The Etymology of the Old High German Weak Verb Volume I

by Christopher Gordon Bailey

NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 098 50662 2

1 :ces L-(234

A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

The Department of German Studies University of Newcastle upon Tyne

January 1997

ABSTRACT
This thesis is an examination of the origin and development of the weak verbs of Old High German. The problem surrounding the origin and early development of the preterite tense of the weak verb in Germanic, and which as yet lacks any satisfactory explanation, is outlined in the Introduction. Following this, it is hypothesized that, if a relative chronology can be established for the weak verbs, it may be possible to arrive at important insights concerning their overall pattern of development, from the Germanic stratum through to Old High German. It is also hoped that such a chronologically organized data-set may succeed in isolating a key group of primary or Pre-Germanic verbs which may represent the earliest group of verbs belonging to the weak formation. It is further hypothesized that these and other early groups provided patterns for the analogical extension and growth of the weak verbs as an inflectional category. Important evidence concerning the early stages and analogical growth patterns of the weak verbs can, it is hoped, be gained through a morpho-semantic analysis of these early groups. Methodologically, the verbs are first analysed according to the linguistic period of their formation, and thus assigned to a particular stratum within the development of the Old High German language. Following this, the verbs of the younger strata are classified according to the method of their derivation. Verbs which can be thus classified are then further analysed on the basis of morphological and semantic factors occurring within, or reflecting, the derivational process. In this way the relative size and importance of the different strata, as well as the various derivational groups of the Old High German weak verbs, can be demonstrated. This research provides the necessary groundwork for a re-evaluation of the theories regarding the origin of the weak preterite; the word formation patterns of prehistoric stages of Germanic and their extension into a comprehensive etymological dictionary of the Germanic weak verb.

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CONTENTS

Declaration . Acknowledgements......................................................................... Abbreviations...............................................................................viii Symbols......................................................................................ix 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 General............................................................................................1 1.1. The Germanic Weak Verb............................................................... 5 1.2. Previous Related Work..................................................................33 1.3. A Hypothesis.................................................................................38 1.4. Summary.......................................................................................41 1.5. 2. Methodology .................................................................................................... 42 Preliminary....................................................................................42 2.1. Sources..........................................................................................42 2.2. Chronology and Stratification......................................................46 2.3. Derivational Profile....................................................................... 54 2.4. Further Analysis............................................................................61 2.5. 2.6. Reconstructed Forms.....................................................................67 2.7. Summary.......................................................................................70 3. Data ................................................................................................................... 71 3.1. Preliminary...................................................................................71 3.2. The Data........................................................................................73 3.3. Summary.....................................................................................562 4. Analysis .......................................................................................................... 563 4.1. Preliminary..................................................................................563 4.2. General Overview........................................................................565 4.3. Pre-Gerrnanjc Weak Verb Formations........................................569 4.3.1. Preterjte-Presents.........................................................................570 4.3.2. Class I Primary Verbs..................................................................579 4.3.3. Class II Prinary Verbs...............................................................583 4.3.4. Class III Primary Verbs...............................................................586 4.4. Germanic Weak Verb Formations............................................... 589 4.4.1. Germanic Deverbatives...............................................................589 4.4.1.1. Class I Germanic Deverbatives...................................................589 4.4.1.2. Class Ti Germanic Deverbatives.................................................. 594 4.4.1.3. Class Jfl Germanic Deverbatives.................................................595 4.4.2. Germanic Deadjectives................................................................597 4.4.2.1. Class I Germanic Deadjectives.................................................597 4.4.2.2. Class II Germanic Deadjectives................................................600 4.4.2.3. Class III Germanic Deadjectives...............................................601 4.4.3. Germjc Denominatives...........................................................604 4.4.3.1. Class I Germanic Denominatives...............................................604 4.4.3.2. Class II Germanic Denominatives...............................................606 4.4.3.3. Class III Germanic Denominatives............................................609 4.4.4. Germanic Prefix Formations......................................................612 4.4.5. Germanic Loan Verbs..................................................................615

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4.4.6. Germanic Weak Verbs - Derivational Pattern Unclear...............616 4.4.7. Germanic Weak Verbs - Summary.............................................616 4.5. Northwest Germanic Weak Verb Formations.............................621 4.5.1. Northwest Germanic Deverbatives.............................................621 4.5.1.1. Class I Northwest Germanic Deverbatives................................621 4.5.1.2. Class II Northwest Germanic Deverbatives................................623 4.5.1.3. Class III Northwest Germanic Deverbatives...............................627 4.5.2. Northwest Germanic Deadjectives..............................................628 4.5.2.1. Class I Northwest Germanic Deadjectives..................................628 4.5.2.2. Class II Northwest Germanic Deadjectives................................629 4.5.2.3. Class III Northwest Germanic Deadjectives..............................631 4.5.3. Northwest Germanic Denominatives..........................................631 4.5.3.1. Class I Northwest Germanic Denominatives..............................631 4.5.3.2. Class II Northwest Germanic Denominatives.............................633 4.5.3.3. Class III Northwest Germanic Denominatives............................635 4.5.4. Northwest Germanic Prefix Formations......................................636 4.5.5. Northwest Germanic Loan Verbs................................................638 4.5.6. Northwest Germanic Weak Verbs - Derivational PatternUnclear.........................................................638 4.5.7. Northwest Germanic Weak Verbs - Etymology Unclear............642 4.5.8. Northwest Germanic Weak Verbs - Summary............................642 4.6. West Germanic Weak Verb Formations.....................................644 4.6.1. West Germanic Deverbatives.....................................................644 4.6.1.1. Class I West Germanic Deverbatives.........................................644 4.6.1.2. Class II West Germanic Deverbatives.........................................647 4.6.1.3. Class III West Germanic Deverbatives......................................652 4.6.2. West Germanic Deadjectives......................................................652 4.6.2.1. Class I West Germanic Deadjectives..........................................653 4.6.2.2. Class II West Germanic Deadjectives.........................................654 4.6.2.3. Class III West Germanic Deadjectives.......................................657 4.6.3. West Germanic Denominatives.................................................. 659 4.6.3.1. Class I West Germanic Denominatives......................................659 4.6.3.2. Class II West Germanic Denominatives.....................................661 4.6.3.3. Class Ill West Germanic Denominatives...................................665 4.6.4. West Germanic Prefix Formations..............................................665 4.6.5. West Germanic Loan Verbs.......................................................668 4.6.6. West Germanic Weak Verbs - Derivational Pattern Unclear......669 4.6.7. West Germanic Weak Verbs - Etymology Unclear.....................670 4.6.8. West Germanic Weak Verbs - Summary....................................670 4.7. Old High German Weak Verb Formations..................................674 4.7.1. Old High German Deverbatives..................................................674 4.7.1.1. Class I Old High German Deverbatives.....................................674 4.7.1.2. Class II Old High German Deverbatives.....................................680 4.7.1.3. Class III Old High German Deverbatives....................................686 4.7.2. Old High German Deadjectives...................................................687 4.7.2.1. Class I Old High German Deadjectives.......................................688 4.7.2.2. Class II Old High German Deadjectives.....................................691 4.7.2.3. Class III Old High German Deadjectives....................................695

iv

4.7.3. Old High German Denominatives 698 4.7.3.1. Class I Old High German Denominatives...................................698 4.7.3.2. Class II Old High German Denominatives..................................704 4.7.3.3. Class III Old High German Denominatives................................712 4.7.4. Old High German Prefix Formations..........................................714 4.7.5. Old High German Loan Verbs....................................................719 4.7.6. Old High German Weak Verbs - Derivational PatternUnclear.......................................................... 723 4.7.7. Old High German Weak Verbs - Etymology Unclear.................724 4.7.8. Old High German Weak Verbs - Summary................................724 5. Further Research ........................................................................................... 728 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 730 AppendixOne ...................................................................................................747 AppendixTwo .................................................................................................... 748

Declaration

No Portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning.

Signed:

Date:

vi

Acknowledgement

I should like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Jonathan West, for his continuous support, invaluable advice and ever-readiness to offer help. I also wish to express my gratitude to the postgraduate community in the German Department of Newcastle University, namely my wife Zeynep Bailey (ne Erol), Julian Skinner and Mark Whitaker. The above offered me invaluable advice, encouragement and moral support on countless occasions and, above all, provided a friendly, co-operative atmosphere throughout my research. I am also extremely grateful to John Young for his help and advice in respect to computer fonts, and to the staff of the Taylorian Institute, Oxford, who were always eager to help. Finally, I should like to offer thanks to my parents on account of their immeasurable support and encouragement for the duration of my work towards this PhD.

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ABBREVIATIONS

Language Avest. Corn. Dan. Engi. Finn. Fr. Gaul. Gmc Hebr. JE Jr. Lith. LG MHG Mid.Engl. MIr. MDu. MLG Mod.Engl. NHG Norw. OCS ODan. OE OLF OFr. OFs. OHG OIr. ON OPers. OPruss. Os OSwed. 0 Welsh Pers. Run. Run. Dan. Run. Swed. Russ. SCr. Slovak. Swed. Toch.

Avestan Cornish Danish English Finnish French Gaulish Germanic Hebrew Indo-European Irish Lithuanian Low German Middle High German Middle English Middle Irish Middle Dutch Middle Low German Modern English New High German Norwegian Old Church Slavonic Old Danish Old English Old Low Franconian Old French Old Frisian Old High German Old Irish Old Norse Old Persian Old Prussian Old Saxon Old Swedish Old Welsh Persian Runic Norse Runic Danish Runic Swedish Russian Serbo-Croat Slovakian Swedish Tocharian

Toch.A Toch.B General A acc. adj. adv. aor. dat. d.h. dial. d.i. eigent. fern. gen. impers. indic. instrum. intrans. rnasc. med. mid. mod. neut. nom. P part. pass. perf. p1. prep. pres. pret. pret.-pres reflex. redpl. sg. St. st. vb subst. trans. vb wk wk. vb

Tocharian A Tocharian B

Atmanepada accusative adjective adverb aorist dative das heil3t dialect das ist eigentlich feminine genitive impersonal indicative instrumental intransitive masculine medieval middle modern neuter nominative Parasmaipada participle passive perfective plural preposition present preterite preterite-present verb reflexive reduplicating singular strong strong verb substantive transitive verb weak weak verb viii

SYMBOLS

Reconstructed form Derives from From which is derived

-1

Hypothetical IE root

ix

1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1. General
This thesis is an examination of the etymology of the Old High German (OHG) weak verbs. As such, it is intended to form part of a larger research project which will involve parallel studies made in each of the earliest historically attested forms of the languages of the Germanic group, that is OHG, Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old English, Old Norse and Gothic. A unified, pan-Gmc work such as this will, it is hoped, be able to provide accurate, comprehensive and reliable data on the evolution and growth of the weak verb in Germanic as well as its overall development throughout each of the various daughter languages and groups. Indeed, corresponding research has already been carried out in the field of Gothic weak verb etymology by Skinner (1994) which is commented on further in 1.3. and the same author is also currently working on a similar project looking at the etymology of the ON weak verbs. Research projects involving Old Saxon and Old English are expected to follow in the very near future. When completed this pan-Gmc project will be able to complement Seebold's (1970) etymological study made into the Germanic strong verbs, and thus enable a comprehensive picture to be gleaned of the entire verbal system of Gmc, incorporating both the strong and weak inflections. The weak verb is of especial importance as it is found in all the Germanic languages and can be traced back to Primitive Germanic, the common parent language from which all the modern Germanic languages ultimately derive. The weak verbs are also still productive. Indeed, they are the only productive method of forming new verbs in all the modern languages of the Germanic group. However, despite the importance of the weak verbs to the field of Germanic philology and despite the fact that the subject has already received considerable research, no satisfactory explanation for the origin of the weak verbs as yet exists. Despite attempts to connect them with the Celtic t-preterite, they remain a formation unique to Germanic. Neither has a proper synoptic study been carried out of their development either in OHG, or in the prehistoric periods, or strata, marking the diachronic development of Primitive Germanic into its daughter languages. Consequently, any etymological investigation into the history of the weak verb system in Germanic will inevitably encounter the two important yet unresolved problems concerning the origin and pattern of

development of the weak verbs. These two problems will be addressed in this thesis. The approach taken in this thesis to the etymology of the weak verb is significantly different to that of any previous etymological study. Traditional works on Gmc etymology usually derive a particular lexical item from a hypothetical Indo-European root. The term "root", it should be noted, is used to represent, in terms of lexical morphology, the derivationally and morphologically most simple or elementary form - that is the ultimately irreducible form of a given word. Kiuge's Etymologisches WOrterbuch der deutschen Sprache' which represents a typical example of such a root-based approach, will thus derive a NHG lexeme such as weij3 "white" from a posited lB root *kweit- "to shine, be bright" 2 (via a reconstructed Gmc adjective *hweitaz). Such an approach is justified by the fact that IE was a language with no free forms and no paradigms in the modem sense 3 . However, the weak verbs are by their very nature derived and consequently an approach which is confmed to root etymologies will be inadequate for the purpose. Furthermore, root-based etymological studies remain a vestige of the nineteenth century research effort to prove that Germanic was a member of the IF language group, and to show how much of it could be interpreted as IE. This is in contrast to modem TB studies which work not from lB (or reconstructed TE roots) forwards, but backwards from the attested forms, that is from what is known to what is unknown. Moreover, traditional root-based approaches, while concentrating on etymologically "interesting" lexemes which can be traced back to a posited IE root, have usually ignored lexemes whose derivation seems obvious. As a result, those lexemes whose derivational relationship to another lexeme is clearly visible - in other words lexemes with a transparent derivational morphology are often omitted in such works. Hence, it is not surprising to find that sufficient attention is frequently not paid to seemingly obvious derivations from nouns, adjectives and other verbs where the derivational process is clearly transparent morphologically. Furthermore, works on etymology such as Kiuge's (1989) which take NHG as their starting point, have the added disadvantage that many verbs which existed in OHG or in earlier strata have subsequently became lost to the lexicon, thus excluding them from a place in a NHG etymological dictionary. To this can be added the fact that in traditional etymological works the decision as to whether to include or exclude a particular lexical entry often
2

'(22nd edition ed. Seebold 1989). Kiuge (1989: 785). Meillet (1964: 195f.).

neglected owing to the fact that their method of derivation seems obvious - such as morphologically transparent denominative and deadjectival formations and verbs derived by prefixation. Such derivational groups are fundamental to an understanding of the development of the OHG weak verbs as a whole, not only because accurate and extensive data have not hitherto been collected, but also on account of the fact that they make up the vast majority of weak verbs in OHG. Furthermore, the size of the sample, 4685 verbs are contained in the data section, will compensate for any inadequacies inherent in using secondary sources. In addition to its derivational profile, the period of formation is also ascertained for each verb. Thus, the OHG weak verbs can be stratified diachronically into the various periods which mark the development of the weak verb from Gmc to OHG, in other words a relative chronology of all the OHG weak verbs can be obtained. Such an analysis involving the derivational profile and chronology of every weak verb should therefore enable a greater understanding of the origin and diachronic development of the weak verb to be gained than previous research has allowed for. Such an approach which assigns the weak verbs to chronological strata and examines them on the basis of their stratification has previously been taken by Bammesberger (1986), who summarizes the importance of this approach: "Wenn em neuer Versuch zum Ursprung des schwachen Prteritums nicht von vorneherein zum Scheitem verurteilt sein soil, dann mul3 er sich auch rein methodisch von den Vorlufem unterscheiden. Da vermutlich wirklich alle Moglichkeiten in irgendeinerweise erprobt wurden, kann die Neuerung nur darin bestehen, daB man versucht, chronologische Schichten bei den schwachen Prateritaibildungen herauszuschlen"6 . The present work, however, aims to take such an approach further by stratifying and subjecting to analysis more complete and therefore accurate data. As has been mentioned above, this project is conceived as part of a greater overall project involving cognate studies made in each of the earliest historically attested forms of the languages of the Gmc group which can then be unified into a coherent whole, in other words an all-embracing etymological dictionary of the Gmc weak verb. This is important as OHG is not an isolated language representing the sole surviving descendant of the parent Germanic language, but one which has a close relationship to the other, cognate daughter languages of Gmc. Indeed, a significant part of the primitive Gmc lexicon which may not have survived into OHG may have been realized in these cognate
6

Bammesberger (1986: 70). Bammesberger's work on the Gmc weak verbs will be discussed in more detail in 1.2.

languages, and a complete, comprehensive reconstruction of the primitive Gmc weak verb system must therefore involve data from all daughter languages. As previously stated, such a unified, pan-Gmc work will comprise accurate and reliable data on the evolution and growth of the weak verb in Gmc as well as its overall development in the various daughter languages and groups. In summary, then, this thesis offers a different approach to that found in previous research by systematically examining the OHG weak verbs in their entirety, each verb being considered as both reflecting and forming part of a coherent and much larger whole. Such an examination has no preconceived notion as to the importance of verbal categories: these will emerge from the data. It thereby hopes to produce a clearer and more complete set of statistics than has hitherto been achieved in respect to the derivational grouping and stratification of these verbs. This is in contradistinction to traditional methods of research which tend to concentrate on the etymology of individual verbs, these verbs often being examined in isolation to each other. Having briefly outlined the procedure to be taken in this thesis, sunimarising the merits and advantages arising from such a systematic and exhaustive method of data collection and analysis, we shall now turn to the issue of what an approach of this nature may yield in the way of results, and how it may therefore contribute towards a greater understanding of the weak verb in OHG and Gmc. Before this, however, it will be necessary to discuss in more detail the importance of the Gmc weak verb to the field of Gmc philology and derivational morphology, together with the problems which it poses.

1.2. The Germanic Weak Verb

As mentioned in section 1.1., the weak verbs are of great importance and interest as they are the only productive method of forming new verbs in all the modem languages of the Germanic group, in other words they represent an open set. This is in contrast to the strong verbs which are no longer productive and thus a closed set7 . Furthermore, while the weak verbs make up the overwhelming majority of verbs in all the modem Gmc languages, the strong inflection is, by comparison confined to between 150-180 verbs in NHG8. Indeed, throughout the history of the Gmc languages significant numbers of
Occasionally, though, certain verbs may take on a strong inflection by analogy, such as Modern English (American) dive, strong preterite dove from the earlier weak preterite dived, but this phenomenon is relatively rare. Duden (1973 ed. Greber: 126-135).

strong verbs have converted to the weak inflection, conforming analogically to the larger and more productive weak group. This fact is all the more important as it would also have been possible for the opposite development to have occurred, i.e. for the strong verbs to have increased in size and productivity and for the weak verbs to have become a marginalized, closed set no longer productive. The weak verbs are also largely secondary, deriving from verbs, adjectives, substantives and, very occasionally, adverbs. This reflects the productivity already referred to of the weak verbs - any new verb derived in any of the modern Gmc languages from another lexical item will automatically receive the weak inflection. This highly productive, secondary nature of the weak verbs is in sharp contrast to the strong verbs, which are, as previously mentioned, both no longer productive and almost exclusively primary, that is the overwhelming majority cannot be shown to derive from other existing lexemes inGmc. In addition to this the strong verbs also tend to express basic, everyday concepts such as "to take", "to sit", "to sleep", thus constituting a great deal of the elementary or core vocabulary of German. As a result of this they naturally have a greater text frequency, that is an individual strong verb will most likely appear more frequently in a corpus than will a weak verb9. Although primary in terms of Gmc derivational morphology, the strong verbs are normally related to corresponding verbs in languages belonging to the other IE groups outside Gmc. Thus, for example, the Gmc strong verb *beranan "to carry, bear" has related forms in: OIr. biru, berim; Latin ferre; Greek ppco; OCS bera, birati; Lithuanian bern; Albanian bie; Armenian berem; Sanskrit barati; Avestan bar-; Tocharian par-'. Such verbs are clearly related, representing inherited forms which derive from an ancient IE verb. Thus, by applying the methods of historical reconstruction to be discussed in Chapter Two, we can reconstruct a primitive IE root I*bher "to carry, bear, bring" which serves as a convenient formula by which the attested forms can be related to each other. Furthermore, the preterite of the strong verbs has a clearly defined origin. The traditional theory is that it represents a blend of the IE perfect plus the IE aorist". The IE perfect was formed by reduplicating the initial syllable of the verb stem. In verb stems where a consonant occupied the initial position, this consonant along with the vowel e was prefixed to the verb stem. In verb stems
West (III 1993: 7 1-74). ' Buck (1949: 707). H Thus Meillet (1912: 201), Meid (1971: 16).

between present, preterite singular and preterite plural respectively' 9 . The IE perfect also accounts for the singular and dual endings as well as the 1St plural of the Gmc preterite, while secondary endings and zero ablaut grade of the aoriSt appear in the 2nd and 3rd plural20. It should be noted, however, that there are a number of problems attached to the relationship between the Gmc preterite and the IE perfect and aorist. Firstly, the pattern of reduplication characteristic of the IE perfect became extremely restricted in Gmc, being reflected only in certain strong verbs of class VII, but how and why this occurred is unclear. Secondly, as reduplication is clearly an archaic, IE formation, it is unclear why the Gmc verbs belonging to class VII, the reduplicating class, have no clear IE cognates. The weak verbs, on the other hand, employ neither reduplication such as that found in the strong verbs of class VII, nor a systematic system of ablaut alternation such as that found in the strong verbs of classes I-Vu. Instead they form their preterite by the addition of a dental suffix followed by a set of personal endings quite distinct from those of the strong verbs. This dental suffix characterising the preterite of the weak verbs is of unknown origin, having no corresponding forms outside Gmc. From what has been discussed it is but a short step to the conclusion that the strong verbs belong to the older of the two Gmc verbal inflections, representing for the most part inherited forms from IE, while the weak verbs account for a younger system of inflection, representing an innovation unique to Gmc. This brings us to a number of important questions: Firstly, what is the origin of the Gmc weak verbs? In other words, how and why did the weak verbs come into being? Following on from this is the equally pertinent question: how and why should the weak verb group come to replace the originally larger strong verb group as a means of forming new verbs? Let us first address the issue of the origin of the weak verbs and the dental suffix. A number of theories have been put forward which attempt to explain the origin of the Gmc dental preterite, all of which inevitably encounter serious difficulties. They have often traditionally been divided into two broad categories: dh-theories and t-theories 2 ', that is theories which seek the origin of
For a more detailed discussion of the origin and development of the ablaut series of the strong verb in Gmc, an area which is clearly beyond the scope of this present work, see Meid (1971), Barnes & Esau (1973: 1-34), van Coetsem (1980: 28 1-339). 20 Krahe (II 1969: 102). 21 This is the schema presented in lops (1974). Apart from the composition theory, the only important work which seeks an origin for the dental preterite in an IE dh-element is that of Lehmann (1943) which is discussed later in this section. The reader should also note the
19

the dental of the weak preterite in lB *dh and those which postulate that the dental element must derive from an IE *t. The most important of the theories which relate the dental preterite to IE *dh is the so-called composition theory which postulates that this *dh derives from the verb "to do" (IE root 'I*dh-, *dh-) and that the Gmc dental preterite was originally a compound consisting of the verbal base 22 plus the verb "to do". Although there are several t-theories which seek an origin for the Gmc weak preterite in various TB formations, perhaps the most important of these connects the dental preterite with the dental suffix of the preterite participle, the dental present in the latter clearly deriving from the IE suffix *-to-. The main theories which have been proposed for the origin of the Gmc weak preterite, the problems they encounter and their significance in respect to the data analyzed and presented in the present work can now be discussed in more detail. We will begin with the "to do" composition theory, a conjecture which was made as early as the beginning of the eighteenth century by Diederich von Stade23. As mentioned above, the composition theory sees the dental preterite as originating in a peripbrastic construction formed by attaching, to the verb stem, preterite forms of the Gmc verb "to do" (TE root 'I*dha-, *dho-) which, in effect, assumed the function of an auxiliary. The preterite of the verb "to do" could be formed in lB either with or without reduplication. Thus the singular forms without reduplication (TE *dhin, *dh, *dh, or with ablaut *dhm, *dhs, *dho7) could form the basis of the singular paradigm of the Gmc weak preterite (itself not formed with reduplication), while the reduplicated plural forms of the verb could form the basis of the plural paradigm of the Gmc weak preterite24. Proponents of this theory draw on the similarity of the Gothic plural (and dual) endings of the weak preterite with the preterite of the verb "to do" in Gmc, from which they conclude that preterite (=IE perfect) forms of this verb have been preserved in the preterite plural (and dual) of Gothic weak verbs. To illustrate the similarity compare the Gothic weak verb plural endings -dedum, -dedub, -dedun with the OHG forms of the verb "to do" ttum, tat Ut, ttun. A remarkable feature of this similarity is the fact that the aforementioned verb "to do" is lacking in Gothic, the class I weak verb raujan "to do, make" taking its place25.
hypothesis of Shields (1982) which seeks an origin for the dental prteterite in IE deitic particles in d and t, which also receives attention later in this section. 22 The problems surrounding the form originally taken by such a verbal base are discussed in more detail below. 23 See Collitz (1912: 1-28) for a history of early research on the origin of the dental preterite, and Tops (1974) for a detailed discussion of twentieth century research until 1970. 24 Krahe (II 1969: 127). 25 A related noun *gades "deed, action" is, however, attested.

Proponents of the composition theory also draw attention to the Sanskrit periphrastic construction used to form the perfect of secondary verbs (the Sanskrit class X verbs, causatives and derivations from nominal stems) 26 . This was a combination of the accusative of an abstract verbal noun (not used elsewhere) with the perfect of karoti "does". Typical examples are: bodhym cakara "woke up", literally "did a waking", from bodhayati "wakes up"; daraym cakra "showed", literally "did a showing", from dar.ayati "shows" 27 . However, other IE constructions which may derive from earlier compounds or periphrastic constructions in which a verb form appears to have become a temporal morpheme do not involve the verb "to do" 28 . Thus the suffix -ha- in the Latin imperfect, e.g. ama-ba-mus, is generally held to derive from an aorist form of the IE verb *bh ii- "to be" (cf. Latin fui), although the precise details are unclear29 . The suffix -dava- in the Lithuanian imperfect is less clear than the Latin, but possibly represents a fossilized preterite form of a verb in -auti or -uoti30 which adopted an initial d: "Le -d- doit avoir t pris au participe en -damas, dary-damas"31. A significant problem in relation to the "to do" theory is the absence of reduplicated forms in the weak verb preterite plural of the other Gmc languages. In response to this, however, the absence of reduplicated forms outside Gothic has been explained as arising from a restructuring process in which the North and WGmc plural forms lost their reduplication 32 . Another problem attached to this explanation involving the verb "to do" is that, while the preterite singular endings of the verb "to do" are formed with reduplication (e.g. OHG teta 1st sg., tti 2nd sg., teta 3rd sg., OS deda 1st sg., dedos, ddi 2nd sg., deda 3rd sg., OE dyde 1st sg., dydes(t) 2nd sg., dyde 3rd sg.), the singular endings of the weak preterite in Gothic do not, as would have been expected, appear in reduplicated form. The difficulties which the endings of the weak verbs present in relation to the various theories put forward to explain the origin of the Gmc dental preterite will be discussed in more detail below. Furthermore, there is also considerable disagreement as to the exact form which the first element would have taken in such a compound formed with the
26

A handful of primary verbs also form their prefect periphrastically: see Macdonell (1993: 116). 27 See Macdonell (1993: 116). 28 Feuillet (1981: 211). 29 Feuillet (1981: 211). For alternative explanations concerning the origin of the Latin imperfect see the refernces given in Szemernyi (1990: 323 footnote 14a). 30 FeuiIlet(1981: 211). 31 Vaillant (III 1966: 66). Further references to studies on the Lithuanian imperfect can be found in Szemernyi (1990: 323 footnote 16b). 32 Krahe (II 1969: 127).

10

verb "to do". Loewe (1933) believed that the first element of the compound should normally be an accusative object of the verb *n, a function which could have been fulfilled in Gmc by a non-finite form of the verb such as the infinitive. However, Loewe wrongly assumed that Gmc did not possess an infinitive and instead postulated that a number of stem forms formed the basis of the first element. In this way Loewe explained class I Gmc verbs as originally deriving from stems in zero-grade -i (thus Gothic nasi-da). Likewise, class II verbs were descended from stems in - (thus Gothic salb-da), and class III verbs from stems in - (thus OHG hab-ta). Furthermore, according to Loewe the stem form of classes I and II represented the original dental preterites, while class III verbs as well as verbs forming their preterite without a medial vowel between the verb root and the dental preterite ending were later formations. However, as the data will show, this assumption is inaccurate as there is clearly an archaic class of primary verbs in Gmc which form their preterite without a medial vowel33 , e.g. OHG denken, 3rd sing. pret. dhta, OHG wurken, 3rd sing. pret. wor(a)hta (see 4.3.2.). It also fails to take into consideration the preterite-present verbs which, as the data will also reveal, are extremely archaic and similarly form their preterite without the aid of a medial vowel 34, e.g. OHG darf 3rd sing. pret. dorfia, OHG scal, 3rd sing pret. sing. scolta (see 4.3.1.). Von Friesen (1925) believed that IE "nomina actionis" ending in either *-ti or *-tu comprised the first element in dental preterites without a medial vowel between the verb root and the dental ending, while the following IE "nomina actionis" were responsible for the Gmc weak verb formations containing medial vowels: nouns ending in *...jo, * ..j for class I weak verbs, nouns ending in *-41e, * ../o for class II weak verbs and nouns ending in *ie for class III weak verbs. Thus von Friesen was able to reconstruct Gmc preterite forms such as *anxtidedC (Gothic Abahta), *fullejoded5C (Gothic fullida). However, the reduction required to derive Gothic ahta from an earlier *Abanxtided5c is considerable, and von Friesen's reconstructions have consequently been considered implausible. Sverdrup (1929) posited that the first element of the dental preterite must have been an accusative of a verbal noun. However, Sverdrup leaves the problem of the exact nature and formation of this verbal noun unresolved. Hirt (193 1-34) essentially accepted the composition theory as the main factor behind the origin of the Gmc dental preterite, but stressed that the Behaghel-Wackernagel theory (see below) must also be invoked to explain
See also Bammesberger (1986: 77-78) for a discussion of the primary j-presents. See also Bammesberger (1986: 73-76) for a discussion of the preterite-present verbs.

11

those forms of the dental suffix which can only satisfactorily be derived from an JE *t. Hirt's version of the composition theory drew attention to the fact that compounded verbal forms could occur quite freely in JE, for example Skt. ki-bhavati " he becomes one", Lithuanian main I-davau "I exchanged", jedn-davau "I united", Latin amibam "I loved". The latter two examples were formed with JE a before the auxilliary and it was to this morphological type, according to Hirt, that Gmc class II weak verbs such as Gothic salbcda belonged. Hirt also suggested that pure stems without any final thematic vowel could make up the first element of such compounds, these giving Gmc forms such as Gothic brahta, Abuhta etc. which he rightly considered to be old formations. Nevertheless, his theory offers no explanation as to why verbal compounds were sometimes formed from stems containing a final thematic vowel but at other times from first elements lacking such a vowel, nor can his theory offer up a suitable first element to explain the medial vowel of class I and class III weak verbs, Hirt suggesting that these are merely formed by analogy with the medial vowels found in the preterite participle. Most importantly, however, Hirt's work fails to offer any explanation as to why a mixture of both compounded forms and t-forms from the medial aorist arose in the Gmc weak preterite. For Hermann (1948) the first element of the Gmc compound preterite was an uninflected nominal stem. According to Hermann, IE was typologically an uninflected language at a very early stage in its development and vestiges of endingless nouns can be found preserved as case forms in the historical IE daughter languages. Furthermore, Hermann provides examples of nouns attested in various IE languages and ending in IE * i, *- *-O, *or a consonant, which he believes were originally uninflected. Such nouns could thus provide the basis for the three classes of weak verb in Gmc. Not only is Hermann's theory extremely speculative, drawing on assumptions about a very archaic period in the evolution of IE, it is also flawed in assuming that Gmc, an inflected IE language, would have employed rare and archaic vestiges of uninflected nouns as part of a productive derivational process to form the preterite tense of the weak verbs. Furthermore, the data presented in this thesis does not provide any evidence for the existence of the noun types proposed by Hermann beside the verbs which belong to the oldest chronological strata, i.e. the preterite-present verbs and the class I, II and III primary verbs (see Chapter Three and 4.3.1., 4.3.2., 4.3.3., 4.3.4.). As we shall shortly see, Birkhan (1979) essentially took the view that no single explanation can fully explain the dental preterite, but rather it is to be

12

regarded as having developed from various forms and influences. For those forms of the dental preterite which, according to Birkhan, can be shown to derive from IE *dhe, the first element may have comprised stems containing an i-element, i.e. i-,ja-, and j-/istems, e.g. Gothic hraini-dedum beside hrains (< Gmc *hrainiz "clean"). These stems were then able to provide a sufficiently secure model to allow later formations based on other stems, e.g. a-stems such as Gothic blindi-dedum beside blinds (< Gmc *bljndaz " blind"). Birkhan then proposed that a periphrastic construction in which the initial element was originally an accusative object could form the basis of certain forms of the dental preterite. Birkhan draws attention to the Sanskrit periphrastic perfect construction discussed above, i.e. bodhayam cakra, which he uses as evidence to allow him to reconstruct a late IE/pre-Gmc *mrtrjom dhdhme as the basis of Gothic maurkri-dedum. Nevertheless, Birkhan's reconstruction is highly speculative, as the above peripbrastic construction in Sanskrit does not provide sufficient evidence to allow such a periphrastic construction involving *dh to be traced back to such an early period. Theories centred on composition with the verb "to do" may also be considered unsatisfactory on the grounds that they cannot account for the variant forms in which the dental suffix occurs, i.e. -t-, -Ab-, -6- and -s-. The JE *dh present in the verb *dhe.. "to do" can only yield a Gmc *6 or, in word initial position and after nasals, *d. All these variant forms of the dental suffix can, however, be derived from an IE *-t.. element. However, before discussing the various "t-theories" put forward to explain the origin of the dental preterite, we should mention Wisniewski's theory of "primre Beruhrungseffekte" which she formulated as an attempt to explain preterite forms which can only derive from an IE *t within the framework of the composition theory 36 . Wisniewski suggests that long stemmed verb forms without ending in a consonant (e.g. Gmc *branh-t (> Gothic, OHG, OS brhta), Gmc *],anht (> Gothic kahta, OHG dhta)) underwent a particular sound change: "Die Entstehung liegt nahe, daB beim Antreten des Dentalsuffixes bei den langwurzligen bindevokallosen Prterita primare Beruhrungseffekte ausgelost wurden, bei den kurzwurzligen aber nicht... Wir mUssen diesen Beruhrungseffekt als eine Verscharfung verstehen, von der vor allem der anlautende Dental des Prteritalsuffixes betroffen wurde"37 . This sound change must furthermore be pre-Gmc as a devoicing of <> would give <> rather than the <t> found in forms such as
Krahe (11969: 90). Wisniewski does not address the problem concerning the form taken by the initial element of the compounded form. Wisniewslcj (1963: 7).
36

13

*branh-t etc. In this way, a pre-Gmc compounded form such as *tongdhom "I thought" would have undergone devoicing due to the "primare Beruhrungseffekt", yielding a form *tonk-tm which consequently developed into Gmc *]ianhto 8 . Nevertheless, there are a number of objections to Wisniewski's theorem which are conveniently summarized by Tops: "if the Verscharfung is an Indo-European sound change the formation itself must be Indo-European as well. Even if it was only 'eine vereinzelt auftretende Bildungsweise', one would expect traces of it outside Gmc; yet Wisniewski adduces none"39. In summary then, although the verb "to do" can be seen as having played a key role in the formation and remodelling of the endings of the weak preterite, the problems associated with the composition theory which have been outlined in the previous paragraphs clearly indicate that it cannot provide a solution to the origin of the weak preterite as a whole. Having outlined the composition theory and surveyed its drawbacks, we can now discuss the various conjectures centred on an origin in the dental element of the preterite participle40. As mentioned above, the dental suffix present in the preterite participle of the weak verbs can clearly be seen to derive from the IE suffix *-to. The *-to suffix was used in IE to form verbal adjectives, usually with zero-grade ablaut, which could also ftinction as preterite participles, these participles being active in voice when formed from intransitive verbs and passive when formed from transitive verbs41 . Compare, for example, the Latin passive participle am.tus "loved" from the transitive verb amare "to love" with the Sanskrit preterite participle gatah used actively to express "he went". As a suffix used to form verbal adjectives ftmnctioning also as preterite participles, *-to_ enjoyed considerable productivity in IE and its daughter languages where it is represented by numerous examples, e.g. from IE *kluts "heard of, famous, glorious" are derived Sanskrit rutah "heard (of)", Greek ic?'ut "heard of, famous, renowned, glorious, noble, splendid", Latin inclutus "celebrated, famous, renowned", OHG Hiot-hari "Lothar, i.e. whose army is famous", OIr. cloth "fame, glory"42, Armenian lu "known". Traces may even be present in
38

See Tops (1974: 36) for a more detailed coverage of Wisniewski. Tops (1974: 36). 40 Bopp (1816) may be considered the first to have derived forms of the weak preterite from the Gmc preterite participle. However, Bopp only derived the short Gothic preterite forms from the preterite participle, the long Gothic forms in *i were, according to him, to be explained by the composition theory. The first to propose that the Gmc dental preterite was entirely derived from the preterite particple was Begemann (1873, 1874). Krahe & Meid (III 1969: 141). Szemernyi (1990: 352). Meillet (1912: 250).

14

Hittite of a *-to- suffix used to form participial adjectives from verbs, if the reading of hasta- as "born, prince" in hastan-uri "grand des princes" is correct"4. If correct, this almost certainly presupposes an extremely early origin for the *-to- suffix. Despite its widespread occurrence in the various IE languages it is, however, in the Italic, Gmc and Baltic branches that the *to suffix became especially productive45 . In Italic it became systematized, regularly forming the perfect participle passive of verbs of all conjugational classes, e.g. monitus, amtus, obsoltus46 . In Gmc it was also systematized, coming to be used, as we have seen, to form the preterite participle of the weak verbs, including the preterite-present verbs. At this point, however, it should be noted that participles formed with the IE suffix *-no-/-na- also existed beside participles formed with IE *-to-. This *-no-I-na- suffix was particularly prominent in Indo-Aryan, Slavonic and Gmc47 . In Slavonic it came to supplant the *-to- suffix 48 , e.g. OCS lakaja beside Lith. lanktos "curved, bent"49, while in Gmc it was systematized so as to regularly form the preterite participle of the strong verbs, e.g. Gmc *numanaz "taken" which may be adduced from Gothic numans, ON numenn, OE numen, OS gi-numan and OHG gi-noman, and which represents the preterite participle of the class IV strong verb *nemanan "to take" (Gothic niman, OHG neman etc.). As a result, a twofold preterite participle system developed in Gmc whereby *-no-/-na- was used in conjunction with the strong verb inflectional types, and *to- was employed to form the preterite participles of the weak verb inflectional type. The *-to- theory, as well as showing an IE origin for the dental suffix, has the advantage that the stem of the past participle is the same as that of the preterite. Its importance has been well summarized by Ball: "It is surely a remarkable fact that the stem and dental of any and every weak verb are the same in the preterite and past participle. This immediately suggests either a common origin or that one is derived from the other. Now, the -to- participle is an IE formation while the weak preterite is Gmc, and, since a common origin seems out of the question, if they are related at all the dental preterite must be derived from the past participle"50. Nevertheless, the *-to- theory is not without difficulties. Probably the most fundamental of these is that it offers no explanation for the endings of the
Szemernyi (1990: 352). Brugmann (1905: 335). Krahe & Meid (III 1969: 141-142). Szemernyi (1990: 352). Vaillant (III 1966: 1 16f.). Meillet (1912: 335). 50 Ball (1968: 186).

15

weak preterite. Furthermore, it is difficult to explain how a non-finite participial construction could have adopted endings and come to form the basis of a finite preterite tense form 51 . Two possible ways by which preterite participles may have become remodelled as inflected preterite tense markers are given below, neither of which are entirely convincing52. The first of these sees the verbal preterite tense forms as having arisen through a reinterpretation, or perhaps rather misinterpretation, of the adjectival form and nature of the *-to- participle. However, it is difficult to see how the Gmc reflexes of the inflectional variants of *-to, used in lB and Gmc to signal gender and number, e.g. TB sg. *-tos, *_ta, *-tom, p1. *-toi, *-ts', *-tetc. > Gmc
* Abaz, * Ab, *-ban, p1. *-bai, * Abs, *-J,o

etc. would have offered scope for

identification with verbal endings53. The second sees the verbal preterite tense forms as having arisen through combination and eventual fusion of the verbal adjective in *-to- with an auxiliary verb. In support of this theory is the fact that phrases involving a juxtaposition of verbal adjective and auxiliary are relatively common, particularly those involving the verb "to be" 54 . In such constructions the preterite participle may have been used as a past passive participle taking the place of a relative clause: IE *wrktos/wrkt esmi> Gmc *wurhtaz/wurht immi "(literally): I am the worked one" > "I am (he/she who has) worked"55. Although the idea of fusion of the preterite participle with an auxiliary verb is convincing in theory, it is nevertheless extremely tentative and encounters serious problems when put into practice, both as regards ascertaining which auxiliary forms might have fused with the preterite participle, and in respect to the personal endings appearing in the preterite. An interesting approach to the *-to- theory can be seen in Wagner (1960) who attempted to show that IE participles in *-to- played a significant influence on aorist and perfect tense forms in the late TB period 56 and can consequently account for not only the Gmc preterite (although he explains the personal endings on the basis of influence from the verb "to do") but also the dental
51

But compare Russian and Slavonic, e.g. Russianja, ty, on znal (masc.) "I, you, he knew";ja, ty, ona znala (fern.) "I, you, she knew"; my, vy, oni znali (plural) "we, you, they knew". However, these preterite tense forms are still inflected as an adjective, and no mixing of nominal and verbal inflection has occurred (Tops 1974: 74). 52 Meid(1971: liOf.). Meid (1971: liOf.). 54 Meid(1971: 111). 55 Meid(1971: 111). Furthermore, this influence happens about the same time as the demise of the perfect in Slavonic and the falling together of the aorist and perfect into a single tense in Latin, Celtic and Gmc.

16

element in the Celtic t-preterite, e.g. biurt, birt, bert, bertam(m)ar, etc. "I carried etc."57. Wagner's attempts to relate the Gmc preterite to the Celtic t-preterite have, however, been criticized by Watkins (1962) who firmly rejected an origin for the Celtic t-preterite in the IE *-to- suffix. Instead, Watkins convincingly showed that the Celtic t-preterite derives from the IE s-aorist 58 . Watkins also rejected Wagner's claim that the *_to participle played an influence on the aorist and perfect during the late IE period claiming that, as the various languages mentioned by Wagner restructured their tenses in different ways, these non-parallel developments must have taken place independently. Nevertheless, Watkins accepted Wagner's claim that the Gmc dental preterite is based on the IE *-to- participle while its endings derive from the verb "to do", and elaborated that the *-to participle originally formed the basis of the 3rd person singular finite form only, the merger of IE *t and *dh as a result of Grimm's Law and Vemer's Law and the influence of the preterite endings of the verb "to do" subsequently allowing the formation to become extended to all persons of the weak preterite. Ball (1968) provides a useful and informative article which builds on previous research relating the dental element of the preterite tense to the dental of the preterite participle. He begins by describing the conditions which enabled the dental preterite to establish its ascendancy, despite the "numerous irregularities which seem to have been part of the formation from the begiiming" 59. The most important factor which favoured the weak preterite over the rival means of forming the preterite in Gmc, i.e. the ablaut conditioned and reduplicating strong verbs, was that these latter suffered from a number of disadvantages. Firstly, the ablaut conditioned preterite could only be used with verbs which had the normal grade IE vowel e in the root syllable of their present stem (except for verbs of class VI which had an ablaut pattern a - o - , e.g. Gothicfaran,fc, and verbs of class VII which exhibit an ablaut pattern - a- o, e.g. Gothic grJan, graigrot). Furthermore, "the large number of conditioned sound-changes which affected accented vowels in Germanic and the various Germanic languages broke up the original orderly system of the strong verbs into a mass of irregularities" 60 . Moreover, a change in the position of the accent

58

Thurneysen (1946: 423). Watkins (1962: 3 8-46). Ball (1968: 165). 60 Ball (1968: 164).

17

from the root syllable to the initial syllable of the reduplicating verbs 6 ' lead to the weakening and eventual loss of the original root syllable in these verbs in NWGrnc, e.g. OE hatan, heht beside Gothic haitan, haihait "to call". In other words the shift in the Grnc accent to the initial syllable can be seen as one of the main factors behind the gradual disintegration and eventual abandonment of the reduplicated preterite by the later languages. Having described the conditions which favoured the growth of the weak preterite at the expense of the other preterite formations in Gmc, Ball attempts a relative chronology for the weak verbs. Thus for Ball, the preterite-present verbs and class I primary verbs without a connecting vowel in the preterite represent the most archaic groups of weak verbs, as they exhibit very early sound changes, e.g. IE *gt> *kt> Gmc *ht (OE d&zg, preterite dohte; Gothic og, preterite ohta)62. The thematic connecting vowel present in the "regular" weak verbs of classes I-Ill is therefore best regarded as having been levelled from the present stem. Ball's chronology for the weak verbs thus corresponds very closely to the findings of the present work (see 4.3.1., 4.3.2., 4.3.3., 4.3.4.). Having established a relative chronology for the earliest weak verbs, Ball then attempts an explanation for the origin of the dental preterite. As previously mentioned, Ball saw the dental of the preterite participle as the most convincing explanation, given that it is an IE formation while the dental preterite is unique to Gmc and therefore clearly younger. In order to explain the endings he adopts Must's hypothesis (see below) that the Gmc weak preterite can be related to IE past tense formations based on -a- and - . suffixes followed by the secondary endings, but elaborates on this by stating that the dental suffix of the preterite participle found its way into these preterite endings based on -aand -a- suffixes. This, according to Ball, was out of a need to reinforce the preterite endings which, owing to the shift in accent to the initial syllable in Gmc, had become weakened to the point of becoming ineffective as a distinct means of marking the preterite: "As the distinctive marker (or markers) became indistinct, it was necessary to recharacterize the formation, and this was achieved by the innovation of forming the preterite on the stern of the past participle" 63 . He further states that this change of formation could not occur without a pattern on which to base itself, and that this pattern may be found in

61

Compare Gothic saL-lep (preterite of slepan "to sleep") which indicates that the stress was on the initial syllable, beside the presumably analogically reformed saislep. 62 According to Ball the sound changes are clearly JE, but this assumption has been criticized by Tops who maintains that the sound changes involved could quite feasibly have continued well into the Gmc period (Tops 1974: 82-83). 6j BaIl (1968: 187).

18

the strong verbs of classes I, II and III. The ablaut series of these verbs is such that the past participle and the whole of the preterite system (except 1st, 2nd, 3rd sg. indic. in Gothic and ON, and 1st, 3rd sg. indic. in WGmc) have a single stem containing the zero grade of ablaut in the root syllable, e.g. class I Gmc *beidanan "to await" (Gothic beidan), *bium 1st p1. pret. indic. (Gothic bidum), *bidanaz pret. part. (Gothic bidans); class II Gmc *beuOanan "to offer" (Gothic -biudan), *buum 1st p1. pret. indic. (Gothic -budum), *budanaz pret. part. (Gothic -budans); class III Gmc *bendanan "to bind" (Gothic bindan), *bundum 1st p1. pret. indic. (Gothic bundum), *bundanaz pret. part. (Gothic bundans). Meid's (1971) study is not confined to the preterite forms of the weak verbs proper, but also deals with the preterite of the strong verbs (both those taking ablaut and those employing reduplication to mark the preterite). Meid derives the dental suffix of the weak preterite from that of the preterite participle, as already discussed, and stresses that the preterite-present verbs probably comprise the earliest group to have taken the dental suffix in their preterite tense forms. He supports this theory on the grounds that the preterite-present verbs (along with a small group of primary weak verbs proper) formed their preterite participle and preterite tense forms without any intervening thematic vowel and, as such preterite forms lacking a thematic vowel are the exception rather than the rule among the Gmc weak verbs, they must therefore belong to a more archaic type of dental preterite formation. He then proposes that the preterite participle could come to form the basis of a preterite tense construction by adopting and modifying the IE secondary endings: "Die Sekundarendungen hatten praeteritale Funktion im Imperfekt und Aorist, Formationen, die fr das fruhe Germanische mit mehr oder weniger grol3er Wahrscheinlichkeit noch vorausgesetzt werden dUrfen" 64. Finally to support an ultimate derivation for the Gmc dental preterite in the IE *to participle, Meid presents what he believes to be parallel cases of the verbalization of the adjectival *-to participle in the other branches of IE. He observes that in Slavonic a small group of verbs form an aorist in -tu- in their 2nd and 3rd person singular65 . These same verbs form a perfective passive participle in -tu (< IE *-to-) and not in -(e)nu (< IE *-(e)no-) which is more remarkable when it is noted that -(e)nu represents the usual way to form the perfective passive participle in Slavonic. Typical examples of aorists in -tu include the following: OCS pe-ti "to suspend, hang", pe-tu perf. part., pe-tu 2nd,
64 65

Meid (1971: 112). Meid (1971: 114) . See also van Wijk (1925: 281-289).

19

3rd sg. aor.; re-tu "to devour", ru-tu perf. part., re-tu 2nd, 3rd sg. aor. The difference in ablaut grade between the preterite participle and aorist of forms such as ru-tu and re-tu can be explained, according to Meid, as resulting from the secondary suffixation of the aorist66 . Similarly, Meid believes that the *-to- participle forms the basis of a Celtic passive formation which could develop an active or medio-passive meaning in intransitive verbs, e.g. IE *g wtO. "gone" which yields both OIr. at-batha (passive inflectional ending) and at-bathatar ( active inflectional ending) "they died". Meid also derives the Celtic t-preterite from the IE *-to- participle, but as we have already seen, this is disputed by Watkins. Despite the rather controversial attempts made by Meid to find parallel developments in the other branches of IE whereby the IE *-to participle has come to form a finite tense form, the verbs which he identifies as the earliest weak verbs are corroborated by the findings in this thesis (see 4.3.1., 4.3.2., 4.3.3., 4.3.4.). Nevertheless, Meid's article is criticized by Tops on the grounds that "no convincing case for a transition from nominal to verbal inflection has been made"67. In addition to the composition theory and the various attempts made to relate the dental preterite to the preterite participle there are, as previously mentioned, a number of other theories concerning the origin of the Gmc weak preterite. We can now outline the most important of these. According to the so-called Behagel-Wackernagel theory the dental suffix of the Gmc weak preterite derives from the second person singular secondary ending of the TB medial aorist. Hence the ending seen in, for example, Gmc *nazis (Gothic nasids) can be seen to correspond to the Sanskrit 2nd person singular medial aorist ending seen in forms such as vrthah "you were covered", both forms, according to this theory, stemming from an original IE ending *-ths68 . The Behagel-Wackernagel theory found later adherents in Sievers (1924), Sehrt (1944) and, as a means to explain the Gothic long endings, Krause (1968)69. A significant problem, however, for the Behagel-Wackernagel theory is that it cannot account for the endings of the weak preterite which take the vowel -o- (see below for a discussion of the endings of the weak preterite). Collitz' (1912) work attempts to derive the Gmc dental preterite from the IE ending of the third person singular medio-passive perfect. He notes that the first and third person singular seen in the Gothic passive paradigm end in -da
66 67

Meid (1971: 114), van Wijk (1925: 281-289). Tops (1974: 86). See Tops (1974: 44). 69 See Tops (1974: 66-68).

20

(e.g. bairada "am, is carried"), and thus correspond to the first and third person singular of the weak preterite, also in -da. This allows him to reach the conclusion that these passive and weak preterite forms share the same origin, an IE middle perfect form: "Semen eigenartigen Endungen nach ist das schw. Prt. eine Passivform. Da es seiner Bedeutung nach mit dem starken Prteritum einer alten Perfektform - auf einer Lithe steht, so schliessen wir, dass es dem alten Perfekt des Mediopassivs entspricht" 70 . An IE medio-passive ending *-toi71 can be seen in the third person singular of present and aorist stems (thus Sanskrit -t in e.g. nayate "is led", Greek -tcci. (Arcadian, Mycenaean -tot) in e.g. Xstca "it is loosened", Hittite -ta(rz))72. This IE medio-passive ending is also seen in the third person singular of the Greek medio-passive perfect, e.g. 7utc "it has been loosened" 73 . According to Collitz, this IE medio-passive ending became extended in Gmc to the first person singular present of the medio-passive paradigm (hence Gothic bairada "am carried"), and to the first and third person singular of the medio-passive perfect, this latter forming the basis of the Gmc weak preterite. There are, however, a number of objections to Collitz' theory74. Perhaps the most significant stumbling block for Collitz' theory is that, especially on the basis of Runic Norse forms such as tawido, worahto etc., the ending of the first person singular of the dental preterite can be shown to have been *-(rn) in Gmc (see the description given below of the dental preterite endings). It cannot therefore have an identical origin with the Gothic passive forms in -da which, as mentioned above, go back to an IE medio-passive ending *-toi. It should also be noted that a significant proportion of the verbs which, as this thesis reveals, belong to the most archaic types, i.e. the preterite-present and pre-Gmc primary verbs (see 4.3.1., 4.3.2., 4.3.3., 4.3.4.), exhibit the zero-grade of ablaut in their root syllable. However, the IE perfect normally took the o-grade of ablaut in the singular paradigm75 . If indeed the IE second person singular medio-passive ending did become extended to other persons in the perfect of a core group of early verbs in Gmc, we would expect this archaic, core group to show the o-grade of ablaut in their root syllable rather than the zero-grade which, as stated, the present work shows to be a particularly prominent feature of the most archaic weak verb types.
70 71

Collitz (1912: 128-129). This ending was actually reconstructed by Collitz as *-taj. An IE form *-toi is, however, now considered more convincing on the basis of the Mycenaean evidence: see Szemernyi (1990: 253). 72 Szemerenyi (1990: 253-255). Goodwin (1930: 103). See Tops (1974: 50-59) for a more detailed discussion of these. See Szemernyi (1990: 312, 315).

21

Brugmann (1914) proposed that the Gmc dental preterite represents a reformation of an lB preterite in *tom, *-te-s, *-te-t etc., which belonged to a class of TE to-presents, e.g. OHG Gothic falAban, waldan, OHGflehtan, spaltan, Latin plect are, Greek lthK'to, Sanskrit sphutati. However, the data in the present work (see Chapter Three) does not reveal there to be a sufficient number of OHG verbs ultimately cognate with to-presents attested in the other IE languages, and Brugmaim's theory must consequently be dismissed on the grounds that there is insufficient data on which such a reformation could have operated. A further critcism of Brugmann's hypothesis has been raised by Sverdrup who stated that such a reformation of the t-element would only be possible "wenn nach.zuweisen ware, dass zu derselben Wurzel mit und ohne t-Formans nebeneinander bestanden; dann knnte narnlich der Vorgang emtreten, dass em Imperfekt oder em Aorist von dem mit t-Formans gebildeten Verbum in Beziehung zu dem Prsens ohne t-Formans trte und als Prteritum zu ibm geffihlt wrde"76. Brugmann's theory was later modified by Prokosch (1939), who saw the Gmc dental preterite as a reformation of the t-element present in the -t suffix attested in Latin frequentative or intensive verbs of the type clam itffre, occultare, this suffix developing a temporal function within Gmc. However, these Latin frequentative or intensive verbs represent a Latin innovation deriving from the preterite participle (Latin -tu- <IE *-to-), e.g. occultire "to hide, conceal" < occultus, -a, -urn "hidden, concealed" preterite participle of occulere "to cover"; domitare "to tame, subdue" < domitus, -a, -urn tamed, broken in" preterite participle of dornare "to tame, subdue"; habit &e "to inhabit, dwell" < habitus, -a, -urn "disposed, in the habit of' preterite participle of habte "to have, hold"77, and are therefore independent formations unrelated to the Gmc preterite. For Must (1951, 1952), the lB second person singular perfect ending *-tha (Gmc *-ta) formed the basis of the Gmc dental preterite. As the reader will recall from earlier in this chapter, the preterite endings of the Gmc strong verbs can be derived from the endings of the IE perfect, in other words the Gmc strong verbs have a clear origin in an earlier IE formation. Thus, according to Must, it might be possible to show that the weak preterite, a later formation with no relation in IE, represents a secondary development deriving from the earlier strong preterite. Must takes as his starting point the verb *brenganan (OHG bringan) which exhibits ablaut and corresponds to the strong verbs in the
76

Sverdrup (1915: 15). Brugmaim (IV 1895: 303).

22

present tense but which has a weak preterite, and a small group of similar primary weak verbs such as *ankjanan (OHG denken) and *wurkjanan (OHG wurken) which, he believed, although not subject to ablaut were originally strong. He then reconstructed the strong preterite endings *branga, *brang-ta (which developed regularly to *branhta and later to *braiita), and *brange for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons singular respectively of the verb *brenganan. Next, according to Must, the divergent form exhibited by the 2nd person singular *brhta became extended throughout the entire paradigm by a process of analogical levelling 78 . As a result the *t, now present in all persons of the preterite paradigm of these verbs, came to be regarded as belonging to the preterite stem and consequently took on the function of a tense formant. The process is described by Must as follows: "The ending became so closely connected with the stem that the original boundary between the two was lost; and the new form, which arose through fusion of stem and ending, came to be recognized as the word stem. This kind of stem alteration, which came into being in the 2nd person singular, was taken over by the entire preterit. New paradigms arose in which presents without -t and preterits with the t-formant stood side by side. Consequently the dental element was felt to be the tense formant of the preterit" 79 . Finally, this tense formant then gradually spread so as to regularly form the preterite of any newly derived secondary verb. Must then assumes that the fmal short vowel of this newly formed t-preterite was lost at an early stage of Gmc (e.g. *brffhta> *brht) and with it "the distinction between the various persons" 80 . Consequently, it was necessary to adopt new endings from other tense or mood forms in order to express this distinction and, according to Must, lB subjunctive endings, namely the a-subjunctive and -subjunctive, came to be used to this purpose. Thus the
a-subjunctive (attested in Latin feram,feras,ferat,ferinus,feratis, ferant 81 , OIr.

hera, ber(a)e, ber(a)id, berm(a)i, berth(a)e, ber(a) it 82, Tocharian A kalkam "earn" etc.) could explain the Gmc weak preterite endings in - (TB a> Gmc

78

Must supports his argument for a process of analogical levelling by drawing attention to the fact that the second person paradigm in the modem Scandinavian languages, e.g. Norwegian jeg singular present ending -r has similarly been carried over to all the persons of the present pareisker, dii elsker, han elsker, vi elsker, etc. (1951: 126). Must (1951: 127). 80 Must (1951: 132). But see Szemernyi (1990: 279 footnote 1) for references to research rejecting the relation of the Latin subjunctive to the Celtic subjunctive. It is nevertheless remarkable to note that the Latin imperfect also appears to be formed from the . subjunctive endings, e.g. regebam, regebas, regbat, regebamus, regebatis, regebaiit see Szemerenyi (1990: 280). 82 Thurneysen (1946: 382).

23

83 Thus also, the a-subjunctive (attested in Greek cppw, ppiig, ipp) could explain the Gmc weak preterite endings in - It is important to note, however, that in his second article85 Must moves away from the idea of subjunctive endings and attempts to prove that the suffixes -a- and -a- (though the case for -a- is less certain) followed by the IE secondary endings formed the basis of a number of past tense formations found in the IE languages, e.g. in the Latin imperfect), in Greek (cf. 'ccxv, pav "ran away") and in Lithuanian. He concludes: "It is evident.., that Germanic must be added to Baltic, Greek and Latin to complete the group of languages that have a preterite formation based on secondary verbal stems in a and a with secondary personal endings... This formation must date from the Proto-Indo-European period"86. Must's proposal is attractive in respect to the data presented in this thesis, as the class I primary, j-present verbs are indeed extremely early formations, comprising along with the preterite-present verbs the most archaic stratum among the Gmc weak verbs (see 4.3.1., 4.3.2., 4.3.3., 4.3.4.). Yet Must's hypothesis is not without difficulties. Firstly, Must asserts that the formation must be regarded as having begun in IE and already reached completion by an early period of Gmc, as the dental shows the effect of Verner's Law and because certain forms show some very archaic characteristics (e.g. the assimilation seen in the Gothic preterite-present verb wissa). However, it is difficult to justify the loss of inflectional endings proposed by Must, as Gmc at this primitive stage in its development was characterized by a moveable accent (as can be deduced from Verner's law) which could thus fall on certain endings. Secondly, as the IE second person singular perfect ending *-tha remains clearly preserved in strong preterite forms such as Gothic and ON hart, according to Ball it seems, "very unlikey that a single ending would survive intact in its original function in one type of preterite, and also through a levelling process provide a suffix to form the basis of a second type of preterite" 87. Furthermore, Must's emphasis of the role played by -a- and -- suffixes is succinctly criticized by Tops: "the whole theory rests on forms like bnffxta, which must derive from an Indo-European perfect. But in the second article he invokes Indo-European formations in -- and -a-, which are defmitely not perfects"88. An interesting and original proposal put forward by Lehmann (1943) sees the dental suffix of the Gmc weak preterite as originating in an IE
The endings of the Gmc weak preterite are discussed in detail below. The endings of the Gmc weak preterite are discussed in detail below. Must (1952). 86 Must (1952: 104f.). BaIl (1968: 185). 88 Tops (1974: 71).
84

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dh-determinative. Lehmann began by comparing words derived from simple roots and words which he posited were derived from root plus dh-determinative. He was then able to come to the conclusion that this determinative was able to modify the meaning of the words to which it was attached: "The determinative thus implies 'previous action' in regard to either the subject or object of that action"89 . This enabled him to deduce that: "This modification of meaning is similar to that which was originally present in the verb forms from which the Gmc strong preterite developed, that is, 'completed action'. This correspondence of signification suggests that the Gmc weak preterite formant may have had its origin in the dh-determinative" 90 . To support his argument Lehmann cites parallel preterite tense formants found in the other IE languages which he believes are, in origin, determinatives: the s-aorist found in Indo-Aryan, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Slavonic and Albanian, the c'-aorist of Armenian, the k-perfect and Oiv-aorist of Greek. Nevertheless, Lehmanri can furnish only a handful of examples of Gmc weak verbs which, on the basis of cognate forms in the other IE languages, may go back to an IE base formed with a dh-determinative, e.g. OHG nta "I sewed" alongside Greek vOo) "I sew". To counter this, Lehmann suggests that the formation began in a small group of archaic forms and then spread by analogy. However, as the data presented in this thesis will clearly indicate, the most archaic categories of weak verbs, the preterite-present verbs and the pre-Gmc primary verbs (see 4.3.1., 4.3.2., 4.3.3., 4.3.4.), do not offer any evidence to show that they can be traced back to IE forms containing a dh-determinative. Lehamnn's theory must consequently be dismissed on the grounds that there is insufficient evidence to support it. More recently, and in a manner similar to Lehmann, Shields (1982) has proposed that the dental suffix of the Gmc weak preterite is to be derived from "functionally parallel Indo-European verbal formations in *t and *-dh"91 . He elaborates: "these Indo-European verbal constructions served to mark the non-present", while "the dental suffixes which they contained are themselves to be derived etymologically from deictic particles in *-t and *-dh"92 . Shields believes that such a development was possible on account of the relatively uncomplicated system of verbal inflection possessed by IE in its earlier stages of development, and succinctly quotes Lehmann: "In PIE, tense and the time of action were not indicated by means of verbal affixes. Indications of the time of the action were given by means of particles or adverbs or were implicit in the
S'

Lehmann (1943: 22). Lehmann (1943: 22). 91 Shields (1982: 427). 92 Shields (1982: 427-428).

25

aspects of the verb forms" 93 . In other words, spatio-temporal relationships would have been primarily marked by deictic particles 94. He then presents the evidence for the existence of a deictic particle *_t in IE, indicating that it is attested in forms such as Lithuanian t, Greek 'ri-i "there", Latin is-te "that", OCS ku-to "who". Similarly, the deictic particle *-dh is attested in forms such as Sanskrit ku-ha "where", Latin ibi "there", Greek ic-Ot "where", OCS kU-de "where", si-de "here". When combined with a verb form, the "there and then" deixis exhibited by these particles could consequently be used to indicate "that the verbal action or state of being occurred in the 'not-now" 95 . Thus, when reanalyzed as preterite tense markers and used in conjunction with personal endings they could easily form the basis of a preterite tense formation. A particularly attractive aspect of this "mixed origin" (i.e. from both *_t and *-dh elements) proposal put forward by Shields is that it can account for all the variant forms taken by the dental in the Gmc weak preterite. Nevertheless, if such deictic particles came to be affixed to verb forms in lB we would expect to see more evidence for such a phenomenon in the historically attested IE languages outside Gmc. In other words, it is still unclear why the dental preterite is unique to Gmc. To counter this, Shields argues that while Gmc generalized a preterite tense comprising dental suffixes which were in origin deictic particles, the other main branches of Indo-European (e.g. Indo-Aryan, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Slavonic etc.) generalized a preterite construction which, according to Shields, derives from a similar deictic particle in *. s, this preterite construction being the so-called sigmatic or 's' aorist. It is also perhaps surprising that the deictic particles *-t and *-dh which Shields proposes form the basis of the Gmc weak preterite do not appear in other, non-preterite formations in Gmc, for example as dental extensions forming part of present stems. Indeed, the data analyzed in this thesis indicates that verbal extensions formed with a dental consonant are extremely rare in all periods of Gmc (except in the suffix occurring in class I Gmc *-atjanan verbs which is clearly intensive rather than temporal in function)96. Any theory put forward which tries to find an origin for the Gmc dental preterite must also provide an explanation for the personal endings which this tense form takes. However, these endings cannot easily be explained and, as we
u Lehmann (1974: 139). Shields (1982: 427). Compare Markey's assertion: "At an early stage of Indo-European deictic markers constituted the formal indication of the grammatical categories expressing time, place and person" (1979: 65). Shields (1982: 434). 96 See 4.6.1.2. for a discussion of the origin and role played by verbal extensions which form part of the present stem in the Gmc weak verbs.

26

have seen, present a number of problems for each of the various theories concerning the origin of the dental preterite. Before discussing some of the main theories put forward to try to tackle these problems, we should give a brief overview of the endings found in the weak preterite. These endings differ from those found in the preterite of the strong verbs and are further complicated by the fact that the different dialects in Gmc do not agree on one clear set of endings. The forms taken by the endings in each of the various Gmc languages are as follows 97 : the 1st sg. pret. indic. present appears in the following forms: Runic Norse tawio (5th century), Gothic lagida, OS legda, OE legde, OHG legita, from which an original Gmc ending *- can be adduced 98 . The 2nd sg. pret. indic. appears with 5 vocalism in Gothic lagid5s, ON lagber and OS legdes, but with vocalism in OS legdos, OHG legitos, from which a Gmc ending *-Ss, *-s showing an alternation between S and vocalism can be reconstructed 99 . The 3rd sg. pret. indic. appears with Svocalism in Runic Norse tawiOe (6th century or earlier), but with o vocalism in OSwed. w(u)rtaa (Etheihem Clasp, early 6th century), while Gothic lagida, OHG legita and OS femida, OE legde are ambiguous and may derive from a form with either Sor 5. Thus a Gmc ending *, * -oo, which also exhibits an alternation between Sand Svocalism, can be inferred
100

Among the endings outlined above, the presence of forms with 5 vocalism beside those with vocalism is somewhat problematic. It can be seen to represent a regular ablaut alternation of the type seen in Greek &-qpcov "without sense" beside ppiv "heart, sense", or t-1c'rcop "fatherless" beside itc'cip "father"'. However, whether this ablaut alternation is original or whether it developed through analogy with the alternation of the thematic vowel

The examples are, for the most part, taken from Ball (1968: 180-18 1) which the reader should also refer to for a discussion of the endings of the Gmc dental preterite. 98 This is probably the most commonly cited reconstruction for the 1st person plural of the Gmc weak preterite: see Bech (1963: 5-6), Birkhan (1979: 57-58), Bammesberger (1986: 85). Meid (1971: 111), however, notes the -s ending of the 2nd person singular and assumes that the Gmc weak preterite was originally formed with the IE secondary endings. He thus reconstructs the 1st person singular ending as Gmc *-m. The use of the IE secondary endings is perfectly plausible when it is remembered that these were typically employed in past tense forms in IE, i.e. in the imperfect and aorist tenses (compare the Sanskrit imperfect forms: bharam 1st sg., dbharah 2nd sg., bharat 3rd sg. etc.): see further the discussion above on Meid's contribution to the problem of the weak preterite. See also Bech (1963: 5-6), Birkhan (1979: 57-58), Bammesberger (1986: 85). 100 See also Bech (1963: 5-6), Birkhan (1979: 57-58), Bammesberger (1986: 85). Meid (1971: 111), as previously noted, assumes that the Gmc weak preterite was originally formed with the JE secondary endings, and thus reconstructs the 3rd person singular ending as Gmc *Oek (the O-variant of this would, of course, be 101 Ball (1968: 182).
*Ab).

27

characteristic of the present and, in JE, imperfect and aorist endings' 2 (cf. Gothic baira (<IE *bher) 1st sg. beside Gothic bairib (<lB *bhereti) 3rd sg.) is unclear. The plural is more problematic arid three distinct variants emerge from the evidence of the dialects. The first of these is represented, in the indicative, by ON logbom 1st p1., logob 2nd p1., logo 3rd P 1. (with ON loss of final nasal, cf. Runic aliun), OHG legitum 1st p1., legitut 2nd p1., legitun 3rd p1., OE legdon 3rd
p1., OS

legun 3rd p1. These endings correspond to those of the preterite plural of

the strong inflection which, as noted earlier, is most convincingly seen as having derived from a syncretism of the IE perfect and aorist forms (see 1.2.). The second of these is represented by OHG forms belonging to the Alemannic and to some Rhenish Franconian dialects, legitom 1st p1., legitat 2nd p1., legiton 3rd p1. These Alemannic and Franconian forms caimot be explained as having resulted through analogy, and as the vowel regularly appears in the singular forms of the dental preterite, such forms with 5 may well represent the original type'3 . If these Alemannic and Franconian endings are indeed the original type, the endings seen in ON logbom etc. are therefore probably best seen as having been reformed on analogy with the preterite endings of the strong verbs. Finally, the third type appears in Gothic lagidedum lstpl., lagidedub 2nd. p1., lagidedun 3rd p1. These Gothic plural forms are remarkably similiar to the plural endings of the Gmc verb *d5jnan "to do" (OHU tuon, OS don, OE di) seen in OHG tatum 1st
p1., ttut 2nd p1., ttun 3rd p1. and

OS ddun 1st, 2nd, 3rd p1. (beside dedun). These

OHG and OS forms in a are probably most satisfactorily to be regarded as reformations from forms with the original reduplicating vowel e (OS dedun) on analogy with the plural of strong verb classes IV and V' 4. As the Gothic plural forms differ so radically from the corresponding forms in the other dialects they are probably best viewed as having been restructured analogically 105 . It thus follows from the evidence provided by the similarities between the verb "to do" and the Gothic preterite plural that the verb "to do" was the main influence behind this restructuring. From what has been discussed in the above paragraphs concerning the origin and development of the dental preterite, it will have become clear that every attempt to provide a complete explanation for the dental preterite has met
' 2 Meid(1971: 112). 103 Ball (1968: 181). 104 Ball (1968: 181). 105 BalI (1968: 181). See also Feuillet: "Rien ne prouve que les formes gothiques soient les plus anciennes et refltent plus fidlement l'tat du germanique. La pierre de Tune qui est un temoin presque contemporain du gothique, a un prtrit pluriel dalidun et non *dalidiun" (1981: 216).

28

with serious problems and that consequently no satisfactory, single explanation has been found. Consequently, rather than developing a new theory to explain the origin of the dental preterite, or attempting to prove that an existing theory can fully explain all aspects of the dental preterite, a considerable amount of recent research has aimed at analyzing the dental preterite as a "mixed" derivation, resulting from a number of forms or influences, the operation of analogy playing a vital role in its subsequent development: "Es ware im Grunde erstaunlich, wenn das germ. Dentalprt., das doch sehr abweichende Formen zeigen kann..., auf eine einzige Bildung zurfickginge" 6. Thus it is now generally accepted that the "to do" composition theory, if not providing a complete and satisfactory explanation for the origin of the dental preterite, played an important, if perhaps only secondary, role in its development, especially in respect to the formation or restructuring of certain endings: "DaB diese Theorie zumindest einen richtigen Kern enthalt, kann angenommen werden"7 . Similarly, it cannot be denied that forms containing an IE *-t- form the basis of a significant number of weak verbs, in particular the earliest weak verb formations such as the preterite-present verbs. In other words, then, the importance of an approach which "aims at integrating earlier findings into a coherent whole" 8 is now recognized. Furthermore, its importance will not be neglected in the present work, as we shall see when the OHG data which has been collected is analyzed in Chapter Four. We can now discuss some of the more recent research contributions to the problem of the dental preterite which have followed this "mixed" approach. Birkhan divides the weak preterite into six separate types on the basis of the derivation of their dental consonant. The first two types consist of forms containing an original IE *dh which is best regarded as stemming from IE *dh . '9 . In type one IE *dh- appears in an old reduplicated form, e.g. Gothic nasidedum. In type two, e.g. Gothic nasida, IE *dh- appears to preserve vestiges of an old IE unaugmented aorist. Types three to five consist of forms deriving from an original IE t-element. In type three, e.g. Gothic kunba, Birkhan sees this *t as originating in the 3rd person singular medial secondary ending of the athematic aorist (=IE *-ta", cf. Sanskrit a-di-ta) or more specifically,

Birkhan (1979: 60). Bammesberger (1986: 70). 108 Kortlandt (1989: 101). 109 As the reader will recall, Birkhan's treatment of the composition theory has been dealt with earlier. 110 See Szemernyi (1990: 253).
107

106

29

unaugmented forms (the Sanskrit injunctive)". Similarly, the forms belonging to type four, e.g. Gothic buhta, also ultimately derive from the 3rd person singular medial secondary ending of the aorist, but have been subjected to "Primarberuhrung" 2. Forms belonging to type five, e.g. Gothic brahta, are the result of analogous restructuring based on the type four forms affected by "Primarberlibrung". Finally, type six consists of forms corresponding to those of type three and which therefore must originally derive from an lB *-t. , but which have become contaminated by forms belonging to type two with a dental deriving from IE *dh . . Birkhan concludes his study: "Ich glaube also gezeigt zu haben, daB weder die Annahme einer Juxtaposition oder Komposition eines Verbalnomens mit *dhe.. noch auch die Ruckfiihrung des Dentalsuffixes aufidg. -t- die Aliheilmittel sind, mit denen man alternative dem schwachen Prateritum zu Leibe rucken knnte. M. E. gibt es keine einheitliche Losung, sondern das Wahrscheinlichste ist die Annahme, das schwache Prteritum sei em mixtum compositum, in welchem sich mehrere ererbte Bildungsprinzipien mid -kategorien vereinten"113 Bammesberger also takes the approach that the weak verbs do not have a single origin and, as mentioned previously (1.1.), attempts a chronological stratification of the weak verbs: "Es ist wohi nicht damit zu rechnen, daJ3 alle schwachen Prateritalbildungen den gleichen Ursprung haben. Wenn man verschiedene chronologische Schichten feststellen kann, dann muI3te es aber auch gelingen, die Geschichte dieser Formation wenigstens in Umrissen nachzuzeichnen"4 . He groups the weak verbs into the following categories: preterite-present verbs, primary j-present verbs (including the so-called "Ruckumlaut" verbs) , and the regular weak verbs of classes I-TV. The first two groups comprise the most archaic weak verb formations, while the regular weak verbs of classes I-IV belong to the most recent weak verb formations and have an origin which must be explained differently from that of the preterite-present and primary i-present verbs. We shall begin by outlining the solution which Bammesberger proposes to explain the early preterite-present and primary j-present category. Bammesberger takes as his starting point the fact that the preterite-present verbs correspond in their present forms to the lB perfect. However, remnants of the IE aorist were also inherited by Gmc and, as we have " See Szemernyi (1990: 282). Compare Must's hypothesis discussed earlier which derives the
dental of the Gmc weak preterite from the 2nd person singular ending of the perfect (IE *-tha, Gmc *_ta), a derivation which Birkhan explicitly rejects. 112 See the earlier discussion of Wisniewski's work. 113 Birkhan (1979: 80). 114 Bammesberger (1986: 71).

30

seen, the paradigm of the strong verbs represents a blend of the IE perfect and aorist. He points out that in the 2nd person plural of the preterite-present verbs the inherited perfect paradigm (which by now had lost its reduplication in these verbs 115) coincided with the athematic root aorist paradigm. Thus, following Bammesberger and taking the verb *weid- as an example, it can be seen that the form seen in the 2nd person plural *widte (> *wisse) was most probably originally common to both the perfect and aorist paradigm. However, on the basis of the 3rd person plural (Gothic witun, Gmc *witun < *witur < IE *wid-r-), the perfect stem form * wit-u- became generalized in the plural paradigm, giving rise to a new 2nd person plural form *wit-u (Gothic wituAb). This allowed the aorist form *wjss-e (< *wjd-te) to form the basis of a new preterite paradigm, and thus take on the personal endings characterizing the weak preterite, e.g. *wiss_J(m), *wiss_, *wisse(jj) etc. In summary then, the preterite forms of the preterite-present verbs can, according to Bammesberger, be explained on the basis of the 2nd person piural ending, which itself represents a merger of the TB perfect and athematic root aorist. Furthermore, such an origin in an IE *-t.. can, as previously stated, explain all the variant forms taken by the dental preterite in the preterite-present verbs. Banimesberger begins his treatment of the primary j-presents by asserting that because they represent primary formations, it is almost certain that at one time they could form a perfect and aorist. He divides them into two broad types. The first type comprises j-present verbs from roots in e or a, e.g. Gmc *setjanan (ON sitja, OS sittian), which became integrated into classes V and VI respectively of the strong verb inflectional system. The second type comprises j -presents from roots taking the zero-grade of ablaut which form a preterite corresponding to the class I weak verb type, e.g. Gmc *wurkjanan (Gothic wurkjan, OHG wurken etc.). The process whereby this latter group of primary i-presents formed with the zero-grade of ablaut came to possess a weak preterite is, according to Bammesberger, essentially the same as that which took place in the preterite-present verbs. The weak verbs of classes I-IV, on the other hand, are according to Bammesberger, most convincingly explained by the composition theory. He begins by stating that, in contrast to the preterite-present and j-present verbs, the majority of weak verbs of classes I-IV represent secondary formations: "Von den primiren y-Prasentien und vielleicht einigen Verben auf -. abgesehen, sind alle Verben der vier schwachen Kiassen des Germanischen sekundren
See Szemernyi (1990: 312-315) for a more detailed discussion of reduplication in IE and its gradual and systematic demise in Gmc.
115

31

Ursprungs" 6 . However, we shall see that the present thesis yields a fairly significant number of verbs of classes II and III which the data reveals to be primary rather than secondary. Following on from this, Bammesberger points out that secondary verbs in IE appear originally only to have had present-based forms' 17, a situation which presumably must also have applied at a very early stage of Gmc" 8 As the Gmc secondary verbs lacked non-present forms, a periphrastic construction involving "to do" could consequently meet this need. Furthermore, a derivation from TE *dh is fully able to explain the dental -dfound in the preterite of the "regular" weak verbs of classes I-TV (i.e. those taking a medial vowel in their preterite). Before we progress to 1.2. a final point should be noted concerning the Gmc weak verb, although much of what will be said has already come into the previous discussion on the origin of the dental preterite. The majority of the Gmc weak verbs are secondary in nature, yet there are, as has previously been mentioned, a number of weak verbs which, as the data will reveal, cannot be shown to derive from any other lexical item in Gmc, but are clearly related to forms occurring in the IE languages outside the Gmc group (see 4.3.1., 4.3.2., 4.3.3., 4.3.4.). As these verbs are primary (at least primary in terms of Gmc, although they may well represent derivations formed during the IE period), they thus represent a highly archaic stage in the development of the weak verb" 9 The weak verbs can consequently be divided into two main groups: 1. Primary verbs, which added a * .j... suffix to form the present tense stem after the verb root and before the inflectional endings in TB'20. 2. Secondary or derivative verbs, which were originally distinguished from primary verbs by the presence of a thematic vowel preceding this present stem forming * ..j... suffix, both vowel and * ..j.. element inserted between the root and the inflectional endings of the verb. It is generally assumed that these thematic vowels were *-e-, *-o- and *-. in Gmc' 21 , and this system is used
Bammesberger (1986: 83). Bammesberger (1986: 68). Compare for example the periphrastic perfect construction used by secondary verbs in Sanskrit (see earlier), and the k-perfect used by derived verbs in Greek, e.g. ite ie,.lccL beside irct6cixo "I bring up, rear", both constructions representing later innovations. 118 Bammesberger (1986: 85). 119 For the implications of this archaic, primary status, see 1.4. 120 This can be seen in the Sanskrit present class IV verbs which add -y- (= *_j_) to the root, e.g. nahyati "he binds" (Macdonell 1993: 84). 121 The thematic vowel *e which originally bore the accent in IE (and in the early stages of Gmc as can be seen from the operation of Verner's Law in verbs with this suffix) was normally used in causative deverbative formations in Gmc which also regularly took the zero grade of ablaut in the vowel of their root syllable, while the vowel *i which was unstressed occurred in
117 116

32

by Seebold in his etymological reconstructions 122 . Those verbs with stems ending in the thematic vowels *e and *i then merged with the primary verbs in * j to form the first class of weak verbs, while those containing the thematic vowels * o and *-- became the second and third classes respectively. It should be noted, however, that none of the historically attested forms of the Gmc languages exjiibjt the distinctions in their thematic vowel which originally occurred between the various types of class I verbs. Such distinctions can only therefore be evinced from the etymology of the verb. It should further be observed that most authorities actually count four classes of weak verb'23. However, the fourth class of weak verb occurs only in Gothic' 24 . Furthermore, a Gmc rather than purely Gothic status for the fourth class is also much disputed' 25 . The so-called Gmc fourth class need not therefore concern the present work.

1.3. Previous Related Work

As the reader will recall from section 1.2., the most significant of the numerous attempts made to explain or survey the problem of the origin and development of the Gmc weak verbs haye already been outlined and commented upon. As there is no need to repeat these studies here, we shall therefore begin by examining the previous etymological dictionaries of the OHG weak verbs which have been compiled. Etymologies of individual OHG weak verbs can be found in a number of etymological dictionaries. The most important and comprehensive of these are: Kluge (22nd edition ed. Seebold 1989), which takes NHG lexemes as its starting point; Pfeifer (1989: Vols I-TI), which is basically the same as Kluge in its approach and methodological procedures, taking NHG lexemes as its starting point; Schade (1882: Vols I-TI), which takes OHG lexemes as its starting point, although it is not fully comprehensive and is now somewhat outdated, containing a number of inaccuracies; Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings (1968-: Vol. I
denominative or deadjectival formations. The usage and development of these thematic vowels from IE to Gmc is discussed in detail in Kramer (1971: 12-22) and Krahe & Meid (III 1969: 244-249). 122 Seebold (1970) and Kluge (22nd edition, ed. Seebold 1989). It is also used by Onions (1966). 123 Thus Braune (1981), Krahe (II 1969), Kramer (1971), Prokosch (1939). 124 The ON verbs in -na are often counted as vestiges of the fourth class, but it should be observed that they do not form in ON an inflectional class distinct from class II (Haugen 1976: 158). 125 See, in particular, West (1990: 191-198) and Annerholm (1956).

33

A-B and supplements C-F) which takes OHG lexemes as its starting point but, though comprehensive, has only reached the end of the entries for 'F'; Lexer (1872-1878: Vols 1-111), which takes MHG as its starting point but is nevertheless important, as it can often contain material from MHG sources which, although antedating MHG (as can be shown by the presence of cognates in the related Gmc languages), is not attested in OHG. As well as the above dictionaries which examine the etymology of the German lexicon, the etymological dictionary of the entire IE language group edited by Pokorny (1959-1969: Vols I-IT) should be mentioned. This lists groups of related lexemes from all the IE languages under the entry given for their hypothetical TB root and therefore provides an important source of information when relating lexemes attested in the Gmc languages to those occurring in the related IE languages outside Gmc where a relationship exists. There are a number of works which deal with word formation within Gmc, including the derivational patterns of the weak verbs. Of these, I can begin by outlining Wilmanns (Vol. II 1930) which examines the derivational morphology of the Gmc weak verbs. It essentially groups the Gmc verbs into denominatives, deadjectives, deverbatives and prefix formations (the derivational categories into which the weak verbs presented in this thesis are discussed further at 2.4.), and analyzes these together with any semantic functions indicated by each of the class endings of the weak verbs (the system of semantic classification for the weak verbs presented in this thesis is outlined in detail at 2.5.). 126 Krahe and Meid (III 1969) also represents a study of the derivational morphology of the Gmc weak verbs. Like Wilmanns, this work groups the weak verbs into denominative, deadjectival, deverbative and prefix formations, but in addition attempts to relate the various categories of weak verb to parallel derivations in the various lB languages in an attempt to find TB evidence or motivation for them. Semantic factors relating to the derivational categories of the weak verb are also examined, especially in respect to the relationship between a specific semantic function and the suffixes used to mark the class endings of the weak verbs. These same suffixes used to form the various stems of the weak verbs in Gmc are also examined in relation to their IE origins as present tense stem formants. A more detailed account of the morpho-semantics of the weak verbs can be found in Kramer (1971). This work attempts to outline the form and meaning

126

See, in particular, Krahe & Meid (III 1969: 35-44, 230-234, 238-250, 259-265).

34

of the suffixes' 27 marking the individual weak verb classes in their development from JE to their survival in the modern German Walser and LOtschental dialects spoken in the Canton of Valais in south western Switzerland' 28 . Kramer shows that the suffixes used to distinguish the inflectional classes of the Gmc weak verbs' 29 were originally simply present tense markers, having no individual meaning and expressing at best nuances in verbal aspect' 30 . Their main function in the majority of cases was therefore to act as suffixes or morphemes which facilitated the process of deriving new verbs from existing substantives, verbs and adjectives' 31 . It was then only during the Gmc period that specific semantic functions came to be attached to these suffixes, or rather to the weak verb classes formed with these suffixes as a whole. It can thus be observed that class I came to be used to form derivations with a causative or factitive relation to their derivational base, e.g. Gmc class I *fallejanan "to fell, cause to fall" beside the Gmc strong verb *fallanan "to fall", Gmc class I *full/anan "to make full, fill" beside the Gmc adjective *fullaz "full". Kramer, however, still accepts the existence of a fourth class in Gmc and sees class IV weak verbs as exhibiting an inchoative meaning in formal semantic opposition to the causative/factitive class I weak verbs. Class II, on the other hand, was primarily used to form intensive or frequentative verbs, while the main semantic function accorded to class III was in the formation of durative verbs' 32 . The same author also makes the important point that, in the case of verbs formed with intensive or expressive gemination, these geminated consonants took over the functional semantic load from the suffix marking the inflectional class'33. He subsequently shows that by the time of the OHG period the Gmc system, whereby an inflectional class possessed a specific semantic function, and the corresponding formal semantic opposition between the classes which resulted from this, had become considerably eroded. Consequently, OHG is characterized by the presence of numerous class II formations which exist beside class I and class III verbs and which possess the same semantic function as these class I and III verbs. Thus, Kramer outlines the relationship between semantic function and inflectional class in OHG as follows: Class I verbs were still essentially causative/factitive (though, according to Kramer, no longer productive in this respect); class III verbs durative and/or inchoative; class III
127 128

The term preferred by Kramer is 'morpheme' rather than 'suffix'. For more details of these dialects see Henzen (1940: 27 1-308). 129 These suffixes are discussed in 1.2. above. ' 30 Krmer(1971: 11-26, 78). 131 Kramer (1971: 78). 132 Kramer (1971: 26-30, 34-35, 133). Kramer (1971: 40-44).

35

verbs could be frequentative, intensive, instrumental, factitive, durative or inchoative in nature 134 . Kramer summarizes by stating that the semantic function of the suffixes used to form the inflectional classes of the weak verb had undergone a transformation both before and during the OHG period to the extent that a system which distinguished nuances in aspect (and which frequently employed prefixes to this end' 35 ) rather than one based on individual class meanings, was now operative 136 Finally, Brugmann (1905) and Meillet (1912) should be noted, as they represent two extremely important works of research into TB philology. Although now dated in many respects, the sheer size and scope of detailed information which they contain makes them invaluable as reference works for any historical linguist. These works present detailed accounts of the TB verb system, encompassing the categories and types of tense formation employed in the various TB languages including Gmc. They are consequently extremely important for any study of the Gmc weak verb, as their extensive surveys of the verbal system of JE can be used as a valuable source of reference when faced with the problem of relating the Gmc weak verb to IE. However, as has already been remarked upon in 1.1., it is important to note that the majority of the above works do not study the OHG weak verbs in their entirety. This in effect means that they do not examine the OHG weak verbs as a complete group or category, but concentrate rather on certain important or interesting aspects relating to the weak verb, such as the problem of the dental preterite or the semantic nature and function of the suffixes marking the inflectional classes. Thus, one study which examines the dental preterite may completely ignore the possible relevance of morpho-semantic categories within the weak verb system, and vice versa. Consequently, their approach is not, as a rule, one which employs a systematic investigation into the various derivational and semantic groupings of the weak verb in order to extrapolate further evidence or information in relation to the origin and development of the weak verb. Traditional works of research such as those mentioned or discussed above have also tended to overemphasize the TE aspect to etymological investigations of the OHG weak verb - in other words they have usually concentrated too much on trying to relate the weak verb to IE forms, rather than
Kramer (1971: 55-69, 80). Kramer (1971: 59-60). For the semantic function of the various verbal prefixes in OHG see 5.7.4. of this work arid Wissmann (II 1930). A more detailed accounted of verbal aspect in Gmc can be found in Sean (1949: 402-409). 136 Kramer (1971: 55-69, 80).

36

looking at the relationship to each other of the lexical items present within Gmc. Their approach has consequently been one which works forwards from IE to Gmc andlor OHG, relationships being established between hypothetical IE roots and forms attested in Gmc on the basis of sound laws. Nevertheless, there are two important exceptions to this. The first of these is represented by Seebold's Vergleichendes und etymologisches WOrterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (1970). This examines the Gmc strong verbs in their entirety, beginning each entry with the reconstructed Gmc form of the verb and then listing the attested forms of each verb as they occurred in each of the Gmc languages, that is, of course, where such forms are attested. In addition to this, prefix formations from the strong verb are also listed, attested forms in each of the Gmc languages being quoted, where extant. Following this a comprehensive account is given of the various lexemes, whether verbal, adjectival or substantival, which may represent derivations from the strong verb in question. Finally, Seebold examines the etymology of the strong verb in question, quoting parallel or cognate forms in the IE branches outside Gmc, which then allow him to relate the Gmc strong verb to a proposed IE root. Morphological and semantic features characterising the development of the strong verb from IE to Gmc are also commented upon, where appropriate. The second of these is represented by Skinner's The Etymology of the Gothic Weak Verbs (1994). The approach taken in this work is, in essence, very similar to that of the present thesis. Thus, the Gothic weak verbs are examined in their entirety, each verb being analysed according to the linguistic period of its formation and assigned to one of three strata marking the chronological development of the Gothic language, i.e. to a pre-Gmc or IE stratum, a Gmc stratum and a Gothic stratum. Verbs belonging to the younger two strata are then further analysed according to the method of their derivation, i.e. their derivational profile, and accordingly classified as prefix formations, denominative, deverbative or deadjectival verbs. The aim of Skinner's work on the Gothic weak verbs corresponds to that of the present thesis (see 1.4. below), this being to identify and establish key morpho-semantic features or trends which may help trace the growth and development of the weak verb formation in Gmc and its descendant languages. Indeed, as stated in 1.1., both Skinner's work on the etymology of the Gothic weak verbs and this thesis are intended to eventually form part of a larger project covering each of the Gmc languages and which, as discussed, is hoped will offer a comprehensive data-set providing invaluable evidence relating to the origin and growth of the weak verb in Gmc

37

and its subsequent development in each of the descendent daughter languages of Gmc.

