Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
• Agenda
Introduction Quality standards
SDH advantages
Bit Rates
Standard Frame representation
Frame structure
Transport overhead
SDH Multiplexing
Concatenation
Justification
Architecture
SDH Equipment
Network topologies
Network protection
1
• Introduction
SONET(Synchronous Optical Network) or SDH(Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy) as it's known in Europe, is a set of standards for interfacing
Operating Telephone Company(OTC) optical networks.
They are a set of global standards for interfacing equipment from different
vendors(One of the few where telephony is concerned).
SONET is the protocol for North America and Japan while SDH is the
definition for Europe. The differences between SONET and SDH are
slight.
2
• SDH Advantages versus PDH
PDH principle
E1 E2 E2 E1
E3 E3
Channel n°7 E4 Channel n°7
3
SDH principle
SDH Add/Drop SDH

channels Equipment multiplexer Equipment
Channel n°X Channel n°Y
4
SDH is based on the principal of direct
synchronous multiplexing.
Essentially, separate, slower signals can be

multiplexed directly onto higher speed SDH signals
without intermediate stages of multiplexing.
SDH is more flexible than PDH and provides

advanced network management and maintenance
features.
Can be used in the three traditional telecommunications
areas: long-haul networks, local networks and loop
carriers. It can also be used to carry CATV video traffic.
5
Bit Rates
Optical Electrical Line Rate SDH

Level Level (Mbps) Equivale
nt
OC-1 STS-1 51.84 ---
OC-3 STS-3 155.520 STM-1
OC-9 STS-9 466.56 STM-3
OC-12 STS-12 622.080 STM-4
OC-18 STS-18 933.120 STM-6
OC-24 STS-24 1244.160 STM-8
OC-36 STS-36 1866.240 STM-13
OC-48 STS-48 2488.320 STM-16
OC-96 STS-92 4976.640 STM-32
6
OC-192 STS-192 9953.280 STM-64
• Bit Rates
International organization defined standardized bit rates :
155, 520 Mbit/s STM1
622, 080 Mbit/s STM4
2,488 Gbit/s STM16
9,953 Gbit/s STM64
7
• SDH : Standard Frame Representation
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
Bit Transmission
Byte Transmission
Standard Frame Representation
The Standard STM1 Frame is 9 Rows x 270 Columns

and is completely transmitted in 125 µs.
8
• SDH : Standard Frame Representation
Everywhere in the world, the standard SDH frame
representation is a : MATRIX with 9 rows
How to read the

matrix
1
9
• SDH frame structure
Each Frame is
STM1
Sent in 125µs!
9 Rows
Section
Overhead
155.52 Mbps
9 Col 261 Col
9 Rows
Section STM4 622.08 Mbps
Overhead
36 Col 1,044 Col
9 Rows
Section STM16 2488.32 Mbps
Overhead
144 Col 4,176 Col
10
• SDH frame structure
All SDH frames have the same structure :
Section OverHead
SOH Payload (data)
Regenerator
Section Overhead
(RSOH)
Pointer
Multiplexing
Section Overhead
(MSOH)
11
• Transport Overhead : SOH
R SOH (Payload)
A1 A1 A1 Pointer
A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1 STM1
D1 D2 D3 frame
M SOH
AU4 pointer
AU4 Pointer
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2
12
A1 and A2 : frame alignment word
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 B1 : Regenerator setion error
B1 E1 F1 monitoring
D1 D2 D3
J0 : STM1 identifier (16 bytes word)
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 E1 : Service channel (transport a 64

D4 D5 D6 Kbit/s channel)
D7 D8 D9 F1 : user channel. May be used for
D10 D11 D12 network exploitation
S1 M1 E2 D1-D3 : Data communication Channel
at 192 Kbit/s.
13
B2 : Multiplexing section error
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 monitoring
B1 E1 F1
K1 and K2 : Automatic protection
D1 D2 D3
switching signalling
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 D4-D12 : Data communication

D4 D5 D6 Channel at 576 Kbit/s.
D7 D8 D9 S1 : bytes of synchronization status
D10 D11 D12
M1 : Binary code for number of
S1 M1 E2 errored blocks
E2 : service channel at 64 Kbit/s
14
• Transport Overhead : AU 4 pointer
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 The secret to making SDH work is the

B1 E1 F1 payload pointer. The tributaries
D1 D2 D3
coming into a multiplexer may have been
created with a clock running at a
different speed. They are not necessarily
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 aligned with each other or with the
clock in the multiplexer. To resolve this
D4 D5 D6
problem, remember that this is a
D7 D8 D9 SYNCHRONOUS network, the SDH
D10 D11 D12 multiplexer finds the beginning of a frame for
each tributary.
S1 M1 E2
15
• Transport Overhead : AU4 pointer
In order to illustrate the pointer working, have a look on
the following picture :
The container can move inside

