:

u1 + u2 + u3 + + un =

u
k =1

uk = k2
k

for k = 1, 2, 3,

Different ways to define a sequence: Inductive definition: uk+1 = f(uk) with first term u1 Deductive definition:

and the hybrid definition: uk+1 = uk + 2k + 1 with first term u1 = 1 The sum of the first 10 terms is given by:

k
k =1

= 1 + 4 + 9 + + 100

uk = f(k) for k = 1, 2, 3, Hybrid: uk+1 = f(uk, k) for k = 1, 2, 3, ...

A periodic sequence is one such that for some fixed integer p, uk+p = uk for all k An oscillating sequence alternates either side of a middle value.

The sequence defined by the formula

uk = 5 (1) k +1 for k = 1, 2, 3,
gives terms 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, and is periodic with p = 2, i.e. uk+2 = uk for all k and oscillating An arithmetic progression has terms 3, 7, 11, and Sn = 210 Find the number of terms and the last term. First term a = 3, constant difference d = 4, hence Sn =
1 2 1 2

Arithmetic Progressions
A sequence in which there is a constant difference (d) between successive terms. Inductive definition: uk+1 = uk + d with first term a Deductive definition:

MEI Core 2
Pages 169 to 173

n[2a + (n 1)d] = 210

Interactive Spreadsheet
Sequences and Series

= a + (k 1)d The last term, un = l is given by l = a + (n 1)d The sum of the n terms, Sn is given by Sn = 1 2 n(a + l)

uk

n[6 + 4(n 1)] = 210

2n2 + n 210 = 0 (n 10)(2n + 21) = 0

1 2

n[2a + (n 1)d]

n = 10 [ignore n = 10.5] Hence last term l = 3 + 9 4 = 39

A geometric progression has 2nd term 60 and 5th term 12.96. Find the sum of the first 10 terms to and the sum to infinity. 2nd term = 60 ar = 60 4 th 5 term = 12.96 ar = 12.96 Solving simultaneously:

Geometric Progressions
A sequence in which there is a constant ratio (r) between successive terms. Inductive definition: uk+1 = r uk with first term a Deductive definition:

MEI Core 2
Pages 176 to 183

uk = ar

k-1 n-1

Interactive Spreadsheet
Sequences and Series

The last term, un = l is given by l = ar The sum of the n terms, Sn is given by

a(1 r n ) a(r n 1) or r 1 1 r Provided 1 < r < 1, Sn converges to a limit Sn =

known as the sum to infinity:

S =

a 1 r

ar 4 12.96 = r 3 = 0.216 r = 0.6 ar 60 substituting for r in ar = 60 gives a = 100 100(1 0.610 ) hence S10 = = 248.488 1 0.6 100 S = = 250 1 0.6

Revision Notes

Core Mathematics 2

Topic
Gradient functions

Differentiation
Examples
y = x3 5x2 + 7x 8
dy = 3x2 10x + 7 dx

References
MEI Core 2
Pages 191 to 202 Pages 339 to 340

y = f(x) = k xn

dy = f (x) = k n xn-1 dx for all rational numbers n

f(x) = 4x(5 x) = 20x 4x2 f(x) = 20 8x

Find equation of tangent and normal to the curve y = f(x) = x3 5x2 + 7x 8 at (3, 5):

Tangents and Normals Tangent and normal to y = f(x) at (x1, y1)

Let m1 = f (x1) =

MEI Core 2
Pages 206 to 207

dy 1 at x = x1 and m2 = m1 dx

f (x) = 3x2 10x + 7 m1 = f (3) = 4 and m2 = 1 4 = 0.25

Equation of tangent is Equation of normal is

Equation of tangent is

y y1 = m1(x x1)
Equation of normal is

y + 5 = 4(x 3) y = 4x 19

y y1 = m2(x x1)
Stationary Points dy y = f(x) = f (x) = 0 for stationary dx
Nature of stationary points:

y + 5 = 0.25 (x 3) y = 0.25x 4.25 or x + 4y + 19 = 0

Find the coordinates of the stationary points (determining their nature) for the curve

MEI Core 2
Pages 210 to 220

y = f(x) = x4 4x3 f (x) = 4x3 12x2

Stationary points occur where:

maximum point

f (x) = 0 4 x 3 12 x 2 = 4 x 2 ( x 3) = 0 x = 0 or x = 3
Testing gradients either side of stationary points:

minimum point

Point of inflection at (0, 0) Minimum point at (3, 27)

30 y 20 10 0 x 0 1 2 3 4 5

point of inflection

-2

-1

-10 -20 -30

Test gradient either side to determine the nature of the stationary point.