1.4. A Hypothesis
While most traditional approaches such as those outlined in the previous section work forwards from hypothetical IE roots to Gmc and/or from Gmc to OHG, this thesis will work backwards chronologically, taking as its starting point forms actually attested in OHG. Evidence will therefore be collected in the form of real, non-hypothetical data which will then be used to infer unattested, hypothetical, antecedent forms from which conclusions can be drawn about earlier stages of the language. In other words, the present thesis will have the logical approach of working from what is known to what is unknown, rather than vice versa, and will consequently let conclusions emerge from the data rather than let the data be analysed in accordance with hypothetical, reconstructed Gmc or IE roots. An approach based on attested OHG forms also means that the OHG weak verbs may be studied in their entirety, therefore enabling, as previously stated, a more exhaustive and systematic etymology of the weak verbs than has hitherto been the case. It is consequently hoped that this method of approach will proffer a significant contribution towards a greater understanding of the origin and development of the weak verbs by assigning them to chronological strata and, at the same time, categorizing them into derivational groups, thus enabling a key group of verbs to be isolated which may represent the very first verbs which formed the pattern from which the weak verbs derived. Having isolated this group, they can then be analysed in-depth with an aim to discovering significant morphological and semantic features possessed by this group of verbs and hence possible reasons or incentives for their adoption of such an innovative system of marking the preterite as the dental suffix. Furthermore, in isolating this group, it might be possible to throw more light on how the Gmc weak verbs relate to the verbal system inherited from IE, which in turn may provide possible explanations as to the origin of the dental suffix. We shall now discuss the techniques used to single out this key group of verbs which represent the earliest examples of weak verbs. As stated previously, the principle objective of this thesis is to establish a relative chronology for the derivation of the OHG weak verbs. This is achieved by stratifying diachronically the OHG weak verbs into the various

38

periods of their formation. Five different strata are distinguished: Indo-European (IE), Germanic, NWGmc, WGmc and OHG. Verbs are traced to one of these strata depending on the existence of cognates in related languages of the Gmc group. The term "cognates", it should be noted, refers to lexemes, i.e. not root etymologies, which are descended from a common source, a fact which is shown by "systematic phonetic and, often, semantic similarities" 37. The methods used to ascertain such phonetic and semantic similarities together with the general principles of historical reconstruction, which allow us to stratify the OHG weak verbs will be explained in more detail in Chapter Two. In taking the diachronic approach explained above we can thereby trace the development of the weak verb in Gmc from its origins to its appearance in the written records of OHG. It is important to trace the pattern of development of the weak verbs, as this development marks a continuous and dynamic process of expansion and evolution - in other words we are not dealing with a static phenomenon when examining the weak verbs. It is also important to stratify the weak verbs diachronically as this should yield a number of verbs which are old in terms of relative chronology. We can now explain the significance that this primary status has in respect to the problem of the origin of the weak verbs. It will be recalled that the overwhelming majority of weak verbs are secondary while the strong verbs are, for the most part, primary representing inherited relics from IE. However, as has already been stated, there do exist a number of weak verbs which cannot be shown to derive from any other lexical item in Gmc, but which are clearly related to forms occurring in the lB languages outside the Gmc group. It is precisely these verbs that are of especial interest as they must consequently be old in terms of relative chronology, a fact which can be supported in two ways. Firstly, the absence of appropriate derivational bases in OHG or the other Gmc languages excludes us from ascribing to them a derivational profile and place in the younger strata. Secondly, the presence of related forms in the IE languages outside Gmc points to an ancient, possibly inherited, origin for such verbs. It should be noted in connection with this statement, however, that the absence of an attested derivational base does not automatically exclude a verb from an origin in the younger strata (such may have existed but had died out by the time of the first attested records), or allow the conclusion to be reached that it is inherited from IE. For example, the OHG class I weak verb luhhen "to wash, bathe" cannot be shown to derive from a lexeme attested in OHG or the
O'Grady & Dobrovolsky (1989: 210).

39

other Gmc languages, although forms exist in many of the IE languages outside Gmc which are clearly distantly related to this verb deriving from the same hypothetical JE root (for details of these see the entry for this verb in the data section, Chapter Four). However, the OHG verb differs too radically in its morphological form (it is extended with a guttural element which is lacking in the verbs from the other IE languages) to assume that it is actually cognate with these IE forms outside Gmc. It must therefore represent a post-IE derivation, having been formed by a derivational process the precise details of which cannot be ascertained on the available data. Indeed, many verbs which lack a suitable derivational base represent onomatopoeic or sound symbolic creations and/or variations. Although they may have taken their inspiration from other similar, or distantly related lexemes, they are usually only loosely connected to such lexemes. For example, the OHG class I weak verb fizattJn "to pant, gasp" belongs to a sound symbolic group centred on the initial consonant cluster flu- on which a large number of formations are based within the Gmc languages and which has a parallel outside Gmc (for details of these see the entry for fi2attdn in the data section, Chapter Three). However, the formations centred around this consonant cluster are too diverse phonologically and morphologically to allow for any firm conclusions to be drawn concerning their derivational patterns and relationships at this stage. For a more detailed discussion of onomatopoeic and sound symbolic formations, the reader should refer to 4.5.6. Having isolated these primary verbs, their morphological structure and semantic significance can then be analysed in the hope of ascertaining which morphological type, or types, of weak verb first became inflected according to the weak inflection and what, if any, semantic significance they may have had. It is also hoped that such an investigation will show which class or classes emerged first and which was productive at what period. It may also show what, if any, semantic relationship was denoted by the weak verb classes in the various strata - in other words whether distinct relations exist between the derivational pattern of a given weak verb or group of verbs and the conjugational class to which this verb or group of verbs is assigned. Following on from this it may therefore be possible to unearth significant roles played by the morpho-semantics of a given weak verb in determining the conjugational class to which it is assigned. In summary, then, this thesis aims to produce important insights into the following areas:

40

1. The overall growth and development of the weak verb from the Gmc stratum through to OHG. This can be gained by stratifying the OHG weak verbs diachronically and thereby establishing a relative chronology. 2. The relative importance and productivity of each of the three classes of weak verb during each specific stratum (on the status of the so-called fourth class of weak verb and the problems associated with it, see 1.2.). 3. The semantic functions, if any, assigned to each of the three classes of weak verb during each specific stratum, and, by extension, how these flmctions may have changed during the course of the development of the weak verb. 4. The significance of key morphological features, such as extensions, ablaut grades, gemination or prefixes, possessed by certain derivational types or groups. More specifically, what morphological, or indeed morpho-semantic (the two are usually interrelated), features were common at what period and what importance they may have had. Also, what significance a derived verb's morphological structure may have had in assigning it to one of the three inflectional classes. 5. The isolation of a distinct set of weak verbs which can be shown to be primary in nature. This set will thus constitute the nucleus or starting point for the weak inflection in Gmc. Having isolated this group its representatives can be analysed morpho-semantically and in respect to their relationship to forms in the IE languages outside Gmc. If possible, any factors which may have been responsible for the motivation and adoption of the dental preterite will be brought to light. It is hoped that such an analysis may contribute towards a greater understanding of the origin of the weak verbs and the role played by the earliest weak verbs.

1.5. Summary
In this chapter the subject matter of the present thesis has been outlined together with the problem confronting it. The implications of this problem have been explored and a possible solution has been proposed, or rather a system of investigation has been presented which may contribute to a greater understanding of the problem, for this thesis on its own will be unable to provide a complete answer to the origin of the weak verb in Gmc. Having done this, a discussion of the methods which have been followed in support of this hypothesis can now be given. This discussion constitutes the next chapter, Chapter Two.

41

2.

METHODOLOGY

2.1. Preliminary
In Chapter One, the subject of this thesis was outlined and the problem which such an investigation of the OHG weak verbs faces discussed. The implications of this problem were then explored and a system of investigation presented which, it is hoped, will contribute towards a greater understanding of the uncertainties surrounding the origin and development of the weak verb. This present chapter will now focus on the methodology of such a system of investigation in greater detail. The methodological approach taken is essentially quite straightforward, and may be summarized as follows: the OHG weak verbs are listed and assigned, according to etymological evidence, to an OHG, West Germanic, North West Germanic or Germanic stratum. As explained in Chapter One, such a chronologically organized data-set will allow us to view significant patterns or trends among the weak verbs and therefore, it is hoped, enable us to draw important conclusions concerning the origin and development of the weak verb in Germanic and OHG. However, such a system of data collection and analysis inevitably involves a number of problems, and these problems, and the approaches and strategies adopted to deal with them, will also receive full discussion throughout the present chapter.

2.2. Sources
The main source for the weak verbs contained in the data section has been Raven's two volume Die schwachen Verben des althochdeutschen (1963). This is the most comprehensive list of the OHG weak verbs which has so far been published. Nevertheless, it does contain a number of omissions and has the major disadvantage of failing to use an effective system of standardization when quoting verbs. I have consequently supplemented Raven as a source for the OHG weak verbs with Starck and Wells' Althochdeutsches Glossenworterbuch (1989) which standardizes its lexemes in an effective manner. I have also supplemented the above texts, though to a lesser extent, with Karg-Gasterstadt and Fring's Althochdeutsches WOrterbuch which, despite being the most accurate and comprehensive record of the OHG lexicon, is only of limited use as it has so far yielded only one volume covering A-B and a series of supplements

42

which have not gone beyond F. In addition to the above, source material has occasionally been taken from Schutzeichel's Althochdeutsches WOrterbuch. Schade's two volume Altdeutsches WOrterbuch (1882) has sometimes been referred to, though this is unreliable as it frequently fails to make an adequate distinction between OHG and MHG, listing many lexemes strictly belonging to the latter as the former. In addition to this, many lexemes listed in Schade cannot be confirmed from other sources and are accordingly to be treated with caution. It is important to note at this stage, however, that OHG was never a homogenous language with a standard literary and orthographical norm. Instead, it represents a collection of diverse texts stemming from separate monasteries and written according to various orthographical conventions. This presents a number of problems, as a given lexeme will consequently be attested in several orthographic and dialectal variant forms rather than a single standardized, universal form. This obviously has the effect of obscuring the status of OHG as a language in its own right. Furthermore, if all dialectal and orthographic variants of a single lexeme were included, the data would become considerably large and unwieldy, and would thus make it more difficult to show the etymological and morphological relations between the OHG weak verbs and related lexemes which this thesis hopes to establish. To combat these drawbacks a system of standardization is therefore required, in which an idealized lexeme serves as the representative of one or more word forms or orthographic variants. The use of such a system of standardization is perfectly justified on the grounds that this thesis is an examination of the origin and morpho-semantic development of the weak verb from Gmc to OHG, and not a detailed investigation of the dialects, monastic traditions and orthographic conventions comprising OHG. The method of orthographic standardization for OHG used in the present work generally follows the system established by Wilhelm Braune 1 . It is based on the East Franconian dialect of OHG which appears in the OHG version of Tatian's gospel harmony from the monastery of Fulda 2. The adoption of East Franc onian as a standard form has a number of advantages as it corresponds in a straightforward way both to the orthography of MHG and is standardized to the consonant system of NHG3 . The system used by Braune has also been used by Starck and Wells in their Althochdeutsches GlossenwOrterbuch (1990), but with the following exceptions: <d> is used in place of <th>, and <w> in place of
1 2

Braune & Mitzka (1967: 11; 88). Konig (1989: 67). Braune & Mitzka (1967: 88).

43

<uu>. As stated above, the Althochdeutsches GlossenwOrterbuch of Starck and Wells has provided an important source text for the OHG and OS weak verbs and their derivational bases included in the present work, and many of the standardized forms appearing here have thus been taken directly from Starck and Wells. The present work has therefore adopted the use of <d> in place of <th> for OHG cited forms, and <w> in place of <uu> or <u> (when this latter represents a semi-vowel) for both OHG and OS cited forms. However, for OHG I have taken the system of normalization employed by Braune and Starck and Wells a stage further by adopting the convention of representing initial <qu> by <kw>. I have chosen to do this, as <q> simply represents an orthographic variant of [kJ when followed by the semi-vowel {w], and which came to be used in OHG under the influence of the Latin orthographic system. As a result, <q> may be regarded as a redundant orthographic symbol which merely serves to obscure the etymological relationship of OHG lexemes involving the initial consonant group 1kw] to reconstructed Gmc forms in *kw- and, further afield, to reconstructed IE forms in *gw-. It should be noted here, however, that OS, OE, ON and Gothic forms involving the initial consonant sequence [kw] have been quoted in the normal systems of standardization for these languages, i.e. <qu>, <cw>, <kv> and <q> respectively. It should also be noted that our knowledge of OHG and the remaining Gmc languages is also greatly affected by the fact that written corpora and attested forms are often extremely limited in both size and scope in the earliest recorded stages of the Gmc languages. This is most notable in respect to Gothic, which is attested principally through certain texts representing translations from the Greek version of the New Testament. The restriction of Gothic sources to largely Biblical texts thus means that Gothic is attested in detail only in one particular style and register. It may therefore be assumed that many Gothic lexemes which may actually have existed, have simply not been recorded for posterity. In addition to this factor, Gothic represents the only attested language belonging to the East Gmc sub-group and, in the absence of recorded forms from the other East Gmc languages or dialects such as Vandal or Burgundian, our picture of this entire sub-group may be considerably distorted. Consequently, many forms which have been reconstructed as belonging to the NWGmc stratum may in fact date back to the earlier Gmc stratum, the Gothic or East Gmc cognate form which existed unfortunately not having found its way into any written monuments. A similar situation exists with OS, early written monuments in this language being restricted to the Heliand and the Old Saxon Genesis, as well as a few minor texts. Consequently, when deciding

44

whether an OHG weak verb or similar lexeme should be assigned to the WGmc stratum, considerable emphasis must be placed on OE, as this represents the only early WGmc language comparable to OHG in respect of the extent of its written corpus. This overemphasis on OE cognate forms may thus lead to a somewhat distorted picture of the WGmc sub-group, and will be borne in mind when drawing conclusions (Chapter Four). Although problems concerning the limitation of a written corpus most acutely affect our knowledge of Gothic and OS, they also make themselves felt in the more extensively attested Gmc languages such as OHG, OE and ON. The first written monuments of these languages appear relatively late, and it is therefore possible that certain lexemes had already become obsolete or had died out by the time that most of the texts were written. It should be noted, of course, that an earlier form of ON is actually attested, this being Runic Norse (see 2.3.). However, written forms of Ruriic Norse are extremely limited in scope and extent, being confmed to short, often incomplete, inscriptions made on loose objects or stones, many of which are very difficult to interpret 4. In addition to this, these same languages (i.e. OHG, OE and ON) have, as we have already seen, been heavily subjected to influence from the Christian church and the monastic tradition. As a result of this, their lexicon has adopted a significant number of Latin loan words and loan translations in the written texts which have come down to us. Furthermore, ecclesiastical Latin and Christianity in general also appear to have affected existing meanings possessed by Gmc verbs. Although the majority of loan words from Latin would have been used to express or transmit concepts and ideas unknown to the pagan Germans and relating to Christian thought and learning, and for which no native word would have existed, in certain cases loan words may have come to replace already existing native terms. This loss or replacement of native terms would have been particularly acute among words referring to the Gmc tribal way of life and pagan religious practices. Such terms would undoubtedly have formed an important element within the lexicon of the ancient Gmc heroic poetry, but would have become obsolescent with the coming of Christianity5 . Nevertheless, many such native pagan terms came to be used as loan translations in the Gmc languages, expressing Christian concepts and ideas, and were thus able to survive 6 . Loan words and translations will be discussed further in 2.4 and 4.7.5.). 4 Haugen (1976: 113).
See Eggers (1986: 225). See Eggers (1986: 111-147). A typical example of such a word is represented by OHG hella which originally referred to the Gmc pagan abode of the dead, however this may have been
6

45

Finally, a number of verbs have been included in the data which are not actually attested in OHG, but the existence of which can be inferred from other OHG or Gmc forms. For example, that a simplex verb existed in OHG may be deduced from the fact that a prefix formation is attested which clearly derives from this simplex. Likewise, an OHG verb may be inferred from the presence of an attested form in MHG together with the existence of cognates in one or more of the other Gmc languages, these cognates indicating that such a verb must antedate the MHG period. Such reconstructed verbs are marked with an asterisk (*) to indicate that they are reconstructed and not attested forms, e.g. *faren.

2.3. Chronology and Stratification

As has already been stated, a relative chronology must be established for the OHG weak verbs if a satisfactory analysis is to be achieved which charts their growth and development from their earliest representatives in the Gmc era to their attestations in the written corpora of the OHG period. In other words, we must identify the particular historical stratum during which a given OHG weak verb originated. This is achieved by revealing the existence of related, or to be more precise, cognate verbs in the Gmc languages outside OHG (the factors involved in the identificatin of cognates are discussed in more detail below). The presence of such cognates allows us to establish a "genetic" link between the languages containing the cognate forms, and thus to reveal an earlier stage in their evolution in which they belonged to a common language. This common "parent" language marks a distinct chronological stage in the historical development of its descendent "daughter" languages, and can consequently be seen as forming part of a specific period or stratum. The normal evolution of a language group usually involves several distinct stages of development or strata whereby a common parent splits into several groups and subgroups. The evolution of the Gmc group and the corresponding genetic and chronological relationships within it has received considerable research7 . The most widely accepted view sees the parent Gmc language as having initially split into two subgroups, East Gmc and NWGmc.

conceived, but which was then used to translate the ecclesiastical Latin infernum and thus to express the Christian idea of hell, for a discussion of which see Eggers (1986: 130). A more detailed account of the influence of Latin on OHG can be found in Betz (1936) and Betz (1949). For a detailed discussion and summary of existing research into the relationships between the individual members of the Gmc group, the reader should refer to Nielsen (1989), Kuhn (1955-56), Kufner (1972).

46

East Gmc probably comprised a number of dialects or languages spoken by the Burgundians, Vandals, Rugians, Gepids and Herulians, but it is Gothic which represents the only member of this subgroup for which extensive textual evidence survives, this being the Visigothic translation of the Bible ascribed to the Arian bishop Ulfilas, the Skeireins (a commentary on the Gospel of John) and other lesser texts. In addition to this a few inscriptions and proper names survive, although these are extremely short 8. Gothic is of extreme importance to Gmc philology as it provides the oldest large corpus of text in a Gmc language. Gothic is also greatly important on account of the fact that it preserves a number of archaic features, most notably a dual number in verbs and pronouns, an inflected present passive, an absence of j-umlaut, and the retention of a significant number of reduplicated forms which were not retained in the Gmc languages outside Gothic 9. In addition to this, a form of Gothic is recorded as having been spoken in the Crimea, by a Flemish nobleman Busbecq, who subsequently noted some hundred separate linguistic forms in a letter dated 1 562'. Although limited and problematic in terms of how accurate the attested forms actually are, Crimean Gothic does offer a small degree of extra information which supplements our knowledge of Gothic drawn from Ulfilas' Bible translation and other related texts. Following the division of Gmc into the NWGmc and East Gmc subgroups, NWGmc underwent a further binary split which resulted in the formation of two subgroups, WGmc and North Gmc. The North Gmc group comprises the Scandinavian languages: Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian, Swedish and Danish. North Gmc is attested from inscriptions in the runic alphabet beginning about 200AD. These inscriptions, the majority of which have been found over an area roughly corresponding to modern Norway, Sweden and Denmark, mostly consist of only a few words and are frequently very difficult to interpret'. They are nevertheless extremely important for Gmc philology as they represent, along with Gothic, the earliest recorded forms of a Gmc language (except for the isolated evidence of the Negau helmet discovered in what is now Slovenia and bearing the inscription
harixastiteiva which is usually translated as "to army-guest (or army-host), the

god", this believed to be a dedication to a Germanic war god. The inscription is in a north Italian or Etruscan alphabet, which has lead the inscription to be dated epigraphically to the second century BC, as the Latin alphabet is held to have
Braune & Ebbinghaus (1981: 2ff.). For more details of these features see Braune & Ebbinghaus (1981). o Stearns (1978), which represents the most extensive discussion of Crimean Gothic. These runic inscriptions can be found in Krause (1966) as well as Krause (1971).

47

largely superseded the Etruscan by around 90 BC. However, archaeologists suggest that the helmet bearing the inscription may date to as late as 100 AD'2). The language of these inscriptions is remarkably unified and is referred to in this thesis as Runic Norse (which corresponds to the German term Urnordisch) and extends from around 200 to 800 AD, although some authorities limit the final period of Runic Norse to about 600 AD 13 . Although the vocabulary of Runic Norse is restricted owing to the terse nature of its inscriptions, the language has important insights for Gmc philology as its phonology exhibits conservative traits and remains very close to that which can be reconstructed for NWGmc'4. In the period 800 to 1100 AD, North Gmc and its dialects divided into two subgroups, East Norse, composed of Swedish and Danish, and West Norse which comprises Icelandic, Faroese and Norwegian. The West Norse dating from this period until around 1400 AD is referred to in this thesis as Old Norse (ON), ON encompassing the dialects of Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian, which are very similar and may be regarded as part of a single language. It should be noted here that some authorities use the term ON to describe all forms of the North Gmc languages from the earliest runic inscriptions until about 1400 AD' 5 , but this usage is somewhat vague, and the more concise usage of the term ON defmed above is therefore preferred in the present work. The earliest recorded languages of the West Gmc group are: Old High German (OHG) which is first attested in the eighth century AD and extends to about 1050 AD, after which it enters the Middle High German (MHG) period; Old Saxon (OS) which is first attested in the ninth century AD and extends until about 1200 AD, the period following being referred to as Middle Low German (MLG); Old Low Franconian (OLF) which does not present us with any extensive records until after 1200 AD when it becomes Middle Dutch (MDu.); Old Frisjan (OFs.) which is not attested until the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, much later than the other WGmc languages; Old English (OE) which is first attested in the eighth century AD and which extends to around 1100 AD, the period following being classified as Middle English. Although OE and OHG are relatively well attested, records of OS and, especially, OLF are limited in comparison. Hence, apart from several lesser texts, the most important early records of OS are confined to the Hliand and
Keller (1978: 67). ' Thus Krahe (11969: 33) dates "Urnordisch" as lasting until 800AD, while Haugen limits the status of"Runic" to being "the language of the oldest runic inscriptions (before 550-600AD)" (1976: 123). For details of the phonological and morphological features of Runic Norse, see Krause (1971) and Antonsen (1975). 15 See Noreen (1971).
12

48

the OS Genesis, while OLF is known only through a few surviving fragments of an interlinear version of the Psalms. Furthermore, both OS and OLF have probably been greatly influenced by OHG from the earliest times onwards. The relationships between the members of the WGmc group are much disputed and WGmc appears always to have been relatively diverse linguistically, in contrast to the North Gmc group' 6. Nevertheless, OE, OFs. and OS appear to possess a number of features in common, such as the loss of the nasal element and compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel in words such as OE mU and OS mUth in contrast to OHG mund "mouth", and may consequently be grouped loosely together under the heading North Sea Gmc or Ingvonic, although the status of OS is more complex than this as it was open to southern linguistic influence. OHG, on the other hand, can clearly be distinguished from the North Sea (Jmc group while the status of OLF appears to be intermediate between the two. The area over which OHG was spoken can further be divided into two main dialectal groups, Upper German and Central German. Upper German comprises the Alemanic and Bavarian dialects, while Central German comprises the various Franconian dialects: Rhein Franconian, Middle Franconian and East Franconian' 7. A consequence of these dialectal divisions characterising OHG is the absence of any standardized form of the language, with the result that there is no common system of orihography or literary norm in OHG. These problems concerning standardization and orthography are addressed in 2.2. The genetic relationships existing between the members of the Gmc language group and their corresponding subgroupings are illustrated below in Figure 1.

For a more detailed disccusion concerning the alignment of the languages within WGmc, see Nielsen (1989). 17 Braune & Ebbinghaus (1989: 2-3), Krahe (11969: 31). These Franconian dialects should not be confused with Old Low Franconian (OLF) which, as shown above, is quite separate from OHG.

16

49

Primitive Germanic

NWG"""N EGmc

VV(imc

NGmc

East Norse Swed. ODan.

OHG

OLF

OS

OFs.

OE

Figure 1. The Gmc Language Group

It should be noted that this family tree diagram is meant only as a convenient tool for visualization. The actual process whereby dialects split off from each other to eventually become distinct, separate languages is much more complex than the neat divisions seen in this diagram, differentiation resulting from the gradual spread of individual innovations, these innovations not usually coinciding in their spread' 8. It should also be noted that many of the relations presented in the above diagram are disputed 19, particularly the division of Gmc into East Gmc and NWGmc. The older, more traditional view postulates an initial, tripartite division of primitive Gmc into separate West Gmc, North Gmc

Haugen (1976: 108). A detailed examination of the problems surrounding dialect geography and its relation to historical linguistics can be found in Bynon (1977: 173-197). This also includes a discussion of the 'wave theory', first proposed by Schmidt (1872), which postulates that linguistic innovations spread from a centre over the surrounding territory (Bynon 1977: 192). 19 See Nielsen (1989) and Kuhn (1955-56).

18

50

and East Gmc subgroups20, the main strength of this theory resting on the fact that the Nordic dialects exhibited isoglosses in common with both Gothic and the West Gmc dialects. A further theory has been advanced positing an initial split of primitive Gmc into separate WGmc and Northeast Gmc subgroups, the latter subgroup comprising both Gothic and the Nordic languages. An initial division resulting in separate WGmc and Northeast Gmc subgroups is based on the evidence of the following isoglosses: Holtzmann's Law which states that the geminate glides -ww- underwent a 'sharpening' which is common to both ON and Gothic resulting in -ggw-, -jf- (ON -ggj-, Gothic -ddj-); the 2nd person singular preterite of strong verbs which is -tin both Gothic and ON but -i (e) in WGmc; the 1st person singular present subjunctive which is - in Runic (= Gothic -au) but -e in WGmc21 . However, the evidence supporting these latter two divisions of Gmc is less than that for a NWGmc and East Gmc split22. In support of a division between NWGmc and East Gmc is the fact that a large number of common innovations exist in the West Gmc and North Gmc languages which are not shared by East Gmc 23 . The most important of these were made in the area of phonology, the languages comprising the NWGmc group having merged unstressed vowels in almost identical ways and developed in common a five-vowel system24. The languages comprising the NWGmc group also share a number of common features in regard to their grammatical suffixes which differentiate them from East Gmc. These grammatical differences include the following: NWGmc genitive singular of masculine a-stem nouns in -as opposite Gothic -is (OS dagas, Gothic dagis "day"); NWGmc genitive plural in -a opposite Gothic -e (ON daga, Gothic dage "day"); NWGmc oblique cases of N-stem nouns formed with -an opposite Gothic -an, -ins, -in (OE honan, Gothic hanan, hanins, hanin "cock"); NWGmc dative singular masculine of adjectives in -urn opposite Gothic -amma (ON gurn, Gothic godamma "good"); NWGmc dative singular feminine of adjectives in -r opposite Gothic -ai (ON gri, Gothic godai "good"); the NWGmc use of a demonstrative pronoun *1besi, Abasi "this" (ON 4bessi, OHG dese) which is not attested in Gothic, this latter using sa in its place; the widespread loss of reduplication in NWGmc, corresponding instances of which survive in Gothic.
This theory was first put forward by Schleicher (1860: 94). Its adherents include Streitberg (1896: 13) and more recently Krahe (11969: 26). 21 Haugen (1976: 108-109). See also Scherer (1868). 22 The problems associated with grouping the Gmc languages receive full attention in the literature given in note 1. 23 Haugen (1976: 110). See also Kuhn (1955-56), Adamus (1962) and Antonsen (1965) for a full treatment of the arguments in favour of a NWGmc subgrouping. 24 Haugen (1976: 110). These phonological features distinguishing NWGmc from East Gmc are listed in Voyles (1968: 744).
20

51

Yet more evidence for an initial division between NWGmc and East Gmc can be seen in the vocabulary of the two subgroups, a marked difference existing between the lexicon of Gothic and that of the other Gmc languages25. It can consequently be seen from the above schemata of subgroupings that four distinct stages of development or strata may be distinguished which characterize the diachronic development of the Gmc language group from primitive Gmc to OHG: (1) a Gmc stratum; (2) a NWGmc stratum; (3) a WGmc stratum; (4) an OHG stratum. The approximate time-scales involved in these four strata are outlined below in Figure 2. Gmc stratum NWGmc stratum WGmc stratum OHG stratum Approximately l000-200BC Approximately 200BC-100AD Approximately 1 00-500AD Approximately 500-1 100AD
Figure 2. The Gmc strata

As stated above, the stratum in which a given OHG weak verb originates can be ascertained from the presence or absence of cognate verbs in the other Gmc languages. Cognates are given in the oldest form possible (e.g. OE forms are cited in preference to Middle English forms and these in preference to Modem English, the later strata being referred to only where a lexeme is unattested in OE). For a verb to be considered as cognate with a particular OHG verb it must satisfy the following criteria: 1. It must be shown to be related phonologically (i.e. by systematic sound laws). 2. It must offer a credible semantic relationship (a difference in meaning is permitted only if it can be shown to be a digression which has occurred along semantically plausible lines). 3. It must belong to the same inflectional class, i.e. it must be related in terms of an equation rather than a root etymology. Thus, as a general rule, the absence of any attested cognates in the other Gmc languages leads us to assume that the verb does not antedate the OHG period and is therefore an OHG formation26 . If, however, one or more cognates are attested, but in the WGmc group only (i.e. OS, OFs. or OE), we can posit an origin in the WGmc stratum but no earlier for the OHG weak verb in question. If a cognate or cognates are attested in the NGmc group, or if cognates are
25 26

See Arndt (1959). This impression could be confirmed by a close parallel with Latin, i.e. the OHG verb in question may represent a loan formation from a Latin verb.

52

attested from both the NGmc and WGmc groups, but in both cases a cognate is lacking in Gothic, we can conclude that the verb was formed in the NWGmc stratum but no earlier. Finally, if a cognate verb is attested in Gothic, or if cognates are attested from both Gothic and one or more of the languages belonging to the NWGmc group, we can assume that the verb was formed in the Gmc stratum. To take an example, the OHG class I weak verb he lien "to heal, cure" has the following cognates: OS hiian class I "to heal"; OFs. hla class I "heilen"; OE hcffian class I "to heal, cure"; ON heila class I "to heal"; Gothic halijan class i "to heal". The existence of these cognates therefore allows us to trace the verb back to the Gmc stratum and accordingly reconstruct a Gmc class I weak verb *haiiUanan "to heal, make well" (for the system used in reconstructed non-attested proto-forms see 2.6.). Likewise, the OHG weak verb wuosten "to destroy, lay waste to" has the following cognates: OS wstian class I "to lay waste to, plunder"; OE wstan class I "to lay waste, ravage". The existence of cognates in OE arid OS shows that the verb was a formation which probably existed during the WGmc stratum. However, as cognate forms are lacking in both ON and Gothic, there is no evidence to show that the verb in question existed in the NWGmc or Gmc periods antedating WGmc. The verb must therefore be assigned to the WGmc stratum and no earlier, and we can accordingly reconstruct a WGmc class I weak verb *wstUan "to lay waste, make barren". There are, however, a number of instances in which these general rules have to be modified: It is possible that an apparent cognate is not actually cognate but an independent formation. Furthermore, a seeming cognate may in fact represent a loan word made from one Gmc dialect to another or a loan translation based on an existing Latin verb (loan translations are discussed further in 2.4. and 4.7.5.). Gothic in particular presents us with a number of problems. It represents a language belonging to the East Gmc group, which diverged from Gmc at an early date and which is therefore historically remote from the WGmc group and OHG. It is quite likely, therefore, that Gothic may contain a large number of formations which, although seemingly cognate, were in fact formed independently, or which may have been loaned to OHG from Gothic - witness the well-attested Gothic loans in OHG, e.g. OHG pfeit from Gothic paida "undergarment". it is hence considered desirable that an OHG weak verb has cognates throughout a broad range of the Gmc languages (preferably from all the Gmc subgroups, i.e. Gothic, NGmc and WGmc) for it to be accepted as a Gmc

53

formation. Where only a single potential cognate is present, it must agree precisely in meaning and form with the OHG verb for it to be given cognate status. Any divergence in form or meaning which might in normal circumstances be explained by such processes as analogy, serves in such cases to confirm the suspicion that the potential cognate in question is in fact an independent formation. For the criteria necessary for a verb to be assigned to the pre-Gmc or lB stratum see 2.4. Once it has been established through the existence of cognates that a given weak verb antedates the OHG stratum, the ancestor or proto-form of this verb is then reconstructed for the relevant stratum, as has in fact been seen in the above examples. The system used in the data section in reconstructing non-attested proto-forms is outlined in 2.6. The reader will recall from Chapter One the hypothesis that the weak inflection began among a relatively small, core group of verbs and then spread out from this group by analogy, becoming ever more productive during the course of the development of Gmc to OHG. Establishing a relative chronology for the OHG weak verbs should thus enable us to see clearly the pattern of growth of the weak verbs from Gmc through to OHG.

2.4. Derivational Profile

In order to begin to answer the question of why the weak verb formation spread, it will be necessary to examine the derivational profile of the weak verbs. It is hypothesized that an examination of the derivational profile will show which morpho-semantic types were productive at which period. By identifring these morpho-semantic groups, it may consequently be possible to show how they provided a pattern for the weak verb formation to be extended analogically. Analysing the role and significance of morphological and semantic factors such as ablaut or the role played by weak verbs in forming causative or intensive deverbatives will therefore constitute an important part of the present study (see 2.3.). In order to establish a derivational profile for the OHG weak verbs a suitable derivational base must be found. This involves investigating the morphological relationships of the OHG weak verbs to other lexemes so that a distinct pair standing in a formal morpho-semantic opposition to each other can be revealed (in many cases more than one distinct morpho-semantic pair can be

54

ascertained between a given verb and other items of the lexicon, while in other cases it may not be possible to establish any suitable formal opposition. The first step in this process to establish a derivational profile is therefore to locate verbs, adjectives and substantives which are related in both form and meaning to a given weak verb. Having located a related lexeme and established a formal morpho-semantic pair, we must then decide whether the weak verb can convincingly be shown to derive from this lexeme or whether the lexeme in question is more plausibly a derivation from the weak verb. In order to determine whether a given weak verb represents a derivation from a related lexeme or vice versa, the related lexeme must first of all be traced back either to the same the stratum as that of the weak verb or to an earlier stratum. In establishing which stratum a related lexeme belongs to, the same principles are employed as those used to stratify the weak verbs. Thus, for example, the OHG weak verb suozen "to sweeten, make sweet", which can be traced back to a WGmc proto-form *swatfl/an "to sweeten, make sweet", can be shown to be related to the OHG adjective suozi "sweet". This OHG adjective suozi has the following cognates OS swti "sweet"; OFs. swte "sweet"; OE swt "sweet"; ON sctr "sweet". These cognates accordingly allow us to reconstruct a NWGmc proto-form *swtjaz "sweet". The adjective clearly antedates the weak verb and cannot therefore be a derivation from this same verb. In view of this, it is therefore more likely that the verb represents a derivation from the adjective. In instances where the weak verb and a related lexeme can be shown to date back to the same stratum, it is normally possible to assume that the weak verb represents the derivation rather than the related lexeme, on the principle that the weak verbs, as mentioned in Chapter One, largely represent secondary formations. However, cases where this assumption can be made with complete certainty are limited. Moreover, in instances where a multiplicity of formal oppositions present themselves, it may only become clear which the significant formal opposition is after a statistical analysis of the data at hand. The problems surrounding the derivational relationships of the OHG weak verbs are discussed further below. In certain cases a related lexeme cannot be traced back to the same stratum as the weak verb. However, this does not automatically rule out the possibility that the weak verb in question derives from the related lexeme (in other words, that the verb in question is a back-formation). It is perfectly possible that the related lexeme became extinct in one or more languages with the result that an attested cognate form is no longer extant. This is especially the case in regard to the strong verbs as these are, as mentioned in Chapter One, in

55

the main primary and, consequently, as a group older than the weak verbs. Indeed, there are numerous instances whereby a strong verb has died out in a particular language, having been replaced by a weak verb derived from it, e.g. the OHG class I weak verb wecken can, on the basis of cognates, be traced back to the Gmc stratum and a corresponding Gmc proto-form *wakejanan "to wake up" reconstructed. Related to this Gmc weak verb there exists a strong verb attested in OE wccnan "to awake" and a fossilized ON preterite participle vakinn "awake", and which, on the basis of these cognates, can only be traced back to the NWGmc stratum. However, an examination of the semantic relation between the two verbs shows that the weak verb exists in a causative relation27 to the strong verb. The weak verb can therefore quite easily represent a causative deverbative from the strong verb. Furthermore, it is perfectly plausible to assume that the strong verb died out in Gothic, OHG, OS and OFs., having been replaced by a class III weak counterpart identical with it in meaning (OHG wahhen, Gothic wahhan etc. "to awake"). However, such cases where a related lexeme cannot be shown to date back to the same or an earlier stratum than the weak verb in question must be treated with considerable caution, and an alternative etymology found if this is possible. Having found a lexeme which can be shown to represent a suitable derivational base, the verb can now be classified according to the pattern of its derivation. In respect to this, the following derivational categories are recognized: Verbs derived from another verb. The derivational base may be either a strong or a weak verb. For example, the Gmc weak verb *atejanan (OHG ezzen) "to feed" has a formal semantic relation with the Gmc strong verb *etanan (OHG ezzan) "to eat". These are classified under the heading Deverbatives. Verbs derived from an adjective. For example, the WGmc weak verb *fahtjan (OHG fi7htdn) " to be damp" has a formal semantic relation with the WGmc adjective *fUhtiz (OHGfiiht(z)) "damp". These are classified under the heading Deadjectives. Verbs derived from a substantive. For example, the OHG weak verb handmuosen "to eat one's evening meal" has a formal semantic relation with the OHG adjective bandmuos "evening meal". These are classified under the heading Denominatives. Derivations formed from a simplex verb by the addition of a prefix. For example, OHG ana-rennen "to run at, attack" exists in a formal semantic relation to the OHG simplex verb rennen "to run". These are classified under the
27

See 2.5. for a definition of what is meant by 'causative relation'.

56

heading Prefix Formations. Although prefix formations can further be divided according to whether the prefixed element is an adjective, a substantive or a locative particle (i.e. an adverb, preposition or a bound morpheme which probably had an independent adverbial or prepositional existence at an earlier period), this distinction has little to offer an investigation aiming to trace the origin and development of the weak verbs themselves, and will consequently be ignored. Furthermore, as the prefix formations derived during the WGmc and OHG periods are too numerous to be categorized and examined individually, the present work will restrict itself in the analysis section (see 2.5. below) to listing the main verbal prefixes in use during each stratum and summarising the semantic function or functions ascribed to these prefixes over the course of the development of the weak verbs from Gmc to OHG. A further derivational category has also been observed: verbs derived from an adverb. For example, the NWGmc weak verb *iitUanan (OHU Uzen) "to drive out, banish" has a formal semantic relation with the Gmc adverb * i (OHG i) "out, outwards". These are classified under the heading Deadverbials. However, deadverbial formations are rare in all periods in the development of the weak verb from Gmc to OHG, and thus constitute an insignificant method of weak verb derivation. As a result, deadverbial formations will be noted as they occur in the data section (Chapter Three), but will not be subject to further examination in the analysis section (Chapter Four). In addition to the above categories there are also a number of verbs for which no satisfactory derivational base can be found. These fall into three groups, as will now be outlined below: The first group contains verbs for which no morphologically related forms are attested either in OHG, the related Gmc languages or in the IE language group as a whole. This, in effect, means that it is impossible to trace an etymology for such verbs - or at least to propose a convincing etymology. Verbs falling into this category are classed as "Etymology-Unclear" verbs. The second group contains verbs for which no derivational profile can be ascertained. They differ from verbs that have an unclear etymology in that in many cases there can be a large number of related lexemes extant, and as such many of the verbs belonging here probably represent derivations of one sort or another. However, a convincing or precise derivational process cannot be formulated. This may be the result of insufficient data concerning the etymology of the verb in question, or it may result from the fact that the verb is an expressive, sound symbolic or onomatopoeic creation, often formed by changing the root vowel while usually keeping the initial consonant cluster,

57

which often takes on a semantic function (for a typical example of this, see the weak verbs fiiastn, frzattn and frieskezzen in the data section, Chapter Four). Furthermore, verbs belonging to this group are distinguished from those of the third group (see below) in that they do not have parallels in the JE languages outside Gmc, or differ too radically in form or meaning from any such parallels, and cannot therefore be considered primary. Verbs falling into this category are therefore classified as "Derivational-Pattern-Unclear" verbs. The third group also contains verbs which, like the preceding two groups, cannot be shown to derive from any related lexemes extant in the Gmc languages. However, in contrast to the preceding categories, the verbs belonging here can be shown to be cognate with related verbs extant in the IE languages outside Gmc. The verbs falling into this category have therefore been referred to as Primary verbs, as they represent lexemes which appear to be inherited from IE and not secondary forms, derived at some point during the development of Gmc to ORG. At this point it should be stressed that such verbs have only been given a primary status in relation to the Gmc language group. These same verbs, although inherited from IE, may well represent derivations formed at some period in the history of IE prior to the separation of the Gmc group. However, the ultimate IE etymology of such primary verbs is no longer transparent, as the JE era represents an extremely remote period historically, and as a result etymological data and morphological relationships are much less certain at this level of reconstruction. In view of the immense chronological distance separating OHG and primitive IE, caution must therefore be exercised when determining whether a verb attested in OHG may be classified as primary or not. It has consequently been considered essential that the verb in question exists alongside a broad range of cognate IE verbs corresponding in phonology to the Gmc verb, exhibiting a plausible semantic relationship (exact semantic correspondences are rare for this period given the time span involved) and, if possible, covering a wide geographical area. Only then can we assume that the verb represents a primary originating in the JE forbear of Gmc. Having established which verbs merit a primary status, these primary verbs can then be grouped together and separated from the remaining derivational formations. Following on from this, the primary verbs can then be analysed in respect to their morpho-semantic properties and compared with their IE counterparts. As discussed in the Introduction, it is hoped that such an analysis might throw light on which verbs first adopted the weak inflection and which factors were responsible for the origin of the dental suffix and the weak inflection as a whole.

58

Finally, a further etymological category has also been observed, Loan Verbs. These, strictly speaking, have not been derived by a morphological process from another lexical base, but represent borrowed verbs imported from another language. Loan verbs are given in the data and analysis sections together with the source or donor verb in the relevant language from which they have been borrowed, which in the case of OHG is usually Latin28. However, there are a number of problems which arise when faced with the task of assigning a weak verb to one of the above derivational categories. Determining which of several lexemes standing in a formal morpho-semantic relation to each other represents the derivational base of a given weak verb is perhaps the biggest problem which confronts any etymological study of the OHG and Gmc weak verbs. This can often be resolved by stratifying chronologically each lexeme within the morpho-semantically related group, on the basis of the number of cognates which it possesses. Thus, we can rule out the possibility that a given weak verb belonging to one of the older strata such as Gmc or NWGmc derives from a related lexeme belonging to one of the younger strata such as WGmc or OHG. However, this method of reasoning is also subject to potential errors, as cognate forms for a given lexeme may have died out in one or more of the Gmc languages thus concealing the fact that the lexeme in question actually dates back to a period earlier than the one reconstructed for it on the basis of attested cognates (this is discussed further below). As well as the evidence resulting from the presence or absence of cognates, semantic or morphological features which a related lexeme exhibits and which may suggest that it is a later formation, can also be important in such cases. Where this approach still leaves uncertainty, I have classified the verb within an either/or category. Thus, for example, the OHG verb awiggon "to wander from the track, go wrong, err", which may derive equally convincingly from either the adjective awiggi "rough, erroneous, mislead" or the substantive awiggi "rough area, cross-roads, mistake, error", has accordingly been classified as a denominative/deadjectival verb. However, I have restricted the size and extent of either/or categories by only classifying a verb as such in cases of extreme ambiguity. On account of the limited number of verbs thus classified as well as their ambiguous nature, formations assigned to an either/or category are noted as they occur in the data section (Chapter Three), but do not receive further examination in the analysis section (Chapter Four).
For a discussion concerning the influence of Latin on OHG and the importance of Latin loan words, see Eggers (1986).
28

59

It is nevertheless important to note that the reasoning outlined in the above paragraph is frequently not conclusive, and it must therefore be stressed that a certain number of decisions taken when ascertaining the derivational profile of a given verb are somewhat arbitrary. However, the sheer size of the data being examined, 4685 OHG weak verbs in total, offers sufficient compensation for inevitable inaccuracies which may arise in respect to the etymology of some verbs. A number of problems are presented by what we may call "class pairs". These represent weak verbs which have double forms, i.e. they appear in more than one inflectional class. For example, the OHG class I weak verb abanstigen "to be envious" exists beside a class II counterpart, abanstigon "to be envious", this class II verb being identical in meaning with the class I verb. However, it is extremely difficult or even impossible to determine whether each verb in a class pair was derived independently of the other, or whether a verb belonging to one class is derived from its counterpart belonging to a different inflectional class, or vice versa. Furthermore, the existence of class pairs may reflect the dialectal differences existing within OHG, a given weak verb appearing as class i in one particular dialect, but as class II or class III in another dialect or dialects of OHG. Given the extent of these uncertainties, the approach taken in this thesis will therefore be to make no attempt at determining whether one member of a class pair may be derived from the other in cases where both verbs were formed during the same chronological stratum. However, where double forms exist in which one verb can be shown to have been formed in a stratum antedating the other verb, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the chronologically younger of the two verbs represents a deverbative derivation from its older counterpart. The problem of loan translations or creations also merits discussion at this stage. As has previously been mentioned in our discussion of source texts, the advent of Christianity led to the creation of a large number of new lexemes in each of the Gmc languages, based for the most part on ecclesiastical Latin and New Testament Greek (this latter having been a major influence on ecclesiastical Latin itself). These were, of course, the languages of the Christian Church which shared the heritage of the late Roman (in the east, Byzantine) Empire, a civilizaton generally more advanced in learning, culture and material standards than the pagan Gmc tribes. As a result, many of the material and conceptual imports into the pagan Gmc world would have been accompanied by corresponding loan words or loan translations.

60

Many weak verbs may therefore represent loan creations based on an existing Latin verb and made independently in OHG or the other Gmc languages, rather than inherited verbs derived at an earlier stage in the development of the Gmc group. However, it is often extremely difficult or even impossible to determine whether such verbs represent later, independent loan translations or whether they are actual inherited forms. In such cases close attention must be paid to the meaning exhibited by each related verb. If a seemingly cognate verb shows a divergent meaning related to the cultural fields of scholarly learning or Christian thought, then the verb in question is generally regarded as a later loan creation. However, the situation is complicated further by the fact that ecclesiastical Latin and Christianity in general also appear to have affected existing meanings possessed by Gmc verbs. Thus, for example, the OHG verb arm& "to become poor, suffer" exists beside the related verbs: OS armJn "to be in need", OE earmian "to pity, commiserate", and Gothic arman "to take pity on". The Gothic and OE verbs clearly exhibit divergent meanings which suggest that they might represent later verbs, formed as ecclesiastical loan translations for the Latin and Greek verbs "I have pity on, show mercy upon" and misere "to feel pity, have compassion for, conmiiserate" respectively. However, the fact that the above related verbs are present in each of the Gmc languages is a strong indication that they are in fact inherited, cognate forms deriving from a Gmc deadjectival verb *arm/anan "to be poor or in need" from *armaz "poor, in need". The OHG and OS verbs can therefore be seen to preserve the original meaning of the Gmc verb, while the OE and Gothic verbs have replaced this older meaning with the later, ecclesiastically motivated meaning of"to take pity on". Finally, the reader may consider that many of the etymologies given in the data section are not sufficiently exhaustive. However, it is important to note that I have pursued the etymology of each verb only so far as to allow me to establish the stratum to which the verb belongs.

2.5. Further Analysis

Having presented in Chapter Three the OHG weak verbs, assigned them to a particular chronological stratum (i.e. Pre-Gmc, Gmc, NWGmc, WGmc and OHG), and established their method of derivation (if this is possible and a particular verb is not primary or unclear in its derivational profile), the resulting

61

data are then extracted and analysed for more general conclusions in Chapter Four. The verbs are firstly grouped according to the stratum in which they were formed. The chronological order in which the strata are presented begins with the oldest stratum, Pre-Gmc, and works forwards chronologically through Gmc, NWGmc and WGmc to the youngest stratum, OHG. Presenting and analysing the data in this chronological order will thus allow us to trace more clearly the origin and development of important trends within the weak verb system. However, this is something of a blunt instrument, as it gives no clue either as to how a given word formation pattern fits into the lexicon as a whole or as to the motivation behind the word formation patterns involved. In order to try to tackle this problem, the verbs are further analyzed according to their derivational profile. As will be recalled from 2.4., a formal opposition (or in many cases set of formal oppositions) was established between a given verb and related lexemes. Furthermore, within the frequent multiplicity of formal oppositions which presented themselves, it soon became clear statistically which the significant formal opposition was, and a putative derivational base was, in most cases, established. In this way a derivational profile for the OHG weak verbs was built up incorporating deverbative, deadjectival and denominative verbs as well as prefix formations according to the nature of the most significant formal pair (see 2.4. for examples). However, simply stating that a verb is probably derived from another verb, an adjective or a noun, does not begin to describe the derivational process adequately, for it is clear that various relationships are possible between word formation patterns and their bases. In essence, the scheme used here is that of West (1977, 1981, 1982), which extended Fillmore's case grammar approach from syntactic structure to word formation by assigning a case relationship between a word formation pattern and formal semantic pairs on the basis of the relationship revealed by equivalent sentences. This model has been chosen, rather than one of its derivatives (e.g. Dik's functional grammar (1978, 1983); or the localist hypothesis, see Jackendoff (1987)) because it sees every verb as selecting a given number and type of deep case complements which then form its case frame (Fillmore 1977, 1981). The similarities with the valency model which currently forms the basis of most descriptions of modern German (see, for example, Engel (1988)) are obvious and will therefore allow direct comparison between OHG and the later language. This approach allows us to

62

reconstruct formal oppositions within the vocabulary, which may help us to explain later analogical processes29. The semantic relationships between denominative verbs and their nominal pair is described below. We begin with the three most important caserelationships in Fillmore's model evidenced in the OHG data. 1. Agentive - The substantive denotes the agent of the action identified by the verb, and is therefore usually equated with the subject complement of an equivalent sentence. Examples are: deganon "to serve as a soldier", paired with degan "soldier, liegeman". diuben "to be a thief, steal", paired with diob "thief, robber". wizagon "to prophesy, be a prophet", paired with wago "prophet, wise man, soothsayer". 2. Objective (also called patient) - The substantive denotes the object of the action identified by the verb, and is therefore to be equated with the accusative complement of an equivalent sentence. Examples: arbeiten "to work, do work", paired with arbeiti "work". eihhiln "to collect acorns", paired with eihhila "acorn". JIscon "to catch fish, fish", paired withfisc "fish". 3. Instrumental - The substantive denotes the object with the help of which an action is carried out. Fillmore equates this with an instrument ("He broke the window with a hammer") and also the non-agentive originator of an action ("He broke the window"). Examples are: nagalen "to nail", paired with nagal "nail". saib on "to salve, anoint", paired with salbo "salve, ointment". zimbaren "to build", paired with zimbar "timber, wood". The dative and locative appear to have a much less significant role in the word formation process in OHG, an observation which confirms West's observations for Gothic 30. However, the three categories mentioned above are supplemented by statives, factitives and inchoatives. 4. Stative - The verb denotes that the subject is in the state or condition described by the (usually abstract) substantive. Examples are: angusten "to be in fear, fear", paired an gust with "fear". hungaren "to be hungry", paired with hungar "hunger".
29

The above system of semantic classification has also been chosen in preference to those of Schaefer (1984, 1985) and Kaliuenko (1988) as these involve a larger and more intricate number of categories and/or distinctions, and would accordingly make an analysis of the data unduly complex given the scope and objectives of the present thesis. Furthermore, such systems might even serve to obscure certain, more general trends revealed by the data. 30 West (1977: 66-72).

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rwn "to be at rest, rest", paired with rwa "rest, repose". 5. Factitive - The activity denoted by the verb causes or creates the state, condition or entity designated by the substantive, which is therefore revealed as the result of the activity identified by the verb. Examples are: fackalen "to make a torch", paired with fackala "torch". scalken "to make into a servant, enslave", paired with scaic "servant, slave". teilen "to divide", paired with teil "portion, share, division". Because they indicate the result of the verbal process, factitives may be linked to the category of aspect as it is realized in telic situations, or those which have a built-in terminal point. The act of dividing is a good example of this, as the necessary terminal point is part of the whole. This type is well attested in Gothic, for example in dailjan "to divide" vs. dails "part", hunsijan "to sacrifice" vs. hunsi "sacrifice"31 and may therefore be relatively old. The presence of a large set of factitives paired with adjectives, however, suggests that this type may be modelled on them. The same suspicion exists for the inchoatives. 6. Inchoative - The verb denotes that the subject enters or becomes characterized by the state or condition denoted by the substantive. Examples are: abandn "to become evening", paired with aband "evening". kraften "to become strong, gain strength", paired with krafi "strength, might". tagen "to become day, dawn", paired with tac "day". Like the factitives, the inchoatives concentrate on one aspect of the verbal action, but on the beginning rather than the end. Linkage with the category of aspect is again possible, as verbs marked for perfective aspect often indicate the beginning or inception of the action identified by the verb, a phenomenon noted for Gothic32. Both these types appear to be based on the verb-adjective pairs and have been extended to verb-substantive pairs by analogical extension. This is one way in which formal oppositions within the vocabulary might shed light on analogical processes. We now turn to those formations paired with adjectives, of which three types appear to be the most significant in the OHG data: factitives, inchoatives and statives. 1. Factitive - The activity denoted by the verb causes or creates the state or condition described by the adjective. Examples are: lOsen "to loosen, make loose", paired with los "loose, free". ' West (1977: 67f.).
32

West (1981).

64

sbaren "to make clean", paired with sUbar "clean". tdden "to kill, render dead", paired with tot "dead". 2. Inchoative - The verb denotes that the subject enters or becomes characterized by the state or condition described by the adjective. Examples are: dickn "to become thick, thicken", paired with dicki "thick". muodOn "to become tired, tire", paired with muodi "tired". rOtn "to become red, redden", paired with rOt "red". 3. Stative - The verb denotes that the subject is in the state or condition described by the adjective. Examples are: froen "to be happy, rejoice", paired withfro "happy, glad". gisunten "to be healthy", paired with gisunti "healthy". swrn "to be heavy", paired with swr "heavy". Just as there are conceptual links between verb-substantive and verbadjective pairs and their semantic categories, so the verb-verb pairs show similar links, especially with the verb-adjective pairs. The following types are the most significant in the OHG data: causatives, inceptives, duratives, intensives and frequentatives. 1. Causative - Causatives are clearly essentially identical to factitives33, but I have followed practice in German linguistics 34 in keeping them terminologically distinct so as to avoid confusion. The activity denoted by the derived verb causes or creates the action signified by the source verb. Examples are: fellen "to fell, cause to fall", paired with fallan "to fall". leggen "to lay, lie down", paired with liggan "to lie, be prostrate". senken "to sink, cause to sink", paired with sincan "to sink". Intensive - The activity signified by the source verb is intensified, heightened or emphasized in the derived verb. Examples are: dahhezzen "to flare up, blaze", paired with *Abahjan (attested in OE 4beccan) "to bum". slagezzen "to hit badly, beat", paired with slagan "to hit, strike". tretten "to trample down, stamp on", paired with tretan "to tread". Durative - Duratives are clearly related to statives. The action signified by the source verb is expressed in the derived verb as continuous, uninterrupted or progressive. Examples are: hangen "to be hanging", paired with hangan "to hang". (h)negen "to be leaning, lean (on)", paired with (h)nigan "to lean (down), bend".
See Kastovsky (1973). For example Krahe & Meid (III 1969: 246-247).

65

wahh&z "to be awake", paired with *waknanan (attested in OE wcecnan) "to wake up, awake". Frequentative (also called continuative or iterative) - The action signified by the source verb is expressed in the derived verb as frequent, repeated or habitual. Examples are: gangaron "to wander (around)", paired with gangan "to go". sprangn "to jump up and down", paired with sprengan "to jump, leap". wantaln "to wander (around)", paired with wanton "to turn, wind, change. Inceptive (also called ingressive) - Inceptives are clearly related to inchoatives. The derived verb expresses the beginning or commencing of the action signified by the source verb. Examples are: dorrn "to dry up, become dry", paired with *J,ersanan (attested in Gothic ga-baursans pret. part.) "to dry, be dry". zundn "to start burning, catch on fire", paired with *tenj,anan (attested in OE tinne 3rd sg. pres. indic.) "to burn". All the above categories can be related to "Aktionsart", or the type of action implied by the inherent meaning of the verb. Aktionsart is therefore distinct from aspect, which I follow Comrie in defming as "the internal temporal constituency of the action implied by the verb"35, as verbs can be marked for perfective or imperfective aspect largely independently of their Aktionsart, but one category may impinge on the other. It should be noted that the categories essentially emerge from the data. They tend to fall into a small, finite set and this is one indication of their general validity. However, languages are untidy and there are always verbal pairs which do not fit into the general scheme. In cases where a verb cannot adequately be assigned to any of these categories, the semantic relation is marked "unclear". Verbs which have classified as denominatives, deadjectives and deverbatives are presented in chapter four within tables 36. The verbs listed in each table are then followed by further columns listing the appropriate reconstructed form (in the case of formations belonging to the strata antedating OHG), together with the posited derivational base of the verb (this is also given in reconstructed form where a weak verb formation antedates the OHG stratum), the semantic relation between the verb and its derivational base, and relevant morphological features present in the derived verb such as ablaut grade and verbal extensions. In the case of primary verbs each verb is presented within a table together with a Gmc reconstruction. However, no attempt has been made
Comrie (1977: 3) A general discussion of derivation by means of verbal prefixes is also given for each of the strata. However, as they are too numerous, individual prefix formations are not listed.
36

66

to reconstruct the IE form of the verb or classify it according to IE present types, as IE present stem markers are often generalized in the daughter languages, rendering any attempt to derive firm conclusions about a given reconstructed verb's conjugational class extremely difficult. Consequently, traditional root etymologies have been used as a convenient means of relating the verb to its IE counterparts, rather than reconstructing the verb's IE conjugational type based on equations with cognate verb forms attested in the other lB languages. In addition to the aforementioned derivational categories, the reader will recall from 4.4. that the data also yields a number of verbs which have clearly been borrowed from a small number of source languages, most importantly Latin. These loan verbs are also presented in tabular form. Verbs for which no clear etymology or derivational profile could be established in the data section are not, however, subjected to further analysis in chapter four. For reference purposes they are listed in appendices One and Two. Following every table a detailed discussion is given of the main features which characterize each derivational type. Thus the productivity and significance of the semantic relations involved in the derivational process, as well as that of key morphological factors, such as ablaut changes, the occurrence of intensive gemination or the use of verbal extensions, receive analysis and comment. Finally, at the end of the section assigned to each chronological stratum a summary is given of the main features characterising the verbs belonging to the respective stratum. This includes an overview of any significant trends occurring within the stratum. Thus, an indication is given as to which derivational type was most productive during a particular stratum and which was least productive. The main morpho-semantic factors involved in the various derivation processes are also summarized, with an indication as to which of these morpho-semantic features was in the ascendancy during a particular stratum and which in decline.

2.6. Reconstructed Forms

Having shown how an etymological profile can be established for the OHG weak verbs and how the resulting data can be categorized and analysed according to stratum, derivational type and inflectional class, we can now discuss the conventions used in the present work when reconstructing non-attested proto-forms.

67

The reconstruction of Gmc, NWGmc and WGmc lexemes is based primarily on the system used by Seebold in his etymological reconstructions37. There are, however, a number of phonological differences between the system used in this thesis and that used by Seebold: the velar and labial fricatives [T] and [f3] occurring in Gmc 38 are represented by <g> and <b> respectively; the dental fricative [] occurring in Gmc 39 is marked as <>, except in the following circumstances where it is written as <d>: initially, and in the combinations <id> and <nd>. This may be justified on the grounds that the change of <> to <d> in the positions noted above is reflected in all the Gmc languages and is therefore to be considered a Gmc development. The following points relating to the form of reconstructed lexemes should also be noted. Although the phonetic change in which the diphthong /eil became IL' occurred in all the Gmc languages and is thus to be seen as a common Gmc development, <ei> has been retained, in accordance with Seebold's practice, in order to indicate more clearly the derivational morphology of certain lexemes. For example, the reconstructed Gmc class I weak verb *baitejanan (OHG beizen) "to bridle, cause to bite" can be shown to derive from a Gmc class I strong verb which may be reconstructed as *beitanan (OHG bzan) "to bite". Showing the reconstructed strong verb with the diphthong <ei> consequently enables us to see the ablaut relation between it and its weak verb derivative, i.e. the weak verb has the (IE) o-grade of ablaut while the strong verb has the (TE) e-grade of ablaut. *baitejanan can therefore be seen to conform to the morphological process whereby causative deverbatives were derived with the o-grade of ablaut, this derivational pattern being a typical characteristic of causatives during the Gmc period and later. Similarly, and also following Seebold's practice, <*-anh> is preferred to the later form <*-ah-> as the older form with <n> shows more clearly the derivational morphology of certain lexemes. For example, the operation of Verner's Law or grammatical change can clearly be seen in morphological relationship between the class I NWGmc weak verb *brangejcinan (OHG drengen) "to cause to press, force, oppress" and its derivational base, the class III strong verb Abrenhanan (OHG dringen) "to press, squeeze". Reconstructed forms for Gmc, NWGmc and WGmc are given in their usual citation form. Thus, verbs appear in their infinitive form, substantives in their nominative singular form, and adjectives in their nominative singular masculine form. The infinitive ending of Gmc verbs is reconstructed as *-anan,
38

Seebold (1970) and Kiuge (22nd edition, ed. Seebold 1989). Szemernyi (1990: 57). Szemernyi (1990: 57).

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this ending representing the fossilized accusative singular of a neuter IE action noun which was derived from verbs with the suffix -no- preceded by the thematic vowel -o-40, e.g. JE *bheronom (seen most clearly in Sanskrit bharanam "(act of) bearing") from which the Gmc verbal infinitive *beranan "to carry" is derived. However, a typical feature characterising the development of Gmc is the loss of final unaccented syllables resulting from the shift in accent in Gmc to the initial syllable of a word stem41 . Consequently, the final -an of this infinitive ending -anan became lost at some period during the course of the development of Gmc to OHG. It is unclear when this ending became lost, but it certainly antedates the earliest written records of Gmc, i.e. Runic Norse and Gothic. I have accordingly reconstructed the infinitive of verbs dating back to the Gmc and NWGmc strata with the ending *anan but have reconstructed the infinitive of verbs dating back to the WGmc stratum with the ending *an, as this period is sufficiently late to allow us to assume that the ending had become lost by this time. As outlined in the Introduction, the weak verbs can be divided into two groups, according to whether they represent primary verbs or secondary, derivative verbs. Primary verbs added a -j- suffix to the verb root in IE, while secondary verbs inserted a thematic vowel between the verb root and this -j*-.i-., *-o suffix, these thematic vowels generally being reconstructed as and * e:.. Furthermore, the thematic vowel *..e.., which originally bore the accent in IE (and in the early stages of Gmc as can be seen from the operation of Verner's Law in verbs with this suffix), was normaliy used in causative deverbative formations in Gmc which also regularly took the zero grade of ablaut in the vowel of their root syllable, while the vowel *-i-, which was unstressed, occurred in denominative or deadjectival formations. Finally, those verbs formed with the thematic vowels *-o- and *-- became the second and third class of weak verb respectively, while those formed with no thematic vowel fell together with verbs formed with the vowels *e and to become the first weak verb class. In view of the above observations, infinitives are reconstructed with class endings according to the following system, which is the system used by Seebold42 . The infinitive of class I verbs is reconstructed with an ending *ejanan for causative deverbatives, an ending *-Uanan for denominative and deadjectival formations, and an ending *-janan for primary verbs, and verbs 40 Krahe(1I 1969: 116).
41

See d'Alquen (1988) for more details concerning Gmc accent and the laws of unaccented syllables. 42 Seebold (1970) and Kluge (22nd edition, ed. Seebold 1989).

69

with an unclear etymology or derivational profile. The infinitive of class II weak verbs is reconstructed with an ending *-fanan, while the infmitive of class III weak verbs is reconstructed with an ending *-eJanan. The reconstruction of TB lexemes and roots follows the system used by Pokorny43 . It should further be noted that laryngeal consonants have not been reconstructed in the IE roots where they may have occurred, as they represent an archaic stage in the development of TB and do not therefore directly affect the reconstruction of Gmc and later forms made in this thesis.

2.7. Summary
To summarize what has been discussed so far, it will be remembered that iii the introductory section, Chapter One, the nature and problem Of the weak verb in Gmc and OHG was set out, and a solution proposed which, it is hoped, will provide important and more detailed information concerning the origin and development of the Gmc weak verb, from its genesis in the early stages of Gmc through to its appearance in the written monuments of OHG. In the present chapter, the practices and procedures were examined which must be followed in order to produce such insights or results - in other words, the methods were set out which will be used to collect, stratify and analyse the OHG weak verbs. Finally, the main problems surrounding such a system of data collection and analysis have also constituted an important part of the subject matter of the methodology section. As a result of what has been discussed so far, the reader should now be aware of the main issues whose exploration and analysis will form the rest of this thesis. We are therefore ready to present the data. This constitutes the next chapter, Chapter Three.

'

Pokorny (11959). Laryngeal Theory can be found discussed in Lehmann (1955), Lindeman (1988), Szemernyi (1990: 127-163).

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3.

DATA

3.1. Preliminary Having outlined the methods used to collect and analyse the OHG weak verbs, and discussed the problems accompanying such an etymological study, the data can now be presented. However, before referring to the data section, the reader should note the following preliminary points concerning the presentation and layout of each entry. The verbs are entered in alphabetical order. The order followed is thus: A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, 0, P, R, S, T, U, W, Z. (For a detailed description concerning the system of orthographic standardization used, the reader should refer to 2.2.). All verbs are quoted in their infinitive form. This includes instances when the infinitive form of a given verb is not actually attested. An exception to this, however, is preterite participle constructions which may be adjectives rather than finite verbs and which are consequently indicated as preterite participle constructions when they occur in the data. The numerous preterite participle constructions formed with the prefix un- in OHG have not, however, been included. The inflectional class of the verb is not indicated, as this is apparent from the ending of the verb, i.e. verbs with an infinitive ending in -en belong to class I, those with an infinitive ending in -on belong to class II, and those with an infinitive ending in - belong to class III. A reference indicating the source from which a verb has been extracted is given after the verb together with the meaning of the verb. These source references have been quoted following the Harvard guidelines for referencing, e.g. (Raven 111963: 245). The meaning quoted is usually that given by the source from which the verb is taken. If the meaning quoted by the source contains information concerning syntactic constructions involving the verb, this is also included (e.g. +dat. denoting that the verb takes the dative case). Distinct meanings are separated by a semi-colon and wherever possible all the meanings listed have been quoted. An etymology is then given for each verb. The initial section of each etymology is concerned with stratifying the verb. Firstly, cognate verbs from the related Gmc languages are quoted, where extant. On the basis of these cognates, the verb is then assigned to a chronological stratum (see 2.3. for a discussion of stratification) and a reconstructed proto-form of the verb given if the stratum

71

antedates OHG (see 2.6. for a discussion of the systems of reconstruction used). The second section of each etymology is concerned with ascertaining a suitable derivational profile for the verb. The most convincing derivational base is selected for the verb as the first step in this process. This derivational base is then stratified on the basis of cognates. These cognates are listed, after which the derivational base is assigned to a chronological stratum and a proto-form reconstructed. The derivational category to which the verb belongs is then indicated (see 2.4. for an explanation of these derivational categories). In the case of loan verbs, the source or donor verb is quoted in the relevant language. Where a number of related lexemes are attested, but a suitable derivational base cannot be found, these related lexemes are listed and the verb simply marked "Derivational Pattern Unclear" (see 2.4.). Where primary verbs can be distinguished from derivational pattern unclear verbs on the basis of convincing IE parallels (see 2.4.), these related forms are listed and an explanation given justifying why the verb has been given a primary status. Finally, in cases where no satisfactory etymology can be found, the verb is marked "Etymology Unknown". In the case of prefix formations, verbal prefixes are separated by a hyphen from their simplex verb base, e.g. ana-marcon,fir-senten, as this allows the reader to clearly identify both the prefixed element and the verb base. The etymology of the simplex verb from which a prefix formation has been derived is given under the entry for the respective simplex. In addition to this, prefix formations, rather than having entries after the simplex verb from which they derive (which is the system used in most dictionaries of OHG'), appear in strict alphabetical order within the data as a whole. Thus, for example, all verbs formed with the prefix biwill appear alphabetically under B. This has a number of advantages. By grouping together all derivations formed with a particular prefix, for example the prefix ana-, the reader can readily view the number of derivations extant in OHG which were formed with this prefix, as well as observe the various semantic functions of a particular prefix by comparing the individual meanings of all the verbs compounded with this prefix. Entering prefix formations in this manner also enables a system of cross-referencing. The simplex verb may readily be referred to under this system, as it can easily be identified from the prefixed verb. Furthermore all the prefix formations which derive from a simplex verb are listed at the end of the entry for the simplex verb in question, thus allowing each prefix formation to be referred to under the entry for the simplex verb.

'Thus Raven (I-Il 1963), Starck & Wells (1990), Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings (1968-), Schtzeichel (1969). Schade (1882), on the other hand, lists prefixes alphabetically, as does Lexer (I-Ill 1872-1878) for MHG.

72

3.2. The Data

The OHG weak verbs are presented in the following pages, together with their chronology and derivational profile.

73

A
rtha-fdhrn mit Gewalt abziehen (Starck and Wells I 90: 15 Therefore an 011(1 prefix formatIon. o cornare verbs are anested.

aba-fir-meizen 'abschneiden, (Ubi.) erktirzen. 1beschrnken, entirnen. beseinsen; hemmen' Raen 11963: 126 - No co gnate serbs are attested. Therefore an 011(1 prefix formation. aba-fir-scutfen "hinariisschUtteln, zerstreuen" (Rasen 1 1963: 189). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefLx formation.
aba-flaen flussig machen, schmelizen, klren" (Raen I 1963: 42). No cognate verbs are

attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. aba-fuoren "herabftthren, abfithren' (Raen I 1963: 49). No comiate verbs are attestetL Therefore an OHG prefLx formation. aba-gi-fillen 'heftig ergreifen, rauben, fortschleppen, erbeuten" (Raven 1 1963:40). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. aba-ir-kwicken "kopfen, enthaupten" (Raven I 1963: 911). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. aba-kren "abbiegen, ablenken, abwenden, (ver)meiden, scheuen, auseichen" (Raven 1 1963: 8 1 , No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: darnaba-krazzCb'l "mit elsernen Folterkrallen zerfleischen" (Raven II 1961: 82). No cognate verbs are attestecL Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
aba-leigen "Wasser ableiten, wegflihren" (Raven 11963: 103). No cognate verbs are attested.

Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

abandn "(impers.) Abend werden" (Raven 111967: 203). No cognate verbs are attested. The

verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG and (Kluge 1989: 3) "Abend". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. bandmuosen "zu Abend essen" (Raven 11963: 1). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under abandmuos'z. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. bandmuosn "zu Abend essen, die Abendmahlzeit einnehmen" (Raven H 1967: 3). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: 011(1 bandmuos (Starck and Wells 1990: 13) "Abendessen, Abendmahr. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. abansrigen "neidisch oder mil3gunstig sein, jemandem ubelwollen" (Raven 1 1963: 1). No cognate verbs are attested. As cognate verbs in the other Gmc languages belong ith the class II verb, this verb is probably best regarded as a class I deverbative from the class H weak verb (see under abanstigan). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. abanstigon "neidisch oder millgunstig sein, jemandem belwollen" (Rasen 11 1967: 3). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE &fesfigan II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 5) "to be or become envious", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *'anstigan "to be or become

74

envious". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG abanstig (Starck and Wells 1990: 13) "neidisch, mil3gunstig"; OE cifestig (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 5) "envious, zealous", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fanstiga "envious, hateful, malicious, spiteful; zealous". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. abanstn "neidisch sein oder werden, von Neid erfUlit sein" (Raven II 1967: 3). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE cifesrian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 5) "to be or become envious", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *cfanst4ian "to be or become envious". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG abanst (Starck and Wells 1990: 13) "Mil3gunst, Neid, Eifersucht"; OE cifest (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 5) "envy, hatred, malice, spite; zeal, rivalry", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *qfansta "envy, hatred, malice, spite". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. aba-(h)nupfen "abpflucken" (Starck and Wells 1990: 446). cf. OHG *hnopfan II. No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class I). aba-segon "absagen" (Raven II 1967: 128). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. aba-skiisde,z "abschinden, die Rinde abschlen" (Raven I 1963: 182). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. aba-scutten "zerstreuen" (Raven I 1963: 189). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHO prefix formation. aba-strejfen "(die Haut) abstreifen, d.h. sich der Haut ganzlich berauben" (Raven 11963: 208). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. aba-wi.s ken "abwischen, abtrocInen" (Raven I 1963: 267). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. abuhhen "verfiihren, verleiten" (Raven I 1963: 1). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG abuh (Starck and Wells 1990: 14) "bose, unheilvoll, verkehrt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. abuh ' "verabscheuen, sich abwenden, fir verkehrt oder bose halten, verschmahen, mif3achten, zurUckweisen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under abuli hen. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giaflar-fo1gz "nachfolgen, Diener(in), Nachfolger" (Raven 111967: 214). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. aftar-(h)ruofen "nachrufen" (Schutzeichel 1969: 156). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. agaleizzen "eifrig stseben" (Raven 11963: 1). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG agaleizi (Starck and Wells 1990: 16) "emsig, eifrig, aufdringlich, unablassig, geschickt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giagaleizan "mit Anstrengung (seufzend) etwas erstreben, sich urn etwas bemhen" (Raven II 1967: 3). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under agaleizzen. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

75

agawissan "offentlich bekanntmachen, an die Offentlichkeit bringen" (Raven 111967: 4). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG agawis, agiwis (Starck and Wells 1990: 17) "offentlich, offenbar". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. agezOn "vergessen" (Raven II 1967: 4). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gez (Starck and Wells 1990: 17) "Vergessenheit". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi"mit Ahren versehen" (Raven I 1963: 1). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ahar (Schutzeichel 1969: 3) "Ahre". Therefore an OHG denominative verb.
aharen

J:ten "Verfolgen, nachstellen" (Raven I 1963: 1). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS ahtian I (Kluge 1989: 8) "achten"; OFs. ffchta, chta I (Kluge 1989: 8) "achten"; OE iitan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 103) "to follow after, pursue, chase, harass, persecute, hunt, annoy, afflict, attack", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *t/an "chten, verfolgen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ta (Kiuge 1989: 8) "Acht, Verfolgung, Urteil, Einschatzung"; OFs. ffcht(e) (Kluge 1989: 8) "Acht"; OE 5/it (Kluge 1989: 8) "fear, terror; hostile pursuit, persecution, active enmity", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *i715 from an earlier *anhtS (Kluge 1989: 8) "Friedlosigkeit". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruh-,fira/ziOn "beachten, erachten, acht haben, bedenken, nachdenken, meinen, uberlegen, erwgen, erstreben, streiten, imAuge haben, in Gedanken fr etwas halten, Rticksicht nehmen auf, (negative) geringschtzen, tadeln' (Raven 111967: 4). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS ahtn II (Kluge 1989: 8) "beachten, acht haben"; OFs. achtia II (Kiuge 1989: 8) "beachten, acht haben"; OE eahtian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 93) "to esteem, estimate; consult about, consider deliberate, watch over", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ahtjan "to estimate, esteem; consider". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG ahta (Kluge 1989: 8) "Urteil, Einschatzung, Acht"; OE eaht (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 93) "assembly, council; esteem, estimation", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ahtO (Kluge 1989: 8) "Beachtung". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gi-, ir-, widar"alt werden, altern, veraltern" (Raven II 1967: 203). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ealdian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 94) "to grow old", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *alck7an "to become old". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under ellen). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, irallOn

altinOn "auf-, verschieben, verzogern, ubersehen" (Raven II 1967: 5). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under ellen. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with nextension). Prefix formations derived from this verb: giallisOn "aufschieben" (Raven II 1967: 6). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under ellen. Therefore an ORG deadjectival verb (formed with s-extension). alt On "versumen etwas zu tun, es unbeachtet lassen" (Raven II 1967: 6). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under el/en. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb.

76

wnarn "ersehnen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 23). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON amra 11 (Fritzner 11954: 52) "jammern", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *amr4ianan "qualen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is probably best regarded as an r'-extension, deriving ultimately from the IE J*oma (Pokorny I 1956: 778) "energisch vorgehen; daraus fest worauf bestehen, festmachen = eidlich bekraftigen und zusetzen, qualen, schadigen", from which base the following may also be derived: ON ama (Pokorny 11956: 778) "plagen, belstigen"; ON amask reflex (Pokorny 11956: 778) "Anstol3 nehmen, Unwillen fhlen, sich womit abplagen"; OHG emiz (Pokorny 11956: 778) "bestandig, fomvahrend"; Skt amzli (Pokorny 1 1956: 778) "bedrangt, versichert eindringlich, schwort"; Avest. amayava (Pokorny 11956: 778) "Leid, Drangsal". As the forms attested above are not formed with any 'r'-extension, such an extension must be a later formation. The verb cannot, therefore, be regarded as pre-Gmc. Therefore a NWGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. ,narn "bekiagen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 23). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG amar (Starck and Wells 1990: 23) "Betrubnis". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. ambahien "flirsorgen, darreichen" (Raven I 1963: 2). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-ambihtan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 18) "to minister, serve"; ON embetta (Lehmann 1986: 36) "to serve"; Gothic andbahtjan I secondary analogy to prefix 'and- (Lehmann 1986: 36) "to serve; perform", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *ambaht/anan "to serve". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ambaht, ambahti (Starck and Wells 1990: 23) "Diener, Inhaber eines bestimmten Amtes; Auftrag, Amtsflthrung, Wurde"; OS ambaht (Kluge 1989: 26) "Diener"; OE ambiht (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 18) "servant, attendant, officer, messenger"; ON embtti (Kluge 1989: 26) "Diener, Gefolgsmann"; Gothic andbahts (Kluge 1989: 26) "servant", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *ambahtO)az (Pfeifer I 1989: 46) "servant". This represents a Gmc loan word from Proto-Celtic *ambactos (Kluge 1989: 26) "Horiger, Diener". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, untar-, zuoanzbahtn "dienen" (Raven 111967: 203). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see
under anibahien. Therefore an OHG denominative verb.

ajnbahtn "dienen, fUr etwas Hilfsdienste leisten, etwas an die Hand geben" (Raven 111967: 6). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ambihtian (Lehmann 1986: 36) "to serve", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ambaht/an "to serve". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under ambahien). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. an "gonnen, gewahren" (Seebold 1970: 79). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gionsta pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 79) "kennen, wissen"; OE an pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 79) "to give, support, grant, allow"; ON ann pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 79) "gewahren, lieben". These allow us to reconstruct a preterite-present verb *ann (Seebold 1970: 79) "ist gewogen". This verb can be traced back to an IE I* (o)n., *ona.. (Seebold 1970: 79) "helfen, begunstigen", from which base the following may also be derived: Greek vivTllIt (Seebold 1970: 79) "ich ntze, helfe, erfreuejemanden". Therefore a Pre-Gmc primary verb @reterite-present). ana-beton "anbeten, segnen, Zauberei uben, jemandem em Ungluck an den Hals wunschen, ihm etwas anzaubern" (Raven II 1967: 15). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 01-IG prefix formation. ana-bi-knussen "anstot3en" (Starck and Wells 1990: 339). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

77

ana-bi-truzzen "anfallen, beschuldigen" (Raven 1 1963: 326). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. ana-blen "einhauchen" (Raven I 1963: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-bleckezzen "schimmern, blitzen" (Raven I 1963: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-blesten "hereinbrechen, eindringen" (Raven I 1963: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-bougen "kriimmen, biegen" (Raven I 1963: 11). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-biegan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 262) "to subdue, subjugate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ana-brizhen "aufdrUcken, einpragen" (Raven I 1963: 12). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-brehhn "anfahren, losfahren gegen einen" (Raven II 1967: 22). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giana-brengen "angehen" (Raven 11963: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-brennen "anbrennen, anznden, in Brand stecken" (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 1358). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-lxernan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 1358) "to set fire to, light (a fire), kindle; consume by burning, heat, inflame". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ana-brorton "einweben" (Raven 111967: 23). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-brurten "anfangen, AnlaB zu etwas geben, einweihen, verheiligen" (Raven I 1963: 20). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-bryrdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 262) "to instigate, stimulate, encourage, excite, incite, inspire; animate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ana-denken "sparmen, aufmerken, beachten, beabsichtigen" (Raven I 1963: 25). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. wia-dennen "drohend hinstrecken" (Raven I 1963: 288). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-enian class II by levelling? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 267) "to stretch". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ana-dingon "bevorstehen, dicht auf den Fersen drngen" (Raven II 1967:26). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an Ol-IG prefix formation. ana-dionn "verwenden auf etwas" (Raven II 1967: 27). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. anadn "sich eifern, von Eifer getrieben, zu einem bestimmten Verhalten veranlal3t werden, seinen Zorn auslassen, ahnden, rugen, bestrafen, krnken, schmerzlich nahe gehen" (Raven II 1967: 6). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base:

78

OHG anado (Starck and Wells 1990: 25) "Nacheiferung, Neid". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. ana-fallon "anfallen, angreifen, uberkommen" (Raven II 1967: 6). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *_fal1jan (Seebold 1970: 182) class II deverbative from strong verb *fallanan (Seebold 1970: 181) "fallen" (see underfellen). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (formed with prefix ana-). anafaizgon "in Beschlag nehmen, mit Beschlag belegen" (Raven 111967: 6). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS anafangan II (Holthausen 1967: 3) "ergreifen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *anafangq/an "to begin, start". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG anafang (Starck and Wells 1990: 25) "Beginn"; OS anafang (Holthausen 1967: 3) "Anfassen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *anafangaz "beginning, start". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. ana-fartan "angreifen, anfahren, heftig schelten" (Raven II 1967: 6). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fart (Starck and Wells 1990: 142) "Fahrt; Lauf, Flucht". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix ana-). ana-festinon "befestigen, vernageln, hineinschlagen" (Raven 111967: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. ana-fir-spurnen "anstol3en" (Starck and Wells 1990: 582). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-folgen "auf dem Ful3e, d.h. unmittelbar nachfolgen, gleich hinterherkommen" (Raven II 1967: 215). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. a,:a-forahten "schrecken, erschrecken, verdachtigen" (Raven 11963: 53). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-fordaron "anfordern" (Raven II 1967: 47). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-frummen "etwas gegen jemanden loslassen" (Raven I 1963: 296). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-fundan "befallen" (Raven II 1967: 7). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-fuogen "hineinfi.igen, -stecken, einfiigen, einmischen" (Raven I 1963: 47). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-fuoren "einffihren" (Raven 1 1963: 49). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gangaran "herrschen, uberwiegen" (Raven II 1967: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gangan "anfangen, beginnen" (Raven II 1967: 7). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct a *-gangoj an (Seebold 1970: 214) class II deverbative from strong verb *ganganan (Seebold 1970: 213) "gehen" (see under *gengen). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (formed with prefix ana-).

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ana-gelton "zu Opfern beginnen" (Raven IT 1967: 7). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gelt (Lehmann 1986: 155) "recompense, payment, sacrifice". cf. OHG gote-gelt (Lehmann 1986: 155) "divine worship". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix ana-). ana-gi-brennen "einbrennen, branntmarken, einpragen" (Raven I 1963: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-bringen "zusammenbringen, beisteuern, aufbringen" (Raven I 1963: 18). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-farton "durchdringen, wohin gelangen, anfallen" (Raven II 1967: 6). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-fuoren "einfiihren" (Raven I 1963: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-heflen "erlauben, verbinden" (Raven 1 1963: 65). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-hengen "anhngen, anschlagen, an etwas heften oder stecken" (Raven I 1963: 69). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-hiwen "heiraten" (Raven 11963: 72). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-(h)1ini "sich aufetwas sttzen, d.h. sich daraufverlassen" (Raven 111967: 237). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-keren "gegenkehren" (Starck and Wells 1990: 327). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-kleiben "aufstreichen, bestreichen, auf etwas streichen, uber etwas ziehen, hinschmieren" (Raven I 1963: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-knupfen "knupfen, hineinknupfen, schlingen" (Raven 11963: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-leggen "in etwas setzen, hineinlegen" (Raven I 1963: 311). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-mahhon "auftragen" (Raven II 1967: 97). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-(h)neigen "sich aufoder an etwas stemmen, sttitzen, anlehnen" (Raven 11963: 136). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

ana-ginz "gierig nach etwas trachten, heftig verlangen oder dursten nach" (Raven II 1967: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ana-gi-rilton "(hervor)stUrmen" (Raven 111967: 124). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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ana-gi-sezzen "einpropfen, hineinsetzen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 519). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-scricken "etwas Uberjemanden kommen" (Raven 1 1963: 185). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. ana-gi-scurlen "(ein-)stol3en" (Raven I 1963: 189). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. ana-gi-sloufen "hineinfligen, hineinbringen" (Raven I 1963: 192). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-stepfen "betreten, beschreiten" (Raven I 1963: 203). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-suohhen "nach etwas streben oder verlangen, heimsuchen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 610). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-gi-trilen, ana-gi-rrthv'i "sich verlassen aufetwas" (Raven 111967: 265). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-giwz "gahnen, das Maul aufsperren, sich niederlegen, oder schiafengehen" (Raven II 1967: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-grisgraman "mit den Zhnen knirschen" (Raven II 1967: 58). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-haben "anhaben, bekleidet sein mit" (Raven I 1963: 302). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 01-10 prefix formation. ana-haflz "festhalten an, hangen an, eifrig betreiben oder verfolgen (?), innewobnen, angeboren" (Raven II 1967: 224). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-haldEn "sich neigen uber, sich an etwas Iehnen oder stutzen, sich zuwenden" (Raven II 1967: 225). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-harn "(+acc. pers.) anrufen, anflehen, nennen" (Raven II 1967: 226). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-hefien "hineintun, einfuhren, verursachen, beibringen" (Raven I 1963: 64). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-ilen "den Mund aufsperren, gaffen, gierig nach etwas trachten, verlangen" (Raven I 1963: 79). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-impiton "pfropfen" (Raven 111967: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-ir-swari "(von der Hungersnot) sich verschlimmern, schwerer, lastiger oder drtickender werden" (Raven II 1967: 260). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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ana-k&en "ankehren, etwas wohin wenden oder richten, umkehren, spannen, an-, ausspannen, beabsichtigen" (Raven I 1963: 87). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-klebn "festsitzen, haften, in Ordnung halten, beschrnken, der in Ordnung halt" (Raven II 1967: 231). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-cl f/Ian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 262) "to adhere, stick to, persist". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ana-kleiben "in oder auf etwas streichen, uber etwas ziehen, etwas bestreichen, kieben, verschmieren, in oder an etwas wachsen, em- oder anwachsen" (Raven 11963: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ana-knussen "stol3en, anschlagen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 339). The following cognate verbs

are attested: OE on-cnyssan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 262) "to cast down, afflict". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ana-kundn "verurteilen, schuldig sprechen? Tadel erfahren? beschuldigen? anklagen?" (Raven 111967: 83). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. ana-leggen "an-, auflegen, (Kleider) gebrauchen, vor Augen stehen, festnehmen, drohen, bedrangen" (Raven 11963: 310). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-lecgende I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 265) "(salve) to be applied"; Gothic ana-lagjan I (Lehmann 1986: 233) "to lay on". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. ana-lthanon "em Darlehen geben, aushelfen" (Raven II 1967: 7). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ana-leiten "anziehen, uberziehen, hineinflihren, einfuhren, bringen" (Raven I 1963: 103). The

following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-lcffdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 265) "to introduce, lead in". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ana-leitn "anleiten" (Raven II 1967: 87). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-(h)1intn "eifrig oder emsig betreiben, sich lagern auf" (Raven 111967: 237). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-hlinian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 265) "to lean on". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. (ana)-(h)liuten "lauten" (Raven 11963: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-marcn "anmerken" (Raven II 1967: 100). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ana-menden "sich freuen, frohlocken, lenzartig werden, bluhen, prangen, jubeln, jauchzen,

verkundigen, melden, anzeigen, umherschwarmen" (Raven I 1963: 127). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ana-inerken "Grenzen vorschreiben, begrenzen" (Raven I 1963: 127). No cognate verbs are

attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-(h)negi "auf etwas stehen, sich an etwas anlehnen oder sttitzen, stehen bleiben" (Raven II 1967: 245). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation.

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ana-nenden "sich wagen an, angreifen, sich erheben" (Raven 11963: 139). Gothic ana-nan1bjan I (Lehmann 1986: 31) "to take courage, be bold, dare". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. ana-rennen "anrennen, ansturmen, gegen den Feind stUrzen" (Raven I 1963: 152). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-rren "einschieben" (Raven I 1963: 153). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-rihten "richten, bereiten, lenken, regieren, anweisen, erklaren, zusammenstUrzen, entstellen, verunstalten, verschlechtern, ausbessern, herstellen, den Krieg leiten, urteilen, rsten, bezahien, bestrafen, berichten, dichterisch gestalten, Fangarn aufstellen, aufstellen, wenden, rechtlich verguten, einem etwas zu Recht (durch Eidschwur) beweisen, sich zurecht fmden, den Tisch decken, sich uberlegen, die Richtung geben, untertan machen, zhmen, das Wort richten" (Raven 11963: 156). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-(h)ruofen "schreien, an- oder herrufen, anflehen, eine Einrede vorbringen" (Raven 11963: 163). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-sen "hineinsen, -bepflanzen" (Raven I 1963: 167). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-sagen "beschuldigen, eine Beschuldigung vorbringen, anklagen, entgegnen, einwenden" (Raven 11963: 317). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-sag'z "Beschuldigung uber jemanden bringen, entgegnen, bezeugen" (Raven II 1967: 250). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-secgan (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 266) "to renounce, deny; offer sacrifice; impute, inform". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ana-senten "ansenden, loslassen" (Raven 11963: 170). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-sezzen "ansetzen, daraufstellen" (Raven I 1963: 172). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-siuwen "an-, einnhen" (Raven I 1963: 320). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-scouwn "betrachten" (Raven II 1967: 135). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-screcken "angreifen" (Raven I 1963: 184). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-scunlen "(leidenschaftlich) entflammen oder anregen" (Raven I 1963: 187). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-scurgen "hinunter-, hinabsturzen" (Raven 1 1963: 188). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-s,nidn "anschmieden" (Raven II 1967: 139). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. ana-spirdaren "sich auf oder an etwas stutzen, stemmen, (btr.) auf etwas ruhen" (Raven I 1963: 196). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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ana-sfeckn, ana-stelthn "schlachten, niedermachen, tten" (Raven II 1967: 147). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-stepfen "einher-, hineinschreiten, in etwas eintreten, beginnen" (Raven I 1963: 203). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-swizzen "an oder bei etwas schwitzen" (Raven I 1963: 221). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-twellen "(ver) zogern, triige oder sumig sein" (Raven I 1963: 234). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-waen "(Staub) anwehen, wehen lassen" (Raven 11963: 246). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. ana-wartn "(+acc). achten auf, achtgeben auf, anschauen, ansehen, beobachten, bedacht sein auf" (Raven 111967: 270). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-wenten "etwas aufjemandem hinlenken, es ihm antun, legen an, einen oder etwas (acc.) hinwenden zu" (Raven 11963: 256). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-wendan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 268) "to change, exchange; upset, end, overturn, turn aside, avert; amend; pervert; transgress; deprive; return". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ana-zehhn "geschminkt" (Starck and Wells 1990: 755). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-zeihhanen "(das Licht des Angesichtes) leuchten lassen" (Raven 11963: 272). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-zellen "etwas aussagen, gegen elner Sache bezichtigen (Akk. der Person und Dat. der Sache), aufzhlen, vorrechnen,vorhalten, Schuld geben" (Raven 11963: 275). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-zi-heflen "aufhangen, erhangen, emporheben, schweben machen" (Raven I 1963: 66). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-zucken "an sich zucken, sich anmal3en" (Raven I 1963: 280). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ana-zuckon, zi-zockn "(reflex.) sich anmal3en, fr sich in Anspruch nehmen, vorgeben, vorlugen" (Raven II 1967: 197). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. anazzen "anreizen, erregen, aufrnuntern, entflammen, aufwiegeln" (Raven I 1963: 2). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct a possible earlier form *anatjan (Seebold 1970: 78) class I intensive deverbative from strong verb *ananan (Seebold 1970: 78) "atmen". This strong verb is attested in the following: Gothic uz-on pret. sg . (Seebold 1970: 78) "verschied (hauchte sein Leben aus)". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gianderlihhn "sich wechseln, verdem, verwandein" (Raven II 1967: 7). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG anderlihhi (Starck and Wells 1990: 28) "Wesensanderung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb.