155 Mbit/s the wagon
STM 1
16
• Transport Overhead : AU4 pointer
You have exactly the same phenomenon in SDH :
Beginning of VC4
17
• SDH Multiplexing
SDH is a new way of multiplexing slow signals onto a faster signal.
It has mechanisms for dealing with tributaries that are not running at
the same clock rate. 140 Mbit/s
E4
150 Mbit/s E4
E4 VC4 VC4
155 Mbit/s
STM 1 STM 1 STM 1
18
Translation of the previous picture in SDH language :
STM1 frame R SOH Payload
M SOH VC4
P
O E4
H
19
STM4 frame
R SOH Payload
M SOH
VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4
P P P P
O O O O
H
E4 H
E4 H
E4 H
E4
20
• SDH Multiplexing : another example (E3=>STM1)
You can map 3 E3 (34 Mbit/s) onto one STM1.
VC3 = TU-3 VC3 = TU-3 VC3 = TU-3
P P P
O E3 (A) O E3 (B) O E3 (C)
H H H
S S P P P
P T T O O O
O U U H H H
H F F
F F
21
• SDH Multiplexing : another example (E3=>STM1)
STM1 frame R SOH Payload
M SOH VC4
P
O
H
22
• The SDH Multiplexing map
xN
E4
C4 VC4 AU4 STM-N
(140 Mbit/s)
x3
E3 x1
C3 VC3 TU3 TUG-3
(34Mbit/s)
x7
TUG-2
E1
C12 VC12 TU12
x3
(2Mbit/s)
23
• What is the « concatenation » ?
STM4 frame
R SOH Payload
M SOH
VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4
Concatenated VC4 (VC4-4c)
24
• What are the different « concatenation »
possibilities?
STM1 1 standard VC4.No concatenation !
SOH VC4
25
possibilities?
STM4 4 standard VC4

1 concatenated VC4-4c
SOH VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 SOH VC4-4c
26
possibilities?
STM16 16 standard VC4
VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4
VC4-4c VC4-4c VC4-4c VC4-4c
VC4-16
27
possibilities?
STM64 64 standard VC4

28
• What is the « Justification » ?
In theorie, the E4 speed should
E4 C4 be the same than the C4 speed.
But in pratical, the E4 speed can be a little bit faster

or slower than the theorical speed.
If you want to adapt the speed variation, you need a special

system called « justification » each time you want to map a
tributary.
29
J J
U U
E4 C4 S S
T T
J
Positive U
S
justification T
When the J J J
U U U
tributary is slower E4 C4 S S S
T T T
30
J J
U U
E4 C4 S S
T T
J
Negative U
S
justification T
When the J J
U U
tributary is faster E4 C4 S S
T T
31
• SDH architecture basics
Terminating equipment Repeaters
STM1/4/16/64
Regenerator section
Multiplexing section
VC4 high path
32
• SDH architecture basics : Regenerator section
STM1/4/16/64
Regenerator section is the basic segment of SDH network.
It is the smallest entity which can managed by the system.

Each repeater monitors defects such as Loss Of Signal, Loss Of
Frame, B1 errored blocks ...
By passing through a repeater, the R-SOH is fully
recalculated.
33
• SDH architecture basics : Multiplexing section
STM1/4/16/64
The multiplexing section is the entity delimitated by 2 equipment

which process the payload of an STM-N.
Detects defects and errored blocks and generated special alarm in
the forward and backward direction.
Manage the Automatic Protection Switching wtih K1 and K2 bytes.
Regenerated a complete SOH.
34
• SDH architecture basics : VC4 high path
STM1/4/16/64
The VC4 High Path is an entity which transport a C4 container from

end to another end of a network.
A VC4 can be affected to one customer.
35
• SDH equipments : Terminal Multiplexer
» Input: Low Bit Rate and PDH/T-Carrier Tributaries

» Output: High Bit Rate SDH Signals
6701
3'+
7&DUULHU
36
• SDH equipments : Regenerator
» Input: STM-N Synchronous Signal

» Output: STM-N Synchronous Signal
» Reconditions Transmission To Minimize Jitter,
Dispersion, Etc.
6701 6701
37
• SDH equipments : Transponder (λ Converter)
» Input: STM-N Synchronous Signal at λ1

» Output: STM-N Synchronous Signal at λ2
» Changes the Wavelength of the Transmission
Signal
6701 6701
λ1 λ2
38
• SDH equipments : Add/Drop Multiplexer
» Input: STM-N Synchronous Signal

» Output: STM-N Synchronous Signal
» Allows the Extraction and Injection of Synchronous
Tributaries
6701 6701
'URS $GG
39
• SDH equipments : Digital Cross Connect
» Input: Many STM-N Optical Signals