Second derivatives
Second derivative of y = f(x) is

d y dx
2

The volume, V m3, of a box is given by 9x2 2x3

MEI Pure 1
Pages 221 to 226

= f(x)

For turning points:

To find the nature of stationary points: d2 y = f(x) > 0 Minimum point dx 2 d2 y = f(x) < 0 Maximum point dx 2 d2 y but if = f(x) = 0, check gradients dx 2 either side for maximum point, minimum point or point of inflection

= 18x 6x = 0 dx 6x(3 x) = 0 x = 0 or x = 3 d 2V dx 2 = 18 12x

dV

The second derivative When x = 0, When x = 3,

d 2V dx 2 d 2V dx 2

= 18 > 0 Minimum point = 18 < 0 Maximum point

Hence box has maximum volume when x = 3

Core Mathematics 2

Revision Notes

Topic
Reversing Differentiation dy = f(x) = k xn y = k xn+1 + c n+1 dx for all rational numbers n (n 1)

Integration
Examples
Find equation of curve with gradient given by

References
MEI Core 2
Pages 234 to 236

10 + 4x x2, which passes through (0, 7): dy = 10 + 4x x2 y = (10 + 4 x x 2 ) dx dx 2 y = 10x + 2x2 1 3x +c 2 y = 10x + 2x2 1 3 x + 7 [x = 0 y = 7] f(x) = x + 3x 5x + 4 f ( x) dx = 0.25x4 + x3 2.5x2 + 4x + c
3 2

Indefinite integrals

MEI Core 2

y = f(x) = k xn

f ( x)dx

= k xn+1 + c

for all rational numbers n (n 1)

n+1

Page 247 Page 347

Definite integrals

y = f(x) = k xn
=

n +1 k a f ( x)dx = n +1 x a b

( x 3)(2 x + 1) dx =

(2 x 2 5 x 3) dx
4

MEI Core 2
Page 246 Page 348

= =

n +1 k n +1 b

)(

n +1 k n +1 a

2 3

x x 3x
3

5 2

( 128 3

5 40 12) ( 2 3 2 3) = 4.5

Areas and graphs

Area enclosed by a curve and the x-axis The integral
Area enclosed by y = 9 x and the x-axis:
2

MEI Core 2

f ( x)dx represents the area

enclosed by the graph of y = f(x), the lines x = a, x = b, and the x-axis. Area enclosed between two curves The integral
2

1 (9 x 2 ) dx = 9 x 3 x 3 = (27 9) (27 + 9) = 36
3

Pages 239 to 259 Pages 348 to 349

Area enclosed by y = 9 x2 and y = x + 3:

[f ( x) g( x)]dx represents

{(9 x ) ( x + 3)} dx
2

(6 x x 2 ) dx
5 ( 27 2 ) = 20 6

the area enclosed by the graph of y = f(x), the lines x = a, x = b, and the graph of y = g(x). e Area enclosed by a curve and the y-axis

1 2 1 3 = 6 x 2 x 3 x 3 =

22 3

Area enclosed by y = 5

x , the y-axis & y = 10:

2

The integral

q p

g( y )dy represents the area

x=

25

Area =

10

1 3 dy = 75 y 0 25

10

enclosed by the graph of x = g(y), the lines e y = p, y = q, and the y-axis.

Numerical Integration
The Trapezium Rule estimates the value of a definite integral (area under a graph), using n trapezoidal strips, each of width h:

1 = 1000 75 0 = 13 3

Area between graph of y = 2x, the y-axis, the xaxis and x = 3, using 3 strips, is approximately
1 2

MEI Core 2
Pages 260 to 264

1 2 + 2(2 + 2 ) + 2
0 1 2 3

A= 1 2 h [ y0 + 2( y1 + y2 + ... yn 1 ) + yn ]

1 2

1 [1 + 2(2 + 4) + 8] = 10.5 units2

10

Revision Notes

Core Mathematics 2

Topic
Angle Cosine Sine Tangent 0 1 0 0 30 45 1/2 1/2 1 60 1/2

Trigonometry
Examples
2

References
MEI Core 2

Trigonometrical functions of special angles

90 0 1

3/2 1/2 1/3

3/2 3

3
1 1 1

Pages 272 to 274

Trigonometrical functions of any angles (Circular Functions) x = cos

1 0.5 0 0 -0.5 -1 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

MEI Core 2
Solve the equations (0 360 ):
o o

Pages 275 to 283

3 cos = 2 cos =
or

2 3

= 48.2o (from calculator) = 360o 48.2o = 311.8

Interactive Spreadsheet
Circular Functions

y = sin
1 0.5 0 0 -0.5 -1 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

2 = 0.4 5 sin + 2 = 0 sin = 5

360

[ = 23.6o (from calculator)] = 180o + 23.6o = 203.6o or = 360o 23.6o = 311.8o 2 tan + 5 = 0 sin = 5 2 = 2.5

z4 = tan
2 0 0 -2 -4 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

[ = 68.2o (from calculator)] = 68.2o + 180o = 111.8o or = 68.2o + 360o = 291.8o

Sine Rule and Cosine Rule

If ABC is any triangle with sides a, b, c, then

Find a where c = 10, A = 50 , C = 75 [7.93] Find A where a = 7, b = 10, B = 35 [39.4 ] Find a where b = 8, c = 11, A = 50

MEI Core 2
Pages 285 to 293

a b c = = sin A sin B sin C b2 + c2 a 2 a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A ; cos A = 2bc

Trigonometrical Identities sin sin2 + cos2 = 1 tan = cos Area of any triangle
For triangle ABC, area is given by:
1 1 Area = 1 2 bc sin A = 2 ac sin B = 2 ab sin C