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anderwisn "(ver)ndern, umgestalten" (Raven 111967: 7). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG anderwis adv (Starck and Wells 1990: 28) "anders, sonst". Therefore an OHG deadverbial formation. ang'l "(impers. +dat. pers.) einem bange sein, ihn drangen, sich in grol3er Not befinden, angstlich oder unruhig sein" (Raven II 1967: 203). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under engen. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb.
anguslen "in Angst geraten, sich instigen" (Raven 11963: 3). The following cognate verbs are

attested: MLG angesten (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 525). MDu anxten (KargGasterstadt and Frings 1968: 525) "sich ngstigen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *angustan "sich ngstigen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG angust (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 11968: 523) "Angst, Furcht, Bedrangnis, Unruhe, Sorge, Schmerz, Leid"; MLG angest (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings 11968: 523) "Angst, Furcht"; MDu anxt (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 11968: 523) "Angst, Furcht"; OFs. angst (Kiuge 1989: 30) "Angst", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *angusti (Kiuge 1989: 30) "Angst". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irangusten "sich iingstigen, in Angst sein, besorgt oder betrubt sein" (Raven 111967: 203). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under angusten. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irantarn "nachahmen, nachffen" (Raven 111967: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is

derived from the following nominal base: 0MG ander, anter, anther pron./adj. cardinal numeral (Karg-Gasterstiidt and Frings 1968: 462) "(der) andere, (der) zweite". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giantfrffgon "befragen" (Raven II 1967: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG an(friga (Starck and Wells 1990: 30). Therefore an OHG denominative verb. antfrisloii "auslegen, deuten" (Raven II 1967: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG anfrist (Starck and Wells 1990: 30) "Ausleger, Erklrer". Therefore an 0MG denominative verb. antheizzn "zum Opfer geloben, zum Tode weihen, eidlich versprechen, em Gelubde leisten oder tun, geloben" (Raven 111967: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG antheiz (Starck and Wells 1990: 30) "GelUbde, Amtsgelubde"; OHG antheiza (Starck and Wells 1990: 30) "Gelubde, das Gelobte". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giantlazzn "erlassen, Ablal3 erteilen, sich erquicken, sU13 werden" (Raven 111967: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG antl (Starck and Wells 1990: 30) "Erlaubnis, Aufschub, Sundenvergebung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giantlingen "antworten" (Raven I 1963: 3). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: Latin lingua (Niermeyer 1976: 614) "tongue, language". Therefore an OHG denominative verb, formed from Latin loan-word lingua, and given prefix ant- on analogy with OHG class I weak verb antwurten (which see).

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antlingon "antworten" (Raven II 1967: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. For the derivational profile of this verb see under anilingen. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. aniOn "eifern gegen, sich ereifern fr" (Starck and Wells 1990: 31). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS andn II (Kluge 1989: 14) "to be envious"; OE andian II (Kluge 1989: 14) "to be envious or jealous", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *andjan (Kluge 1989: 14) "to be envious or jealous". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG anto (Kiuge 1989: 14) "Zorn, Eifer, Neid"; OS ando (Kluge 1989: 14) "Eifer, Neid"; OE anda (Kiuge 1989: 14) "grudge, enmity, envy, anger, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fear, horror", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *andan "Zorn, Eifer, Neid". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. anfreil On "ordnen, der Reihe nach oder reihenweise besetzen mit" (Raven II 1967: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG antreit (Starck and Wells 1990: 31) "Reihenfolger"; OHG antreita (Starck and Wells 1990: 31 "Ordnung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. antseidOn, antseidigOn "verteidigen" (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 563). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG antseida, antseidiga (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 562) "Verteidigung, Entschuldigung, Rechtfertigung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giantwurten "antworten" (Raven I 1963: 3). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS andwordian I (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings 1968: 570) "antworten"; OFs. ondwardia I (KargGasterstdt and Frings 1968: 570) "antworten"; OE andwyrdan, andwirdan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 570) "to answer, reply. respond"; Gothic andwaurdjan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 570) "antworten", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *andawurjyanan "to answer". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG antwort (Kluge 1989: 33) "Antwort, VerheiBung, Orakel"; OS andwordi (Kluge 1989: 33) "Antwort"; OFs. ondwarde (Kluge 1989: 33) "Antwort"; OE andwyrde (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 21) "answer"; Gothic andawaurdi (Kluge 1989: 33) "answer, reply", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *and-pyzirjan "answer". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, widar-, widar-giarahOn "bunte, kunstliche Zeuge fertigen, Schleife oder Ose" (Raven 111967: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *arah in arahlahhan ( Starck and Wells 1990: "kunstvoll gewebte Decke". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. arawingon "abgehen, abwenden, verfehlen" (Raven 111967: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG arawingo adv (Starck and Wells 1990: 32) "umsonst". Therefore an OHG deadverbial formation. arbeiten " sich abmhen, arbeiten, grol3e Sorge auf etwas verwenden" (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 626). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG arbeiden I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 626) "sich abmuhen, arbeiten"; MDu arbeiden I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 626) "sich abmuhen, arbeiten"; OFs. arbeida I (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings 1968: 626) "sich abmiihen, arbeiten"; ON erfida I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 626) "arbeiten, sich bemUhen"; Gothic arbaidjan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 626) "to work", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *arbaiJj/anan "arbeiten, sich bemhen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG arabeit(i) (Pfeifer 11989: 70) "Arbeit, Muhe"; OS arbeid(i) (Kluge 1989: 38) "Arbeit"; OFs. arbeid, arbed (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 626) "Arbeit"; OE earfoe (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 96) "hardship, labour, trouble, difficulty, suffering, torment, torture"; ON erfiOi (Kluge 1989: 38) "Muhe, Arbeit"; Gothic

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arbaibs (Kluge 1989: 38) "work, distress", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *arbaibiz (Kluge 1989: 38) "Muhsal, Arbeit". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. arbeit,z "peinigen, plagen, bedrangen, sich abmuhen, arbeiten" (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 629). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS arbidn II (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 629). OE earfoian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 96) "to trouble", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *arbaijjjan "arbeiten, sich bemuhen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under arbeiten). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. argiran "verschlimmern, verderben, schlechter machen, zum BOsen wenden oder dazu reizen, argern" (Raven II 1967: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG argiro this the comparative grade of the OHG adjective arg (Starck and Wells 1990: 33) "geizig, sparsam, feige, bose". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giarg-kaon "belreden" (Raven 111967: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG arg adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 33) "geizig, sparsam, feige, bose"; cf. OHG kosn II "sich besprechen, reden, aussagen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. argkustigon "schlau, verschlagen, hinterlistig sein" (Raven 111967: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG argkustig (Starck and Wells 1990: 33) "lasterhaft, betrugerisch". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. argwffizen "argwohnen, vermuten, mutmai3en, ahnen" (Raven I 1963: 5). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG argwin (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 639) "Argwohn, Verdacht". No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. armeinsamn "ausschliel3en; excommunicare" (Raven II 1967: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG armeinsami (Schade I 1882: 29) "excommunicatio". Therefore an OFIG denominative verb. arnzn "arm werden, Not leiden" (Raven II 1967: 203). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS armn II (Heyne 1905: 182) "durftig sein"; OE earmian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 96) "to pity, commiserate"; Gothic arman III (Lehrnann 1986: 43) "to take pity on", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *arni qanan "to be or become poor". cf. ON erma I (Fritzner I 1973: 351) "anse nogen for eller omtale ham som arrnr". The original meaning here was probably "to be poor" (see the adjective below). The meaning "to take pity on, commiserate" found in OE is a semantic loan from the Latin verb miser&e (Kluge 1989: 183) "sich erbarmen". Latin miserifre is, in turn, a deadjectival verb from the Latin adjective miser (Kluge 1989: 183) "arm, elend, klaglich". This semantic loan is a later development and was used in OE to express the Christian concept of taking pity and being charitable. Likewise, the Gothic verb has become Christianized to take on the meaning "to take pity on". It is also a semantic loan, but in this case from the Greek verb 2eo (Pfeifer 11989: 126) "ich bemitleide, habe Mitleid oder Erbarmen" (see also barm). The original Gmc verb is deadjectival, deriving from the following nominal base: (see under ermen). Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irariz "emten, bezahlen, wieder gut machen, entgelten" (Raven II 1967: 204). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG am (Starck and Wells 1990: 34) "Emte". Therefore an ORG denominative verb.

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Prefix formations derived from this verb: giarnn "ernten, bezahien, wieder gut machen, entgelten" (Raven 111967: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under amen. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. artn "das Land bebauen, wohnen, das Land zugrunde richten, die Erde untertan machen, erbetteln" (Raven 111967: 10). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS ardn II (Schade I 1882: 31) "bewohnen"; OE eardian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 95) "to inhabit, dwell, abide, live", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ard7jan "to inhabit, dwell". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG art (Starck and Wells 1990: 35) "das Pflugen, Ackerbau"; OS ard (Schade 11882: 31) "Aufenthalt, Wohnort, Wohnung"; OE eard (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 95) "native place, country, region, dwelling place, estate, cultivated ground; earth, land", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *arOuz (Seebold 1970: 82) "land, region, earth". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: girunten "ankundigen" (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 666). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS rundian I (Raven 111967: 10) "ankundigen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *&undjjan "anktindigen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG runti (Starck and Wells 1990: 35) "Sendung, Botschaft, Auftrag"; OS rundi (Onions 1966: 324) "Sendung, Botschaft, Auftrag"; OFs. ende (Onions 1966: 324) "Sendung, Botschaft, Auftrag"; OE cirende (Onions 1966: 324) "errand, message; mission", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *&undjan "errand". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. runton "die Heilbotschaft Gottes verkundigen, ankundigen" (Raven II 1967:10). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE cifrendian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 9) "to go on an errand, carry a message, send word to; intercede; seek for, obtain", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *&undjqjan "ankundigen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under arunten). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giasn "kriechen" (Raven 111967: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. aswihhn "Anstol3 nehmen" (Raven 111967: 11). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ciswician II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 11) "to offend, deceive; apostatize; desert", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *wjkjan "to offend". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG aswih (Starck and Wells 1990: 36) "Argemis, Anstol3, CJbeltat"; OE ciswic (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 11) "offence, stumbling-block, infamy, seduction, deceit", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *wij z "offence, misdeed". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. tamn "atmen, schnauben, keuchend nach Luft schnappen" (Raven II 1967: 11). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE Limian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 13) "to fume, exhale, emit a smell", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *e5mjan "atmen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG tum (Starck and Wells 1990: 37) "Hauch, Atem, boser Geist, heiliger Geist"; OS iOom (Kluge 1989: 45) "Hauch, Atem"; OFs. 5ma (Kluge 1989: 45) "Hauch, Atem"; OE cim (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 13) "air, breath, breathing; vapour, smell", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *simaz (Kluge 1989: 45) "Atem, Hauch". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

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t;ne.zen, alu,nezzen "ausatmen, laut ausatmen, keuchen" (Ra en I 1963: 5). No cognate 'eths are attested. We can reconstruct a possible earlier form *imayan "taut ausatmen" intensie deverbative from WGmc class H weak verb *jnzqfan "atmea". This serb attested in the following: OHG !arnn II (Raven II 1967: 11) "atmen"; OE &O,nian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 13) "to fume, exhale, emit a smell". Therefore an OHG intensie deerbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: itauhhon "hinzufligen, hinzugeben, (ver)mehren, groller machen" (Raven II 1967: 11). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE acian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 92) "to increase"; ON auka II (Seebold 1970: 84) "vermehren", which allows US to reconstruct a NWGmc *aukjanan (Seebold 1970: 84) class II deverbative from strong verb *anj.anan (Seebold 1970: 84) "mehren". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG au/i/ian St. vb (Seebold 1970: 84) "hinzufligen"; OS kan pret. part. adj. (Seebold 1970: 84) "schanger"; OFs. ka st. vb (Seebold 1970: 84) "vermehren"; OE icen pret. part. adj. (Seebold 1970: 84) "increased, augmented; richly endowed, strong, great, vast, vigorous; pregnant"; ON auka st vb (Seebold 1970: 84) "vermehren, verstarken, erschweren, ubertreffen"; Gothic aukan st. vb (SeeboId 1970: 84) "sich mebren, hinzufiigen". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, untar-, zisainene-gi-, zuo-, zuo-giavaln "arbeiten, viel zu schaffen haben, sich rUhren, ruhrig sein, wiedererstehen, neu (erbaut) werden, Bearbeiter, sich anstrengen, sich beeifern" (Raven II 1967: 3). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON afla II (de Vries 1962: 2) "arbeiten, schaffen, erwerben", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *abal/anan "to work". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: MIHG afel (Schade 11882: 40 "arbeitende, eitemde Materie in GeschwUren"; OS aba! (de Vries 1962: 2) "Kraft"; OE afol (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 14) "power, might"; ON aft (de Vries 1962: 2) "Kraft, Macht, Stimmenmehrheit", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *abalan "work, power, might". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

avaren, abaren "wiederholen" (Raven 1 1963: 1). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG avur, abur adv (Starck and Wells 1990: 37) "wieder, wiederum, abermals, dagegen". Therefore an OHG deadverbial formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giavarOn "wiederholen, emeuern, ersetzen" (Raven II 1967: 3). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under avaren. Therefore an OHG deadverbial formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giavur-bringen, abur-bringen "zurUckbringen, zuruckfuhren" (Raven I 1963: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. avur-gi-zeihhanen, abur-gi-zeihhanen "wieder bestatigen (?)" (Raven 1 1963: 273). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. avur-huggen, avur-huggenli pres. participle Mangel an MaBigung oder Selbstbeherrschung haben, Ubermut, Zugellosigkeit" (Raven 11963: 305). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (avur-)sagz "wiederholen" (Raven II 1967: 250). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. avur-suohhen "requirere" (Raven I 1963: 215). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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awerfon "verwerfen" (Raven II 1967: 12). No cognate serbs are attested. The serb is derhed from the following nominal base: OHG awerf (Starck and Wells 1990: 33) "FrtThgeburt. Absage, Ehescheidung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. aiviggan "vom Wege abkommen oder abirren, sich verirren, irre gehen" (Raen ii 1967: 12). The following cognate verbs are attested: OHG aviggi subst. (Starck and \Vells 1990: 33) "Abweg, unwegsame Gegend, Scheideweg"; OHG aciggi adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 38) "unwegsam, irreflihrend, irregeleitet". Therefore an OHG deadjecthal / denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giffwizzan "irre gehen, narrisch sein, toben, von sinnen sein, betAubt oder wirr sein" (Raven II 1967: 12). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ivizza subst. (Starck and Wells 1990: 38) "Verrucktheit"; OHG awii adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 38) "unsinnig". Therefore an ORG deadjectival/ denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giazen, zen "nhren, weiden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 39). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG (Kiuge 1989: 1) "Speise, Essen". This verb may alternatively, however, be a deverbative from the strong verb tetanan "essen" (see under ezzen), in which case OHG may be post-verbal. Whatever the case, the verb has probably been influenced to a large degree by the strong verb. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. az-hengen "erwagen, zuwgen" (Raven I 1963: 69). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. az-klebffn "anhaften" (Raven H 1967: 231). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. "Futter suchen" (Raven 111967: 12). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG (Kluge 1989: 1) "Speise, Essen". Therefore an ORG denominative verb. This verb may alternatively, however, be a deverbative from the strong verb *etanan "essen" (see under ezzen), in which case OHG may be post-verbal. Whatever the case, the verb has probably been influenced to a large degree by the strong verb.

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B
badn "abwaschen, baden" (Raven 111967: 12). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE baian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 33) "to wash, lave, bathe"; ON bad ast reflexive '-ast' is a secondary development (de Vries 1962: 22) "baden", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *ba/,janan "to bathe". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bad (Starck and Wells 1990: 38) "Bad, Wasserbad, Badeanstalt, Taufe"; OS bath (Kluge 1889: 54) "Bad"; OFs. be(i)th (Kiuge 1889: 54) "Bad"; OE bced (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 32) "bath, medicinal spar"; ON bad (Kiuge 1889: 54) "Bad", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *bakaz (Kluge 1889: 54) "bath". Therefore aNWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gibaen "blihen, feucht erwrmen, baden, warm waschen" (Raven 11963: 5). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *bqan with loss of voiced medial velar fricative before semi-vowel from an earlier *begyan "bahen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE J*bh, *bho.. (Pokorny 11959: 113) "wrmen, rsten", from which base the following may also be derived: OHG bad with IE to-suffix (Pokorny 11959: 113) "Bad"; OHG bahhan st. vb with gutteral extension (Pokorny 11959: 113) "backen"; OE bacan St. vb with gutteral extension (Pokorny 11959: 113) "backen"; Greek pdyo g-extension (Pokorny 11959: 113) "ich rste, brate". As attested forms of this verb are confined to OHG and as there are insufficient IE parallels, this verb cannot be assigned to a preGmc stratum. Therefore an 0MG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. bagetz "mit Worten streiten, disputieren" (Raven 111967: 204). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. biga II, originally class III? (Seebold 1970: 94) "sich ruhmen"; ON bga II, originally class III? (Seebold 1970: 94) "drticken, hindern", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *bganan (Seebold 1970: 94), class III deverbative from strong verb *bfganan (Seebold 1970: 93) "streiten". This strong verb is attested in: OHG bagan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 93) "schelten, streiten". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation. bah/:n "backen" (Seebold 1970: 87). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON baka II (Seebold 1970: 87) "braten, backen, kneten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *bakjanan (Seebold 1970: 87) "backen", class II deverbative from strong verb *bakanan (Seebold 1970: 87) "backen" (see under backen). Thetefore a. (WGatc deverbative formation. backen "backen, kochen, reifen, rsten, verbrennen, trocknen, drren" (Raven I 1963: 5). cf. 0MG bahhn II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bakkan wk vb, intensive gemination (Pfeifer 11989: 109) "backen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bakkan intensive gemination (Kluge 1989: 54) "backen", intensive deverbative from strong verb *bakanan (Seebold 1970: 87) "backen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG bahhan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 87) "backen"; OE bacan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 87) "to bake". From an early stage both the strong verb in -k- and the intensive derivative in -kk- became mixed. Therefore a WGmc intensive deverbative. balden, belden "kuhn machen, starken" (Raven I 1963: 6). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE bieldan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 48)"to encourage, excite, impel, exhort, confirm"; ON bella I (de Vries 1962: 32) "kraftig machen, aufirnintern, ausfllhren"; Gothic ba4bjan I (Lehmann 1986: 60) "to be bold, dare", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *balkUanan "to make bold, encourage". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bald (Starck and Wells 1990: 41) "mutig, dreist, frei"; OS bald (Lehmann 1986: 60) "brave, bold"; OFs. bald (de Vries 1962: 24) "brave, bold"; OE beald (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 34) "brave, bold, confident, strong; presumptuous, impudent"; ON ballr (Lehmann 1986:

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60) "brave, bold". cf. Gothic balJ,ei subst. (Lehmann 1986: 60) "boldness", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *balJ,az (de Vries 1962: 24) "bold". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irbaldn "Mut fassen, vorwegnehmen" (Raven 11 1967: 204). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under balde,,. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irbalsanien "mit Balsam wrzen" (Raven I 1963: 6). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG balsamo (Kluge 1989: 57) "balsam, balm" <Latin balsamum (Kluge 1989: 57) "balsam" <Greek I3xcqtov (Kluge 1989: 57) "balsam" <Hebrew bsm (Kiuge 1989: 57) "balsam". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. banihhn "uber etwas nachdenken, nachsinnen, uberlegen, in etwas erfahren, geubt, d.h. sachkUndig" (Raven 111967: 13). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. bannn "bannen, vor Gericht fordern" (Starck and Wells 1990: 42). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON banna II (Seebold 1970: 89) "verwehren, verhindern", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *bannjanan (Seebold 1970: 89) class II deverbative from strong verb *bannanan (Seebold 1970: 89) "aufbieten" (see under bennen). Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gibann "sich abmhen oder erschpfen, anregen, anspornen, auffordern, bandigen, bezwingen, eine Tatigkeit ausben = nach einem Ziele schiel3en, Fhrer des Kriegsheeres" (Raven 111967: 13). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ban (Starck and Wells 1990: 41) "Gebot, Achtung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gibarm'z "sich erbarmen" (Raven II 1967: 204). No cognate verbs are attested. This verb is a contracted form of an earlier, unattested OHG *bi_armen (Pfeifer 11989: 126), this a prefix formation from the OHG simplex arm en (which see). It is an ecclasiastical word used to express the Christian concept of "taking pity", and as such represents a semantic loan from the Latin verb miserre (Kluge 1989: 183) "sich erbarmen". Latin miserre is, in turn, a deadjectival verb from the Latin adjective miser (Kiuge 1989: 183) "arm, elend, klglich". The formation and use of OHG barmen has, no doubt, been influenced by Gothic (ga)-arman III (Kiuge 1989: 183) "to have pity", which is an ecclesiastical loan translation from the Greek verb Xthco (Pfeifer I 1989: 126) "ich bemitleide, habe Mitleid oder Erbarmen". Therefore an OHO prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ir-, [ebano-Jirbarmn "auf dem SchoB (oder am Busen) halten, das Amt einer (Saug-)Amme bekleiden" (Raven II 1967: 13). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG barm (Starck and Wells 1990: 42) "SchoI3, Busen". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. baron "entblol3en [offenbaren], ohne Mittel zurucklassen" (Raven 111967: 13). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. baria II (de Vries 1962: 33) "entblol3en"; OE barian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 33) "to lay bare, uncover; depopulate"; ON bera II (de Vries 1962: 33) "entblol3en", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bazjan "to make bare, uncover, lay bare". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bar (Starck and Wells 1990: 42) "bar, blol3, Offentlich, rein"; OS bar (Kluge 1989: 59) "bar, bloB"; OFs. ber (Kiuge 1989: 59) "bar, blol3"; OE bcer (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 32) "bare, uncovered; naked, unclothed"; ON berr (Kiuge 1989: 59) "entbll3t, nackt; sichtbar, deutlich", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *bazaz (Kluge 1989: 59) "bar, bloB". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb.

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Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ml-, irbarr'z "emporstrecken, wiederholt hervor- bzw. hinausstrecken, starr emporstehen, (hoch) strecken, steif oder starr oder unbeugsam scm, (den Kopf) rckwrts beugen" (Raven II 1967: 205). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bar (Starck and Wells 1990: 42) "starr, aufgerichtet". The gemination of medial 'r' is probably due to analogy with the gemination occuring in class I verbs. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb.
barli "Barthaare bekommen" (Raven 111967: 205). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is

derived from the following nominal base: OHG bart (Kluge 1989: 62) "Bart". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. barton "dreinschlagen (=strafend vorgehen), ursprunglich mit der Streitaxt oder 'barta' hauen" (Raven II 1967: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG barta (Starck and Wells 1990: 43) "Axt, Richtbeil, Hellebarde". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. bazOn "besser werden" (Raven 111967: 205). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG baz adv (Starck and Wells 1990: 43) "besser". Therefore an OHG deadverbial formation. beiten "drangen, notigen; sich bemuhen, streben, verlangen" (Raven 11963: 6). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bOdian I (Seebold 1970: 95) "drangen"; OE bcffdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 32) "to urge on, impel, constrain, compel, require, solicit; afflict, oppress"; ON beia I (Seebold 1970: 95) "bezwingen; verlangen, fordern"; Gothic baidjan I (Seebold 1970: 95) "to compel", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *baiOejanan (Seebold 1970: 95) "zwingen; verlangen, fordern", class I deverbative from strong verb *beianan (Seebold 1970: 94) "warten". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG bitan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 94) "zogern, etwas erwarten, hoffen, warten (auf)"; OE bidan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 94) "to remain, await, wait for, expect, endure"; ON bIa St. vb (Seebold 1970: 94) "warten, erdulden, durch warten erlangen; impers. Zeit haben"; Gothic beidan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 94) "warten auf'. Therefore a Gmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: (dara-) i-,fram-, gi-, ir-, z7f-, liz-, zi-, zisainenebeitOn "warten, erwarten, warten auf (+gen.), Geduld haben (+gen.), einem Frist geben oder Zeit gonnen (+dat.), zogern" (Raven II 1967: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct a possible earlier form *baijan (Seebold 1970: 95), class II deverbative from strong verb *beidanan (Seebold 1970: 95) "warten" (see under beiten). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ml-, irbeizen "beizen, erregen" (Raven 11963: 7). cf. OHG bizzOn II. The following cognate verbs are

attested: OS und-btian I (Seebold 1970: 97) "absitzen"; OE bcfftan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 32) "to bridle, rein in, restrain, curb, bit"; ON beita I (Seebold 1970: 97) "beillen lassen, zumen; weiden; jagen; tten", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *baitejanan (Seebold 1970: 97) "to cause to bite, bridle", causative deverbative from strong verb *beitanan (Seebold 1970: 96) "beii3en". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG bizan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 96) "beil3en, schneiden, stechen"; OS bitan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 96) "beil3en, knirschen"; OFs. bita st. vb (Seebold 1970: 96) "beil3en, eindringen"; OE bRan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 96) "to bite, tear; cut, wound"; ON bIta st. vb (Seebold 1970: 96) "beillen, essen, weiden"; Gothic beitan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 96) "beil3en". Therefore a Gmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ir-

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belgen "auffordern, herausfordern, reizen, beschadigen" (Raven I 1963: 7). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS ar-belgan I (Seebold 1970: 99) "erzurnen"; OE a-belgan, abylgan I (Seebold 1970: 99) "to irritate, provoke"; ON belgja I (Seebold 1970: 99) "authauschen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *balgejanan (Seebold 1970: 99) causative deverbative from strong verb *belganan (Seebold 1970: 99) "schwellen, zUrnen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG belgan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 99) "(er)zurnen, in Zorn geraten"; OS belgan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 99) "zUrnen"; OFs. ovir-bulgen st. vb (Seebold 1970: 99) "erzrnt"; OE belgan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 40) "to be or become angry; offend, provoke"; ON bolgenn st. vb pret. part. (Seebold 1970: 99) "angeschwollen". Therefore a NWGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irbelln "chzen oder stohnen, brullen (Tiere, Menschen), (tibtr.) knarren oder krachen (Sachen)" (Raven II 1967: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *be1ljan (Seebold 1970: 101) "brullen", class II deverbative from strong verb *bellanan (Seebold 1970: 101) "bellen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG bellan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 101) "latro, muttio, persono"; OE bellan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 40) "to bellow, bark, grunt, roar". Therefore an ORG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irbennen "gebieten" (Seebold 1970: 89). cf. OHG bannn II. No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *bannejan (Seebold 1970: 89) class I deverbative formation from strong verb *bannanan (Seebold 1970: 89) "aufbieten". This strong verb is attested in the following: ORG bannan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 89) "vorladen, befehien, bannen"; OS bannan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 89) "vorladen"; OFs. banna st. vb (Seebold 1970: 89) "aufbieten, befehien, vorladen, bannen"; OE bannan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 33) "to summon, command, proclaim". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. berahafion "befruchten, fruchtbar machen" (Raven 111967: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG berahaft (Starck and Wells 1990: 46) "fruchtbar". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giberahten "gthnzen, prachtig sein" (Raven 11963: 7). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-bierhtan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 48) "to brighten, be or make bright, illuminate, enlighten; make clear; celebrate"; ON birta I, with loss of velar fricative (de Vries 1962: 37) "klar machen, erhellen; erlautern"; Gothic bairhtjan I (Lehmann 1986: 58) "to show", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *berhtUanan "to shine, make bright or brilliant". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG beraht (Starck and Wells 1990: 46) "glnzend, klar, hell, strahlend"; OS ber(a)ht (Lehmann 1986: 58). OE beorcht (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 42) "bright, shining, brilliant; light, clear, lucid; clear-sounding, loud; excellent, distinguished, remarkable, beautiful, magnificent, noble, glorious; pure, sublime; holy, divine"; ON bjartr (de Vries 1962: 39) "licht, hell"; Gothic bairhts (Lehmann 1986: 58) "hell, glanzend, deutlich", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *berhtaz "brilliant, bright, clear, shining". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. berahtn "erglanzen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 46). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE beorhtian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 42) "to glisten, shine; to sound clearly", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *berhtqThn "to be bright or brilliant, to shine, be shining". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under berahten). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. berren, berien "zerstampfen, zertreten, zerschlagen" (Raven 1963: 285). cf. OHG born I. The following cognate verbs are attested: OE *beran I attested in pret. part. ge-bered (KargGasterstdt and Frings 11968: 914) "crushed, kneaded"; ON berja I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings I 1968: 914) "schlagen, dreschen, tten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc

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*barjanan "zerstampfen, schiagen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from the ablaut 'o' or 'e' grade of IE '1*bher- (Pokorny 11956: 133) mit einem scharfen Werkzeug bearbeiten, ritzen, scheiden, reiben, spalten", from which base the following may also be derived: OHG boron II < zero-grade (Pokomy 11956: 135) "bohren"; Latin ferire (Pokomy 11956: 134) "stoBen, hauen, schiagen, stechen, treffen"; Latin forare < 'Volistufe (Kiuge 1989: 96) "bohren"; Greek papoi (Pokorny 11956: 134) "ich pfluge"; Skt bhrnffti (Pokorny I 1956: 133) "versehrt"; MIr. bern, berna (Pokorny 11956: 134) "KIuft, Schlitz"; OCS borjo, brati (Pokorny 11956: 135) "kampfen"; Lith. barit, brti (Pokorny 11956: 135) "schelten, schmahen"; Aib. bie (Pokorny 11956: 135) "klopfe, schiage; falle (schiage hin)". These JE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:JIrbesten "nhen, flicken, ausbessem" (Raven I 1963: 7). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb

is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bast (Kluge 1989: 63) "Bast, Bastseil"; OE bcest (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 32) "the inner bark of a tree from which ropes were made". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: in-gibetalOn "betteln" (Raven II 1967: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an

earlier form *bed(a)l7jan "betteln", class II frequentative I continuative deverbative formed with 1-extension from strong verb *bedjanan (Seebold 1970: 92) "bitten". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG bitten st. vb (Seebold 1970: 92) "bitten"; OS biddian St. vb (Seebold 1970: 92) "bitten"; OFs. bidda St. vb (Seebold 1970: 92) "bitten"; OE biddan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 48) "to ask, entreat, pray, beseech; order, command, require"; ON bidja st. vb (Seebold 1970: 92) "bitten, auffordern, befehien; urn ein Weib werben (gen.)"; Gothic bidjan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 92) "bitten". Therefore an OHG frequentative / continuative deverbative (formed with 1-extension).
betOn "beten, anbeten, bitten, Gottesdienst tun, anflehen" (Raven 111967: 14). The following

cognate verbs are attested: OS bedOn II (Kluge 1989: 79) "beten, bitten", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bedjan "beten". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG beta (Starck and Wells 1990: 48) "Bitte, Gebet, Fursprache"; OS beda (Kluge 1989: 80) "Bitte, Gebet"; OFs. bede (Kluge 1989: 80) "Bitte, Gebet"; OE bedu (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 37) "asking, prayer"; Gothic bida (Kluge 1989: 80) "Bitte, Gebet", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *bedO (Kluge 1989: 80) "Bitte, Gebet". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, gi-, ir-, zuobettOn "Nachtlager zurecht machen, das Bett machen" (Raven II 1967: 16). The following

cognate verbs are attested: OE beddian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 36) "to make a bed; provide one with a bed", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *badjan "to make a bed, provide with a bed". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG betti (Kiuge 1989: 80) "Bett"; OS bed(di) (Kiuge 1989: 80) "Bett"; OFs. bed (Kluge 1989: 80) "bed, couch"; OE bed, bedd (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 36) "bed, couch, resting place"; ON beOr (Kluge 1989: 80) "Polster, Federbett; (poet. auch) Ufer, Strand"; Gothic badi (Kiuge 1989: 80) "bed", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *bajan "bed". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. bezzirOn " bessern, verbessern, bul3en, entschadigen" (Raven II 1967: 16). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE beterian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 46) "to better, improve", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *batizqjan "to better, make better". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bezziro comp.adj. (Kiuge 1989: 79) "besser"; OS betara comp.adj. (Kluge 1989: 79). OFs. beter, betr comp.adj. (Kluge 1989: 79). OE betera comp.adj. (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 46) "better"; ON betri comp.adj. (Kluge 1989: 79) "besser"; Gothic batiza comp.adj. (Kiuge 1989: 79) "better", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc

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*batizn, *batistaz, *batiz comp.adj. (Kluge 1989: 79) "besser". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb (formed from comparative degree). Prefix formations derived from this verb: gibi-a/:ln "nachdenkend erwagen" (Raven II 1967: 5). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bibn "beben, wanken, schwanken, zittern, zucken" (Raven 111967: 205). cf. OHG bibinn II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bibn II (Kluge 1989: 66) "beben"; OFs. beva I (Kluge 1989: 66) "beben"; OE b(fIan II (Kluge 1989: 66) "to tremble, be moved, shake, quake"; ON b ?fa (Kluge 1989: 66) "beben", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *bibanan (Kluge 1989: 66) "to tremble (with fear), shiver". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It was probably originally a reduplicating present form, deriving ultimately from an IE 'J*bh5i-, *bhi- (Pfeifer 11989: 136) "sich fiirchten", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt bibheti reduplicating (Pfeifer 11989: 136). Skt bhayate (Kluge 1989: 67) "sich fl.irchten"; OCS bojati se (Kluge 1989: 67) "sich fiirchten"; Lith. bUtis (Kiuge 1989: 67) "sich fiirchten". These IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irbibinJn "beben, zittern" (Raven 111967: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *bibin4ian (Kiuge 1989: 66) "beben". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It probably represents an 'n-extension variant form of the NWGmc class III weak verb *bib/anan "beben, zittern" (for an etymology of which see under bibi). As the class III verb belongs to an older stratum, *bjbjn4ian is possibly best regarded as a class II deverbative from it. Therefore an OHG verb (n-extension), the derivational pattern of which unclear. bi-birnen "ermuntern, aufrichten" (Raven 11963: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG pefix formation. bi-blicken "glanzen, auf-, hervorleuchten, blitzen" (Raven I 1963: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-borgz "sich kummern urn etwas, sich vorsehen, huten vor etwas" (Raven II 1967: 207). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-bouhnen, bi-bouhhanen "zuruckweisen" (Raven I 1963: 12). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-breiten "anspritzen, hinzufi.igen, beimischen, besudein, beschimpfen, verbrmen mit" (Raven 11963: 13). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-bnffdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 35) "to spread, cover". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi.-brennen "verbrennen" (Raven 11963: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-bringen "herbeifiihren, bringen, vollbringen, hinbringen" (Raven 11963: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: (dara-). bi-bilen, bi-bthven "ansassig bleiben" (Raven I 1963: 23). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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bi-decken "bedecken" (Raven I 1963: 24). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-beccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 46) "to cover, protect, cover over, conceal". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-dempfen "ersticken, mit ekelhaftem Rauch bedecken oder umhullen, blenden, ertrinken, bedampfen, vermessen" (Raven I 1963: 225). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-denken "bedenken, uberlegen" (Raven 11963: 25). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-Jencan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 46) "to consider, bear in mind, remember, trust, confide, entrust, bethink". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-dennen "be-, erhalten, zurck-, festhalten" (Raven 11963: 289). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-ennan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 46) "to cover, stretch on or upon, spread over". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-deppen "unterdrucken, niederdrucken, zurQckdrngen, betuben, einschlfern" (Raven I 1963: 289). No cognate verbs are attested. The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is a prefix formation from an otherwise unattested simplex which, in turn, may ultimately derive from an IE 1*dabh- (Pokorny 11956: 233) "staunen, betreten, sprachlos sein; vermutlich a/s geschlagen betroffen sein, aus einer Grundbedeutung schiagen", from which base the following may also be derived: MHG be-teben (Pokorny 11956: 233) "hinfahren uber, drucken"; MLG be-debbert (Pokorny 11956: 233) "betreten, verlegen"; NHG tappen (Pokomy 11956: 233). MDu. dabben (Pokorny 11956: 233) "tappen, platschen"; EastFs. dafen (Pokorny 11956: 233) "schlagen, klopfen, stol3en"; MEngI. dabben (Pokorny 11956: 233) "leise schlagen"; ON dafla (Pokorny 11956: 233) "im Wasser platschern"; Gothic af-dobnan (Pokorny 11956: 233) "to become silent"; Lith. dbiu, dbti (Pokorny 11956: 233) "zu Tode prUgeln"; Latvian dbiu, dabt (Pokomy 11956: 233) "schlagen"; Greek tcupthv aorist 2nd participle (Pokorny 11956: 233) "erstaunen". Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. biderben "ntzen, befreien" (Raven I 1963: 7). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG biderbi adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 51) "ntzlich, brauchbar"; OHG biderbi subst. (Starck and Wells 1990: 51) "Vorteil, Ertrag, Brauchbarkeit". Therefore an OHG deadjectival / denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gibi-.dingen "zusammenfUhren, versammeln, mieten, pachten" (Raven I 1963: 28). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-donarn "bedonnem, losdonnern" (Raven II 1967: 28). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-drangon "bedrangen" (Raven 111967: 29). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-drozzen "ausdehnen, hervorziehen oder schieppen, offenbaren" (Raven I 1963: 30). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-drucken "drucken, pressen, unterdrticken, zusammendrUcken, niederdrticken, hemmen" (Raven 1953: 31). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-jnyccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 46) "to press on, impress". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-dUhen "pressen, drucken" (Starck and Wells 1990: 110). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-Abyn I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 368) "to thrust". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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bi-dunken "scheinen, bedunken" (Raven I 1963: 33). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-durnen "mit Dornen krnzen" (Raven 11963: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG dorn (Kluge 1989: 152) "Dorn". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix bi-). bi-eisc5n "stehien, d.h. listigerweise fir sich gewinnen" (Raven 111967: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-fangalon "befangen, festnehmen, durch die innere Wahrheit einer sache einnehmen" (Raven II 1967: 37). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *_fang(a)1jan class II deverbative formed with 1-extension from strong verb *fanhanan (Seebold 1970: 185) "fangen" (see under fangon). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (formed with Iextension and prefix bi-). bi-fantan "verweigern, heruntersetzen" (Raven II 1967: 38). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-feihnan "betrugen" (Raven 111967: 39). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-feigen "vorantragen, vorziehen, befreien, gerichtlich beanspruchen, zeigen" (Raven I 1963: 37). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-fellen "niederstrecken, hinbreiten, wanken, firben, verfiihren", unterdrUcken, entkrften, verhUllen" (Raven 11963: 38). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bi-fellian I (KargGasterstdt and Frings III 1979: 725) "to fell"; OE be-fellan, be-'1lan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1111979: 725) "to fell, strike down". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-festen "befestigen, bewahren" (Raven I 1963: 39). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-fcestan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1979: 764) "to fasten, make fast, fix; establish; commend, recommend, commit, entrust". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-festinan "befestigen, verschanzen" (Raven II 1967: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. bi-fillen "Prugel bekommen, geiBeln, stol3en, schlagen" (Raven 11963: 40). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-filon "glatt feileri" (Raven 111967: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. bi-finsteren "verdunkeln, dunkel machen" (Raven I 1963: 40). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bifizusOTn "jemanden ausbeuten oder ausnutzen lassen" (Raven II 1967: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-fliden "beunruhigen?, beklemmen?" (Raven I 1963: 293). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-folon "befUhlen, geniellen, haben, Befriedigung fmden" (Raven 111967: 47). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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bi-forahien "befllrchten" (Raven 11963: 53). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. baforon "besorgen, zurechtmachen, verwalten, Vorkehrungen treffen" (Raven II 1967: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG b(fora adv (Starck and Wells 1990: 52) "zuruck, ruckwarts". Therefore an OHG deadverbial verb. bi-forscon "abwagen, rechtfertigeri" (Raven II 1967: 48). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-fullen "bedecken, verhi.iIlen" (Raven 11963: 45). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-j54lan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 38) "to fill, fill up". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-gaganen "geschehen, be-, entgegnen" (Raven I 1963: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-galon "Zauber singen, bezaubern" (Raven II 1967: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *gal4ian (Seebold 1970: 212) class II deverbative from strong verb *galanan (Seebold 1970: 212) "singen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG galan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 212) "singen, ZaubersprUche sprechen"; OE galan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 147) "to sing, call, cry, scream, sing charms, practise incantation"; ON gala st. vb (Seebold 1970: 212) "singen (Zauberlieder); krchzen, schreien; bezaubem, besingen". Therefore an ORG deverbative formation (formed with prefix bi-). bi-galstaron "bezaubern" (Raven II 1967: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-garton "erreichen, +dat. zuteiL werden" (Raven II 1967: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-gaton "erreichen, zuteil werden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 193). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-gernzinon, bi-karminn "behexen, bezaubern (Raven II 1967: 52). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-gougalan "bezaubem" (Raven II 1967: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-goumen "sehen, betrachten, versehen, sich in Acht nehmen" (Raven I 1963: 59). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-gieman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 38) "to look after, take care of do service, attend; take heed, observe". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-grabon "verrammeln" (Raven 111967: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-grefan "betasten, prufen" (Raven 111967: 57). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-grinlilon "sagen" (Raven 111967: 57). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG grintil (Starck and Wells 1990: 240) "Riegel, Stange, Querbalken". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix bi-).

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bi-griiozen "rufen, heil3en" (Raven I 1963: 61). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-gretan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 38) "to lament". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-gurten "begurten" (Raven I 1963: 62). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE begyrdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 38) "to begird, surround, fortify'; to clothe". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bib/-h aben "behalten, sich die Ohren zuhalten, umfassen, umringen, kleiden, erwerberi" (Raven I 1963: 302). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-habn "halten, behalten, (in Bestand) erhalten, festhalten, (er)fassen, umfassen, umfangen, in der Gewalt haben, behaupten, erwerben, erachten, in Besitz nehmen, gewinnen" (Raven II 1967: 222). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-habban III (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 38) "to include, hold, surround, comprehend, contain; detain, withhold". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. b/-ha/bn "einschliej3en, umgeben" (Raven II 1967: 60). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG halba adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 249) "haib". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix bi-). b/-ha/sen "umhalsen, umannen" (Raven I 1963: 64). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: umbib/-ha/son "(die Beute) umfassen, festhalten" (Raven 111967: 61). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-hamalOn "schlachten, versturnmeln" (Raven II 1967: 62). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-haren "anrufen" (Raven 111967: 226). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. bi-heften "zu eigen geben, verkaufen, einnehmen, besetzen, sich bemachtigen, sammeln, versammein, zusammenbringen, vollig besiegen, binden, fessein, schuldig machen, verpflichten, verpfanden, schleudern, verrenken, martern, foltern" (Raven I 1963: 64). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: inbiheizon "verheil3en, verschworen, (von Trompeten) schrnettern, Mutwilligkeit, Prahlerei" (Raven II 1967: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG biheiz (Starck and Wells 1990: 53) "Versprechen, Gelubde, Verschworung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gib/-he//en "be-, umhUllen, verheimlichen, verbergen" (Raven I 1963: 304). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bi-hellian I (Seebold 1970: 252) "verhUllen, einhllen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-heriOn, bi-herrOn "plundern, verheeren, Sinnestriebe unterdrticken oder vertilgen" (Raven II 1967: 66). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-herten "ausdauern, verguten, befestigen, hart oder fest machen" (Raven I 1963: 70). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation.

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bi-huggen "denken an, bedenken, beachten, bemerken, sich entsinnen, +refiex. pers. el gen. rei = sich woran erinnern, meinen, sicher" (Raven I 1963: 305). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-hycgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 39) "to consider, bear in mind; confide, trust" Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-/zullen "behullen, bedecken" (Raven 11963: 77). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bi-hullian I (Seebold 1970: 252) "verhullen"; OFs. bi-hella I (Seebold 1970: 252) "verhullen"; OE be-hylian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 39) "to cover, veil". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-huohn "verspotten, auslachen, verhohnen" (Raven II 1967: 70). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-/,uorn "entehren, schnden, notzUchtigen, zum Weibe machen = Sodomie treiben" (Raven 111967: 70). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-huoten "behUten, beachten, beobachten, fr etwas sorgen" (Raven I 1963: 77). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:forabi-in-sigilen "besiegein" (Raven 11963: 177). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-kennen "bekennen, kennen, erkennen" (Raven I 1963: 84). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:forabi-kren "(sich) bekehren, wenden, kehren, lenken, richten, biegen" (Raven 11963: 87). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: dana-, hintarol-, nidar-, widarbi-ki,nb z, bi-kimb "Leichen betreffend, Leichenbegngnis, altgermanische Ausdrilcke wohi von der Bezeichnung der Totenhugel und Grabsttten" (Raven 111967: 75). No cognate verbs are attested. Although evidence is slight, a nominal base OHG *kimb_ "Grabstatt, Grabmal, Grabhugel", or similar, can be reconstructed for this verb from the following: OHG einkimbi adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 121) "verderblich, totbringend"; ON kumbi (de Vries 1962: 333) "Grabmal; Helmzeichen, Helm"; Run.Dan kuml (de Vries 1962: 333) "Grabzeichen (sowohl Runenstein wie Grabhugel)". Therefore an OHG denominative preterite patriciple construction (formed with prefix bi-). bi-kiagon "klagen uber" (Raven 111967: 77). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-kleiben "einprgen, fest einschliel3en, mit etwas Uberladen, bestreichen, beschmieren, verbinden, anspannen, vereinigen (verschlarnmen, binden, fesseln)" (Raven I 1963: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-kielmen "beflecken, besudeln, entweihen, vergiften, verderben" (Raven I 1963: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-kle,nmen "verstopfen, klemmen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 335). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG Idam, klamm (Starck and Wells 1990: 333) "Klemme". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix bi-).

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bi-knffen "verstehen, merken, verspuren, wahrnehmen, entnehmen, er-, einsehen, erkennen,

kennenlernen, gelten lassen, erkannt, bekannt werden, sich erinnern, etwas zukunftiges beherzigen, erwgen, bedenken, eingedenkt sein, sich etwas wieder gegenwartigen, anerkennen, befriedigen, sich rechtfertigen, zufreidenstellen, uberzeugen, sich entschuidigen, wieder zu Verstande kommen, erblicken, erleben, uberlegen, bedenken, ermittein, etwas im Auge haben, beabsichtigen, erstreben, besehen, einsehen" (Raven I 1963: 93). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. b!-knupfen "knUpfen, anknupfen, verknupfen, flechten, binden, fessein, von unten anknupfen, anbinden oder befestigen" (Raven I 1963: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-knussen "verletzen, zerdrucken" (Starck and Wells 1990: 339). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anabi-korn "beweisen, prufen, versuchen, beschweren" (Raven 111967: 79). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-ksn "miteilen, darlegen, der Angeklagte (oder dem Gerichte verfallen) sein, tadein" (Raven 111967: 81). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-kilinen "beklagen" (Raven 11963: 98). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-kurzen "kurz machen, verkUrzen, abkUrzen, kurz fassen, kurz aussprechen" (Raven I 1963: 100). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-kwicken "beleben" (Raven I 1963: 91). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
bi-langen "(impers. +acc pers et gen. rei) verlangen (nach), gelusten, lang dunken oder

langweilig seth" (Raven 111967: 233). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-leggen "belegen, benetzen, hinlegen, legend bedecken, (die) Ohren verstopfen, d.h. nicht horen wollen, mit Essen beschlagen" (Raven I 1963: 310). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-lecgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 40) "to cover, invest, surround, afflict; charge with, accuse". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-(Jz)Ieinen "verdammen" (Raven I 1963: 102). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-hlcnan I (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 80) "to beset by leaning anything aginst another". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
bi-leiten "bedecken, uberziehen, (Gevlk) sammein, umgeben, verhullen, gegen etwas fuhren,

geleiten, das Geleit geben, begleiten, verfolgen" (Raven 11963: 103). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-icidan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 40) "to lead astray". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
bi-leinmen "1hrnen, unbeholfen machen" (Raven I 1963: 313). No cognate verbs are attested.

Therefore an OHG prefix formation. biliden "vormachen, als Beispiel erzhlen" (Schutzeichel 1969 p.15). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bilidi (Kluge 1989: 84) "Bild(werk), Darstellung; Vorstellung, Begriff, Urbild; Abbild, Ebenbild; Mal; Beispiel,

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Gleichnis, Vorbild; Gestalt, Beschaffenheit, Aussehen, Form, Wesen; Figur". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irbi-ligizzen "Gewalt antun, bewaltigen, verunreinigen" (Raven I 1963: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *bi-legatjan class I intensive deverbative from OHG strong verb bi-liggan (Starck and Wells 1990: 374) "vergewaltigen, notzuchtigen, beschlafen". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. bi-lizhn "mil3fallen" (Raven 111967: 236). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bilidn "bilden, nachbilden, formen, gestalten, zeichnen, vorzeichnen, nachahmen, das Abbild oder Vorbild eines Dinges darstellen, [polieren], hassen, heuchein, bezichtigen (?) = jemanden verdachtigen" (Raven II 1967: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under bilden. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: fir-,fora-, gi-, irbi-listinn "teilweise aufheben oder einschranken, vermindern, herabsetzen, verunglimpfen, verleumden" (Raven II 1967: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG list (Starck and Wells 1990: 380) "Kunst, List". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix bi- and n-extension). bi-liuhien "beleuchten, hervorleuchten, -glanzen, erstrahlen" (Raven 11963: 112). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-(h)liuten "erschallen" (Raven 11963: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. *biln "mit einem Steinhaue oder Streitaxt schiagen, behauen, scharfen (Muhlstein)". MHG billen (Lexer 11872: 276) "mit einem Steinhaue schlagen, behauen, schrfen (Muhlstein)". No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG billi (Schutzeichel 1969: 16) "Schwert, Streitaxt, Steinhacke, Spitzhacke". cf. OE bill (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 48) "bill, chopper, battle-axe, falchion, sword". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: durul:biln "ul3em, aussprechen" (Raven II 1967: 19). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: MHG bil (Schade 11882: 63) "bellende Stimme". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. bi-lsen "entlosen, befreien, berauben, enthaupten, entblllen, ausziehen, verwitwen, leer oder frei machen" (Raven I 1963: 115). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-mahain "anklagen" (Raven 111967: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-n,ahhon "verbinden, vereinigen, zusammenfiigen" (Raven II 1967: 96). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-marcn "bestimmen, passend machen" (Raven 111967: 100). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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bi-meinen "weihen, widmen, heiligen, opfern, urteilen, verurteilen, entscheiden, preisgeben, zu eigen geben, berlassen, (im voraus) bestimmen, beschliel3en, beimessen, verloben, fiirmlich versprechen, erwagen, zuschreiben, schildern, zum Opfer bestimmen, zum Tode weihen, durchbilden" (Raven 11963: 125). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-mcnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 40) "to bemoan, bewail, lament". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fora-, zuobi-merken "bezeichnen, bestimmen, anordnen, emennen" (Raven 1 1963: 127). 'No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-merren "hemmen, in Schranken halten, zuziehen, zuschnuren, auBer Kraft setzen, hemmen, hindem" (Raven I 1963: 128). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. bi-murmuln "murren" (Raven 111967: 107). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. bi-nahti "nachtigen" (Raven 111967: 245). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-namn "mit namen anreden" (Raven 111967: 108). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. bi-neimen "bestimmen, erteilen, vorausbestimmen, emennen" (Raven 11963: 136). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:forabi-necken "herausfordern, reizen, nacken" (Raven I 1963: 137, 314). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-nemnen "nennen, ernennen, sagen" (Raven I 1963: 138). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-nemnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 41) "to name; stipulate, settle, declare, asseverate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-nezzen 1 "benetzen, ffirben, trnken, abspulen, besudeln" (Raven I 1963: 140). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix Thrmatoyi. bi-nezzen2 "verstricken, im Netz fangen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 437). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nezzi (Starck and Wells 1990: 437) "Netz". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix bi-). bi-nidaren "einem zu niedrig sein" (Raven I 1963: 140). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. bi-(/:)nicken "bedecken, verbergen, ubertolpen" (Raven I 1963: 141). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-niusen "erkennen, etwas erkunden, (aus)finden, entdecken, erfassen, anlernen, erfahren, forschen, fragen, wahrnehmen, erlangen" (Raven 1 1963: 142). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-rahhanen "rauben, erbeuten" (Raven 11963: 147). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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bi-rapfen "(von Wunden) wieder blutig werden oder wieder aufbrechen, ausgetrocknet oder verkrustet, verharschen, vernarben" (Raven 1 1963: 147). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-rasen "sich die Verurteilung zuziehen, verdammen" (Raven I 1963: 147). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-rcffsan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 43) "to rush upon or into". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-rebezzen "vor Wut oder Unwillen mit den Z.hnen knirschen, knirschend in die Worte ausbrechen, toben, wten" (Raven I 1963: 148). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *birabatjan "wten". Etymology uncertain. Probably an intensive deverbative but source is uncertain. Possibly from a strong verb attested in MHG reben (Pokorny I 1956: 853) "sich bewegen, rilhren". This is not, however, convincing on semantic grounds".
bi-redinOn "uberfiihren" (Raven II 1967: 118). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an

OHG prefix formation. bi-refsen "tadeln, schelten, rtlgen, VorwUrfe machen, zurechtweisen" (Raven I 1963: 147). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-regan on "beregnen, Regen empfangen, bescheren" (Raven II 1967: 118). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-refen "einschnuren, einwickeln" (Starck and Wells 1990: 478). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-reiten "bereiten, auffuhren" (Raven I 1963: 7). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG be-rden (Kiuge 1989: 75) "bereiten"; MDu be-reiden, be-reden (Kluge 1989: 75) "bereiten"; OFs. bi-rda (de Vries 1962: 186) "bereiten". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
bi-renken "verrenken" (Raven I 1963: 152). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE

be-wrencan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 47) "to deceive". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-renten "mit einem Rand versehen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 481). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG rant (Starck and Wells 1990: 472) "Schildbuckel, Schildrand, Rand". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix bi-). bi-resten "festhalten, versperren, (be)hindern" (Raven I 1963: 154). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
birigOn "fruchtbar machen" (Schade 11882: 66). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is

derived from the following nominal base: OHG birig (Starck and Wells 1990: 58) "fruchtbar, befruchtend". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gibi-riiten "sich richtig zu etwas einstellen, bedenken, uberlegen, vollflihren, in die gehorige Richtung bringen" (Raven I 1963: 156). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-rinden "schlen" (Raven I 1963: 157). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-rindan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 43) "to strip off bark, peel", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *birendan "to peel, strip of bark". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG rinda (Kluge 1989: 601) "Rinde, Borke"; OS rinda (Kluge 1989:

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601) "Rinde"; OE rind(e) (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 283) "rind, bark, outside", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *rendn (Kluge 1989: 601) "Rinde". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb (formed with prefix bi-). bi-(h)riuwUn "bekiagen, Schmerz empfinden uber" (Raven 111967: 122). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. birnen "harmonieren, erheben, trsten" (Raven I 1963: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gibi-roubn "(+acc. pers. et gen rei.) berauben, (Gewnder) abnehmen, ausplundern" (Raven II 1967: 123). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-reaJIan II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 43) "to bereave, deprive of, take away, seize, rob, despoil"; Gothic bi-raubn II (Kluge 1989:584) "ausziehen". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. bi-roufen "enthaaren, d.h. die Haare und Haut abreiben = wund reiben, rupfen" (Raven 11963: 159). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bi-rpian I (Kluge 1989: 584) "verfilzen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-runnen "ins Fallen bringen" (Raven 11963: 162). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG run (Starck and Wells 1990: 496) "Lauf, Bahn". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix bi-). bi-(Jz)ruofen "berufen, zusammenrufen" (Raven I 1963: 163). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. bi-ruohhen "Sorge tragen fr, Rucksicht nehmen auf, sein Bestes im Auge haben (reflex.), zurUckstellen, nachsetzen" (Raven 11963: 164). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-reccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 43) "to relate; excuse or justify oneself'. Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-(h)ruomen "sich beruhmen, sich Uber jemanden freuen" (Raven I 1963: 165). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. bi-(h)ruoren "berUhren, anrtihren, bewegen, anregen, stachein" (Raven I 1963: 165). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-sagen "ubersetzen" (Raven I 1963: 318). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-sagen "angeben, bezeugen, verklagen, verstricken" (Raven II 1967: 250). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-secgan (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 44) "to announce, introduce; defend, excuse oneself; accuse". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-salbon "mit Salbe bestreichen" (Raven II 1967: 125). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-seganan "besegnen, mit dem Zeichen des Kreuzes weihend bezeichend" (Raven II 1967: 128). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-seidn "sich verstricken" (Raven 111967: 128). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG seid (Starck and Wells 1990: 512) "Strick, Falistrick, Saite". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix bi-).

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bi-siizgon "sengen" (Raven II 1967: 130). cf. OHG sengen 1. No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). bi-seilen "zuruckweisen, verschmhen, ablehnen" (Raven 1 1963: 168). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. bisen "biesen, lustig sein" (Raven I 1963: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bisa (Starck and Wells 1990: 58) "Sturmwind, Nordostwind". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. bi-sengen "besengen, versengen, an-, verbrennen" (Raven I 1963: 168). The foliowing cognate verbs are attested: OS bi-sengian I (Onions 1966: 829) "besengen"; OE be-sengan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 44) "to singe, burn". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-sezzen "besetzen, belegen, einsetzen, bedecken, pflanzen, (sein Haus) bestelleri bzw. ordnen, warnen, uberwachen" (Raven I 1963: 173). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-settan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 173) "to put, place, set near, appoint, own, keep, occupy; beset, cover, surround with, adorn; besiege, invest"; Gothic bi-satjan I (Lehmann 1986: 296) "to set around". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. bi-sigilen "be-, versiegein, kundtun, kennzeichnen" (Raven I 1963: 177). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-siuwen "einnahen, bezogen, benht, Kahn mit Leder uberzogener Schild" (Raven I 1963: 320). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-soivian levelling to class II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 44) "to sew together, sew up". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-scaffon "bilden, schildern, unterrichten" (Raven 111967: 131). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-scaron "bescharen" (Raven 111967: 132). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-scatawen "beschirmen, verdunkeln, decken, verhtillen, nachtigen" (Raven I 1963: 178). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-scad(uw)ian probably class II by levelling from class I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 44) "to overshadow". Therefore a WGrnc prefix formation. bi-skenten "vergehen, untergehen, umkomnien, sterben" (Raven I 1963: 180). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bj-s/cerjen "bescheren, zuteilen, verhangen; betrugen, zum besten halten, ['seines Anteils berauben', enterben]" (Raven I 1963: 321). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-skiben "beanlagen, passend einrichten" (Raven 1 1963: 181). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-skilben "auf einem Brettergerust oder einer HUrde tragen" (Raven 11963: 181). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology uncertain. Possibly a denominative formation (with voicing of final 'f) from a noun related to those attested in: MLG schelf(Barnhardt 1988: 996) "shelf'; MDu scelf(Barnhardt 1988: 996) "haystack"; OE scylfe, scilfe (Bamhardt 1988: 996) "shelf, ledge, floor". bi-skinden "beschinden, enthuten, schalen, abschlen" (Raven 1 1963: 182). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bi-skindian I (Kluge 1989: 633) "sich abschlen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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hi-s kirm en "beschirmen, beschutzen, in Eifer geraten, verteidigen, (von oben) angreifen, decken" (Raven 1 1963: 182). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-scouwon "ansehen, sich umsehen, betrachten, besuchen, berucksichtigen, warten" (Raven II 1967: 135). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-scawian 11 (Clark Flail and Meritt 1969: 44) "to look round upon, survey, contemplate, consider, watch; care for". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-screnken "fangen, berlisten, norgeln, hinabsturmen" (Raven I 1963: 184). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore au OHG prefix formation. bi-screnkilen "mit Nageln oder mit Spitzen oder Dornen oder (ubtr.) mit einem Purpurstreifen versehen, festnageln" (Raven 1 1963: 184). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *skranklijan class I frequentative or diminutive deverbative (formed with 1-extension) from WGmc weak verb *skrankUan, *sk.rankq/an "verschriinken" (see under screnken, and screncn). Therefore an OHG frequentative deverbative (formed with I-extension and prefix hi-). bi-scrimen "in Eifer geraten" (Raven 11963: 185). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Glosses Latin zelifri "to be jealous, show zeal". bi-scutten "(das Haupthaar) versengen, verbrennen" (Raven 11963: 189). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-s1efen "zu Boden strecken, zu Grunde richten" (Raven I 1963: 190). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OFIG prefix formation. bi-slihien "Uberschwemmung, Sintflut" (Raven I 1963: 191). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-slipfen "gleiten, fallen, sich zerstreuen, verlassen, abfliegen, sich aus dem Staube machen, wanicen machen, wanken" (Raven I 1963: 192). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-s;naJz: "(+dat.)pers. geringschatzen, strafbar sein, verachtlich sein oder scheinen, miBachtet werden" (Raven II 1967: 255). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG smhi (Kluge 1989: 641) "klein, gering, verchtlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix bi-). bismaron "ltistern, verspotten" (Raven 111967: 19). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under bismerien. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. bi-smeizen "beschmutzen" (Raven I 1963: 192). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *bi_smaifejan (Seebold 1970: 438) deverbative formation from strong verb *bi_smeitanan (Seebold 1970: 437) "schmieilen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG bi-smizzan st. vb (Starck and Wells 1990: 564) "aufstreichen, schmieren, bestreichen, salben; beflecken, besudeln, entweihen, anstecken"; OS -smftan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 437) "schmeiBen"; OFs. smila St. vb (Seeboid 1970: 437) "schmeiBen, werfen"; OE srnftan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 311) "to daub, smear, soil, pollute, defile"; Gothic ga-smeitan st. vb (Lehmann 1986: 72) "to annoint". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation.

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bis,,,ern "verhohnen, spotten, herausfordern" (Raven II 1967: 206). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under bisinerien. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. bismerie,, "verlachen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bismer (Starck and Wells 1990: 59) "Verhohnung, Spott, Schimpf'; OHG bismar (Starck and Wells 1990: 59) "Spiel, Spott". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. bismern "lastern, schmhen, verspotten, erbittern" (Raven II 1967: 19). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under bismerien. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. bi-smidn "(mit geziemendern Erz) einfassen oder umgeben" (Raven II 1967: 139). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-smidian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 44) "to work (in metal), forge, surround with forged work". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
bi-smirwen "beschmieren" (Raven I 1963: 322). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE

be-sinierwan, be-smirwan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 44) "to besmear". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-smizzen "beschmitzen, bestreichen" (Raven I 1963: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-solagan "besudein, verunreinen" (Raven II 1967: 140). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-soI,: "besudeln, beschrnutzen" (Raven II 1967: 140). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-sorgen "(trs.) ehren, achtgeben, Sorge oder Fursorge tragen fUr, Auftrag ausfiihren, pflegen, flirchten, befIlrchten, sorgen fdr, verhuten" (Raven 111967: 257). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-sorgian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 45) "to regret; be anxious about, dread, shrink from". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-soufen "ersufen, ertrnken, ertrinken, nach unten schleifen, begraben, forttreiben" (Raven I 1963: 194). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ,:hbi-spehn "auskundschaften, erkunen' (Rwe i !967 Therefore an OHG prefix formation. No cci,nate vers are attes(ea'.

bi-spennen "entwOhnen" (Raven 1 1963: 322). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
bi-sperren "verschliel3en, zumachen, behindern, sichern, verwerfen, verdammen" (Raven I

1963: 195). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: inbi-spottn "verspotten" (Raven 111967: 143). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
bi-spraizhn "vermessene Reden ausstol3en, beeintrachtigen, schmlern, verwerfen, schmhen,

verleumden" (Raven II 1967: 143). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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bi-spra/en "hineingiellen, ubergiel3en" (Starck and Wells 1990: 579). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Probably a prefix formation from an earlier unattested simplex verb *spnatjan. This, in turn, a dental extension from IE './*(s)pher-, *sprei, *spreu_ (Pokorny I 1956: 993) "streuen, sen; sprengen, spritzen, sprUhen", from which base the following may be derived: OHG sprizan st. vb < *spreid- (Pokomy 11956: 994) "spritzen, in Stucke splittern"; ON sprna (Pokorny 11956: 994) "spritzen"; MHG sprcewen, sprcjen (Pokorny 11956: 994) "stieben, spruhen"; Norw., Dan. spraaes (Pokorny I 1956: 993) "sprde, bruchig werden"; OLith. sprainas (Pokorny 11956: 994) "steif, starr, Ubersichtig, vom Auge"; Mir. sreb (Pokorny 11956: 993) "Strom"; Greek cnteipw (Pokorny 11956: 993) "ich streue, site, sprenge, spritze, spruhe"; Arm. parat (Pokorny 11956: 993) "zerstreut"; OHG sprt (Pokomy 11956: 993) "das Spritzen, Spruhen" is best regarded as post verbal. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-spre/zhon "verleumden, raunen" (Raven II 1967: 144). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-spreif en "berwachsen, ganz bedecken, umschliel3en" (Raven 11963: 197). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-sprengen "begiel3en, bespritzen = entsundigen, beflecken = schitnden" (Raven 1 1963: 197). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-sprengan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 45) "to besprinkle, bespatter". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-spurnen "fehien, verfehien, beleidigen, kritnken, anstol3en" (Raven 11963: 199). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-sfaboiz "beeiden, klar zeigen" (Raven 111967: 145). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
bi-st a/en "aufstellen, einsetzen, festsetzen, formen, bestitndig machen, besttigen" (Raven I

1963: 200). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-staton "verpachten" (Raven 111967: 146). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-stecken "hineinstecken" (Raven I 1963: 201). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-stellen "besetzen, bestellen" (Raven I 1963: 202). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-stften "begrUnden, bewohnen" (Raven I 1963: 204). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-stiufen "verwaist, beraubt" (Raven 11963: 205). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-stouben "bestuben" (Raven I 1963: 208). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-stricken "bestricken, zusammenknpfen, schnuren" (Raven I 1963: 209). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-stuinbalen "verstummeln" (Raven I 1963: 211). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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bi-siu,nbaln "verstmmeln, abhauen, auseinanderreiBen, tten" (Raven II 1967: 150). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-sturen "umkehren, umwerfen" (Raven 1 1963: 212). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-styrian II by levelling, as umlaut indicates origin in class I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 45) "to heap up, bestir". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-slurzen "umstflrzen, umstulpen, umwerfen, verkehren, zerstren, mit einem Deckel versehen" (Raven I 1963: 212). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-siftn "beseufzen" (Raven II 1967: 151). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-suien "lastig finden, besudeln, verunreinigen, bestreichen" (Raven I 1963: 213). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-sylian II by levelling, as umlaut indicates origin in class I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 334) "to sully, defile, stain". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-suohhen "prUfen, prUfend durchsuchen, untersuchen, heimsuchen" (Raven 11963: 215). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-san I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 44) "to beseech, beg urgently". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-suonen "(sich) vershnen, beshnen, entscheiden" (Raven I 1963: 217). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-swren "beschweren, Beschwerde verursachen, sen, steigem, beschwerlich machen" (Raven 11963: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-swffrn "bedrucken, beschweren, trauem" (Raven II 1967: 152). cf. OHG swifren I. No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). bi-swebn "hervorzucken, hervorstrahlen, glanzen" (Raven 111967: 261). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-swellen "erschopfen, ringsum einschlieBen" (Raven 1 1963: 220). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-swertn "verschwren" (Raven II 1967: 152). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG swert (Raven II 1967: 153) "Schwur". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix bi-). bi-swerzen "schw.rzen, schwarz machen" (Raven I 1963: 220). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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bi-tarnen "ratios oder erbittert, betrubt scm" (Raven I 1963: 222). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an Ol-IG prefix formation. bi-tarnn "besturzt sein, betrUbt scm" (Starck and Wells 1990: 622). cf. OHG tarnen I. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). bi-teilen "berauben (+gen. rei), entziehen, konfiszieren, prellen, betrugen, tuschen, beschwindeln, hintergehen" (Raven 11963: 222). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-dcfflan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 36) "to deprive, strip, bereave of, rob, release, free from". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
bi-temnien "sich einer Sachen bemchtigen, ergreifen, erfassen" (Raven 1 1963: 225). No

cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

bi-timbareiz "trube werden" (Raven II 1967: 263). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an

OHG prefix formation. bi-timberen "trUben, trUbe machen" (Raven 1 1963: 225). No cognate verbs are attested. For simplex see OHG timbern I "dunkein, dunkel werden". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class 11). bi-touben "vermessen" (Raven I 1963: 226). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHU prefix formation. bi-trz "verleiden, uberdrussig werden" (Raven 111967: 263). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-trahien "mehr vermogen, das CJbergewicht oder den Vorrang haben" (Raven 11963: 227). No cognate verbs are attested. For simplex verb see: OHG trahtUn II "betrachten, erstreben". Therefore an 0MG prefix formation (with change of class to class I). bi-trah Ion "uberlegen, betrachten, (intrans.) wonach trachten, erwagen, bedenken" (Starck and Wells 1990: 632). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-trehhanon "(vom Feuer) in der Weil3grauen Ascheglut erloschen" (Raven 111967: 264). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix tbrmatioa. bi-trohsilen "beflecken, verunreinigen, entehren" (Raven I 1963: 229). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. bi-troufen "sich benetzen, besudein" (Raven I 1963: 230). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-dij7pan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 37) "to moisten". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
bi-Iruoben "jemandem em Bein stellen = ihm den Sturz bereiten, verurteilen" (Raven 1 1963:

231). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bittaren "murrisch oder bitter sein; der Nase em Entsetzen bereiten, verbittern" (Raven I 1963: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under bitlarOn. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gibittarOn "sich argern" (Starck and Wells 1990: 61). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE biterian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 50) "to embitter, make bitter", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bitrjan "to embitter, make bitter or angry". The verb is derived from the

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following nominal base: OHG bittar (Starck and Wells 1990: 61) "bitter, scharf, abweisend"; OS bittar (Kluge 1989: 88) "bitter"; OE biter (Kiuge 1989: 88) "bitter, sharp, cutting; stinging; exasperated, angry, embittered; painful, disasterous, virulent, cruel"; ON bitr (Kiuge 1989: 88) "bitter", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *bjtraz (Kluge 1989: 88) "bitter". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. bi-luizizen "unterstutzen" (Raven I 1963: 326). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. bi-tullen "einen Teil zurUckbehalten, unterschlagen, des Genusses verlustig gehen" (Raven I 1963: 326). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *tul "coarse, rude, animal-like, given to pleasure" which can be reconstructed from MHG rul (Lexer 111876: 1564) "grob". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). bi-tumbalen "unverstndlich oder sinnios machen, zur Torheit bringen, schwchen" (Raven I 1963: 232). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bi-dumbilian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 641) "betoren, abstumpfeln", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bi-dumb(a)ljan "sich albern benehmen", class I frequentative or diminutive deverbative formed with 1-extension from the following complex of weak verbs: OHG tumbn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 641) "sich albern benehmen, unsinnig handein"; OHG tumb&z III (Raven II 1967: 265) "sich albern benehmen, unsinnig handelii". Therefore a WGmc frequentative deverbative (formed with 1extension and prefix bi-). bi-lumben, bi-tumpen "vermessen, in Erstaunung setzen, schwachsinnig oder rasend machen" (Raven I 1963: 232). No cognate verbs are attested. For simplex verb see: OHG tumbn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 641) "sich albern benehmen, unsinnig handeln"; OHG tumbn III (Raven 111967: 265) "sich albern benehmen, unsinnig handein". Therefore an 0MG prefix formation (with change of class to class I). bi-tUmiln "bestflrzen, verwirren" (Raven II 1967: 159). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-tu,nmen "einen Gewinn erhalten, ubervorteilen, durch Schmeichelei tiberlisten, hintergehen" (Raven 11963: 233). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-tuncalen "verdunkein, dunkel oder trube machen, glanzlos machen, abstumpfen, die Sehkraft verlieren" (Raven 1 1963: 232). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-tuomen "richten, im voraus beurteilen" (Raven I 1963: 233). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic bi-dornjan I (Lehmann 1986: 93) "to judge, criticize, condemn". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. bi-lussen "in Vermessenheit bei einer Sache bleiben; tricht" (Raven 11963: 326). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology obscure. It is possibly a prefix formation from an otherwise unattested simplex belonging to a Gmc complex which can ultimately be derived from the IE 'i*dheues .., *dhu-, *dheus, *dhus- (Pokorny 11956: 268) "stieben, stuben, wirbeln (nebeEn, regnen, Dunst, Staub; aufs seelische Gebiet angewendet: gestorben, verwirrt sein, bethubt, dosig, albern), sturmen (vom Wind und aufgeregtem Wesen), blasen, wehen, heuchen, keuchen (Hauch, Atem, Geist, Gespenst, animal; riechen, Geruch)", from which base the following may be derived: OHG riig (Pokorny 11956: 270) "stumpfsinnig, toricht"; MIHG tUsen (Pokorny I 1956: 270) "lrmen, sausen"; NHG (dial) dusen (Pokorny 11956: 270) "zechen"; OE dysig (Pokorny 11956: 269) "foolish, ignorant, stupid". Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear.

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bi-u,zksken "entehren, verderben, beflecke.n, unkeusch macben' (Raven )9f3: 24)). No cognate verbs attested. Therefore an OHO prefix formation. bi-unreinen, bi-u,zhreinen "verunreinigen, (participle adj. schmchlich)" (Raven 1 1963: 242). No cognate verbs attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-uoben "tun, verUben" (Starck and Wells 1990: 680). No cognate verbs attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-unsi2baren "verunreinigen, (passive) unrein werden" (Raven I 1963: 243). No cognate verbs attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-walgon, bi-walagan "(am Boden im eigenen Blut) herumwalzen" (Raven 111967: 170). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-wancn "ausweichen, entbehren, umgehen, unterlassen, vermeiden" (Raven II 1967: 172). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-wanen "hoffen, glauben, meinen, vermuten, argwohnen, (reflex. +gen.) sich einer Sache vermuten, (reflex.) etwas von sich denken, (+acc.) einen in Verdacht haben" (Raven I 1963: 249). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-wanlaln "umgestalten, verwandein, verschlechtern" (Raven 111967: 173). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-ware,: "anerkennen, beweisen, erproben, als wirklich oder wahr dartun, [besorgen]" (Raven I 1963: 250). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-warn "fursorglich bewahren, behUten, (+gen.) bewahren gegen, schutzen, fr etwas sorgen, besorgen, in Obhut haben" (Raven 111967: 175). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-.warian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 47) "to keep watch, guard, preserve, ward off'. Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-wartn "aufnehman, (einzeln) ansehen, scheuen, verehren, ausweichen, vermeiden, entgehen, auf der Haut sein, sich huten" (Raven 111967: 270). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-weardian 11 (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 47) "to guard, protect, observe closely". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-wegen "ziehen, ins wanken geraten, sich zum Mitleid bewegen" (Raven I 1963: 328). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-weidinn "das Honigsaugen beziehungsweise -sammein von Bienen" (Raven II 1967: 178). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-weinn "weinen uber, beweinen, als tot oder unter Trnen bekiagen, mit Trnen benetzen" (Raven 111967: 178). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-(h) we/ben "wlben (mit zwei Halbkugeln berwlbt oder eingezaunt ?)" (Raven I 1963: 254). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bi-welbian I (Kluge 1989: 798) "berwlben, bedecken"; OE be-hwylfan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 39) "to cover, vault over". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-weizen "zudecken, (wlzend) bedecken, verstecken" (Raven I 1963: 254). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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bi-wem,nen "beflecken, verderben" (Raven I 1963: 255). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHO prefix formation. bi-,venken "umgehen, vermeiden" (Raven I 1963: 256). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-wenten "an-, ab-, bin-, urn-, verwenden, (sich) wenden, umkehren, verwandein, gestalten, in eine Beschaffenhejt versetzen, beenden" (Raven I 1963: 256). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bi-wendian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 710) "verwandeln, wiederholen"; OE be-wendan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 47) "to turn (round); convert"; Gothic bi-wandjan I (Lehmann 1986: 393) "to avoid". Therefore a Grnc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: (darti-), (umbi-). bi(h)werben "abwenden, ablenken" (Raven I 1963: 259). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-hwirfan, be-whyrfan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 39) "to turn, change, convert; exchange; prepare, instruct". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-weren2 "aufbewahren, uberwachen, erhalten" (Raven II 1967: 273). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-werien 1 "abhalteri von etwas, hindern, verhindern, schutzen, wehren, verteidigen, verbieten" (Raven 11963: 332). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-werian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 47) "to guard, protect, defend, check, prevent, forbid". Therefore a WGmc prefix form ation. bi-winni "(ab)weiden" (Raven II 1967: 274). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-wizinn "strafen, strafbar sein" (Raven II 1967: 188). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-wurgen "wurgen, ersticken (machen)" (Raven I 1963: 271). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-wurken "herbeischaffen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 750). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-wyrcan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 47) "to work, construct, surround with, enclose, cover; work in, insert, adorn". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-zeihhanen "bezeichnen, ausdrucken, als Zeichen dienen filr, em Vorzeichen bedeuten, bildlich oder symbolisch vorstellen" (Raven 11963: 272). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-tcican I (<*be_t&cnan by loss of 'n') (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 45) "to impart, deliver, intrust; dedicate; show, point out; give orders; persue, hunt". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-zeinen 1 "bezeichnen, an-, bedeuten, befehlen, zuweisen" (Raven I 1963: 273). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-zeinn "andeuten, bedeuten, bezeichnen" (Raven II 1967: 194). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-zellen "bezhlen, hinzuzhlen, aufzahlen, zu eigen geben, anschuldigen, bezichtigen" (Raven 11963: 275). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-tellan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 45) "to speak about, answer, defend oneself (against a charge), exculpate oneself'. Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-zetten "bestreuen, uberragen" (Raven 1963: 333). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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bi-zieren "sorgfltig zieren, schmUcken" (Raven 1 1963: 278). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix fonriation. bi-zimbaren "aufbauen" (Raven I 1963: 278). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-tinibran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 46) "to construct, build". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. bi-zinzbarn "davorbauen, versperren, verbauen" (Raven II 1967: 196). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-zoubarn "bezaubern, behexen, Zaubertrank" (Raven II 1967: 197). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bi-zthzen "umzunen, beziiunen, mit einem Zaun umgeben" (Raven 11963: 281). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-1)7nan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 46) "to hedge in, enclose, shut, bury; shut out; end". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: umbibi-zusken "verbrennen" (Raven 11963: 283). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. bizzn "mit den Zhnen knirschen, (prgnant) zerknirschen, zermalmen" (Raven 111967: 19). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE grist-bitian II (Seebold 1970: 97) "to gnash the teeth, rage", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bit4ian (Seebold 1970: 97) class II zero grade deverbative from strong verb *beitanan (Seebold 1970: 96) "beillen" (see under beizen). Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. blabbezzen "stanimein, plappern, schwatzen, lallen" (Raven I 1963: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *blabbatjan "plappem", intensive deverbative from weak verb *blab(b)jan "plappern". This attested in MEG plappen, blappen (Pokorny 11956: 102) "plappern". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giblabizn "plappern" (Pokorny I 1956: 102). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *blabat/an "plappern" (see under blabbezzen). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. blifen "wehen, atmen" (Raven I 1963: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *ble7an (Seebold 1970: 118) class I weak deverbative from strong verb *bl&znan (Seebold 1970: 117) "blasen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG zi-blifen St. vb pret. part. (Seebold 1970: 117) "aufgeschwollen"; OFs. on-blest. vb pret. sg. (Seebold 1970: 117) "hauchte em"; OE bhffwan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 117) "to blow, breathe; play an instrument". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: aim-, gi-, ir-, ziblahmaln "mit eingegrabener Arbeit verziert" (Raven II 1967: 19). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG blahma! (Starck and Wells 1990: 63) "Federstickerei; Brokat". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giblzen "bloken" (Raven I 1963: 9). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE blthtan I (Pokorny 11959: 154) "to bleat"; ModDu. blaten (Kluge 1989: 93) "to bleat", which allows us

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to reconstruct a WGmc *blaljan "to bleat". The deriational pattern of this serb is unclear. It is a dental extension from an IE J*bh1a_ (Pokorny 11959: 154) heuIen. taut einen. bloken", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt b1ejin, bhlejati (Pokorny I 1959: 154) "bloken"; Latinfl&e (Pokorny 11959: 154) "(be)weinen"; OCS bleju, blejati (Pokorny 11959: 154) "bloken"; Latvian bl4iu, blet (Pokorny 11959: 154) "bloken"; None of the IE forms gien above are formed with a dental extension. The extension must therefore be reckoned a V Gmc innovation, in which case the verb cannot be seen as pre-Gmc. Therefore a WGmc %erb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. bleiJzh', "blaB sein oder werden, erbleichen, roh oder ungekocht" (Raven 111967: 206). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE blcian 11 (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 50) "to turn pale", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *b1aikcJan "to turn or become pale". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bleih ( Starck and \Vells 1990: 65) "blaB, gelblich, weiB"; OS blek (Kluge 1989: 91) "bleich, blal3"; OE bl (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 50) "bright, shining, glittering, flashing; pale, palid, wan"; ON bleik, (Kluge 1989: 91) "bleich", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *blaikaz (Kluge 1989: 91) "geiblich, gianzend". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irblecken "leuchten, blecken, glanzen, blinken" (Raven 11963: 9). We can therefore reconstruct a *blikk4an intensive gemination and probably originally class III (Seebold 1970: 119) "aufblitzen lassen", zero-grade intensive deverbative from strong verb *bleikanan (Seebold 1970: 118) "schimmern". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG bi-bilithan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 118) "erstrahlen"; OS blikan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 118) "glanzen"; OFs. blika st. vb (Seebold 1970: 118) "sichtbar scm"; OE blican st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 51) "to glitter, shine, gleam, sparkle, dazzle; appear"; ON blikja St. vb (Seebold 1970: 118) "glauzen. funkeln". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. bleckezzen "glanzen, blinken" (Raven 11963: 9). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE bliccettan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 52) "to glitter, quiver, sparkle, shine", which allows us to reconstruct a *blikkatjczn intensive gemination (Seebold 1970: 119) zero-grade intensive deverbative from strong verb *bleikanan (Seebold 1970: 118) "schimmern" (see under blecken). Therefore a WGmc intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anablenden "blenden" (Raven 11963: 9). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. blenda I (Kluge 1989: 92) "to blind"; OE blenclan 1 (Kiuge 1989: 92) "to blind, deprive of sight, darken", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *blandijan with expressive ablaut? (Kluge 1989: 92) "to blind, make blind". The phonology of this verb is difficult. It appears to derive from the the Gmc adjective *bljnd "blind" (this from an earlier *blend) with an expressive ablaut variation of'e to 'a'. This explanation is not entirely convincing as such expressive ablaut variations do not normally occur in deadjectival verbs. In the absence of more convincing arguments, it is, however, the most satisfactory. The nominal base is attested in: OHG b/in: (Starck and Wells 1990: 66) "blind"; OS blind (Kluge 1989: 92) "blind"; OFs. blind (Kiuge 1989: 92) "blind"; OE blind (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 52) "blind, dark, obscure, opaque; unintelligent"; ON blindr (Kluge 1989: 92) "blind"; Got blinds (Kluge 1989: 92) "blind". For examples of deadjectival verbs formed from *blindaz without expressive ablaut, compare the following verbs: OHG blinta III (Raven 111967: 206) "blind werden"; OE a-blindan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 1) "to make blind"; ON blinda II (Pfeifer 11989: 187) "to blind, make blind"; Gothic ga-blindjan I (Pfeifer 11989: 187) "to blind". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb (formed with medial vocalic change of'e' to 'a'). Prefix formations derived from this verb: in!-, ir-

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blesien "klatschen" (Raven 1 1963: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Possibly onomatapoeic. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anti-, gi-, in-gi-, irbliden "sich freuen" (Raven 11963: 10). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON blIcla I (de Vries 1962: 44) "freundlich machen"; ODan. b/ida (de Vries 1962: 44) "streicheln, liebkosen"; Gothic bleiJ,jan I (de Vries 1962, p.44) "to take pity", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *blJ7,O)/anan "to rejoice, be glad". cf. OS blilhn, blin II (de Vries 1962: 44) "to rejoice"; cf. OE ge-bliOian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 54) "to make glad". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG blidi (Starck and Wells 1990: 66) "freudig, froh, heiter, lustig, freundlich"; OS bliOi (Onions 1966: 100) "happy, cheerful"; OFs. b/ide (Onions 1966: 100) "happy, cheerful"; OE b/TOe (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 52) "blithe, joyous, happy, merry, cheerful, glad, pleasant; gracious, well-disposed, friendly, kind; agreeable, willing; quiet, peaceful, gentle"; ON bliOr (Lehmann 1986: 75) "happy, friendly, loving"; Gothic bleiks (Lehmann 1986: 75) "merciful", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *b/i7,jaz, *b/iJiz "joyous, cheerful". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giblicken "blicken, blitzen" (Raven 11963: 10). The following cognate verbs are attested: We can therefore reconstruct a Gmc *blikkjan intensive gemination (Seebold 1970: 119) "aufblitzen lassen", intensive deverbative from strong verb *bleikanan (Seebold 1970: 118) "schimmem" (see under blecken). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, ir-, nidarblinti "blind werden" (Raven II 1967: 206). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-b/indian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 1) "to become blind", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *b1jndan (this from an earlier *b/endan) "to be or become blind". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under blenden). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irblinterezzen "erblinden" (Raven 11963: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. The 'r' is difficult to explain here. That the verb is derived from blintiro the comparative of ORG bunt is not a satisfactory explanation on semantic grounds. Probably the most suitable explanation would be to derive the verb from an otherwise unattested OHG *b/intirn or *b/jntiren "to blind" formed with an r-extension. Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. b/jill:!, en "blinzeln, triefugig sein, zucken" (Raven 11963: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. bloden "entkrften, entmutigen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 67). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS blUOian I (Heyne 1905: 189) "thrchtsam oder verzagt machen"; ON bleyOa I (Zoega 1910: 58) "to dishearten, humble"; Gothic b1aujan I (Lehmann 1986: 75) "to make void", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *b/au//anan "to make fearful, timid or weak". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bhdi(Starck and Wells 1990: 67) "lassig, trage, zaghaft"; OS b/5i (Lehmann 1986: 75) "bashful"; OE bI&iO (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 51) "gentle, shy, cowardly, timid; slothful, inactive, effeminate"; ON blauOr (Zoega 1910: 57) "weak, timorous", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *b/au/,az, *b/aujaz (Kluge 1989: 93) "schwach, zaghaft". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irbiodn "verzagen" (Raven II 1967: 206). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under blden. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb.