» Output: Many STM-N Optical Signals
» Allows Routing of STM-N Signals at High Data Rates
670
1
6701 6701
670
1
40
■ Core or Transport
Very High Bit Rates
■ Local or Access:
DWDM Required
Low Bit Rates
No DWDM
Metropolitan
Local or Access Core or Transport
■ Metropolitan
Higher Bit Rates
Possible DWDM
41
• Network Topology
Traditional networks make use of Point to Point, Mesh and
Hub (i.e Star) arrangements :
Mesh Point to Point Hub
but SDH allows these to be used in a much more comprehensive way.
42
SDH enables the previous arrangements to be combinated
with Rings and Chains of ADMs (Add/Drop Multiplexer) :
Chain
Ring
43
Point to Point
» Large Capacity (with DWDM)
» Few Links
» Example: Intercontinental Submarine Links
MUX MUX
44
• Network Topology ADM
Ring, Bus, Tree and Star

ADM ADM
» Differing Capacity
» Many Links ADM
» Example: Access Networks

MUX ADM ADM MUX
MUX
ADM
ADM
MUX ADM
MUX
MUX
ADM
45
• Network Topology ADM
• Mesh
» Many Links
» High Capacity ADM
» Example: Transport Networks
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
46
■ Network protection :
• 1+1 Protection Each Bidirectional SDH Channel (2 Fibers)
has a dedicated backup channel (2 Fibers).
» Most Redundant
» Most Expensive
Channel 1
Channel 2
. WORKING
.
.
.
.
.
Channel N
Backup 1
Backup 2
PROTECT . .
. .
. .
Backup N
47
• 1:N Protection
Every Bidirectional SDH Channel (2 Fibers)
» Least Redundant shares a dedicated backup channel (2
Fibers).
» Most Efficient
Channel 1
Channel 2
. WORKING
. .
. .
.
Channel N
PROTECT Backup
48
■ Network protection : ring protection
ADM ADM
ADM ADM ADM ADM
ADM ADM
49
During an Automatic Protection Switching, the

network loses traffic (= the operator loses money!!!).
That ’s the reason why it ’s very important for an

operator to check the correct working of APS.
The main parameter is the switch duration. The

recommendation give 50 ms (max) to recover a
correct signal.
50
• Quality standard
» ITU-T G.826 – Quality parameters, objectives and calculations for
bit rates at or above the primary rate
» ITU-T G.821 – Error performance of a digital connection operating
below the primary rate
» ITU-T M.2100 – Performance limits for system turn-up and
maintenance
» ITU-T G.783 – Recommendation for automatic protection switching
and standardized pointer movements
It Is Important To Know That We

Are Compliant With These Standards
51
• Quality parameters
» Errored Seconds (ES) – Seconds during which there is at
least one error per block or frame
» Severely Errored Seconds (SES) – Length of time during

which a major alarm (LOS, LOF, AIS, Etc.) is recorded or
when 30% of the frames received in one second contain errors
» Unavailability – Length of time where SONET equipment is

not available (beginning after 10 consecutive SES)
52
• THANK YOU !
53

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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Channel n°7 E4 Channel n°7

SDH Add/Drop SDH

Channel n°X Channel n°Y

Essentially, separate, slower signals can be

SDH is more flexible than PDH and provides

Optical Electrical Line Rate SDH

International organization defined standardized bit rates :

155, 520 Mbit/s STM1

622, 080 Mbit/s STM4

2,488 Gbit/s STM16

9,953 Gbit/s STM64

Standard Frame Representation

The Standard STM1 Frame is 9 Rows x 270 Columns

How to read the

9 Col 261 Col

36 Col 1,044 Col

144 Col 4,176 Col

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 E1 : Service channel (transport a 64

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 D4-D12 : Data communication

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 The secret to making SDH work is the

The container can move inside

STM 1 STM 1 STM 1

STM1 frame R SOH Payload

STM1 frame R SOH Payload

STM1 1 standard VC4.No concatenation !

STM4 4 standard VC4

SOH VC4 VC4 VC4 VC4 SOH VC4-4c

VC4-4c VC4-4c VC4-4c VC4-4c

STM64 64 standard VC4

But in pratical, the E4 speed can be a little bit faster

If you want to adapt the speed variation, you need a special

VC4 high path

Regenerator section is the basic segment of SDH network.

It is the smallest entity which can managed by the system.

The multiplexing section is the entity delimitated by 2 equipment

The VC4 High Path is an entity which transport a C4 container from

A VC4 can be affected to one customer.

» Input: Low Bit Rate and PDH/T-Carrier Tributaries

» Input: STM-N Synchronous Signal

• SDH equipments : Transponder (λ Converter)

» Input: STM-N Synchronous Signal at λ1

» Input: STM-N Synchronous Signal

» Input: Many STM-N Optical Signals

Mesh Point to Point Hub

but SDH allows these to be used in a much more comprehensive way.

Ring, Bus, Tree and Star

» Example: Access Networks

■ Network protection : ring protection

ADM ADM ADM ADM

During an Automatic Protection Switching, the

That ’s the reason why it ’s very important for an

The main parameter is the switch duration. The

It Is Important To Know That We

» Severely Errored Seconds (SES) – Length of time during

» Unavailability – Length of time where SONET equipment is

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