[8.48] [44.0]
o

Find A where a = 7, b = 8, c = 10
o

Solve: 4 sin = 5 cos (0 360 ) Solve: 2 sin = 3 cos (0 360 ) 2 2 Use sin = 1 cos , solve quadratic in
2 o o

MEI Core 2
Page 276

For ABC: A = 58, b = 10 cm, c = 7 cm: o 1 Area = 1 2 bc sin A = 2 70 sin 58

MEI Core 2
Pages 296 to 297

= 29.7 cm (3 s.f.)
A sector of a circle has radius 5 cm and angle at the centre 1.5 radians. Arc length = 5 1.5 = 7.5 cm [Perimeter = 5 + 5 + 5 1.5 = 17.5 cm ]
2 Area of sector = 1 2 25 1.5 = 18.75 cm

Circular measure
Angle measurement: radians = 180
o

MEI Core 2
Pages 299 to 304

For a sector of a circle with radius r and angle at centre radians: Arc length = r
2 Area of sector = 1 2 r

Core Mathematics 2

Revision Notes

11

Topic
Logarithms
y

Logarithms and Exponentials

Examples
4 = log 3 81 81 = 34

References
MEI Core 2
Pages 319 to 320

y = loga x x = a a > 0, x > 0 x where a is the base of the logarithm Solve: log 2 32 = x 2 = 32 x = 5 log a a 1 Solve: log a 343 = 3 a 3 = 343 a = 7 log a 1 0 for base 10: log10 x is often written log x
Laws of logarithms (for any base)
a 2b3 2 log a + 3 log b 4 log c = log 4 c 3 x2 2 log 3 log x 3log y log z y z 3 1 1 log10 2 log10 a a

MEI Core 2
Pages 321 to 324

log xy log x + log y x log log x log y y log xn n log x 1 1 N.B. log log y ; log n x ln x n y
Exponential equations
To solve a = b x , take logs of both sides:

Solve: 5x = 14 : take logs10 of both sides 5 = 14 log(5 ) = log 14

x log 5 = log 14 log14 x= = 1.64 (to 3 s.f.) log 5
(1) The variables x and y are believed to be connected by the relationship y = kxn: Taking logs10: log y = n log x + log k
x x

MEI Core 2
Page 321

a = b x log a = x log b x =

log a log b

Modelling Curves
Non linear functions can be transformed to linear form by taking logs of both sides:

MEI Core 2
Pages 326 to 331

(1) Power functions:

y = kx log y = n log x + log k plot log y against log x gradient is n intercept is log k

2 3 4 5 6 x 11.3 20.8 32.0 44.7 58.8 y log x 0.30 0.48 0.60 0.70 0.78 log y 1.05 1.32 1.51 1.65 1.77 Plot log y against log x gives gradient n = 1.5 intercept log k = 0.6 k = 100.6 4
hence relationship is given by

y = 4x1.5 or y = 4 x 3
(2) Exponential functions:
(2) The variables x and y are believed to be connected by the relationship y = kax: Taking logs10: log y = x log a + log k

y = ka log y = x log a + log k plot log y against x gradient is log a intercept is log k

1.5 2.7 3.4 8.1 10 x 9 19 32 820 3100 y log y 0.95 1.28 1.51 2.91 3.49 Plot log y against x gives gradient log a = 0.3 a = 100.3 2 intercept log k = 0.49 k = 100.49 3
hence relationship is given by y = 3 2x

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Revision Notes

Core Mathematics 2

Topic

Curves, Stretches and Reflections

Examples
References
y
3

Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

A logarithmic function may be given by

MEI Core 2
Pages 323 to 324

f(x) = loga x for x > 0

where a is the base of the logarithm The graph y = loga x passes through (1, 0) and has a positive gradient throughout.

y=a
-3 -2

0 -1 -1 0 1 2 3

An exponential function may be given by

f(x) = a

x
-2

y = loga x

The graph y = ax passes through (0, 1) and has a positive gradient throughout.

-3

Stretches
A one way stretch of the graph y = f(x) with scale factor a parallel to the y-axis is given by

Starting with the curve y = sin(x) Stretch factor 3 parallel to the y-axis gives

MEI Core 2
Pages 311 to 315

y = 3 sin(x)
Stretch factor 1 2 parallel to the x-axis gives

y = a f(x)
A one way stretch of the graph y = f(x) with scale factor 1/a parallel to the x-axis is given by

y = sin(2x)
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 90 180 270 x 360 y

y = f(ax)

Reflections
A reflection of the graph y = f(x) in the x-axis is given by

Starting with the curve y = (x + 2)

2 2

MEI Core 2
2

Reflection in x-axis gives y = (x + 2) Reflection in y-axis gives y = (x + 2)

5

Pages 311 to 315

y = f(x)
A reflection of the graph y = f(x) in the y-axis is given by

4 3 2 1
-5 -4 -3 -2

y = f(x)

y = f(x)

0 -1 -1 0 -2

x
1 2 3 4 5

y = f(x)

-3 -4 -5