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Prefix formations derived from this verb: irb/u/i/ten "brennen, lodern, glanzen, verzehrt oder gequalt werden" (Raven 1 1963: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *bluhhjan "brennen, glanzend brennen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It appears to derive from the ablaut zero-grade of IE sJ*bh1eu_k (Pokorny 11959: 159) "brennen". This is an extension from the IE \/*bhel- (Pokorny 11959: 118) "glanzen, glanzend weill", from which base the following may also be derived: MHG bliehen (Pokorny I 1959: 160) "brennend Ieuchten"; OE blyscan I (<*b1eu_s) (Pokorny I 1959: 159) "to blush"; ON blys (<*bleu_s-) (Pokomy 11959: 159) "Flamme"; Greek icept-i E(pX ivocy ltupI (<*bleu-s-) (Pokomy I 1959: 159) "vom Feuer umlodert". The gutteral extension with which this verb is formed is only attested in OHG, and is therefore to be regarded as an OHG innovation. The verb cannot, therefore, be considered preGmc. Instead it may represent a zero-grade deverbative from a normal grade source verb. Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: fir-, irbluhison, blugison "wanken, zweifeln, unsicher, unentschlossen oder zaghaft sein" (Raven II 1967: 20). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *bluc, *blug, *bluh "unsicher, verlegen, unentschlossen, zaghaft", can be reconstructed from: MHG bluc (schade I 1882: 77) "verschmht, verlegen, betreten, unentschlossen, bedenklich, zaghaft". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. blunkezzen "stammein" (Starck and Wells 1990: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Probably an intensive deverbative from an unattested source. bluoen "bluhen, glanzen, brennen" (Raven I 1963: 11). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS blian I (Kiuge 1989: 93) "bluhen"; OFs. blia I (Seebold 1970: 122) "bluhen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *blJan (Seebold 1970: 122) "blhen", weak deverbative from strong verb *blanan (Seebold 1970: 122) "blUhen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE blwan st. vb (Kluge 1989: 93) "to blossom, bloom". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, gi-, Irbluonien "bluhen" (Raven I 1963: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under bluomn. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. b/uomn "bluhen, mit Blumen bestecken, Blumen pflucken" (Raven II 1967: 20). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON bldma II (de Vries 1962: 45) "bluhen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *blamjanan "to bloom". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bluoma, bluomo (Starck and Wells 1990: 67) "Blume, BlUte, Knospe"; OS blrno (Kluge 1989: 94) "Blume"; OFs. blrn (Kiuge 1989: 94) "Blume"; ON bldin (Kiuge 1989: 94) "Blume"; Gothic bloma (Kluge 1989: 94) "flower", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *blUmn (Kluge 1989: 94) "Blume". Therefore aNWGmc denominative verb. b/uoten "bluten" (Raven I 1963: 11). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE bledan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 51) "to bleed, let blood"; OFs. bl&Ia I (de Vries 1962: 46) "bluten"; ON blceOa I (de Vries 1962: 46) "bluten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *bla5yanan "to bleed, cause to bleed". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bluot (Starck and Wells 1990: 68) "Blut"; OS blc! (Kluge 1989: 94) "blood"; OFs. blc! (Kluge 1989: 94) "blood"; OE blcl (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 52) "blood; vein"; ON bl (Kluge 1989: 94) "blood"; Gothic bloJi (Kluge 1989: 94) "blood", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *blc Jan (Kluge 1989: 94) "Blut". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

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bluotigon, bluolagon "blutig schiagen, mit Blut (die Waffen) frben, mit der Mutter Blut (die Hnde) nssen" (Raven 111967: 20). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE bladgian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 52) "to be bloodthirsty, make bloody"; ON blga II (de Vries 1962: 440 "blutig machen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *blad(a)gojanan "to make bloody". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bluotig (Starck and Wells 1990: 68) "blutig"; OS bladag (de Vries 1962: 45) "blutig"; OFs. bldich (de Vries 1962: 45) "blutig"; OE bladig (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 52) "bloody"; ON blugr (de Vries 1962: 45) "blutig", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *bl&5(a)gaz "bloody". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gibluozen "opfern, schopfen" (Raven 11963: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *bltjan "opfern", weak deverbative from strong verb *bltanan (Seebold 1970: 122) "(einen Gott) verehren". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG bluozan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 123) "opfem, verehren"; OE bltan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 123) "to sacrifice, kill for a sacrifice"; ON blta St. vb (Seebold 1970: 122) "opfern, verehren, verfluchen, durch Opfer verehren, mordem"; Gothic blo7an St. vb (Seebold 1970: 122) "to serve God; honour (through sacrifice)". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. bogz "gebUckt oder gekrumrnt sein" (Raven 111967: 206). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *bugejan (Seebold 1970: 111), durative deadjectival formation from *buganaz adjectival preterite participle of strong verb *beuganan (Seebold 1970: 110) "biegen" (see under bougen). Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. boln "wiilzen, werfen, rollen, schleudern" (Raven II 1967: 20). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bolla (Starck and Wells 1990: 69) "Wasserblase, Becher, Kugelflirmiger Korper". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ubar-, zibolezzen "zucken, stol3weise atmen" (Raven I 1963: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Probably an intensive deverbative from an unattested source. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi*bren "erheben, erhohen". MHG bxren (Lexer I 1872: 327) "erheben". No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology uncertain. Most likely with lengthening of vowel from OHG bor (Starck and Wells 1990: 69) "Hhe, Spitze, Gipfel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irborgen "(+gen.) sich htiten vor etwas, sich in Sicherheit wovor bringen, etwas in acht nehrnen, schonen, Schonung Uben, verschont sein, sich urn etwas kummern, sich vorsehen, entlehnen, Zahlung erlassen, RUcksicht nehmen auf, borgen, Mangel haben an" (Raven 111967: 206). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE borgian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 54) "to borrow, lend; act as surety for", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *burgan (Seebold 1970: 107), class III zero-grade deverbative from strong verb *berganan (Seebold 1970: 107) "bergen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG bergan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 107) "bergen, verbergen, verstecken"; OS gibarg St. vb pret. indic. (Seebold 1970: 107) "bewahrte"; OE beorgan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 106) "to save, deliver, preserve,guard, defend, spare"; ON biarga st. vb (Seebold 1970: 106) "bergen, retten"; Gothic bairgan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 106) "bewahren". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gi-, ir-

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boron "bohren, aushhlen" (Raven 111967: 21). cf. OHG berren I (Raven 11963: 285). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS borOn 11 (Kluge 1989: 96). OE borian II (Kluge 1989: 96) "to bore, perforate"; ON bora II (Kluge 1989: 96) "bohren", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *burdjanan (Kluge 1989: 96) "bohren". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from the ablaut zero-grade of IE I*bher- (Pokorny 11956: 133) "mit einem scharfen Werkzeug bearbeiten, ritzen, scheiden, reiben, spalten" (see under berren). These IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruhbaOn "Gott lstern, bose WOrter sprechen, Unsinn machen, Possen treiben" (Raven II 1967: 21). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bOsi (Starck and Wells 1990: 70) "albern, schwach, schweige". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:firbougeiz "drehen, biegen, foltern" (Raven 11963: 11). cf. OHG boga III (Raven 111967: 206). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bogian I (Seebold 1970: 111) "beugen"; OFs. beia I (Seebold 1970: 111). OE bTegan, bjgan I (Seebold 1970: 111) "to bend, turn, turn back, incline; depress, abase, humiliate; subject; persuade, convert"; ON beyg/a I (Seebold 1970: 111) "beugen, biegen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *baugejanan (Seebold 1970: 111), causative deverbative from strong verb *beuganan (Seebold 1970: 110) "biegen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG biogan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 110) "biegen, beugen"; MLG bagen st. vb (Seebold 1970: 110) "sich neigen"; OE bUgan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 60) "to bow (down), bend, stoop"; ON bogenn st. vb pret. part. (Seebold 1970: 110) "sich biegen"; Gothic biugan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 110) "beugen". Therefore a NWGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, gi-, umbi-, widarbouhnen, bouhizanen "winken, nicken, bestatigen, abwinken, ablehnen, versprechen, bejahen, bestimmen" (Raven 11963: 12). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bOknian I (KargGasterstdt and Frings 11968: 1294) "bezeichnen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bauknjan "em Zeichen machen". cf. OE bacnian II (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings 11968: 1294) "to beckon, nod; show, indicate"; cf. ON bdkna II loan verb from WGmc, or independant denominative formation (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 12968: 1294) "cia Zeichen machen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bouhhan (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings I 1968: 1294) "Zeichen, Nicken, Wink, Fahne"; OS bO/can (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 11968: 1294) "Zeichen"; OE b&cen (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 11968: 1294) "beacon, sign, token; phenomenon, portent, apparition; banner, standard; audible signal", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bauknan (Kluge 1989: 55) "Zeichen". cf. ON bkn loan word from WGmc (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings I 1968: 1294) "Zeichen, Bake". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gi-, in .-, hi(, zuobOzen "stoi3en, schlagen" (Raven 1 1963: 12). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore

reconstruct a *bautjan "stol3en, schlagen", class I weak deverbative from strong verb *bautanan (Seebold 1970: 90) "schiagen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG bOzan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 90) "stollen, schlagen"; OE batan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 90) "to beat, strike, lash, dash, hurt; tread, trample, tramp"; ON bauta st. vb (Seebold 1970: 90) "schlagen, erschlagen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. brhhe,z "prgen, meii3eln, aufzeichnen" (Raven 11963: 12). cf. OHG brehhOn II (Raven II 1967: 22). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *br//an (Seebold

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1970: 133) "pragen", class I deverbative from strong verb *brekanan (Seebold 1970: 132) "brechen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG brehhan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 132) "brechen, zerbrechen, teilen, offnen"; OS brekan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 132) "brechen, zerbrechen, zerreillen"; OFs. breka St. vb (Seebold 1970: 132) "brechen, verwirken, reiIlen; gebrechen, fehien"; GE brecan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 132) "to break, shatter, burst, tear; curtail, injure, violate, destroy, oppress; storni, capture; press, force; subdue, tame"; Gothic briktin St. vb (Seebold 1970: 132) "kmpfen, brechen, zerstren". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anabrlzhn "brachen, den Boden nach der Ernte umbrechen, den Acker furchen" (Raven II 1967: 21). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-brakon (Schade I 1882: 82). We can therefore reconstruct a WGmc *brekoJan "brachen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG brhha (Kluge 1989: 100) "unbestelltes Land, Umbrechen des Bodens"; MLG, MDu brake (Kluge 1989: 100). We can therefore reconstruct a WGmc *brk (Kluge 1989: 100) "Brache". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. brahien "tnen, tosen, brullen" (Raven I 1963: 12). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG braht (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 11968: 1311) "Lrm, Geschrei, Getose, Zusammenklang vieler Stimmen". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: widarbrastn "ertnen, drohnen, krachen, prassein" (Raven II 1967: 21). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON brasta II (de Vries 1962: 54) "lrmen, prahien", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *brast4ianan (Seebold 1970: 139) "krachen", class II frequentative / continuative deverbative from strong verb *brestanan / *berstanan (Seebold 1970: 139) "bersten" (see under bresten). Therefore a NWGmc frequentative / continuative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruhbredigan, predigon "predigen, lehren, durch Predigen belehren, verkundigen, predigend lehren oder vortragen" (Raven II 1967: 22). No cognate verbs are attested. <Latin praedicre (Kiuge 1989: 561) "ffentlich verkunden". Therefore an OHG loan verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruhbre/zhn "plagen" (Raven II 1967: 22). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *brek7jan (Seebold 1970: 133) class H deverbative from strong verb *brekanan (Seebold 1970: 132) "brechen" (see under brhhen). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, gi-anabrehtisn "dumpf tosen. toben, jauchzen" (Raven II 1967: 22). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG braht (Kluge 1989: 558) "Lrm, Geschrei". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with s-extension). breiten "verbreiten, sen" (Raven I 1963: 13). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bredian I (Holthausen 1967: 9) "breiten, sich ausbreiten"; OE br&dan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 55) "to make broad, broaden, spread, extend, widen"; ON breiOa I (de Vries 1962: 55) "ausbreiten, bedecken"; Got braidjan (Lehmann 1986: 79) "to spread out", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *brajOjanan "to make broad, broaden, spread out". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG breit (Starck and Wells 1990: 75) "breit, weit, flach, ausgedehnt, grol3"; OS bred (Kluge 1989: 104) "breit"; OFs. bred, breid (Kluge 1989: 104) "breit"; OE brad (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 55) "broad, flat, open, extended, spacious, wide; ample, copious"; ON breiOr (Kluge 1989: 104) "breit"; Gothic braijis (Kiuge 1989: 104)

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"broad", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *braiOaz (Kluge 1989: 104) "breit". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fora-,fram-, gi-, wnbi-, zibreitsi "hervorragen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 75). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under breiten. Therefore an OHO deadjectival verb. brenien "brummen" (Raven 1963: 286). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE bremman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 56) "to rage, roar", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bra,nejan (Seebold 1970: 135) "to roar, rage", deverbative from strong verb *bremanan (Seebold 1970: 135) "to roar". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG breman st. vb (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings I 1968: 1352) "brummen, brullen". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. brengen "bringen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 76). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS brengian I (Seebold 1970: 136) "bringen"; OFs. brendza I (Seebold 1970: 136) "bringen"; OE brengan I (Seebold 1970: 136) "to bring, produce", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *brangejan (Seebold 1970: 136) deverbative from Gmc *brenganan strong pres., weak pret. with ablaut (Seebold 1970: 136) "bringen". This verb attested in the following: OHG bringan strong pres., weak pret. with ablaut (Seebold 1970: 136) "bringen, hervorbringen, tragen, zufi.thren"; OS bringan strong pres., weak pret. with ablaut (Seebold 1970: 136) "bringen"; OFs. bringa strong pres., weak pret. with ablaut (Seebold 1970: 136) "bringen"; OE bringan strong pres., weak pret. with ablaut (Seebold 1970: 136) "to bring, lead, bring forth, carry, adduce, produce, present, offer"; Gothic briggan strong pres., weak pret. with ablaut (Seebold 1970: 136) "bringen". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-,fora-,fort-., samane-, ibrennen "brennen, verbrennen" (Raven I 1963: 14). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS brennian I (1-lolthausen 1967: 10) "verbrennen"; OFs. berna I (Seebold 1970: 137) "verbrenneri"; OE baernan I (Seebold 1970: 137) "to cause to burn, kindle, light, set on fire, burn (up)"; ON brenna I (Seebold 1970: 137) "verbrennen"; Gothic ga-brannjan I (Seebold 1970: 137) "to burn", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *brannejanan (Seebold 1970: 137) "to cause to burn", causative deverbative from strong verb *brennanan (Seebold 1970: 137) "brennen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG brinnan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 137) "brennen, gluhen"; OS brinnan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 137) "brennen"; OFs. burna st. vb (Seebold 1970: 137) "brennen"; OE beornan, bier,ian st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 42, 48) "to burn, be on fire, give light"; ON brenna St. vb (Seebold 1970: 137) "brennen, verbrennen"; Gothic brinnan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 137) "brennen". Therefore a Gmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, ana-gi-, bi-,fir-, ml-, zuobresten "unvertraglich oder widrig machen" (Raven 11963: 15). cf. OHG brastn II (Raven II 1967: 21). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *brastejan (Seebold 1970: 139) deverbative formation from strong verb *brestanan / *berstanan (Seebold 1970: 139) "bersten". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG brestan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 139) "bersten"; OS brestan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 139) "bersten, krachen"; OFs. bersta st. vb (Seebold 1970: 139) "bersten, gebrechen, fallen"; OE berstan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 43) "to burst, break"; ON bresta st. vb (Seebold 1970: 139) "zerspringen, zerbrechen, krachen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. bretn "tten, totschlagen, niederstrecken" (Raven II 1967: 22). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE breodwian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 56) "to strike down, trample?", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bredwjan "to strike down, trample, kill". Further etymology unclear.

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brieven "aufzeichnen, buchen, kontiszieren" (Raven I 1963: 15). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG brief(Starck and Wells 1990: 77) "Brief; Schreiben, Blatt, Papier; Urkunde; Verzeichnis". < Latin breve (Kluge 1989: 104) "kurzes Schreiben". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:Jir-, gi-, missibringen "(strong present, weak preterite with ablaut) bringen, hervorbringen, zufiihren, tragen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 77) The following cognate verbs are attested: Os bringan strong pres., weak pret. with ablaut (Seebold 1970: 136) "bringen"; OFs. bringa strong pres., weak pret. with ablaut (Seebold 1970: 136) "bringen"; OE bringan strong pres., weak pret. with ablaut (Seebold 1970: 136) "to bring, lead, bring forth, carry, adduce, produce, present, offer"; Gothic briggan strong pres., weak pret. with ablaut (Seebold 1970: 136) "bringen", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *brenganan strong pres., weak pret. with ablaut (Seebold 1970: 136) "bringen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE J*bhrenk-, *bhronk_ (Pokorny 11959: 168) "bringen", from which base the following may be also derived: Welsh he-bwng (Pokorny 11959: 168) "bringen, gleiten, ffihren"; OCornish hebrenchiat (Pokomy 11959: 168) "leader; dux"; Toch.A, Toch.B prank- (Pokorny 11959: 168) "entfernen, sich zuruckziehen". According to Seebold (Seebold 1970: 137), these forms are regarded as a root contamination of J*bher- "tragen" (> OHG beran St. vb (Buck 1949: 707); OS beran st. vb (Buck 1949: 707); OE beran St. vb (Buck 1949: 707); ON bera St. vb (Buck 1949: 707); Gothic bairan St. vb (Buck 1949: 707); Greek qpco (Buck 1949: 707); Latin ferre (Buck 1949: 707); OIr. biru, berim (Buck 1949: 707); OCS bera, birati (Buck 1949: 707); Lithuanian berti (Buck 1949: 707); Albanian bie (Buck 1949: 707); Armenian berem (Buck 1949: 707); Sanskrit barati (Buck 1949: 707); Avestan bar- (Buck 1949: 707); Toch.A, Toch.B par (Buck 1949: 707)) and 'I*('e,)nek "erreichen" (> Greek vE'yKEiv aorist (Bammesberger 1986: 82) "herbeischaffen", Skt a/noti (Bammesberger 1986: 82) "gelangt, erreicht", Lithuanian nfti (Bammesberger 1986: 82) "tragen, bringen"). This theory of root contamination is supported by the fact that Greek vE1Kciv is a suppletive aorist for Greek qpco "ich trage". The IE parallels given above provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from 'this verb: abur-, ana-gi-, bi-, dara-, (dara-)bi-, dara-zuo-, duruh-, feb an-I, Jolla-, fora-, fort-, fram-, fun-, in-, ingagan-, nidar-, santa-, u,nbi-, unlar-, liz-, widar-, zisamene-, zuobrohhisn "brechen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 78). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *brukisjan "brechen", class II ablaut zero-grade deverbative formed with s-extension from strong verb *bre/jnan (Seebold 1970: 132) "brechen" (see under bra/then). Therefore an ORG deverbative formatinu (formed with s-extension). Prefix formations derived from this verb: gibro/zhlin "zerbrOckeln" (Starck and Wells 1990: 79). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE brocian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 57) "to crush, hurt, afflict, molest", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *brzikfan (Seebold 1970: 133) "to break to pieces, crush", class II ablaut zero-grade intensive deverbative from strong verb *brekanan (Seebold 1970: 132) "brechen" (see under bra/then). Therefore a WGmc intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gibrortlin "sticken, weben, verweben, mit geziertem Saum versehen" (Raven II 1967: 23). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG brort (Starck and Wells 1990: 79) "Rand, Kante, Einfassung, Vordersteven". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, untarbrUhhen "brauchen, benutzen" (Raven I 1963: 19). This verb is most likely a weak form of OHG strong verb briihhan (Starck and Wells 1990: 80) "brauchen, geniel3en, em Amt ausUben".

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The strong verb *brUkanan (Seebold 1970: 140) "brauchen" is attested in the following: OS brUlcan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 140) "geniellen, sich erfreuen"; OFs. bri77ca st. vb (Seebold 1970: 140) "brauchen"; OE bri7can st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 58) "to use, enjoy, possess, partake of, spend; eat, drink". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: (eban-),fir-, gi-, missibruckn, bruggan "eine Brucke bilden oder schlagen" (Raven II 1967: 23). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE brycgian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 58) "to bridge, make a causeway, pave", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *brugjJan " to bridge, make or build a bridge". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG brugga (Kluge 1989: 108) "BrUcke"; OS bruggia (Kluge 1989: 108) "Brcke"; OFs. brigge (Kluge 1989: 108) "Brucke"; OE brycg (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 58) "bridge"; ON b,yggja (Kiuge 1989: 108) "Landbrcke, Landesteg", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *brug/a(Kluge 1989: 108) "Brucke". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. brilnen "(dunkelrot, pupurfhrbig) f2irben" (Raven I 1963: 20). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG brUn (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings 1968: 1435) "braun, dunkel, braunviolett, schwarzbraun". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. *bruoen "bruhen, verbrennen, durch Feuer vernichten". MHG brejen, bren (Kluge 1989: 109) "brhen, sengen, brennen". The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG broien, brogen (Kluge 1989: 109) "brUhen, kochen, bruten"; MDu. broeien (Kluge 1989: 109) "sengen, bruhen, brten", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bro7'w)jan (Kluge 1989: 109) "brUhen, brten, sengen, breimen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE s1*bhr_, *bhr5_ (Pfeifer I 1989: 221) "heill aufwallen, wrmen, brennen; heil3 machen", from which base the following may also be derived: OE brad (Pokomy 11959: 133) "brood; foetus; breeding, hatching"; OHG brtan st. vb (Pokomy 11959: 133) "braten, rOsten". This repreents a variant of IE J*bher- (Pokorny 11959: 132) "aufwallen (von quellendem oder siedendem Wasser, auch vom Aufbrausen beim Githren, kochen, sowie vom Feuer), sich heftig bewegen", from which base the following may be derived: Skt bhurati (Pokorny 11959: 132) "bewegt sich, zuckt, zappelt"; Greek nopppo (Pokorny 11959: 132) "ich walle auf, woge auf, bin in unruhiger Bewegung"; Latin frementum (Pokorny 11959: 132) "Grungsstoff, Sauerteig"; Latin fret us, fretum (Pokorny I 1959: 132) "Wallung des Meeres; Brausen, Wallen, Hitze"; OIr. topur (<*to_uks_boro) (Pokorny 1 1959: 132) "Quelle"; MIr. fobar (Pokorny I 1959: 132) "Queue, unterirdischer Bach". The forms given above are too diverse phonologically to allow for the reconstruction of a pre-Gmc verb. Therefore a WGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb:Jlrbruogen " schrecken, erschrecken" (Raven I 1963: 20). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE bregan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 11968: 1451) "to alarm, frighten, terrify", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc brag an "to frighten, terrify". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bruogo (Schutzeichel 1969: 22) "Schrecken"; OE broga (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings I 1968: 1451) "prodigy, monster, trembling fear, terror, horror, dread", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *brogan "fear, horror, dread, danger". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irbruoten "brtiten, wrmen" (Raven I 1963: 20). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE brdan I (Kluge 1989: 110) "to produce or cherish a brood", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *brdejan "bruten, wrmen", class I deverbative formation from strong verb *brianan (Seebold 1970: 128) "wairmen, braten". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG brtan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 129) "braten"; OFs. brda st. vb (Seebold 1970: 128) "braten"; OE

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brcffdan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 55) "to roast, toast, bake, broil, cook, warm"; OSwed. brck3inn st. vb pret. part. (Seebold 1970: 128) "geschmoJzen". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. *brurten "Anlal3 zu etwas geben, anfangen". The following cognate verbs are attested: OE byrdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 262) "to urge on, encourage, incite", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *brurdUan "(originally) to prick; (later) to incite, urge on". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG brort (Starck and Wells 1990: 79) "Rand, Kante, Einfassung, Vordersteven"; OE brord (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 58) "prick, point; blade (of grass, corn); herbage", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *brurdaz "prick, point". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anabrustbintalon "mit der Brustbinde umgUrten" (Raven II 1967: 23). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG brustbinta (Starck and Wells 1990: 82) "Brustbinde". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with 1-extension). brUlen "heiraten" (Raven 11963: 20). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG brWen (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 11968: 1465) "to co-habit with a woman"; MDu. bruden (KargGasterstdt and Frings I 1968: 1465) "to co-habit with a woman", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *brUthjan "to marry, take a bride". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG brUt (Kluge 1989: 103) "Braut, junge Frau; Schwiegertochter"; OS brUd (Kiuge 1989: 103) "Braut"; OFs. breid (Kluge 1989: 103) "Braut"; OE brfd (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 59) "bride, betrothed, woman to be married, newly-married woman, wife, consort; young woman"; ON brdr (Kiuge 1989: 103) "beloved, wife, woman"; Gothic bru1bs (Kiuge 1989: 103) "newly-married young woman", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *brUdiz (Kiuge 1989: 103) "daughter-in-law; young woman on wedding day, newly-married woman, bride". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. brutten "erschrecken" (Raven I 1963: 20). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE gebryddan I (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings 11968: 1471) "to frighten, terrify", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *brugdjan "to frighten, terrify", class I deverbative (from preterite?) of Class III strong verb *bregOanan (Seebold 1970: 129) "zucken". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG brettan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 130) "ziehen, zUcken (Schwert)"; OS brugdum st. vb pret. p1. (Seebold 1970: 130) "knpften (die Netze)"; OFs. breida st. vb (Seebold 1970: 130) "zcken, ziehen"; OE bregdan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 56) "to move quickly, pull, shake, swing, throw, draw (sword), drag; bend, weave, braid, knit, join together; change colour, vary, be transformed; bind, knot"; ON brgOa st. vb (Seebold 1970: 129) "zucken, zucken, werfen, schwingen; abweichen, abandern; brechen, aufliren, erwachen; umwickeln". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:Jir-, gi-, IT-, int-, widarbuizizion "sich (wie der Mond) hornformig krummen, einen Buckel machen" (Raven 111967: 23). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG buhil (Starck and Wells 1990: 83) "Buhel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. bulln "durchtnen, brullen, drhnen, (ubtr.) die Kriegsfahnen vorrucken lassen" (Raven II 1967: 23). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *bullqjan "brullen", possibly a zero-grade deverbative from strong verb *bellanan (Seebold 1970: 101) "bellen" (see under belln). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. buosumen "bogenartig krUmmen, biegen, winden, schlangeln" (Raven I 1963: 21). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bsmian I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 11968: 1508) "biegen"; MDu boesemen (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings I 1968: 1508). We can therefore reconstruct a WGmc *b5s,njan "ausbuchten, biegen". The verb is derived from the following

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nominal base: OHG buosuin (Starck and Wells 1990: 85) "Busen, SchoI3, Bausch des Gewandes"; OS bosom (Kluge 1989: 116) "Busen"; OFs. bOsem (Kluge 1989: 116) "Busen"; OE bOs'(u)m (Kluge 1989: 116) "bosom, breast, womb; surface; ship's hold", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bOsmaz (Kluge 1989: 116) "Busen". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, in-gi-, UzbuosumOn "ausbuchten, erweitern" (Raven II 1967: 23). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under buosumen. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, Ubuozzen "s.hnen, bul3en, abhelfen, bessern, wiederherstellen, putzen" (Raven I 1963: 21). The

following cognate verbs are attested: OS bOtian I (Kiuge 1989: 117) "bul3en"; OFs. beta I (Kluge 1989: 117) "bul3en"; OE btan I (Kluge 1989: 117) "to make better, improve, amend, restore; remedy, compensate"; ON bta I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968:1511). Gothic botjan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 1511)"ntzen, bessern", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *botjanan "(originally) to improve, make better, repair; (later) to repent, attone for". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG buoza (Starck and Wells 1990: 85) "Bul3e, Strafe, Besserung, Umkehr, Genugtuung, Preis"; OS beta (Kiuge 1989: 116) "BuJ3e"; OFs. bOte (Kluge 1989: 116) "BuBe"; OE bOt (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 54) "reparation, compensation, recompense, correction, repentance"; ON bt (Kiuge 1989: 116) "Besserung, Ersatz, Bul3e"; Gothic bota (Kiuge 1989: 116) "usefulness, profit", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *bOtO (Kluge 1989: 116) "(originally) improvement, correction, reparation; (later) repentance, atonement". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fol!a-, giburdinOn "beladen, belasten mit" (Schade 11882: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb

is derived from the following nominal base: OHG burdin, burdi(Starck and Wells 1990: 86) "Burde, Last, Bundel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, intburgon "eine Stadt grunden" (Raven 111967: 24). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG burg (Starck and Wells 1990: 86) "Burg, Stadt,

Schlol3". Therefore an OHG denominative verb.

burlihizOn "erheben, erhaben" (Raven II 1967: 24). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is

derived from the following nominal base: OHG burlih (Starck and Wells 1990: 87) "hervorragend, vortrefflich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb.
burren, burien "an-, auf, hoch-, erheben, in die hohen heben oder halten, instande setzen,

fortsetzen, starker werden, keimen, abfahren, entstehen" (Raven 1963: 286). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-burian I (Hoithausen 1967: 11) "Sorge tragen, sich gehoren"; OFs. bera I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 11968: 1542). OE byrian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 62) "to happen, pertain to, belong to, befit"; ON byrja I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings I 1968: 1542) "zu Wege bringen, anfangen, (eigentlich) aufheben", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *burejanan "beginnen, sich ereignen, zutragen", zero-grade causative deverbative from strong verb *be,ranan (Seebold 1970: 104) "tragen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG beran St. vb (Seebold 1970: 104) "gebren, hervorbringen"; OS beran st. vb (Seebold 1970: 104) "tragen, hervorbringen, besitzen"; OFs. bera St. vb (Seebold 1970: 104) "tragen, gebaren"; ON bera St. vb (Seebold 1970: 104) "tragen, bringen, emporheben; beschenken; gebaren; uberwaltigen"; Gothic bairan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 104) "tragen, leiden, gebaren". Therefore a NWGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ir-, ubar-, z ., 1ff-iT-

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bUen, biiwen "wohnen, bewohnen, (feuer) bauen, bebauen, sich auflialten, Ackerbau treiben"

(Raven 11963: 23). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS ban I (Seebold 1970: 125) "wohnen, bleiben"; OFs. biiwa I (Seebold 1970: 125) "wohnen"; OE (Northumbrian) bya I (Seebold 1970: 125) "wohnen, besitzen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *bwwjan (Seebold 1970: 125) "wohnen",. class I weak deverbative from reduplicating strong verb *bw}vanan (Seebold 1970: 124) "wohnen, bereiten". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE biian strong pres. and pret. part., weak pret. (Seebold 1970: 125) "to live, inhabit"; ON baa st. vb (Seebold 1970: 125) "weilen, wohnen, bereiten; Hauswesen grUnden, schmucken; bewohnen"; Gothic bauan strong pres., weak class III preterite (Seebold 1970: 124) "wohnen". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-

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D
dagen "(+gen.) schweigen, (+dat.) ruhig zuhoren" (Raven 111967: 207). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS thagian I (Lehmann 1986: 353) "to be silent"; OS thagon II (Lehmann 1986: 353) "schweigen"; ONbeg/a I, III (Lehmann 1986: 353) "schweigen"; Gothic ahan III (Lehmann 1986: 353) "to keep secret, be silent, behave quietly", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *bagejanan "to be or remain silent". The precise derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE I*tak-e-, *tak-yo- Gmc and Italic only (Lehmann 1986: 353) "to be silent", from which base the following may also be derived: Latin tace (Lehmann 1986: 353) "to be silent"; Umbrian tases, taez preterite participle (Lehmann 1986: 353) "silent(ly), in a murmer". These lE parallels (although confmed to Italic) are sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, gidahhezzen "aufflammen, lodern, das Auffliegen der Flammen" (Raven 11963: 23). No cognate verbs are attested, which allows us to reconstruct a *J,ahatjan "aufflammen", intensive deverbative from from a weak verb *J,ahjan "to burn" which is represented by OE eccan I (Pokorny I 1956: 1057) "to burn, consume, swallow up". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. dana-bi-kren "abwenden, abkehren, ablenken, entfremden" (Raven 1 1963: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dana-fluizien "vertreiben" (Raven I 1963: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dana-fuoren "forttreiben, vertreiben, verseuchen" (Raven I 1963: 49). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefi5 formation. dana-gi-scricken "(sich) beeilen, eilig beschaffen" (Raven 11963: 185). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dana-ir-kren "entfernen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 327). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dana-karen "abwenden, abkehren, ablenken, vertreiben, entwenden, unterschlagen, (ver)meiden, ausweichen, lenken, richten, drehen, umdrehen, wegdrehen, verrenken" (Raven I 1963: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dana-leiten "daherfuhren" (Raven I 1963: 104). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dana-roufen "ausraufen, Haar ausrupfen" (Raven I 1963: 160). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dana-scricken "hervorspringen, (sich) beeilen" (Raven I 1963: 185). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dana-weizen "wegholen, wegwalzen" (Raven I 1963: 254). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dana-wenten "sich wegwenden, von dannen gehen" (Raven I 1963: 257). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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dana-zogon "entziehen, wegnehmen" (Raven II 1967: 196). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. danc-faz.zon "nachdenken, Uberlegen, erwgen" (Raven II 1967: 24). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG danc (Starck and Wells 1990: 90) "Dank, Gunst, Gnade; das Gedenken, Gedanke, Erinnerung"; cf. OHG fazzan II "laden, zurechtmachen, bepacken". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gidancn "Gluck wunschen, danken, vergelten" (Raven II 1967: 24). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS thankn II (Onions 1966: 914) "danken"; OE J,ancian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 355) "to thank, give thanks to; to recompense, reward, rejoice", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc */thnkojan "to thank". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG danc (Starck and Wells 1990: 90) "Dank, Gunst, Gnade"; OS thank (Kluge 1989: 127) "Dank, Gunst, Gnade"; OE Abanc (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 355) "thought, reflection; sentiment, idea; mind, will; grace, mercy, favour, pardon; thanks, gratitude; pleasure, satisfaction"; ON Abokk (Kluge 1989: 127) "Dank, Lohn, Freude"; Gothic Jagks (Kluge 1989: 127) "thanks, care", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *2bankaz (Kluge 1989: 127) "Dank". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gidaiisUn "ziehen, schieppen, zogern, auf etwas warten lassen, delmen" (Raven II 1967: 25). No

cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *bansjan (Seebold 1970: 514) "ziehen, schieppen", class II deverbative from strong verb *bensanan (Seebold 1970: 514) "ziehen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG dinsan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 514) "ziehen, schieppen"; OS fer-thinsan present only (Seebold 1970: 514) "wegreiBen"; Gothic at-binsan nur prs (Seebold 1970: 514) "heranziehen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zidara-aba-kren "ab-, davon, weglenken" (Raven I 1963: 87). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

(dara)-bi-bringen "dahin bringen, es durchsetzen" (Raven I 1963: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
(dara-)bi-wenten "umwenden, ruckgangig machen" (Raven 11963: 257). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

dara-bringen "hinbringen. hinstellen" (Raven I 1963: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-denken "sinnen" (Raven I 1963: 26). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-fuogen "dazutun" (Raven I 1963: 47). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-fuoren "hinbringen, hinfithren" (Raven I 1963: 49). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-geron "dahin begehren, wieder aufsuchen, verlangen" (Raven II 1967: 53). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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dara-gi-fleren "(sich) wenden, bei Seite wenden, weisen, bezwecken" (Raven I 1963: 39). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-gi-ilen "dahineilen" (Raven 11963: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-gi-leiten "dahin fIihren" (Raven I 1963: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-gi-wen "dahinfUhren, dahinweisen" (Raven 11963: 267). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-huggen "denken an" (Raven I 1963: 305). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix fonnation. dara-ilen "hineilen" (Raven I 1963: 79). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-in-leit en "hiriein-, einfiihren, -bringen" (Raven I 1963: 104). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-kren "sich dahin wenden" (Raven I 1963: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-kleiben "daran befestigen" (Raven 1 1963: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-ladn "dahin berufen, einladen" (Raven II 1967: 84). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-1angi "(impers. +acc.) danach verlangen, Sehnsucht haben nach" (Raven II 1967: 233). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-leggen "legen" (Raven I 1963: 311). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-(h)1osfn "auf etwas horchen, lauschen" (Raven II 1967: 239). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. daranah-denken "spahen, erforschen, beobachten" (Raven I 1963: 26). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-n.11zen "dahin gehen" (Raven 11963: 135). The following cognate verbs are attested:None. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-nemnen "dahinberufen" (Raven 11963: 138). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-rihien "dahin rihten" (Raven I 1963: 156). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-senten "dahinschicken" (Raven I 1963: 170). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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(dara)-Uz-beiten "versuchen herauszukommen" (Raven I 1963: 7). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-wenten "(sich) dahin wenden" (Raven I 1963: 257). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-wisen "dahinweisen, dahinfiihren" (Raven I 1963: 266). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-u'ison "darauf ausgehen, danach streben, besuchen" (Raven II 1967: 186). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-zellen "auf-, herzahlen" (Raven I 1963: 276). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-zuo-bringen "vollig besiegen, jemanden uberreden, bewegen, erweichen" (Raven I 1963: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-zuo-garawen "bereiten" (Raven 1 1963: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dara-zuo-ginuogen "reichlich vorhanden sein" (Raven I 1963: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (dara-)zuo-leggen "festsetzen, hinzuflgen" (Raven 11963: 313). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (dara)-zuo-leiten "hinflthren, dahinleiten, passend, entsprechend" (Raven I 1963: 106). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. darbn "(+gen.) Mangel haben an, (ab)Isen, zuruckkaufen, bedurfen, entbehren, nicht haben, (reflex. +gen.) sich entui3em, enthalten, verzichten, fehien, frei von etwas sein, einer Sache (z.B. des Todes oder des Lebens = tot sein) beraubt werden, verlustig gehen" (Raven II 1967: 207). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS tharbn ( Schade 11882: 96) "Mange! haben"; OE ge-earfan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 356) "to be in want"; OE 4bearfian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 356) "to starve, be in need, want"; ONkarfa (de Vries 1962: 606) "notig sein"; Gothic ga-barban III (Lehmann 1986: 355) "to abstain from, exercise selfcontrol", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *barbanan "darben". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG darba (Kluge 1989: 128) "Bedarf, Not, Mangel"; OS tharf (Kluge 1989: 128) "Bedarf Not, Mangel"; OFs. therve (Kluge 1989: 128) "Bedarf Not, Mangel"; OE earf (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 356) "need, necessity, want; trouble, distress, hardship"; ONorf(Kluge 1989: 128) "Bedarf, Not, Mange!"; Gothic jarba (Kluge 1989: 128) "want, need, necessity", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *arba (Kiuge 1989: 128) "Mangel". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gidarf "bedrfen, brauchen, sollen" (Seebold 1970: 509). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS tharf pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 509) "notig haben, Veranlassung haben, neg. brauchen"; OFs. thor pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 509) "bedUrfen, brauchen, notig haben"; OE bearfpret.-pres. ( Seebold 1970: 509) "to need, require"; ON barfpret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 509) "notig haben, bedurfen"; Gothic barf pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 509) "bedurfen, notig haben". These allow us to reconstruct a preterite-present verb *Jarf (Seebold 1970: 509) "bedarf". This verb can be traced back to an IE sJ*terp, *trep- (Pokomy I 1956: 1077) "erfreuen, sich sattigen, genief3en; semantic development in Gmc > gebrauchen > brauchen, bedurfen". Probably also deriving from this base are the following: Skt trpyati (Seebold 1970: 510) "befriedigt sich, sattigt, freut"; Avest. tarp- (Pokorny 11956: 1077) "stehien"; Greek

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thpito (Seebold 1970: 510) "ich erfreue mich"; OPruss. enterpo (Seebold 1970: 510) "ntzt". Therefore a Pre-Gmc primary verb (preterite-present). dava1Un "hinsterben, im Sterben liegen, schwer oder krank scm" (Raven II 1967: 25). No cognate verbs are attested, which allows us to reconstruct a *daua1jan (Seebold 1970: 148) class II frequentative / continuative deverbative formed with 1-extension from strong verb *daujanan ( Seebold 1970: 148) "sterben" (see under lwen). Therefore an OHG frequentative / continuative deverbative (formed with 1-extension). deganan "als Soldat dienen, Kriegsdienste tun" (Raven II 1967: 25). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG degan (Starck and Wells 1990: 92) "Soldat, Gefolgsmann, Held". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. deismen "suem, gedeihen, gahren" (Raven 1 1963: 23). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG deismo (Starck and Wells 1990: 92) "Sauerteig, Hefe". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. decken "bedecken, decken" (Raven I 1963: 23). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS thekkian I (Kluge 1989: 130) "decken"; OFs. thekka I (Kiuge 1989: 130) "decken"; OEbeccan I (Kluge 1989: 130) "to cover, cover over, conceal"; ON ekja I (Kluge 1989: 130) "decken, kleiden; mit einem Dach versehen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *JiakUanan (Kluge 1989: 130) "decken, mit einem Dach versehen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG dah (Starck and Wells 1990: 89) "Dach, Decke"; OFs. thek (de Vries 1962: 605) "Dach"; OE 15cec (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 354) "covering, roof of a building; thatch"; ONJak (Kluge 1989: 125) "Dach, Decke, Dachmaterial, zustzliche Bu13e", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *4bakan (Kluge 1989: 125) "Dach, Decke". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gi-, in!-, umbidempfen, teinpfen "ersticken, k'urgen, tten" (Raven I 1963: 225). No cognate verbs are attested, which allows us to reconstruct a *dampejan "ersticken", causative deverbative from strong verb *dempanan "dampfen, rauchen". This strong verb is attested in the following: MHG dirnpfen st. vb (Kluge 1989: 127) "dampfen (von der korperlichen Ausdunstung), rauchen". Therefore an OHG causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fir-, ir-, un/ardenken "denken" (Raven 11963: 25). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS thenkian I (Kluge 1989: 134) "denken"; OFs. thanka, then;a I (Kluge 1989: 134) "denken"; OE J,encan I (Kluge 1989: 134) "to think, imagine, think of, meditate, reason, consider; remember, recollect; intend, attempt, devise; learn; wish for, desire"; ON bekkja I (Kluge 1989: 134) "wahrnehmen, erkennen, kennen, wissen"; Gothic bagkjan I (Kluge 1989: 134) "to think, deliberate, consider, ponder", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *ankjanan "denken, erwgen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It stands in ablaut relation to the Gmc zero-grade bunkjanan (see under dunken), but probably antedates this zero-grade verb. It can ultimately be derived from an IE 'J*tong-, *teng- (Pokorny 11956: 1088) "denken, flihlen", from which base the following may also be derived: Aib. tange (Pokorny 1956: 1088) "resentment"; Latin tongre (Lehmann 1986: 353) "to know"; Oscan rclnginom (Lehmann 1986: 353) "thought"; Toch.A tunk- (Pokorny 11956: 1088) "Liebe"; Toch.B tankw (Pokomy 11956: 1088) "Liebe". The IE parallels given above provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, bi-, dara-, daranaiz-, fir-, fora-, gi-, hina-Uf-, ir-, missi-, u."nbi-, zuodenizen "(aus)dehnen, (aus)spannen, ausstrecken, zeitlich verlangern, ziehen" (Raven I 1963: 288). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS thennian I (Kluge 1989: 131) "(aus)dehnen"; OE J,ennan I (Kluge 1989: 131) "to stretch out, extend; prostrate; exert oneself;

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spread the fame of, magnify"; ON /ienja I (Kluge 1989: 131) "ausdehnen, spannen"; Gothic ufbanjan I (Kluge 1989: 131) "to stretch out, strive for", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *J,anejanan (Kluge 1989: 131) "dehnen, strecken". The derivational pattern and etymology of this verb are unclear. Semantically and phonologically the verb would appear to represent a causative deverbative. It may have been formed from an unattested verb in the Gmc period. Alternatively, it may have been formed from a pre-Gmc verb prior to the full separation of the Gmc group. In either case, the verb from which it probably derives can ultimately be traced back to the IE \I*ten_ (Kluge 1989: 131) "dehnen, ziehen; spannen", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt tanti (Kluge 1989: 131) "spannt"; Skt tandyati causative (Lehmann 1986: 374) "spannen"; Greek 'rcivco (Kluge 1989: 131) "ich dehne, spanne"; AIb. n-dnj (Pokorny I 1956: 1066) "breite aus, ziehe, spanne die Saiten"; Latin tendere d-extension (Kluge 1989: 131) "to stretch, extend"; OIr. tan (Pokorny I 1956: 1066) "Zeit, Fortdauer, zeitliche Ausdehnung". As this verb may well date back to the pre-Gmc period, it will therefore be given a pre-Gmc status. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, bi-,fir-,fora-gi-,furi-, gi-, ingagan-, ir-, ubar-, zJz-gi-, ziderren " welken, trocknen, drren" (Raven I 1963: 27). cf. OHG dorrn III. The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -Abierran I (Kiuge 1989: 152) "to dry, wipe, clean"; ONJerra I (Kluge 1989: 152) "trocknen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *J,arzejanan (Seebold 1970: 515) "trocknen, dorren", devarbative from strong verb *Abersanan (Seebold 1970: 515) "trocknen". This strong verb is attested in the following: Gothic ga-aursans nur part. prat. (Seebold 1970: 515) "verdorrt (von der Hand)". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, ITdewen, douwen "auftauchen, benetzen, schmelzen, verdauen, erweichen, eigentlich = auflosen". The following cognate verbs are attested: OS far-thewian I (Kiuge 1989: 758) "verdauen, verschmelzeri"; MLG douwen (Pfeifer III 1989: 1788) "verdauen, tauen"; IviDu doyen, doyen, dowen (Pfeifer III 1989: 1788) 'tauen"; ON eyja I (Pfeifer III 1989: 1788) "tauen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *aujanan "tauen, verflussigen, auflosen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from IE 'I*ta., *t; *tl_, *t_, *ti_; [*tii_], *te_, *tu- (Pokorny 11956: 1053) "schmelzen, sich auflosen (fliel3en), hinschwinden (Moder, verwesendes)", from which base the following may also be derived: OE bawian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 356) "to thaw"; OE bawenian II n-extension (Pokomy 11956: 1054) "to soften, moisten"; OE J,inan I n-extension (Pokorny 11956: 1054) "to grow moist"; Welsh tawdd (Pokorny 11956: 1053) "schmelzen"; OCS tajo, tajetb (Pokomy 11956: 1053) "schmelzen"; Ossetic thayun (Pokorny I 1956: 1053) "tauen, schmelzen"; Latin tb&e b(h)extension (Pokorny 11956: 1053) "schmelzen, hinsiechen"; Greek 'cpiicw (Pokorny 11956: 1053) "ich schmelze". These IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, gi-, ir-, i-fir-, widardezemUn " den Zehnten bezahien" (Raven II 1967: 25). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG dezemo (Schade 11884: 101) "Zehnte" < Latin decima (Schade 11884: 101) "Zehnte". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. diggen " bitten, flehen (+gen), beten (+zi et dat. pers, trs.) anflehen" (Raven 11963: 290). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS thiggian (Seebold 1970: 510) "annehmen, bekommen, flehen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc * begjan (Seebold 1970: 510) class I weak deverbative from strong verb *begjanan (Seebold 1970: 510) "empfangen, erbitten". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE icgan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 510) "to take, receive, accept"; ON biggja st. vb (Seebold 1970: 510) "empfangen, erreichen, jemand beschUtzen"; OSwed. iggia st. vb (Seebold 1970: 510) "empfangen, erbitten". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ir-

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dil:!n "schriftlich abfassen, dichten, gebieten, schreiben, in Versen schreiben, erdichten, erfinden, machen" (Raven 111967: 25). No cognate verbs are attested. OHG dihn is probably a later, learned loan verb from Latin class I verb dictre (Kluge 1989: 142) "sagen", as it does not display the sound change 'd' > 't' characteristic of early OHG. Compare the following independant parallel loan verbs in the remaining Gmc languages: MDu dichten (Kiuge 1989: 142) "dichten"; OFs. dichta (Kluge 1989: 142) "abfassen"; OE dihtan, dihtian 11 (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 85) "to arrange, dispose, appoint, direct, dictate, impose; compose, write; make, do"; ON dikta II (Kluge 1989: 142) "etwas aufLatein abfassen". Therefore an OHG loan verb. dickz "dick oder dicht werden, stumpf oder unempthriglich werden, verhrten" (Raven II 1967: 208). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE Jiccian II intrs. (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 360) "to thicken, become thick, crowd together", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *Abekejan "to be or become thick, dense". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under dickn). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irdickn "dick machen, verdichten" (Raven II 1967: 25). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE iccian II trs. (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 360) "to make thick, thicken (trs.)", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ek4ian "to thicken, make thick". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG dicki (Starck and Wells 1990: 99) "dick, dicht, zusammengedrangt"; OS thikki (Kluge 1989: 142) "dick, dicht"; OE icce (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 360) "thick, viscous, solid, dense, stiff; numerous, abundant; hazy, gloomy; deep"; ON bykkr (Kluge 1989: 142) "dick, dicht", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *J,ekuz "dick" (mit diesem Lautansatz ist wohi anzukommen, obwohl die Nachfolgeformen Gemination und Aufhellung des Vokals vor j voraussetzen; hierfiir durfte aber der Ausgleich innerhalb der Flexion mal3geblich gewesen sein (Kiuge 1989: 142)). cf. OIr. tuig (Kluge 1989: 142) "dick, dicht. These all derive from a Western IE *tegus (Kluge 1989: 142) "dick". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. *dj!l5n MJ1G dillen (Pfeifer 11989: 282) "mit Laufbrettem belegen". The following cognate verbs are attested: OE j5ilian, illian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 360) "to lay with planks, board over", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *4be(l) jan "to lay with planks". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG dil(o), dilla (Kluge 1989: 142) "Diele"; OS thili (Kluge 1989: 142) "Diele"; OE kille (Kiuge 1989: 142) "boarding, floor; table"; ON fril(i) (Kluge 1989: 142) "Bretterwand, Getfel, Dielung", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *4bel(l) a, *bel(l)iz "Diele". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gidilon "tilgen, vertilgen" (Raven 111967: 26). Also appears as liigan (Raven 111967: 155). Loan verb from OE dilegian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 86) "to destroy, blot out; perish". This in turn a monastic loan verb particulary with meaning "to blot out" <Latin delre (Kluge 1989: 730) "to destroy". Therefore an OHG loan verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:firding-alton "zogern, Zeit gewinnen" (Raven II 1967: 26). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG ding (Starck and Wells 1990: 100) "Ding, Volksversammlung, Angelegenheit"; cf. OHG altn II "versumen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. dingen "etwas (gerichtlich) durchsetzen, Gericht halten, eine Entscheidung herbeifiihren, suchen, hoffen, danach streben" (Raven I 1963: 28). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE J,ingan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 360) "to address, invite", which allows us to

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reconstruct a WGmc *engjanan (Kiuge 1989: 145) "vertraglich festsetzen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under dingan). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,Jir-, gi-, ir-, ubar-, zucdingan "dingen, verhandeln (in der Volksversammlung), eine Versammiung abhalten, vor Gericht bringen, eine sache fUhren, Frieden schliellen, ausbedingen, mieten, als Lehn Qberlassen, beraten, uberlegen, sich versteckt halten" (Raven II 1967: 26). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. thingia II (Kluge 1989: 145); OS thingn II (Kluge 1989: 145); OE ingian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 360) "to beg, ask, intercede for; covenant, conciliate; compound with, settle; prescribe; determine, purpose, design, arrange; talk; harangue"; ONinga II (de Vries 1962: 611) "Ding abhalten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *eng7janan (Kluge 1989: 145) "vertraglich festsetzen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ding (Starck and Wells 1990: 100) "Ding, Volksversammlung, Angelegenheit"; OS thing (Kluge 1989: 144) "Ding"; OFs. thing (Kluge 1989: 144) "Ding"; OE ping (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 360) "creature; object, property; cause, motive, reason; lawsuit; event, affair, act, deed, enterprise; condition, circumstances; contest, discussion, meeting, council, assembly; court of justice; point, respect"; ON ping (Kluge 1989: 144) "Versammlung, Volksding; Dingstatte; Eigentum"; Gothic keihs (Kluge 1989: 144) "occasion, time", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *J,engan (Kluge 1989: 144) "Versanimlung, Volksding; Dingstatte; Eigentum". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-,fir-,furdir-fir-, gi-, indionwoten "demutigen" (Raven 11963: 28). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG diomuoti adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 102) "demutig, erniedrigend". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gidiomuoti "sich demutigen, demutig werden, sich erniedrigen" (Raven II 1967: 208). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see diomuoten. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. dionn "dienen, sich demutigen, dienstbar sein, dienstfertig" (Raven II 1967: 27). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS thionOn II (Kluge 1989: 142)"dienen"; OFs. thnia II (Kluge 1989: 142) "dienen"; ONjna II (Kluge 1989: 142) "dienen"; OSwed.ina (de Vries 1962: 614), which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *ewan/anan (de Vries 1962: 614) "dienen". According to Seebold (Kluge 1989: 142), the n-element in this verb might be due to influence from the verb *ska1kincjanan attested in Gothic skalkinJn "dienen", which this verb may have replaced in NWGmc. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OEw (Kluge 1989: 142) "servant,slave"; Run. ewaR ( Kluge 1989: 142). Gothic Abius (Kluge 1989: 142) "boy, (House) servant", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *ewa.z (Kluge 1989: 142) "Diener". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb (formed with n-extension). Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, fir-, gi-, ir-, untar*diuben "stehlen, wie em Dieb handeln". MHG diuben, dieben (Lexer 11872: 442) "wie em Dieb handeln, verstohlen bringen". No cognate verbs are attested. cf . OEbfian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 358) "to steal, thieve". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG diob (Starck and Wells 1990: 101) "Dieb; Wegelagerer". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gidiuten "deuten, ubersetzen, erklren" (Raven I 1963: 29). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG duden (Pfeifer 11989: 275) "deuten"; MLG dUden, dieden (Pfeifer 11989: 275) "deuten"; OE ge-biedan I (de Vries 1962: 629) "to join, connect, unite, associate, apply, adjust,

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translate"; ON bja I (Kluge 1989: 138) "(einenlraum) deuten, erklaren; ubersetzen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *J,euO/anan "vor dem versammelten Volk erklren, fir das Volk verstandlich machen; > (Vorgange, Erscheinungen und Aul3erungen) erklren, auslegen;> (aus einer fremden Sprache in die eigene) Ubersetzen, einen bestimmten Slim haben, bedeuten" (Pfeifer 11989: 275). The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG diot (Kluge 1989: 613) "Volk, Volksstamm"; OS thiod(a) (de Vries 1962: 613) "a people, (in p1) men"; OFs. thid (de Vries 1962: 613). OE Abod (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 357) "people, nation, tribe; region, country, province; men, war-troop, retainers; language"; Gothic iuda (de Vries 1962: 613) "a nation, people", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *beuJ "Yolk, (p1.) Manner", (hence also) "Mannring, Mannerkreis (auf dem Ding)" hence also "(feierliche) Rede auf dem Ding"; cf. Lat-Gmc Teutoni (de Vries 1962: 613). cf. ON 1ba (de Vries 1962: 629) "Freundschaft"; cf. ON bjc3a (de Vries 1962: 629) "erfreuen"; cf. Gothic iujan I (Lehmann 1986: 363) "to bless, pronounce good upon". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: unlar"zerbrechen, vernichten" (Raven 1 1963: 29). No cognate verbs are attested, which allows us to reconstruct a *J,eujan "zerbrechen, vernichten". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from IE \I*(s)teu- (Pokomy 11956: 1032) "stol3en, schiagen" (see under dEl/zen). Attested forms of this verb are confined to OHG, and the related IE forms given under dUhen do not allow for the reeconstruction of a pre-Gmc verb. Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear.
diuwen

do1i "dulden, leiden, erleiden, ertragen, vertragen, geschehen lassen, zulassen, tragisch sterben, subst. das Leiden (= eine der zehn Kategorien)" (Raven H 1967: 208). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS tholn II (Pfeifer 11989: 316) "dulden, ertragen, erleiden"; OFs. tholia II (de Vries 1962: 615) "dulden. ertragen, erleiden"; OE Jiolian II intrs. (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 361) "to suffer, endure, undergo; persevere, hold out, remain, survive"; ONola III (Pfeifer 11989: 316) "dulden"; Gothic J,ulan III (Pfeifer 11989: 316) "to endure, be patient with, put up with; need, lack, fall short of', which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc bul/anan "to suffer, endure". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from the zero-grade of IE 'J*tel_, *tel., *tle(i)_, *tl_ (Pokomy I 1959: 1060) "autheben, wagen; tragen; ertragen, dulden", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt tulayati (Pokorny 11956: 1060) "hebt auf, wagt"; Greek caX&aaat, aorist tiiva (Pokorny I 1959: 1060) "bear, endure, take responsibility for"; OLatin tulere (Lehmann 1986: 367) "to bring, bear"; Latin tolerare (Pokorny I 1956: 1061) "(er)tragen, unterhalten"; OIr. tienaid < *tlnti n-present (Lehmann 1986: 367) "removes, carries off, steals". These IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: eban-,fir"dulden, leiden" (Raven II 1967: 28). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS tholEln II (Pfeifer 11989: 316) "dulden, leiden"; OFs. tholia II (de Vries 1962: 615) "dulden, leiden"; OE Abolian II trs. (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 361) "to suffer, endure, undergo; allow", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *Abu1jan "to suffer, endure". The derivational pattern
dolEln

of this verb is unclear. It may represent a class II variant of the Gmc class 111 verb *J,u1anan "to suffer, endure" (for an etymology of which see under do1'z) and, as the class III verb belongs to an older stratum, *J,ul/an would therefore best be analysed as a class II deverbative from it.
donarEln "doimem" (Raven II 1967: 28). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE unrian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 365) "to thunder", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *4bunrjan "to thunder". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG donar (Starck and Wells 1990: 104) "Donner"; OS thunar (Kluge 1989: 151) "Donner"; OFs. thuner, thonger (Kluge 1989: 151) "Donner"; OE J,unor (Kluge 1989: 151) "thunder, thunder-clap, the

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thunder god Thor"; ON Jirr (Kluge 1989: 151) "the thunder god Thor", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *J,unraz (Kluge 1989: 151) "thunder, thunder-clap, the thunder god Thor". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, irdon en "gespannt oder gestreckt sein, sich strecken, die Glieder ausgereckt haben" (Raven II 1967: 209). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG dona (Starck and Wells 1990: 104) "Ranke, Weinstock, Sehne". Semantic connection more transparent in MHG don(e) (Schade 11882: 107) "Spannung; Anstrengung, Bemuhung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. dorrn "dUrr werden, verdorren, trocken werden, welk oder schlapp sein" (Raven II 1967: 209). No cognate verbs are attested, which allows us to reconstruct a *kurzanan (Seebold 1970: 515) class III ingressive (durative also?) deverbative from strong verb *Abersanan (Seebold 1970: 515) "trocknen" (see under derren). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, irdasen "ganz zugrunde richten, vollig verderben, vereiteln, ganzlich vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 30). No cognate verbs are attested, which allows us to reconstruct a *dausjan "stUrmen (vom Wind), vernichten (vorn Wind)". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE /*dheues-, *dhus-, *dheus-, *dhUs- (see under daon). Despite the fact that the verb is not attested in the Gmc languages outside OHG, these lB parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a possible pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:JIrdOsOn "tosen, (vom Wind) brausen" (Raven 111967: 28). No cognate verbs are attested, which allows us to reconstruct a *dausqjan "tosen, brausen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE J*dheues-, *clhuds-, *dheus-, *dh (Pokorny I 1956: 268) "stieben, stuben, wirbein (nebein, regnen, DLmst, Staub); sturmen (vom Wind), blasen, brausen, wehen, hauchen, keuchen", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt dhvamsati (Pokorny 11956: 268) "zerstiebt, zerfllt, geht zugrunde"; Greek O(xo (Kluge 1989: 733) "ich sturme"; Latin furere (Kiuge 1989: 733) "rasen, wUten"; Lith. desili, dvesiau, dvesti (Pokorny I 1956: 227) "atmen, den Geist aushauchen, verenden". Despite the fact that the verb is not attested in the Gmc languages outside OHG, these IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a possible pre-Gmc origin for this verb.
Ely-

doubOn "bandigen, uberwaltigen, zahmen" (Raven 111967: 28). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG doub (Starck and Wells 1990: 105) "Daumen". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, unlardouineiz "duflen, emporwallen, durchrauchern" (Raven I 1963: 30). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS dOmian I (Lehmann 1986: 88) "to steam", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *daumjan "duften, durchruchem, dampfen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG doum, toum (Starck and Wells 1990: 106) "Rauch, Geruch, Duft, Dunst, Dampf'; MDu doom (Lehmann 1986: 88) "steam, vapour", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *daumcjz "Rauch, Dunst, Dampf'. Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. dzOn "donnern, losdonnern, tosen, Aussage" (Raven II 1967: 28). No cognate verbs are attested, which allows us to reconstruct a *J?autjan (Seebold 1970: 516) class II deverbative from strong verb *j5eutanan (Seebold 1970: 516) "schallen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG diozan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 516) "tosen (besonders vomWasser), hervorstromen"; OE bOotan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 359) "to roar, howl; to sound

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forth, resound, murmer"; ON bjta St. vb (Seebold 1970: 516) "heulen (Wolf), rauschen (Wasser), tosen; blasen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. drifen "drehen" (Raven I 1963: 30). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS thrIan I (Seebold 1970: 519) "drehen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc/ran (Seebold 1970: 519) class I weak deverbative from strong verb *J,rearan (Seebold 1970: 519) "drehen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE rawan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 519) "to turn, ttvist, curl, turn round; to rack, torture". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gidrlilzen "durchduften" (Raven I 1963: 30). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base; OHG drhhi ( Schade 11882; 108) "Duff'. Therefore an ORG denominative verb. drangn "sich drangen, inmitten vieler sitzen, zusammendrangen" (Raven II 1967: 29). No cognate verbs are attested, which allows us to reconstruct a *j,rangqjan (Seebold 1970; 521) class II deverbative from strong verb *brenhanan (Seebold 1970; 520) "drangen, dringen" (see under drengen). Therefore an ORG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb; bi-, umbidrsen "dumpftosen oder tnen" (Raven 11963: 30). The following cognate verbs are attested;

OS thrasian I (Lehmanri 1986; 364) "to rage menacingly", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *J) , jan "tosen". Further etymology obscure. Possibly, but not convincingly, from extended-grade of TE J*tres-, *ters- (Lehmann 1986: 364) "zittern", from which base the following may be derived: Skt trasati (Lehmann 1986: 364) "to tremble"; Avest. trasaiti (Lehmann 1986: 364) "to fear"; Greek 'rpo (Lehmann 1986: 364) "I fear, tremble, flee"; Latin terrre ( Lehmann 1986; 364) "to terrif"; Lith. tri.ti (Lehmann 1986: 364) "to shiver, shake".
drcn "schnaubern, wiehern, dumpftosen" (Raven 111967: 29). No cognate verbs are attested,

which allows us to reconstruct a *br5sn " schnaubern, tosen". Further etymology uncertain. Possibly, but not convincingly, from extended-grade of IE "J*tres-, *ters- (see under drsen). drengen "sich etwas fest einpragen, beachten, eindringen lassen" (Raven 11963; 227). cf. OHG drangon II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OE brengan I (Seebold 1970; 521) "sich einkeilen, zwingen"; ON brngva I (Seebold 1970; 521) "to make narrow, press, squeeze", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *brangejanan (Seebold 1970; 521) causative of strong verb *J)1.enhanan ( Seebold 1970; 520) "drangen, dringen". This strong verb is attested in the following; OHG dringan st. vb (Seebold 1970; 520) "dringen, drangen, fortstollen, belastigen"; OS thringan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 520) "dringen, drangen"; OFs. ur-thringa pres only (Seebold 1970: 520) "verdrangen"; OEbringan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 363) "to press, squeeze, crowd upon, throng, press forward, rush on, hasten, advance; oppress"; ON J,,yngva, jnyngja st. vb (Seebold 1970: 520) "drangen, pressen; anfullen"; Gothic reihan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 520) "drangen". Therefore aNWGmc causative deverbative. drewen, drouwen "(be)drohen, druen, Vorwurfe machen, halblaut reden, in den Bart murmeln" (Raven 11963; 291). The following cognate verbs are attested; OE krn, brgan I (Kiuge 1989: 156) "to rebuke, chastise, correct, punish; threaten, menace; attack, oppress, torture, afflict, vex, harass", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *4brawyan "drohen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE 'J*treu-, *trj_ (Pfeifer 11989: 309) "stol3en, draingen, bedrangen", from which base the following may also be derived; OS gi-throon II (Pfeifer 11989: 308) "tadeln, zuchtigen, strafen, bedrohen, angreifen"; OE ge-brUen pret. part. (Pokorny I 1956; 1073) "zusammengeprel3t, verdichtet"; OE br)7n

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(Pokorny 1 1956: 1073) "to press, bind; repress"; Welsh taraw (Pokorny I 1956: 1072) "schiagen"; OCS traviti (Pfeifer 11989: 309) "verzehren"; Greek pxo (Kluge 1989: 156) "ich drUcke nieder, erschopfe". Despite the fact that attested forms of the verb are confined to WGmc, these IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, i7z-irdrfa1tn "dreifach machen, verdreifachen" (Raven II 1967: 29). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG drlla1t (Starck and Wells 1990: 107) "dreifach". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. drittehantn "zum Autheben Ubennitteln, sequestrieren" (Raven 111967: 29). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG compound substantive *drittehant which can be reconbstructed from the following: OHG dritto (Starck and Wells 1990: 108) "dritte"; OHG hant (Starck and Wells 1990: 253) "Hand". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. drzzen "abwendig machen, beschweren" (Raven 1 1963: 30). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE rietan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 363) "to weary; force"; ON reyta I (Seebold 1970: 523) "betreiben, sich abmUhen, ermuden, zwingen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *Jirazitejanan (Seebold 1970: 523) causative of strong verb *reutanan (Seebold 1970: 523) "mde werden". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG irdriozan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 523) "sich etwas verdriellen lassen, einer Sache Uberdrussig werden, bedrtickt werden sich einweichen lassen durch"; OE brffotan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 363) "to vex, weary, tire, become disagreeable"; ONrjta st. vb (Seebold 1970: 523) "mude werden, aufhoren, ermangein, mil3lingen"; Gothic us-riutan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 523) "to bother, persecute". Therefore a NWGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gidrucken "zusammendrUcken, -drangen, untertanig machen, von unten befastigen, hufen" (Raven 11963: 30). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG drucken (Pfeifer 11989: 311) "drucken"; MDu drucken ( Pfeifer 11989: 311) "drucken"; OE jnyccan I (Kluge 1989: 157) "to press, crush, oppress, repress, trample; force a way", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *rukkjan intensive gemination and devoicing (Kluge 1989: 157) "drucken", intensive deverbative from a NWGmc class II weak verb *J,rUg/anan "drohen, unterdrticken", represented by ON rga II (Kluge 1989: 157) "drohen, unterdrUcken, notigen". Therefore a WGmc intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, fir-, gi-, in-, ir-, widar-, zisainenedrunon "zerstuckeln" (Raven II 1967: 29). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived

from the following nominal base: OHG drum (Starck and Wells 1990: 109) "Ende, Endstuck, Stamm". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. druoe'z "ertragen, dulden, belastet oder beschwert sein, leiden" (Raven II 1967: 210). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE rawian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 364) "to endure, suffer, die; pay for; atone for", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *J,rjan "to endure, suffer". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG drOa (Schade I 1882: 113) "onus, passio"; MidEngi browe (Onions 1966: 920) "throe". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. druozen "anlocken, verfiihren, lustern machen" (Raven I 1963: 3 1). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. drcten "auspressen, ausdrangen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 109). The following cognate verbs are attested: MidEngi to-thruste, Abriste, breste (Onions 1966: 921) "to thrust"; ON b)sta I

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(Pokorny 11956: 1096) "to thrust, press; force, compel"; ODan. tryste (JOhannesson 1956: 459) "drcken, stol3en", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *J,rasjanan "to thrust, press". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It may be a NWGmc st-extension from 'Dehnstufe' of JE 'J*ter_, *terO_, *tri, "In-, *teru, *treu- (Pokorny I 1956: 1071) "reiben, drehend reiben", commonly occuring in d-extension *tr-eu_d- (Pokorny I 1956: 1095) "quetschen, stol3en, drQcken", from which base the following may also be derived: ORG driozan st. vb (Pokorny I 1956: 1095) "bedrangen, belastigen"; OHG ur-drioz (Pokorny 11956: 1095) "Verdrul3"; MHG drz (Pokorny 11956: 1095) "VerdruB, Last, Beschwerde"; GE brat (Pokorny 11956: 1095) "crowd, throng, host, troop; oppression, co-ercion, calumnity"; GE jn-yscan I (Pokorny I 1956: 1096) "to weigh down, afflict, oppress"; OE jnysman I (Pokorny 11956: 1096) "to press, oppress, stifle"; ON Abraut (Pokorny I 1956: 1095) "Kraftprobe, Bedrangnis"; OCS trudb (Pokorny 11956: 1096) "Muhe"; OIr. tromm (Pokorny 11956: 1095) "schwer"; Mid.Welsh cythru (Pokorny I 1956: 1095) "qualen"; Latin tridere (Pokorny I 1956: 1095) "stol3en, fortstoi3en, drangen". The phonological development of this verb is complicated. This complexity points to it being a later form derived during the NWGmc period, rather than a preGmc verb. Therefore a NWGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. dUhen "pressen, drucken, zusammendrangen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 110). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEJ37an, Ab5Jn, ywan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 368) "to press, impress; stab, pierce; crush, push, oppress, check; threaten", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *4jan "to press, oppress, push, crush". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from the 'Dehnstufe' grade of IE 'J*(s)teu_ (Pokorny 11956: 1032) "sto3en, schlagen", from which base the following may also be derived: OHG diuwen I (Raven 11963: 29) "zerbrechen, vernichten"; OEbn II (Pokorny 11956: 1032) "drucken, zwingen, stechen"; ON styggr s-mobile (Pokorny I 1956: 1032) "zornig, unfreundlich"; OIr. toll (Pokorny 11956: 1032) "hohi; Hohle, Loch"; OCS tbkati ( Pokorny 11956: 1032) "weben, stechen"; Latvian tu/cstt (Pokorny 11956: 1032) "klopfen". None of the verbs given above are formed with the 'Dehnstufe grade, which indicates that this grade must be a Gmc or WGmc innovation. The verb cannot, therefore, be considered pre-Gmc. Therefore a WGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fir-, gi-, in-gi-, liii-, ir-, nidardulten "dulden, ertragen, gestatten, erlauben" (Raven I 1963: 32). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG dulten ( Kluge 1989: 159) "dulden"; MDu dulden (Kluge 1989: 159) "dulden"; GFs. thielda I (Kluge 1989: 159) "dulden", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *buld(jan (Kluge 1989: 159) "dulden"; cf. GE yldi(ge)an II (Kluge 1989: 159) "to be patient, bear, endure". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG dult (Starck and Wells 1990: 110) "Geduld, Erdulden"; OS gi-thuld (Kluge 1989: 159) "Geduld"; GE (ge)-4byld (Kiuge 1989: 159) "patience", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *J,uldiz fern (Kluge 1989: 159) "das Dulden", abstract noun formed with suffix 't', from Gmc verb */iulejanan "dulden" (see under doli:). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ebaiz-,fir-, gidunken "dunken" (Raven 11963: 33). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS thunkian I (Kluge 1989: 160) "dunken"; OFs. thinza I (Kluge 1989: 160) "dunken"; GE j5yncan I (Kluge 1989: 160) "to seem, appear; fit"; ON bykka I (Kluge 1989: 160) "dUnken, Scheinen, gefallen"; Gothic 1bugkjan I (Kiuge 1989: 160) "to believe, have an opinion; seem, appear", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc bunkjanan "dunken". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It stands in ablaut relation to Gmc *J?a,?kjanan (see under denken), and is possibly a zero-grade deverbative from this. It derives ultimately from IE 'I*tong_, *teng- ( Pokorny 11956: 1088) "denken, fuihlen" (see under denken). As there is no evidence for a zero-grade verb in IE, this verb is best regarded as a Gmc, rather than pre-Gmc, formation. Therefore a Gmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gi-

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duncan "eintauchen, tunken" (Raven 11 1967: 29). No cognate verbs are attested, which allows us to reconstruct a */,unkqjan "tunken, eintauchen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from the ablaut zero-grade, *lng-, of the JE J*!eng(Pokorny I 1957: 1067) "benetzen, anfeuchten", from which base the following may also be derived: Greek rf'yyo (Kluge 1989: 745) "ich erweiche, benetze, befeuchte"; Latin ting(u)ere (Kluge 1989: 745) "benetzen, aiifeuchten; fiirben". Despite the fact that the verb is not attested in the Gmc languages outside OHG, these IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a possible pre-Gmc origin for this verb. dunnen "dunn oder schwach machen, schwchen, verringern" (Raven I 1963: 34). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON ynna I (de Vries 1962: 630) "verdunnen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *1bunnijanan "to make thin". cf. OE ge-bynnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 368) "to thin, make thin, lessen, dilute". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG dunni (Starck and Wells 1990: 111) "dunn, zart, schmal, schwach"; OS thunni (Kluge 1989: 160) "dunn"; OFs. thenne (Kluge 1989: 160) "dunn"; OE bynne (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 368) "thin, lean; fluid, tenuous; weak, feeble"; ON kunnr (Kluge 1989: 160) "dunn, schwach, kiar", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *Abunnuz (Kluge 1989: 160) "dunn". This later becomes *unnja in WGmc. Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gidunnn "dunn werden, locker werden, sich ffhen" (Raven II 1967: 211). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE bynnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 368) "to become thin", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *J,unnjan "to be or become thin". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under dunnen). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gidurftigon "brauchen, notig haben, (passiv) bedtirfen, bedurftig sein" (Raven 111967: 29). The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG durftig (Starck and Wells 1990: 111) "arm, bedurftig, Not leidend". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. durhiln "durchlchern, d.h. die Nahten des morschen Schifibodens ffnen" (Raven 111967: 30). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE kyrlian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 368) "to perforate, pierce, excavate", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *purhilqjan "to perforate, pierce, fill with holes". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG durhil (Starck and Wells 1990: 111) "durchbohrt, durchlochert, zerfetzt"; OE byrel (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 368) "pierced, perforated, full of holes", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *burhi1az (OED XVII 1989: 957) "pierced, perforated, full of holes". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. dursten "dursten" (Raven 1 1963: 34). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS thurstian (Bosworth and ToIler 1976: 1086) "dursten"; OE byrstan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 368) "to thirst, thirst after"; ON yrsta I (Lehmann 1986: 358) "drsten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *J,urstUanan "to thirst, thirst after, be thirsty". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG durst (Starck and Wells 1990: 112) "Durst, Glut, Hitze"; OS thurst (Kluge 1989: 162) "Durst"; OE 1burst (Kluge 1989: 162) "thirst"; ON Aborsti (Kluge 1989: 162) "Durst"; Gothic baurstei (Lehmann 1986: 358) "thirst", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *J,urstuz, *urstjz (Kluge 1989: 162) "Durst, DUne", t-abstract from a verb represented by Gothic baursjan I (Lehrnann 1986: 358) "to thirst, be thirsty". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. duruh-J:ten "umbringen, verfolgen" (Raven I 1963: 2). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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duruh-billon "aushohlen, [behauen]" (Raven II 1967: 19). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OFIG prefix formation. duruh-born "durchboren" (Raven II 1967: 21). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE burh-borian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 366) "to bore through". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. duruh-brastn "ertnen" (Raven II 1967: 22). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-bredigon "predigen" (Raven II 1967: 22). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. durult-bringen "hinbringen, uberbringen, berichten, durchthhren, hinauswerfen" (Raven I 1963: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-egisn "erschrecken, in Besturzung versetzen" (Raven II 1967: 31). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-flozzen "benetzen" (Raven 11963: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-fo1gn "nachfolgen, verfolgen" (Raven II 1967: 215). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-follan "(zur Reise heimlich und rasch?) em-, zusammenpacken" (Raven 111967: 46). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
duruh-frIgth "(aus)fragen, ausforschen, sich erkundigen, untersuchen" (Raven II 1967: 216). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-fremmen "zum Abschluf3 kommen, vollenden, volibringen" (Raven I 1963: 294). No

cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

duruh .frumrnen "erlangen, durchsetzen, volibringen, zustande oder zu Ende bringen" (Raven I 1963: 296). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

duruh-fullen "erfihlien, beenden" (Raven I 1963: 45). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
durul:-g!-freminen "ausftihren" (Raven 1 1963: 294). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

durub-grunden "(hin)eindringen, gelangen, durchdringen" (Raven I 1963: 60). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-gruozen "bewegen, erregen, strzen, rtthren, beunruhigen" (Raven I 1963: 61). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-kunden "verkundigen, ankundigen, bekanntmachen" (Raven I 1963: 99). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-kwellen "vereitein, vemichten, tten" (Raven I 1963: 308). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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duruh-leiten "hinIdhren, hinbringeri, hinleiten, ge leiten, fortsetzen, veranlassen, durchmachen, durchsphen, durchmustern, prUfen, reinigen, suhnen" (Raven I 1963: 104). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-lren "bei etwas aufziehen, auf, in, unter etwas aufwachsen oder groi3 werden" (Raven I 1963: 109). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE Jnirh-lciran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 366) "to persuade". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. duruh-liu/,ten "durchleuchten, hervorscheinen, durchsichtig, sehr hell" (Raven I 1963: 112). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-n:isken "durchmischen" (Raven I 1963: 130). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-nahicn "bernachten, die Nacht zubringen" (Raven II 1967: 245). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-nezzen "benetzen, waschen, abspulen" (Raven I 1963: 140). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-recken "erschuttern, tadein, verweisen, verspotten, fluchtig besprechen, streifen" (Raven 11963: 150). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-salbn "ubermalen, uberstreichen" (Raven 111967: 125). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-scouwn "bis in das limere einer sache hindurchschauen" (Raven II 1967: 135). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-scrodn "durchforschen" (Raven 111967: 137). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. diiruh-suolthen "untersuchen, durchsuchen, (aus)forschen, ausfragen" (Raven I 1963: 215). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE burh-san I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 366) "to search through, inquire thoroughly into". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. duruh-trenniin "sich drehen, wirbeln" (Raven II 1967: 158). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG trennila (Starck and Wells 1990: 633) "Kreisel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix duruh-). duruh-truoben "aufregen, besturzen, aus der Fassung bringen" (Raven I 1963: 231). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-tulden "Gottesdienst abhalten" (Raven I 1963: 232). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. durulz-waen "durchwehen" (Raven I 1963: 247). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-wahhen "durchwachen, harren auf, die Nacht zubringen, ubernachten" (Raven II 1967: 269). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE Jmrh-wacian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 366) "to keep vigil". Therefore a WGrnc prefix formation. duruh-wartn "(+acc. pers.) streng prufen, genau ansehen" (Raven II 1967: 270). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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durh-,cern 1 "fortdauern" (Raven II 1967: 272). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. duruh-woncn "aushalten, bleiben, dauern, verharren, beharrlich, hartknackig" (Raven II 1967: 275). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE j,urh-wunian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 367) "to abide continuously, remain, continue, settle down; persevere, hold out, be steadfast". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. duruh-zougen "vollbringen, ausfiihren" (Starck and Wells 1990: 796). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ilwaden "ausspahen, erforschen, anhaufen, vergroi3ern, bertreiben" (Raven I 1963: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. dwengen "bedrangen, qualen" (Raven I 1963: 34). No cognate verbs are attested, which allows us to reconstruct a *4bwangejan (Seebold 1970: 527) causative deverbative from NWGmc strong verb *J,weganan (Seebold 1970: 526) "zwingen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG dwingan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 527) "zwingen, unterjochen, beherrschen, festbinden"; OS thwingan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 527) "bedrangen"; OFs. thwinga st. vb (Seebold 1970: 527) "zwingen, hindern"; Norw tvinga St. vb/wk vb (Seebold 1970: 526) "zwirigen". Therefore an OHG causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb:flrdwesben "verderben, vertilgen" (Raven I 1963: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, ir-

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E
ebanbilidn "gestalten, gleichstalten, ausbilden" (Raven II 1967: 1 8). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHO ebanbilidi (Pfeifer 11989: 173) "Vorbild, Beispiel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Ieban]-brigen "zusammentragen, -bringen, -fassen" (Raven I 1963: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (eban)-briil:I:en "gebrauchen" (Raven I 1963: 20). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. eban-doltz "Mitleid haben" (Raven 111967: 209). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. eban-dulten "compati" (Raven I 1963: 33). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. feban-Jir-barmen "sich jemandes erbarmen, einen zum Mitleid bewegen, Erbarmen haben mit, einen erbarmen machen" (Raven II 1967: 205). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. eban-lebiz "zusammenleben, sich erquicken" (Raven II 1967: 234). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix fonnation. ebanlilihn "gleichstellen, gleichkommen, vergleichen" (Raven 111967: 30). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE efenlician II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 101) "to make equal, liken, adjust", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ebanleikjan "to make equal, liken". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ebanlih (Starck and Wells 1990: 115) "ebenso vie!, so vie!"; OE efenlic (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 101) "even, equal, comparable to, of like age", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ebanleikaz "equal, even". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. eban-inezzn "gleichstellen, em Ma13 setzen, mal3igen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 412). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giebanen "ebnen, ausgleichen, gleich oder gerade machen, hinstrecken" (Starck and Wells 1990: 115). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under ebann. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. eban-frewen "sich im Verein mitjemandem freuen, vereint begluckwunschen" (Raven I 1963: 295). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (eban)-(i:)liulen "zusammentnen" (Raven I 1963: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ebann "ebnen, ausgleichen, gleich oder gerade machen, hinstrecken" (Raven II 1967: 30). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE efnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 101) "to make even, level; to liken, compare"; ONjafna II (Fritzner 111954: 220) "ebnen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *ebnjanan "ebnen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG eban (Starck and Wells 1990: 114) "gleich, entsprechend, ahnlich"; OS eban (Kluge 1989: 164) "eben"; OFs. even, iven (Kluge 1989: 164) "eben"; OE efen (Kluge 1989: 164)

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"even, equal, like, level; just, true; calm, harmonious"; ON jafn,jarnn (Kluge 1989: 164) "eben, gleich"; Gothic ibns (Kluge 1989: 164) "eben", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *ebnaz (Kluge 1989: 164) "eben, gleich". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gieban-wirken "mitwirken" (Raven I 1963: 265). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. *ebben "ebben". The following cognate verbs are attested: MHG eppen (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1971: 28) "ebben, zuruckgehen (vom Meerwasser)". The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG, MDu. ebben (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1971: 28) "ebben", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *abjjan "to ebb, flow back". cf. OE ebbian II (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1971: 28) "to ebb". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: MLG, MDu. ebbe (Pfeifer I 1989: 324) "Ebbe"; OFs. ebba (Kluge 1989: 164) "Ebbe"; OE ebba (Kluge 1989: 164) "ebb, low tide"; ON ejja with diverging meaning (Pfeifer 11989: 324) "Gegenstrom in einem F1u13; Flullbucht"; OSwed. ceJla with diverging meaning (de Vries 1962: 94) "Schlamm, Sumpf, Morast"; cf. OS ebbiunga (Kluge 1989: 164). We can therefore reconstruct a NWGmc *abjn (de Vries 1962: 94) "flowing back or away, ebb, low tide". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fireggen "eggen, ebnen" (Raven I 1963: 292). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS eggian I (Pfeifer 11989: 329). OE ecgan 1 (Pfeifer 11989: 329) "to sharpen, harrow", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ag/an (Kluge 1989: 166) "eggen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG egida (Kluge 1989: 165) "Egge, 1-lacke, Hurde"; OS egitha (Kluge 1989: 165) "Egge"; OFs. eide (Kluge 1989: 165) "Egge"; OE egee, egOe (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 102) "harrow, rake", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ageo (Kluge 1989: 165) "Egge". This verb represents a back-formation with the loss of Gmc suffix -i5-. This suffix, commonly attached to words denoting tools or implements, probably became lost owing to the fact that it gave the appearance of a preterite participle (see Kiuge 1989: 165). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giegilen "belastigen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 117). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE eglan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 102). ON egla I (Lehmann 1986: 10) "to molest, offend"; Gothic ag/jan I (Lehmann 1986: 10) "to harm", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *agltjanan "to hurt, harm, molest". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OE egle (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 102) "troublesome; horrible, repulsive; sad"; Gothic ag/s (Lehmann 1986: 10) "schimpflich", which exists beside Gothic ag/us (Lehmann 1986: 10) "schwierig", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *agluz "difficult, troublesome, horrible, repulsive". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. egisan "erschrecken, sich entsetzen, fiirchten" (Raven II 1967: 31). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE egesian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 102) "to frighten; threaten", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *agesjan "to frighten, scare". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG egiso (Seebold 1970: 362) "Schrecken, Furcht, Entsetzen, Greuel"; OS egiso (Seebold 1970: 362). OE egesa (Seebold 1970: 362) "awe, fear, horror, peril; monstrous thing; monster; horrible deed", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *agez n-stem, with later devoicing of'z' (Seebold 1970: 362) "fear, horror". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruh-, iregn "em Schrecken oder zum Schrecken sein" (Raven II 1967: 31). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG egi(Lehmann 1986: 10) "Furcht, Schrecken, Strafe, Zuchtigung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb.

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ehtign "reich werden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 118). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG htig (Starck and Wells 1990: 118) "reich, wohlhabend". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi*ejden "beeiden, schworen, eidlich verpflichten, in Eid nehmen". cf. OHG eidon II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. etha, eda I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1973: 97). MLG eiden (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1973: 97). OE *eidan I attested in ge-cffed pret. part. (Lehmann 1989: 20) "sworn", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *aibyan "beeiden, schworen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG eid (KargGasterstadt and Frings III 1973: 95 "Eid"; OS & (Kluge 1989: 168) "oath"; OFs. h, &J(Kluge 1989: 168) "Eide"; OE (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 28) "oath, (judicial) swearing"; ON eir (Kluge 1989: 168) "oath"; Gothic aibs (Kluge 1989: 168) "oath", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *ai/,az (Kiuge 1989: 168) "oath". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gieid-festinau "der Eid, Schwur, (schworen)" (Raven 111967: 31). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG eid (Starck and Wells 1990: 118) "Eid, (verbindendes Versprechen, Zeugnis)". cf. OHGfestinon II "mauern, festsetzen, dafurhalten". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. eidn "bUJ3en, Strafe wofur leiden, bU3en fr" (Raven II 1967: 31). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under *eiden. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gieig (attested in p1. only) eigun " haben, besitzen" (Seebold 1970: 1970: 69). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS egun pret.-pres. vb p1. (Seebold 1970: 69). OFs. ch pret.-pres. vb sg. (Seebold 1970: 69) "hat, besitzt"; OE ah pret.-pres. vb sg. (Seebold 1970: 69) "has, owns, possesses"; ON a pret.-pres.vb sg. (Seebold 1970: 69) "hat, besitzt"; Gothic aih pret.-pres. vb (Seebold 1970: 69) "hat, besitzt". These allow us to reconstruct a preterite-present verb *aih (Seebold 1970: 69) "besitzt". This verb can be traced back to an JE 'i*aik-, *ai (Seebold 1970: 1970: 69) "besitzen, zu eigen haben, vermogen", from which base the following may also be derived: Greek avjia (Seebold 1970: 1970: 71) "ich ergreife, fasse, nehme, ernte"; Skt inoti (Seebold 1970: 1970: 71) "setzt in Bewegung, erlangt, bezwingt"; Toch.B ai- sk-present (Seebold 1970: 1970: 71) "geben"; Hittite pa-ai- 'hi-verb (Seebold 1970: 1970: 71) "geben". Therefore a Pre-Gmc primary verb (preterite-present). eiginen "sich als Eigentum anmal3en" (Raven I 1963: 35). No cognate verbs are attested. As cognate verbs in the remaining Gmc languages belong to class II this verb is probably best seen as an OHG classs I deverbative from the class II weak verb (see under eiginan). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gieiginn fur sich etwas beanspruchen" (Raven H 1967: 32). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE gnian II (Pfeifer 111989: 336) "zu eigen machen, besitzen, beanspruchen"; ON eigna II (Pfeifer 11989: 336) "sich aneignen, erwerben"; Gothic ga-aiginon II (Pfeifer 11989: 336) "in Beschlag nehmen, Ubervorteilen", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *aiganajanan "zu eigen machen, beanspruchen". The verb probably derives from Gmc *aiganan "That which is ones own or one's property", substantivized use (see Kluge 1989: 169) of Gmc *aiganaz, which is attested in the following: OHG eigan (Onions 1966: 638) "eigen, privat"; OS gan (Onions 1966: 638) "eigen, privat"; OFs. gen, in (Onions 1966: 638) "eigen, privat"; OE gen (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 15) "own, proper, peculiar"; ON eiginii (Onions 1966: 638) "eigen, eigentUmlich". *aiganaz is in turn the past participle of preterite-present verb *aih (see under eig). Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb.

148

Prefix formations derived from this verb: giei/iI:iion "Eicheln sammeln" (Raven 11 1967: 32). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG eihhila (Starck and Wells 1990: 119) "Eichel, Schote". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. eihhn "zueignen, zusprechen, zuerkennen, widmen, weihen, abmessen" (Raven II 1967: 32). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *aik4ian (Seebold 1970: 72), class II deverbative from strong verb *ajJnan (Seebold 1970: 72) "zuerkennen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG eihhan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 72) "beanspruchen"; Gothic af-aikan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 72) "to deny, curse". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gieinUn "vereinen, sich vereinigen Uber etwas, ubereinkommen, beschliel3en, sich vornehmen" (Raven 111967: 32). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-nian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 22) "to unite", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ainqjan " to unite". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG em (Kluge 1989: 169) "ein"; OS en (Kluge 1989: 169) "em"; OFs. an (Kluge 1989: 169) "em"; OE an (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 19) "one"; ON einn (Kluge 1989: 169) "em"; Gothic ains (Kluge 1989: 169) "one", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *ajn cardinal numeral adj. (Kluge 1989: 169) "em". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gieinsamon "vereinigen" (Pfeifer 11989: 341). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG adjective *einsam can be reconstructed from the following: OHG em cardinal numeral adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 120) "em"; OHG -sam suffix (Kluge 1989: 616) "von gleicher beschaffenheit". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gieiscn "fordern, forschen, fragen, heischen, verlangen" (Raven II 1967: 33). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS eskon II (Kluge 1989: 302) "fordern, fragen"; OFs. iskia II (Kluge 1989: 302) "fordern, fragen"; OE scian, csian, xian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 25) "to ask, inquire, seek for, demand; call, summon; examine, observe", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *aiskOjan (Kluge 1989: 302) "fragen, fordern". This verb is an sk-present' formation, which has clear parallels in the following: Skt icchati (Kiuge 1989: 302) "sucht, wUnscht"; Lith ieskti (Kluge 1989: 302) "sucht, wunscht"; OCS is/cati (Kiuge 1989: 302) "sucht, wunscht"; Latin aeruscre (Kluge 1989: 302) "bitten". The forms attested above allow us to reconstruct an IE *ajs_sko_ (Kluge 1989: 302) "ich wUnsche, begehre", an 'sk-present formation deriving ultimately from the IE J*ais_ (Kluge 1989: 302) "suchen, bitten", from which base the following may be derived: Skt e.ati retroflex ' s' (Kluge 1989: 302) "sucht". Despite the fact that attested forms of the verb are confined to WGmc, these IE parallels, together with the fact that sk-present' formations are archaic in nature, provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Grnc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fir-, gi-, widarellen "kochen, breimen" (Raven 11963: 35). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived

from the following nominal base: OHG eit (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1974: 234) "Scheiterhaufen". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. ellentn "fern oder verbai-mt leben, heimatlos sein, vertreiben, gefangennehmen" (Raven II 1967: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ellenti adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 124) "fremd, auslndisch, gefangen". Therefore an ORG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

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ellinn "eifern, nacheifern, neidisch werden, zUrnen" (Raven II 1967: 35). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE elnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 104) "to emulate, be zealous; strengthen, comfort oneself; gain strength"; ON elna II (de Vries 1962: 101) "starker werden, wachsen"; Gothic aljanon II (Lehmann 1986: 28) "to strive for", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *aljanajanan"to strenghten, strive for, have zeal". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ellen (Lehmann 1986: 28) "Eifer, Mut, Starke"; OS ellian, ellen (Lehmann 1986: 28). OE ellen (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 103) "zeal, strength, courage; strife, contention"; ON eljan (Lehmann 1986: 28) "Mut, Krafi"; Gothic aijan (Lehmann 1986: 28) "zeal", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *aljanan "strength, zeal". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. el/en "aufschieben, zogern, sumen" (Raven 11963: 35). cf. OHG altn II. cf. OHG alti III. The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ieldan I (Sweet 1911: 99) "to delay, tarry, put off, postpone, procrastinate"; ON eldasA I, reflex. development secondary (Cleasby and Vigfusson 1874: 125) "to age", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *ai/anan "to make old, age, delay, postpone". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG alt (Kluge 1989: 22) "alt"; OS aid (Kluge 1989: 22); OFs. aid (Kluge 1989: 22) "alt"; OE eald (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 93) "old, aged, ancient, antique"; ON eliri, eldri comp.adj. (Cleasby and Vigfusson 1874: 125) "elder", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *aiaz (Kiuge 1989: 22) "alt". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. emizzigon "eifrig handeln, einhalten, bestandig treiben, ununterbrochen tun oder ben" (Raven 111967: 35). cf. OHG ir-emizzigan III (Raven 111967: 210). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG emizzig adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 125) "bestandig, ununterbrochen, dauernd". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giemezUn "nachsinnen" (Raven II 1967: 35). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived

from the following nominal base: OHG emiz (Schade 11882: 133) "bestandig, fortwahrend". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. engen "bedrangen, doppeln, beengen, angstigen, kranken, qualen" (Raven I 1963: 3). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG, MDu engen (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1974: 283). OE *engan I attested in ge-enged pret. part. (Pfeifer 11989: 359) "anxious"; ON ongja, angva I (Lehmann 1986: 9) "drangen, zwingen, kiemmen"; Gothic ga-aggwjan I (Lehmann 1986: 9) "to oppress", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *ang(w)/anan "eng machen, beengen, bedrangen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG engi (Starck and Wells 1990: 126) "eng, schmal, klein"; OS engi (Kluge 1989: 178) "eng"; OE enge (Kluge 1989: 178) "narrow, restricted, tight"; ON ongr, ongr (Kluge 1989: 178) "eng"; Gothic aggwus (Kluge 1989: 178) "narrow", which allows us to reconstruct a Grnc *angjuz, angwuz, these representing variants from an older *ang-uz (Kluge 1989: 178) "eng". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:flr-, gie;zton "beenden, voliziehen, beendigen" (Raven II 1967: 35). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS endn H (de Vries 1962: 102). OFs. endia II (de Vries 1962: 102). OE endian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 105) "to end, fmish; abolish, destroy"; ON enda II (de Vries 1962: 102) "enden", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *andzpjanan "to end, finish". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG enti (Starck and Wells 1990: 126) "Ende, Rand, Grenze, Stim"; OS endi (Kluge 1989: 178) "Ende, Rand, Grenze"; OFs. enda (Kluge 1989: 178) "Ende, Rand, Grenze"; OE ende (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 104) "end, conclusion; boundary, border, limit; death"; ON endi(r) (Kluge 1989: 178) "Ende"; Gothic andeis (Kluge 1989: 178) "end", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *andU (Kluge 1989: 178) "Ende". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb.

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Prefix formations derived from this verb: jir-,folla-fir-, gierben "erben" (Raven 11963: 35). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG, MDu. erven (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1975: 352) "erben"; OE ierfan, irfan,yrfan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1975: 352) "to inherit, possess; leave (by will); honour with a funeral feast"; ON erfa I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1975: 352) "erben", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *arb(janan "to inherit". cf. OFs. er-via II (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings HI 1975: 352). The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG erbi (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1975: 353) "Erbe, Erbteil"; OS erbi (Kluge 1989: 183) "Erbe"; OFs. erve (Kluge 1989: 183) "Erbe"; OE i(e)rfe, yrfe (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 203) "inheritance, property, heritage, bequest; cattle"; ON erJI (Kluge 1989: 183) "Leichenfeier, Erbe"; Gothic arbi (Kluge 1989: 183) "inheritance", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *arb(jan (Kluge 1989: 183) "Erbe". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ml-, irren "ehren" (Raven I 1963: 35). As cognate verbs in the other Gmc languages belong to the class II and class III verb, this verb is probably best seen as an OHG classs I deverbative from the class II or class III weak verb (see under and Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: girn "ehren, verehren, preisen, durch ul3ere Zeichen Ehre erweisen, auszeichnen, Ansehen erregen, zu Ansehen bringen, auszeichnend behandein, beschenken, durch em Geschenk auszeichnen, hochachten, verherrlichen, heilig verehren, feiem, anbeten, schonen, begabf' (Raven 111967: 210). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE rian II, originally class III? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 24) "to honour, respect; endow; regard, care for, favour, be merciful to, spare, pardon"; ON eira III (de Vries 1962: 97) "schonen, nachgeben; ntzen, gefallen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *aizjanan "to honour, respect". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG -a (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1975: 346) "Ansehen, Wertschatzung, Geltung, Ruhm, Wurde, Achtung, Verehrung"; OS a (Kluge 1989: 166) "Ehre, Wurde, Verehrung"; OFs. ere (Kluge 1989: 166) "Ehre"; OE r (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 23) "honour, worth, dignity, glory, respect, reverence; grace, favour; mercy, pity"; ON eir (Kluge 1989: 166) "Gnade, Milde, Hilfe", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *aizo(Kluge 1989: 166) "Achtung". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ml*ergen "schlecht machen". The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG, MDu ergen (KargGasterstadt and Frings III 1975: 390) "schlecht machen"; OE ge-iergan, ge-yrgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 203) "to make cowardly, terrify, dishearten, dismay"; ON erg/ask reflex. '-sk' development secondary (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1975: 390) "schwach, kraftlos werden", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *argijanan "to make weak, timid, cowardly, wretched, vile". cf. OFs. ergia II (de Vries 1962: 104). The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG arg (Kluge 1989: 38) "feige, trge, unzuchtig, geil, verderbt, schlecht, bose"; OFs. erg (Kluge 1989: 38). OE earg (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 97) "slothful, sluggish, inert, weak, timid, cowardly; evil, wretched, vile, craven"; ON argr (Kluge 1989: 38) "feige, unmnnlich, unsittlich", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *argaz (Kluge 1989: 38) "weak, timid, cowardly, wretched, vile". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giermen "verarmen, bedrucken, jemanden in Armut bringen, jemanden in Not und Bedrangnis bringen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 133). cf. OHG armn III. The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ierman, irman I (Sweet 1911: 99) "to ill-treat, harass"; ON erma I (Fritzner 11954: 351) "fir unglucklich halten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *arm/anan "verarmen, bedrucken". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG arm (Starck and Wells 1990: 34) "gering, unwurdig, arm, schwach, machtlos, elend"; OS arm

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(Kluge 1989: 40) "arm, elend"; OFs. erm (Kluge 1989: 40) "arm, elend"; OE earm (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 96) "poor, miserable, pitiful, helpless, wretched"; ON armr (Kluge 1989: 40) "arm, unglUcklich"; Gothic arms (Kluge 1989: 40) "poor, miserable", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *armaz (Kluge 1989: 40) "arm, elend". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:firrn "anbeten, ehren, preisen, loben, kultisch verehren, (einem Gotte) huldigen, sich entsetzen" (Raven 111967: 36). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS
an II

(de Vries 1962: 97)

"ehren"; OFs. ia II (de Vries 1962: 97) "ehren"; OE rian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 24) "to honour, respect; endow; regard, care for, favour, be merciful to, spare, pardon", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *aizjanan "to honour, respect". For nominal base see under dri. Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, liiierren " pflugen, ackern, durchackern, hervorbringen" (Raven I 1963: 36). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. era I (Seebold 1970: 82) "to plough"; OE erian I (KargGasterstadt and Frings III 1976: 395) "to plough"; ON erja I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1976: 395) "pfluigen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *arjanan (Seebold 1970: 82) "to plough", class I weak deverbative from strong verb *arjanan (Seebold 1970: 82) "to plough". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG ir-erien St. vb (Starck and Wells 1990: 132) "pflugen, ackern"; Gothic arjan st. vb (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1976: 395) "to plough". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation. wen "etwas ewig dauern lassen" (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings III 1976: 459). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. Gothic us-aiwjan I (Lehmann 1986: 22) "to exert oneself, strive always". This is probably an independant formation from Gothic aiws (Lehmann 1986: 22) "time, eternity". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG wa (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings III 1976: 453) "Ewigkeit". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. ezzen "abweiden lassen, essen machen, = fressen" (Raven I 1963: 292). cf. OHG azon II. cf. OHG frezzen 1. The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. etta I (Seebold 1970: 180) "weiden"; OE ettan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 108) "to graze, pasture land"; ON etja I (Seebold 1970: 180) "tzen, essen lassen, anspomen, reizen, hetzen"; Gothic *atjan I, can be reconstructed from fra-atjan I (Kluge 1989: 46) "zum Essen austeilen", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *atejanan (Seebold 1970: 180) "essen lassen, beillen lassen", causative deverbative from strong verb *etanan (Seebold 1970: 179) "essen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG ezzan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 179) "essen"; OS etan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 179) "essen"; OFs. ila St. vb (Seebold 1970: 179) "essen"; OE elan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 108) "to eat, consume, devour; feed"; ON eta St. vb (Seebold 1970: 179) "essen, fressen, aufzehren"; Gothic itan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 179) "to eat". Therefore a Gmc causative deverbative.

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F
fadamon "einfde1n, nhen" (Raven II 1967: 36). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE fcOinian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 111) "to surround, envelop, clasp, embrace"; ONfama II (Fritzner I 1954:364) "umarmen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fa4bmjanan "to embrace; (OHG only) to sew". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under *fadimen) Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi*fadi,nen "umarmen, als Erben an Kindes Statt annehmen". cf. OHGfadaman II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfc2man I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 111) "to surround, envelop, clasp, embrace"; ONfema I (Fritzner I 1954: 397) "umarmen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *faj5manan "to embrace". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fadum,fadam (Kluge 1989: 198) "Garn, Kiafter"; OSfaOmos p1. (Kluge 1989: 198) "Kiafter"; OFs. fethem (Kiuge 1989: 198) "Klafter"; OEfOm (Kluge 1989: 198) "outstretched or encircling anns, embrace, grasp; protection; interior, bosom, lap, breast, womb; fathom, cubit; power; expanse, surface"; ONfaOmr (Kiuge 1989: 198) "Kiafter, Arme, Umarmung", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fabmaz (Kluge 1989: 198) "(1) Umarmung, (2) Klafter, (3) Faden (nur deutsch)". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifagth "willfahren" (Raven II 1967: 211). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *fagjan (Seebold 1970: 189), class III deverbative from strong verb *-fehanan (Seebold 1970: 189) "sich freuen": OHG -fehan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 189). OEfn st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 115) "to be glad, rejoice, exult". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. faginon,feginon "sich freuen" (Raven 111967: 36). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS faganan II (Seebold 1970: 189). OEfgnian II (Seebold 1970: 189) "to rejoice, be glad, exult, applaud"; Gothic faginan II (Seebold 1970: 189) "to rejoice", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fagenq/anan II (Seebold 1970: 189) class II deadjectival verb formed from *fagenaz, preterite participle of strong verb *_fehanan (Seebold 1970: 189) "sich freuen" (see underfehz). Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. fagan "beistehen, Angenehmes erweisen, willfahren, kosen" (Raven 111967: 37). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gfag (Starck and Wells 1990: 205) "zufrieden, zugeneigt, reich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifackalen "Fackeln machen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 137). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fackala (Starck and Wells 1990: 137) "Fackel, Kienfackel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb falaw&z "fahl werden oder sein, sich entthrben, Tagesanbruch" (Raven 111967: 211). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE fealwian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 112) "to become fallow, fade, wither; grow yellow, ripen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *falwejan "to become pale or fallow". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfalo (Starck and Wells 1990: 139) "fahl, falb, rotgelb, braungelb"; OSfalu (Kluge 1989: 198) "fahl"; OEfealu (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 112) "fallow, yellow, tawny, dun-coloured, grey, dusky, dark"; ONfolr (Kluge

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1989: 198) "bleich, fahi"; Run. Swed.faluan acc. sg. masc. (de Vries 1962: 150). We can therefore reconstruct a NWGmc *fa/ivaz (Kluge 1989: 198) "fahl". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. j'alawiscon "gluhen, die Glut, (ubtr.) brunstig oder leidenschaftlich sein" (Raven 111967: 37). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG falawisca (Starck and Wells 1990: 137) "glUhende Asche, Ru13, Funke". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. fallezzen "zusammenfallen, zusammenbrechen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 139). cf. OHG fe/len 1; OHG ana-fa//on II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfea/latran I (Seebold 1970: 182) "to fall down", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fa//atjan (Seebold 1970: 182) intensive deverbative from strong verb *fal/anan ( Seebold 1970: 181) "fallen" (see underfellen). Therefore a WGmc intensive deverbative. faisken " widerlegen, entfernen, beseitigen, erwgen, berechnen, dmpfen, niederhalten" (Raven I 1963: 37). cf. OHGfalscon II. No cognate verbs are attested. As OHG class II verbs were generally used in loan translations of Latin verbs in -are, it is more likely that the class II verb falscon represents the original loan verb from Vulgar Latin *fa/s(9cire (Pfeifer 11989: 406) "to falsify", and that falsken is a class I devebative from fa/sc on. Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: g!falscon 'Tthschen, verflschen, treulos machen" (Raven 111967: 37). cf. OHGfalsken I. No cognate verbs are attested. < Vulgar Latin *fa/s(i)cre (Pfeifer 11989: 406) shortened form of Late Latin fa/sfIcare (Pfeifer I 1989: 406) "to falsify, make false" (falsus (Pfeifer I 1989: 406) "flase, incorrect" +facere ( Pfeifer 11989: 406) "to make, do"). Therefore an OHG loan verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifalton "zusammenfalten, zusammenschlagen, auseinanderbinden, verketten" (Raven II 1967: 37). The following cognate verbs are attested: ONfalda II (Seebold 1970: 184) "falten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *faldjanan ( Seebold 1970: 184) class II deverbative from strong verb *falanan (Seebold 1970: 183) "falten". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHGfa/dan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 183) "falten, zusammenfalten, aufrollen"; OEfealdan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 112) "to fold, wrap up, furl, entangle; roll about"; ON falda st. vbl (Seebold 1970: 183) "(eine Kopfbedeckung) aufsetzen"; Gothic fafa/ st. vb reduplicating preterite (Seebold 1970: 183) "roilte zusammen". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation. faizen "faizen, stUtzen, untersttzen, krummen, aufrechterhalten" (Raven I 1963: 37). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *fa/datjan intensive deverbative from strong verb *fa/j,anan ( Seebold 1970: 183) "falten" (see under faltan). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: lintarfangon "antreiben, qualen, stacheln" (Raven 111967: 37). The following cognate verbs are attested:

OFs.fangia II (Seebold 1970: 185) "fangen"; OEfangian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 112) "to join, fasten", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fangjan (Seebold 1970: 185) class II deverbative from strong verb *fanhanan ( Seebold 1970: 185) "fangen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG fahan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 185) "fangen, ergreifen"; OS falian st. vb (Seebold 1970: 185) "fangen, ergreifen"; OFs. fast. vb, with loss of medial 'h' and subsequent contraction (Seebold 1970: 185) "fangen"; OEfon st. vb, with loss of medial 'h' (Clark Hall and

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Meritt 1969: 124) "to take, grasp, seize, catch, capture, receive, accept, assume, undertake"; ONf st. vb, with loss of medial h and subsequent contraction (Seebold 1970: 185) "fangen, nehinen, heiraten"; Gothic fahan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 186) "fangen, greifen". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:furi-, gi-furi.-, ubarfanton "durchforschen, untersuchen, fahnden, zu finden suchen, einwickeln, betrugen, redegewandt" (Raven 111967: 38). cf. OHGfunden I; OHG *fundon II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS fandon II (Seebold 1970: 194) "versuchen, nachstellen, heimsuchen"; OFs. fandia II (Seebold 1970: 194). OEfandian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 111) "to try, attempt, tempt, test, examine, explore, search out, experience, visit", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fandjan (Seebold 1970: 194) class II deverbative from strong verb *fen/xznan (Seebold 1970: 193) "fmden". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG findan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 193) "fmden, gewinnen, ersinnen, empfinden; sich befmden"; OS findan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 193) "linden, begegnen, wahrnehmen"; OFs. finda st. vb (Seebold 1970: 193) "finden, erfmden, weisen"; CE findan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 119) "to find, meet with; discover, obtain by search or study, recover; provide; consider, devise, arrange, dispose, decide; show, inform"; ONfinna st. vb, with assimilation of b' (Seebold 1970: 193) "finden, ersinnen, aufsuchen, verschaffen; wahrnehmen, erfahren, erkennen"; GothicfinAban st. vb (Seebold 1970: 193)'erkennen, erfahren". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: hifarawen "fhrben, einen Glanz verleihen, schminken, beflecken, UbertUnchen, aufutzen" (Raven I

1963: 37). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfarawa (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1978: 619) "Farbe, Farbstoff Aussehen, Gestalt". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, zwiror-gi*faren "nachstellen, gefhrden". MHG vcren (Lexer III 1878: 22) "nachstellen, gefakrden". The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs.for-f&a I (de Vries 1962: 149) "erschrecken"; OEfcran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 110) "to frighten"; ONf&ra I (de Vries 1962: 149) "schaden", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *f&tfanan "to frighten, put in danger". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fara (Schade I 1882: 161) "Nachstellung, Betrug, Lauer, Gefhrdung, Gefahr, Streben"; OSfar (Schade 11882: 161) "Nachstellung"; OEfiffr (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 109) "calamity, sudden danger, peril; terrible sight; sudden attack"; ONfr (Lehmaim 1986: 112) "Feindschaft, Gefahr, Schade, Falschheit". cf. Gothicferja (Lehmann 1986: 112) "spy", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *f'az, *fan, *fera "Nachstellung, Gefahr". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. farii "(+dat. pers. et gen. rei vel pers.) auflauern, jemandem nachstellen, gegen jemands Leben konspirieren, steinigen, auf der Lauer sein, Bses im Sinne haben gegen, wonach trachten oder streben, worauf achten, RUcksicht nehmen auf sich worauf einlassen, die Frage richten, jemandem etwas nachtragen" (Raven II 1967: 212). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS faron II (Schade I 1882: 162) "lauem auf', which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *farejan "auflauern". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under faren). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ir-

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*farz5, "furzen". MHG varzen (Lexer 111 1878: 27) "pedere". The following cognate verbs are

attested: Mid.Engl.farten (Kurath and Kuhn 3 1952: 519) "to fart"; ONfrata II with metathesis (Seebold 1970: 195) "furzen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *far(ojanan (Seebold 1970: 195) "furzen", class II deverbative from strong verb *ferranan (Seebold 1970: 194) "furzen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHGferzan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 195) "furzen"; OE *feortan St. vb can possibly be reconstructed from the substantive feorting (Seebold 1970: 195) "farting"; ME ferten st. vb (Kurath and Kuhn III 1952: 519) "to fart"; ONfrela St. vb (Seebold 1970: 194) "furzen". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation.
fascon "mit Heilmitteln bestreichen, binden, erweichender Umschlag, Arzneiherstellung" (Raven II

1967: 38). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfaski,fasca (Starck and Wells 1990: 142) "warmer Umschlag, Pflaster, Mieder". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifasn "aufsuchen, nachspUren (eigentlich = hin- und herfahrend und zupfend suchen, wie wenn man die Fasern an Gewebtem ausziehen will)" (Raven II 1967: 38). No cognate verbs are attested. The

verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fasa, faso (Starck and Wells 1990: 142) "Faden; p1. Franse, Einschlag". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. fasti "fasten, hungem, nuchtern sein, das kirchliche Gebot halten und sich aller Ubertragung enthalten, Sparsamkeit oder Nuchternheit" (Raven 111967: 212). cf. OHGfesten I; OHGfastan II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs.festia II (de Vries 1962: 113). OEj2estan I (Kluge 1989: 204) "to fasten, make firm; entrust, commit; fast, abstain from food"; ONfasta (Kluge 1989: 204) "fasten"; Gothicfastan Ill (Lehmann 1986: 109) "to hold, guard; fast, abstain from food", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fastejanan. The original meaning of this verb would have been "to hold fast" (see the adjective below). In a number of the Gmc languages including OHG, however, it has the additional meaning of "to fast, abstain from food". This latter meaning obviously derives from the former, on the basis that someone who fasts stands firm or steadfast in his abstention from food. The meaning of "to fast" may be Gmc and pre-Christian (pagan religions also involve fasting and the rituals practised by the Gmc tribes would be no exception) or it may be a semantic loan from the Christian Latin verb iiiinre (Kiuge 1989: 204) "to fast, abstain from food" or, in the case of Gothic, from the Greek verb v1cStE(xo (Kiuge 1989: 204) "1 fast, abstain from food". The verb is a deadjective formation, deriving from the following nominal base: OHG, OSfestija-stem (Kiuge 1989: 211) "fest"; OS fast (Kluge 1989: 211) "fest"; OEfcrst (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 110) "fast, fixed, firm; constant, steadfast; strong"; ONfastr (Kluge 1989: 211) "fest, hart, stark", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fastuz (with secondary variant j-stem *fastja in OHG and OS) "fast, firm, steadfast". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: g/fatan "fliltern, an Aas oder Leichen zehren; dedere (esui sanguines... et cadaveribus mortuorum), grassari, pascere" (Raven II 1967: 39). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Jazz an "sich rsten, fertig machen, bereiten, auf-, beladen, sich kleiden, fassen, zusammennehmen, steigen" (Raven 111967: 39). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs.fatia II (de Vries 1962: 114). OE fatian, fetian II (Seebold 1970: 196) "to bring near, fetch, obtain; bring on; induce; marry"; ON fata II (Seebold 1970: 196) "den Weg fmden", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fatjanan ( Seebold 1970: 196) class II deverbative from strong verb *fetanan (Seebold 1970: 195) "fallen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG fe:zan st. vb pret. only (Seebold 1970: 195) "aufspringen, wanken, dem Fallen nahe sein"; OE ge-fcet pret. sg. only

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(Seebold 1970: 195) "fiel (vom Samen)"; ONfeta St. vb (Seebold 1970: 195) "greifen, ergreifen; herausfinden (= verfallen auf?)". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifedelgoldan " ( vom Haupthaar) im dUnne Goldblttchen verwandein, das Haar goidlockig machen" (Raven 111967: 39). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fedelgold ( Schade I 1882: 173) "dunn geschlagenes Gold". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. fegen "abwischen, abt-rocknen, rein machen" (Raven I 1963: 37). As cognate verbs in the other Gmc languages belong with the class II verb, this verb is probably best regarded as a class I deverbative from the class II weak verb (see underfegc). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. fegon " reinigen, putzen" (Raven 111967: 39). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSfegan II (Holthausen 1967: 18). We can therefore reconstruct a WGmc *feg7jan " to cleanse, purify". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It may ultimately derive from an IE (Gmc and Baltic only) l*pek- (Pfeifer 11989: 418) "hubsch machen, aufgerumt oder vegnUgt sein", from which base the following may also be derived: Lith. pu.ti (Pfeifer 11989: 418) "schmucken, putzen"; Latvian post (Pfeifer 11989: 418) "schmUcken"; ONfaga (Pfeifer 11989: 418) "reinigen, g1nzend machen, schmUcken"; MDu. vagen (Pfeifer 11989: 418). Despite the fact that attested forms of the verb are confmed to WGmc, these IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. fJzeiz 1 "beneiden, feindlich behandeln" (Starck and Wells 1990: 144). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS a-fhian I (Lehmann 1986: 68) "to treat hostilely", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *faihyan " to treat hostilely". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gi-feh (Starck and Wells 1990: 206) "feindlich, geachtet"; OFs. f.ch (Lehmaim 1986: 68) "punishable"; OE fah (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 111) "hostile; proscribed, outlawed, guilty, criminal"; Gothic *faihs "hostile: outlawed, guilty", which can be reconstructed from the class II derived verb ga-faihon II (Lehmann 1986: 680 "to take advantage of, defraud", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *faihaz "hostile, outlawed, guilty". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. fe/zen2 "verschieden flirben, verzieren, bunt machen, trennen, unterscheiden" (Raven I 1963: 38). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfcigan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 109) "to paint"; ONf (de Vries 1962: 108) "malen, schmucken"; Run Norwfaihido (de Vries 1962: 108). We can therefore reconstruct a NWGmc *faihyanan ( Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1979: 679) "to shine, glitter, vary". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfeh (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1979: 676) "verschiedenfarbig, bunt, gefleckt, zierlich"; OS feh (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings III 1979: 676). OEfag (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1979: 676) "coloured, stained, dyed, tinged, shining, variegated"; ONfdr (de Vries 1962: 207) "bunt, gefarbt"; Gothic filu-faihs (KargGasterstdt and Frings III 1979: 676) "many-coloured, manifold", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *faihaz "colourful, many-coloured, bright". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb fehon "essen, verzehren" (Raven 111967: 39). cf. OHGfaginan,feginon II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS far-fehon II (Seebold 1970: 189). OE fean II (Seebold 1970: 189) "sich freuen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fehqjan ( Seebold 1970: 189) class II deverbative from strong verb *-fehanan (Seebold 1970: 189) "sich freuen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG gi-fehan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 189) "sich freuen"; ON -fegenn st. vb preterite

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participle, but possibly wk vb belonging to above group (Seebold 1970: 189). Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, gifeilinan "Betriigerei treiben" (Raven 11 1967: 39). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG feihhan adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 144) "trUgerisch, hinterlistig"; OHGfeihhan subst. (Starck and Wells 1990: 144) "boswillige Tauschung, Betrug". Therefore an 0MG deadjectival / denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bifeilon "wertachten, nach einem Werte schtzen" (Raven 111967: 39). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG feili (Starck and Wells 1990: 144) "verkuflich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. fei,nen "schumen" (Raven I 1963: 38). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE fcErnan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings HI 1979: 694) "to foam, froth", which allows us to reconstruct a WGinc *faimijan "to foam". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG feim (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings III 1979: 693) "Schaum, Meeresschaum, Gischt"; OEfthn,fcffm (KargGasterstdt and Frings III 1979: 693) "foam; sea", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fajfl7 "foam". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zfeilnigan "(mit Schaum) beflecken" (Raven 111967: 40). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *feimig "schaumig", which can be reconstructed from: OEfinig (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 111) "foamy". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. feiziten "msten" (Raven I 1963: 38). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG feiz(i)t (Kiuge 1989: 208) "fett, wohlgenahrt, dick". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irfeizte'z "feist oder fett werden" (Raven 111967: 212). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see feiziten. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irfelgen "aneignen, berauben, entleidigen, fluchen, erkennen, beilegen" (Raven I 1963: 36). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSfelgian II (Seebold 1970: 192) "auferlegen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *falgejan (Seebold 1970: 192) deverbative formation from strong verb *felhanan (Seebold 1970: 191) "eindringen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG feZ (a) han St. vb (Seebold 1970: 192) "aufschutten, authewahren, begraben, anvertrauen, empfehlen"; OS bi-fel(a)han St. vb (Seebold 1970: 192) "befehlen"; OFs. be-fela St. vb (Seebold 1970: 192) "befehlen, bestatten"; OE fQlan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 192) "to cleave, be joined to, adhere; enter, penetrate, pass into; betake oneself to; undergo; persevere in"; ONfela st. vb (Seebold 1970: 191) "verbergen, eintauchen, aufheben, bestimmen; ubergeben"; Gothicfilhan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 192) "verbergen, begraben". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gi-, zuo-gifellen "vergiel3en, vergeuden, hinstrecken, bestreuen, zu Boden strecken, verdrangen, tauschen" (Raven 11963: 38). cf. OHGfallezzen I; cf. OHG ana-fallan II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS fe/han I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1979: 724) "fallen"; OFs. fehla I (KargGasterstdt and Frings III 1979: 724) "ffillen"; OEfellan,j5'hZan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III

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1979: 724) "to cause to fall, fell, cut or throw down, strip off, destroy"; ON fe/la I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1979: 724) 'Tllen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fallejanan ( Seebold 1970: 182) "to fell, make fall", causative deverbative from strong verb *fallanan (Seebold 1970: 181) "fallen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHGfa//an St. vb (Seebold 1970: 181) "fallen, strzen, umkommen"; OS fallan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 181) "fallen, strzen, zugrunde gehen"; OFs.fa/la st. vb (Seebold 1970: 181) "fallen, sich flUchten, sich ereignen"; OEfeallan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 112) "to fall, fail, decay, die; inflict (on), attack; flow"; ONfallan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 181) "fallen, im Kampf fallen: strmen, sich ergie3en, berauben, uberfallen". Therefore a Gmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gi-, ir-, unlar-, zi(r)*ferah_habii, ferah-habzti " beseelt; animatus" (Starck and Wells 1990: 147). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG ferah (Starck and Wells 1990: 147) "Ferch, Leben". cf. OHG hab,i III "haben, halten, ergreifen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (occuring only in present participle form and probably used to gloss Latin animatus). fergon "(+ gen. rei et acc. pers.) bitten, erbitten, fordern, anrufen, notigen" (Raven 111967: 40). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS fergon 11 (Seebold 1970: 209). We can therefore reconstruct a WGmc *fergjan ( Seebold 1970: 209), this an intensive deverbative with the variant grade *ferg-, from the strong verb *fregnanan (Seebold 1970: 208) "fragen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG ga-fregin st. vb pret. part. (Seebold 1970: 208). OSfragii st. vb pret. sg. (Seebold 1970: 208). OEfregnan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 208) "to ask, inquire"; ONfregna St. vb (Seebold 1970: 208) "fragen"; Gothic fraIhnan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 208) "fragen". Therefore a WGmc intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giferren "thhren, fUhren, schiffen, mit dem Kahn fahren" (Raven 11963: 293). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSferrian I (Kluge 1989: 199). OFs.feria I (Kluge 1989: 199). OEferi(g)an levelling to class II (Kluge 1989: 199) "to carry, convey, bring; depart, go"; ONferja I (Kluge 1989: 199) "ziehen, fahren"; Gothicfarjan I (Kiuge 1989: 199) "zur See reisen", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *farejanan ( Kluge 1989: 199) "ubersetzen", causative of strong verb *faranan (Kiuge 1989: 199) "fahren". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHGfaran St. vb (Kluge 1989: 199) "fahren"; OSfaran St. vb (Kluge 1989: 199) "fahren"; OFs.fara St. vb (Kluge 1989: 199). OE faran st. vb (Kluge 1989: 199) "to set forth, go, travel, wander, proceed; fare, get on, undergo, suffer; happen"; ON fara st. vb (Kluge 1989: 199) "fahren, gehen, reisen; geschehen; verlieren"; Gothic faran St. vb (Kluge 1989: 199) "to wander, travel". Therefore a Gmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: miss!, na/i-, ubarferren "fern sein, sich entfernen" (Raven II 1967: 212). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE feorrian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 116) "to keep apart; depart", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fer/an "to be far (away)". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see underfirreiz). Therefore a WGmc deadverbial formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irfese1,, " fruchtbar werden" (Raven II 1967: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *fesjl "fruchtbar",which can be reconstructed from: MHG vesel (Lexer III 1976: 325) "fruchtbar". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. festen "befestigen, fest machen" (Raven I 1963: 39). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS festian I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1979: 763). OFs.festa I (de Vries 1962: 118). OEfstan I

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originally class III (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings III 1979: 763) "to fasten, make fast or firm, entrust, commit, commend"; ONfesta I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1979: 763) "festmachen, verloben verstimmen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fastUanan " to fasten, make fast". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under festinon). Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gi-, giwar-, irfestinan " fest oder best1ndig machen, festsetzeri, beweisen, begrUnden, befestigen, bekraftigen, strken, versprechen" (Raven II 1967: 40). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG festi (Kluge 1989: 211) "fest" < *fastjaz "fest". Compare the parallel developments with lack of umlaut: OSfastnon II (Schade 11884: 170). OEfcstnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 111) "to fasten, fix, secure, bind; confirm, ratify, conclude (peace); betroth; bestow upon, secure for"; ONfastna (de Vries 1962: 113) "felerlich geloben, besonders em Weib". These deriving from *fastuz (Kluge 1989: 211) "fest", the form occuring in: OS fast (Kiuge 1989: 211) "fest"; OEfcest (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 110) "fast, fixed, firm; constant, steadfast; strong"; ON fasrr (Kluge 1989: 211) "fest, hart, stark". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with n-extension). Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, bi-, gi-, u,nbi-, zuo-, zuo-gifellahhon "geflugelt, d.h. gefitticht sein, mit Flugeln versehen" (Raven 111967: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG fettah (Starck and Wells 1990: 149) "Fltigel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. fezzaron "fesseln" (Raven II 1967: 41). The following cognate verbs are attested: MDu. veteren (de Vries 1962: 127). OE ge-feterian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 117) "to fetter, bind"; ONJjotra II (de Vries 1962: 127) "fesseln", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *feturq/anan " to fetter, bind". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG fezzara (Kiuge 1989: 211) "Fullschlinge, Fuf3fessel"; OSfeteros p1. (Kluge 1989: 211). OEfetor (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 117) "fetter, shackle; check, restrain"; ONJjozurr (Kluge 1989: 211) "Fessel", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fetur (Kluge 1989: 211) "Fessel". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. fiintscaffon "neidisch oder feindselig sein, verfeinden" (Raven 111967: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG Juizntscaf ( Starck and Wells 1990: 150) "Feindseligkeit, Hall, Zwist". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. fideren "Federn bekommen, mit Federn versehen, flUgge werden" (Raven I 1963: 40). No cognate verbs are atteste, but cf. OEflc3erian II (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1980: 800) "to give wings to, provide with wings". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fedora (Kluge 1989: 206) "Feder". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. jTetz "hassen, aufjemanden herabwunschen" (Raven 111967: 213). cf. OHGfigidon,JIadon II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OEf&igan, feon (Lehmann 1986: 114) "to hate, persecute"; ON jjd (Lehmann 1986: 114) "hassen"; Gothic fijan III (Lehmann 1986: 114) "to hate", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fijjanan "to hate". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE I*pe('i)-, *pi (Pokorny 11959: 792) "weh tun, beschadigen, schmahen", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt plyati (Pokorny 11959: 792) "schmht, hohnt"; Greek 7tijJta (Pokorny I 1959: 792) "Verderben, Leid". These IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb.

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fieren "wechseln, schwrzen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 150). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGJiera (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1980: 802) "Seite, Richtung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: dara-gi-, gi-, zJIgidon,fiadon "hassen, neidisch werden" (Raven II 1967: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *fljadOjan "to hate with zeal" (with interchange of intervocalic glides g and j in OHG). The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is a dental extension which can ultimately be derived from an IE J*pi-, *p2 (see under fiaz). As attested forms of the verb are confined to OHG and as none of the forms attested in the above IE languages are formed with an extension, this verb must be regarded as a later 'd'-extension formation. The verb cannot, therefore, be regarded as pre-Gmc. Therefore an OHG verb (formed with d-extension), the derivational pattern of which is unclear. fihlen "schlagen, peitschen, gei]3eln, enthuten, entrinden" (Raven I 1963: 40). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS fihlian I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1980: 822). OFs. fl/la I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1980: 822). We can therefore reconstruct a WGmc *fell/an "to whip, flay, skin". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG feZ, genitive felles (<*pelnos) (Pokorny 11956: 803) "Haut, Fell"; OS fell (Kiuge 1957: 191) "Haut, Fell"; OFs. filmene ( Pokorny 11956: 803) "Haut"; OEfell (Kluge 1957: 191) "skin, hide, fell"; ONJjahl (Kluge 1957: 191) "Fell, Haut"; Gothic faura-filli (Kluge 1957: 191) "foreskin", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fehlan ( Kiuge 1957: 191) "Haut von Mensch und Tier". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: aba-, aba-gi-, bi-, gi-, filn,flJzalan,frgikn "glatt feilen, polieren, gestalten, feilartig gezalmt" (Raven 111967: 42). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfeolian II (Clark Hail and Meritt 1969: 115) "to file", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fJ/q/an "to file". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fl/a, jihala Jlala (Starck and Wells 1990: 151) "Feile"; OSJl/a (Kluge 1989: 208) "Feile"; OEf&/ (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 115) "file"; ON Jb' with probable change off to (Kluge 1989: 208) "Feile", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *flla(Kluge 1989: 208) "to file". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, ir-, untark

fllo_sagiz "weitschweifig sein" (Raven 111967: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHGflIo, fl/u adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 152) "viel, sehr, haufig, heftig, weit". cf. OHG sagan III (Raven II 1967: 249) "sagen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fllosprehl:an,filusprehlzon "offentlich vortragen oder verkUnden" (Raven 111967: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fllusprahhi adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 152) "weitlaufig, prahlerisch, znkisch". This deverbative has undergone a change of a to e, probably by analogy with the strong verb *sp(r)ehhan ( Kluge 1989: 690) "sprechen". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. flnstarn "dunkel oder finster werden" (Raven II 1967: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under finsteren. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. finsleren "finster machen" (Raven I 1963: 40). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGflnstar (Starck and Wells 1990: 154) "finster, dunkel, you Finsternis, dicht belaubt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb.

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Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gifloreggan "viereckig machen, passerid zurichten" (Raven 11 1967: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG floreggi (Starck and Wells 1990: 154) "viereckig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. florfaltan "vervierfachen" (Raven II 1967: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGJiorfalt (Starck and Wells 1990: 154) "vierfaltig, vierteilig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. flora,, "zu vieren verbinden, vieren, in vier teilen" (Raven II 1967: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG for cardinal numeral (Kiuge 1989: 766) "vier". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. fir-a/i/en "vernichten" (Raven 1 1963: 2). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-al/en "zu alt und dadurch murbe, morsch oder faul werden (z.B. von Baumen)" (Raven II 1967: 203). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-ealdian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 126) "to grow old, decay". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-berren, fir_berien "schwchen, entkrften, abnutzen". No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-bilidan "umgestalten, uberflthren, verwandein" (Raven II 1967: 18). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-bluhhen "verbrennen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-bluoen "verbrennen, verbluhen" (Raven 11963: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-b an "verdrehen, beschahigen, schwere Verluste beibringen, schwchen, dem Pferde die FuBsehne durchschneiden" (Raven II 1967: 21). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix forniation. fir-brasen "verdammen" (Raven 111967: 207). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. fir-brennen "verbrennen, verschlingen, vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 14). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. ur-barna I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 1359) "verbrennen"; OE for-bcrnan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 1359) "to burn, consume". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-brieven "ffentlich bekanntmachen, chten" (Raven I 1963: 15). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-brillihen "abfallen, ermatten" (Raven 1 1963: 20). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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fir-bruoen "verbrennen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 81). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-brutte,: "verzehren" (Raven 11963: 21). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-dagen "einem etwas verschweigen, unsagbar, unsaglich, unerhrt" (Raven II 1967: 207). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-da;nnan "verurteilen, verdammen" (Raven II 1967: 24). No cognate verbs are attested. <Latin damnre (Kiuge 1989: 757) "to codemen, ecciesistical specialization to damn". Therefore an OHG loan verb (formed with prefixfir-). JIr-dempfen "ersticken" (Raven I 1963: 225). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. JIr-denken "verachten, geringschatzen" (Raven I 1963: 26). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-encan I (Clark Hall arid Meritt 1969: 133) "to misthink, disdain, despise, distrust, despair". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-dennen "ausdehnen, ausspannen, verbreiten, richten auf" (Raven 11963: 289). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an Ol-IG prefix formation. fir-derren "vertrocknen, verwelken" (Raven I 1963: 28). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir_dewen, fir-douwen "verdauen, (von den Eingeweiden) heraustreten, auf dem naturlichen Wege ausscheiden, in den Magen gelangen" (Raven 1 1963: 291). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSfar-thewian I (Kluge 1989: 758) "verdauen, verschmelzen". Therefore a WGmc prefix form ation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: iizfir-dilan "aufheben, vernichten, tten, vertilgen" (Raven 111967: 26). <OE for-dilegian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 125) "to blot out, destroy, abolish". Therefore an OHG loan verb. fir-dingen "anrufen, nemien, heranflihren, erwarten, hoffen" (Raven I 1963: 28). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-dingan "appellieren, ffentlich bekanntmachen" (Raven 111967: 26). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE for-Jingian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 134) "to arrange for a mans 'wergild". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:furdirfir-dionon "verdienen, durch Dienst verdient machen" (Raven II 1967: 27). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-doleii "aushalten, ertragen, erdulden, geschehen lassen" (Raven II 1967: 209). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEJIr-bolian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 134) "to go without, lack". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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fir-dorri "verdorren" (Raven II 1967: 210). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-daeii "ganz zugrunde richten, vollig verderben" (Raven I 1963: 30). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jir-drucken "zusammendrQcken, drUcken, hemmen, eindrQcken" (Raven I 1963: 31). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-bryccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 134) "to press, squeeze, crush, oppress, suppress". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-d U/tel: "unterdrUcken, bedrUcken, untertatig machen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jlr-dulten "erdulden" (Raven I 1963: 33). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jlr-dwengen "bezwingen, zwingen" (Raven 11963: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jlr-dwesben "verderben, vertilgen, vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-ebben "(vom Zorn) sich legen oder beschwichtigen" (Raven 11963: 292). The following cognate verbs are attested: MDu. ver-ebben (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1971: 28) "verebben". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. flr-einen "beabsichtigen, sich fest vornehmen" (Raven 11963: 35). ef. OHG einOn II. No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class I). flr-eiscon "erheischen, erfordern" (Raven II 1967: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-engen "bedrangen" (Raven I 1963: 3). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-enton "vollenden, gnzlich beendigen, sich eridigen, ganz zu Ende kommen, sterben, [beiseite drangen, ausweichen machen]" (Raven II 1967: 35). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: JollaJir-ermen "verarmen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 133). The following cognate verbs are attested: MDu. ver-ermen (Karg-Gasterstaidt and Frings III 1976: 423) "verarmen"; OEfor-ierman,for-irrnan I (Sweet 1911: 64) "to reduce to poverty". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-fe/ion "verzehren, bUJ3en, hinwegraffen, verhungern" (Raven II 1967: 39). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS far-fehon II (Seebold 1970: 189) "verzehren". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-firren "entfremden" (Raven 11963: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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fir-fluolt/zon "verfiuchen, den Bann vollstrecken" (Raven Il 1967: 45). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-fiil: "(ver)faulen" (Raven II 1967: 217). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-fuoren "verfiihren, auswandern, versetzen" (Raven I 1963: 49). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-f&an I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 128) "to go or pass away, depart, die, perish". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-galon "bezaubern" (Raven II 1967: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *_ga1jan ( Seebold 1970: 212) class II deverbative from strong verb *galanan (Seebold 1970: 212) "singen" (see under bi-galan). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (formed with prefixfir-). fir-gften "vergiften, (bei Auktionen) zuschlagen, verkaufen, ubertragen, zuerkermen" (Raven I 1963: 57). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-gihten "gelahmt, gichtbruchig" (Raven 11963: 57). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG fir-giht (Pfeifer I 1989: 568) "gichtbruchig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival preterite participle construction. fir-gihtigon "gichtbruchig oder gelahmt sein" (Raven 111967: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-goumalaon "vernachlassigen" (Raven II 1967: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG goumalasi (Starck and Wells 1990: 236) "Unachtsamkeit, Vemachilissigung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb formed with prefixfir-. fir-grinlilon "verriegein" (Raven 111967: 57). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG grintil (Starck and Wells 1990: 240) "Riegel, Stange, Querbalken". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefixfir-). fir-Izabe,z "sich die Ohren zuhalten, verhalten, versperren" (Raven I 1963: 303). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-habz "ertragen, sich (die Ohren) zuhalten, Enthaltsamkeit, Fasten" (Raven 111967: 222). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-habban III (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 129) "to hold in, restrain, retain, keep back, draw back, refrain from, avoid". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-hazzen "abtrilnnig werden" (Raven II 1967: 228). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

fir-heii "durch Hitze ausgetrocknet oder (innerlich) verdorrt sein" (Raven II 1967: 228). No
cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-hei1n "hell werden, verheilen" (Raven II 1967: 228). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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fir_/tel/en "umhullen, verhehien, umschleiern" (Raven I 1963: 304). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-hengen "erlauben, zugeben" (Raven I 1963: 69). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir_/tenon, fir-herron "verheeren, verderben, unterjochen" (Raven II 1967: 66). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-hergian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 129) "to plunder, harry, ravage, devastate, destroy". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-Izenten "ausdauern, aushalten, auf etwas bestehen, fest beschliel3en" (Raven I 1963: 70). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-hyrdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 130) "to harden against, to harden". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-h intaren "verhindern, jemandem betrugen oder hintergehen, etwas unterschlagen, tauschen, beeintrachtigen" (Raven I 1963: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-hogesz "verschmhen" (Schutzeichel 1969: 85). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE for-hogian (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 129) "to neglect, disregard, despise". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-huggen "verachten" (Raven I 1963: 306). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE forhycgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 130) "to disdain, despise, reject". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-hu,zden "gefangen nehmen, in Gefangenschaft fithren" (Raven 11963: 77). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *fra.. hunJ,jan class I deverbative from *frahenj,anan "gefangen nehmen" prefix formation from strong verb *henanan (Seebold 1970: 255) "fangen". This strong verb is attested in th following: OSwed. hinna St. vb (Seebold 1970: 255) "erlangen, erreichen"; Gothic fra-hin]an st. vb (Seebold 1970: 255) "to take captive". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. fir-huoron "entweihen, zur Hure machen, aul3erehelich beschlafen, zur Kebsfrau heranziehen, Konkubinat oder in Unzucbt leben. durch Unzucht zu Grunde richten" (Raven II 1967: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-ihsilen "verbaimt sein, im Ausland oder in der Verbannung leben, von einer Regierung = nicht mehr bestehen" (Raven 1 1963: 78). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ihsili(Starck and Wells 1990: 298)"Exil" < Latin exsilium (Kluge 1989: 194) "Exil". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefixfir-). firinan "beschuldigen, entweihen, sundigen, schmhen" (Raven 111967: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfirina (Starck and Wells 1990: 156) "Frevel, Sunde, Versprechen". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. fir-inrn "sich verirren" (Raven II 1967: 72). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-jagon "vetreiben, wegjagen" (Raven II 1967: 74). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 01-10 prefix formation.

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fir-karen "urnstrzen, umwerfen, vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-kiagon "beweinen, unter Trnen beklagen" (Raven II 1967: 77). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-kienken "in Stucke hauen, niederhauen, -metzeln, massakrieren" (Raven 11963: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-knisten "zerdrQcken, zerreiben, zermalmen, zerbrockeln, abnutzen, herausschlagen, -stol3en, zerschmettern, vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. fir-knussen "zerstampfen, zerstol3en, zerschmettern" (Starck and Wells 1990: 339). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-koboron "sich erholen, etwas wiedererlangen" (Raven II 1967: 78). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-kotifen "verkaufen, feilbieten, versteigern, verpachten, stUckweise verkaufen" (Raven I 1963: 95). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-kusten "verderben, vertilgen, fiilschen, verpesten, beflecken, entweihen, umbringen, vernichten, vereitein, verschlechtern, korrumpieren" (Raven 1 1963: 100). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-I ffei: "verraten" (Raven 11963: 101). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic fra-lewjan I (Lehmann 1986: 232) "to betray". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. fir-leggen "die versteliten Gesichtszuge durch Masken oder Larven ausdrucken, wie es die antiken Schauspieler zu tun pflegten" (Raven I 1963: 311). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-leiben "unterlassen, zurUcklassen, hinterlassen, ubriglassen, berlassen, zuruckgelassen, zuruckbleibend, zuruckgeblieben, ruckstandig" (Raven 11963: 101). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS far-labian I (Seebold 1970: 326) "ubrig lassen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir_leidn "anklagen, hinterbringen" (Raven 111967: 87). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-leiten, for-leiten "verleiten, verflihren, lustern machen, sondern, entfernen, wegfl.ihren, entfuhren, erniedrigen, verlocken, tuschen, irreleiten, betrugen, hintergehen, trennen, beiseiteschieben, entwenden" (Raven I 1963: 104). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE for-1&dan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 130) "to mislead, seduce; bring forth". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-I oren "vernichten, zugrunde richten" (Raven 11963: 115). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *far-lauzejan (Seebold 1970: 339) class I deverbative from prefixed strong verb *far_leusaJ7an (Seebold 1970: 339). This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG firliosan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 339) "verlieren, vernichten, verderben"; OSfar-liosan st. vb (Seebold

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1970: 339) "verlieren, vernichten"; OFs. -liasa St. vb (Seebold 1970: 339). OEfor-losan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 130) "to loose, abandon, let go; destroy, ruin"; Gothic fra-liusan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 339) "verlieren". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. fir-lougenen "verleugnen, in abrede stellen, nicht anerkennen, entsagen, Verzicht leisten auf, ablehnen, abschlagen, verschmhen, versagen, verweigern, verneinen, nicht anerkennen, desavouieren" (Raven I 1963; 120). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. Jir-lucken "verlocken" (Raven 1 1963: 120). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-man eu "verachten, verschmhen, verurteilen, verwerfen, zurUckweisen, mit dem Full vercht1ich betreten, ungeliebt sein, gleichgultig" (Raven II 1967: 242). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-rn ifren "verkunden, bekanntmachen" (Raven I 1963: 124). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-meinen "beweisen, darlegen, falsch schwren, entweihen (= ungultig machen), schnden" (Raven 11963: 126). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. fir-rneiniscn "hochst abscheulich oder widerlich" (Raven II 1967: 101). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mein (Starck and Wells 1990: 404) "Ubeltat, Schande, Verbrechen". Therefore an ORG denominative verb (fonned with prefix fir- and s-extension). fir-rneinsainan "aus der Gemeinschaft ausschliellen, mit dem Banne belegen, bannen" (Raven II 1967: 101). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *mejnsam "gemeinschaftlich, offentlich"; cf. OHG gi-nieini (Kluge 1989: 256) "gemeinschafihich, offentlich". Therefore an ORG deadjectival verb (formed with prefixfir-). fir-meizen "entziehen, trennen, abschneiden" (Raven I 1963: 126). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: abafir-,nelden "anzeigen, zur Kenntnis kommen, bekanntmachen, offenbaren, verffentlichen, verraten" (Raven 111967: 243). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-merren "hindern, hemmen, auller Kraft setzen, ausplUndern, vereitein, verderben, verschlechtern" (Raven I 1963: 128). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-iniskelan "stren" (Raven 111967: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-nhisken "vermischen, dazwischen- oder durchfallen, zugrundegehen, verschwinden" (Raven I 1963: 130). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-missen "vermissen, ohne etwas sein, etwas nicht haben oder nicht besitzen, etwas meiden, entbehren, verzichten mssen" (Raven 1 1963: 131). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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firm On "salben, firmein, taufen" (Raven II 1967: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. <Latin firm ifre (Pfeifer 11989: 438) "festmachen, befestigen (auch in Geisteshaltung und Glauben)", which in turn derives from Latin firinus (Pfeifer 11989: 438) "fest". Therefore an OHG loan verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi fir-muclen "sturnpfsinnig sein" (Starck and Wells 1990: 423). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir_mullen "verderben, zerbrechen, zerreiben" (Raven 1 1963: 214). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an Ol-IG prefix formation. fir-murdiren, fir-,nurdren "ermorden, schrecken, jagen" (Raven I 1963: 133). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-myrran I (Lehmaim 1986: 249) "to kill, murder". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-murnen "betruben, angstlich oder besorgt (sein), [die Angstlichen]" (Raven 11963: 134). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-musken "zerquetschen, verstUmmeln" (Starck and Wells 1990: 428). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir_naen "hinein-, einnhen (poet.) = einsticken" (Raven I 1963: 134). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-neinen "verneinen, abschwren" (Raven 11963: 137). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nein adv. (Starck and Wells 1990: 434) "nein, nicht". Therefore an OHG deadverbial formation (formed with prefixfir-). fir-nemnen "aligemein verbreiten, ffentlich bekannt machen, veroffentlichen" (Raven I 1963: 138). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. firniz "alt werden" (Raven II 1967: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: Ol-IG firni (Starck and Wells 1990: 158) "alt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irfir-nibulen "hinabstQrzen" (Raven I 1963: 140). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-nidaren "nicht mehr fern sein" (Raven I 1963: 140). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir- (h)nicken "vernichten, zerstren, vereiteln, aufheben, nichtig machen" (Raven I 1963: 141). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. flr-niozen "verbrauchen, zertreten, zerreiben" (Starck and Wells 1990: 441). No cognate verbs are attested. OHG class I weak deverbative from OHG fir-niozan prefixed strong verb (Starck and Wells 1990: 441) "verbrauchen, zertreten, zerreiben". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. fir-Oden "verlassen, vergeuden, verabsumen, vernichten, vemachlssigen" (Raven I 1963: 144). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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ffron,firron "feiern, mUssig sein, nichts tun" (Raven II 1967: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG JYra (Pfeifer 11989: 420) "Feiertag, Ruhe, Fest" < Late Latin fia sg. (Pfeifer 11989: 420). < Latin feriae p1. (Pfeifer 11989: 420) "Feiertage, Ruhetage". Therefore an Ol-IG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifir- aven "verwUsten, ausplundern" (Raven 11963: 144). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-recken "zeigen, auseinanderlegen, offenbar machen, heraus-, hervorstecken, heraustun, verbannen, verjagen, schieppen, werfen" (Raven I 1963: 151). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. firren "zurUcktreten, sich entfernen" (Raven 11963: 41). cf. OHGferr III. The following cognate verbs are attested: OsJlrrian I (de Vries 1962: 121) "entfernen"; OFs. fira I (de Vries 1962: 121) "entfernen"; OEfirran I (Bosworth and ToIler 1976: 289) "to remove to a distance, withdraw"; ON firra I (de Vries 1962: 121) "entfernen, trennen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fer(e)ryanan "to remove, withdraw". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ferro adv. (Schiltzeichel 1969: 50) "(von) fern, weit (weg), weitab, weithin; hoch; viel, sehr"; OE feorr adv. (Kluge 1989: 210) "far, at a distance"; ONjjarri from an olderferri adv. (Kluge 1989: 210) "fern"; Gothic fairra adv. (Kluge 1989: 210) "far (from), far away", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fer(e)ro adv. (Kiuge 1989: 210) "fern". Therefore a NWGmc deadverbial formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:flr-, irfir-rucken "verrUcken" (Raven I 1963: 160). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG

prefix formation. fir-ruogen "anklagen" (Raven 1 1963: 164). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE for-wregan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 135) "to accuse, calumniate"; ONfrjja I (de Vries 1962: 144) "Vorwurfe machen, tadeln"? (If this is to be seen as a contracted form of an earlier prefix formation); Gothic fra-wrohjan I (Lehmann 1986: 411) "to suspect, accuse". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. fir-ruohilalon "vernachlai3igen" (Raven II 1967: 124). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ruohha (Starck and Wells 1990: 499) "Fursorge, BemUhmg". Therefore an ORG denominative verb (formed with prefixfir- and 1-extension). flr-(h)ruomen "rUhmsiichtig sein" (Raven 11963: 165). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-sagen "aus-, ansagen; (+dat.) verneinen, versagen, abschlagen, (+gen.) lossprechen von, verleumden" (Raven I 1963: 318). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-sagn "(+dat.) in Abrede stellen, verneinen, versagen, verweigern, zurOckweisen, (+gen.) lossprechen von, verleumden" (Raven II 1967: 251). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE for-secgan (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 131) "to accuse, falsify, slander, accuse; speak out, discourse on". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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fir-salawen "verdunkein, truben" (Raven 1 1963: 168). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-segan Oh "(von Wunden) fortbeschworen" (Raven II 1967: 128). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 01-10 prefix formation. fir-sellen "ausliefern, beauftragen, hinubergeben" (Raven I 1963: 320). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE for-sellan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 131) "to sell, give up, lose". Therefore a WGmc prefix foniiation. fir-senken "versenken, sinken machen, untergehen lassen, vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 168). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-sencan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 131) "to reject". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-semen "versenden, schicken, wegschicken" (Raven I 1963: 170). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-sendan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 131) "to send away, banish, send to destruction". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-sezzen "sich verpflichten, sich verdingen, versetzen; verpfhnden, der Unzucht preisgeben, prostituieren, setzen, legen" (Raven I 1963: 173). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE for-settan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 173) "to hedge in, obstruct; oppress". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-sigilen "kundtun" (Raven 11963: 177). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-scainoiz "authoren sich zu schhmen, alle Scham hintansetzen" (Raven II 1967: 253). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-sc(e)amian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 131) "to be ashamed". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-skenten "versenken, sinken machen, untergehen lassen, vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 180). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. jlr-skimpfen "verachten, geringschatzen" (Raven I 1963: 181). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHO prefix formation. fir-skirbinon "ungleich klingen, nicht ubereinstimmen" (Raven 111967: 134). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG skirbi (Kluge 1989: 629) "Scherbe". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefixfir- and n-extension). fir-scopfan, fir-scoppon "(eine Hirnwunde) verbinden, stopfen, (eigentlich) verdichten" (Raven 11 1967: 134). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). fir-scouwon "mit Verachtung herabsehen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 546). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. jir-screnken "versperren, verschrnken, verhindern" (Raven 1 1963: 184). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE for-screncan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 131) "to supplant, overcome, vanquish, cast down". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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fir-scricken "hervorspringen oder strzen, sich ereifern" (Raven I 1963: 185). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-sculden "verschulden, (durch Schuld) verlieren, einbussen, angeklagt sein" (Raven 11963: 186). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. JIr-scu/daii "verschulden, einen zum besten haben, begehen" (Raven II 1967: 137). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-scunle,: "versuchen, an-, verlocken, kodern, verfUhren, [treiben, anspornen]" (Raven I 1963: 187). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSfar-skundian I (de Vries 1962: 507) "antreiben, aufhetzen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-scupfen "flUchtig oder verganglich sein (des Momentes)" (Raven 11963: 187). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *skuppjan (Seebold 1970: 417) class I zero-grade intensive deverbative from strong verb *skeubanan (Seebold 1970: 416) "schieben". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG skioban St. vb (Seebold 1970: 417) "schieben"; OFs. skUva St. vb (Seebold 1970: 417) "schieben"; OE scUfan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 298) "to shove, thrust, push; push with violence, urge, impel; push out, expel, deliver up"; OSwed. skiuva St. vb (Seebold 1970: 416) "schieben"; Gothic af-skiuban St. vb (Seebold 1970: 416) "versto3en". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. JIr-.scurgen "(zuruck) stoI3en, hinunter-, hinabstUrzen" (Raven I 1963: 188). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: nidarfir-scurpfen "ausweiden, durch Falter den Korper aufreil3en" (Raven I 1963: 188). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. jir-scutten "verleugnen" (Raven I 1963: 189). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: abafir-scuzzen "hinausstreiben" (Raven 11963: 190). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-sleizzen "abreil3en" (Raven I 1963: 190). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jir-slengen "Vermittler, Erklrer, Dolmetscher" (Raven 11963: 190). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-smahen "verschmhen, verwerfen, verachten, zertreten" (Raven I 1963: 192). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-snzelzen "schmelzen, verschmelzen, auslutern, durchseihen, zerfliellen" (Raven I 1963: 193). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-sniucken "zerquetschen" (Raven I 1963: 193). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *-smukkjan (Seebold 1970: 440) class I zero-grade intensive deverbative from strong verb *snleuganan (Seebold 1970: 439) "schmiegen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG smiogan st. vb (Starck and Wells 1990: 563) "sich zusammenziehen"; OE smilgan St. vb

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(Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 312) "to creep"; ON smjlga St. vb (Seebold 1970: 439) "hineinschlupfen, em Gewand anlegen, kriechen, sich schmiegen". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative (formed with prefix fir-). J7r-sniumn "sich beeilen, (schleunig) hingehen" (Raven II 1967: 140). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-snuoren "festheften" (Raven I 1963: 194). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG snuor (Starck and Wells 1990: 566) "Faden, Binde, Schnur". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefixfir-). fir-soufen "untergehen, versufen, ersufen" (Raven I 1963: 194). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-spenton "aufwenden, wegschenken" (Raven II 1967: 141). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-spilden "verbreiten, aufzehren" (Raven I 1963: 196). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-spildan I,for-spillan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 132) "to waste, lose, disperse, bring to nothing, destroy, ruin, kill". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-spUinen "ausschaumen oder aufschumen lassen; despumre" (Raven I 1963: 199). No cognate verbs are attested. This verb is best regarded as a loan translation of Latin despumare (Lewis and Short 1966: 559) "to skim off, skim; to deposit a frothy matter". This ultimately from Latin spilina (Lewis and Short 1966: 1747) "foam, froth, scum, spume". The OHG privative prefix fir- is used here to represent the Latin privative prefix de-. Therefore an OHG loan verb. fir-spurnen "straucheln, (mit dem Ful3e) anstollen, treten" (Raven I 1963: 199). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anafir-stabn "vor Staunen erstarren" (Raven II 1967: 258). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. fir-stabon "(vor Staunen) erstarren, (vor Klte) steif werden" (Raven II 1967: 145). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-stecken "verstopfen" (Raven I 1963: 201). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. first on "zuspitzen" (Raven 111967: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG first (Starck and Wells 1990: 159) "Dachfirst, Mauerspitze, Gebirgskamm". Therefore an ORG denominative verb. fir-stopfOn "jemandern etwas zum Verderben weihen, es ihm durch Fluch zerstren" (Raven II 1967: 148). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. fir-streden "Blut stillen, festbinden, (den BlutfluIl einer Wunde) zum Stehen bringen, zurtickhalten, geritmen, verurteilen" (Raven 11963: 324). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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fir-strecken "(vorwrts) strecken, sich entschliel3en, ausruhen, spannen" (Raven 1 1963: 209). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir_stullen "stille stehen" (Raven I 1963: 210). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix forniation. fir-st uren "aufwiegeln, verstren, verfuhren" (Raven I 1963: 212). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS far-sturian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 604) "to subvert". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-s Umen "vernachlassigen, nicht beachten, geringschatzen, verleugnen" (Raven I 1963: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-suntan "sich versundigen" (Raven II 1967: 152). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-suohhen "besuchen, versuchen" (Raven I 1963: 216). The following cognate verbs are attested: GE for(e)-secan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 127, 131) "to appeal (for justice)". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-suonen "versohnen" (Raven I 1963: 217). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-sweinen "schwchen oder verbienden (von den Augen)" (Raven 11963: 220). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-swent en "verschwenden, vertun" (Raven I 1963: 220). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-swigen "(+acc. vel gen. rei) verschweigen, etwas ubergehen oder auslassen" (Raven II 1967: 262). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-swigian (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 132) "to conceal by silence, suppress, pass over". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-swiron "f'alschlich bestatigen, auf unrechtmtil3ige Weise ubergehen (etwas worauf em anderer Anspruch hat)" (Raven II 1967: 153). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-tarkenen,fir-terkenen "verschleiern, umhullen, beiseitestellen, gierig geniel3en" (Raven I 1963: 221). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-teilen "berauben, prellen, ausschliellen und verurteilen, ausweisen" (Raven I 1963: 224). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-dcfflan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 125) "to spend"; Gothic fra-dailjan I (Lehmann 1986: 87) "to distribute". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation.
fir-teminen "hinausstol3en bzw. -treiben, fortschaffen, zuruckdrangen" (Raven I 1963: 225). The

following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-demman I (Pfeifer 11989: 253) "to damn up, block up"; Gothic faur-dammjan I (Pfeifer 11989: 253) "to fence in, hinder". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. fir-tiligon "tilgen, austilgen, vertilgen, ausrotten, vernichten, wegschaffen, beseitigen, verablassen" (Raven 111967: 155). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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fir-Irelten "zertreten, unter die FUfle treten" (Raven I 1963: 229). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-treddan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 133) "to tread down". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Jlr-troslen "(+acc.) Caution stellen oder Burgschaft leisten fr etwas; (reflex. +gen.) Vertzicht leisten auf etwas oder es vergessen" (Raven I 1963: 229). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-trEien,Jlr-trthveli "(reflex +gen. rei) Vertrauen setzen auf, sich verlassen auf, zuversichtlich sein, Zutrauen haben" (Raven 111967: 265). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-trthvian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 133) "to be presumptuous, over-confident, rash". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-tuhhalen "verbergen" (Raven I 1963: 231). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. fir-tuncalen "truben" (Raven 11963: 233). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-tuomen "verurteilen" (Raven 11963: 233). OS far-domian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 642) "verurteilen"; OEfor-deman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 125) "to condemn, sentence, doom; prejudice, decide"; ON 5'rir-do3ma I (Cleasby and Vigfusson 1874: 182) "to condemn"; Gothic *faur_domjan I "to prejudge, prejudice", can be reconstructed from the post verbal derivative faurdeins (Lehmann 1986: 93) "prejudice". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. fir-untriuwen "betrugen, hintergehen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 677). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG untriuwa (Starck and Wells 1990: 677) "Betrug, Untreue". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefixfir-). fir-waen "(Staub) verwehen" (Raven I 1963: 247). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jlr-wallon "abirren, (ab)wandern, sich wandernd entfemen, wegziehen" (Raven II 1967: 171). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-wane,, "sich bekummern, entmutigen, verzweifeln, sich einstellen von Verachtung; selbstgef'1lig (adj..)" (Raven 11963: 249). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE *for-wanan I attested in for-waned (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 135) "suspectus"; Gothic faura-wenjan (Lehmann 1986: 401) "to hope before". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. fir-wantalon "umwandeln, verwandeln, abwechseln, verwechseln" (Raven II 1967: 174). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-warten "hinlegen, . in Sicherheit bringen, Sorge tragen fr" (Raven 111967: 270). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. fir-wazenen "verdammen, verfiuchen" (Raven 11963: 251). No cognate verbs are attested. Probably a deadjectival formation from the preterite participle of the reduplicating strong verb occuring in OHG JIr-wazan St. vb. (Starck and Wells 1990: 700) "verabscheuen, verfiuchen, entweihen". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb.

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firwazoiz "verfiuchen, mit dem Kirchenbann belegen" (Raven II 1967: 176). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG jirwaz (Seebold 1970: 284) "Fluch, etwas Verbanntes". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. flr-wehsalon "verwandeln, (mit der entgegengesetzten Eigenschaft) vertauschen" (Raven II 1967: 177). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-wenten "jemanden von etwas abbringen" (Raven 1 1963: 257). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jir-werien ! " verbieten, verwehren" (Raven I 1963: 332). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-werten "verletzen, verderben, entstellen, vereitein" (Raven 1 1963: 260). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE for-wyrdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 135) "to destroy"; Gothic fra-wardjan I (Lehmann 1986: 127) "to destroy", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fra-waroejanan "to destroy, spoil, ruin", prefixed causative deverbative from prefixed strong verb *fra..werkanan "to perish, spoil, become ruined". This is attested in: OHGfir-werdan st. vb (Starck and Wells 1990: 714) "zugrunde gehen, untergehen, vergehen"; OEfor-weoran st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 135) "to perish, pass away, vanish; deteriorate, sicken"; Gothic fra-wairkan st. vb (Seebold 560) "verderben, umkommen". Therefore a Gmc causative deverbative. fir-wesanfn "an Geltung verlieren, sich uberleben" (Raven II 1967: 274). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-wesen "(anvertrautes Gut) veruntreuen, vergeuden" (Raven I 1963: 333). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. fir-widaren "ablehnen, verschmhen" (Raven 11963: 261). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jir-widaran "abweisen" (Raven II 1967: 182). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jir-wjffen "proskribieren, konfiszieren, offentlich aufschreiben, GUter beschlagnahmen" (Raven I 1963: 261). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-wigilen "unterweisen; instruere" (Starck and Wells 1990: 726). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-wiisalen, flr-wehsalen "(ver)wechseln, tauschen, wuchern" (Raven I 1963: 262). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jir-wirken "sundigen, sich versundigen, durch Handlungen sich einer Sache verlustig machen, verwirken, verschulden, fehlen, voller Schande" (Raven I 1963: 265). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS far_wirkian I (Hoithausen 1967: 88) "verraten". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-wituwen "Witwer sein" (Raven 111967: 274). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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fir_uofen "wildtrauern" (Raven 1 1963: 269). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir_wuolen "ausstollen, entferneri" (Raven I 1963: 271). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OIIG prefix formation. fir-wuoten "empfindunglos, urisinnig, schwachkopfig" adj. (Raven 11963: 270). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jir-wurken "zerstren, zugrunderichten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 750). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS far-workian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 750) "zerstren, zugrunderichten"; OE for-iiyrcan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 135) "to do wrong, sin; ruin, destroy; condemn, convict, curse; forfeit"; Gothic fra-waurkjan I (Lehmann 1986: 396) "to sin". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. fir-zadalan "vor Mangel verkommen oder verkommen lassen" (Raven II 1967: 191). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-znan, flr-za.i:ol- "zerfasert" (Starck and Wells 1990: 754). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-zartan "verzrtelt, wollustig, verwhnt" (Starck and Wells 1990: 754). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. jir-zascon "Huser an sich raffen, sich deren bemachtigen" (Raven 111967: 193). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-zerten "(hchst) zart oder ppig sein, (subst.) Jungling, Kind, Uppigkeit, (MHG) verweichlichen, verzrteln" (Raven 11963: 277). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-zimbaren "verbauen, versperren" (Raven 11963: 278). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-timbran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 132) "to close up, obstruct". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-zispen2 "fortschaffen, hinaustreiben" (Raven I 1963: 279). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jir-zucken "(Mauern) reparieren, die Mauern werden vernarbt" (Raven I 1963: 280). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-zUnen "verzunen, dicht umringen oder umgeben" (Raven I 1963: 281). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-l)7nan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 133) "to shut in, enclose, block up". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fir-zoubaron "bezaubern, durch bsen Blick behexen" (Raven II 1967: 197). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fir-zwii'alen,fir-zwivalit- "hoffnungslos, ol-me Hoffimng aufetwas (participial adj.)" (Raven 11963: 283). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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fiscon "fischen" (Raven II 1967: 43). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSfiskan II (Pfeifer 11989: 439) "fischen"; OFs. fiskia II (de Vries 1962: 122) "fischen"; OE fiscian 11 (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 120) "to fish"; ONjiska II (de Vries 1962: 122) "fischen"; Gothic fiskon II (Pfeifer 11989: 439) "to fish", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fiskjanan "to fish". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGjIsc (Starck and Wells 1990: 160) "Fisch"; OSfisk (Pfeifer 11989: 439) "Fisch"; OFs.Jlsc (de Vries 1962: 121) "Fisch"; OE fisc (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 120) "fish"; ON jiskr (Pfeifer 11989: 439) "Fisch"; Gothic Jlsks (Pfeifer 11989: 439) "fish", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fiskaz (Kluge 1989: 216) "Fisch". Therefore a Grnc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irfitafithhn "(urn Hurereien) betteln" (Raven 111967: 43). The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear, especially in regard to the initial JIta- element. As literary recordings of words denoting "to copulate" are rare in early periods for reasons of taboo, it is naturally hard to relate a word such asfitafuhhon to potential cognates. Possible comparisons can be drawn with: N}IG JIcken ( Kluge 1989: 213) "ficken, koitieren"; Modem Engl.fuck (Kluge 1989: 213). NHG dial. ficken,facken,fucken,Jlckfacken ( Kluge 1989: 213) "reiben, hin- und herbewegen, kurze rasche Bewegungen machen". Whether the sexual meaning is derived from this latter dialectal meaning, or vice versa, is difficult to ascertain, though it is more probable that the sexual meaning is secondary. Compare further: Modem Du. figgelen (Pfeifer 11989: 431) "hin- und her bewegen"; Modern Engi. dial. fidge (Pfeifer 11989: 431) "unruhig sein"; Modem Swed. dial. fickla ( Pfeifer 11989: 431) "ungeschickt sein"; Gothicfitan st. vb (Lehmann 1986: 118) "to be in labour, give birth to"; Modem Dan. dial. fitte (Lehmann 1986: 118) "cunt". The above constitute a Gmc complex of possible onornatapoeic or immitative origin, and assuming that the sexual meaning is secondary, probably denoting movement to and fro, or short and frequent movements. The fluidity and expressive nature of this complex makes identifying precise phonological relations difficult. The derivations based on this root should therefore be seen as belonging together only loosely. The complex appears to have no related forms outside Gmc. Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. fiureii "feurig machen" (Raven I 1963: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fiur (Kluge 1989: 212) "Feuer". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. fiurz "feurig werden oder sein, glUhen, brennen, Flammen speien" (Raven II 1967: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see underfiuren. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. fizusan "schlau oder verschlagen sein" (Raven II 1967: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fizuz (Starck and Wells 1990: 161) "schlau, listig, kiug". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, umbifizzan "umgeben" (Raven 111967: 44). The following cognate verbs are attested: ONfitja II (de Vries 1962: 122) "zusammenbinden", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fitjc,ianan " to bind, surround with a thread". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfizza (Starck and Wells 1990: 162) "Gebinde, Gewebe, Faden"; OSJIttea (Kluge 1989: 216). OEfitt (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 120) "fit, song, poem"; ONfit (Kluge 1989: 216) "Gewebekante, Schwimmhaut der Vogel; Arm, Hand; Brnne (poet)", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fitja(Kluge 1989: 216). Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb.
flanneiz "den Mund oder das Gesicht verziehen" (Raven II 1967: 213). No cognate verbs are

attested. cf. NHGflennen (<*flann/an?). cf. Norw.fiIna (Torp 1963: 120) "fletschen, lachen"; cf. MHG vians (Kluge 1989: 220) "Mund, Maul"; cf. Swed.fiIna (Kluge 1989: 220) "fletschen, lachen"; cf. Dan.fline (Schade 11882: 203) "fletschen, lachen". Further etymology obscure.

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fled/ran "das Schwert ablegen, losgurten" (Raven II 1967: 44). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. flhen "liebkosen, schmeicheln" (Raven I 1963: 293). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *Jlehjan "schmeicheln, demiltig bitten, flehen". The etymology of this verb is uncertain. There are possible connections with Latin supplicifre (Kluge 1989: 219) "demutig flehen", Latin supplex (Kluge 1989: 219) "demutig flehend", but this is by no means certain. fle/zezzen "schmeicheln" (Starck and Wells 1990: 163). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct an earlier form *flehatjan "schmeicheln", intensive deverbative from OHG class I weak verb flhen (which see) or class II weak verb fihan (which see). Therefore an 01-10 intensive deverbative. fl:on "flehen, an-, erfiehen, kniefhllig oder schmeichelnd - d.h. dringlich und demutig bitten, instandig verlangen, ermahnen, mahnend reden, gewinnen oder abkaufen, beschwichtigen, schmeicheln" (Raven 111967: 44). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSflehon (Kiuge 1989: 219) "dringend bitten", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *flahq/an "flehen". Etymology uncertain. There may be possible connections with Latin supplicffre (Kluge 1989: 219) "demutig flehen", Latin supplex (Kiuge 1989: 219) "demutig flehend". This is, however, by no means certain. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, IFfleisken "rupfen, zupfen, (btr.), jemanden durchhcheln, verspotten, schmhen" (Raven I 1963: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fleisc (Kluge 1989: 219) "Fleisch". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zuo- (class II). *fleck,z "beschmutzen, beflecken". The following cognate verbs are attested: MDu. viecken (de Vries 1962: 130) "beflecken"; ON flekka II (Fritzner I 1954: 438) "beschmutzen, beflecken", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *flekkqjanan "beflecken, beschmutzen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGflec (Starck and Wells 1990: 164) "Mal, Lederstuckchen"; OHG Jiecko (Kiuge 1989: 219) "Makel, Gerstenkrnchen, Fuge"; MDu. viecke (Kluge 1989: 219) "Fleck, Flecken"; ON flekkr (Kiuge 1989: 219) "Fleck, Flecken", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *Jlekkaz / *Jlekkan masc. (Kluge 1989: 219) "Fleck (darUbergesetzter Lappen, Farbfleck, EingeweidestUck". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giflewen "schwemmen, spulen, waschen, (vom Gewand) wallen" (Raven I 1963: 293). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *fiaujan with au' vocalism (Seebold 1970: 204) class I deverbative from strong verb *flawanan (Seebold 1970: 204) "fliel3en". This strong verb is attested in the following: OEflowan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 204) "to flow, stream, issue; become liquid, melt; abound; overflow". Therefore an OHO deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irfliden "(vom Mantel) purpurfarbig glanzen oder (ubtr.) gluhen" (Raven I 1963: 293). No cognate verbs are attested. Class I weak deverbative from strong verb *Jleibanan (Seebold 1970: 200) "glnzen?". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHGflidan st. vb (Starck and Wells 1990: 164) "glanzen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gi-

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fligion "streicheind abwischen, kriechend schmeicheln, knechtisch begrul3en, besanftigen" (Raven 111967: 45). cf. OHGflahon II (Starck and Wells 1990: 163) "flehen, dringend bitten". No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *fiegi1jan "kreichend schmeicheln", class II frequentative / continuative deverbative from class II weak verb OHG fiehan. Therefore an OHG frequentative I continuative deverbative (formed with I-extension). flimmen "dumpftosen oder tnen, murren, brummen" (Raven 11963: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Probably of immitative origin. Semantically separate from NHG flimmen. flistiren "schmeicheln, liebkosen, wrmen" (Raven 1 1963: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. May be related to NHGfiustern. flogarezzen "flattern, stieben" (Starck and Wells 1990: 165). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct a possible earlier form *flug(a)ratjan (frequentative r-extension is possibly by analogy with forms such asflogaron "flackern"). The verb is a zero-grade intensive deverbative from strong verb *Jleuganan (Seebold 1970: 201) "fliegen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG fliogan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 201) "fliegen"; OFs. flia(ga) st. vb (Seebold 1970: 201) "fliegen"; OEfigan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 201) "to fly; flee, take to flight"; ON fijzga St. vb (Seebold 1970: 201) "fliegen, fliel3en (von Tranen)". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. flogaron "flackern, sich fliegend verbreiten, (vom Aussatz) frisch ausbrechend oder ansteckend wirken" (Raven II 1967: 45). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct a possible earlier form *flagar/an / *fiogarc7an "flackern". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is an r-extension verb and may possibly derive from an IE \I*plag, *plg.. (Kiuge 1989: 217) "schlagen". From , from which base the following may also be derived: OEfiacor with unvoiced gutteral (Kluge 1989: 217) "fliegend"; NRC) flackern with unvoiced gutteral (Kiuge 1989: 217) "flackern"; MDu. viackern with unvoiced gutteral (Pfeifer 11989: 442). ON flokra with unvoiced gutteral (Pfeifer 11989: 442) "umherstreifen, flattem"; ON flakka with unvoiced gutteral (Pfeifer 11989: 442) "flackern, flattern"; Latin plangere (Kluge 1989: 217) "schiagen"; Greek 1t?7Evat passive (Kiuge 1989: 217) "wurde geschlagen". This IE root has undergone a significant semantic development in Gmc. As the r-extension is lacking in IE, this verb is clearly not pre-Gmc. Therefore an OHG verb (formed with an r-extension), the derivational pattern of which is unclear. flogezzen "schweben" (Seebold 1970: 201). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct a possible earlier form *flugatjan (Seebold 1970: 201) zero-grade intensive deverbative from strong verb *fieuganan (Seebold 1970: 201) "fliegen" (see under flogarezzen). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. *flougen "fltichten, erschrecken, in die Flucht schlagen". The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs.flagia (Seebold 1970: 518) "fluchten"; OE a-fliegan (Seebold 1970: 518) "to put to flight, expel"; ONfleygja (Fritzner 11954: 440) "fliehen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *J,laugejanan (Seebold 1970: 518)! *flaugejanan "to put to flight", causative of strong verb *J,leuhanan (Seebold 1970: 517), *fleuhanan "to flee". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG fliohan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 517) "meiden, vermeiden, ausweichen"; OS fliohan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 517) "fliehen vor"; OFs. fluff st. vb (Seebold 1970: 517) "fliehen, schwinden"; OEfln st. vb (Seebold 1970: 517) "to fly from, flee, avoid, escape"; ONfl st. vb preterite sg. (Seebold 1970: 517) This has fallen together withfljzga "fliegen"; Gothic b1iuhan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 517) "fliehen". The phonetic division between Gothic b1and NWGmcfl- in certain words cannot be satisfactorily explained. The traditional view is that original /1- is preserved in Gothic but has fallen together withfl- in the remaining languages of the Gmc group. K. Matzel, Sprache 8 (1962), 220-237, takes the opposite view and proposes

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that Gmcfl- can become Gothic b1- under certain conditions. However, this latter theory cannot explain every distinction between b1- andfl-. Therefore a NWGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ir-,fram-irflozzen "wallen, fluten, schwanken, verschwenden, ubermUtig sein, sich brUsten" (Raven I 1963: 42). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS flatian I (Holthausen 1967: 21) "spulen"; ONfleyta I (Seebold 1970: 203) "treiben lassen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *flautejanan ( Seebold 1970: 203) causative deverbative from strong verb *Jleutanan (Seebold 1970: 202) "fliellen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHGfliozan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 202) "fliel3en, hervorstromen, schwimmen, flussig sein"; OS fliotan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 202) "fliel3en"; OFs. fliata st. vb (Seebold 1970: 202) "fliel3en, schiffen"; OE fleotan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 202) "to float, drift, flow, swim, sail; skim"; ON fljta st. vb (Seebold 1970: 202) "schwimmmen (Schiff, Blut), zerfliellen". Therefore a NWGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: aba-, duruh-, gi-, Uz-, zifluhien "vertreiben" (Raven I 1963: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG fluht (Kluge 1989: 223) "Flucht". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: danaflucken "zum Fliegen herausfordern, flugge machen" (Raven 11963: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct a possible earlier form *fiukkjan intensive gemination and devoicing (Seebold 1970: 202) zero-grade intensive deverbative from strong verb *fleuganan (Seebold 1970: 201) "fliegen" (see under flogarezzen). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. fluobiren "sich beraten, beratschlagen, fir etwas sorgen, verfahren, handein" (Raven I 1963: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fluobara (Schade 11882: 208) "cbnsolatio". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. fluohhen "fluchen" (Raven I 1963: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. Possibly a class I deverbative formation, either from the strong verb *fiakanan ( Seebold 1970: 205) "schlagen" (see under fluohhon) or, more likely, the verb represents a class I deverbative from the class II weak verb fiuohhon. Alternatively, the verb may represent a denominative formation from OHG fluoh (Seebold 1970: 205) "Fluch". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. fluohhon "fluchen, verwilnschen, schmhen" (Raven II 1967: 45). No cognate verbs are attested. The derivational pattern of this verb is ambiguous. It may be a class II deverbative *flokjan ( Seebold 1970: 205) from the strong verb *flakanan (Seebold 1970: 205) "schlagen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG widar-fluohhan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 205) "wieder schmahen"; OSfiokan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 205) "fluchen"; OEfian st. vb (Seebold 1970: 205) "die Hnde zusammenschlagen"; ONflkenn St. vb pret. part. (Seebold 1970: 205) "verworren"; Gothic fa(flokun reduplicating verb preterite p1. (Seebold 1970: 205) "betrauern (das tote Madchen)". Or, alternatively, the verb may be a denominative formation from OHG fiuoh (Seebold 1970: 205) "Fluch". Therefore an OHG deverbative / denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:firfnastan "schnauben" (Raven II 1967: 45). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE fncstian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 123) "to breathe hard", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fiicj tjan "schnauben". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: MRG pfnast secondary lengthening of 'a'? (Pokorny I 1956: 839) "das Schnauben"; OE fiust (Pokomy 11956: 839) "blowing, blast, breath, voice", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fiiastan "das sclmauben", nominal derivitive from NWGmc class II weak verb *fnasojanan

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"schnauben", which is attested in the following: MHG pfnasen secondary lengthening of 'a'? (Pokorny 11956: 839) "schnauben"; ONfnascz 11 (de Vries 1962: 136) "schnauben". The verb *fnasjanan derives ultimately from the strong verb *fnesanan "schnauben, niesen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OEfnesan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 123) "to pant, gasp; (with prefix gi- = to sneeze)". For a discussion of the Gmc fn- complex see under fnatton. Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. fnaltan "(vom Pferd) schnauben, (vom Ochs) stohnen" (Raven 111967: 46). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct a possible earlier form *fnattjan expressive gem ination? "(von Tieren) schnauben". The precise etymology of this verb is unclear. It appears to be a dental extension deriving from a Gmc onomatapoeic complex based on an initial fi7-' consonant cluster. The essential meaning centered on this complex was that of panting, gasping for breath, sneezing, sniffing and, in general, noises produced by the nose, mouth or air-passage. Compare the similar onomatapoeic complex with initial Sn- (see under snepflizzen). This onomatapoeic base served as a productive root for a number of derivations. The vocalism of these derivations was frequently varied according to quantity or quality for an expressive or onomatapoeic effect. These derivations also employed a number of consonant extensions, often with expressive or intensive gemination or devoicing. The fluidity and expressive nature of this complex makes identifying precise phonological relations difficult. The derivations based on this root should therefore be seen as belonging together only loosely. The following are examples of derivations, showing the productivity of this complex: OHG fnehan st. vb (Pokorny I 1956: 839) "schnauben, gierig trachten auf, ersehnen"; MEG pfniisen (Pokorny 11956: 839) "schnauben, niesen"; OEfnesan st. vb (Pokorny 11956: 839) "to pant, gasp"; OEfiisan (Pokorny 11956: 839) "to sneeze"; ON fisa (Pokorny I 1956: 839) "schnauben". The complex as a whole probably derives from IE \J*pneu- (Pokorny 11956: 838) "keuchen, atmen", from which base the following may be derived: Greek itvw (Pokorny 11956: 839) "ich atme, rieche". Therefore an OHG verb (formed with a dental extension), the derivational pattern of which is unclear. fneskezzen " schiucksen, seufzen, gahnen, den Mund aufsperren, rocheln" (Raven I 1963: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *fneskatjan intensive deverbative formed with k-extension from strong verb *fizesanan " schnauben, niesen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE fnesan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 123) "to pant, gasp; (with prefix gi- = to sneeze)". For an explantion concerning the Gmc complex based on initial see underfnattOA. Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. fnoton "schutteln" (Raven 111967: 46). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifogalon "Vogel fangen, vogelstellen, Vogelfang, Vogelschau halten, sich mit Vogein uberhaupt abgeben" (Raven 111967: 46). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSfugolon II (Pfeifer I 1989: 1916) "Vogel fangen"; OEfuglian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 141) "to catch birds", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fug1jan "to catch birds, deal with birds, observe birds". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fogal (Starck and Wells 1990: 167) "Vogel"; OSfugal (Kluge 1989: 767) "Vogel"; OFs.fugel (Kluge 1989: 767) "bird, fowl"; OEfugel (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 141) "bird, fowl"; ONjitgl (Kluge 1989: 767) "Vogel"; GothicJltgls (Kluge 1989: 767) "bird", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fuglaz (Kluge 1989: 767) dissimilation from earlier *fluglaz (Pfeifer 11989: 1916) "Vogel". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. fogairartan "wahrsagen" (Raven II 1967: 46). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fogalrarta (Starck and Wells 1990: 167) "Vogelstimme als Vorzeichen". Therefore an OHG denominative verb.

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fah'z "dunn, locker, und dadurch unzuverlassig werden" (Raven II 1967: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfo,fawer,foher (Starck and Wells 1990: 167) "wenige, selten, vereinzelt, dunn, gest". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. fo1gz "(+dat. pers. et gen. rei; +acc. rarus inventu); folgen, befolgen, nachfolgen, nachgehen, hinterlassen, notwendig logisch folgen, gehorchen, erfllen, gentigen, erhalten (acc.), bestimmen, begleiten, das geleit geben, hinter (oder neben) etwas hergehen, Folge leisten, hinzukommen, sich streng richten nach, gUnstig oder gewogen sein, das Uberlieferte, nach oder gemJ3, demgemal3, folglich" (Raven 111967: 213). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS folgon II (Kluge 1989: 225) "folgen"; OFs. folgia, fulgia, folia II (Kluge 1989: 225) "folgen"; OEfiulgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 143) "to follow, pursue; persecute; follow out, observe, obey; obtain; attend to; practise"; OE folgian, j51gean II (Kluge 1989: 225) "to follow, accompany; attain; obey, serve, observe"; ON )5/lgja (Kluge 1989: 225) "folgen, begleiten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fu1ganan (Kluge 1989: 225) "to follow". The etymology of this verb is uncertain. A connection has been suggested with the Gmc strong verb *felhanan ( in the sense of "verbergen, begraben") and involves the following semantic development: "bedecken > beschutzen > in jemands Gefolgschaft treten" (Pfeifer 1 1989: 459). This is, however, semantically somewhat contorted. More convincing is an etymology which relates the verb to Welsh a! (Kluge 1989: 225) "Spur" and Comish a! (Pfeifer 11989: 459) "Ful3spur", which would allow us to reconstruct the root *pelgh_, *polgh (Pfeifer I 1989: 459), although these comparisons are tentative and the root is restricted to Gmc and Celtic. Despite the absence of sufficient data, this verb is nevertheless probably best regarded as pre-Gmc. Prefix formations derived from this verb: afiar-, ana-, duruh-, gi-, ir-, nab-, if., Un farfolgon "Folge leisten" (Pfeifer 11989: 459). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS folgan II (Kluge 1989: 225). OFs.folgia,fulgia,folia II (Kiuge 1989: 225). OEfylgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 143) "to follow, pursue; persecute; follow out, observe, obey; obtain; attend to; practise"; OE folgian, J5'1gean II (Kluge 1989: 225) "to follow, accompany; attain; obey, serve, observe", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fulgq/an (Kluge 1989: 225) "folgen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is a class II variant of the Gmc class III weak verb *fu1gjanan and is possibly best regarded as a class change deverbative from this latter, the change of class being to the more productive class II. For a tentative etymology of *frlganan see under folgen. Therefore a WGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. folla-bringen "vollbringen, ausfihilen, voll anfullen, flillen, zustandebringen, ausfithren, vollenden, durchsetzen" (Raven I 1963: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-buozzen "befriedigen, zufriedenstellen, sich entschuldigen" (Raven I 1963: 22). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-fir-entan "vollstandig zu Ende bringen, sterben" (Raven 111967: 35). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-fruminen "vollbringen, durchfulhren" (Raven I 1963: 296). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zisamenefolla-haben "ganz haben, volistandig besitzen, fortdauem, whren" (Raven 11963: 303). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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folla-heilen "volistandig heilen" (Raven 11963: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-leggen "hinzufugen" (Raven 1 1963: 311). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-leislen "genugen" (Raven I 1963: 102). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS ful-Istian I (Bosworth and Toiler 346) "to help, be enough"; OE ful-Itistan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 142) "to help, aid, support". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. folla-leiten "hinfuhren, hinbringen" (Raven I 1963: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-lusten "helfen" (Raven I 1963: 121). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-redan "(eine Unterweisung) zu Ende bringen" (Raven 111967: 118). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-rehtan "(+dat. pers.) vollstandig Recht geschehen lassen" (Raven II 1967: 119). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-recken "vollstandig erklren, ganz sagen, vollfithren" (Raven 11963: 152). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-rucken "vervolistandigen" (Raven I 1963: 161). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-sezzen "sich erfilllen oder begnugen, vollenden mit" (Raven 11963: 173). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-tribon "durchfithren, vollenden, verhandeln, errtem" (Raven 111967: 158). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-trosten "ewig und durchaus trsten" (Raven I 1963: 230). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-weman "wimmein, tiberfliel3en, voll sein von" (Raven 111967: 179). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. foI1a-weri 1 "dauernd bleiben" (Raven 111967: 272). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-werten "verfolgen" (Raven 11963: 260). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-wirken "vollenden, vollsthndig oder fertig machen" (Raven I 1963: 265). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fo1la-wEen "vollig hinweisen" (Raven 11963: 267). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic fulla-weisjan I (Lehmann 1986: 130) "to persuade". Therefore possibly a Gmc prefix formation. However, no other cognates are attested for this formation, and the two formations differ so distinctly in meaning that they may equally well be considered as independant formations. This is supported by the fact that there are no other prefix formations with *fulla_ during the Gmc period. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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folla-wonen "innewohnen, bei etwas harren, gewohnt sein" (Raven II 1967: 275). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. folla-wurken "eine Arbeit vollenden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 750). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE flul-wyrcan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 142) "to complete, fulfil". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. follan "sattigen, den Willen Gottes oder des Schicksals vollstrecken" (Raven 111967: 46). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE flullian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 142) "to complete, fill up, perfect", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fullojan "to fill up". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under fullen). Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruh-, irfolan "fhlen, betasten, (durch Bestehen) besanftigen oder gUnstig stimmen" (Raven 111967: 46). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct a possible earlier form *faj/an "fuhlen; mit dem Daumen, Finger betasten". The derivational pattern and etymology of this verb are unclear. It is a class II variant of WGmc class I weak verb *faljan and may represent a class change deverbative from this latter. For a tentative etymology of *faljan see under fuolen. Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, irfora-bi-goumen "versehen, schUtzen, sich huten, vorbeugen, vorratig machen" (Raven I 1963: 60). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-bi-huoten "vorassehen, vorhersehen, sorgen, besorgen, sorgend beschaffen, anschaffen" (Raven 11963: 78). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-bi-kennen "etwas zuvor (= schon frUher) sehen oder erblicken, (Ubertr.) Zukunfiiges voraussehen, Vorkehrungen treffen, sorgen" (Raven 11963: 85). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-biidan "bildlich vorbezeichnen" (Raven II 1967: 18). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-bi-meinen "vorschlagen, vorausbestimmen oder bestellen, (vorn) anheften, anstecken oder anschlagen" (Raven I 1963: 126). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-bi-neimen "im voraus bestimmen" (Raven I 1963: 137). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. foraboton "vorhersagen" (Raven II 1967: 47). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG foraboto (Starck and Wells 1990: 171) "Vorbote, Vorlufer". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. fora-breiten "vorantragen, kundgeben, zeigen, offenbaren" (Raven I 1963: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-brengen "vorflihren, befordern" (Raven I 1963: 18). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-bringen "vorziehen, vorsetzen, in Vorschlag bringen" (Raven I 1963: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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fora-denken "vordenken" (Raven I 1963: 27). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE fore Abencan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969:128) "to premeditate, forethink, consider beforehand". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fora-garawen "bereiten" (Raven I 1963: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-gi-dennen "ausstrecken, erhalten" (Raven I 1963: 289). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-gi-goumen "versehen, vorratig machen" (Raven 11963: 60). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-gi-lengen "fortjagen, prolongieren, lange wohnen bleiben" (Raven I 1963: 107). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-gi-malai "beschreiben, mit Worten darstellen" (Raven 111967: 242). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-gi-marcon "voranstellen, vorziehen, aufstellen" (Raven II 1967: 100). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. fora-gi-maren "ankundigen, bekanntmachen" (Raven I 1963: 124). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. fora-gi-sezzen "aussetzen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 519). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-gi-spenton "aufwenden, zuerteilen" (Raven II 1967: 142). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-gi-suonen "im voraus entscheiden" (Raven I 1963: 218). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-goumen "bekommen, erhalten" (Raven I 1963: 60). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE for-gieman, for-gjman (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 128) "to neglect, pass by, transgress". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fora-ir-teilen "im voraus bestimmen oder zum Ziele setzen" (Raven I 1963: 223). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-ir-wegen "aufrcken lassen, befOrdern zu hherem Amte" (Raven I 1963: 329). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-kunden "prophezeien, verkunden, verkttndigen, bekanntmachen, berichten, aussagen, ausrufen, erklren, angeben, hermelden, anzeigen, proklamieren" (Raven I 1963: 99). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE fore-cyan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 126) "to make known (beforehand), tell forth; prophesy". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fora-leggen "vorausbestimmen, vorschreiben" (Starck and Wells 1990: 365). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-lern z " vorher bedenken oder erwgen, sich im voraus Sorge machen" (Raven II 1967: 235). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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fora-(h)linen "entspringen, uberragen, hervorragen" (Raven II 1967: 237). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-merren "verhindern, hemmen, fessein" (Raven 11963: 128). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-nemnen "vorhersagen, vorschreiben, im Voraus sagen" (Raven I 1963: 138). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfore-nemnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 127) "to mention beforehand". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fora-rucken "hervorragen, sich auszeichnen" (Raven I 1963: 161). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-sagen "sagen, voran-, vorhersagen, aussprechen, feierlich verkiinden, prophezeien, prophetisch reden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 502). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-sagz "predigen" (Raven II 1967: 251). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE fore-secgan (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 127) "to mention before; proclaim, preach, fortell"; ON j5'rir-segja (Fritzner I 1954: 522) "to say beforehand". Therefore a NWGmc prefix formation. fora-sezzen "voransetzen, befehligen, verwalten, vorziehen, festsetzen, vorausbestimmen, mit etwas begabt oder ausgestattet" (Raven 11963: 173). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfore-settan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 127) "to place before, shut in, propose, precede, prefer". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fora-scaffan "im voraus bestimmen oder bestellen" (Raven II 1967: 132). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-sorgai "verwalten, Statthalter, Stellvertreter oder Bevollmchtiger, kaiserlicher Procurator" (Raven 111967: 257). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfor-sorgian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 132) "to despond". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fora-spraJzh i " vorausteilen, vorausgehen" (Raven II 1967: 143). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-strecken "niederstrecken, sich zu Boden werfen und liegen" (Raven I 1963: 209). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-suonen "eine Vorentscheidung abgeben, im voraus entscheiden" (Raven 11963: 217). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-zeihhanen "vorbezeichnen, vorbedeuten" (Raven I 1963: 273). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fora-zucken "vorziehen, gedeihen lassen, ruckgangig machen" (Raven 11963: 281). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. forahten, forhien, furhten "flirchten, sich fiirchten, sich scheuen" (Raven I 1963: 52). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSforhtian I (Kluge 1989: 237) "filrchten"; OE)5.'rhtan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 145) "to fear, tremble; frighten, terrify"; Gothic faurhtjan I (K.luge 1989: 237) "to be afraid", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *furhtUanan (Kluge 1989: 237) "fiirchten". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG -foraht (Kluge 1989: 237) "furchtsam"; OSfor(a)ht (Kluge 1989: 237) "furchtsam"; OEforht (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 129) "fearful, timid, affrighted; terrible, dreadful, formidable"; Gothic faurhts (Kiuge

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1989: 237) "fearful, afraid", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *furhtaz (Kiuge 1989: 237) "furchtsam". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, bi-, gi-, irfordaran "fOrdem, fordern, verlangen, erwunschen, nachstreben" (Raven II 1967: 47). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfordaro comp. adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 173) "vortrefflicher, fruher, recht". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, giforman "erwrmen, warm halten, sich fur jemanden abmuhen, pflegen" (Raven II 1967: 48). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS forman II (Hoithausen 1967: 22) "helfen, schutzen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *formjan. Further etymology unclear. forscan "forschen, erforschen, ausfmdig machen, nachdenken, grUbeln, fragen nach etwas (+gen.), befragen, zweifeln, ratios sein" (Raven 111967: 48). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *forskjan "forschen". This verb is an 'sk-present' formation, which has clear parallels in the following: Skt prcchati (Pokomy 11956: 821) "fragt"; Latin poscere (Pokorny 11956: 821) "fordern, verlangen, bitten"; Oh. imm-chom-arc (Pokomy 11956: 821) "gegenseitiges Fragen, Begrul3en usw"; Jr. arco (Pokorny 11956: 821) "ich bitte". The forms attested above allow us to reconstruct an JE *prsk.. (<*prksk.) " ich frage, bitte", an 'skpresent' formation deriving ultimately from the IE "I*perk-, *prek-, *prk- (Pokorny 11956: 821) "fragen, bitten", from which base the following may be derived: OHGfraga (Kluge 1989: 229) "Frage"; OHGfrage III (Kluge 1989: 229) "fragen"; Gothic fraIhnan IV (Pokorny 11956: 822) "fragen"; OCS prositi (Kluge 1989: 229) "erbitten, verlangen"; Lith. pir.ti (Kluge 1989: 229) "fir jernanden um die Hand eines Madchens anhalten"; Latin precor deponant (Kluge 1989: 229) "ich bitte, bete". Despite the fact that an attested form of the verb is confmed to OHG, these IE parallels, along vith the fact that 'sk-presents' are generally archaic in nature, provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, ITfort-brengen "von sich geben, hervorbringen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 76). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ford-brengan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 133) "to bring, produce; bring to pass, accomplish; bring forward". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. fort-bringen "hervorgehen, auftreten, aufstol3en, rulpsen" (Raven 11963: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fowen "sieben, Asche streuen lassen" (Raven I 1963: 294). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *fujan "sieben, reinigen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from the ablaut zero-grade of IE l*peu-, *peu, *pu.. (Pokorny 11956: 827) "reinigen, lautern, sieben", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt pavayati (Pokorny 11956: 827) "reinigt, lautert"; Latin putare dental extension (Pokorny 11956: 827) "reinigen"; Mir. fir (Pokorny 11956: 827) "neu, frisch, edel"; Welsh ir (Pokorny 11956: 827) "frisch, grun". This verb is confrned to OHG, there being no other forms in Gmc with which it can be compared. Nevertheless, there are IE parrallels, and these provide suitable evidence to allow for this verb to be assigned to a pre-Gmc stratum. fragi "(+acc. pers. et gen. rei)(intrans.) fragen, eine Frage stellen, forschen oder fragen nach; (trans.) fragen, befragen, erfragen, fragen nach oder urn, erforschen, durchforschen, nachforschen, untersuchen, dringend fordern oder erheischen, wiederholt fragen, urn viele Einzelheiten bitten" (Raven 111967: 216). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSfrgon II (Kluge 1989: 229) "fragen"; OFs.fria 11 (Kluge 1989: 229) "fragen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fragan (Kluge 1989: 229) "fragen". The verb is derived from the

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following nominal base: 01-10 frffga (Starck and Wells 1990: 174) "Frage, Untersuchung, Befragung"; MLG vrge (Pfeifer 11989: 467) "Frage"; 0Fs.fra (Kluge 1989: 229) "Frage", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *frago"Frage". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruh-, gi-, gi-in(t)-, i,z(t)-, ir-. frwn-beiten "hervortragen, anfiihren" (Raven I 1963: 6). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG Prefix formation. friinz-breiten "fortjagen" (Raven I 1963: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fram-b,ingen "ans Licht bringen, erffnen, bekanntmachen, uberbringen" (Raven I 1963: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. frani-fuoren "hervor-, fort-, wegfahren, fbrdern" (Raven I 1963: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. frarn-gi-fuoren "fodern, zu weit fiihren" (Raven I 1963: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. frarn-gi-leiten "hervorbringen, erzeugen, erschaffen" (Raven I 1963: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fram-gi-wisen "aufforden, anregen" (Raven I 1963: 267). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHO prefix formation. frani-ir-flougen "vertreiben, verbannen" (Raven I 1963: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. frain-kunden "veroffentlichen, offentlich anschlagen" (Raven 11963: 99). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fram-1uog: "hervor-, uberragen" (Raven II 1967: 241). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (cf. OE fra,n-ldcian II mit Verscharfung oder Variation des Auslauts (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 137) "to look back'). fram-reihhen "aus-, hin-, zu Boden strecken, ausdehnen, sich erstrecken, ausbreiten" (Raven I 1963: 149). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. frain-rucken "sich fortbewegen, vorbeigehen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 496). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fram-sagen "ankundigen, veroffentlichen, eine Verordnung erlassen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 502). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHU prefix formation. frain-sezzen "jemandem etwas vorlegen oder darlegen, vorsetzen" (Raven I 1963: 173). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fram-scorr&i "hervorragen (von Felsen)" (Raven II 1967: 254). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. frwn-scouwan "sehen, voraussehen" (Raven II 1967: 135). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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fra;n-scuzzeiz "[zum Ausgleich] hervorspringen" (Raven I 1963: 190). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. frainspuotisan "einer Sache Erfoig verleihen, etwas segnen, zu etwas gedeihen geben, gedeihen, glucken, gelingen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 176). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGframspuot (Starck and Wells 1990: 176) "Erfolg". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with s-extension). fra;n-suohhen (Raven I 1963: 216). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OFIG prefix formation. fralon "wund machen, verletzen" (Raven 11 1967: 48). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfrar (Starck and Wells 1990: 176) "entzundet, eitrig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. fravalen "schnden, entehren, verletzen, entweihen, beflecken" (Raven 1 1963: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. Nonminal: OHG fravali (Starck and Wells 1990: 176) "unverschmt, verwegen, eigensinnig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. frehien "Obel zurichten, blutig opfern" (Raven I 1963: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. frekien "abtrunnig werden, das Abfallen des Menschen von Gott" (Raven 111967: 217). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG freidi (Starck and Wells 1990: 177) "abtrUnnig vom Glauben". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. freiso,z "drohen, geftthrdet sein, in Gefahr bringen" (Raven 111967: 49). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG freisa, freisi(Starck and Wells 1990: 177) "Untergang, Gefahr, Verderben". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. freissamon "drohen, in Gefahr schweben, geffihrdet oder bedroht sein" (Raven 111967: 49). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfreissam (Starck and Wells 1990: 177) "unheilvoll, gefahrlich, verderblich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifremiden "vermeiden, ausweichen" (Raven I 1963: 43). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic frarnabjan I (Lehmann 1986: 124) "to estrange", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fran2aJJfljanan "to alienate, estrange". cf. OEfremdian II, originally class I? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 138) "to alienate, estrange; curse, anathematize, excommunicate". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfremidi (Starck and Wells 1990: 177) "fremd"; OS fremii (Kluge 1989: 231) "fremd"; OFs. fremethe (Heyne 1905: 220) "strange"; OE fremede, fremde (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 138) "strange, foreign, estranged from, devoid of'; Gothic framabeis (Lehmann 1986: 124) "foreign, alien", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *frama/,jaz (Kluge 1989: 231) "fremd". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irfre,nrnen "herbeischaffen, verwirklichen" (Raven 11963: 294). The following cognate verbs are

attested: OSfrernmian I (Schade 11882: 219) "ausfuhren, vollbringen"; OFs.frem(m)a I (de Viies 1962: 141). OE fremman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 138) "to further, advance, support; frame, make, do, accomplish, perfect, perpetrate, commit, afford"; ON fremja I (de Vries 1962: 141) "Fordern, ausftihren", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *framUanafl "to accomplish, do, advance". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfram adv (Schade 11882: 219) "vorwrts, fort, weiter; sofort"; OSfram adv (Schade 11882: 219). OFs.fram,from adv (de Vries 1962: 139) "vorwarts"; OEfram,from adv (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 137) "from, forth, out, away"; ONfrarn adv (de Vries 1962: 139) "vorwrts"; Gothic

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frarn adv (de Vries 1962: 139). We can therefore reconstruct a Gmc *fram adv "further, away, forward". Therefore a NWGmc deadverbial verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruh-, duruli-gi-, gifrewen,frouen "(+gen.) (sich) freuen, erfreuen, froh machen" (Raven I 1963: 294). cf. OHG

froan, frouwan II; OHG fron III. The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG vrouwen (Kluge 1989: 232) "freuen"; MDu. vrowen (Kluge 1989: 232) "freuen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fra'v(jan (Kluge 1989: 232) "freuen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfra(Kluge 1989: 233) "froh"; OSfra(Kluge 1989: 233) "froh"; OFs. frc (Kiuge 1989: 233) "froh", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *frawaz (Kiuge 1989: 233) "froh". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: eban-, gi-, iifrezzen "abweiden, fressen machen, heimsuchen" (Raven I 1963: 295). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfrettan I (Seebold 1970: 1 80) "to feed upon, consume"; Gothicfra-atjan I (Seebold 1970: 180) "zum Essen austeilen", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fra_ atejanan (Seebold 1970: 180) "fressen". Prefix formation from the causative deverbative *atejanan (Seebold 1970: 180) "essen machen" (see under ezzen). The OHG and OE forms are merged compounds of the earlier prefix form iii fra-, this merger a secondary development. Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. fridon "aussohnen, beschutzen, eifern" (Raven II 1967: 49). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSfrian II (Schade 11882: 224) "aussohnen"; OFs.frethia,ferdia II (de Vries 1962: 142) "aussohnen"; OEfriian 11 (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 140) "to make peace with, be at peace with; cherish, protect, guard, defend, keep; observe"; ONfria II (de Vries 1962: 142) "friedlich machen, versohnen"; Gothic ga-fribon II (de Vries 1962: 142) "versohnen", which allows us to reconstruct a Grnc *fribjanan "to make peace". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfridu (Starck and Wells 1990: 178) "Friede(n)"; OSfriu (Kiuge 1989: 232) "Friede(n)"; OFs.fretho (Kluge 1989: 232) "Friede(n)"; OEfr4b (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 140) "peace, tranquility, security"; ONfriJr (Kluge 1989: 232) "Friede, Schutz", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fribuz (Kliige 1989: 232) "Friede". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifriste "verbreiten, bekanntmachen, erhalten, bewahren, verschieben, verschieden sein" (Raven I 196: 44). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fist (SchUtzeichel 1969: 59) "Zeit(raum), bestimmte Zeit, Frist; Zeitpunlct, Augenblick; Gelegenheit; Zogern". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifriston "buIlen, bui3en lassen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 179). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see underfristen. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. friten "lieben, wrmen, pflegen, huten" (Raven I 1963: 44). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSfridon II, originally class I? (Lehmann 1986: 127); ONfrIa II, originally class 1? (Lehmann 1986: 127) "schutzen, bewahren, schmucken"; Gothic freidjan I (Lehmann 1986: 127) "to take care of", which allows us to reconstruct a Ginc *fri/anan "to protect, care for, love". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fit- in friihof (Lehmann 1986: 127) "Friediiof", (actually):"a cared for place"; OEfri (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 140) "beautiful, stately"; ON frnOr (Lehmann 1986: 127) "hubsch, friedlich, sicher, eigentlich geschont", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *friOaz (Lehmann 1986: 127) "cared for (and thus pretty, attractive)". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb.

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froCn "froh sein, beglfickwunschen, sich rUhmen, frohlocken,jubeln" (Raven 111967:217). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fro (Starck and Wells 1990: 179) "froh, frohlich, heiter". Therefore an Ol-IG deadjectival verb. fro,,en "veroffentlichen, ffentlich bekanntmachen, jemanden chten" (Raven I 1963: 44). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfrano (Schutzeichel 1969: 59) "herrlich, heilig, dem Herrn gehorig, des Herrn; ffentlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifroon, frouwon "froh sein, jubein, frohlocken" (Raven II 1967: 49). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see underfroi. Therefore an ORG deadjectival verb. frummen "(be)fordern, verrichten, begunstigen, ausfiihren, pflegend geleiten, vollbringen, vorwirts bringen oder schaffen, begehen, machen, tun" (Raven I 1963: 295). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG fi-uina (Kluge 1989: 233) "Vorteil, Nutzen, Wohi, Hilfsmittel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: an a-, duruh-, Jolla-, gi-, iizfruoren "unterrichten, belehren, bilden, unterweisen" (Raven I 1963: 44). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfruot (SchUtzeichel 1969: 60) "kiug, weise, erfahren". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. fahren "feuchten, bewassern" (Raven 1 1963: 44). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see underfi7htz. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gif'S/iron "feucht sein" (Raven 111967: 49). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfiJJitian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 142) "to be moist". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfShr,fiihti (Starck and Wells 1990: 182) "feucht, naB, bewassert"; OEfi2't (Kluge 1989: 211) "damp, moist, wet", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fihtiz (Kiuge 1989: 211) "feucht". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. fl/len "faulen, verfauleri, in Fulnis geraten, verwesen, trage sein, (vom Fleisch) dahinschwinden, (von Wundern) eitern" (Raven 111967: 217). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE fl//ian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 142) "to be or become foul, decay, rot", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fiilejan "to be or become foul". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fill (Starck and Wells 1990: 182) "faul, verwest, angegangen"; OF5. fill (Kluge 1989: 205) "faul"; OEful (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 142) "foul, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, guilty"; ONfzll (Kluge 1989: 205) "faul, stinkend"; Gothic Jul (Kluge 1989: 205) "foul", which allows us to reconstruct a GmcJ'Ulaz (Kluge 1989: 205) "faul". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, irfulken "verstopfen, drangen, zusammendrangen, hufen" (Raven 1 1963: 45). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON j5ilkja I (Fritzner I 1954: 510) "to marshal troops (for an imminent battle)", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fulkUanan "to horde together, assemble, gather, marshal troops". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG Jo/c (Starck and Wells 1990: 169) "Volk, Volksmenge, Kohorte"; OS folk (Kluge 1989: 768) "yolk"; OFs. folk (Kluge 1989: 768) " yolk"; OEfolc (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 123) "folk, people, nation, tribe; troop, army; collection or class of persons; laity"; ON folk (Kluge 1989: 768) "Volk, Kriegsvolk", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fulkan (Kluge 1989: 768) "Volk, Kriegsvolk". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb.

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fullen "anfUhlen, fullen, erfllen, vollenden, you machen" (Raven 11963:45). cf. OHGfollon 11 (Raven 111967: 46). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSfullian I (Kluge 1989: 236) "fuillen"; OFs.fella I (Kluge 1989: 236) 'Tullen"; OE j5'llan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 143) "to fill, replenish, satisfy, cram, stuff, finish, complete, fulfil"; ONlla I (Kiuge 1989: 236) "fuhlen"; Gothic fulijan I (Kluge 1989: 236) "to fill", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fullUanan (Kluge 1989: 236) "to fill, make full". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfol (Starck and Wells 1990: 168) "voll, trachtig, beladen"; OSful(l) (Kiuge 1989: 768) "volt"; OFs.fiul(l) (Kluge 1989: 768) "volt"; OEfull (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 142) "full, filled, complete, entire"; ON fulir (Kiuge 1989: 768) "you"; Gothic fulls (Kiuge 1989: 768) "full", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fullaz (Kluge 1989: 768) "full". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, duruli-, gi-, ir-, zuo-irfundainenton "auf ewig feststehen lassen" (Raven II 1967: 49). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfundament (Starck and Wells 1990: 183) "Grund, Grundlage" < Latin fundamentum (Simpson 1993: 258) "foundation, basis". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifunden "begehen, streben, erlangen, sich aufmachen" (Raven 11963: 46). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct an earlier form *funjan (Seebold 1970: 194) class I zero-grade deverbative from strong verb *fenanan (Seebold 1970: 193) "finden" (see under fanton). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, vidar*fundn "streben, beabsichtigen". The following cognate verbs are attested: OS fundon II (Seebold 1970: 194) "streben"; OEfundian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 143) "to tend to, wish for, strive after, go, set out, go forward, hasten", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fund4ian (Seebold 1970: 194) class II deverbative from strong verb *fenbanan (Seebold 1970: 193) "finden" (see underfantz). Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anafuogen "darlegen, vortragen, nher bringen, anpassen, dazutun" (Raven I 1963: 46). The following cognate verbs are atlested: OS fogian I (Kluge 1989: 235) "to join"; OFs. fogia II (Kiuge 1989: 235) "to join"; OEfan I (Kluge 1989: 235) "to join, bind, unite, fix, adapt; compose, confine", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fogjan "fligen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE \/*pk (Kluge 1989: 235) "befestigen, fest machen, zusammenfugen", from which base the following may be also derived: Skt pyati (Kluge 1989: 235) "bindet"; Skt pa- (Kluge 1989: 235) "Schlinge"; Greek itfryvtt (Kluge 1989: 235) "ich befestige"; Latin pacic (Pokorny 11956:788) "einen Vertrag oder Vergleich festmachen, abschliellen". Despite the fact that attested forms of the verb are confined to WGmc, these IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: aiia-, dara-, gi-, zi-, zisamene-, zisamene-gi-, zuo-, zuo-gifuolen "fUhlen, empfinden, liebkosen, betasten, durchstechen" (Raven I 1963: 48). cf. OHG folon II (Raven 111967: 46). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS (gi)-fuolen I (Kiuge 1989: 235) "fiihlen"; OFs.fla I (Kluge 1989: 235) "flihlen"; OEfeian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 113) "to feel, perceive, touch", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *foljan "to feel". The derivational pattern and etymology of this verb are unclear. Perhaps the most convincing etymology for this verb is a derivation from the IE J*pol_ *pi_ (Pfeifer I 1989: 484) "geschwollen, dick, gro3", from which base the following may also be derived: ON falma,

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fe/ma (Pokorny I 1956: 841) "tappen, tasten"; Latin pollex (Pfeifer 1 1989: 484) "Daumen, grof3e Zehe"; ORuss. pa/c (Pfeifer 11989: 484) "Daumen"; BuIg. pa/am (Pfeifer 11989: 484) "Suche"; Pers. palidan (Pokorny 11956: 841) "suchen, spuren". Although confined to WGmc and despite the absence of suitably attested verbal forms outside Gmc to allow for the reconstruction of a pre-Gmc verb, this verb has no other convincing derivational sources within Gmc. It should therefore be regarded as pre-Gmc, in which case it may represent a denominative from the nominal source meaning "thumb" attested above. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, int-, /ifuoren "richien, lenken, fiihren" (Raven 1 1963: 48). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS forian I (Seebold 1970: 188) "fi.ihren"; OFs. f&a I (Seebold 1970: 188) "bringen"; OE fciran,f&an I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 117) "to go, depart, proceed, set out, march, make a journey, travel, march, sail; behave, act"; ONfora I (Seebold 1970: 188) "bringen, fiihren", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *farejanan (Seebold 1970: 188) "fuhren", causative of strong verb *faranan (Seebold 1970: 186) "fahren". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHGfaran st. vb (Seebold 1970: 187) "fahren, gehen, sich verhalten, ergehen"; OS faran st. vb (Seebold 1970: 187) "fahren, gehen"; OFs.fara st. vb (Seebold 1970: 187) "fahren, angreifen"; OEfaran St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 112) "to set forth, go, travel, wander, proceed; to be, happen, exist, act; fare, get on, undergo, suffer"; ONfara st. vb (Seebold 1970: 1 86) "fahren, gehen, reisen, reiten, geschehen, verlieren; sich benehmen; sterben; hervorkommen, aufgehen; erfahren, erleiden"; Gothic faran st. vb (Seebold 1970: 186) "to wander, travel". Therefore a NWGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: aba-, ana-, ana-gi-, dana-, dara-, fir-, frarn-, frrnn-gi-, gi-, he/in-, hera-, h/na-, in-, jut-, ir-, in/ti-, nifi,-, ubar-, z7f., umbi-, z-, widar-, zi('r,)-,
zuo-

fuoran "Nahrung schaffen, Unterhalt beschaffen, fuittern, nhren" (Raven II 1967: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fuora (Starck and Wells 1990: 183) "Nahrung, Speise, Traggestell". Therefore an OFIG denominative verb. Jude,: "niihren, flittern, erquicken, pflegen, wachsen" (Raven 1 1963: 51). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS fad/an I (Kluge 1989: 238) "flittern"; OFs. feda I (Lehmann 1986: 119) "flittern"; OEf&Ian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 113) "to feed, nourish, support, sustain, bring up, educate, bring forth, produce"; ON faa I (Kluge 1989: 238) "nhren, erziehen"; Gothicfodjan I (Kluge 1989: 238) "to feed, nourish", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *fodjanan "to feed, make fed". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from IE *pa_t_ (Kluge 1989: 238) "nhren, fUttern", which is also attested in Greek 1tatojat (Kluge 1989: 238) "ich esse, trinke, verzehre". This is a dental extension from IE J*pa- (Pokomy 11956: 787) "fttern, nhren, weiden", from which base the following may be derived: Latin pscere sk-present (<*pffs_sk) (Pokorny 11956: 787) "weiden lassen, ftittern"; Latin ptulum (Pokorny 11956: 787) "Futter"; Latin pnis (Pokomy I 1956: 787) "Brot"; OIr. am-chess ( Pokorny 11956: 787) "Brotkorb"; OCS paso, pasti (Pokorny 11956: 787) "weiden"; Toch.A pr- (Pokomy 11956: 787) "huten"; Toch.B pffsk- (Pokorny 11956: 787) "huten"; Hittite pahi- (pahha.i-) ( Pokomy 11956: 787) "schUtzen". These IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. fuotaren "weiden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 184). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. ONfddra II (Fritzner 11954: 449) "flittern, ernhren". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHO fuotar (Kluge 1989: 238) "Futter, Nahrung, Lebensunterhalt". Therefore an OHG denominative verb.

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fuozfal!on "zu FOflen fallen" (Raven II 1967: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *fuozfall "FuBfall", which can be reconstructed from MHGfuozval (Schade 11882: 133) "Fullfall". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. furben "putzen, sauber machen, kehren, fegen" (Raven I 1963: 51). No cornate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *furbjan "reinigen, putzen". The derivational pattern and etymology of this verb are unclear. It may possibly derive from the ablaut zero-grade of IE \J*prep (Pokorny 11956: 845) "in die Augen fallen; Erscheinung, Gestalt", from which base the following may be derived: Armenian erevim (Pokorny I 1956: 845) "verde sichtbar, erscheine"; Greek xpicw (Pokorny I 1956: 845) "ich falle in die Augen, erscheine, steche hervor, zeichne mich aus"; OIr. richr (Pokorny I 1956: 845) "Form, Gestalt"; Welsh rhith (Pokorny I 1956: 845) "species". However, this etymology is uncertain and requires there to have been a significant semantic development within Gmc. The verb is therefore best considered as belonging to the OHG stratum. Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irfurdir-fir-dingon "appellieren" (Raven II 1967: 26). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furdir_rucken "vorwrts rcken" (Starck and Wells 1990: 496). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furdir-sezzen "aufstellen, vorziehen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 519). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. fiiren "entmannen" (Raven 1 1963: 52). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEfi7ran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 144) "to castrate", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *fiirjan "to castrate". Further etymology unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irfur/zen, furen "furchen, pflugen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 185). The following cognate verbs are attested: OEJTIran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 144) "to cut a furrow", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *furhUan "to cut a furrow". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG furuh, furh (Kluge 1989: 237) "Furche, kleiner Acker"; MLG yore, vare (Kluge 1989: 237) "Furche"; MDu. vorke (Kluge 1989: 237) "Furche"; OFs.furch (Kluge 1989: 237) "Furche"; OEfurh (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 143) "furrow, trench", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *furha (Kluge 1989: 237) "Furche". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. furi-bringen "vor-, hen ortragen, hervorholen, hervorbringen, rulpsen, wiederkuen" (Raven I 1963: 18). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furl-denizen "vorstrecken, (reflex.) abwarts gehen lassen, etwas zur Verleidigung sagen, erhalten" (Raven I 1963: 289). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-fangon "warnen, zuvorkommen, sich zusammentun" (Raven II 1967: 37). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gifuri-gi-heften "vorn anheften oder anstecken, anschlagen, vorn mit etwas beschlagen" (Raven I 1963: 65). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-gi-ilen "vorauseilen, voreilen" (Raven I 1963: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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furi-gi-sezzen "vortragen, verbreiten, vorstehen, offenbaren, aussetzen" (Raven I 1963: 175). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic faura-ga-satjan I (Lehmann 1986: 296) "to bring to". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. furi-gi-staten "die Verwaltung oder den Oberbefehi uber etwas geben, zurn Herrscher machen" (Raven 11963: 201). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-gripfen, furi-kripfen "wegnehrnen, -rauben, ergreifen" (Raven I 1963: 97). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-gurlen "gurten, umgUrten, umgeben, umkrnzen" (Raven 11963: 62). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. j'uri-hangth "herab-, hervorhangen, sich hinneigen" (Raven II 1967: 225). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-/iarz "ausrufen, ausschreien" (Raven 11 1967: 227). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-I:arIi "hart werden, sich verharten, ubtr. gefUhilos oder unempfindlich werden" (Raven II 1967: 227). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-heften "vorausnehmen, vorherfassen, gewinnen, fruher zurucklegen, verkUrzen" (Raven I 1963: 65). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-herten "ausdauern, aushalten" (Raven 11963: 70). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-liullen "verhllen" (Raven I 1963: 77). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furl-lien "hin und her-, umher-, einhergehen, gravitatisch oder stolz einherschreiten, marschieren, wandern uber" (Raven I 1963: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-ladon "herbeirufen, vorladen" (Raven II 1967: 85). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-leiten "bringen, zurUckfUhren, zuruckbringen, verhehit, bedecken" (Raven 11963: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. furi-reison "vorhergehen" (Raven II 1967: 120). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-rucken "vorrcken, vorbei-, vorUbergehen, -ziehen" (Raven I 1963: 161). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-sageix "verschweigen, geheim halten" (Raven I 1963: 3 18). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-sageti "einfllhren, Abscheid nehmen, geheim halten, verneinen, verschweigen" (Raven II 1967: 251). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

196

furl-semen "vorsenden, aussenden" (Raven I 1963: 170). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE fore-sendan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 127) "to send before". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. furi-sezzen "vorsetzen, vorziehen, einsetzen, erzhlen, darlegen" (Raven I 1963: 173). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-scorrn "(von Schnitzwerk, erhabener Arbeit) hervorstehen, mit Relief verzieren" (Raven 111967: 254). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-scouwan "hinschauen, Fursorge tragen, voraussehen, besorgen" (Raven II 1967: 135). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-scricken "hervorsttirzen, sich beeilen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 549). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-stecken "vorne anstecken, vorn mit etwas beschlagen [hier: mit einer eisernen Spitze versehen, den jungen Zieglein eiserne Maulkorbe antun]" (Raven I 1963: 201). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-stellen "verborgen oder versteckt sein" (Raven I 1963: 202). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furisrison "herrschen, [FUrst sein]" (Raven 111967: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfuristo,furist (Starck and Wells 1990: 186) "Furst, Gebieter, einer der Vomehmsten". This a substantivization of OHG furisto superlative adj (Starck and Wells 1990: 186) "erst, vorzuglichst, vornehmst". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with s-extension). furi-stopfOn "(vom Auge) verschlossen sein" (Raven II 1967: 148). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-swihhon "alleine umherschweifend aufkommen oder eintreten" (Raven II 1967: 153). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an Ol-IG prefix formation. furi-Uf-riliten "aufsteigen" (Raven I 1963: 157). No cognate verbs are attested. ThLrefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-wahhen "vor Tagesanbruch erwachen" (Raven II 1967: 269). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-warhn "hinblicken auf, hinschauen" (Raven II 1967: 270). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-weidan "(von Schafen bei der Weide zu weit) gehen oder wandern" (Raven 111967: 178). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-wergen "verfiuchen, verdammen'(Raven I 1963: 259). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-w?flen "verbrmen, zieren, (pret. part.) purpurverbrarnt (von der Toga), (subst.) Schmuck, Zierde" (Raven 1 1963: 261). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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furi-wirken "etwas vor em Ding hinmachen, d.h. versperren, mit Schutt anfUllen" (Raven I 1963: 265). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-wurken "verbauen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 750). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. furi-ziinburen "(die Brunnen) verschutten, verbauen" (Raven I 1963: 278). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHO prefix formation.

fctoiz "ohrfcigen, mit der Faust schiagen" (Raven 111967: 50). cf. OEj5'st1ian II (Clark Hall
and Meritt 1969: 146) "to strike with the fist". No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG fast (Starck and Wells 1990: 187) "Faust, Hohlung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

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G
gaganen, geginen "entgegnen, erwidern, begegnen, widerfahren" (Raven I 1963: 54). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON gegna I (de Vries 1962: 160) "begegnen, geeignet sein, passen zu, geziemen, sich verabreden", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *gag(i)njanan "to meet, come together, encounter, reach agreement, reconcile". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gagan, gegin adv., prep. (Pfeifer 11989: 518) "gegen"; OS gegin (Kluge 1989: 251) "gegen"; OE ongon, ongn adv., prep. (Pfeifer 11989: 518) "towards, against, opposite, contrary to; again, opposite, back"; ON gegn adv., prep. (Pfeifer 1 1989: 518) "entgegen, zuwider", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *gag(na adv., prep. "against, opposite, towards, directly". cf. ON gegn adj. (de Vries 1962: 160) "gerade, recht; angemessen, tuchtig". Therefore a NWGmc deadverbial formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, in!gagan-gint "verschliel3en, (von den Ohren) = nicht horen wollen" (Raven 111967: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gagan-haren "gehorchen" (Raven 1 1963: 74). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gagan-kren "gegenkehren, umwenden, verwandehi, entgegenkehren, zukehren, hineintun" (Raven 11963: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gagan-(h)liuten "widerhallen" (Raven 11963: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gagan-nzezzon "vergleichen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 412). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gaganan, geginn sich verabreden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 188). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-gegnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969:150) "to meet", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *gag(a)njan, *geg(i)njan "to meet, encounter". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under gaganen, geglizen). Therefore a WGmc deadverbial formation. gagan-sezzen "(ent)setzen, vorhalten" (Raven I 1963: 174). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gagan-stellen "entgegenstellen" (Raven I 1963: 202). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ga/zen "sich beeilen, eilig treiben" (Raven I 1963: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ga/u adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 188) "voreilig, hastig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gigait an "eilen, sich beeilen" (Raven II 1967: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under gahen. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, itgackezzen "wild larmen, toben, tosen, schreien, rauschen, schnattern, kreischen, ertnen, uberhaupt Gerusch machen" (Raven I 1963: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *gakkatjan intensive deverbative from an earlier verb belonging to the

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Gmc complex *gak-, *gag... Verbs belonging to this complex include the following: MHG gffgen, gagern (Pokorny 11956: 407) "wie eine Gans schreien"; MLG gage/en (Pokorny 11956: 407) "gackern"; Mid.Engl. gage/in (Pokorny 11956: 407) "to gaggle"; ON gaga (Pokorny I 1956: 407) "verspotten". This complex ulimately derives from JE 'J*gha_gha, *ghe-ghe, *ghighi (Pokorny I 1956: 407) "Lautnachahmung fr Gackern, schnattern', from which base the following may also be derived: OIr. gigren, giugrann (Pokorny 11956: 407) "Gans"; Welsh gwgrain (Pokorny I 1956: 407) "anas scotica"; OPruss. gegalis (Pokorny I 1956: 407) "Taucher"; Lith. gagi, gagti (Pokorny 11956: 407) "schnattern"; Latviari gagdt (Pokomy I 1956: 407) "wie Ganse schreien"; Russian gagotdtb (Pokorny 11956: 407) "gackern, schnattern; laut lachen"; Albanian goges[nj (Pokorny 11956: 407) 'ghne, ruipse". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irgackizzon "gackern, schnattern" (Starck and Wells 1990: 189). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *gakkatqjan class II intensive deverbative, probably from an earlier verb belonging to the Gmc complex *gak.., *gag- (see under gackezzen). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. galstarn "den Toten wieder lebendig machen, Bannspruch reden, heraufbeschworen" (Raven II 1967: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ga/star (Starck and Wells 1990: 189) "Bezauberung, Zauberei, Gaukelei". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bigangaron "umherwandeln, umherziehen" (Raven II 1967: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *gang(a)rcjan class II frequentative / continuative deverbative from strong verb *ganganan (Seebold 1970: 213) "gehen" (see under *gengen). Therefore an OHG frequentative/continuative deverbative (formed with r-extension). Prefix formations derived from this verb: aiza-, u,nbigansz "weil3 werden, eigentlich der Anfang des Schaumens der Wellenkmme unter dem Einflul3 des Windes" (Raven 111967: 217). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb probably derives from OHG gans (Starck and Wells 1990: 191) "Gans, Ganserich", this being used here metaphorically for whiteness. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. ganzi "ganz werden" (Raven II 1967: 218). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under genzen. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. garawen "bereiten, fertig machen" (Raven I 1963: 55). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gar(u)wian (Kluge 1989: 259) "fertig machen"; OE gearwian II but probably from class I by levelling (Kluge 1989: 259) "to make ready, prepare, procure, supply, put on, clothe"; ON grva, gera I (Kiuge 1989: 259) "machen, tun, bereiten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *garw,janan (Kluge 1989: 259) "fertig machen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG garo (Kiuge 1989: 244) "bereit, fertig"; OS garu, garo (Kluge 1989: 244) "bereit, fertig"; OE gearu, gearo (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 150) "ready, prepared, complete, equipped"; ON gorr (Kluge 1989: 244) "bereit, geneigt, gerustet", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *garwaz (Kluge 1989: 244) "ready, prepared". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: dara-zuo-,fora-, gi-, ingagan-, in!garton "stupfen, (Pferde mit dem Stacheistock) stechen, gestreift" (Raven 111967: 51). cf. OHG gerten I (Raven I 1963: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gart (Starck and Wells 1990: 192) "Stachel, Treibstecken, Gerte". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-

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gaslluo,nen "als Gast einkehren, als Gast sich authalten" (Raven I 1963: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OFIG gastluorni (Starck and Wells 1990: 193) "gastfreundlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. *gaton "zusanimenkommen, passen". MHG gaten (Kluge 1989: 246) "zusammenkommen, passen". The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG gaden (Kluge 1989: 246) "passen, gefallen, sich begatten"; OFs. gadia II (Kluge 1989: 246) "vereinigen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *gadjan (Kluge 1989: 246) "zusammenkommen, passen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE 1*ghadh_ (Pfeifer I 1989: 508) "vereinigen, eng verbunden sein, zusammenpassen", from which base the following may also be derived: OHG gi-gat (Pfeifer 11989: 508) "zugehorig, passend"; OS gigado (Pfeifer 11989: 508) "seinesgleichen, Genosse, Gethhrte"; OCS godb (Pfeifer 11989: 508) "Stunde, (passende) Zeit"; Skt gadhyah (Pfeifer 11989: 508) "was man gerne festhalt, was einem pal3t"; Skt agadhitah (Pfeifer 11989: 508) "angeklammert". Although confined to WGmc and despite the absence of suitably attested verbal forms outside Gmc to allow for the reconstruction of a pre-Gmc verb, assignment to a pre-Gmc stratum is still the most convincing etymology for this verb. In which case it may represent a pre-Gmc deadjectival formation from the nominal source meaning "suitable" attested above. Prefix forniations derived from this verb: bigebon "(be)schenken" (Raven 111967: 51). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gebon II (Schade 11882: 282) "einem (dat.) em Geschenk machen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *gebojan "beschenken". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG geba (Starck and Wells 1990: 193) "Gabe, Geschenk"; OS geba, giba (de Vries 1962: 171) "Gabe, Geschenk"; OFs. jeve (de Vries 1962: 171) "Gabe, Geschenk"; OE giefu, gefu, gyfti (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 153) "giving, gift, favour, grace; sacrifice"; ON gjof(de Vries 1962: 171) "Gabe"; Gothic giba (de Vries 1962: 171) "gift", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *geba(Seebold 1970: 218)."gift". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. *geilen "erheben, froh machen; lstern". The following cognate verbs are attested: OE gceian I, with development of meaning (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 15) "to hinder, impede, keep in suspence; linger, delay; dupe"; Gothic gailjan I (Lehmann 1986: 139) "to delight, make joyful", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *gailanan "to make joyous, delight; to extol; to make luxourious, wanton, lustful or wicked". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG geil adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 195) "erhaben, hochmutig, ubermutig"; OS gel (Heyne 1905: 228) "lustig, fdhlich; ubermutig"; OE gal (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 147) "gay, light, wanton, frivolous; proud, wicked, bad"; cf. ON geiligr with suffix extension (Kluge 1989: 253) "schn, tUchtig", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *gailaz "joyful, luxurious; wanton, frivalous; wicked, bad". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irgei1ez "ausgelassen sein, froh werden, frohlocken, sich ruhmen" (Raven II 1967: 218). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ga/ian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 147) "to be wanton", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *gaileJan "to be lustful, wanton". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under *geilen). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irgeilison "ausgelassen, ubermutig, schwUlstig scm" (Raven 11 1967: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under *gei!en. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with s-extension). Prefix formations derived from this verb: ir-

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geinon "gahnen, niesen, den Mund aufsperren" (Raven H 1967: 52). ef. OHG in-ge/iwn I (Raven 11963: 56, 84). cf.OHG ginOn III (Raven 111967: 218). The following cognate verbs are attested: OF gnian II (Kiuge 1989: 240) "to yawn, gape, open", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *gainjan (Seebold 1970: 219) class II deverbative from strong verb *geinanan (Seebold 1970: 219) "gahnen, klaffen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE be-ginan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 219) "to open the mouth wide, swallow"; OE to-gThan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 219) "to be opened, split, gape, yawn"; ON gina St. vb (Seebold 1970: 219) "gahnen, scimappen". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. ge/b on "(+dat.) ubermutig einen in der Rede behandein, ihn betrugen, einem etwas weis machen, einen anfUhren" (Raven 11 1967: 52). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *gelbajan "to boast". Etymology uncertain, but possibly a class II deverbative, with voicing of 'p' to b by analogy with forms affected by Verner's Law, from strong verb *gelpanan (Seebold 1970: 223) "prahlen". Compare the form without voicing found in OS galpOn II (Seebold 1970: 223) "sich rUhmen". The strong verb is attested in the following: MHG gelpfrn, gelfen present only (Seebold 1970: 223) "schreien, singen; prahien"; MLG ghelpen St. vb (Seebold 1970: 223) "schreien"; OE gielpan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 153) "to boast, exult; praise"; Dan. (dial.) gjelpe St. vb (Seebold 1970: 223) "klffen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. geizon "aul3em, aussagen, anflehen, ubermutig sein" (Raven II 1967: 52). cf. OHG gilon I (Raven II 1967: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. This is probably originally a class I intensive deverbative cognate with ON gelta I (de Vries 1962: 163) "bellen, schreien", allowing a form *gelatjanan (with loss of medial 'a') to be reconstructed. This form can thus be derived from the strong verb *gellanan (Seebold 1970: 222) "gellen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG ge/Ian st. vb (Seebold 1970: 222) "gellen, klingen, pfeifen"; MLG ghellan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 222) "gellen"; OF giellan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 153) "to yell, sound, shout"; ON gjalla st. vb.(Seebold 1970: 222) "schreien, krachzen, knarren". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (with change of class to class II). *gengen "gehen, reiten". cf. OHG ana-gangOn II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OE gengan I, preterite sg. gengde (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 151) "to go, ride"; Gothic *gaggjan I, can possibly be reconstructed from the hapx legomenon gaggida preterite sg. (Seebold 1970: 214) "gehen", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *gangejanan (Seebold 1970: 214) "gehen", class I deverbative formation from strong verb *ganganan (Seebold 1970: 213) "gehen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG gangan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 214) "gehen"; OS gangan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 214) "gehen, wandein"; OFs. gunga st. vb (Seebold 1970: 214) "gehen, halten"; OF gangan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 148) "to go, come, move, walk, proceed, traverse"; ON ganga st. vb (Seebold 1970: 214) "gehen, wandern; sich anschicken zu"; Gothic gaggan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 214) "gehen". Therefore a Gmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zigenren "zeugen; generare" (Raven I 1963: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. Loan verb (with loss of medial syllable) from Latin generare (Lewis and Short 1966: 806) "to beget, engender, produce, create". Therefore an OHG loan verb. genzen "erhalten, erretten, behilten, beglucken" (Raven 11963: 56). cf. OHG ganzn III (Raven II 1967: 218). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ganz (Starck and Wells 1990: 191) "ganz, volistandig; unversehrt, unverletzt, ungeteilt; heil, gesund; voilkonimen". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

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gerii "begehren, verlangen, wtinschen" (Kluge 1989: 68). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ger (Starck and Wells 1990: 197) "begierig, geizig, habsQchtig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. gernhin on, karmin On "besingen, beschworen, bezaubern, Zauberformein hermurmein, verzaubem, fasein, spotten" (Raven II 1967: 52). No cognate verbs are attested. Loan verb < Medieval Latin carminre (Niermeyer 1976: 144) "to sing; bewitch". Therefore an OHG loan verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bigerOn "begehren, verlangen, streben, wUnschen, herholen(?), leidenschafthich entflammt und grimmig sein" (Raven II 1967: 52). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under gerz. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: dara-, gi-, Iiiizagerten "anstollen, antreiben, bewegen, stachein, qualeri, beunruhigen, anspornen" (Raven I 1963: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under garta'z. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. geskizzen "gahnen, den Mund aufsperren" (Raven I 1963: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *giskatijan "gahnen', intensive deverbative from WGmc *giskOjan "g.hnen" (see under gescon). Therefore an OHG intesive deverbative. gescon "ghnen" (Raven 111967: 53). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE giscian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 155) "to sob", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *giskjan "to yawn". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is probably best regarded as an 'sk-present' which ultimately derives from the lB 'J*gha-, *gh, *ghe-, *ghi (Pokorny 11956: 419) "gahnen, klaffen', from which base the following may also be derived: Norw (dial) geiska sk-present (Pokorny 11956: 420) "die Beine auspreizen"; Latin hiscere sk-present (Pokorny I 1956: 420) "gahnen, kiaffen"; Latin hiare (Pokorny 11956: 419) "gahnen, kiaffen, aufgesperrt sein"; Greek iw sk-present (Pokorny 11956: 419) "ich gahne, kiaffe"; OCS z/aja, zUati (Pokomy I 1956: 420) "den Mund gedffnet halten"; Lith. zijuti (Pokorny I 1956: 419) "offnen"; Lith. zifis (Pokorny I 1956: 419) "gahnen". The 'sk-present' formations attested above differ too greatly in there vocalisin to be seen as exact parallels. They nevertheless present sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Grnc origin for this verb. gewon "gahnen, den Mund aufsperren, die Zhne fletschen" (Raven 111967: 53). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE giwian, giowian II (Pokorny I 1956: 420) "verlangen, fordern; (originally) mit offenem Munde, gierig wonach lechzen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *gi(w)Ojan intervocalic 'w' glide is a secondary development "gahnen, kiaffen". Ultimately from lE i*gh ., *gh ., *g/iei_, *ghJ (Pokorny 11956: 419) "ghnen, klaffen" (see under gescon). Despite the fact that the verb is not attested in the Gmc languages outside OHG, these IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a possible pre-Gmc origin for this verb. gi-abithan "vertilgen, beseitigen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-agaleizOn "emsig erstreben, sich beeifern, etwas eifrig tun" (Raven 111967: 4). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-agaleizzen "emsig erstreben" (Raven I 1963: 1). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-agezon "geistig tilgen, in Vergessenheit bringen" (Raven II 1967: 4). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-aI:ton "bestimmen, beratend festsetzen" (Raven II 1967: 5). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-eahtian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 93) "to esteem, estimate; consult about, consider deliberate, watch over". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-altin on "etwas hinauszogern" (Raven II 1967: 5). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-a,nbahten "Hilfsdienste leisten" (Raven 11963: 2). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-ambihtan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 18) "to minister, serve". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-ana-brehilon "in Wut ausbrechen" (Raven II 1967: 22). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-anazzen "aufreizen, beschleunigen, aufhetzen" (Raven I 1963: 3). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an Ol-IG prefix formation. gi-wigusten "nstigen" (Raven I 1963: 3). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-antaron "nachahmen, nacheifem" (Raven II 1967: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-antheizzan "geloben, opfern" (Raven 111967: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-antlazzon "Ablai3 erteilen, verzeihen" (Raven II 1967: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-autseidon, gi-antseidigon "verteidigen" (Raven II 1967: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-antwurlen "antworten (auf)" (Raven 11963: 4). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-andiyrdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 21) "to answer, reply. respond". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: pvidargi-argiron "verschlimmern, verderben" (Raven II 1967: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-arinden "aufhetzen, erbittern, ganz rauh machen" (Raven I 1963: 5). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology uncertain. Probably a deadjectival formation with scribal variation of'e' : from OHG arendi (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 631) "rauh, hart, streng, etwas was durch Schrfe oder Hthtebessem, zuchtigen will, gebraucht von der Straf- oder Bullrede". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-arnui "verdienen, erlangen, wurdig sein" (Raven II 1967: 204). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-artOn "bebauen, erackern, verschonern" (Raven II 1967: 11). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-eardian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 95) "to inhabit, dwell, abide, live". Therefore a WGmc prefix foniiation.

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gi-arwiton "einen ublen Ruf bekommen, verwildern lassen, vom Gehorsam gegen Gott abweichen" (Raven 111967: 10). OE ge-cifrendian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 9) "to go on an errand, carry a message, send word to". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-arzaliz "rztlich behandein, heilen" (Raven 111967: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG arzai (Kluge 1989: 42) "Arzt" <MLatin archiator (Kluge 1989: 42) "Oberarzt, Leibarzt" < Greek apxi-arpoc (Kiuge 1989: 42) "Oberarzt, Leibarzt". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-arzinon "iirztlich behandeln, heilen" (Raven 111967: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. See gi-arzaton. The n-form is probably due to analogy with earlier OHG lhhinn (Pfeifer 11989: 80) "heilen" <OHG l/ihi (Pfeifer 11989: 80) "Heilkundiger". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-ataman "verzagen (d.h. des Geistes)" (Raven II 1967: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-auhhon "vermehren" (Raven 111967: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zisamene-, zuogi-avalon "sich beeifern" (Raven 111967: 3). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
gi-avaren, gi-abaren "wiederholen" (Raven 11963: 1). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore

an OHG prefix formation. gi-avaron "wiederholen" (Raven I 1963: 1). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-a'iggon "vom Wege abirren" (Raven II 1967: 12). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-uivizzoA "spotten, verhohnen, sticheln" (Raven 111967: 12). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-badon "baden, taufen" (Raven II 1967: 12). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-baOian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 33) "to wash, bathe". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-balden "feststehen, vorausnehmen" (Raven I 1963: 6). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-bieldan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 48)"to encourage, excite, impel, exhort, confirm". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-bannon "bannen, vor Gericht fordern" (Starck and Wells 1990: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-banan "anregen, auffordern" (Raven 11 1967: 13). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-baron "entblllen, offenbaren, verraten, (Korperteile) hervorstrecken ( entblollen), sich gebaren, sich benehmen, (kahi und schmutzig) herumgehen, sich zeigen" (Raven 111967: 13).

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No cognate verbs are attested. OE gi-barian II (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 291) "to bare, take the covering off'. Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-beilen "notigen" (Raven 11963: 6). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-bcffdan I (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 290) "to compel, constrain, force, impel, urge, oppress"; Gothic ga-baidjan I (Lehmann 1986: 56) "to compel". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-berahian "(auf)klren, verheerlichen" (Raven II 1967: 14). cf. OHG berahten I; OHG berahtn III. No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). gi-bera/zaftan "befruchten, fruchtbar machen" (Raven II 1967: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-betan "beten, Gottesdienst tun" (Raven 111967: 16). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-bezziron bessem, erbauen, bevorteilen, gewinnen, Straflosigkeit (= Gerechtigkeit) ben, ntzen" (Raven 111967: 16). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-beterian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 46) "to better, improve". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-biderben "Vorteil haben" (Starck and Wells 1990: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-biheizan "verbUnden, em BUndnis schlieBen, vereinigen, miteinander abmachen oder abschliel3en" (Raven II 1967: 17). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-biiden "sich anpassen, sich verwandeln" (Schutzeichel 1969, p.15). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-bilidan "bilden, gestalten, verwandein, sich fest zusammenballen, sich anpassen" (Raven H 1967: 18). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-birigon "befruchten, fruchtbar machen" (Raven 111967: 19). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-birnen "besanftigen, ermuntern" (Raven 11963: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG pefix formation. gi-bittaren "erbittem" (Raven I 1963: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-blabbezzen "veroffentlichen, bekanntmachen" (Raven I 1963: 8). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-blifen "anbiasen, anstiften" (Raven 1 1963: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-blahmalon "mit eingegrabener Arbeit verziert" (Raven 111967: 19). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-blesten "durchbohren" (Raven I 1963: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: in-

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gi-bliden "erfreuen" (Raven I 1963: 10). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic ga-bleibjan I (Lehmann 1986: 75) "to take pity". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-bladen "entmutigen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 67). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic ga-b1aubjan I (Lehmann 1986: 75) "abschaffen". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-bluoen "keimen" (Raven I 1963: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-bluoten "blutgierig sein" (Raven 1 1963: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-bluotigon "blutig schlagen, mit Blut beflecken" (Raven 111967: 20). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-blodegian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 52) "to be bloodthirsty, make bloody". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-bolezzen "ausatmen, atmen" (Raven 11963: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-borgEn "(+gen. rei) sich in acht nehmen, sich huten vor" (Raven 111967: 207). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-bougen "einbiegen" (Raven I 1963: 11). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-biegan, ge-bjigan I (Seebold 1970: 111) "to bend, turn, turn back, incline; depress, abase, humiliate; subject". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-bouhnen, gi-bouhhanen "zustimmen, genehmigen" (Raven I 1963: 12). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-breiten "verbreiten" (Raven I 1963: 13). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-br&dan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 55) "to make broad, broaden, extend, spread". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-brieven "beschreiben, abkurzen" (Raven I 1963: 15). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-brittilon "zugeln" (Raven 111967: 22). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG brittil (Starck and Wells 1990: 78) "Zaum, Zugel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). Prefix formations derived from this verb: widargi-brohhisan "brechen, zerbrockeln" (Raven II 1967: 22). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-brohhan "(ein)brocken, einkrUmeln, zerbrckeln, zerstuckeln, Fladen" (Raven 111967: 23). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-brocian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 57) "to crush, hurt, afflict, molest". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-briihhen "gebrauchen" (Raven 11963: 20). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-brutten "entsetzen, erschrecken" (Raven I 1963: 21). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-bryddan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 11968: 1471) "to frighten, terrify". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

207

gi-buosumen "krummen, biegen, runden" (Raven I 1963: 21). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ingi-buosuinan "ausbuchten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 85). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-buozzen "bllen, wiederherstellen, heilen, sich erholen" (Raven 11963: 22). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-batian I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 1515). OE ge-betan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 1515). Gothic ga-botfan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 1515). Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-burdinan "(+gen.) belasten mit, beladen" (Raven 111967: 23). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-burren, gi-burien "geschehen, (da)zukommen, zustol3en, (nach der Frauen Weise) unwohi sein, notig sein, gebuhren, (reflex.) sich belaufen auf, sich ereigrien" (Raven 1963: 287). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-burian I (Kluge 1989: 249) "sich gehoren, ziemen, zukommen"; CE ge-byrian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 62) "to happen, pertain to, belong to, befit". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-dagz "schweigen, verstummen, aufhren zu sprechen" (Raven II 1967: 207). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-dancfazzon "nachdenken, uberlegen" (Raven II 1967: 24). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-dancon "danken, em freundliches Wort gnnen" (Raven 111967: 25). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-bancian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 355) "to thank, give thanks to; to recompense, reward". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-danc-wercon "Genuge leisten, befriedigen" (Raven II 1967: 25). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG danc (Kluge 1989: 127) "Dank, Gunst, Gnade"; cf. OHG wercn (Starck and Wells 1990: 717) "erbauen, wirken, handeln". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (formed with additional prefix gi-). gi-darboi "(+gen.) entbehren, nicht haben" (Raven 111967: 208). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-decken "bedecken, bekleiden" (Raven 11963: 24). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-eccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 356) "to cover". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-denken "beabsichtigen, gedenken" (Raven I 1963: 27). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-bencan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 357) "to think, conceive, perceive, reflect upon, weigh; think about, remember, consider maturely, take to heart; think of, bear in mind; devise, invent". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-dennen "ausdehnen, ausstrecken, aufmerksam untersuchen oder erwagen" (Raven I 1963: 289). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE ge-ennan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 357) "to stretch out, extend; prostrate; exert oneself; spread the fame of, magnify". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: fora-, i7z-

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gi-dewen, gi-douwen "verdauen" (Raven 11963: 291). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-diggen "(er)flehen, beten, erbitten" (Raven I 1963: 290). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-dickn "dicht werden, sich verdichteri" (Raven 111967: 208). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-diion "mit zuruckziehbaren Laufbrcken versehen, mit Laufbrettem belegen" (Raven II 1967: 25). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-dingen "verabreden, hoffen, erwarten, rufen, auffordern, zu etwas bringen, nach etwas streben" (Raven 11963: 29). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-dingon "gerichtlich entscheiden, bestimmen, verabreden, versohnen, versprechen" (Raven H 1967: 26). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-bingian II (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 144) "to make terms with a person for oneself or another, to be reconciled, to come to an agreement, reconcile, settle a dispute, intercede, mediate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-dioinuoten "demutigen" (Raven I 1963: 28). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. gi-dionon "verdienen, durch Dienst erwerben" (Raven II 1967: 27). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-diuben "stehlen" (Raven I 1963: 29). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-doubon "zhmen, zwingen" (kaven 111967: 28). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-draen "drehen" (Raven 11963: 30). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-drewen, gi-drouwen "drohen" (Raven 11963: 292). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-4brffgan, ge-J,reawian (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 362) "to rebuke, chastise, correct, punish; threaten, menace; attack, oppress, torture, afflict, vex, harass". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-drozzen "ausdehnen, hervorziehen oder schieppen, offenbaren" (Raven I 1963: 30). The following cognate verbs are attested: Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-dr iii, on "Gefangener (Beinschellentrager) sein, mit Fu13- bzw. Beinschellen gefesselt" (Raven 111967: 29). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG drUh (Starck and Wells 1990: 109) "Ful3fessel, Schlinge, Falle". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-drucken "zusarnmendrucken" (Raven I 1963: 31). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-J,ryccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 364) "to press, impress, restrain, express". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-dUhen "gerinnen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 110). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-J,yan, ge-4byn, ge-4bywan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 368) "to press, impress; stab, pierce; crush, push, oppress, check; threaten". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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Prefix formations derived from this verb: ingi-dulten "gedulden, zulassen" (Raven I 1963: 33). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-dunken "dunken, vereinigen" (Raven 1 1963: 33). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-byncan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 368) "to seem, appear". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-dunnen "abmagern, dunn machen, besanftigen" (Raven I 1963: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-dunni "dunn werden" (Raven 111967: 210). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-ynnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 210) "to become thin". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-dunniran "verdUnnen"(Raven 111967: 29). No cognate verbs are attested. Nominal; OHG dunnir comparative form of OHG adj. dunni (Starck and Wells 1990: lii) "dUnn". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-duruhnohtigon "(den Verstand) vermehren oder ausbilden" (Raven 111967: 30). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG duruhnohtig, duruhnahtig (Starck and Wells 1990: 112) "vollkommen, voliendet, vollstndig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-duruhnohtan "vervollkommnen zur hochsten Vollendung oder zur Ausflthrung bringen" (Raven 111967: 30). The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG duruhnoht, duruhnaht (Starck and Wells 1990: 112) "vollkommen, vollendet, lauter". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-eban-mezzon "gleichmachen, vergleichen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 412). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-ebanan "sich gleichstellen, gleichkommen, glattmachen, pflastern, vergleichen, miteinander (im Streit) messen, auf dem Wege folgen, zur Vollendung gelangen" (Raven 111967: 31). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-efnian II (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 388) "to make even, liken, compare". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-eggen "ebnen" (Raven 11963: 292). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-ecgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 99) "to sharpen, harrow". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-:tig "reich werden" (Raven II 1967: 31). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-eiden "beeiden, schworen, eidlich verpflichten, in Eid nehmen" (Raven 11963: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. OE *ge-eidan I attested in ge-cffjied preterite participle (Lehmarm 1989: 20) "sworn". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-eidan "beeiden, eidlich verpflichten, in Eid nehmen, vereidigen, verbunden, schwren" (Raven 111967: 32). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-eiginen "fUr sich nehmen" (Raven I 1963: 35). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-eiginn "beanspruchen, sich zu eigen machen, ftlr sich in Anspruch nehmen" (Pfeifer 11989: 336). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-gnian II (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 363) "to own, possess, inherit, appropriate to oneself, claim for oneself"; Gothic ga-aiginon II (Pfeifer 11989: 336) "in Beschlag nehmen, Ubervorteilen". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-eihhan "ubergeben, weihen, widmen, zueignen" (Raven II 1967: 32). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-elnidan "miteinander etwas abmachen, sich vereinigen" (Raven 111967: 32). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG em cardinal numeral adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 120) "em". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with d-extension and prefix gi-). gi-einigen "vereinigen, verbinden" (Raven 11963: 35). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG einig, einag (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings III 1973: 171). Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-einan "sich vereinigen, ems mit sich werden, tiber etwas ubereinkommen, sich von etwas befreien, beschliel3en" (Raven II 1967: 32). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-ffnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 22) "to unite". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-einsamon "vereinigen" (Raven II 1967: 33). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-eiscon "erforschen, erfragen, kenniemen, finden, zu wissen bekommen" (Raven II 1967: 24). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-ascian, ge-acsian, ge-xian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 25) "to ask, inquire, seek for, demand; call, summon; examine, observe". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-ellent an "in Gefangenschaft flihren" (Raven II 1967: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-emizzigan "aneinanderreihen, verketten" (Raven II 1967: 35). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-engen "zu nahe treten, beschwerlich fallen" (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1974: 283). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE *ge_engan I attested in ge-enged preterite participle (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1974: 283) "anxious". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-enton "wegraffen, tten, beendigen, sterben, entschafen" (Raven 111967: 35). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-endian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 105) "to end, fmish; abolish, destroy". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-erben "als (von Gott) verheillenen, zugedachten Besitz bekommen, erben" (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings III 1975: 352). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG, MDu ge-erven (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1975: 352) "erben". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-eren "(ver)ehren, weihen" (Raven I 1963: 35). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-'? "auszeichnen, durch u3ere Zeichen Ehre erweisen, opfern, zu Ehren bringen" (Raven 111967: 211). No cognate verbs are attested. OE ge-arian II, originally class III? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 24) "to honour, respect; endow; regard, care for, favour, be merciful to, spare, pardon". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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gi-ergen "schlecht machen, verunstalten, verunzieren, entstellen" (Raven 1 1963: 36). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-iergan, ge-yrgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 203) "to make cowardly, terrify, dishearten, dismay". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-&i "ehren" (Raven 111967: 36). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-arian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 24) "to honour, respect; endow; regard, care for, favour, be merciful to, spare, pardon". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-fadaman "als Kind annehmen" (Raven 111967: 36). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. gi-fadimen "als Erben an Kindes Start annehmen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 136). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fagz "Genuge tun" (Raven 111967: 37). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fals ken "widerlegen, als irrig zuruckweisen, dmpfen, beschwichtigen, zum Schweigen bringen" (Raven 1 1963: 37). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-faiscan "flschen, fur falsch oder schlecht erklren" (Raven 111967: 37). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-farawen "frben" (Raven I 1963: 37). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zwirorgi-fai "(+gen.) nachstellen, streben" (Raven 111967: 212). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fascan "mit Heilmitteln bestreichen, binden, mit einem Umschlag versehen, Pflaster auf Wunden legen" (Raven 111967: 38). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fastz "fasten" (Raven 111967: 212). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-fcestan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 110) "to fasten, make firm; entrust, commit; fast, abstain from food"; Gothic ga-fasran III (Lehmann 1986: 109) "to keep". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-fazzon "rUsten, sattein, umfassen" (Raven II 1967: 39). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-fetian II (Seebold 1970: 196) "to bring near, fetch, obtain; bring on; induce; marry". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-fe* en2 " f'rben, zeichnen, malen, absondem, scheiden" (Raven 11963: 38). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fehan "essen, verzehren" (Raven II 1967: 39). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-fehan II (Schade 11884: 174). Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-feiziten "msten, fett machen" (Raven I 1963: 38). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-felgen "betasten, beflecken, ungebuhrlich betasten, entehren, schnden, anwenden, sich aneignen, erwhnen, vorziehen" (Raven I 1963: 36). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zuogi-fellen "argen" (Raven I 1963: 39). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-fellan, ge-fr/lan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1979: 726) "to cause to fall, fell, cut down, kill". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-fergan "begehren, verlangen" (Raven II 1967: 40). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-festen "befestigen, bestatigen, versichern" (Raven 11963: 39). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-fcstan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1979: 764) "to place". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-festinon "festsetzen, befestigen, starken" (Raven 111967: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zuogi-fieren "(sich) wenden, bei Seite wenden, weisen, bezwecken" (Raven I 1963: 39). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: daragi-fillen "geil3eln, prugeln" (Raven 11963: 40). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: abagi-finsleren "verdunkein" (Raven 11963: 41). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-firmon "firmeln, taufen" (Raven II 1967: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fri "feiern" (Raven 111967: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-Jiscan "fischen" (Raven II 1967: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. gi-fl5uz "angreifen, bekampfen" (Raven 111967: 45). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. gi-fleckan "beschmutzen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 164). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fliden "beklemmen?, ubel zurichten?" (Raven 11963: 293). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. gi-flazzen "flussig machen, schmelzen, klren" (Raven I 1963: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fnolon "zerschmettern" (Raven II 1967: 46). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-jolgen "folgen, nachfolgen, nachgehen, geboren werden, erlangen, erreichen, einholen, anhangen, begleiten, das Geleit geben, Floge leisten, worauf eingehen, gehorchen, gehorsam sein, mitleiden, zufrieden sein, gleichkommen, entstehen" (Raven 111967: 215). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-j5'lgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 143) "to follow, pursue; persecute; follow out, observe, obey; obtain; attend to; practise"; OE ge-folgian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 124) "to follow, accompany; attain; obey, serve, observe". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-folliglihhan "vollstandig oder volikommen machen" (Raven 111967: 46). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *follTglili "vollig" which can be reconstructed from: OHGfolliglihhon adv. (Starck and Wells 1990: 169) "vollig, reichlich, ausfhrlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-forahian "sich fiirchten" (Raven 11963: 53). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-frrhtan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 145) "to fear, tremble; frighten, terrify". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-fora-redon "aufsagen, vorausmelden lassen" (Raven II 1967: 118). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fordaron "fOrdem, befOrdern, wieder einsetzen, empfehlen" (Raven 111967: 47). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fnffgz "erfahren" (Raven 111967: 216). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-frthtigon "durch Wucher bereichern, als Lehen geben, schenken" (Raven 111967: 49). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfrehtig (Starck and Wells 1990: 177) "geweiht, heilig, wurdig". Therefore an ORG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-frthtOn "verdienen, sich (eines Dinges) wert machen" (Raven 111967: 49). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfrit (Starck and Wells 1990: 177) "Verdienst, Tugend". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-freissamon "in Gefahr sein" (Starck and Wells 1990: 177). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fremiden "entfremden, abtrunnig machen, weggeben" (Raven I 1963: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fremmen "fordem, vollenden, vorwrts schaffen, vollfUhren, ausfilhren, leisten, vollbringen" (Raven 11963: 294). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-fremmian I (Schade I 1882: 322). Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruhgi-frewen, gi-frouwen "erfreuen" (Raven 11963: 295). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fridan "beschutzen" (Raven II 1967: 49). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-frioian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 140) "to make peace with, be at peace with; cherish, protect, guard, defend, keep; observe"; Gothic ga-fribon II (de Vries 1962: 142) "vershnen". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation.

214

gi-fristen "erhalten, verbreiten, bekanntmachen, verschieden sein" (Raven I 1963: 44). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-friuniscaflen "befreunden, vereinigen, verbunden" (Raven I 1963: 44). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG friuntscaft ( Starck and Wells 1990: 179) "Freundschaft, Liebe, Liebschafl, Verwandschaft". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-frCzen "veroffentlichen, ffentlich bekanntmachen" (Raven 11963: 44). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-froniscon "zieren, auszeichnen" (Raven 111967: 49). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfranisc adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 180) "fein, liebenswiirdig, nett". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-frummen "ausfilhren, vollbringen, vollenden, verrichten, veruben, verursachen, vorwrts schaffen, machen, tun, drangen, schicken, weitermachen, an den Tag legen" (Raven I 1963: 296). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fruoen "fruh kommen" (Raven I 1963: 44). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfruo (Kluge 1989: 234) "fruh". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). *gften "geben, schenken, verheiraten". MHG gften (Lexer I 1872: 1013) "geben, schenken, verheiraten". The following cognate verbs are attested: ON gipta I (de Vries 1962: 168) "verheiraten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *gefianan "geben, verheiraten"; cf. OE gfiian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 155) "to give a woman in marriage". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gift (Kluge 1989: 267) "Gabe, Geschenk; Eingebung"; OFs. geft(e) (Kluge 1989: 267) "Gabe, Geschenk; Eingebung"; OE gift (Kiuge 1989: 267) "gift, amount to be given by suitor in consideration of receiving a wife; marriage, nuptials"; ON gJi(a), gipt (Kluge 1989: 267) "Gabe, Gluck, Verm.h1ung"; Gothic fra-gfls (Lehmann 1986: 121) "gift, grant, betrothal, espousal", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *gefiiz fern. (Kluge 1989: 267) "Gabe, Brautpreis". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, gigi-fiihten "bewssem, benetzen" (Raven 11963: 44). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-fullen "anflillen, flillen, erflillen" (Raven I 1963: 46). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-Jj'llan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 143) "to fill, fulfil, make a total, complete finish, accomplish, satisfy"; Gothic ga-fulijan I (Lehmann 1986: 131) "to fill up". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-fullimunten "grunden, befestigen, mit einem Boden versehen" (Raven I 1963: 46). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG fullimunt (Schade 11882: 231) "Fundament" < MedLatin fulmentum (Schade 11882: 231). <Latin fitdamentum (Schade 11882: 231) "foundation, ground-work, basis". Possible confusion with MedLatin fulcimentum (Schade I 1882: 231) "book-rest, prop". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-fundamentan "grtlnden" (Raven II 1967: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-funden "nach etwas trachten" (Raven I 1963: 46). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

215

gi-fuogen "filgen, vereinen, gesellen, zusammenfligend herstellen" (Raven I 1963: 47). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-fegan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 113) "to join, unite, compact, compose". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zisamene-, zuogi-fuolen "flihlen, empfinden, wahrnehmen" (Raven I 1963: 48). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-fuolen ( Kluge 1989: 235) "fuihlen"; OE ge-felan (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 113) "to feel, perceive". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-fuoren "zusammenbringen, hervorbringen, hinfuhren, antreiben, beschleunigen" (Raven I 1963: 50). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-faan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 117) "to perform a journey, reach or get by going, obtain, accomplish, attain; fare, speed, undergo, experience, suffer, bring". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-,framgi-furben "ausreinigen, bul3en" (Raven 11963: 52). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-furi-fangan "zuvorkommen, sich ubereilen lassen, [hingelangen]" (Raven 111967: 38). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-furi-hullan "das Angesicht verhUllen, vorn bedecken oder verschleiern" (Raven 111967: 69). No cognate verbs are attested. For simplex see OHG hullen I (Starck and Wells 1990: 290) "zudecken, verhUllen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). gi-furiran "voranstellen, hervorbringen" (Raven II 1967: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGfiiriro comparative adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 186) "besser, mehr,.vortrefflicher". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-) gi-fiiciOA "ohrfeigen, mit der Faust schiagen" (Raven II 1967: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-gaizen "eilen, eilig nach etwas trachten" (Raven 1 1963: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-gahoiz "entgegeneilen" (Raven II 1967: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-garawen "bereiten, erneuern" (Raven I 1963: 55). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-gearwian II but probably from class I by levelling (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 150) "to prepare, make ready, provide with, endue". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-genzen "ganz machen, erganzen; erhalten, erretten, behten, beglucken" (Raven I 1963: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-geron "begehren, verlangen, Appetit haben" (Raven II 1967: 53). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-gjften "vergiften, hinubergie3en" (Raven I 1963: 57). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-gihtigan "gichtbruchig sein" (Raven 111967: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-ginnen "Kinder zeugen, erzeugen, gebaren; genere" (Raven I 1963: 58). No cognate verbs are attested. <Latin genere (present variants gigno and geno) (Lewis and Short 1966: 814) "to beget, bear, bring forth, produce". The Latin reduplicated present variant gigno was probably confused with the OHG prefix gi-, hence the prefixed form of the verb. Therefore an OHG loan verb. gi-goumen "laben, genieBen, bekommen" (Raven I 1963: 60). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-graban "verrammein, Land bebauen oder bestellen" (Raven II 1967: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-grasagon "grasartig den Boden bedecken, Gras sen" (Raven II 1967: 56). The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG grasag (Starck and Wells 1990: 237) "grasig, grasreich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-gremmen "zur Rede stellen, zurechtweisen, auffordern, tadeln, reizen" (Raven 1963: 298). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-gremian levelling to class II? umlaut points to an origin in class I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "to enrage, provoke, irritate; revile". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-gripfen, gi-kripfen "zerreil3en, zerstren, voneinanderreiBen, verheeren, plUndern" (Raven I 1963: 97). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-grunden "glatten, ebnen, mJ3igen" (Raven I 1963: 60). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-gyndan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 162) "to found (a house)". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-grunzen "grunzen Uber" (Raven I 1963: 61). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-gruozen "anreizen, aufreizen, aufstacheln, beruhren, heftig erregen" (Raven 11963: 61). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-gran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "to approach, come to, address, greet, welcome". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-guollihhon, gi-guotlihhUn "verherrlichen, ruhmreich machen" (Raven II 1967: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-guoten "sich bewhren" (Raven I 1963: 62). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: 0MG guot "gut, gerecht, heilig" (Starck and Wells 1990: 244). Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-haben "(be)halten, festhalten, verhohnen, sich benehmen" (Raven 11963: 303). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-habz "an sich halten, festhalten, im Gedchtnis halten, Getrost sein, versthndig halten, sich benehmen, GlUck haben, zufrieden" (Raven 111967: 222). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-habban III (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 164) "to have, possess, own, hold; keep, retain; cherish, look after; esteem, consider"; Gothic ge-habban III (Lehmann 1986: 167) "to hold, maintain". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-haft "haften, kleben, gefangen sein, festsitzen, hangen bleiben" (Raven 111967: 224). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-halon "zusammenbringen, zurUckbringen, versammein, herbeirufen, habhaft werden, zu sich holen, bekommen, heiraten, geschlechtlich verkehren, beischlafen, gewinnen" (Raven II 1967: 61). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: liz-, widar-, zuogi-hant-grejfon "sich an etwas vergreifen, schnden, mil3handeln, entweihen" (Raven II 1967: 62). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG hant (Kluge 1989: 290) "Hand"; cf. OHG grefon II (Starck and Wells 1990: 238) "greifen". Therefore an OHO prefix formation (formed with additional prefix gi-). gi-hantgrffan "sich an etwas vergreifen, schnden, mil3handeln, entweihen" (Raven II 1967: 63). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hantgrf(SchUtzeichel 1969: 77) "Handgriff'. Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-harinscaron "verkruppeln, die Lenden zerschlagen, die Gebeine (mit Schmerzen) durchbohren" (Raven II 1967: 63). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-harten "ausharren, verharren" (Raven II 1967: 227). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-heardian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 174) "to be or become hard". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-hasanan "glatt schneiden, wegraumen" (Raven 111967: 63). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-Izevigan "beschweren, (die Ferse gegen jemanden) erheben" (Raven 111967: 64). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hevig (Sthrck and Wells 1990: 273) "gewichtig, schwer, ungeheuer". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-heflen "besiegen, hemmen, geheften" (Raven I 1963: 65). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hcftan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 164) "to take, take captive, cast into prison, detain, bind". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-,furi-, in-, zisamene-, zuogi-heien "wachsen, pflanzen, aufziehen, hegen, schtzen, pflegen" (Raven I 1963: 66). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-heilagon "heiligen, eingeweiht werden, heilig werden, opfern, Nazarenus" (Raven II 1967: 64). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hfflgian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 167) "to hallow, sanctify; consecrate, dedicate, ordain". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-heilen "gesund machen, heilen, retten, erlsen, heiligen" (Raven 11963: 67). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hcfflan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 165) "to heal, make whole, cure, make safe, save". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-heizen "anzunden" (Raven I 1963: 70). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hcfftan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 166) "to heat". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-heizen "aufbrennen, durch Feuer zerstren" (Raven 111967: 228). OE ge-harlan II (Bosworth and Toller 1976: 399) "to be or become hot". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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gi-hecken "zusammenschlagen, stechen, sehr zu leiden haben" (Raven I 1963: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-heiden "neigen, beugen, zum Sinken oder zu Falle bringen; anlehnen, hinneigen" (Raven I 1963: 68). No cognate verbs are attested. OE ge-hieldan, ge-hyldan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 181) "to bend, lean, incline, slope, heel, tilt". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-Izeiwen "atmen, den Atem ziehen" (Raven I 1963: 68). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology Unclear. gi-heizen "lahm machen, lhmen" (Raven 11963: 68). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-hengen "zulassen, erlauben" (Raven 11963: 69). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, zuogi-hr'z "Herr sein i.iber, herrschen, belohnen, verguten" (Raven II 1967: 229). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-heribergan "beherbergen, Unterkunft erweisen" (Raven II 1967: 65). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-herian, gi-herran "verwtlsten oder (von der Pest) wilten" (Raven 111967: 66). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hergian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 180) "to ravage, plunder, lay waste, harry; seize, take, capture". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-herten "hart machen, sich st.rken, standhaft werden" (Raven I 1963: 70). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-herdian I (de Vries 1662: 223) "starken"; OE ge-hierdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 182) "to harden, strengthen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-Is rtuomen "vorstehen, den Vorsitz haben, verteidigen, decken, befehien, beaufsichtigen, verwalten" (Raven I 1963: 70). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG h&tuom (Starck and Wells 1990: 272) "Obrigkeit, Wurde, Hoheit". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-hintaren "betrugen, hintergehen, etwas unterschlagen, berauben, herabstol3en, vertreiben, verdrangen" (Raven I 1963: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-hirmen "ruhen, ausruhen, sillstehen, verweilen, Frieden halten" (Raven I 1963: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-hirzen "ubereinstimmen, sich vertragen; (Latin) concordre" (Raven 11963: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG herza "Herz" (Starck and Wells 1990: 272). Probably a loan formation based on the Latin verb concordifre, the prefix gi- representing the Latin verbal and nominal prefix con-). Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-Iziwen "heiraten, sich vermhlen" (Raven 1 1963: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anagi-hogi "(+gen.) (jemandes, einer Sache) gedenken, sich erinnern (an)" (Schutzeichel 1969: 85). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hogian (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 188)

219

"to care for, think about, reflect, busy oneself with, intend; strive, wish for". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-hohen "erhhen, beftrdem" (Raven 11963: 72). No cognate verbs are attested. OE ge-han I, with loss of medial 'h (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 174) "to raise, exalt, extol". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-holon 1 "( aus)hhlen, den Boden scharren, Brunnen senken, perforieren, kerben" (Raven II 1967: 67). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-holian II (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 345) "to hollow out". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-holan2 " zusammenbringen, zuruckbringen, versamnieln, herbeirufen, habhaft werden, zu sich holen, bekommen, heiraten, geschlechtlich verkehren, beischlafen, gewinnen" (Raven II 1967: 61). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-holian II (Kluge 1989: 314) "to obtain". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-honagon "(mit Honig) bestreichen, d.h. angenehm und su13 machen" (Raven 111967: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG honag (Starck and Wells 1990: 284) "Honig". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-hanen "verschmhen, verhhnen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 284). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-honian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 284) "verschmahen, verholmen"; OE ge-hienan, ge-hynan I (Kluge 1989: 314) "to fell, prostrate; overcome; weaken, crush, afflict, injure, oppress; abase, humble, insult; accuse, condemn"; Gothic ga-haunjan I (Lehmann 1986: 179) "to abase". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-h Onn, gi-han anti "verhlmen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 285). cf. OHG hOnen I (Raven I 1963: 79). No cognate verbs areattested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). gi-haren "hren, erhoren, gehorchen" (Raven I 1963: 74). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hieran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 182) "to hear, give ear to, obey"; Gothic ga-hausf an I (Lehmann 1986: 180) "to perceive". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-horsaman "gehorsam sein" (Raven 111967: 68). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-houbitbantan "mit Hauptband oder Kranz versehen, d.h. bekranzen" (Raven 111967: 68). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-houbit-sculdigon "des Hochverrats beschuldigen" (Raven 111967: 68). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG houbit (Kluge 1989: 297) "1-laupt"; cf. OHG sculdign III (Starck and Wells 1990: 551) "schulden". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (formed with prefix gi- and with change of class III sculdigen to class II, possibly by analogy with the large number of class II verbs prefixed with a substantive). gi-houfan "aufhaufen" (Raven II 1967: 68). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-heapian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 174) "to heap up, collect, bring together, accumulate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-houwan "zerschneiden" (Raven II 1967: 68). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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giitigon "gichtbruchig sein" (Raven 111967: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gihtig (Schade I 1882: 324) "paralyticus, gichtbruchig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-,flrgi-h t7fii "authaufen, ausschichten, scharweise zusammendrangen beziehungsweise -hufen, das voile Ma13 festdrucken, (ver)sammeln, vermehren" (Raven II 1967: 69). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zisamenegi-huggen "(+gen.) sich erinnem (an), gedenken, beherzigen, eingedenk sein" (Raven 11963: 306). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hycgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 200) "to think upon, consider, mediate, study; understand; resolve upon, determine, purpose; remember, hope". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-hugilihhan "erheitern, d.h. durch Olsalbung das Antlitz erglnzen lassen" (Raven 111967: 69). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. gi-hulden "hold oder gewogen machen, geneigt machen" (Raven 11963: 76). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-huldigen "beruhigen oder geneigt machen" (Raven I 1963: 76). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-hullen "fest umwinden, uberziehen" (Raven 11963: 77). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic ga-huijan I (Lehmann 1986: 193) "to cover". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-hursken "beschleunigen, anspornen" (Raven I 1963: 78). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-ilen "eilen, trachten nach" (Raven I 1963: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: dara-,furi-, heragi-impfen "einpflanzen" (Raven 11963: 80). For simplex see OHG impfon, impitn II (Raven II 1967: 71) "bepflarizen, pfropfen". No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). gi-impitan "em-, bepflanzen, einstecken" (Raven 111967: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-innon "einen aufnehmen in" (Raven II 1967: 72). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-int-fragi "fragen, erfragen" (Raven 111967: 217). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-inwerten "verinnerlichen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 307). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG inwert, inwerti (Starck and Wells 1990: 307) "innerst, inner". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-).

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gi-inzi/:tigon "beschuldigen" (Raven II 1967: 72). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG inzihtig adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 307) "beschuldigend". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-ir-ougen "nicht erscheinen, nicht sichtbar sein, verschwinden" (Raven I 1963: 145). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-irren "irrefiihren, verwirren, irremachen, betruben, stark bewegen, erregen, verstmmeln, verschlimmern" (Raven 1 1963: 81). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-Jialen "vertilgen, ausstreichen, nichtig machen" (Raven I 1963: 82). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-ilaniuwan, gi-itniuwon "emeuern, wiederherstelln, wiedergewinnen" (Starck and \Vells 1990: 314). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-edniwian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 99) "to renew, restore, reform". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-irran "li-re gehen, sich verirren" (Raven II 1967: 72). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-jazen "bejahen, ja sagen, bewilligen, zustimmen, beipflichten, harmonieren, einverstanden sein, sich einigen" (Raven 11963: 83). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. gi-jihien "beichten, zum Gestandnis einer Sache bringen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 316). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-kalawen "die Kopfhaare absbhneiden oder abrasieren, eine Glatze bekommen" (Raven I 1963: 84). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-kawaran "kauen, verzehren" (Raven II 1967: 75). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *ga_kawar4ian class II frequentative / continuative deverbative from strong verb *kewwanan (Seebold 1970: 294) "kauen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG kiuwan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 294) "kauen"; OE c5owan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 67) "to chew, gnaw; eat, consume"; ON tyggva st. vb with secondary initial 't': (a) by analogy with togla (if the latter does not belong to this group); (b) by dissimilation? (Seebold 1970: 294) "kauen". Compare ON togla II, formed with I-extension and dissimilation of 'k' (Seebold 1970: 295) "kauen". This verb may, however, belong elsewhere. Therefore an OHG frequentative / continuative deverbative (with I-extension and prefix gi-). gi-kennen "zeugen, erzeugen, gebren, wiedererkennen, prUfend untersuchen, geboren werden" (Raven 11963: 86). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-cennan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 66) "to beget, bring forth, produce; clear, declare, prove". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-keren "eine andere Richtung geben, wenden, beziehen auf, richten, zusammenkoppeln, verknupfen, verbinden, (herum)drehen, (sich) neigen, hinneigen; ablenken" (Raven 11963: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, nidar-, 171-, widargi-kerien "kehren, fegen" (Raven I 1963: 308). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation.

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gi-kesligon "kreuzigen" (Raven 111967: 75). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-kiagan "bekiagen, kiagend aussprechen" (Raven 111967: 77). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-kleiben "einprigen, befestigen" (Raven I 1963: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anagi-kienken "aneinanderreihen, -ketten, -heften, -kntlpfen, verknupfen, verbinden, zusammenflechten, gewunden" (Raven 11963: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-kniwen "knien, niederknien" (Raven 11963: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-knupfen "zusammenknupfen, -fflgen, verbinden, vereinigen, verflechten, anknupfen, anbinden, verschlingen" (Raven 11963: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, zuogi-knussen "anschlagen, anstol3en" (Starck and Wells 1990: 339). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-cnyssan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 72) "to press, toss, strike, hew to pieces, dash, crash (together), beat; overcome, overwhelm, oppress". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zuogi-koran "erproben, sich erweisen, prufen, kosten" (Raven II 1967: 79). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-koronan "krnen, mit einem Lorberkranz als Preise schmucken" (Raven 111967: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-kacon "abwagen, sprechen" (Raven 111967: 81). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-koufen "kaufen, erkaufen, erhandein, darreichen" (Raven I 1963: 96). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-kreftigon "Grol3es tun" (Raven II 1967: 82). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG krefiig (Starck and Wells 1990: 345) "kraftig, rustig, mchtig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-krumben "krummen, gekrummen, verdrehen, verwickelt, geschraubt" (Raven I 1963: 97). No cognate verbs are attested. OHG krumb (Starck and Wells 1990: 349) "gekrummt, krumm, verdreht". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-krUzigon "kreuzigen; crucifigere" (Raven II 1967: 83). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-kunden "ansagen, ankundigen, bestimmen, offentlich bekanntmachen, -werden, kundtun, anzeigen, zumuten, melden, mit etwas drohen, bedeuten, offenbaren, zeigen, anspielen, andeuten, rapportieren, zurUck berichten, auflsen, eine Frage deutlich erklren, schildern, vortragen, anfithren, erw.hnen, voraussetzen, vorschlagen" (Raven I 1963: 99). The following

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cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-cyOan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 81) "to make celebrated". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-kundon "verkundigen" (Raven 111967: 83). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-cUian II originally class III? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 76) "to become known, take knowledge of, regard". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-kunnen "prUfen" (Raven 11 1967: 232). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-cunnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: to search into, try, test, seek for, explore, investigate; experience; know". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-kuolen "abkuhlen, kuhlen, kuhl machen" (Raven 11963: 100). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-celan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 66) "to make cold, cool, allay". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-kurzen "kUrzen, ver-, abklirzen, kurz fassen, zudrucken" (Raven I 1963: 100). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-kussen "kUssen" (Raven I 1963: 100). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-cyssan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 80) "to kiss". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-kwetten "benennen, gut, wohi, recht, regelrecht, vernunftig reden, loben" (Raven 11963: 91). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-kwicken "beleben, wiederherstellen, erganzen, kraftigen" (Raven 11963: 91). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-laban "sich erfrischen, sich strken, essen, laben, die korperlichen NahrungsbedUrfnisse befriedigen" (Raven 111967: 84). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-lavan II (Kiuge 1989: 422) "waschen"; OE ge-laflan II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 210) "to pour water on, wash, bathe". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation gi-ladon "be-, herbei-, zusammenrufen, einladen" (Raven 111967: 85). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-lad ian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 212) "to invite, summon, call upon, ask". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-laen "verraten" (Raven 11963: 101). The following cognate verbs are attested: GE ge-kiwan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 210) "to betray"; Gothic ga-lewjan I (Lehmann 1986: 232) "to betray". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-(h)1ahh.z "spielen, Kurzweil treiben" (Raven 111967: 232). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-lagan"umlagern, herumsitzen" (Raven 111967: 85). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-langz "(impers. +acc. pers. et gen. rei) dringend verlangen nach" (Raven 111967: 233). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-langian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 211) "to send for, summon, call". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-langan "auslangen, erreichen" (Raven II 1967: 85). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *ga-langqjan (Seebold 1970: 331) class II deverbative from prefixed strong verb *ga-lengan(an) (Seebold 1970: 331) "vorwartskommen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG gi-lingan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 331) "gelingen, erreichen, gliicken". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. gi-langsamon "(die Zeit) verlangem, lange wohnen bleiben" (Raven 111967: 86). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-lastaron "schmahen, tadeln, einen Vorwurf machen" (Raven II 1967: 86). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-lebi "(+acc.) leben, erleben, am Leben sein" (Raven 111967: 234). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-lfIan III (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 410) "to live". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-leggen "legen, auf-, hin-, zurUcklegen, brachliegen oder ruhen lassen" (Raven 11963: 311). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-lecgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 214) "to lay, put, place, deposit, set, bury; cast down, lay low, kill"; Gothic ga-lag/an I (Lehmann 1986: 233) "to lay, be laid". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, (suntar-). gi-leckan "lecken, kosten, trinken" (Raven II 1967: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-leidigon "verschlingen, die Fassung benehmen, d.h. jemandem dan Herz brechen" (Raven II 1967: 87). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-lethhen "giel3en, fliel3en, ausstrmen, loslassen, schieudern, hervorbringen, erzeugen, gebaren, sich verbreiten, verschwenden" (Raven I 1963: 102). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-leisten "gewahren, beibringen, sich verpflichten, geloben, beschwichtigen, veranstalten, preisgeben, anvertrauen, bereiten, verursachen, erzeugen, , schaffen, machen, bewahren, aufrechterhalten, sich verburgen, uberreden, uberzeugen, die Uberzeugung beibringen, empfehlen" (Raven I 1963: 102). The following cognate verbs are attested: OF ge-1&stan I (Clark I-Jail and Meritt 1969: 209) "to do, perform, accomplish, fulfil, discharge, execute, pay"; Gothic ga-laistjan I (Lehmann 1986: 226) "to follow". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-leiten "leiten, flihren, mieten, eine Person dingen, zurckfiihren, zuruckbringen, geleiten, fortschicken, fUhren, einflihren" (Raven 11963: 105). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-lcffdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 208) "to lead, bring, conduct; carry, bear". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: daTa-, fram-, in-S, liz-, zuogi-lengen "verlangern, dehnen, in die Lange ziehen, verbinden, zusammenfligen, fortsetzen" (Raven 11963: 107). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-lengan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 215) "to lengthen, extend, increase; prolong; protract, perform slowly, draw out". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fora-. gi-Iepfen "austrinken, schopfen, ausleeren, erstreben, ans Licht streben, etwas zu erreichen suchen, heben, zutreffen, genief3en" (Raven 1 1963: 107). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-leren "lehren, belehren, unterrichten, instruieren, genau untel-weisen, mit Kenntnissen ausrusten" (Raven 11963: 109). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-liran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 208) "to teach, train; persuade preach; convert"; Gothic ga-laisjan I (Lehmann 1986: 225) "to teach, instruct". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-Iernai "lernen" (Raven II 167: 235). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. gi-lesJn "zusammenfalten" (Raven II 1967: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lesa (Starck and Wells 1990: 370) "Falte". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-lezzen "auf-, zuruckhalten, hemmen, verletzen" (Raven I 1963: 110). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-lertan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 217) "to let, hinder, delay, impede, oppress"; Gothic ga-latfan I (Lehmann 1986: 227) "to hinder". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-libhafton "am Leben erhalten" (Raven 111967: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG libhafi (Starck and Wells 1990: 372) "lebendig, belebt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-Iibhafligon "beleben" (Raven 111967: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-lidan "schneiden, Vollendung" (Raven II 1967: 88). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-lid ian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 220) "to unloose, release". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-lihhamhaflan "den Krper veredein? Korperlichkeit verleihen" (Raven 111967: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lihhamhaft adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 374) "korperlich" or OHG lilihamhafiisubst. ( Starck

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and Wells 1990: 374) "Krperlichkeit". Therefore an OHG deadjectival/denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-lilihamon "Korperlichkeit verleihen, mit menschiicher Form und Natur versehen" (Raven II 1967: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lihhamo (Starck and Wells 1990: 374) "Korper, Leib, Fleisch". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gilihhen "gleichen, hneln, lihniich sein" (Raven 11963: 110). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE gelican I (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 409) "to liken, imitate", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *galeikijan "gleichen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under gillhhz). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. gilihhen "(impers. +dat.) gefallen" (Raven 111967: 236). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE gelician II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 218) "(+dat. or impers.) to please; be sufficient; to be like, seem like"; ON glIkja (Zoega 1910: 167, 274) "to make like"; Gothic galeikan III (Lehmann 1986: 231) "to please", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *galeikanan "to be similar, alike; to be suitable; to be pleasing, to like". The precise details of this verb's derivation are obscused by the semantic comlexity of its derivational base. It appears that the verb is deadjectival from a Gmc prefixed adjective *ga-leikaz (Kiuge 1989: 268) which had an original meaning of "having the same form, alike". This meaning then became extended to "suitable, pleasing". The adjective is attested in the following: OHG gilih (Kluge 1989: 268) "gleich"; OS gilik(o) (Kiuge 1989: 268) "gleich"; OFs. ilk (Kluge 1989: 268) "gleich" (probably a reduced form of the prefixed form); OE gelic (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 217) "like, alike, similar, equal; suitable"; ON ilkr (de Vries 1962: 356) "gleich, wahrscheinlich, gut" (probably a reduced form of the prefixed form); Gothic galeiks (Lehmann 1986: 231) "alike, similar". The adjective itself is most likely derived from the Gmc neuter substantive *ilkan (Kiuge 1989: 435) "Korper, Fleisch", which is attested in the following: OHG ii('c)h (Kluge 1989: 435) "Korper, Leichnam"; OS ilk (Kiuge 1989: 435) "Korper, Leichnam"; ON ilk (Kluge 1989: 435) "Korper, Leichnam"; OE lic (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 217) "body, corpse"; Gothic leik (Kiuge 1989: 435) "body, flesh, corpse". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Alternatively, this verb may, however, be a straightforward prefix formation from the simplex llhhn (which see). gillhhinon "wetteifem" (Raven 111967: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG giilh (Kluge 1989: 268) "gleich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with n-extension). gillhhisan "vergleichen, sich verstellen, sich die Augen schminken" (Raven 111967: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gill/i (Kiuge 1989: 268) "gleich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with s-extension). Alternatively, this verb may be a prefix formation from the simplex verb. gi-liliten "erleichtern" (Raven I 1963: 110). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-ilhtan I (Clark Hall arid Meritt 1969: 219) "to lighten, mitigate, assuage". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-liinen "leimen, zusammenleimen" (Raven I 1963: Ill). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-iiinan (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 219) "to join together, cement together". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zisamene-, zuo-

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gi-lindizzen "freundlich zureden, beschwichtigen" (Raven 11963: 111). No cognate verbs are attested. Class I intensive deverbative from OHG class I weak verb linden (which see). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative (formed with prefix gi-). gi-(h)linn "sich hinlegen, d.h. semen Platz am Tische einnehmen, sich an etwas lehnen" (Raven 111967: 237). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hlinian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 186) "to lean, recline, lie down, rest". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-Iioblihhon, gi-liublil:hon "anmutig, schn oder angenehm sein oder machen?" (Raven II 1967: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lioblih, liublih (Starck and Wells 1990: 378) "schn, lieblich, anmutig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-listen "beschwichtigen, mit heimlicher List oder unvermerkt wegnehmen, entwenden" (Raven 11963: 111). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. gi-liuben "angenehm machen, lieben, loben, liebhaben, verstll3en, ergotzen, vergntigen, sich beliebt machen oder sein, streben, zu gewinnen suchen, Freude empfmden" (Raven I 1963: 111). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-liefan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 218) "to be dear to". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-liuh ten "erleuchten, erhellen" (Raven 11963: 112). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-lilitan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 219) "to make light, to give light to; to be or become light, to shine"; Gothic ga-liuhtjan I (Lehmann 1986: 236) "to make known". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-liiitaren "lutern, rein machen, bul3en, offenbaren, erklaren, klar machen, zurechtlegen, durchseihen" (Raven 11963: 113). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hi iittrian H originally I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 187) " to purify, make clear". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-(h)Iiuten "ertnen, ausrufen, bekannt werden" (Raven I 1963: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-liutmaren "verffentlichen" (Raven I 1963: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. gi-loban "jemandem den Willen tun, geloben, genugtun" (Raven 111967: 91). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE lojIan II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 221) "to appraise, value". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-lockan 2 " schmeicheln, mildern, ergotzen, verstricken, verfilhren" (Raven 111967: 92). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-loccian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 221) "to attract, entice, soothe". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gilon "bellen" (Raven 111967: 54). cf. OHG geizon II. No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *gelqjan "bellen". The etymology of this verb is uncertain. It is possibly a class II deverbative (with shortened medial '1') from the strong verb *gellanan (Seebold 1970: 222) "gellen" (see under geizan). Therefore an ORG deverbative formation. gi-lonon "(be)lohnen" (Raven II 1967: 92). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-leanian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 213) "to reward, recompense, repay, requite". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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gi-lasen "merken, Nutzen ziehen, Aufmerksamkeit auf etwas richten, beachten, achtgeben" (Raven 11963: 116). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-liesan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 218) "to loosen, relax; crush; redeem, release". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zuogi-(I:)Icsen "merken, Nutzen ziehen, Aufmerksamkeit auf etwas richten, beachten, achtgeben" (Raven 111967: 239). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-louben "glauben, zustimmen, trauen, preisgeben, gutheil3en, gelten lassen, sich entziehen, sich entul3ern, abentmutigt werden (' verzweifeln), nachgeben" (Raven I 1963: 117). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-labian I (Kluge 1989: 268). OE ge-liefan, ge-I(an, ge-Ij7fan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 218) "to believe, confide, trust, hope"; Gothic galaubjan I (Lehmann 1986: 141) "to believe; permit", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *ga-laubjanan "to believe, confide in; (originally) to accept or assume a religious faith". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-lougenen "verleugnen, verneinen, ablehnen, widersprechen, Widerspruch erheben, abwaschen oder absptilen (Ubtr. =) vom Tolgen moral. Flecken reinigend abspulen" (Raven I 1963: 120). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic ga-Iaugnjan I (Lehmann 1986: 228) "to be hidden". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-lubban "vergiften" (Raven 111967: 93). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-(Iz)luoen "(von Hunden) nicht mucksen oder leise reden, die Zunge bewegen" (Raven 11963: 121). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-lusten "gelusten" (Raven I ,1963: 121). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-lystan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 223) "to please, cause a desire for". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-magaren "aufzehren, verzehren, hinschwinden, schwchen, kasteien, dunn oder schwach machen" (Raven I 1963: 122). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix form ation. gi-magn "starker werden, sich starker flihien, machtiger werden, die Oberhand gewinnen, siegen, an Macht Uberwiegen, sich sehr kraftig fUhlen" (Raven 111967: 241). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-mahalen "sprechen, (durch einen Vertrag) sich eine Frau zur Braut oder Ehefrau nehmen bzw. erkaufen, verloben" (Pfeifer 11989: 532). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-mahlian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 394) "verloben". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-mahalon "sprechen" (Raven 111967: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-mahhon "machen, bereiten, bewerkstelligen, (sich) anpassen, passend machen, auftragen, (passive) mit jemandem verkehren, sich zugesellen, sich (dem Kloster) eingliedern,, volibringen, lEhebruch treiben, Feuer anstecken, schweigen" (Raven 111967: 96). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-macian II (Kluge 1989: 453) "to make, form, construct, do; prepare, arrange, cause". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, zisamene-, zuo-

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gi-,nahtigan "stark machen" (Raven II 1967: 98). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mahtig, mahtig (Starck and Wells 1990: 396) "machtig, krftig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-na1en "anstreichen, anfertigen" (Raven II 1967: 242). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-mammunten "besanfligen, beruhigen, beschwichtigen, lindern, mildern, erweichen, schwchen, vershnen" (Raven I 1963: 123). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-managfalton "vermehren, (ubtr.) segnen" (Raven 111967: 98). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-manigfealdian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 229) "to multiply, abound, increase, extend". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-manan "mahnen, schelten, jemandem an etwas erinnern, zur Erinnerung bringen" (Raven II 1967: 99). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-manian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 229) "to remind, admonish, warn, exhort, instigate; instruct, advise". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-maren "bekannt machen, verbreiten, veroffentlichen, allen preisgeben, ruchbar machen, ausschreien, fortpflanzen, zutage fOrdern, anfiihren, ausdehnen, erweitem" (Raven 11963: 124). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-mcran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 226) "to celebrate, divulge, spread abroad". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:foragi-marcan "bescheiden, zuweisen, anstellen, verordnen" (Raven II 1967: 100). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-mearcian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 231) "to mark, stain, brand, seal; mark a boundary, measure, define, describe, designate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:foragi-meinen "erklren, bestimmen, teilen, zuteilen, vorausbestimmen, mitteilen, beurteilen, messen, zeigen, verurteilen, verdammen, mil3billigen" (Raven I 1963: 126). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-mcEnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 226) "to mean, signify; communicate, announce, pronounce, utter, to give expression to one's feelings, as, of pain, to moan, groan". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zuogi-meinsaman "mitteilen, teilnehmen lassen, Anteil bekommen" (Raven II 1967: 101). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *meinsam "gemeinschafflich, offentlich"; cf. OHG gi-meini (Kluge 1989: 256) "gemeinschafllich, offentlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-nzeitison "ubermtitig, tippig werden, ausschweifen, (in der Zahl) zunehmen oder sich steigern, d.h. genug sein" (Raven II 1967: 101). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-meitan "zweimal flirben" (Raven 111967: 101). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG meito (Starck and Wells 1990: 406) "Farber". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-melden "verleumderisch angeben, berichten, bekanntmachen, mitteilen, offenbaren, ans Licht bringen, zeigen" (Raven 111967: 243). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-mengen' "fehien, mangeln" (Raven I 1963: 127). The following cognate verbs are attested:None. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-mengen2 "(ver)mischen" (Raven 11963: 127). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-mengan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 233) "to mingle, conmingle, mix, blend, confuse, unite, join, combine". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-mennen "vor Gericht laden" (Raven I 1963: 313). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-merken "aufzeichnen, vorzeichnen" (Raven I 1963: 127). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-mearcian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 231) "to mark, point out, describe, assign, appoint, determine". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-meran "autbauen, wiederaufbauen, in Wohlstand versetzen, gewinnen, verherrlichen, Ruhm bekommen, erschaffen, ins Dasein rufen" (Raven II 1967: 102). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-marian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 230) "to increase". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-merren "stren, schandigen, hindem, verhindem, fesseln, abhalten, fangen, verstricken, verwickein" (Raven 11963: 128). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-mierran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 237) "to hinder, obstruct, force, trouble". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-meslen "fett machen" (Raven I 1963: 129). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-mcestan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 227) "to fatten". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-metam'z "das rechte MaB verleihen, mal3igen, regein, lenken, ordnen" (Raven 111967: 245). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-mezzon "steinhauen, Steine behauen, abschneiden, abglatten" (Raven II 1967: 102). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-mieten "(ver)mieten, verpachten, lohnen, in Sold nehmen, dingen, sich verdingen, in Verding geben, kaufen, verhandeln, schachem, anwerben, erkaufen, feilschen, wert geachtet sein, ubereinkommen, vergleichen, verschulden, bestechen" (Raven I 1963: 129). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ingi-mihhllhilzhan "verherrlichen" (Raven 111967: 103). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-minnon "lieben" (Raven II 1967: 104). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-minniran "geringfllgig machen, zerreiben, in Stucken brechen, zerbrechen, em Ende machen, austilgen, vernichten, verwUsten, vergeuden" (Raven II 1967: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-miskelon "mischen, zusammensetzen" (Raven II 1967: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-misken "mischen, mengen, verwirren, mischend truben, sich paaren oder begatten, mit einer Frau schiafen oder ihr Gewalt antun" (Raven I 1963: 130). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-missilihhon "die Wachen wechseln, verandern" (Raven II 1967: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-miftferahen "die Lebensmitte erreichen" (Raven 11963: 131). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gimunden "sich erinnern, einer Sache gedenken, noch nicht vergessen haben" (Raven I 1963: 132). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OFIG gimunt(SchUtzeichel 1969: 131) "Gedenken". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. gimunhigan "(+gen.) gedenken" (Raven 111967: 54). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE myndigian II back formation with loss of prefix ge- (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 243) "to remember, be mindul of, remind; intend; commemorate, mention; exhort, impel, warn", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *gamundag4ian "to be mindful of'. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OE gemyndig (Clark Hall and Meriti 1969: 243) "mindful, recollecting; memorable; thoughtful, wise", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *gamundagaz "mindful". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. gi-munlan "beschirmen" (Raven 111967: 106). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-mundian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 242) "to protect, watch over, act as guardian of'. Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-muod'z "ermatten, erschopft werden" (Raven II 1967: 244). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-muoen "reizen, erregen, beunruhigen, necken, belastigen, herausfordern, mude oder matt machen, ermtiden" (Raven I 1963: 133). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-,nuosen "(an)kodern, (nur ubtr. =) verftthrerisch anlocken" (Raven 11963: 133). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-inuozigen "sich Musse nehmen (+gen.)" (Raven I 1963: 133). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG muozig (Starck and Wells 1990: 426) "mul3ig, unbeschaftigt, untatig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-muozzn "freie Zeit oder Mul3e haben" (Raven 111967: 107). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-muruwen "zermurben, zustande bringen (hier) = em Jammergeschrei erheben" (Raven I 1963: 134). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG muruwi (Starck and Wells 1990: 427) "zart, weich, mtlrbe". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-nzuzn "die Farbe des Antlitzes andern, finster den Blick zu Boden richten" (Raven 111967: 107). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. g(z)nad "(+gen. et dat.) gnadig, wohiwollend oder freundlich sein, Gnade oder Gunst erweisen, einem semen Dank wofOr bezeigen, em freundliches Wort gonnen, sich erbarmen, (vom Herzen) sich erweichen oder weicher werden" (Raven 111967: 218). No cognate verbs are

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attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: 0MG g(i)n&ia (Starek and Wes 1990: 214) "Gnade, Barmherzigkeit, Versohnung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. ginadigan "gnadig sein" (Raven 111967: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ginadig (Starck and Wells 1990: 214) "barmherzig, mild, geneigt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. gindon "(+dat. pers. et gen. rei) gnadig sein, sich erbarmen, helfen" (Raven 111967: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under gin di. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. gi-naen "zusammennhen, mucken, mucksen, den Mund auftun, sagen, reden" (Raven I 1963: 134). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. gi-izah (attested only in prefixed form) "genugen" (Seebold 1970: 355). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-neah preterite-present (Seebold 1970: 355) "to be enough, sufficient, to suffice"; Gothic ga-nah preterite-present (Seebold 1970: 355) "genUgen". These allow us to reconstruct a preterite-present verb *ga..nah (Seebold 1970: 342) "genUgt". This verb can be traced back to an IE sJ*enk-, *nek-, *enk-, *nk- (Pokorny I 1956: 316) "reichen, erreichen, erlangen; tragen", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt asnoti (Seebold 1970: 356) "gelangt, ereicht"; Greek vEyicEv aorist 2nd infmitive (Seebold 1970: 356) "herbeischaffen, davontragen"; Latin nancisci, nactus sum (Seebold 1970: 355) "erreichen, erhalten"; OIr. ri-icc (Seebold 1970: 355) "erreicht, kommt an, kommt zu"; Welsh dianc (Seebold 1970: 355) "entfliehen, meiden"; OCS neso, nesti (Seebold 1970: 356) "tragen"; Lith. ne., n.ti (Seebold 1970: 355) "tragen, bringen, reichen bis"; Toch.A ents sk-present (Seebold 1970: 356) "ergreifen"; Toch.B enk sk-present (Seebold 1970: 356) "ergreifen"; Hittite ninink nm-infix (Seebold 1970: 356) "heben, autheben, auflauern". Therefore a Pre-Gmc primary verb (preterite-present, formed with prefix ga-). gi-naizen "naher-, herankommen, nahen, sich nhem" (Raven I 1963: 135). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-nackolon "entbloilen" (Raven 111967: 108). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-nacodian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 244) "to lay bare, strip". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-(h)neigen "(sich) neigen, senken, abwrts ziehen oder fuhren" (Raven 11963: 136). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hncffgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 187) "to bend down, humble, cast down, subdue". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anagi-nemnen "sagen, (an)rufen, (be-), (er-)nennen, aussprechen, bezeichnen als" (Raven 1 1963: 138). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-nemnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 248) "to name, call"; Gothic ga-namnjan I (Lehmann 1986: 262) "to name". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-nenden "sich erkuhnen, wagen, nach etwas trachten, etwas erstreben" (Raven I 1963: 139). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-n 5an I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 249) "to venture, attempt, strive"; Gothic ga-nanbjan I (Lehmann 1986: 31) "to stop". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. ginn "gaffen, gahnen, klaffen, den Mund, den Schnabel oder das Maul aufsperren, gierig trachten nach, scimappen nach, (von Hunden) die Zhne fletschen, niesen, einen Laut von sich geben, reden oder erwidem" (Raven II 1967: 218). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *gin/an (Seebold 1970: 219) "to be gaping", zero-grade class III

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durative deverbative from strong verb *geinanan (Seebold 1970: 219) "gahnen, kiaffen" (see under geinoi:). Therefore an ORG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, gagangi-nerien "heilen, (er)retten, emhren, gesund machen, sich eines Menschen annehmen, aufrichten (= aufstehen lassen), (mit Ieichter Hand) lenken" (Raven 11963: 315). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-nerian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 248) "to save, rescue, liberate, preserve, defend, protect"; Gothic ga-nasjan I (Lehmann 1986: 263) "to heal, save". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-nezzen "befeuchten, benetzen, bespritzen, besprengen, (ein)tauchen, trnken, ausgiel3en, uberfluten, uberspulen" (Raven 11963: 140). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gingi "(+gen.) nachjagen, nachfolgen, nachahmen, nach etwas verlangen, sehnend, sehnsuchtig" (Raven 111967: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gingo (Starck and Wells 1990: 215) "Absicht, Verlangen". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. gi-nidaren "erniedrigen, entmutigen, vertreiben, verdrthigen, vereiteln, stren, entkrften, zu Boden werfen, vernichten, ins Verderben sturzen, tten, erlegen, verurteilen, aufheben, schwachen, zerrQtten, erschpfen, zertreten, aufreiben, geringschatzig behandeln, demutigen, verschmhen, einschem oder durch Glut qualen" (Raven I 1963: 140). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-(h)nicken "zerstren, vertilgen, verwerfen, jemandem etwas antun, an-, vergreifen, vertreiben, hart bedrUcken, verstricken = zurn Treubruch verfUhren" (Raven I 1963: 141). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. gi-niotan "(+reflex. et gen.) erfthllen mit, sattigen, rachen" (Raven 111967: 109). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-niudon, gi-niodon II (Schade 11882: 652) "sich an etwas erfreuen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-niuwon "erneuern, wiederherstellen, ruhig gewahren lassen" (Raven II 1967: 110). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-niwian II (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 422) "to renew, restore". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-naagon "entjungfern" (Raven II 1967: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-naten "zwingen, notigen (= pressen), beseitigen, treiben, jagen" (Raven I 1963: 143). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. gi-nc,nezzan "genau abgrenzen, die Grenzen genau bestimmen" (Raven II 1967: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. gi-nzogan "entjungfern" (Raven II 1967: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ginzn "gleichstellen" (Raven 111967: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG ginaz (Starck and Wells 1990: 215) "Genosse, Kamerad". Therefore an OHG denominative verb.

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g/n zsainOn "sich angesellen" (Raven II 1967: 54). The following cognate verbs are attested: OHG ginozsami(Starck and Wells 1990: 215) "Gemeinschaft, Verbindung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. gin zscaffen "vereinigen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 216). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under ginazscaffon. Therefore an OHO denominative verb. ginozscaffan "vereinigen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 216). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ginazscaf (Starck and Wells 1990: 215) "Kameradschaft, Verbindung, Gemeinschaft". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. ginuhien "bervoll sein" (Starck and Wells 1990: 216). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ginuht (Starck and Wells 1990: 216) "Genuge, Fulle, volles Ma13, Jbermal3". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. ginuhisamon "in hinreichender FUlle vorhanden sein" (Raven 111967: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ginuhtsam adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 216) "ilbervoll, reichlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ubargi-(h)nuoen "hobeln, glatten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 446). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ginuogen "reichlich vorhanden sein" (Starck and Wells 1990: 216). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON (g)noegja I (de Vries 1962: 181) "genug oder reichlich geben"; Gothic ganohjan I (Lehmann 1986: 70) "to be content", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *ganog/anan "to be enough"; cf. OE genagian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 251) "to be abundant". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ginuog, ginuogi (Starck and Wells 1990: 216) "hinreichend, genugend, reich"; OS ginag(i) (Kluge 1989: 258) "genug"; OFs. (e)n&h (Kiuge 1989: 258) "genug"; OE genog, genoh (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 251) "enough, sufficient, abundant"; ON gngr (Kluge 1989: 258) "genug"; Gothic ganohs (Kluge 1989: 258) "enough", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *ganOgaz (Kluge 1989: 258) "genug". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: dara-zuogi-nusken "schnallen, verkntipfen, zusammenhalten, einwickeln" (Raven I 1963: 143). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nusca (Starck and Wells 1990: 446) "Spange, Schnalle". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-nuzzen "benutzen, Genuge leisten = (be)zahlen" (Raven I 1963: 143). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-obaron "zogern, uberwinden, besiegen, vertilgen" (Raven 111967: 111). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-od,nuolen "erniedrigen, demUtigen" (Raven I 1963: 144). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-odmuotigan "sich erniedrigen, d.h. sich demutig unter andere stellen" (Raven 111967: 111). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. gi-offanon "offhen, offenbar, verstndlich oder deutlich machen, (reflex. +gen.) sich hinsichtlich etwas merken lassen" (Raven II 1967: 112). The following cognate verbs are

235

attested: OE ge-openian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 268) "to open (up), disclose, declare, reveal, expound". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-Ueagan "reich machen oder sein, mit etwas behaftet oder begabt sein, bereichern" (Raven II 1967: 113). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE eadigian 11 (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 92) "to count fortunate, call blessed; enrich, make happy". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-ougazorahian "offenbaren" (Raven II 1967: 113). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-ougen "(sich) zeigen, erzeigen, erscheinen, vorstellen, schildern, darstellen, vor Augen bringen, genau bestimmen, definieren, erklaren" (Raven 11963: 145). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-iewan, ge-,i7wan, ge-eowan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 203) "to show, manifest, reveal". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-pflanzon, gi-flanzUn "vermehren, durch Samen vervie1fltigen" (Raven 111967: 44). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-plantian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 273) "to plant". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-pflastaran, gi-flastaran "pflastem, mit Heilmittein bestreichen, binden, Pflaster auf Wunden legen" (Raven II 1967: 44). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG pflasrar (Kluge 1989: 540) "Heilpflaster, Mortel, Estrich" <Latin emplastrum (Kluge 1989: 540) "Wundpflaster". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-pressan "pressen, auspressen, ausdrucken, bedriingen" (Raven II 1967: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-proventon "einem Lebensunterhalt geben" (Raven II 1967: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-prugion "durch uberlegte Stcke und Reiflig schtzen oder verbergen, (Vom Feuer) sicher untergehen" (Raven II 1967: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-rapfen "sich sammein ( Gerinnen des Blutes zu einer Verharschung)" (Raven 11963: 147). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-rahhan "erzhlen, sagen" (Raven II 1967: 115). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-rasen "toben, rasen" (Raven I 1963: 147). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-rcisan I (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 429) "to rush". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-rw'z "ruhen, verweiien" (Raven 111967: 474). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. girdinan "begehren" (Raven II 1967: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG girida (Starck and Wells 1990: 218) "Ehrgeiz, Begierde". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with n-extension).

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gi-redinan "darlegen, (be)sprechen, (aus)sagen, erzth1en, reden, vortragen, einen Wortwechs& fiihren" (Raven II 1967: 118). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-redon "sagen, mundlich darstellen, sprechen, eine Anklage erheben, durch Worte erk1ren" (Raven 111967: 118). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-refsen "tadein, mil3billigen, zurechtweisen" (Raven I 1963: 148). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-reganen "regnen" (Schutzeichel 1989: 209). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-rehhanon "einrichten, ordnen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 477). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-recenian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 279) "to explain, recount, relate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-rehihafligan "rechtfertigen, in Schutz nehmen" (Raven 111967: 119). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *rehthaflig "gerechtfertigt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-rehthaflon "gerecht sein, rechtfertigen" (Raven 111967: 119). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG rehthafi (Starck and Wells 1990: 477) "gerechtfertigt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-rehisainan "gerecht gesprochen werden" (Raven II 1967: 119). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *rehtsam, unattested but cf. OHG reht adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 477) "recht, gerade, richtig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-reihhen "sich erstrecken, reichen" (Raven I 1963: 149). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-r&can I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 276) "to reach, obtain, seize, get, lay hold on, attain, reproach, present, offer". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: hina-EJf-, zuogi-reihhon "erlangen, erreichen" (Raven 111967: 119). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zuogi-(h)reinen "reinigen, vollig reinigen, subern, rein machen oder waschen, entsundigen" (Raven 11963: 149). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic ga-hrainjan I (Lehmann 1986: 190) "to cleanse". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-(h) rein an "reinigen" (Raven 111967: 119). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. *gi_reiten "bereiten". MHG ge-reiten (Kiuge 1989: 75) "bereiten, anordnen". The following cognate verbs are attested: MDu ge-reiden, ge-re (e) den (Kluge 1989: 75). OE ge-rcEdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 276) "to arrange, direct, resolve, determine, decide; put in order"; ON greida I (Kluge 1989: 75) "ordnen; bereiten; einrichten, helfen"; Gothic ga-raidjan I (Lehmann 1986: 280) "to arrange, decree, order". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-recken "erzhlen, redend einfuhren, erklaren, deuten, schtzen, schildem, ausdrUcken, verdeutlichen, errtern, mitteilen, interpretieren, in der Rede auf etwas zuruckkommen, erreichen, bewegen, verursachen, erlangen, verhandeln" (Raven 11963: 152). The following cognate verbs

237

are attested: OE ge-reccan (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 430) "to put forth, show, relate, express, denote, explain; interpret, translate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. giren "etwas begehren" (SchUtzeichel 1969: 69). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gin (Schutzeichel 1969: 69) "gierig, habgierig, begehrlich; begierig, geizig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. gi-rennen "em-, urn-, zusammenschmelzen, urnschmieden, bewerkstelligen, bewirken, verursachen, frischen, gerinnen, zusammendrangen, (von Bergen = gipfelreich)" (Raven I 1963: 152). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-cernan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 10) "to run, run for, reach by running; ride". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zi-, zisamenegi-rerten "zurechtlegen, harmonisch abmessen oder einstellen" (Raven I 1963: 154). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-resken "spitzen, schrfen, reizen, betonen, steigern" (Raven I 1963: 154). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-resten "ruhen, aufleben, brachliegeri, sich Luft schaffen" (Raven 11963: 154). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-restan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 280) "to rest, remain; give rest to, lodge". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. girezzen "eifrig wunschen, begehren, verlagnen, beanspruchen" (Raven 11963: 58). No cognate verbs are attested. We can tentatively reconstruct an earlier form *geratjan "begehren", intensive deverbative from OHG weak verb giren "begehren" (which see). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. gi-ridilon "das Haupthaar ordnen" (Raven II 1967: 120). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-rf' "reifen, reif werden, dan goldene Getreide" (Raven 111967: 247). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-rigilan "sich zur Ruhe legen, hegen oder sorgen fUr, erfrischen" (Raven 111967: 121). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-rilihen "Uberwinden, besiegen, bekornmen, bewahren, einnehmen, sich bemchtigen" (Raven 11963: 157). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-rihien "richten, berichten, ordnen, unterweisen, aufbauen, verteilen, segnen, gerade rnachen oder zuruckbiegen" (Raven I 1963: 156). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-rihten I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 281) "to set right or straight; to direct, correct". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zgi-(h)ringen1 " umringen, Ringe machen oder kreisfOrmig ausfuhren, zusammenknupfen oder halten" (Raven I 1963: 157). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-ringen2 " lindern, erleichtern" (Raven 1 1963: 157). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal bane: OHG ringi (Starck and Wells 1990: 486) "leicht". Therefore an ORG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-ringon "mit Ring- oder Schuppenpanzer versehen" (Raven 111967: 121). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-risiron "abfallen, zu fehien beginnen, versagen" (Raven II 1967: 121). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *risir7jan zero-grade class II frequentative / continuative deverbative (formed with r-extension) from strong verb *reisanan (Seebold 1970: 371) "aufgehen, untergehen" (see under reisUn). Therefore an OHG frequentative / continuative deverbative (formed with prefix gi- and r-extension). gi-rizzen "streifen, oberflchlich oder leicht beruhren = leicht verwunden, mit fmsterem Buck streifen" (Raven I 1963: 158). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-racten "rsten, braten" (Raven I 1963: 159). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-ralen "rten, rot frben" (Raven 11963: 159). cf. OHG rtn III (Raven 111967: 248). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG rat (Starck and Wells 1990: 49) "rot, scharlachrot, braunrot". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-rouhhen "mit gUnstigen Vorzeichen opfern, mit Erfolg opfern, suhnen" (Raven 11963: 160). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-roupen "rsten, braten" (Raven I 1963: 160). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-riihen "vollig rauh oder roh machen, aufwtihlen, verwildern lassen, aufreizen, aufhetzen" (Raven 11963: 160). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-rucken "sich entfernen oder iahern, steigen, fortschreiten, vorwartsgehen" (Raven I 1963: 161). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-rilnen "frei oder leer machen, rumen" (Raven I 1963: 162). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-ii7man I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 285) "to extend, enlarge, make room, manifest, expand". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-runnen "zusammenlaufen, gerinnen" (Raven I 1963: 162). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG run (Starck and Wells 1990: 496) "Lauf, Balm". Therefore an ORG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-ruobon "aufzhlen, angeben, berechnen" (Raven II 1967: 123). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-(h)ruofen "rufen, anrufen, hochachten, Ehrfurcht empfinden, laut schreien, dringend fordern, eine Einrede vorbringen, anklagen, erfiehen, ausrufen" (Raven I 1963: 163). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-ruogen "(reflex.) sich anklagen oder tadein" (Raven 11963: 164). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wrgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 422) "to accuse". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-(h)ruomen "sich ruhmen" (Raven 11963: 165). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hrieman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 193) "to cry, implore". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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gi-(h)ruoren "berUhren, betreffen, ergreifen, Schaden zufligen oder schadigen" (Raven I 1963: 166). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hr-an I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 193) "to move". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-rczpen "sich struben" (Raven I 1963: 166). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. gi-(h)rusten "sich fertig machen, ordnen, ausrsten, die Waffen umgUrten, waffengeQbt sein, erlangen" (Raven I 1963: 166). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hyrstan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 202) "to adorn, ornament, decorate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-saen "sen = Furchen mit Gerste bestellen" (Raven 1 1963: 167). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-sagen "sagen, nennen, erzhlen, preisen, beordern, segnen, vorschreiben" (Raven I 1963: 318). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-sag'z "beordern, erzhlen, nennen, jemandem Recht schaffen, urteilen" (Raven II 1967: 251). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-secgan (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 301) "to say, speak; inform, utter, declare, tell, recite". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-salawen "den Glanz trUben, von der Sonne gebraunt sein" (Raven I 1963: 168). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-salban "salben" (Raven II 1967: 125). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-sealfian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 299) "to salve, anoint"; Gothic ga-salban II (Lehmann 1986: 293) "to anoint". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-saiigan "beglucken, beseligen, erfreuen" (Raven II 1967: 125). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-salzOA "einen Tanz auffiihren" (Raven II 1967: 125). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-samahaftan "aneinanderereihen, verbinden" (Raven II 1967: 125). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG samahafi (Starck and Wells 1990: 506) "vermischt, zusammen". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-samanon "aufhangen, auftUrmen, versammeln, zusammenzhlen, bilden" (Raven II 1967: 126). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-samnian II (Kiuge 1989: 616) "to assemble, meet, collect, unite, join, gather together". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zuo(gi-)sarawen "ausrUsten" (Raven I 1963: 168). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. gi-satUn "(+gen.) sattigen, satt machen" (Raven 111967: 127). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-sadian II (Clark all and Meritt 1969: 286) "to be sated, get wearied". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-seganon "(ge)segnen" (Raven II 1967: 128). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-s'en "beseelen, beleben, (negative) schwachen, entkrften" (Raven 11963: 168). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG sla (Starck and Wells 1990: 514) "Seele, Geist". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi). gi-s&1haften "beseelen, beleben" (Raven I 1963: 168). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG seihaft (Starck and Wells 1990: 515) "beseelt, belebt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-selidon "sich niederlassen, gefesselt sein, (von der Seele) sich eine Wohnung (im Korper) bereiten" (Raven II 1967: 128). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-selken "(vom Gedachtnis) sich abstumpfen, schwchen oder erschlaffen" (Raven II 1967: 252). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *gi_se1kan class III deverbative from strong verb *se1Jjnan (Seebold 1970: 392) "erschlaffen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG ir-selcan st. vb (Starck and Wells 1990: 515) "erschlaffen, schwachen"; OE -seolcan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 26) "to become slack, remiss, relaxed, weak". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (formed with prefix gi-). gi-semon "verbleiben, verharren, sich versammein (?)" (Raven 111967: 128). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. gi-sentan "flillen, senden, bestirnmen" (Raven I 1963: 170). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-sendan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 302) "to send". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-seren "einem das Herz brechen, betruben, jemanden trbe stimmen, qu1en" (Raven I 1963: 171). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-seston "(an)ordnen, bestinimen" (Raven II 1967: 129). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-sezzen "setzen, festsetzen, hineinsetzen, verabreden, ordnen, stiften, zusammenstellen, wiederherstellen, auseinanderlegen" (Raven I 1963: 174). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-settan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 304) "to set, put, fix, confirm, restore, appoint, decree, settle, possess, occupy, place together"; Gothic ga-satjan I (Lehmann 1986: 296) "to place, establish". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-,fora-,furi-, ingagan-, in-, nidar-, ubargi-sibunon "in sieben teilen, siebenteilig" (Raven 111967: 129). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG sibun cardinal numeral (Starck and Wells 1990: 520) "sieben". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-sibun-zalon "auf sieben Abteilungen berechnen, aus sieben Zeitabschnitten bestehen, siebenteilig" (Raven II 1967: 129). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG sibun cardinal numeral (Starck and Wells 1990: 520) "sieben"; cf. OHG zaln II (Starck and Wells 1990: 753) "aufzahlen, rechnen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (formed with additional prefix gi-). gi-sidalen "ansiedeln, sich niederlassen, bergen, in Sicherheit bringen, strOmen" (Raven 11963: 176). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-sihhuron "frei ausgehen, sicher stellen" (Raven 111967: 130). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

241

gi-siton "bewirken, soweit bringen, durchsetzen, erreichen" (Raven H 1967: 130). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-sidon II (Schade II 1882: 769) "machen, tun, ausftthren, in Stand setzen"; OE ge-sidian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 305) "to arrange, set right, order". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-scadan "schaden, verdammen" (Raven II 1967: 131). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-scaffan "bereiten, bewirken, machen, schaffen, bemessen, gestalten, instand setzen" (Raven 111967: 132). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-scaran "(von Reitern) ausbreiten, auseindergehen lassen" (Raven II 1967: 132). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-skeinen "zeigen, erscheinen machen, beweisen, schauen, behaupten, zittern oder schimmem = blitzen, betrachten" (Raven 11963: 179). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-skenken "schenken, credenzen, trinken lassen" (Raven I 1963: 180). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-scencan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 293) "to pour out, to give to drink". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-skenten "schanden, sich schahmen, beschhmen, beruchtigt machen, verschhmt, schimpflich, verwirren, bestrzt machen" (Raven 1 1963: 180). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-skerien "anschaffen, anerschaffen; an-, aufwenden, absondem" (Raven I 1963: 322). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-skerpian "scharfen, schmieden, gespitzt" (Raven 11963: 181). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-skerpian I (Pfeifer III 1989: 1495) "scharfen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-skesson "behauen" (Raven 111967: 133). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. gi-skiben "mit einer gewissen Art runder, eingewebter Verzierung versehen, in Kunstweberarbeit anfertigen" (Raven 11963: 181). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-skidan "(mit dem Schwert) entscheiden, (von der Ehe) zu etwas ausschlagen oder werden" (Raven 111967: 133). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-skieren "beschleunigen, schnell betreiben, hurtig ausfi.lhren" (Raven I 1963: 181). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG skieri, ski (Starck and Wells 1990: 541) "scharfsinnig, hell, klar". The semantic connection is best seen in the MHG attested meaning: MHG schier (Lexer 111876: 726) "schnell". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-skirmen "schirmen, verteidigen, helfen, beistehen, Hilfe bringen" (Raven 11963: 183). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-scanan "schmucken" (Raven 111967: 134). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG scnen I. Therefore OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II).

242

gi-scouwan "schauen, (an)sehen, geruhen" (Raven II 1967: 135). The following cognate verbs
are attested: OE scawian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 293) "to look, gaze, see, behold, observe; inspect, examine; decree, grant, exhibit, display, show". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-screvon "(dQnne GoldfQlien in Fden oder Drhte) zerschneiden, einsclmeiden" (Raven II 1967: 136). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

gi-screian "jammern, klaglich rufen, schreien" (Raven II 1967: 136). No cognate verbs are
attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

gi-screnken "verschranken, binden" (Raven I 1963: 184). The following cognate verbs are
attested: OE ge-screncan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969:297) "to cause to shrink, destroy, supplant". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-scricken "sich beeilen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 549). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, dana-, Uz-, zuogi-sculden "schulden, schuldig sein, verdienen, vollfithren, fordern, Schuld bekommen" (Raven 11963: 186). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-scyldan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 298) "to accuse". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-sculdon "verschulden, einen zum besten haben, Schuld bekommen" (Raven II 1967: 138). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-scufisan "schaudern, zuruckschrecken" (Raven II 1967: 138). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-scutten "beben, zittern, blitzen" (Raven I 1963: 189). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-

gi-slaffen "erstarren, starr werden" (Raven II 1967: 255). No cognate verbs are attested.
Therefore an ORG prefix formation. gi-slihren "ebnen, schlichten, gangbar machen, gltten" (Raven 11963: 191). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zisamenegi-slipfen "gleiten" (Raven I 1963: 192). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

gi-smahen "angenehm, glatt, schlicht machen, sich (seiner Herrlichkeit) entullern, sich
erniedrigen" (Raven I 1963: 192). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

gi-smaiiton "vergehen, dahinschwinden" (Raven II 1967: 139). No cognate verbs are attested.
Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-smak "(intrs.) Geschmack von sich geben, schmecken, riechen" (Raven 111967: 256). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

243

gi-smecken "kosten, schmecken, den Geschmack wovon empfinden" (Raven I 1963: 193). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge smeccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 310) "to taste". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-smidan "(Waffen) schmieden" (Raven II 1967: 139). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-smidian II (Bosworth and ToIler 1976: 443) "to forge"; Gothic ga-smibon II (Pfeifer III 1989: 1547) "(durch Schmieden) bewirken". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-snarhan "schnarchen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 564). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-sneitan "(die Weinstocke und Oliven) beschneiden, abschneiden, niederhauen" (Raven II 1967: 140). cf. OHG sneiten I (Seebold 1970: 443). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). gi-spar'z "zuruckhalten, abliefem, niederlegen, (den Segen aufetwas) ruhen lassen, aufbewahrt werden" (Raven II 1967: 257). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-sparian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 315) "to spare, be indulgent or merciful to, save; to use sparingly, not to use; forbear, abstain from". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-spennen "entwOhnen" (Raven I 1963: 322). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-spentan "spenden, (fUr eine Totenspeisung) verwenden" (Raven II 1967: 142). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:foragi-spilden "wten, rasen, toben" (Raven 11963: 196). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-spillan I, with assimilation of 'd' to 'I' (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 315) "to destroy, dissipate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-spotton "verspotten" (Raven 111967: 143). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-spreiten "kenntlich machen, verbreiten, fortpflanzen" (Raven I 1963: 197). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-spnidan I (Bosworth and ToIler 1976: 444) "to spread out, extend". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-spriuzzen "spreizen, sich stemmen oder stUtzen, regieren, steuern, befOrdern, untersttltzen" (Raven 11963: 198). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-sp tin tin "etwas auslegen, auseinandersetzen, (disputieren)" (Raven 111967: 145). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-spuoen "erreichen, vollenden, zustande bringen" (Raven I 1963: 199). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-spuoten "beschleunigen, sich sputen, Erfolg verliehen" (Raven 11963: 199). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-spdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 315) "to speed, prosper, succeed". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-spurien "aufspuren, erforschen" (Raven I 1963: 323). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-spyrian II, by levelling as umlaut indicates origin in class I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 323) "to make a track, go, pursue, travel, journey; follow out, ask about, investigate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

244

gi-stabz "(von der Hand) am Schwertgriff stecken bleiben, verzagen, erstarren, starr werden" (Raven 111967: 258). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-starken "stark werden, erstarken, erstarren" (Raven II 1967: 258). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-stalen "aufstellen, hinsetzen, zum Herrn ber jemanden setzen, (ewig) dauern oder verharren" (Raven I 1963: 200). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: furlgi-statigan "befestigen, feststellen, begrunden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 587). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-staton "vermieten, verpachten, (hin)stellen, stilistehen, sich zur Ruhe oder zu Bett begeben, sich niederlassen, an einen Ott bringen, standhalten" (Raven II 1967: 146). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-steden "Schiffe ans Land ziehen" (Raven I 1963: 323). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zuogi-steinen "to set with stones" (Lehmann 1986: 321). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-stnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 317) "to adorn with precious stones". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-stecken "lagem, Zelte aufschlagen, fest richten oder heften, durchstechen oder tten" (Raven 11963: 201). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ingi-steckan, gi-stehh an "zerstechen" (Raven II 1967: 147). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-stellen "zum Stehen bringen, zu bedenken geben, an etwas befestigen" (Raven 11963: 202). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gl-stemz "(+dat.) einem Einhalt tun, unterdrilcken" (Raven II 1967: 258). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. gi-steman "(impers. dat.) guten Mutes sein, sich besnftigen (= zu schreien aufhoren)" (Raven 111967: 147). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-stenken "(be-)ruchern" (Raven 11963: 202). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-stencan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 320) "to stink; to scatter". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-sterken "sthrken, befestigen, festmachen, harten, (aus)rUsten" (Raven I 1963: 204). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gl-stflen "begrtlnden, bewohnen, feststellen, ordnen, ausstellen" (Raven I 1963: 204). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-sticken "ganz anflullen" (Raven I 1963: 205). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

245

gi-slillen "stille machen, besanftigen, schwiegen machen, bandigen, beschworen, widerlegen" (Raven 11963: 205). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-stillian I (Kiuge 1989: 703) "beruhigen"; OE ge-stillian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 322) "to rest, cease, be still or silent; to restrain, still, stop, delay, calm". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-szi11z "authren, nachlassen, (vom Wind, vom Toben des Meeres) sich legen, sich beruhigen, abnehmen, zogern, unterworfen daliegen, verstummen d.h. umkommen, sich mildem, ablassen von etwas, tiefe oder unheimliche Nacht, Mitternacht" (Raven 111967: 259). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-stillan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 322) "to be still, have rest". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-stimnen "anstimmen" (Raven I 1963: 205). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG stimna (Starck and Wells 1990: 593) "Stimme". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-sliuren "unterstUtzen" (Raven I 1963: 206). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-stieran, ge-stj7ran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 321) "to steer, direct, rule, correct, restrain, withhold". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-storkanen "verzagen" (Raven II 1967: 259). No cognate verbs are attested. (see ir-storkan&z). Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-stouben "forttreiben, verjagen, aufstbern" (Raven I 1963: 208). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-stozan "schUtteln, heftig stol3en" (Raven II 1967: 149). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-streilthen "umwickeln, (Haar) kruseln oder locken" (Raven 11963: 208). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. gi-strengen "strken" (Raven I 1963: 209). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-strengan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 323) "to strengthen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-strewen "streuen, bestreuen, herunistellen, niederwerfen" (Raven 11963: 324). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-strewian levelling to class II? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 324) "to strew, scatter". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-striunen "gewirmen, zurichten, Gehorsam oder FUgsamkeit" (Raven I 1963: 209). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-strienan, ge-strj7nan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 324) "to gain, get, obtain, acquire; beget, procreate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-studen "begrunden, grunden, sttzen, feststellen, festmachen, errichten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 601). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-stullen "stille stehen, anhalten, (reflex.) einhalten, sich zuruckhalten, sich mal3igen" (Raven I 1963: 211). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-stungen "antreiben, antreffen, uberwerfen" (Raven I 1963: 211). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-stuoen "silhnen, biif3en, rchen, Rache suchen" (Raven I 1963: 210). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic ga-stojan I (Lehmann 1986: 326) "to judge". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation.

246

gi-subaren "subern, frisieren, zierlich machen" (Raven I 1963: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-suntaron "(ab-, aus-)sondern, trennen, vereinzeln" (Raven II 1967: 151). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE ge-sundrian II (Kiuge 1989: 679) "to sunder, separate, divide". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gisunkb "gesund oder am Leben bleiben" (Raven 111967: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gisunt(z) (Starck and Wells 1990: 223) "gesund, glucklich, wohlbehalten". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. gi-suntan "sundigen" (Raven 111967: 152). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-suohhen "begehren, bestirnmen, aufsuchen, trachten" (Raven 11963: 216). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE ge-s can I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 301) "to seek, inquire, ask for; go to visit; persecute, afflict"; Gothic ga-sokjan I (Lehmann 1986: 318) "to seek". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zuogi-suonen "versohnen, urteilen, durch Seidenspruch schlichten" (Raven I 1963: 217). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-sanian I (Kluge 1989: 714) "aussohnen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:foragi-suozen "versuBen, wrzen, angenehm machen, (reflex.) sich beliebt machen, gesung machen oder werden" (Raven 11963: 218). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE ge-sw'an I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 3 1) "to make sweet, sweeten". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-supfen "schltirfen" (Raven I 1963: 218). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-sEiren "sauern, sauer oder scharf machen" (Raven I 1963: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-swaren "beschweren" (Raven 11963: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-swffrtz "(von den Augen) vor lauter Mudigkeit zufallen" (Raven 111967: 260). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-swasen "vertrauten Umgang mit jemandem pflegen, sich fest vertraut machen" (Raven I 1963: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG sws (Starck and Wells 1990: 614) "privat, hauslich, abgelegen". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-sweden "warmhalten, (er)wrmen" (Raven I 1963: 325). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-swe[en "fegen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 615). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

247

gi-sweigen "zum Schweigen bringen, stillen, das Reden unterbrechen, authoren zu reden,

verdammen, (erschlagen), verstummen" (Raven I 1963: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
gi-sweihhen "abbiegen, ab-, ausweichen" (Raven I 1963: 220). No cognate verbs are attested.

We can reconstruct a possible earlier form *ga.. swaikjan, deverbative formation from strong verb *swejJanan (Seebold 1970: 486) "ausweichen" (see under swihhn). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (formed with prefix gi-). gi-swerzen "beflecken, beschmutzen" (Raven I 1963: 221). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-swjft "verstummen, umkommen, ruhig oder lassig bleiben" (Raven II 1967: 261). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG *swfii "stumm", which can be reconstructed from: M}{G swjfle (Starck and Wells 1990: 618) "stumm". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-).
gi-swTg'z "(+gen. rei) schweigen, nicht reden, verstummen, umkommen, verheeren" (Raven II

1967: 262). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-swigian (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 332) "to be or become silent, keep silence, be quiet, still". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
gi-swilen "(vom Krper) hart oder zh werden" (Raven 111967: 262). No cognate verbs are

attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-swintion "schwindlig machen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 620). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-tagadingon "zeitlich verschieben, einen Tag bestimmen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 621). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-tapfaren "bewaffnen" (Raven I 1963: 221). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG tapfar (Kluge 1989: 721) "schwer, gewichtig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-tar attested in OHG only with prefix gi- "wagen" (Seebold 1970: 147). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS dar(r) preterite-present (Seebold 1970: 147) "wagen"; OFs. dr preterite-present (Seebold 1970: 147) "wagen"; OE dear(r) preterite-present (Seebold 1970: 147) "to dare"; Gothic dars preterite-present (Seebold 1970: 147) "sculdig sein, sollen". These allow us to reconstruct a preterite-present verb *dars (Seebold 1970: 147) "wagt". This verb can be traced back to an IE J*dhers- (Pokorny 11956: 259) "wagen, kulm sein; (alter) angreifen, losgehen", from which base the following may also be derived: Latin infestus (Seebold 1970: 147) "unsicher, feindlich"; Greek epao (Seebold 1970: 147) "Zuversicht, KUhnheit, Frechheit"; Skt drsnoti (Seebold 1970: 147) "ist kUhn, wagt"; Lith. dres, dristi (Seebold 1970: 147) "wagen"; OCS drbzati sekundre Umgestaltung (Seebold 1970: 147) "mutig sein, getrost sein". Therefore a Pre-Gmc primary verb (preterite-present). gi-larnen "verhehien" (Raven I 1963: 222). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-diernan, ge-dyrnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 222) "to keep secret, hide, restrain, repress". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-taron "schaden, beschadigeri" (Raven 111967: 154). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-teilen "auf-, verteilen, ausgeben" (Raven I 1963: 224). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-cLcelan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 82) "to divide, part, separate, share"; Gothic ga-dailjan I (Lehmann 1986: 87) "to divide, apportion". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-temparan "(nach Jahreszeiten) gehorig einrichten, Abwechslung einfiihren, regeln, (vom Wein) wUrzen, (vom Haar) frisieren" (Raven II 1967: 154). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-terien "schaden" (Raven 1 1963: 325). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-titulon "betitein, mit einem Titel versehen, bezeichnen" (Raven 111967: 156). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-tiuren "verherrlichen, bekrnzen" (Raven I 1963: 226). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-deorran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 85) "to hold dear, glorify, endear". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-taden "tten, (zum Schlaf) sich niederlegen" (Raven 11963: 226). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic ga-dau1bjan I (Lehmann 1986: 89) "to kill". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-tolon "sich uberheben" (Starck and Wells 1990: 629). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG tol (Starck and Wells 1990: 629) "tricht, albern". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-).

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gi-louben "dunner, d.h. geringfugig machen" (Raven 11963: 226). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic ga-daubjan I (Lehmann 1986: 88) "to harden". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-loufen "sich (das Gewissen von SQnden mit Trnen) reinwaschen, d.h. mit Trnen bBen" (Raven 11963: 227). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-dypan, ge-diepan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 91) "to dip, baptize, annoint". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-tawen "sterben" (Raven I 1963: 326). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-lragen "(das Augenhicht) schwach machen oder trUben" (Raven I 1963: 227). No cognate verbs are attested. For simplex verb see: OHG trgn III (Raven II 1967: 157) "trage oder langsam werden, stumpf sein"; OHG trgn III (Raven II 1967: 263) "trage, verdrossen, langsam werden; launisch, verdriel3lich seth". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class I). gi-tragn "sich betragen, sich unterhalten, emhren" (Raven 111967: 157). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *ga-dragqfan (Seebold 1970: 160) class II deverbative from strong verb *draganan (Seebold 1970: 160) "schieppen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG tragan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 160) "tragen, bringen; besitzen, ertragen"; OS dragan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 160) "tragen, bringen, hegen"; OPs. drega st. vb (Seebold 1970: 160) "tragen, bringen"; OE dragan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 87) "to drag, draw; go; protract"; ON draga St. vb (Seebold 1970: 160) "ziehen, drehen (MUhle), zusammentragen, erwerben"; Gothic dragan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 160) "(reflex. +acc.) sich aufladen, beziehen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (formed with prefix gi-). gi-trahton "(+gen.) erwagen, betrachten, ersinnen" (Raven II 1967: 158). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefu formation. gi-trenken "tranken" (Raven I 1963: 228). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-drencan I (Bosworth and Toiler 1976: 385) "to drench, drown"; Gothic ga-dragkjan I (Lehmann 1986: 94) "to give to drink". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-traten "trsten, erquicken, aufinuntern" (Raven 11963: 230). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-tr(n, gi-trUwn "(+dat. pers. vel rei) alliieren, sich verbnden, sich verlassen auf, auf etwas Vertrauen setzen, vertrauend, ether Sache sklavisch ergeben, jemandem Sicherheit verschaffen, trauen, glauben, Glauben schenken in bezug auf etwas" (Raven II 1967: 265). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-triiwian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 349) "to trust; inspire with trust; persuade". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-truginan "(eine Geschichte) erdichten, fmgieren" (Raven 111967: 159). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-truckanen "trocknen, trocken machen" (Raven I 1963: 230). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-truoben "verwirren, in Unruhe setzen" (Raven 11963: 231). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-drobian I (Lehmann 1986: 96) "to afflict"; OE ge-drefan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 88) "to disturb, trouble, stir up, excite, vex, afflict". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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gi-Iriirigan "betrUbt oder traurig werden" (Raven 111967: 159). No cognate verbs are attested.

The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG triirag (Pfeifer III 1989: 1832) "traurig, bekummert, betrubt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-tungen "reichlich dungen" (Raven I 1963: 232). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-dyngan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 91) "to dung". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-luoll/len "flicken, tuchartig machen, stucken, zusammensetzen" (Raven I 1963: 233). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-tuomen "sich hervortun, sich berhmt machen" (Raven 11963: 233). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-dnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 84) "to judge, determine, decide, decree, sentence, condemn; assign; deem, consider, think, estimate; praise, glorify"; Gothic ga-domjan I (Lehmann 1986: 93) "to judge". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. giturstan "Kuhnheit oder Verwegenheit haben" (Raven II 1967: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG giturst (Starck and Wells 1990: 225) "Wagnis, Khnheit". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. gitursilgon "kuhn oder verwegen seth" (Raven 111967: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG giturstig (Starck and Wells 1990: 225) "mutig, kuhn". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. gi-twalon "sich aufhalten, (ver)zogern" (Raven 111967: 160). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
gi-twellen "(ver)zogern, verweilen, versumen" (Raven I 1963: 234). The following cognate

verbs are attested: OE ge-dwellan I (Bosworth and ToIler 1976: 386) "to deceive, lead astray". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-Ufen, gi-ifen "sich offenbaren, hervorbringen" (Raven I 1963: 234). Cf. OHG gi-zi (Starck and Wells 1990: 651) "sich auftun, hervorbringen". The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-yppan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 431) "to bring out, open, manifest, disclose, display, reveal, betray, come forth, be disclosed". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
gi-ifaren "enthullen, offenbaren, entblol3en, abdecken, [verlassen]" (Raven I 1963: 234). No

cognate verbs attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ii adv. (Starck and Wells 1990: 651) "oben, obenauf'. Therefore an OHG deadverbial formation (formed with r-extension and prefix gi-). gi-Ujinan "heben, hervorbringen" (Raven II 1967: 161). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-iff-rilnen "etwas entknoten, (ubtr.) auflosen, deutlich erklren, enthUllen, blol3legen" (Raven 11963: 162). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-Uf-slagan "mit etwas aufhren, etwas unterlassen, auf-, verschieben, sich verzogern (?)" (Raven 111967: 138). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-unen "schiinden, entehren, (verlstem, schelten" (Raven I 1963: 235). No cognate verbs attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

251

g!-uneran "die Ehre vermindern, einengen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 657). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-unian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 370) "to dishonour". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-unfrewen, gi-unfrouwen "betrUben, traurig machen, beunruhigen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 658). No cognate verbs attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-unfruoten "zur Torheit oder unverstndlich machen, betren" (Raven 11963: 237). cf. OHG unfruoten III (Starck and Wells 1990: 658). No cognate verbs attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class I). gi-unliumunthaflon "ruchbar machen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 668). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-unliumuntan "berUchtigt machen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 668). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-unmagi "krafflos werden, schwach werden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 668). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-unmahlz "ohrimachtig werden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 668). cf. OHG unmahten I (Raven 11963: 242). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class III). gi-unreinen, gi-unhreinen "schnden, besudeln, beflecken" (Raven I 1963: 242). No cognate verbs attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-unslihten "zum Fall bringen oder moralisch abirren, d.h. sUndigen" (Raven 11963: 242). No cognate verbs attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG unsliht, unslit (Starck and Wells 1990: 672) "Unschlitt, Fett". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-unstilen "keine Unruhe geben, keine unnotigen Laster jemandem aufburden, nicht beanruhigen" (Raven 11963: 242). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-unstillan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 385) to disturb, disquiet, agitate", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ga_unstelljzjan "to disturb, disquiet". This verb is probably best regarded as a class I deverbative from the class III prefix formation *ga_unstelljan (see under gi-unstill). Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. gi-unstiltn "ubermutig werden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 673). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-unstillian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 385) "to disturb, disquiet, agitate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-unsilbaren "verunreinigen, vernichten, verunstalten" (Raven 11963: 243). No cognate verbs attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-unszTibaron "verunstalten, entstellen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 673). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-untar-marcan "genau abgrenzen" (Raven II 1967: 100). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-untarskeitn "unterscheiden, abteilen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 676). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-untar-skidan "den Streit fernhalten von" (Raven II 1967: 134). No cognate verbs are

attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-unhiuren "entwerten, im Werte herabsetzen" (Raven 11963: 243). No cognate verbs attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG untiuri (Starck and Wells 1990: 676) "wertlos, geringen Wertes". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-unwirden "vernichten, niederreil3en" (Raven 1 1963: 243). No cognate verbs attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-unwirdon "vernichten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 678). cf. OHG unwirden I. No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class 11). gi-unwirsiron "verderben, schlechter machen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 678). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG unwirsiro comparative adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 678) "nicht schlimmer". Therefore an ORG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-).
gi-uoben "einstechen, das Messer flihren" (Raven I 1963: 244). No cognate verbs attested.

Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-urdriozan "drangen, plagen, zerknirschen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 681). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG urdrioz (Starck and Wells 1990: 681) "Lastiges, Verdriel3liches, Ekel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-urkunden "warnen" (Raven I 1963: 245). No cognate verbs attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-urkundon "bezeugen, bekunden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 682). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-urougen "aus den Augen, unsichtbar, verschwinden" (Raven 11963: 246). No cognate verbs attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG urougi (Schutzeichel 1969: 217) "unsichtbar". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-urwanen "hoffriungslos" (Starck and Wells 1990: 685). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-orwenan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 270) "to despair", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ga-urwenjan "to despair". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG urwffni (Starck and Wells 1990: 685) "hoffriungslos, unmoglich"; OE orwna, orwne (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 270) "hopeless, despairing of; despaired of, desparate"; ON rvcffnn (Fritzner II 1954: 354) "without hope, hopeless, desparate"; Gothic uswena (Lehmarin 1986: 401) "callous, without expectations", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *urwen(j)az "hopeless, desparate, without hope". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ga-). gi-flzon "ausschliel3en, absperren" (Starck and Wells 1990: 687). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-iltian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 390) "to put out, expel; alienate (property)". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-wiffanen "bewaffnen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 688). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-wahhsen "mit Wachs bedecken, wchsen, wichsen" (Raven I 1963: 247). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. giwall-biotan "gebieten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 226). No cognate verbs are attested. cf . OHG giwalt (Starck and Wells 1990: 226) "Gewalt, Macht, Herrschaft"; cf. OHG biotan st. vb (Starck and Wells 1990: 57) "bezeichnen, entgegenhalten, anbieten". Note that the strong verb biotan becomes a class II weak verb by analogy with the 0MG pattern of forming class II verbs prefixed with a substantive. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-wanen "(+gen.) erwhnen, mucksen, murren, die Zunge gegen jemanden spitzen, preisen, erinnern, gedenken" (Raven I 1963: 249). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wanan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 402) "to ween, fancy, imagine, believe, think; expect, hope; fear (for), despair (of); esteem; wonder"; Gothic ga-wenjan I (Lehmann 1986: 401) "to expect". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-wancon "schwanken, wanken, unfest werden, abirren" (Raven II 1967: 172). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-wantalon "borgen (die Tracht) verndem" (Raven II 1967: 174). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-varen "bewhren, beweisen, erfullen, Beweise erbringen, (einen Bund) schliel3en" (Raven I 1963: 250). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. giwar-festen "feststellen, fur wahr erklaren" (Starck and Wells 1990: 227). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG giwar (Starck and Wells 1990: 226) "achtsam, vorsorgend, geschickt"; cf. OHGfesten I (Starck and Wells 1990: 149) "befestigen, beweisen, ubergeben". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-warmen "erwrrnen" (Raven I 1963: 251). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wyrman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 427) "to warm, make warm". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-warnan "(reflex.+gen.) (mit Waffen) ausrsten, bewaffnen, sich womit versehen, warnen" (Raven 111967: 175). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-warnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 397) "to warn, caution; to take warning, take heed, guard oneself against". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-warrahhan "SchlUsse ziehen, folgern" (Raven 111967: 175). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-wartz "(+gen. rei) achten auf, (reflex.) sich huten, sich vorsehen" (Raven 111967: 270). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-weardian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 399) "to watch, guard, keep, protect, preserve; hold, possess, occupy, inhabit". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-waten "(be)kleiden" (Raven 11963: 251). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-waton "kleiden" (Raven II 1967: 176). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wcedian II (Clark Mall and Meritt 1969: 392) "to clothe, dress, equip, furnish". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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gi-wegen "angeben, hinzufiigen, bewegen" (Raven I 1963: 329). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-weggian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 704) "bewegen, erregen, schtteln". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-wehsalcn "ndern, sich verstellen, die Gesichtzuge ndern" (Raven II 1967: 177). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-weigen "(be)strafen, prufen" (Raven 11963: 252). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wcigan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 391) "to trouble, afflict". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-weihhen "erweichen, weich, weichlich oder lenksam machen, bandigen" (Raven I 1963: 252). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wtican I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 391) "to weaken, oppress, trouble". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-weizhz "schwach, mrbe, fiigsam oder entkrafiet werden" (Raven II 1967: 271). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 391) "to become weak, languish; be cowardly". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-weizen "zeigen, an-, beweisen, kundtun, Befehl geben" (Raven I 1963: 253). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-wellen "whlen, auswhlen" (Raven I 1963: 330). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic ga-wa/jan I (Lehmann 1986: 392) "to select". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-weizen "schenken" (Raven I 1963: 255). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wy/tan, ge-wceltan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 426) "to roll". Therefore a WGmc prefix fonnation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: nidar-, zuogi-wemmen "beflecken, verderben" (Raven I 1963: 255). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wemman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 402) Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. giwz "nach etwas gierig trachten" (Raven 111967: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. The etymology of this verb is uncertain. The 'w' is probably a secondary development representing an intervocalic glide, and the verb itself possibly ultimately derives from an IF 1*gh, *ghi_ (Pokorny 11956: 419) "gahnen, kiaffen", from which base the following may also be derived: Latin hiffre (Lehmann 1986: 104) "to yawn"; Lith. zioti (Lehmann 1986: 104) "ffien, gahnen"; OCS zinoti (Lehmann 1986: 104) "ghnen, kiaffen". Despite the fact that the verb is not attested in the Gmc languages outside OHG, these IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a possible pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anagi-wenken "schwanken, abtrunnig werden, im Stiche lassen" (Raven I 1963: 256). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-(J:)wennen "(das Schwert) schrfen" (Raven I 1963: 331). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-wennen "gewohnen, locken? [angenehm sein?]" (Raven 11963: 331). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wenian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 403) "to accustom, habituate, inure, train; entertain; tame, wean". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-wenten "sich wenden, zurOckwenden, aufkommen" (Raven I 1963: 258). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-wendian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 710) "abwenden, hindern";

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OE ge-wendan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 402) "to turn, direct; wend one's way, go; happen; change, alter"; Gothic ga-wandjan I (Lehmann 1986: 393) "to bring back, turn, convert". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-(h)werben "hin-, oder ablenken (von etwas), umkehren, zuruckflihren, wahrnehmen" (Raven 11963: 259). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hwierfan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 199) "to turn, revolve, change, transfer, convert, return; wander". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-werdlizhon "achten, wurdigen" (Raven II 1967: 179). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-werdan "geruhen, fir wert erachten, wurdigen, es fir wurdig halten, schtzen, einen Wert festsetzen, zulassen, wollen, die Gnade erweisen, verherrlichen, begabt" (Raven II 1967: 180). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-werthon II (Lehmann 1986: 391). OE gi-weorOian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 404) "to esteem, honour, worship, distinguish, celebrate, exalt, praise; adorn, deck; enrich, reward". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-werffn2 "(+acc. pers. et gen. rei vel acc. rei) achtgeben, beobachten, erfuillen, gewahren, sich hUten, leisten, vollziehen" (Raven II 1967: 273). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-werien2 " sich kleiden, mit etwas ausgestattet oder versehen, begabt" (Raven I 1963: 332). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-werian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 405) "to clothe, cover over, put on, wear, use"; Gothic ga-wasfan I (Lehmann 1986: 395) "to clothe". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-wercon "arbeiten, handeln" (Raven 111967: 181). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-werkan II (Schade 111882:1128). Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-werfen "entweihen, verwUsten, vermindem" (Raven I 1963: 260). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wyrdan, ge-wierdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 408) "to spoil, injure, destroy, violate, obstruct". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-weltan "als Kampfreis einsetzen" (Raven II 1967: 181). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic ga-wadjon II (Pfeifer III 1989:1968) "verloben (durch BUrgerschaft)"; OE ge-weddian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 100) "to engage, pledge oneself, covenant, promise, vow; give to wife, betroth; wed, marry". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-(h)wezzen "wetzen, schrfen, scharf machen" (Raven I 1963: 260). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-hwettan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 198) "to whet, sharpen, incite, encourage"; Gothic ga-hwetjan I (Lehmann 1986: 139) "to entice, mislead". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-widaran "einem etwas streitig machen" (Raven 111967: 182). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-wi:en "weihen, segnen" (Raven I 1963: 262). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-wihian I (Holthausen 1967: 87) "weihen, einweihen, segnen"; Gothic ga-weihjan I (Lehmann 1986: 398) "to consecrate". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-wilon "(+dat pers.) Genuge leisten, befriedigen, bewilligen, nach jemands Willen handeln, ibm Genugtuung verschaffen" (Raven 111967: 183). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-willian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 410) "to wish, desire". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

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gi-wimidon "wimmein (von WUrmen in der Nahrung)" (Raven II 1967: 183). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-winniscaffon "zuvorjemands Herz auf kUnstliche Art (schlau) zu erforschen suchen" (Raven 111967: 183). cf. OHG winniscaffen I (Starck and Wells 1990: 732) "einen Friedensvertrag schliel3en". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). gi-winlaren "Uberwintern" (Raven 11963: 263). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wintred participle adj. (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 412) "grown up, adult, aged". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-winton "mit der Wurfschaufel und der Gabel worfein" (Raven 111967: 184). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-wirden " gerechtsprechen, mal3gebend sein, wtlrdigen" (Raven 11963: 264). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wyran, ge-wieran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 428) "to value, apprase". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-wirdon "schatzen, wtlrdigen" (Raven 111967: 185). cf. 0MG wirden I (Starck and Wells 1990: 737) "ehren, wert machen". No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). gi-Hirken "tan, antun, ausfiihren, wirken, bewirken, bereiten, schaffen, verursachen, vollbringen" (Raven 11963: 266). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-wirkian I (Holthausen 1967: 88) "tun, machen; erlangen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-wirsiran "rgem, Anstol3 nehmen, sich enttAuschend zeigen, zuin Bsen verflihren, bler oder schlimmer machen, verschlechtern, verschlimmern, verwundern, mii3handeln, schaden, schwachen" (Raven 111967: 185). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-wTsen "anweisen, zeigen, herbeirufen" (Raven 11963: 267). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-wisian I (Holthausen 1967: 88) "zeigen, verkunden"; OE ge-wisan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 412) "to direct, instruct, guide, lead, point out, show". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: dara-,framgi-wicon "darauf ausgehen, sich einer Sache annehmen, sehen nach, versuchen, besuchen" (Raven 111967: 186). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wiuian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 412) "to direct, instruct, guide, lead; point out, show"; Gothic ga-weisn II (Lehmann 1986: 153) "to persuade". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. giwiss on "gewifi oder sicher machen" (Raven II 1967: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG giwis, giwissi (Starck and Wells 1990: 228) "gewiB, bestimmt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. gi-witbreiton " aligemein bekannt machen, verbreiten, (den Ruhm) ausdehnen" (Raven II 1967: 186). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-wften "weit machen, aufsperren" (Raven I 1963: 267). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-wiliron "ausdehnen, erweitern, die Erzhlung verlangem" (Raven II 1967: 187). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG witiro comparative form of OHG wit (Starck and Wells 1990: 740) "weit, geraumig, umfangreich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-wiltan "das Haupthaar ordnen, mit Bndern binden" (Raven 111967: 187). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-wizinon "strafbar, mit Worten verunglimpfen, Strafrediger sein" (Raven 111967: 188). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-witnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 414) "to punish, chastise, torture, afflict". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-wizzz "kiug, verstandig, gewitzigt sein, geschult sein auf, Kenntnisse haben fir" (Raven II 1967: 274). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. gi-wonai "sich gewohnen, gewohnt sein, pflegen, sich freuen" (Raven II 1967: 275). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wunian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 426) "to inhabit, dwell, abide, exist; remain, continue, stand; be used to,be want to". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-wunnisaman "frohlocken" (Raven 111967: 189). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wynsumian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 426) "to rejoice, exalt; make glad, make pleasing". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-wunsken " wunschen, erwUnschen, ersehnen; (+acc.) etwas durch Zauberei schaffen" (Raven 11963: 268). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-w)7scan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 428) "to wish". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from t1is verb: zuogi-wuntarlihhon "aufwunderbare Weise beweisen" (Raven 111967: 189). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG wuntarlih (Starck and Wells 1990: 748) "wunderbar, bewundernswert, erstaunlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-wurken " herausgeben" (Starck and Wells 1990: 750). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-wyrcan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 427) "to strive after; deserve, gain, win, acquire"; Gothic ga-waurkjan I (Lehmann 1986: 396) "to effect". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-wurten " glauben, Vertrauen setzen" (Raven 11963: 271). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG wort (Starck and Wells 1990: 746) "Wort, Rede". Therefore an ORG denominative verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-zalazzen " aufzhlen, ausrechnen" (Raven I 1963: 271). No cognate verbs are attested. Intensive deverbative from OHG class II weak verb zaln (which see). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative (formed with prefix gi-). gi-zalan "berechnen, erzhlen" (Raven 111967: 192). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-talian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 337) "to count, calculate, reckon, account, consider, think, esteem, value; argue; tell, relate; impute, assign". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-zaman "zahmen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 753). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation.

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gi-zehhon "ausbessern, wiederherstellen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 755). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-zeigan' "andeuten, bezeichnen, zeigen" (Raven II 1967: 194). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-zeilihanen "mit einem Zeichen versehen, durch Striche abbilden, zeichnen, (Ubtr.) auszeichnen, kennzeichnen, durch Sonderzeichen unterscheiden" (Raven I 1963: 273). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-tcffcan I (<*ge-tcffcnan by loss of 'n') (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 336) "to mark by a token, denote, designate, mark out"; Gothic ga-taiknjan I (Lehmann 1986: 340) "to teach". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: avurgi-zeihhanan "bezeichnen, zeigen" (Raven 111967: 194). OE ge-tnian (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 336) "to mark, indicate; betoken, denote, signify, represent; symbolize; portend; demonstrate, express". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-zeinen 1 "andeuten, anzeigen" (Raven 11963: 273). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-zeinan "andeuten, zeigen" (Raven 111967: 194). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-zellen "zahlen, auf-, erzhlen, bestinimen, nennen, rechnen, bezichtigen" (Raven I 1963: 276). No cognate verbs are attested. OE ge-tellan I (Kluge 1989: 804) "to tell, reckon, count, number, compute, calculate; estimate, consider, think, esteem". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-zemmen "zahmen" (Raven 1963: 333). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-temian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 339) "to tame, subdue"; Gothic ga-tamjan I (Kiuge 1989: 804) "to tame". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-zesson "abseits gehen, sich zuruckziehen" (Raven II 1967: 195). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-zieren "sorgfItig zieren, schmucken, schminken" (Raven 11963: 278). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-zilan "sich anstrengen, sich beeifern, erzeugen" (Raven 111967: 195). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-tilian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 341) "to treat, care"; Gothic ga-tilon II (Lehmann 1986: 344) "to acheive". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-zimbaren "aufbauen, (Belagerungswerke) aufflthren" (Raven 11963: 279). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-timbran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 314) "to build, construct, erect; cut timber; edify; do"; Gothic ga-timrjan I (Lehmann 1986: 345). Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. gi-zimbaron "erbauen, errichten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 763). OE timbrian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 341) "to build, construct, erect; cut timber; edify; do". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-zinsen "verurteilen, eine GeldbUsse auflegen" (Raven I 1963: 279). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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gi-zilen "sich frtlhmorgens wohinbegeben, frUhmorgens wohingehen" (Raven 11963: 279). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-tidan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 340) "to betide, happen; to fall to one's lot". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. gi-ziugn "(vom Besitz) Zeugnis ablegen, zustande bringen, ausfuhren" (Raven 111967: 196). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-zockaron "wegraffen, wegstehlen, bejahrt" (Raven II 1967: 196). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *tukk(a)r/an intensive gemination? "wegraffen", class II frequentative / continuative deverbative (formed with r-extension) from OHG weak verb zockn "rauben, wegraffen" (which see). Therefore an OHG frequentative / continuative deverbative (with prefix gi- and r-extension). gi-zuh ten "bilden, unterrichten" (Raven I 1963: 280). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-zucken "weglocken, sich schnell zusammenziehen, zusammenzilcken" (Raven I 1963: 280). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: iiigi-zuckon "rupfen, wegstehlen, (von der haut) zusammenschrumpfen, runzelig machen" (Raven 111967: 198). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zisamenegi-zumften "sich zusammenfmden, sich vereinen, sich vereinigen, Ubereinstimmen, ausarbeiten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 230). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gizumftidan "sich zusammenfmden, ubereinkommen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 230). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gizumftida (Starck and Wells 1990: 230) "Vereinigung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. gi-zumfligon "ems werden, ubereinkommen, sich eidlich verbinden, sich verstandigen, vergleichen, sich verschwren" (Raven 111967: 198). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG zumflig (Starck and Wells 1990: 770) "friedlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix gi-). gi-zunten "wieder erwrmen, erquicken" (Raven I 1963: 282). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-zwehon "Zweifel hegen" (Raven 111967: 199). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-zwicken "die Augen verdunkeln, d.h. finster anschauen, missf'11ig betrachten" (Raven I 1963: 283). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. gi-zwirnen "zwirnen, Faden zweifach zusammendrehen" (Raven II 1967: 277). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. glanzen, glenzen "glanzen" (Raven 11963: 58). The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG glanz (Kluge 1989: 268) "glanzend, hell" (This adjective may be postverbal, however). Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb

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*g1efen, gi-glet- "schrag" (Starck and Wells 1990: 231). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG g1ef (Starck and Wells 1990: 231) "schrag". Therefore an OHG deadjectival preterite participle construction. glien "piepen" (Raven I 1963: 58). No cognate verbs are attested. Class I weak deverbative from OHG strong verb glian (Starck and Wells 1990: 231) "piepen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. glilan "mucksen, greinen, jemandem etwas anhaben, gegen jemanden die Zunge spitzen" (Raven 111967: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. No certain etymology. glizzinon "glnzen, glitzern, zucken = funkein, blitzen, schimmern, schwingen, rauh oder schuppig sein" (Raven 111967: 55). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE glitenian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 157) "to glitter, shine, be distinguished", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *g1itnjan (Seebold 1970: 231) class II zero-grade deverbative (formed with n-extension) from strong verb *gleitanan (Seebold 1970: 231) "gleif3en". This strong verb is attested in the following: OS glilan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 231) "gleif3en, glanzen"; OHG glean St. vb (Seebold 1970: 231) "glnzen, funkeln". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation (formed with n-extension). Prefix formations derived from this verb: irglosten "gluhen, gliinzen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 232). No cognate verbs are attested. No certain etymology, but probably related to gluoen (which see). gluoen "gluhen, glanzen, heiB brennen" (Raven I 1963: 58). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gloian I (Kluge 1989: 270) "gluhen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *gljan class I weak deverbative from strong verb *glaanan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 233) "glimen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE glowan st. vb (Kluge 1989: 270) "to glow like coal of fire"; cf. ON gloa wk vb II (Kluge 1989: 270) "leuchten, glanzen". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irgnaneisten "funkeln, flackem, Funken spruhen" (Raven I 1963: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gnaneista (Starck and Wells 1990: 232) "Funke". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: z7f. gnaneistan "funkein, flackern, Funken spruhen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 232). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under gnaneisten. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. gnffen "jucken" (Raven 11963: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. gnitison "glatt oder rein reiben, polieren" (Raven 111967: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *gnidis4ian zero-grade class II deverbative (with s-extension) from strong verb *gneidanan (Seebold 1970: 234) "reiben". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG gnitan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 234) "reiben, stampfen"; MLG gniden st. vb (Seebold 1970: 234). OE gnidan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 234) "to rub, grind together, crumble"; Swed. gnida St. vb (Seebold 1970: 234) "reiberi" (loan verb?). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. got-a-Iobon "Segen bringen, wohltatig oder grof3mutig sein" (Raven 111967: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG got (Starck and Wells 1990: 232) "Gott, der Herr"; cf. OHG lobn II

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(Starck and Wells 1990: 382) "loben, rUhmen, anerkennen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (got + thematic vowel + lob On). gotten "(sich) rechtfertigen, rechtun" (Raven I 1963: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG got (Starck and Wells 1990: 234) "Gott, der Herr". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. gougalan "Zauberei treiben" (Raven 11 1967: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gougal (Starck and Wells 1990: 235) "Gaukelei, Blendwerk, Trugbild". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bigougaran "umherschweifen, [mullig gehen]" (Raven II 1967: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. goumen "schmausen, achthaben auf, wahmehmen" (Raven I 1963: 59). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gamian I (Kluge 1989: 247) "Acht haben, huten; bewirten"; OE gyman, gieman I (Kiuge 1989: 247) "to care for, take care of, take heed to to, heed, observe, regard, keep"; ON geyma I (Kiuge 1989: 247) "beachten, sorgen fir"; Gothic gaumjan I (Kiuge 1989: 247) "to see, observe", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *gaumanan (Kluge 1989: 247) "beachten, besorgen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gouma (Starck and Wells 1990: 235) "Mahi, Festmahl". Note also the phrase gouma nman (Starck and Wells 1990: 235) "wahrnehmen, beachten, in Betracht ziehen"; OS go/na (Kluge 1989: 247) "Gastmahl, Bewirtung; Acht, Aufinerksamkeit"; OE gyme, gieme (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 154) "care"; ON gaum, gaumr (Kluge 1989: 247) "Aufinerksamkeit", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *gaumO (Kluge 1989: 247) "Aufmerksamkeit, Obacht". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fora-,fora-bi-,fora-gi-, gigoumon "schmausen, speisen, bewirten, Mahizeit einnehmen" (Raven 111967: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under goumen. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. grabon "die Erde mit der Hacke bearbeiten, sie behacken oderjten" (Raven 111967: 56). cf. OHG grubilan I. No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *grabjan (Seebold 1970: 236) class II deverbative from strong verb *grabanan (Seebold 1970: 235) "graben". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG graban st. vb (Seebold 1970: 236) "graben, schnitzen, ausmeilleln"; OS graban st. vb (Seebold 1970: 236) "graben"; OFs. -greve st. vb (Seebold 1970: 236) "graben"; OE grafan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 159) "to dig (up); engrave, carve, chisel"; ON grafa St. vb (Seebold 1970: 236) "graben, schnitzen, nagen, stechen"; Gothic graban st. vb (Seebold 1970: 236) "graben". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gigraden "abstufen, ebnen" (Raven I 1963: 60). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG grad (Starck and Wells 1990: 237) "Stufe, Grad, Rang" <Latin gradus (Kluge 1989: 273) "step, stage, degree, rank". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. granon "grunzen" (Raven II 1967: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *granjan class II deverbative (with shortened medial 'n') from strong verb *grennanan (Seebold 1970: 240) "Zahne fletschen" (see under grennon). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation.

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grason "Gemuse pflanzen, mit Krautern bepflanzen, weiden" (Raven II 1967: 56). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE grasian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "to graze", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *grasqjan "to graze". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gras (Starck and Wells 1990: 237) "Gras"; OS gras (Kiuge 1989: 275) "Gras"; OE grcs (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 159) "grass"; ON gras (Kluge 1989: 275) "Gras"; Gothic gras (Kluge 1989: 275) "grass", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *grasan (Kluge 1989: 275) "Gras, Kraut". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. grawi "ergrauen, weil3grau sein oder werden, die graue Farbe der Olbaume, (vom Weidengebusch =) grau schillerend, (vom Gras frtthmorgens =) vom Frost bereift" (Raven II 1967: 219). The following cognate verbs are attested:None. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG grao (Starck and Wells 1990: 237) "grau, lichtgrau". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. grwon "grau sein, weil3lich sein" (Starck and Wells 1990: 238). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under grawi. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. grefon "tasten, betasten, suchen, greifen" (Raven 111967: 57). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE grapian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "to feel for, lay hold of, seize, touch; attain, reach", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *graip/an (Seebold 1970: 237) class II deverbative from strong verb *greipanan (Seebold 1970: 237) "greifen" (see under gripfen). Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, irgremizzn "brummen, murren, laute VorwUrfe jemandem machen, sich beschweren, mit den Zhnen knirschen, wtiten, zurnen" (Raven II 1967: 57). No cognate verbs are attested. Gemination and umlaut indicate that this verb is probably from an earler class I *gramatjan "to enrage", intensive deverbative from Gmc class I weak verb *g,ramanan "to enrage": OE gremman (Lehmann 1986: 159) "to enrage, provoke, irritate; revile"; ON gremja (Lehmann 1986: 159). Gothic gramjan (Lehmann 1986: 159) "to provoke, anger". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irgremmen "zomig, unmutig oder grimmig machen, aufregen, reizen, erbittern, sich gramen, verwildern" (Raven 1963: 298). The following cognate verbs are attested: MDu gremmen (de Vries 1962: 187) "zornig sein, brullen"; OE gremman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "to enrage, provoke, irritate, revile"; ON gremja I (Zoega 1910: 172) "erzurnen"; Gothic gramjan I (Lehmann 1986: 159) "to provoke, anger", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *gram(/anan "to make angry, enrage, provoke, irritate". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gram (Kluge 1989: 274) "gram, bose"; OS gram (Kluge 1989: 274) "feindselig"; OE gram (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 159) "angry, cruel, fierce, oppressive, hostile"; ON gramr (Kluge 1989: 274) "zornig, feindlich", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *gramaz (Kluge 1989: 274) "fierce, angry, cruel". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, in-, irgrennn "winseln, mucksen, mucken, em Knurren hOren lassen" (Seebold 1970: 241). cf. OHG granon II (Raven 111967: 56). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE grennian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "to grin, gnash the teeth"; ON grenja 11 (Seebold 1970: 241) "heulen"; OSwed. grnia II (Seebold 1970: 241) "to roar, gnash the teeth", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *granj4ianan (Seebold 1970: 241) "to roar, gnash the teeth, open the mouth", class II deverbative from strong verb *grennanan (Seebold 1970: 240) "Zhne fletschen". This strong verb is attested in the following: M}{G grinnen St. vb (Seebold 1970: 240) "Zhne fletschen". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation.

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grimmen "wten, umhertoben" (Starck and Wells 1990: 237). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS grimman I (de Vries 1962: 189) "wten"; OE grimman I (de Vries 1962: 189) "to rage, roar, make a loud noise"; ON grimmast reflexive development secondary (de Vries 1962: 189) "zornig werden", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *gremmanan "to be wild, rage". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG grim, grimmi (Starck and Wells 1990: 239) "grausam, grimmig, wild"; OS grim (Kluge 1989: 278) "grausam, grimmig, wild"; OFs. grimm (Kluge 1989: 278) "grausam, grimmig, wild"; OE grim, grimm (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "sharp, bitter, severe, fierce, dire, savage, cruel, grim, horrible"; ON grimmr (Kluge 1989: 278) "zornig, grimmig; grausam", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *gremmaz(Kluge 1989: 278) "grimmig". Therefore aNWGmc deadjectival verb. *grimezzen "erbittern, emporen, wild machen, verwildern". The following cognate verbs are attested: OE grimetan, gremettan "to rage, roar, make a loud noise", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *gremmatjan "to enrage, make wild", intensive deverbative from NWGmc class I weak verb *gre,nmjanan "to be wild, rage" (see under grimmen). Therefore a WGmc intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irgrimmigen "wild angreifen, toben" (Raven 11963: 60). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG grimmig (Starck and Wells 1990: 240) "grausarn, grimmig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. grimmison "wten, heftif toben, den Zorn auslassen" (Raven II 1967: 57). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE grimsian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "to rage", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *gremmisjan "to rage". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under grimmen). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb (formed with s-extension). gripfen, kripfen "zerstOren, zerreiBen, verheeren, plUndern" (Raven I 1963: 97). cf. OHG grefOn II. No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *grippjan intensive gemination? zero-grade intensive deverbative from strong verb *greipanan (Seebold 1970: 237) "greifen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG gran St. vb (Seebold 1970: 237) "greifen, beruhren"; OS gripan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 237) "greifen, berUhren"; OFs. gripa St. vb (Seebold 1970: 237) "ergreifen, fassen"; OE gripan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 161) "to seek to get hold of, assail, attack; seize, snatch, take, apprehend"; ON grIpa St. vb (Seebold 1970: 237) "greifen, ergreifen"; Gothic greipan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 237) "greifen, ergreifen". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb:furi-, gi-, ir-, untargris-gram On "murren, vor Grimm oder Unmut mit den Zahnen knirschen" (Raven 111967: 58). No cognate verbs are attested. the derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is possibly an ablaut variant of gris(t)grimmOn II, or a deadjectival formation from OHG gram (Kluge 1989: 274) "gram, bose", in expressive combination with gris (see under grisgrimmen). Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anagris-grimmen "murren, mit den Zahnen knirschen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 241). No cognate verbs are attested. The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is probably best seen as a deadjectival from OHG grim (Kluge 1989: 278) "grausam, grimmig, wild", in expressive combination with gris(t) which occurs only only in compounded form in OHG, but which is attested in OE grist (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 161) "action of grinding". Compare the similar combination in OE grisrbite (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 161) "gnashing" and OE gristbitian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 161) "to gnash the teeth, rage". Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear.

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gris-grimmon, grist-grimm on "aus Wut mit den Zhnen knirschen, wutend zerschmettern" (Raven II 1967: 58). No cognate verbs are attested. The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is probably best seen as a deadjectival from OHG grim (see under gris-grimmen). Prefix formations derived from this verb: irgrozzi "fett, gro3 oder dick werden, aufschwellen" (Raven II 1967: 219). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE greatian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "to become enlarged", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *grautejan "to be or become large". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG grOz (Starck arid Wells 1990: 241) "grol3, grob"; OS grOt (Kluge 1989: 279) "grol3"; OFs. grat (Kluge 1989: 279) "grol3"; OE great (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "great, tall, thick, stout, massive, coarse", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *grautaz (Kluge 1989: 279) "groB". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. grubilon "grubeln, ergrunden, zu erforschen suchen, durchstobern, nachforschen, mit der Hacke graben" (Raven II 1967: 58). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *grubi1cjan (Seebold 1970: 236) class II frequentative / continuative deverbative (formed with irregular ablaut) from strong verb *grabanan (Seebold 1970: 236) "graben" (see under grabon). Therefore an ORG frequentative / continuative deverbative formation (formed with 1-extension). gruen, groen "grUn seth, kraftig seth, grunen, bluhen" (Raven 11963: 60). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. groja I (Seebold 1970: 242) "grunen, spriel3en", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *grjan (Seebold 1970: 242) class I weak deverbative from strong verb *groanan (Seebold 1970: 242) "wachsen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE growan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 161) "to grow, increase, flourish; germinate; spring, sprout"; ON gra st. vb (Seebold 1970: 242) "wachsen, grtlnen, keimen, heilen, bewachsen; zusammenwachsen, verwachsen". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. griii "grauen" (Raven II 1967: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *grikyan "grauen, schaudern, fiirchten". The etymology of this verb is uncertain. It possibly ultimately derives from an IE I*ghr_, *ghrU- (Pfeifer 11989: 598) "scharfdarUber reiben, zerreiben, zermalmen", from which base the following may also be derived: OHG grEisOn s-extension (Pokorny 11959: 461) "schrecklich empfmden". The semantic connection of grUi to this root is more transparent in the 'd'-extension *ghru-d- (Pokorny 1 1959: 461), attested forms of which include: Lith. grasti (Pfeifer I 1989: 598) "stampfen, zerstol3en, wehmUtig, traurig gestimmt werden, sich gramen"; OCS grudu (Kluge 1957: 268) "schauderhaft"; Russian grustit' (Pfeifer 11989: 598) "traurig seth". Despite the fact that the verb is not attested in the Gmc languages outside OHG, these IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a possible pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: intgrunden "ergrunden" (Raven I 1963: 60). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS grundian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 242) "ergrunden, erforschen"; OE gryndan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 162) "to found (a house); set, sink (of the sun)", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *grundjan "to found, ground; go to the ground, descend". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG grunt (Starck and Wells 1990: 242) "Grund, Boden, Vertiefung"; OS grund (Kluge 1989: 280) "Grund, Boden"; OFs. grund (Kluge 1989: 280). OE grund (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 161) "ground, bottom; foundation; abyss, hell; plain, country, land, earth; sea, water"; ON grunnr (Kluge 1989: 280) "the bottom (of the sea or water)"; Gothic grundu-waddjus (Lehmann 1986: 161) "foundation", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *grunduz (Kluge 1989: 280) "ground, floor, bottom". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb.

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Prefix formations derived from this verb: durul:-, gi-, irgrunnizn "das Grunzen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 241). No cognate verbs are attested. Gemination indicates that this verb is probably a class II deverbative from earlier NWGmc class I *grunnatjanan " to grunt" (see under grunzen). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. grunt-forscon "schroff, genau, bedenklich, verlegen, geth.hrlich" (Raven II 1967: 58). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG grunt (Starck and Wells 1990: 242) "Grund, Boden, Vertiefung"; cf. OHGforscon II (Starck and Wells 1990: 174) "erfragen, erforschen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. grunt-sellan "fest begrunden, befestigen" (Raven 111967: 58). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. grunzen, grunezzen "grollen, grunzen, murren" (Raven 11963: 60). cf. OHG grunnizn II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OE grunnettan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 161) "to grunt"; Dan. grynte (Pfeifer 11989: 615) "to grunt", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *grunnatjanan "to grunt", intensive deverbative from a weak verb *grunnjanan represented by OE grunian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 161) "to grunt; chew the cud", and early NHG grunnen (Pfeifer 11989: 615) "grunzen". Therefore a NWGmc intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gigruon'i "grUnen, blilhen, emporbitihen, florieren, wachsen, wiederbeleben, (vom Blumenkranz) mit Bluten prangen oder strahlen" (Raven II 1967: 220). cf. OHG gruoen I (Starck and Wells 1990: 242). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE grenian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "to become green, flourish", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *granan "to be or become green". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gruoni (Starck and Wells 1990: p42) "grun, frisch"; OS grOni (Kluge 1989: 280) "grtln"; OFs.
grene (Kiuge 1989: 280) "grun"; OE grene (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "green, young, immature, raw, living, growing"; ON grenn (Kluge 1989: 280) "grun", which allows us to

reconstruct a NWGmc *graniz (Kluge 1989: 280) "grUn". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irgruozen "anreden, anflehen, (in feindlicher Absicht) antreiben, hetzen, rufen, beruhren, grUilen" (Raven 11963: 61). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS grtian I (Seebold 1970: 241) "zurufen, anrufen"; OFs. greta I (Seebold 1970: 241) "anklagen"; OE gretan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 160) "to approach, come to, visit, touch, attack, treat or use in any way, know carnally; speak to, hail, call upon, greet, welcome, salute, take care of, bid farewell to"; ON grcta I (Seebold 1970: 241) "zum Weinen bringen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *grtejanan ( Seebold 1970: 241) "to cause to cry or shout, complain, attack", causative deverbative from strong verb *gretanan (Seebold 1970: 241) "weinen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OS gnat preterite sg. only (Seebold 1970: 241) "weinte"; ON grdta St. vb (Seebold 1970: 241) "weinen, beweinen"; Gothic gretan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 241) "weinen, kiagen". The WGmc development of meaning is diffucult to explain semantically. It possibly represents a specialization of meaning which took place in the following stages: "to make someone cry by leaving > to leave, take one's leave of> to hail when leaving > to hail or greet in general". Therefore a NWGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, duruh-, gi-, ITguckon "Kuckuck rufen" (Raven 111967: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *gukkqjan expressive gemination "Kuckuck rufen". The precise etymology and derivational pattern of this verb are uncertain. It is probably of immitative origin, or may possibly represent an ablaut zero-grade denominative from the nominal base attested in the

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following: OHG gouch (Kluge 1989: 247) "Kuckuck, Gauch"; OS gok (Kluge 1989: 247) "Kuckuck, Gauch"; OE geac (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 149) "cuckoo"; ON gaukr (Kluge 1989: 247) "Kuckuck"; Run.Norse gaukaR (Kluge 1989: 247) "Kuckuck"; NWGmc *gaukaz (Kluge 1989: 247) "Kuckuck": Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is
unclear.

guo11i1zhn, guor1i1z/:'z "verherrlichen, rUhnien, preisen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 244). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under guollil:hn. Therefore an OHG deadjectival / denominative verb. guolliJ:hon, guotllhhon "verherrlichen, rhmen, machtig sein" (Raven 111967: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG guollih, guotlih adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 244) "herrlich, ruhnivoll". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giguotison "etwas vermogen, machtig sein" (Raven 111967: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG guot adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 244) "gut, gerecht; heilig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with s-extension). guotspellon "verkundigen; evangelizare, nuntiare" (Raven 111967: 59). Loan verb from OE godspeilian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 158) "to preach the gospel, evangelize". This is an OE denominative verb from OE godspel (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 158) gospel, glad tidings". This in turn an OE loan translation for Latin bona annuntatio, bonus nuntius (Onions 1966: 407), literal rendering of Latin evangelium (Onions 1966: 407). The Latin is, in turn, derived from Greek uc yyatov (Onions 1966: 407) "good news: gospel". Therefore an OHG loan verb. gurgilon "sich gurgeln, einen gurgeinden Ton hervorbringen, brullen" (Raven II 1967: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG gurgula (Starck and Wells 1990: 244) "Gurgel, Luftrohre, Kehle" <Latin gurgullo (Kluge 1989: 283) "Luftrohre". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. gurten "gUrten, begurten" (Raven 11963: 62). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. un-e-gert (Kluge 1989: 282) "ungegUrtet"; OE gyrdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 163) "to gird, bind round"; ON gyra I (Kluge 1989: 282) "gUrten, klemmen, peitschen, prugeln", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *gurdjanan (Seebold 1970: 225) "gurten", class I zero-grade deverbative from strong verb *gerdanan (Seebold 1970: 225) "gurten". This strong verb is attested in the following: Gothic bi-gairdan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 225) "to gird about". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,furi-, int-, umbi-, umbi-biguzen "beim Opfem ausgiellen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 245). cf. OHG ubar-guzan II (Raven 111967: 60). No cognate verbs are attested. Although attested here as a class I verb, it is attested as class II in the prefix formation ubar-gazon and has zero ablaut grade (a common ablaut grade in class II deverbatives) which indicates that it probably originally belonged to class II. Thus we can reconstruct a possible *gutqjan class II deverbative (formed with with zero-grade ablaut) from strong verb *geutanan (Seebold 1970: 228) "giel3en". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG giozan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 228) "giel3en"; OS giotan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 228) "vergieBen"; OFs. be-f a st. vb (Seebold 1970: 228) "begiel3en, benetzen"; OE geotan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 153) "to pour, pour forth, shed; gush, flow, flood, overwhelm; found, cast"; ON gjta St. vb (Seebold 1970: 228) "Junge werfen, laichen (Katze, Hund, Fuchs, Maus, Fisch); mit den Augen rollen"; Gothic giutan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 228) "gieBen (Wein in Schliuche)". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation.

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H
habaln "Much geben, (btr.) mit etwas reichlich versehen sein" (Raven 111967: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *habajjan class II frequentative / continuative deverbative from Gmc class III weak verb *habanan (Seebold 1970: 244) "haben, besitzen" (see under J:abi). Therefore an OHG frequentative / continuative deverbative (formed with 1-extension). haben "haben, inne haben, be-, festhalten, in Schranken halten, besitzen, tragen, hegen, bekommen, brauchen, behaupten, mUssen, halten fUr, meinen, betrachten, begehren, schtzen, zeugen, beurteilen, verachten, verspotten" (Raven I 1963: 299). As cognate forms in related Gmc languages belong to class III, this verb is probably best regarded as a class I deverbative from the class III weak verb habn (which see). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, bi-, fir-, folla-, gi-, ingagan-, inni-, ml-, it-, missi-, samant-, ii-, umbi-, zisamene-, zisainene-follahabi "viel, genug, wenig, gewil3, recht, lieb, inne haben; Mann, Frau, Kind, BrUderschaft, Sippschaft, Freund, Feind, Kleinvieh, Freude, Furcht, Schuld, Geduld, Not, Schaden, Sorge, Gnade, Glauben, Trost, Schutz, Kraft, Ha13, den Teufel (= besessen sein), Lohn Erlaubnis, Hunger, Jugend, Schonheit, Haare, Fleisch und Gebein, Kleidung, Krankheit, Fieber, Feuchte, Wasser im Bauch (=wassersuchtig?), weil3e Flecken im Auge, die wie Glas aussehen, Augenlicht und so weiter haben; erfassen, ergreifen, sich befmden, besitzen, bewahren, halten, beibehalten, fest-, stillhalten, sich halten an, in Schranken halten, lieben, der Besitz der Hscher" (Raven II 1967: 220). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS hebbian III (Kluge 1989: 284) "haben, besitzen"; OFs. habba, hebbe III (Kluge 1989: 284) "haben, besitzen"; OE habban III (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 164) "to have, possess, own, hold; keep, retain; cherish, look after; esteem, consider"; ON hafa III (Kluge 1989: 284) "haben; anwenden; ergreifen, treffen"; Gothic haban III (Kluge 1989: 284) "to have, hold, be", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *habanan (Kluge 1989: 284) "haben". The etymology of this verb is uncertain. The most convincing etymology is that it is a durative deverbative from the strong verb *haJjanan (Kluge 1989: 284) "heben". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG heven, heffen St. vb (Kluge 1989: 298) "heben"; OS hebbian st. vb (Kiuge 1989: 298) "heben"; OFs. hebba st. vb (Kluge 1989: 298) "heben"; OE hebban st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 175) "to heave, raise, lift, lift up, exalt"; ON hejja st. vb (Kluge 1989: 298) "heben"; Gothic hajjan st. vb (Kluge 1989: 298) "to lift". Therefore a Gmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fir-, gi-, mi-, missi-, ubar-, i4' ., umbi-, umbi-bi-, untar-, widarhaften "haften, festhangen, festhangen, befestigt sein, stehenbleiben, (+dat. vel praep.) festhalten, hngen an, haben, innewohnen, stecken, verstrickt sein, abhangig sein von, verbunden sein mit, fur einen von Belang sein, (+acc. pers.) in der Gewalt liegen, einem daran gelegen sein, ntzen, unbeweglich" (Raven 111967: 223). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS hafion II (Kluge 1989: 286). We can therefore reconstruct a WGmc *haftan "haften". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under hefien). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, gi-, zisamane-, zuohahsenen "die FuBsehne durchschneiden, Sehnen abschneiden, abhauen, trennen, entnerven, lhmen, schwachen" (Raven I 1963: 63). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hahsina, hahsna (Starck and Wells 1990: 248) "Hachse, Ful3sehne". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: int-, it-, untar-

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hahsinn "die Ful3sehne abschneiden, die Beinsehnen durchschneiden" (Raven 111967: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under hahsenen. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irhackon "hacken, mit der Hacke arbeiten, mit der Axt zerkleinern" (Pfeifer 111989: 624). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG hakken (Pfeifer II 1989: 624) "hacken"; MDu. hacken (Pfeifer II 1989: 624) "hacken"; OE t-haccian II (Kluge 1989: 285) "to hack to pieces", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *hakk/an intensive gemination (Kluge 1989: 285) "hacken, mit einem hakenfOrmigen oder gekrummten Werkzeug bearbeiten". cf. OFs. hakia II without gemination (Kluge 1989: 285). The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under hecken). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. haldi "sich neigen, (sterbend) zusammensinken, (vom Gelande) schrag oder schroff abfallen, sich schieferstrecken, abhangig sein, wanken, wenden" (Raven 111967: 224). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under helden. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, in-, nidar-, zuohaldn "sich neigen, sich niedersenken" (Starck and Wells 1990: 249). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON halla II with assimilation of (de Vries 1962: 205) "neigen, sinken lassen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *ha11bjanan "to bend, make bent". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under he/den). Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. halon "erwerben und an sich nehmen, durch Rufen erreichen, erlangen, bekommen, zu sich rufen, berufen, herbeibringen, (herbei)holen, verschaffen, einladen, sich eines Menschen annehmen, retten, heiraten, kaufen, erschopfen" (Raven II 1967: 60). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS halOn, haloian II (Kluge 1989: 314). OFs. halia II (Kluge 1989: 314). We can therefore reconstruct a WGmc *hal4ian (Kiuge 1989: 314) "holen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE s1*kla-, *kala_ (Kluge 1989: 314) "rufen, herbeirufen", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt usakala- (Kluge 1989: 314) "Hahn"; Greek ica?o (Kluge 1989: 314) "ich rufe"; Latin ca/are (Kluge 1989: 314) "rufen"; Oft. cailech (Kluge 1989: 314) "Hahn"; Hittite kalle.- (Kluge 1989: 314). Possibly Latvian kaluOt (Kluge 1989: 314) "schwatzen". Despite the fact that attested forms of the verb are confmed to WGmc, these lB parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ir-, Eiz-gi-, widar-gi-, zuo-, zuc-gihalsen, he/sen "umarmen, umschlingen, umhalsen" (Raven I 1963: 63). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS helsian I (Kluge 1989: 289) "halsen, umarmen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *halsan "halsen, umarmen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hals (Starck and Wells 1990: 250) "Hals, Nacken"; OS hals- (Kluge 1989: 289) "HaIs"; OFs. hals (Kluge 1989: 289) "Hals"; OE heals (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 173) "neck; prow of a ship"; ON hals (Kluge 1989: 289) "Hals; Vorderteil des Schiffes"; Gothic hals (Kluge 1989: 289) "neck", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *halsaz (Kluge 1989: 289) "Hals". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, ir-, umbi-, umbi-bi-, zisamenehals5n "unthalsen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 251). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under ha/sen. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. ha/son "umhalsen" (Raven 111967: 61). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON halsa II, loan verb from LG? (Kluge 1989: 289) "umarmen, Segel beinehmen", which allows us to

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reconstruct a NWGmc *ha1sjanan (Kluge 1989: 289) "halsen, umarrnen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under halsen). Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, mlhals-slagan "ohrfeigen" (Raven II 1967: 62). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG hals (Starck and Wells 1990: 250) "Hats, Nacken"; cf. OHG slagan II (Starck and Wells 1990: 555) "zusammenschlagen, klatschen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hals-slegilan " ohrfeigen, mit den Fusten schlagen" (Raven 111967: 62). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: An OHG *halsslegil "Ohrfeige" can possibly be reconstructed from: OHG ha/s (Starck and Wells 1990: 250) "Hals, Nacken"; OHG slegil (Starck and Wells 1990: 556) "Kloppel, Klotz, Dreschflegel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. hals-werfan " ( den Hals = den Kopf) schutteln" (Raven II 1967: 62). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG hals (Starck and Wells 1990: 250) "Flals, Nacken"; cf. OHG werfon (Starck and Wells 1990: 716) "drehen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hamaln "schlachten, niedermetzeln" (Raven II 1967: 62). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hamal (Starck and Wells 1990: 252) "verstummelt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bihamar-slagon "schlagen, schmieden, recken" (Raven II 1967: 62). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG hamar (Starck and Wells 1990: 252) "Hammer"; cf. OHG slagJn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 555) "zusammenschlagen, klatschen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hangz "hangen, (am Kreuz) hangen, (her)abhangen, festhalten, (von einem ErlaB) veroffentlicht werden, schweben, abhangig sein" (Raven II 1967: 225). cf. OHG hengen I (Raven 11963: 68). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS hangan II (Seebold 1970: 250) "hangen"; OFs. hangia II (Seebold 1970: 250) "hangen"; OE hangian II (Seebold 1970: 250) "(intrs.) to hang, be hanged; depend, rest on"; ON hanga mit dem starken Verb vermischt (Seebold 1970: 250) "hangen"; Gothic hahan III mit Beseitigung des grammatischen Wechsels (Seebold 1970: 250) "to cling to", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hanganan (Seebold 1970: 250) "to hang, be hanging", class III durative deverbative from the reduplicating verb *hanhanan (Seebold 1970: 249) "hangen" (see under hengen). Therefore a Gmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:furi-, ir-, nidar-, EJz-gihanlaln "beruhren, betasten, Hand legen an, behandeln, mit den Hndem erfassen" (Raven II 1967: 62). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS handln II (Kiuge 1989: 291). OFs. handelia, hondelia II (Kluge 1989: 291). OE handlian II (Kluge 1989: 291) "to handle, feel; deal with, discuss"; ON handla, hondla II (Kluge 1989: 291) "greifen, ergreifen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *handljanan (Kiuge 1989: 291) "greifen, ergreifen, befuhlen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hant (Starck and Wells 1990: 253) "Hand"; OS hand (Kluge 1989: 290) "Hand"; OFs. hand (Kluge 1989: 290) "Hand"; OE hand, hond (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 168) "hand"; ON hond (Kiuge 1989: 290) "Hand"; Gothic handus (Kluge 1989: 290) "hand", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *handuz fern. (KJuge 1989: 290) "Hand". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb (formed with I-extension). hant-slagon "mit der Hand schiagen, klatschen, mit dem Tode ringen" (Raven 111967: 63). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG ham' (Kluge 1989: 290) "Hand"; cf. ONG slagon II (Starck and Wells 1990: 555) "zusammenschlagen, klatschen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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hari, heri "(+dat. pers.) anflehen, heulen, laut rufen oder klagen, zurufen, jubein, schreien, Geschrei" (Raven 111967: 226). cf. OHG ant-harn II (de Vries 1962: 224) "nachahmen". No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *hazejjan "to be singing the praises of'; cf. Gothic hazjan I (Lehmann 1986: 181) "to praise, sing the praises of'; cf. OE herian II umlaut? may indicate origin in class I (Lehmann 1986: 181) "to extol, praise, commend". No convincing etymology, though possibly from class I as indicated by the variant hern (with umlaut?). Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, bi-, ir-,furiharmen "tadeln, schelten, zUchtigen" (Raven I 1963: 64). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG hermen (de Vries 1962: 224). ON hermast I, reflex development secondary (de Vries 1962: 224) "sich harmen"; cf. OE hearmian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 174) "to hurt, harm, injure", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc */iarmUanan "to harm, injure". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG harm (Starck and Wells 1990: 256) "Leid, Schmerz, Kummer; Ungluck; Schmach, Beleidigung, Unrecht"; OS harm (Kluge 1989: 294) "Leid, Schmerz"; OFs. herm (Kluge 1989: 294) "Krankung, Schmerz"; OE hearm (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 174) "harm, hurt, injury, evil, grief, affliction, pain, injurious speech, calumny, insult"; ON harmr (Kluge 1989: 294) "BetrUbnis, Kummer", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *harmaz (Kluge 1989: 294) "Harm". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. harmi "plagen, trugerisch anklagen, verleumden, schelten" (Raven II 1967: 227). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE hearmian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 174) "to hurt, harm, injure", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *harman "to harm, be injurous to". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under harmen). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. harmisn "schmhen" (Raven 11 1967: 63). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG harm (Starck and Wells 1990: 256) "Leid, Ungluck, Beleidigung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with s-extension). harmqueton "schmhen, verunglimpfen" (Raven II 1967: 63). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG harm quiti (Starck and Wells 1990: 256) "Beleidigung". Therefore an 0MG denominative verb. harmscaron "auf beschimpfend qualvolle Weise bestrafen" (Raven II 1967: 63). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG harmscara (Starck and Wells 1990: 256) "Heimsuchung, Strafe, Zerknirschung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giharti "beharren, (ver)bleiben, einem wovon ubel werden" (Raven II 1967: 227). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE heardian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 174) "to be or become hard", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *har6Thn "to be or become hard". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under herten). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:furi-, gi-, ithasann "glatt schneiden, verfeinern, mit der Axt bearbeiten, bauen" (Raven 111967: 63). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: 0MG hasan (Starck and Wells 1990: 259) "poliert, fein". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

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hazzen "hassen, neidisch scm" (Starck and Wells 1990: 260). No cognate verbs are attested. As this verb lacks umlaut, and as cognate verbs in the other Gmc languages belong with the class II or III verb, this verb is probably best regarded as a class I deverbative from class III weak verb hazzn, or class II weak verb hazzn. Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. hazzn "(+acc.) sich ereifern, sich entrUsten, neidisch sein, verfolgen, auf den Tod hassen, d.h. morden, hassen, einem feindlich gesinnt sein" (Raven II 1967: 227). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS hatn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 260) "hassen"; OFs. hatia II (de Vries 1962: 213) "hassen"; OE hatian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 170) "to hate, treat as an enemy"; ON hata II (de Vries 1962: 213) "hassen"; Gothic hatan III (Lehmann 1986: 178) "to hate", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hatanan "to hate, hold in contempt". The geminated 'z' in the OHG verb is proably due to the influence of the class I verb. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under *hezzen). Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, irhazzan "hassen, eifersuchtig sein" (Raven II 1967: 64). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS hatn II originally III? (Starck and Wells 1990: 260) "hal3en"; OFs. hatia II originally III? (de Vries 1962: 213) "haBen"; OE hatian II originally III? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 170) "to hate, treat as an enemy"; ON hata II originally III? (de Vries 1962: 213) "hassen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *hat7/anan "to hate, hold in contempt". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under *hezzen). Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. hebinan "bewirten, als Gast auffiehmen, freundlich behandein oder beherbergen, halten" (Raven II 1967: 64). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *habin/an class II deverbative (formed with n-extension) from strong verb *haJjanan (Seebold 1970: 244) "heben" (see under hab5n). The ehange of'a' to 'e' here is probably umlaut occurring on analogy with the umlaut of class I verbs. Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (formed with nextension). Prefix formations derived from this verb: intheften "hefien, fest machen, fesseln, besiegen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 260). cf. OHG hafien III (Raven 111967: 223). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS heflian (Pfeifer 111989: 662) "to bind, fetter"; OFs. hefla (Pfeifer 111989: 662) "heften"; OE hcfian I (Pfeifer 111989: 662) "to seize, bind, arrest, make captive, imprison"; ON hepra, hefia I (Pfeifer 111989: 662). Gothic hafijan I (Lehmann 1986: 168) "sich anheften", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hafijanan "haften". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG haft (Starck and Wells 1990: 247) "gebunden, gefangen, schwanger"; OS hafi (Kluge 1989: 286) "behaftet, gefangen"; Gothic hafis (Pfeifer 111989: 627) "behaftet"; cf. OE heft adjectival subst. (Kluge 1989: 286) "Gefangener", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hafiaz (Kluge 1989: 286) "behaftet, gefangen". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, ana-gi-, ana-zi-, bi-,furi-,furi-gi-, gi-, hina-, in-bi-, in-gi-, in!-, zisamene-, zisamene-gi-, zisamene-zi*heggen "umzunen, mit einem Hag umgeben; wachsen, pflanzen, aufziehen, hegen, schUtzen, pflegen". MHG hegen (Pfeifer 111989: 663) "mit einem Hag umgeben, umzunen, die Gerichtssttte abschlie!3en, um Gericht zu halten, pflegen, bewahren, authewahren, (reflex.) sich versammein". The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG, MDu. hegen (Pfeifer 111989: 663) "umzunen, schUtzen, bewahren, feierliche Gericht halten, pflegen"; cf. OE hegian II, umlaut indicates probable origin in class I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 176) "to fence in, hedge, enclose", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *hagan "to surround with a hedge, enclose, (hence) protect, conserve". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hag, hac (Kluge 1989: 286) "Umzaunung, Schanze"; OS hago, hag n-stem (Kluge 1989: 286)

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"Weideplatz"; OE haga n-stem (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 166) "hedge, enclosure, curtilage; fortified enclosure; homestead, house"; ON hagi n-stem (Kluge 1989: 286) Weideplatz, eingehegtes landstUck", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *hagaz, *hagon masc. (Kluge 1989: 286) "Umzaunung (umzuntes Grundstuck, Weideplatz, Hecke)". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: umbi-bi-, un/ar*heien "wachsen, gediehen; pflanzen, aufziehen, hegen, schutzen, pflegen". MHG heien, heigen (Lexer I 1872: 1209) "wachsen, gediehen; pflanzen, aufziehen, hegen, schutzen, pflegen". No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: MHG heie, hei (Lexer 11872: 1209) "Hegung, gehegter Wald". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gihein "gunstig gestimmt oder gewogen sein, heftig oder dringend beschUtzen, in Obhut nehmen, mit Leidenschaft lieben, eifersuchtig sein" (Raven 111967: 228). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb may be derived from the following nominal base: OHG hei (Starck and Wells 1990: 261) "Hitze, Brennen". It may also represent a loan translation from ecclesiastical Latin zl,-e (Lewis and Short 1966: 2018) "to love with zeal or ardently" which derives from the substantive zlus (Lewis and Short 1966: 2018) "zeal, emulation, jealousy". This verb may originally have had the meaning "to become heated" (compare prefix formations below) but the meaning has probably been extended under the influence of the Latin verb. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, irheilagan " heiligen, segnen" (Raven 111967: 64). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS helagon, helgan II (Schade 11882: 380). OFs. hlgia II (de Vries 1962: 221). OE halgian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 167) "to hallow, sanctify; consecrate, dedicate, ordain"; ON helga II (de Vries 1962: 221) "heiligen, weihen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *hailagjanan "to hallow, sanctify". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG heilig, heilag (Starck and Wells 1990: 263) "heilig, geweiht, fromm"; OS he/ag (Starck and Wells 1990: 263) "heilig, geweiht, fromm"; OFs. hlich (de Vries 1962: 218) "heilig"; OE ha/ig (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 167) "holy, consecrated, sacred; venerated; godly, saintly; ecclesiastical; pacific, tame"; ON heilagr (de Vries 1962: 218) "heilig", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *hailagaz (de Vries 1962: 218) "heilig". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, lii/heilen "gesund machen, heilen, retten, erlsen, heiligen" (Raven 1 1963: 66). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS he/ian I (Kiuge 1989: 300) "heilen"; OFs. hla I (Kluge 1989: 300) "heilen"; OE hcilan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 165) "to heal, make whole, cure, make safe, save"; ON heila I (Kluge 1989: 300) "heilen"; Gothic hailfan I (Kluge 1989: 300) "to heal", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hailjanan (Kluge 1989: 300) "to heal, make well". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hell (Starck and Wells 1990: 262) "heil, ganz, gesund, unverletzt, glucklich"; OS hel (Kluge 1989: 300) "heil, ganz, gesund"; OFs. ha! (Kluge 1989: 300) "heil, ganz, gesund"; OE ha! (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 167) "whole, hale, well, in good health, sound, safe, without fraud, honest"; ON heill (Kluge 1989: 300) "heilvoll, unverletzt, vollstandig"; Gothic hails (Kluge 1989: 300) "hale, healthy", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hailaz (Kluge 1989: 300) "heil, ganz, gesund". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:folla-, giheiln "heil oder gesund werden" (Raven II 1967: 228). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ha/igan II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 167) "to heal up, get well; be saved", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *hailan "to be or become well or healed"; cf. Gothic ga-

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hailnan IV (Lehmann 1986: 169) "to be healed". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under Izellen). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:flrheilezzen "kraftig machen, gesund machen, gruBen, begrul3en" (Raven 11963: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *hajla(jan intensive deverbative from weak verb *hailUanan "to heal, make well" (see under heilen). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. heilisn "Wahrsagerei oder Zauberei treiben, wahrsagen, prophezeien, sich hangen an ( emgeweiht werden), bl3en, wachen" (Raven 111967: 65). cf. OHG heilen I (Raven 11963: 66). cf. OHG heiln III (Raven 111967: 228). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE halsian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 167) "to adjure"; ON heilsa II (de Vries 1962: 218) "heil wUnschen, begrUl3en", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *hailsjanan "to greet, hail; adjure; practice magic". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under heilen). Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb (formed with s-extension). heil-scouwn "wahrsagen" (Raven 111967: 65). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG hell (Kiuge 1989: 300) "heil, ganz, gesund"; cf. OHG scouwn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 546) "schauen, besichtigen, bedenken". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. heim-fuoren "heimftthren" (Raven I 1963: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. helm-gras on "(bluhendes Gras) schneiden oder mhen" (Raven 111967: 65). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. heim-ilen "heimeilen" (Raven I 1963: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. (heim)-laddn "ins Haus rufen" (Raven 111967: 85). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. helsn "heiser sein" (Raven 111967: 228). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE hJsian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 169) "to be or become hoarse", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *hais/an "to be or become hoarse". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG heis(ar) (Kluge 1989: 302) "heiser, rauh"; OE has (Kluge 1989: 302) "hoarse", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *haisaz "hoarse". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. heitaren "klar oder hell sein oder machen, heiter machen" (Raven I 1963: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG heitar (Starck and Wells 1990: 265) "heiter, hell, klar". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. heizen "lieben, anztlnden, leidenschafflich entzUnden" (Raven I 1963: 67). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE htfftan I (Kluge 1989: 303) "to heat, make hot"; ON heita I (Kluge 1989: 303) "heizen, heil3 machen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *haitijanan (Kluge 1989: 303) "heizen, heill machen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG heiz (Starck and Wells 1990: 265) "heil3, brennend, erhitzt"; OS h (Kluge 1989: 302) "heiB"; OFs. ht (Kluge 1989: 302) "heiB"; OE hat (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 170) "hot, flaming; fervent, excited; intense, violent"; ON heitr (Kluge 1989: 302) "heiB"; cf. Gothic heito (Kluge 1989: 302) "Fieberhitze", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *haitcj (Kiuge 1989: 302) "heil3". Therefore aNWGmc deadjectival verb.

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Prefix formations derived from this verb: giIieiz'i "lodern, grollen, toben, eigentlich heW sein oder werden" (Raven II 1967: 228). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE hatian H (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 170) "to be or get hot", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *hajtejan "to be or become hot". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under heizen). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irhecken "stechen, beil3en" (Raven 11963: 67). cf. OHG hackn II (Pfeifer 111989: 624). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE of-hcccan I (Kluge 1989: 285) "to hack to pieces", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *hak(k)Uan intensive gemination? (Kluge 1989: 285) "hacken, mit einem hakenftrmigen oder gekrummten Werkzeug bearbeiten". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hacko, hac (Kluge 1989: 288) "Haken, Widerhaken"; OS hako (Kluge 1989: 288) "Haken"; OE haca (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 164) "hook"; ON haki (Kluge 1989: 288) "Haken", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *hakn, hakkn "hook". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irhelden "neigen, beugen, zum Sinken oder zu Falle bringen, abbiegen, abwenden, ablenken, ausweichen, (ver)meiden" (Raven 11963: 68). cf. OHG haldn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 249). cf. OHG haldn III (Raven 111967: 224). The following cognate verbs are atteste OS afheldian I (Schade 11882: 366) "neigen, zu Ende kommen"; OE hieldan, hyldan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 181) "to bend, lean, incline, slope, heel, tilt"; ON hell ast I, with assimilation of o (Fritzner 11954: 785) "sich neigen, sinken lassen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *hal/,/anan "to bend, make bent". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hald (Starck and Wells 1990: 249) "geneigt, vorwrts geneigt, schrag"; OE heald (Clark Hall arid Meritt 1969: 173) "sloping, bent, inclined"; ON halir assimilation of 0 (de Vries 1962: 205) "schief, schrag, geneigt"; cf. Gothic wilja-halbei (Lehmaun 1986: 403) "partiality", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hal (de Vries 1962: 205) "bent, inclined". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, int-, nidarhellen "verhehlen, hUllen" (Raven 11963: 304). cf. OHG hullen I (Raven 11963: 77). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bi-hellian (Seebold 1970: 252) "verhullen, einhullen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *halejan (Seebold 1970: 252), class I deverbative formation from strong verb *helanan (Seebold 1970: 252) "verbergen". This strong verb is attested in the follc;wing: OHG helan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 252) "verbergen, verheimlichen"; OS helan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 252) "verhehlen, verbergen"; OFs. hela St. vb (Seebold 1970: 252) "verhehlen"; OE helan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 176) "to conceal, cover, hide". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fir-, int-, umbihelm an, gi-helmot "behelmt" (Raven 111967: 65). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE helmian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 177) "to cover, crown; provide with a helmet", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *helm/an "to provide with a helmet". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG helm (Starck and Wells 1990: 267) "Helm, Sturnihaube"; OS helm (Kluge 1989: 304) "Helm, Sturmhaube"; OFs. helm (Kluge 1989: 304) "Helm"; OE helm (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 177) "protection, defence, covering; crown; helmet"; ON hjalmr (Kluge 1989: 304) "Helm, Gestell zum Aufbewahren des Hauses"; Gothic hums (Kluge 1989: 304) "Helm", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *helmaz (Kluge 1989: 304) "Helm". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. helzen "thhmen" (Schade 11882: 368). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -hieltan, a-hyltan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 17) "to trip up"; ON heltast I reflexive development

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secondary (de Vries 1962: 222) "lahm werden", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *haltyanan "to lame, make lame". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG halz (Starck and Wells 1990: 252) "lahm, hinkend"; OS halt (Lehmann 1986: 175) "lame"; OFs. halt (Lehmann 1986: 175) "lame"; OE healt (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 173) "lame, limping, halt"; ON haltr (Lehmann 1986: 175) "lahm"; Gothic halts (Lehmann 1986: 175) "lame", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *halfaz (Onions: 425) "lame, limping, halt". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irhengen, henken "verhangen, gestatten, hangen, kreuzigen, an das Kreuz schiagen, folgen, leiden, zugeben, weichen" (Raven 11963: 68). cf. OHG hangi III (Raven 111967: 225). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. hingia (Seebold 1970: 250). ON hengja I (Seebold 1970: 250) "hangen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *hangejanan (Seebold 1970: 250), causative deverbative from the reduplicating verb *hanhanan (Seebold 1970: 249) "hngen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG hhan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 249) "hangen, kreuzigen"; OS hahan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 249) "hangen"; OFs. hust. vb (Seebold 1970: 249) "hangen"; OE hon st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 189) "to hang, suspend, crucify"; ON hanga st. vb, hat sich mit dem schwachen Zustandsverb vermischt (Seebold 1970: 249) "hangen"; Gothic hahan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 249) "to hang, keep in suspense". It should be noted that henken is the South German form of hengen, this former becoming specialized later in the standard literature to "to hang (criminals on the gallows)". In South Germany, however, it is still used with the meaning "to hang (up) an object". For a similar development compare modern English "to hang (up), preterite hung" with "to hang (criminals on the gallows), preterite hanged". Therefore a NWGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-gi-, az-,fir-, gi-, IT-, missi-, nidar-, ubar-, zuo-, zuo-gihera-.fuoren "sich herbegeben" (Raven 11963: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hera-gi-ilen "hereilen" (Raven I 1963: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hera-h ren "herhoren" (Raven I 1963: 76). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hera-ilen "herkommen, kommen" (Raven 11963: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hera-kOren "umwenden, umdrehen, umkehren, verwandein, verndem" (Raven 11963: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hera-leiten "herfllhren, hinfiihren" (Raven 1 1963: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (hera-)(h)Iosn "aufmerksam zuhren" (Raven II 1967: 239). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hera-nider-wartn "herabschauen" (Raven II 1967: 270). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hera-semen "herschicken" (Raven I 1963: 170). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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herasun-ilen "hereilen" (Raven I 1963: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (herasun)-!adon "herbeirufen, herbeisenden" (Raven II 1967: 85). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (herasun-)senten "hierhersenden" (Raven I 1963: 170). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (hera-)wenten "herwenden, herweisen" (Raven I 1963: 258). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. [hera-]ziln "(+gen reflex.) hereilen" (Raven II 1967: 195). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hera-zuo-hren "horen" (Raven I 1963: 76). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (hera-)zuo-leggen "hinzuftgen" (Raven 11963: 313). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hrn "sich auszeichnen, sich erheben Uber, herrschen uber" (Raven 111967: 229). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG h (Kluge 1989: 299) "alt, ehrwurdig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, miheribergon "Feidlager abstecken, Lagerhutten aufschlagen, als Gast verweilen, sich lagern, beherbergen" (Raven 111967: 65). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE herebeorgian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 180) "to take up one's quarter's, lodge", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *harjaberg7jan "to take up one's quarter's, lodge". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG heriberga (Starck and Wells 1990: 270) "Herberge, Quartier, Feldlager"; OS heriberga (Kluge 1989: 305) "Herberge, Quartier, Feldlager"; OE herebeorg (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 180) "lodgings, quaters", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *harjaberga"Herberge, Quartier, Feldlager". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giherin "verheeren, (ausplundem, mit Gewalt antasten, uberschwemmen, zerstren, feindlich behandeln oder angreifen" (Raven 111967: 65). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS herin, herrn II (de Vries 1962: 223). OFs. ur-heria II (de Vries 1962: 223). OE hergian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 180) "to ravage, plunder, lay waste, harry; seize, take, capture"; ON herja (de Vries 1962: 223) "verheeren, plundern; Krieg flihren", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *harj/anan "verheeren". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hen (Starck and Wells 1990: 269) "Heer, Streitmacht, Heeresabteilung"; OS hen (Kluge 1989: 299) "Heer"; OFs. here (de Vries 1962: 224) "Heer"; OE here (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 179) "army, host, predatory band, troop, multitude"; ON herr (Kluge 1989: 299) "Heer; Menge, yolk"; Run. Swed. hart/a (de Vries 1962: 224). Run Dan harja (de Vries 1962: 224). Gothic hanjis (Kluge 1989: 299) "army", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *harjaz (Kluge 1989: 299) "Heer". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fir-, gi-, irhrisn "herrschen" (Raven 111967: 66). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG htiro (Pfeifer 111989: 664) <*h&izo comparative of OHG adj. h& (Pfeifer 111989: 683) "alt, ehrwurdig". This verb would originally have had the meaning of "alter, ehrwUrdiger sein" (Pfeifer 111989: 683). However, it appears that it became

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connected at an early stage with OHG herrsubst. ( Kluge 1989: 306) "Heer", possibly through popular etymology. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. hersten "dorren, braten, backen, rsten, versengen, von der Liebesglut entzUnden, entflammen" (Raven 11963: 69). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE hierstan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 182) "to fry, roast, scorch, pain", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *harstUan "to fry, roast"; (cf. without umlaut MLG harsten (Pokorny I 1959: 584) "rosten"). The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG harst (Starck and Wells 1990: 257) "Bratrost, Scheiterhaufen"; OS harst (Pokorny I 1959: 584) "Flechtwerk, Rost"; (cf. with different ablaut grade OE hyrst (Pokorny 11959: 584) "wood, wooded eminence, hill, hillock"). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. herten "befestigen, verharten, fest behaupten, reiben, abreiben, frottieren" (Raven I 1963: 70). cf. OHG hartn III (Raven 111967: 227). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS giherdian I (de Vries 1662: 223) "starken"; OFs. herda I (de Vries 1662: 223) "erhrten, beweisen"; OE hierdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 182) "to harden, make hard, strong or bold, to embolden, encourage, brace"; ON hera I (de Vries 1662: 223) "hrten, drticken, spannen"; Gothic ga-hardjan I (de Vries 1662: 223) "verhrten", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *har/anan "to harden, make hard". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hart (Starck and Wells 1990: 257) "hart, fest, rauh"; OFs. herd (Schade 11882: 374) "hart"; OE heard (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 174) "hard, harsh, austere, severe, rigorous, stem, stubborn, firm, hardy, brave"; ON harr (Kluge 1989: 294) "hart, stark"; Gothic hardus (Kluge 1989: 294) "stern, hard", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *haruz (Kluge 1989: 294) "hard". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fir-,furi-, gi-, irhertUn "abwechseln, schwanken, den einen oder den anderen Weg einschlagen, gehen, wiederholen, gemeinsam" (Raven II 1967: 66). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG herta (Starck and Wells 1990: 272) "Wechsel, Abwechslung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. heskezzen "seufzen, rcheln" (Raven I 1963: 70). The following cognate verbs are attested: Intensive deverbative from a verb represented by MHG heschen (Starck and Wells 1990: 273) "schluchzen, gahnen". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. *hezzen "hetzen". MHG hetzen (Kluge 1989: 307) "hetzen". cf. OHG hazzen I; OHG hazzn II; OHG hazzn III. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS hettiand subst. present participle (Holthausen 1967: 33) "Feind"; OE hettan I (Kluge 1989: 307) "to chase, hunt , persecute"; Gothic hatjan I (Lehmann 1986: 178) "to hate", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hat/anan "to chase, persecute". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG haz (Starck and Wells 1990: 259) "Ha13, Feindschaft"; OS heti (Onions 1966: 430) "Ha13, Feindschaft"; OE hete (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 181) "hate, envy, malice, hostility, persecution"; ON hatr (Kluge 1989: 296) "Ha13"; Gothic hans (Kluge 1989: 296) "hatred", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hatjz neut. consonant-stem. "Ha13". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. himiln, gi-himiat "getafelt (von Husern und Zimmern), geschmuckt (vom Armelkleid)" (Raven II 1967: 66). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG himil (Starck and Wells 1990: 275) "Himmel, Himmelgewolbe, Zimmerdecke". Therefore an OHG denominative preterite participle construction. laina-fuoren "wegnehmen, dahinfithren" (Raven I 1963: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hina-geron "sehnen" (Raven II 1967: 53). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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hina-heften "sich zugesellen, anschliellen, ariheften, anbinden" (Raven I 1963: 65). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hinana-ilen "von dannen eilen" (Raven I 1963: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hina-langi "(impers. +acc.) danach verlangen" (Raven II 1967: 233). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hina-leggen "(Pfand) anvertrauen, anvertrautes Gut beiseite legen, verpf.nden" (Raven I 1963: 312). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. hina-lengen "anbauen, hinzufuigen" (Raven I 1963: 107). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hina-muoen "schmachten" (Raven I 1963: 133). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hina-recken "aus-, vorwartsstrecken; Setzlinge einschlagen ( mit Weinstcken bepflanzen)" (Raven 11963: 152). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hina-rerten "wiedergeben, spiegein" (Raven I 1963: 154). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hina-sagen "zuschreiben, zuteilen" (Raven I 1963: No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (hina-)senten "hinsenden" (Raven I 1963: 170). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hina-iif-denken "schmecken, weise, verstandig sein" (Starck and Wells 1990: 93). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hina-EJf-gi-reizhen "sich erstrecken, hingelangen, reichen" (Raven I 1963: 149). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. hina-wannn "auswannen, ausworfeln, mit der Futterschwinge schwingen" (Raven II 1967: 173). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hina-wart'z "die Augen nach der entgegengesetzen Seite wenden" (Raven II 1967: 271). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hintaren "jemandem betrtlgen oder hintergehen, etwas unterschlagen, beschweren, bedrangen, hemmen" (Raven 11963: 70). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OE hindrian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 183) "to hinder, obstruct, keep back, repress". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hintaro adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 277) "hinter, letzt, geringer". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:JIr-, gihintar-keren "verdrehen, verschlechtern, entstellen, buhlen, beflecken, zum Ehebruch verftthren" (Starck and Wells 1990: 327). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hintarot-bi-kren "umsturzen, vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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hintar-ksn "verleumden" (Raven II 1967: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hinlar-skipfen "sperren, verzunen, (btr.) abschliel3en" (Raven 11963: 182). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. hintar-screncn "tergiversatio; Arglist" (Starck and Wells 1990: 277). cf. OHG screnken I (Starck and Wells 1990: 548). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). Alternatively the verb may be a deadjectival formation from OHG hintarscrenki (Starck and Wells 1990: 277) "hinterlistig", which may also explain the prescence of umlaut in the verb. Jzintar-sprehhn "(Boses) gegen jemanden reden, sein Widersacher sein" (Raven II 1967: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hirmen "ruhen, schiafen, stilistehen, Frieden halten" (Raven I 1963: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. The etymology of this verb is unclear. It may possibly derive from an IE '.I*kerm(Pokorny 11959: 582) "ermuden, rasten, schiafen"? From which base the following may also be derived: Lith. kirmy-jui, kirmjti, kirmti (Pokorny 1 1959: 582) "anfaulen, faul werden" (influenced by kirmIs (Pokorny 1959: 582) "Wurm"?). Prefix formations derived from this verb: gihiwen, hien "heiraten, sich vermhlen" (Raven I 1963: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. cf . OE hian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 184) "to marry". Precise etymology obscure, but probably from a noun represented by the complex: OHG hiwun, hiin p1. (Starck and Wells 1990: 280) "Hausgesinde, Familie, Ehegatten, Familienangehorige"; OHG hiwo, hio (Pfeifer II 1989: 669) "Hausgenosse, Familienangehoriger, Gatte"; OHG hiwa, hia (Pfeifer 111989: 669) "Gattin, Frau"; OFs. hiuna (Lehmann 1986: 181) "members of a household"; OE hiwan (Lehmann 1986: 181) "members of a family, household or religious house"; ON lij, hjn, hjn (Pfeifer 111989: 669) "Eheleute, Hausgenossen"; Gothic heiwa-frauja (Pfeifer II 1989: 669) "master of the house (as host to guests)". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-gi-, gihizzn "lodern, wallen, heiB sein oder werden, anzunden" (Raven II 1967: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hizza (Starck and Wells 1990: 280) "Hitze, Glut". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. hog, hugi "(+gen.) (etwas) bedenken, beherzigen; bedacht sein" (Schutzeichel 1969: 85). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. hugia (de Vries 1962: 265) "denken"; OE hogian III (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 188) "to care for, think about, employ the mind, reflect, think, mind, consider, know, understand, care, be solicitous or anxious, to purpose, busy oneself with, strive, intend, be intent on, resolve, wish for"; ON huga III (de Vries 1962: 265) "uberlegen, bedenken", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *huganan "to think, consider". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under huggen). Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-,flr-, irhogezzen "denken, uberlegen" (Raven I 1963: 72). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *hugatjan "denken, uberlegen", intensive deverbative from class I weak verb *huganan "to think, consider, use one's mind" (see under huggen); or from class III weak verb *huganan "to think, consider" (see under hog'z). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative.

280

ho/ten "erhohen, vermehren" (Raven I 1963: 72). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS

hOhian I (Lehmann 1986: 179). OFs. hla (Lehmann 1986: 179). OE han 1, with loss of medial 'h' (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 174) "to raise, exalt, extol"; Gothic hauhjan I (Lehmann 1986: 179) "to magnify", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hauhijanan "to raise, make high, elevate". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hh (Starck and Wells 1990: 280) "hoch, erhaben"; OS hoh (Kiuge 1989: 312) "hoch"; OFs. hch (Kluge 1989: 312) "hoch"; OE hah (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 171) "high, tall, lofty; high-class, exalted, sublime, illustrious, important; proud, haughty; deep"; ON hr (Kluge 1989: 312) "hoch"; Gothic hauhs (Kluge 1989: 312) "high", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hauhaz (Kluge 1989: 312) "high". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ir-, i

i-

hohsangon "lobsingen, preisen" (Raven 111967: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is

derived from the following nominal base: OHG hohsang (Starck and Wells 1990: 281) "Lobgesang". Therefore an OHG denominative verb.
IzolOn' " ( aus)hohlen, den Boden scharren, Brunnen senken, perforieren, kerben" (Raven H

1967: 67). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE holian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 189) "to hollow out, scoop out"; ON hola II (de Vries 1962: 247) "ausholen"; Gothic us-holon II (Lehmann 1986: 383) "to hollow out", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hu1janan "to hollow out". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG, OS ho! adj. (Kluge 1989: 313) "hohl"; OFs, OE ho! adj. (Kluge 1989: 313) "hollow, concave; depressed"; ON hoir adj. (Kiuge 1989: 313) "hohi", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hu! adj. (Kluge 1989: 313) "hohl"; OHG ho! subst. (Starck and Wells 1990: 282) "Hohle, Abgrund"; OE ho! subst. (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 189) "hollow, place, cave, hole, den; perforation, aperture"; ON ho! subst. (de Vries 1962: 247) "Hhle, Loch", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hulan "hole". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival / denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, IF-, i/zolOn2 " erwerben und an sich nehmen, durch Rufen erreichen, erlangen, bekommen, zu sich

rufen, berufen, herbeibringen, (herbei)holen, verschaffen, einladen, sich eines Menschen annehmen, retten, heiraten, kaufen, erschopfen" (Raven H 1967: 60). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-holian II (Kluge 1989: 314) "to obtain", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *huljan (Kluge 1989: 314) "holen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from the ablaut zero-grade of IE /*k!a., *kak- (Kluge 1989: 314) "rufen, herbeirufen" (see under halOn). Despite the fact that attested forms of the verb are confined to WGmc, the IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gih Onen "vertilgen, verschmhen, anschreien, verachtet machen, hinwegraffen, verbrauchen,

verhohnen" (Raven 11963: 73). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS hOnian I (Pfeifer 111989: 701) "hohnen"; OFs. hna I (Kluge 1989: 314) "hohnen"; OE hienan, hynan I (Kiuge 1989: 314) "to fell, prostrate; overcome; weaken, crush, afflict, injure, oppress; abase, humble, insult; accuse, condemn"; Gothic haunjan I (Kluge 1989: 314) "to abase", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *haun(janan "to make low or humble, despise, oppress". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hOni (Pfeifer 111989: 700) "verachtet, niedrig"; OFs. hana (Kluge 1989: 314) "accused"; OE han (Kluge 1989: 314) "lowly, despised, poor, mean, bare, abject"; Gothic hauns (Kluge 1989: 314) "humble", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hauniz (Kluge 1989: 314) "lowly, despised". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

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*hopfon "hupfen, hopsen". The following cognate verbs are attested: LG hoppen (Kluge 1989: 321) "hupfen"; OE hoppian II (Kluge 1989: 321) "to hop, leap, dance"; ON hoppa II (Kluge 1989: 321) "hUpfen, tanzen". Compare MHG hupfen, hiApfen (Kluge 1989: 321) "hupfen", which probably represents a class I deverbative formation from the earlier class II verb. We can therefore reconstruct a NWGmc *huppjanan intensive gemination "to hop leap". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. The intensive gemination exhibited by this verb points to it probably being an ablaut zero-grade intensive deverbative from an otherwise Unattested verb which ultimately derives from IE *keub-, *kiib_ (see under *hupfen). There is insufficient evidence for this verb to be considered pre-Gmc. Therefore a NWGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. hoppezzen "zuruckeilen, wiederkehren, hupfen" (Raven I 1963: 73). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE hoppettan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 189) "to hop, leap for joy; throb", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *huppatjan "to hop", intensive deverbative from NWGmc *hupp4ranan intensive gemination "to hop, leap", or WGmc *huppjan intensive gemination "to hop, leap" (see under *hupfen and *hopfn). Therefore a WGmc intensive deverbative. hrehhen "horchen, horen" (Raven I 1963: 74). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *hauzakjan "horchen", deverbative from Gmc weak verb *hauzanan (see under hren) and formed with intensive k-suffix (Kiuge 1989: 316). cf. OFs. harkia II (Kiuge 1989: 316) "horchen"; cf. OE hyrcnian, heorcnian II (Kluge 1989: 316) "to hearken, listen". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative (formed with k-extension). hJren "horen, gehorchen, erhoren" (Raven I 1963: 74). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS hrian I (Kiuge 1989: 316) "horen"; OFs. h&a I (Kluge 1989: 316) "horen"; OE hieran, hjran I (Kluge 1989: 316) "to hear, hear of listen to, follow, serve, obey, be subject to, belong to"; ON heyra I (Kluge 1989: 316) "horen"; OGutnish hoyra I (de Vries 1962: 226) "horen"; Gothic hausjan I (Kluge 1989: 316) "to hear", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hauzjanan "horen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from IE *keus-. This is an s-extension from I*keu (Pfeifer 111989: 707) "worauf achten, beobachten, schauen; hren, flihien, merken", from which base the following may also be derived: Greek &ioIxo possibly from earlier *akousjosextension (Kluge 1957: 315) "ich hore";
Greek KoU (Kluge 1989: 316) "ich bemerke, vernehme, hore"; Latin cav,-e (Kluge 1989: 316)

"sich in Acht nehmen, sich vorsehen"; Skt ff-kzcate (Kiuge 1989: 316) "beabsichtigt". These JE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gagan-, gi-, hera-, hera-zuo-, Irhorgth "sich verunreinigen, beschmutzt sein" (Raven II 1967: 229). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG horo, hor (Starck and Wells 1990: 285) "Schmutz, Schlamm, Mist". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. horn en "Homer bekommen oder mit HOrnemn versehen sein" (Raven II 1967: 229). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG horn (Starck and Wells 1990: 284) "Horn". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. hrsamn "gehorchen" (Raven 111967: 68). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hrsam (Starck and Wells 1990: 286) "gehorsam". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gihoubiten "enthaupten" (Raven 11963: 76). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under houbitn. Therefore an OHG denominative verb.

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OS hugi (Lehmann 1986: 192) "Sinn, Gedanke"; OFs. hei (Lehmann 1986: 192) "Sinn, Gedanke"; OE hyge, hycge (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 200) "thought, mind, heart, disposition, intention; courage; pride"; ON hugr (Lehmann 1986: 192) "Sinn, Gedanke"; Gothic hugs (Lehmann 1986: 192) "mind", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hugiz, *huguz "mind". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: avur-, bi-, dara-,fir-, gi-, ir-, ubar-, widarhugu-sangon "lobsingen, preisen" (Raven 111967: 69). No cognate verbs are attested. cf OHG hugu (Starck and Wells 1990: 289) "Sinn, Geist"; cf. OHG *-sangon not independantly attested "singen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. hulden "hold oder gewogen machen, geneigt machen" (Raven I 1963: 76). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hold (Kluge 1989: 314) "getreu, ergeben, wohlgesinnt, hold". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi*huldigen "huldigen". No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *huldig "hold, gndig", can be reconstructed from: MIHG huldic (Lexer I 1872: 1380) "hold"; cf. OHG huldigaro (Starck and Wells 1990: 290) "gnadig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gihullen "verhUllen, bedecken, umgeben, schmUcken, verbergen, umwinden" (Raven 11963: 77). cf. OHG hellen I (Raven 11963: 304). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS bi-hullian I (Seebold 1970: 252) "verhullen"; OFs. bi-hella I (Seebold 1970: 252) "verhullen"; OE behylian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 39) "to cover, veil"; ON hylja I (Seebold 1970: 252) "verheimlichen"; Gothic huijan I (Seebold 1970: 252) "to cover", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *huljanan (Seebold 1970: 252), class I zero-grade deverbative formation from strong verb *helanan (Seebold 1970: 252) "verbergen" (see under hellen). Therefore a Gmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,furi-, gi-, umbihungaren "hungem" (Raven I 1963: 77). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS hungrian I (Lehmann 1986: 193). OFs. hungera I (Lehmann 1986: 193). OE hyngran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 201) "to be hungry, hunger (for)"; ON hungra II (Lehmann 1986: 193) "hungern"; Gothic huggrjan I (Lehmann 1986: 193) "to hunger", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hungrijanan "to hunger". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hungar (Starck and Wells 1990: 291) "Hunger"; OS hungar (Kluge 1989: 321) "Hunger"; OFs. hunger (Kluge 1989: 321) "Hunger"; OE hungor (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 196) "hunger, famine"; ON hungr (Kluge 1989: 321) "Hunger"; Gothic hiihrus (Kluge 1989: 321) "hunger", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hungruz (Kluge 1989: 321) "Hunger". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. huohn "hhnen, verspotten" (Raven II 1967: 70). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG huoh (Starck and Wells 1990: 293) "Verhohnung, Neckerei, Spott". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, umbihuolen "tuschen, betrugen, hintergehen, irrefithren, foppen, vereiteln" (Raven I 1963: 77). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. huorn "huren, ehebrechen, (mit Buhlerinnen) Wollust, Unzucht, auch (mit Buhiren) Sodomie treiben, weibisch machen, sich begatten" (Raven 111967: 70). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON hra II (de Vries 1962: 249) "huren", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *hr/anan "to go whoring, to go with prostitutes, to be unfaithful"; cf. Gothic horinn II (Lehmann 1986: 190) "to go whoring". The verb is derived from the following nominal base:

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OHG huor(r)a (Lehrnann 1986: 190) "whore"; MLG hor(r)e (Kluge 1989: 321) "whore"; MDu. hoere (Kiuge 1989: 321) "whore"; OE hare (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 190) "whore, prostitute"; ON hra (Kiuge 1989: 321) "Hure"; cf. OS hr-hs (Lehmann 1986: 190) "brothel"; cf. Gothic hors (Kluge 1989: 321) "Hurer", which allows us to reconstruct a Grnc *hrJn fern. (Kluge 1989: 321) "Hure". Therefore aNWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,firhuoslen "husten" (Raven I 1963: 77). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE hwstan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 200) "to cough", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *hwastUan "to cough". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under huosfn). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. /:uostn "husten, den Husten haben" (Raven II 1967: 71). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG hasten (Pfeifer 111989: 720) "husten"; MDu. hoesten (Pfeifer 111989: 720) "husten"; ON hsta II (Pfeifer 111989: 720) "husten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *hwst4ianan "to cough". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG huosto (Kiuge 1989: 322) "Husten"; MLG haste (Kluge 1989: 322) "Husten"; MIDu. hoesten (Kiuge 1989: 322) "Husten"; OE hwsta (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 200) "cough"; ON hsti (Kiuge 1989: 322) "Husten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *hwstn masc. (Kluge 1989: 322) "Husten", abstract t-formation from strong verb *hwOsanan (Seebold 1970: 285) "husten". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE hwosan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 200) "to cough". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. huoten "behuten, beachten, beobachten, fir etwas sorgen, acht haben" (Raven 11963: 77). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS hdian I (Holthausen 1967: 35) "beobachten"; OE hdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 175) "to heed, take care, observe, attend, guard, take charge, take possession, receive, obtain", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *hd/an "to protect, guard". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG huot (Starck and Wells 1990: 294) "Hut, Haube, Bedeckung"; OS had (Kluge 1989: 322) "hood"; OFs. had (Kluge 1989: 322) "hood"; OE had (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 188) "hood", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *hdaz (Kluge 1989: 322) "Hut, Bedeckung". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fora-bi*hupfen "hupfen, hopsen". MHG hupfen, hupfen (Kluge 1989: 321) "hupfen". The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG huppen (Kluge 1989: 321) "hupfen"; ME hippen (Kurath and Kuhn MED IV 1963: 793) "to leap, hop, spring, bounce", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *huppjan intensive gemination "to hop, leap". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. The intensive gemination exhibited by this verb points to it probably being an ablaut zero-grade intensive deverbative from an otherwise unattested verb which ultimately derives from IE *keub_, *ktib_ (Pfeifer 111989: 718) labial extension of IE I*keu-, *keua-. (Pfeifer II 1989: 718) "biegen, den Korper sich in den Gelenken biegen; Wolbung, Hohlung", from which base the following may also be derived: Gothic hups (Pokorny 11959: 590) "Htlfte"; Latin cubare (Pfeifer 111989: 718) "liegen"; Skt kubra- (Pokomy 11959: 590) "Hohlung in der Erde, Grube, Ohrring". There is insufficient evidence for this verb to be considered pre-Gmc. Therefore a WGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. hursken "hurtig machen, anspornen" (Raven I 1963: 78). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG horsc (Starck and Wells 1990: 286) "lebhaft, schnell, hurtig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ir-

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hcn "hausen, wohnen" (Raven 111967: 71). The following cognate verbs are attested: MDu. husen, huysen (de Vries 1962: 268). OE hisian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 196) "to house, receive into one's house"; ON hzsa II (de Vries 1962: 268) "husern, bebauen; Unterkunfi gewehren", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *his4ianan "to house". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG hils (Starck and Wells 1990: 295) "Haus, Gotteshaus, Wolmhaus"; OS his (Kluge 1989: 296) "Haus"; OFs. his (Kluge 1989: 296) "Haus"; OE his (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 196) "house, household; people, family race"; ON hzs (Kluge 1989: 296) "Haus"; Gothic gud-hus (Kluge 1989: 296) "temple", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hthan (Kluge 1989: 296) "Haus". Therefore aNWGmc denominative verb. hthvilin, hum "jubilieren, jauchzen, heulen, (eigentlich) schreien wie die Eule" (Raven II 1967: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hiwila (Pfeifer 111989: 685) "Eule, Uhu". Therefore an OHG denominative verb.

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I
ibbihhn, ippihhn "wiedererzhlen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 297). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology uncertain. Possibly from an unattested OHG *ippih "long story, epic" < Latin epicus (Lewis and Short 1955: 650) "epic" <Greek itn (Liddell and Scott 1968: 640) "epic". Or, alternatively, a direct denominative derivation direct from the Latin epicus. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. ilen, illen "eilen, trachten nach, sich bemuhen (urn), befleil3igen, streben, zielen, suchen, eifrig aufetwas bedacht sein, bemUhen, streiten" (Raven I 1963: 78). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS juan I (Kluge 1989: 169) "eilen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *iljan (Kluge 1989: 169) "sich mhen, anstrengen; > eilen". Further etymology is unclear. The most plausible etymology is from IE zero-grade *jojos, which derives utimately from JE 'J*ja-, *j.. (Pokorny I 1956: 501) "erregt sein; bestrafen, rachen; erregt sprechen, beschworen, preisen", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt (Vedic)yavan- (Pokorny 11956: 501) "Angreifer, Verfolger"; Skt yituh (Pokorny I 1956: 501) "Hexerei, Spuk, Zauberdamon"; Armenian janam ( Pokorny 11956: 501) "ich strenge mich an"; Greek ?.o; (Pokorny 11956: 501) "Eifer, Eifersucht, Neid"; OIr. d(z)lid (Pokomy 11956: 501) "wtlnscht eifrig, erbittet, erfleht"; Welsh iolaf(Pokorny 11956: 501) "ich lobe, preise, flehe an"; OCS jarb (< Primitive Slavonic *ira) (Pokorny 11956: 501) "streng, herb". Despite the fact that attested forms of this verb are confmed to WGmc, the lB parrallels cited above provide suitable evidence to allow for it to be assigned to a pre-Gmc stratum. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, dara-, dara-gi-,furi-,furi-gi-, gi-, heim-, hera-, hera-gi-, herasun-, hinana-, in-, ingagan-, ubar-, widar-, zuoimbizn "fruhstucken" (Raven 111967: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG imbiz (Kluge 1989: 327) "Imbil3". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. impitan, impfon "impfen, pfropfen, bepflanzen" (Raven 111967: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. OE impian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 204) "to imp, implant, graft" is probably an independent borrowing. Loan from Latin imputare (Kluge 1989: 328) "veredeln, (propfen)". This in turn from Greek pijicc(co (Kluge 1989: 328) "ich pflanze em, pfropfe auf". Therefore an OHG loan verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, giin-bi-heflen "eng verbinden oder verknupfen, verpflichten, fangen, verstricken, verwickeln, verwirren, umwinden, hineinsen, hineinpflanzen, hineintun" (Raven I 1963: 65). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-bi-sperren "einsperren" (Raven I 1963: 195). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-blumfen "in etwas hineinsturzen, -fallen" (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 11968: 1227). cf. N}IG (dial.) plumpen (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings I 1968: 1227) "mit dumpfen Gerusch fallen". No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Probably of immitative origin. in-bouhnen, in-boulihanen "em Zeichen geben, zunicken, zuwinken, anzeigen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-bringen "hineintun, beigeben, verursachen, einflollen" (Raven I 1963: 18). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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in-dingan "in Gruppen von zehn einteilen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 101). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-drucken "einpragen, aufdrticken, antun" (Raven I 1963: 31). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-fuoren "einflihren, zufligen, verursachen" (Raven 11963: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ingagan-bringen "entgegenbringen" (Raven I 1963: 18). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ingagan-dennen "verschleiern, sich rechtfertigen" (Raven I 1963: 289). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ingagan-garawen "vor jemend bereiten,I. entgegenbereiten" (Raven I 1963: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ingagan-gi-sezzen "entgegen-, durchsetzen, gegenuberstellen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 519). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ingagan-haben "bereiten" (Raven I 1963: 303). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ingagan-ilen "eilig entgegengehen" (Raven 1 1963: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ingagan-kren "abwenden, abkehren, entgegen wenden" (Raven 11963: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ingagan-mezzon "vergleichen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 412). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ingagan-sezzen "entgegensetzen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 519). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (ingagan-)slihlen "(entgegen) ebnen" (Raven I 1963: 191). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ingagan-spirdaren "sich entgegenstemmen, schieben, streben" (Raven 1 1963: 196). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ingagani-spreiten "gegenuber ausbreiten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 580). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ingagan-stellen "entgegenstellen" (Raven I 1963: 202). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-gi-besten "verwickeln, in Verlegenheit bringen" No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-gi-blesten "durchbohren" (Raven I 1963: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-gi-buosumen "hineindr.ngen, sich einschmeicheln" (Raven 11963: 21). Cognates; None. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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in-gi-diihen "eintauchen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-gi-heflen "in Verwirrung, in Verlegenheit bringen, einhefien" (Raven 1 1963: 65). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-gi-leiten "heimlich oder unversehens wohinbringen, hineinfUhren, aufsetzen, auflegen" (Raven 11963: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-gi-mieten "pachten, mieten" (Raven I 1963: 130). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-gi-sezzen "augein, okulieren, beisetzen" (Raven 1 1963: 175). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-gi-stecken "einstecken, hineinstecken" (Raven I 1963: 202). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-halden "sich anlehnen, hinneigen, zu etwas geneigt sein" (Raven 111967: 225). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-lien "eilig hineingehen" (Raven 11963: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-kastOn "einfassen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 324). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-Iadn "einladen" (Raven 111967: 85). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-Ieiten "einleiten, einfiihren, einfiigen" (Raven 11963: 106). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE in-Itidan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 205) "to introduce, lead in". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: darain-marki "keimen, hervorsprossen, anwachsen, in etwas verwachsen" (Raven II 1967: 243). cf. OHG merken I (Starck and Wells 1990: 402). cf. OHG mar/cOn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 402). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHO prefix formation (with change of class to class III). in-misken "einmischen, hineinfligen, -stecken, -tim" (Raven 11963: 130). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. inni-haben "besitzen, innehaben" (Raven 11963: 303). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. inn On "in einen Kreis oder eine Gesellschaft jemanden auflehmen, gesellen zu" (Raven II 1967: 72). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG inne adv. (Starck and Wells 1990: 304) "inne". Therefore an OHG deadverbial formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giin-pesken "durch eine Lockspeise anlockeri, verlocken" (Raven 1963: 146). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology uncertain. Possibly a loan formation from Latin inescre (Lewis and Short 1966: 941) "to allure with bait, entice", which it is used to gloss. The 'p' can then be seen

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as merely an intrusion. The reasons for this intrusion are, however, unclear, analogy probably playing a role". Therefore an OHG loan verb. (in-)recken "hereinstrecken" (Raven I 1963: 152). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-rihten "hineintun, -stecken" (Raven I 1963: 157). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-saen "besaen, bepflanzen" (Raven I 1963: 167). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-sellen "einsetzen" (Raven I 1963: 320). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-sezzen "hineinlegen, hineinsetzen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 519). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-settan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 266) "to impose; oppress, bear down". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. in-sigilen "versiegein" (Raven I 1963: 177). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: biin-sleihhen "heimlich oder unversehens wohin bringen, einschmuggelri" (Raven 11963: 190). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *-slaikejan (Seebold 1970: 428) class I deverbative formation from strong verb *sleikanan (Seebold 1970: 428) "schleichen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG slihhan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 428) "schleichen, langsam gehen"; MLG sliken st. vb (Seebold 1970: 428) "schleichen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (formed with prefix in-). in-stecken "hineinstecken, sich tief einbohren" (Raven I 1963: 202). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-stepfen "sich einschiffen, ins Boot steigen" (Raven I 1963: 203). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-stiuren "einrichten, steuern, lenken, (unter) stUtzen, stemmen, umgeben" (Raven I 1963: 206). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-styran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 267) "to govern". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. in-stungen "einbrocken, einkrummeln" (Raven 1 1963: 211). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-stungan "einbrocken, einpragen, einpflanzen, ubervollstopfen" (Raven II 1967: 150). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-sturzen "hineinsturzen" (Raven I 1963: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in-weizen "herumwlzen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 709). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-adalen "entarten" (Raven I 1963: 1). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG adal (Kluge 1989: 165) "zum Adel gehorend, adlig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix int-).

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hit-baron "enthulleri" (Starck and Wells 1990: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. jnt-bejnen "entknchern" (Raven I 1963: 6). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bein (Kluge 1989: 71) "Bein". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix int-). int-beitOn "erwarten" (Raven II 1967: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-bermen "von Hefen reinigen, lutern" (Raven I 1963: 7). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG * berm, *barm "Hefe, Bierhefe", can be reconstructed from: MLG berm, barm (Kiuge 1989: 61) "Bierhefe"; OE beorma (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 42) "barm, leaven, yeast, froth". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix int-). in(t)-blenden "verfithren, verlocken" (Raven I 1963: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation from. in(t)-bolOn "durch Boten antworten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG boto (Starck and Wells 1990: 71) "Bote, Botschafter, Gesanter, Kurier, Engel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix in(t)-). int-bouhnen, int-bouhhanen "verneinern, verweigern" (Starck and Wells 1990: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-brennen "verbrennen, anzunden" (Raven I 1963: 15). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-bcernan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings 1968: 1358) "to set fire to, light (a fire), kindle; consume by burning, heat, inflame"; Gothic in-brannjan I (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings 1968: 1359) "to set alight". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. int-briitilOn "(beim Pferdereiten) zugellos rennen, galoppieren" (Raven II 1967: 22). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG brittil (Starck and Wells 1990: 78) "Zaum, Zugel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix in(t)-). in(t)-brutten "erwachen, sich ermuntem" (Raven I 1963: 21). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-burdinOn "entbUrden" (Raven II 1967: 23). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-decken "aufdecken, entdecken, entblol3en" (Raven I 1963: 24). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-diihen "offenen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-edilon "unedel werden, seine edle Abkunft entwurdigen" (Raven 111967: 210). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG edili (Starck and Wells 1990: 116) "edel; beruhmt, edelmtitig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix int-).

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ini-erben "enterben" (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1975: 352). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG, MDu ent-erven (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1975: 352) "enterben". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. int-rt'z "entehren, verunglimpfen, schnden, in Schande geraten, schmhlich widerlegen, beschimpfen, unehrerbietig" (Raven II 1967: 211). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in1--n "entehren, schiinden" (Raven 111967: 36). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-frigz "fragen, erfragen" (Raven 111967: 217). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-fraren "starr oder frieren machen, strken, verharten, gefrieren" (Raven I 1963: 44). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *-frauzejan (Seebold 1970: 211) causative deverbative from strong verb *freusanan (Seebold 1970: 210) "gefrieren". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHGfriosan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 210) "frieren"; OEfrsan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 139) "to freeze"; ONfrjsa st. vb (Seebold 1970: 210) "frieren, gefrieren". Therefore an OHG causative deverbative (formed with prefix in-). in(t)-fuolen "empfmden" (Raven 11963: 48). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-fuoren "entfithren, rauben, abpflucken, abrupfen" (Raven 11963: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-gaganen "entgegenkommen, begegnen, mit jemandem ringen" (Raven I 1963: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-garawen "herausziehen, ausziehen, ablegen" (Raven I 1963: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-geinen "gahnen" (Raven 11963: 56, 84). cf. OHG geinn II (Raven 111967: 52). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class I). in(t)-gelten "entgelten, strafen, schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, erlegen, enifernen, vertilgen" (Raven 11963: 56). No cognate verbs are attested. Class I weak deverbative from the prefixed OHG strong verb in(t)-geltan (Starck and Wells 1990: 196) "bul3en, entgelten". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. in(t)-gremmen "grimmig machen, erregen" (Raven 1963: 298). Cognates: Gothic in-grczmjan I (Lehmann 1986: 159) "to irritate". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. in(t)-grUen "schaudern" (Raven II 1967: 219). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. !n(t)-gurten "losgurten, aufgUrten, entgurten" (Raven 11963: 62). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-gyrdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 264) "to unbuckle, unfasten". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. int-haben "auf-, zuruckhalten, aufrecht erhalten, ertragen" (Raven I 1963: 303). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-hab'i "(reflex. +gen.) sich einer Sache enthalten, aushalten, aufhalten, aufrecht erhalten, ertragen, warten, (sein Leiden) ertragen, Halt machen, zu Gast sein, weit entfernt sein, tragen,

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als Achsenlager dienen, widerstehen" (Raven II 1967: 222). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-hahsenen "die Fuf3sehne durchschneiden" (Raven I 1963: 63). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-Izalsn "kopfen, enthaupten, das heil3t hinrichten" (Raven 111967: 62). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-hebinn "sich aufhalten, verweilen, Gast sein" (Raven II 1967: 64). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-heften "lsen, befreien, freisprechen, etwas vollenden, zuruckziehen, zuruckhalten" (Raven 11963: 66). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-heilagon "entweihen, entheiligen" (Raven II 1967: 64). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-helden "abbiegen, abwenden, zu Ende gehen, abweichen, (den Kopf) zurUcklehnen, beugen, ruckwartsbiegen, anlehnen" (Raven I 1963: 68). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-hieldan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 265) "to lean, incline, recline, bend down; to cause to sink, bow, bend; decline, deviate, sink". Therefore a WGmc prefix fonnation. int-hellen "enthullen" (Raven 11963: 304). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-hz "(reflex. +gen.) verschmhen, zuruckweisen, entehren" (Raven II 1967: 229). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-hirnen "erhirnen, das Gehirn einschlagen" (Raven I 1963: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hirn(i) (Kluge 1989: 311) "Him". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix in-). in(t)-keinen "braten, rsten, am Feuer dorren" (Raven I 1963: 84). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Seebold's view that the verb is derived from OHG kinan st. vb "keimen, hervorspriellen, hervorbringen" (Seebold 1970: 290f.), is unconvincing semantically. in(t)-kennen "erkenrien, kennen lernen, wahrnehmen, bemerken, vemehmen, einsehen" (Raven 11963: 86). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-cennan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 262) "to bear, bring forth". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. in(t)-klenken "lsen, entbinden, aufbinden" (Raven I 1963: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-knupfen "aufgurten, losgurten, entgurten, lsen" (Raven 11963: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. mt-laden "befreien von, (+gen.) sich entledigen von, entlasten" (Raven 1 1963: 309). No cognate verbs are attested. Class I weak deverbative from OHG strong verb ladan (Starck and Wells 1990: 357) "beladen, belasten". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (formed with prefix int-). int-le/zann "borgen, leihen, entlehnen" (Raven II 1967: 86). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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int-leiten "fortfithren, entfiihren, erniedrigen" (Raven I 1963: 106). The following cognate verbs are attested: Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-Iil:hisn "(absichtlich) Ubersagen, unbeachtet lassen, verleumden" (Raven 111967: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-liuhten "erleuchten, hell machen, leuchten, scheinen, tagen, durchscheinen, -schimmern" (Raven 11963: 112). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-I ihtan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 265) "to illuminate, give light to, enlighten; resore to sight; shine"; Gothic in-Iiuhtjan I (Lehmann 1986: 236) "to light up, shine on; make known". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. int-lsen "losen, entlsen, befreien" (Raven I 1963: 116). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-liesan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 265) "to loosen, set free, release". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. int-lougenen "gefallen, das Gefallen, (ubtr.) = Dogmen, Grundstze" (Raven 11963: 120). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-mahhn "sich (von der Arbeit) freimachen" (Raven II 1967: 97). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-maJi "bejahen, bestatigen, billigen, gutheiBen, zustimmen, durch Nicken oder Winken bezeichnen" (Raven II 1967: 242). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-nagalen, int-negilen "ffnen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 429). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-(h)neigen "(sich) neigen, (sich) beugen, krummen, zu Boden legen, herabziehen" (Raven I 1963: 136). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-neinen "verneinen, im Abrede stellen" (Raven 11963: 137). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nein adv. (Starck and Wells 1990: 434) "nein, nicht". Therefore an OHG deadverbial formation (formed with prefix int-). int-(h)nicken "sich niederlassen, sich senken, sich niederkauen" (Raven 1 1963: 141). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-rahh an "entschuldigen, zuruckweisen" (Raven 111967: 116). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-red!nn "lossprechen" (Raven II 1967: 118). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. mr-region "entkleiden, ablegen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 476). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-rerten "sich von einer harmonischen Ubereinstimmung abwenden" (Raven 11963: 154). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-rihien "wanken, verrUcken" (Raven I 1963: 157). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

294

int-sagen "entschuldigen, entlassen, entsagen, absprechen, [waschen], antworten, Antwort geben, sich verfiuchen" (Raven 11963: 319). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(1)-sagz "in Abrede stellen, absprechen, entschuldigen, verneinen, leugnen, Gott lstern, das Gegenteil sagen, freisprechen, lossagen, uberlegen, verheimlichen, verteidigen, verfluchen, opfern, geolt" (Raven II' 1967: 251). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-secgan (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 266) "to renounce, deny; offer sacrifice; impute, inform". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. inl-sataln "ab-, entsattelri" (Raven II 1967: 127). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-sellen "losbinden" (Raven 11963: 320). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. in(1)-sezzen "versehen, versorgen, verlassen, vernichten, stUrzen, seiner Stellung entsetzen, unterwerfen, ausplundem, erschrecken, erniedrigen, demUtigen, verdammenswert" (Starck and Wells 1990: 519). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-settan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 266) "to impose; oppress, bear down". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. int-sigilen "entsiegeln, Ofthen, aufschliel3en" (Raven I 1963: 177). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-skieren "glatt machen, ebnen" (Raven I 1963: 181). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG skieri, sk-i (Starck and Wells 1990: 541) "scharfsinnig, hell, kiar". The semantic connection is best seen in the Ivl}IG attested meaning: MHG schier (Lexer 111876: 726) "schnell". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix in(t)-). int-scuohn "(die FU13e) entbloi3en, entschuhen" (Raven II 1967: 138). cf. ORG scuohen I (Raven 11963: 187). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation (with change of class to class II). in(1)-slipfen "entschliipfen" (Raven 11963: 192). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-sloufen "entschlUpfen, lassen, d.h. em Wort fallen lassen" (Raven I 1963: 192). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-slupfen "entgleiten, entfallen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 561). cf. OHG sloufen I (Raven I 1963: 192). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *..sluppjan intensive gemination? (Seebold 1970: 436) class I intensive deverbative from zero-grade of strong verb *sleupanan (Seebold 1970: 435) "schleichen, schlupfen" (see under sloufen). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative (formed with prefix in(t)-). in(t)-snizzen "(?) herausschneiden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 566). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. ini-soumen "den Saumsattel abnehemn" (Starck and Wells 1990: 570). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS and-s mian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 570) "den Saumsattel abnehemn". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. in(t)-spennen "(von der Mutterbrust) entwlmen, verbieten" (Raven I 1963: 322). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

295

in(t)-sperren "aufsperren, ffnen, aufschliel3en" (Raven I 1963: 195). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-slaln stehenbleiben, widerstehen" (Raven 11 1967: 147). No cognate verbs are attested.
Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(1)-swebben " einschlfern, einschlafen" (Raven 11963: 324). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS an-swebbian I (Seebold 1970: 483) "einschlafen"; OE on-swebban I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 267) "to put to sleep, bury". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

in(t)-swilln "(vom Korper) hart oder zh werden" (Raven 111967: 262). No cognate verbs are
attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

in(t)-swintiln "schwindlig machen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 620). No cognate verbs are
attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

!n(t)-trennen "auftrennen, auflsen, zerreiJ3en" (Raven I 1963: 228). No cognate verbs are
attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

in(t)-twaln "ausbleiben, zurUckhalten von etwas, sumen" (Raven 111967: 160). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-twellen "ausbleiben" (Raven I 1963: 234). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an
OHG prefix formation.

int-wnen "erregen, anreizen" (Raven 11963: 250). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an
OHG prefix formation.

int-wiften "entkleiden" (Raven I J 963: 251). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG
prefix formation.

int-witn "ablegen, ausziehen, (der Gewalt) entziehen" (Raven 111967: 176). No cognate verbs
are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ini-wecken " wecken" (Raven I 1963: 254). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

int-wennen "(von der Mutterbrust) entwhnen, verbieten" (Raven I 1963: 331). No cognate
verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

int-werdn "verachten, verhohnen, verschmahen, verspotten, anklagen, tadein" (Raven II 1967:

180). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

int-weri2 "(+acc. pers. et gen. rei) autheben, entziehen, nicht leisten, ungultig machen,
entbehren, mangeln, abschlagen, verbrechen" (Raven II 1967: 273). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

int-werien' "befreien, elne streitige Sache schlichten" (Raven 11963: 332). No cognate verbs
are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

int-wihsalen, int-wehsalen " abwechseln, hin- und zurUckgehen" (Raven I 1963: 262). No
cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

int-wirden "[verleiden], das Weiterreisen (Gotte) wtlrdig ermoglichen" (Raven 11963: 264). No
cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

296

int-wirken "zerstren, entziehen, wegnehmen, tilgen" (Raven I 1963: 266). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS ant-wirkian I (Holthausen 1967: 88) "umbringen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. int-wisken "entwischen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 739). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. int-wonz "ablassen von, aufhoren, (sich) entwohnen, ungewohnt sein, verlernen" (Raven II 1967: 275). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-wunian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 268) "to inhabit, remain". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. int-wurken "zerstren, vernichten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 750). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-zeihhanen "bezeichnen, bezeugen" (Raven I 1963: 273). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. in(t)-zellen "sich entschuldigen, sich herausreden" (Raven I 1963: 276). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 01-10 prefix formation. in(t)-ziinen "entzunen, sich auseinandertun" (Raven I 1963: 281). No cognate verbs are attested. OE on-lynan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 267) "to open, reveal, display". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. in(t)-zunten "entzunden, anzunden, in Brand setzen" (Raven 11963: 282). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. inzihton "beschuldigen" (Raven 111967: 72). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG inziht (Starck and Wells 1990: 307) "Anschuldigung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. ir-ahtn "mit Gedanken erfassen, erkennen, genau wahrnehmen oder erwagen, ausdenken, ermessen" (Raven II 1967: 5). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-altz "alt oder schwach werden, (+ gen.) woflir zu alt werden, verkommen, altern, altlich, von hohem Alter, Iangjahrig, trumerisch oder schlafrig" (Raven 111967: 203). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-angusten "sich .nstigen, beklemmen" (Raven I 1963: 3). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-angusz'z "sich angstigen" (Raven 111967: 203). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-argz "sich rgen, mit den Zhnen verdriel3lich knirschen" (Raven 111967: 203). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG arg (Kluge 1989: 38) "geizig, sparsam, feige". Therefore an OHCJ deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir-). jr-arm n "arm werden" (Raven 111967: 204). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-ai'mezzen "ausatmen" (Raven I 1963: 5). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

297

ir-balden "schrfen, reizen" (Raven I 1963: 6). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-ba1dz "(+gen. rei) sich erdreisten, sich erkuhnen, sich vermessen, Mut fassen, wagen, vorwegnehmen" (Raven II 1967: 204). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-barmi "sich jemandes erbarmen, einen zum Mitleid bewegen, Erbarmen haben mit, einen erbarmen machen" (Raven II 1967: 204). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. ir-barn "entblollen, offenbaren, kiar machen, bekannt sein, zeigen, treffen" (Raven II 1967: 13). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -barian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 1) "to lay bare, disclose; strip". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-beiten "vertreiben, f&dem, verlangen" (Raven I 1963: 6). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-bcffdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 1) "to restrain, ward off, repel; exact, take toll; force out, extract". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-beitn "erwarten" (Raven II 1967: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-beizen "beizen, (vom Pferde) hinabsteigen (eigentlich das Pferd weiden lassen), umhertreiben, plagen" (Raven I 1963: 7). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-belgen "beleidigen" (Raven I 1963: 7). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-belgan, if-bylgan I (Seebold 1970: 99) "to irritate, provoke". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-belln "aufschreien" (Raven II 1967: 14). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-bet,z "urn Gottes willen = instandigst anflehen, erfiehen, erbitten, entreillen, abnotigen, gewaltsam entziehen, verhhnen" (Raven 111967: 16). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-bibi "erbeben, heftig zittem" (Raven II 1967: 205). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-bflan II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 1) "to tremble, quake, shake". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-biliden "jemandem gleichkommen" (Schutzeichel 1969, p.15). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-bilidn "durch Nachbildung erreichen, jernanden bildlich genau darstellen, ihm gleichen" (Raven 111967: 18). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-blaen "erblahen" (Raven I 1963: 9). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-bleihhn "blaB oder bleich werden, (von Staunen) bleiche Wangen bekommen, erbleichen, erschrecken" (Raven 111967: 206). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -blacian II

298

(Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 1) "to become pale, grow faint; become tarnished". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-blenden "blenden, verwirren" (Raven I 1963: 9). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE if-blenden I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 1) "to blind, make blind, darken; dazzle, deceive, delude, stupify; put out the eyes of". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-blesten "hervorbrechen" (Raven I 1963: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-blicken "glanzend werden, erglanzen" (Raven I 1963: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-blint, "blind werden, (korperlich und geistig) erblinden" (Raven II 1967: 206). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE if-blindian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 1) "to become blind". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-blden "beunruhigen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-bldi "sich beunruhigen oder fUrchten, in Angst geraten, verzagen" (Raven H 1967: 246). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-bluhhen "aufflammen, sich erhitzen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-bluoen "ausbluhen, verbrennen" (Raven 11963: 11). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation from. ir-bren "sich ergeben, sich aufmachen; anfangen, anheben" (Raven 1963: 285). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-borg&z "durch Burgschaft verpflichten" (Raven 111967: 207). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -borgian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 2) "to be surety for". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-bruogen "aufschrecken, einschuchtem" (Raven 1 1963: 20). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-bregan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings I 1968: 1451) "to alarm, terrify". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-brutten "erschrecken" (Raven I 1963: 21). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-burren, ir-burien "erheben, in die Hohe heben, sich aufiriachen, uberragen, verherrlichen, entschwinden lassen, prunken, sich aufblhen, sich anfachen, anreizen, Uberdrul3 erleichtern" (Raven 1963: 286). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: i4 ir-dempfen "ersticken, wurgen, mit ekelhaftem Rauch umhllen (=blenden), tten, handgreiflich werden" (Raven 11963: 225). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-denken "ersinnen, erdenken" (Raven I 1963: 23). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -bencan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 29) "to think out, devise, invent". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

299

ir-dennen "aus-, erdehnen, spannen, bestreuen" (Raven I 1963: 289). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ff-ennan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 29) "to stretch out, extend, draw out, expand; prostrate; apply the mind". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-derren "trocknen, dun machen" (Raven I 1963: 28). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-J,ierran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 29) "to wash off or away, rinse, make clean, purge clear". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-dewen, !r-douwen "(von den Eingeweiden) heraustreten" (Raven I 1963: 291). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-diggen "erbitten, erlangen, durch Bitten erreichen, Erfoig haben". No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. ir-dick'i "sich verharten, unempfmdlich werden, (wie em Sturmwind) mit Heftigkeit heranziehen" (Raven 111967: 208). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-di1z "austilgen" (Raven II 1967: 208). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. ir-dingen "einen Vertrag schliel3en, sich einigen, etwas verabreden" (Raven I 1963: 28). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-dionan "verdienen, durch Dienst erwerben" (Raven II 1967: 27). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-donnarn "doimem" (Raven II 1967: 28). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-dorrn "drr werden, verdorren, verwelken, austrocknen, verrenken, schwinden, vertrocknen, durr, trocken" (Raven 111967: 209). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-drucken "ausdrucken, zerdrucken, heraustreiben" (Raven 11963: 31). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-1bryccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 29) "to press, oppress". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. jr-dEl/sen "auspressen, ausdrucken" (Starck and Wells 1990: 110). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-bj7an, i-J,yn, a-Ab)7wan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 368) "to drive away; to press out or into, squeeze out". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-dwesben "vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. ir-egislilzh z " sich struben, steif oder dicht stehen" (Raven 111967: 210). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG egisllh (Starck and Wells 1990: 118) "Ehrfurcht einfliellend, schrecklich, scheui3lich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix fr-). ir-egison "erschrecken, in Schrecken setzen, emporstrauben (vom Haar)" (Raven II 1967: 31). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

300

ir-einn "vereinsamen, alleine sein" (Raven II 1967: 210). For simplex cf. OHG einn II (Raven II 1967: 32). The following cognate verbs are attested: Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class III). ir-eiscn "erheischen, erforschen, erfragen, ausfragen" (Raven II 1967: 34). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-emizzigi "anwachsen, (vom Schall) starker werden" (Raven II 1967: 210). For simplex see OHG emizzigon (Raven 111967: 35). Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class III). ir-entiscon "veralten, verwerfen, verfallen" (Raven II 1967: 35). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG entisc adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 127) "alt, uralt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-erben "enterben" (Karg-Gasterstdt and Frings III 1975: 352). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG, MDu er-erven (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1975: 352). Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-farz "(+acc. pers.) durch Nachstellung erreichen, an jemand kommen" (Raven II 1967: 212). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-feiziten "msten" (Raven I 1963: 38). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. ir-feiz1i "fett werden" (Raven 111967: 212). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-fellen "niederwerfen, erschuttern, aufregen, argen, wankend machen,vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 38). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-fellan, a-Jj.'llan I (Karg-Gasterstadt and Frings III 1979: 726) "to fell, strike down, beat down, overturn, lay low, slay, abolish". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-ferren "abtrunnig werden, sich entfernen" (Raven II 1967: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-festen "verfertigen, abfassen, vollenden" (Raven I 1963: 39). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-fcestan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 14) "to let out on hire". Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. jr-Juan "ausfeilen, ausarbeiten" (Raven II 1967: 42). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. ir-firni "alt oder schwach werden, vergehen, langjahrig oder alt" (Raven 111967: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. ir-firren "entfernen, beseitigen" (Raven 11963: 41). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-fierran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 14) "to remove, withdraw, depart; estrange from, take away, drive away, expel". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-Jiscon "erfischen, durch Fang bekommen, erlangen" (Raven II 1967: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

301

ir-fithan "erfiehen, durch Flehen erlangen bzw. bewegen" (Raven II 1967: 45). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-flewen "ausspulen, auswaschen" (Raven I 1963: 293). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-flougen "vertreiben, heftig erschrecken, einschuchtern" (Raven I 1963: 42). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-fl iegan (Seebold 1970: 518) "to put to flight, expel". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:framir-folg'z "verfolgen" (Raven II 1967: 215). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-j5ilgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 14) "to pursue". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-follan "erfillien, ausftillen, vollenden, einheitlich zusammenfassen" (Raven 111967: 46). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE *a-fullian II, attested in pres part a-fulliend (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 14). Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-foln "erfiihlen" (Raven II 1967: 47). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-forahten "sich flirchten, schaudern, sich entsetzen" (Raven I 1963: 53). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-rhtan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 14) "to frighten, terrify". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-forscan "anerkennen, billigen, gutheif3en" (Raven II 1967: 48). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-fragi "durch Fragen erfahren, sich erkundigen, in Erfahrung bringen, nachfragen" (Raven U 1967: 216). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-fremiden "entfremden, in fremde Hande geben, verfeinden" (Raven I 1963: 43). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-frewen, ir-frouwen "sich erfreuen, froh sein, sich Freude erholen" (Raven I 1963: 295). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-frost', "erfrieren, vor Klte erstarren" (Raven II 1967: 217). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG frost (Starck and Wells 1990: 180) "Frost, Klte". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-fa1i "(ver)faulen, in Fulnis geraten, verwesen, (ver)mordern, absterben, verschmachtern" (Raven 111967: 217). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-fullen "flillen, erfiullen, voll machen" (Raven I 1963: 45). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-j5'llan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 14) "to fill, fill up, replenish, satisfy; complete, fulfill"; Gothic us-flulijan I (Lehmann 1986: 131) "to fill out". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zuoir-fuolen "fuhlen, empfinden" (Raven I 1963: 48). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

302

ir-fuoren "wegschaffen, versetzen, wegfiihren" (Raven I 1963: 49). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-.furben "reinigen, saubem, shnen" (Raven 1 1963: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-fiiren "entmannen" (Raven I 1963: 52). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-ffran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 14) "to emasculate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-gahon "langsam, untatig, schlaff, matt [sein]" (Raven II 1967: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-gackezzen "leise reden, mucksen, munkein, mucken" (Raven I 1963: 54). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. jr-ge/len "erheben" (Schutzeichel 1969: 127). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-g&lan I, with development of meaning (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 15) "to hinder, keep back, preoccupy, detain, hold back, retard, delay; neglect; profane". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-gei1'z "stolz oder ubermutig sein oder werden" (Raven 111967: 218). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-ga/ian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 15) "to become slack". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-geiisan "gewahren lassen, mutwillig oder uppig werden" (Raven 111967: 51). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-glizinon "glitzern, hervorschimmern" (Raven II 1967: 55). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-gluoen "ergluhen, gluhend werden, aufbrausen, in Jahzorn geraten" (Raven I 1963: 59). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-grefon "betasten, zu ermitteln suchen, untersuchen" (Raven II 1967: 57). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-grapian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to grasp tightly". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-gremizzn "einwenden gegen, protestieren, in Wut versetzen" (Raven II 1967: 57). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-gremmen "(sich) erregen, reizen, unertraglich machen, ergrmen, geistig angegriffen oder erschUttert" (Raven 1963: 298). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-grimezzen "erbittern, emporen, wild machen, verwildem" (Raven I 1963: 60). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-gripfen, ir-kripfen "anpacken, derb anfassen, ergreifen" (Raven I 1963: 97). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-grisgrimmon (im Geiste) sich heftig entrUstet fiihlen" (Raven 111967: 58). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

303

ir-grunden "begrunden, ergrUnden, glatten" (Raven I 1963: 60). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-gryndan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to descend". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-gruoni "grunen, grun oder frisch werden" (Raven II 1967: 220). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-gruozen "rasch oder stark bewegen, antreiben, erregen, bewegen, entfernen" (Raven I 1963: 61). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-grthan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to attack". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-griiwison, ir-griion "grausen, Grausen empfmden, sich erschrecken lassen" (Raven II 1967: 58). No cognate verbs are attested. Best seen as a class II deverbative formed with prefix ir- and s-extension from OHG class II weak verb grUa (Raven II 1967: 219) "grauen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (formed with prefix ir- and s-extension). ir-haben "verursachen" (Raven 11963: 302). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-hahsenen "die Ful3sehne durchschneiden" (Raven 11963: 63). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. jr-h hsin an "die Ful3sehne durch schneiden" (Raven II 1967: 60). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-halUn "zurUckrufen, (Geld) fordern" (Raven II 1967: 60). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. jr-halsen "kopfen, enthaupten" (Raven 11963: 64). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-hangai "(am Kreuz) hangen" (Raven II 1967: 225). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-hangian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to hang". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-hari "laut aufschreien" (Raven 111967: 227). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-herian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to praise". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-hartz "hart sein oder werden, sich verhaten, unempfmdlich oder geffihilos werden, verstockt seth, beharren, vertrocknen" (Raven II 1967: 227). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-heardian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to be or become hard, grow hard or inured; endure". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-hazzz "mil3gonnen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 260). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-hejz "durch Hitze ausgetrocknet oder verdorrt werden, durch heil3en Winde versengen, warm werden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 262). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-heizn "lodern, auflodern, in Brand geraten, aufbrennen, entbrennen, sich entzUnden, (von der Sonne) heil3 scheinen, ergluhen" (Raven II 1967: 228). The following cognate verbs are

304

attested: OE -htian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to become hot". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-/zecken "stechen" (Raven 1 1963: 67). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-helzen "erlhmen" (Raven 1 1963: 68). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -hieltan, a-hyltan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 17) "to trip up". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-henken "kreuzigen, an das Kreuz schlagen" (Raven I 1963: 69). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-heriOn, ir-herrOn "verheeren, entvolkern, verwsten, verzehren" (Raven II 1967: 66). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-herten "hrten, verhrten, moralisch hrten oder sthlen" (Raven 11963: 70). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -hierdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to harden, make hard; encourage, animate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-hirnen "erhirnen" (Raven I 1963: 71). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hirn(i) (Kluge 1989: 311) "Him". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-hogi "(+gen.) (einer Sache) gedenken, sich erinner (an)" (Schutzeichel 1969: 85). OE a-hogian (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to think about, be anxious about". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. jr-ho/sen "erhhen, vermehren, erhaben machen" (Raven 1 1963: 72). No cognate verbs are attested. Gothic us-hauhjan I (Lehmann 1986: 179) "to magnif". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. ir-holOn1 " aushohlen" (Raven II 1967: 67). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE if-holian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to hollow, scoop out"; Gothic us-holon II (Lehmann 1986: 383) "to hollow out". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. jr-h Oren "horen, erfahren" (Raven I 1963: 74). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-houwOn "abhauen, verkruppelt sein" (Raven II 1967: 68). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-huggen "(intrans. reflex. +gen.) = denken an, gedenken, sich erinnern an, (trans.) = erfreuen, (negative) = vergessen" (Raven I 1963: 305). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-hycgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 17) "to think out, devise". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-hursken "eilen, hurtig machen" (Raven 11963: 78). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-Ilalen "vereitein, nichtig machen, verwsten, ausleeren, ausladen, berauben, ausplUndern, entblol3en, verheeren" (Raven 11963: 82). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-idlan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 17) "to be or make useless or vain, frustrate, empty, annul; profane; be free from; deprive of'. Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

305

ir-italz "fade werden, sich verfluchtigen, vergehen" (Raven 111967: 229). cf. OHG if a/en I (Starck and Wells 1990: 314) "ausleeren". No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class III).

ir-jungz "wiederjung oder lebendig werden, wieder aufleben (des Jahres im Lenz)" (Raven II
1967: 230). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

306

ir-ka11'i "(von der Liebe =) erkalten, (vom religiosen Eifer =) erschlaffen, kalt werden, sich abkUhlen" (Raven 111967: 230). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -cealdian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 3) "to become cold". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-kennen "erkennen, kennen, lernen, wahrnehmen, verstehen" (Raven I 1963: 85). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -cennan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 2) "to bring forth, produce, beget, renew". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-kren "abwenden, abkehren, ablenken, vertreiben, entwenden, entfremden, (sich) neigen, beugen, entfernen, umkehren, zerstren" (Raven I 1963: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: danair-kirnen "entkernen, erlutem" (Raven I 1963: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-kiagan "beim Richter anklagen, gerichtlich ersuchen" (Raven 111967: 77). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-knen "verstehen, geistig erfassen, erkennen, wahrnehnien, wissen" (Raven I 1963: 93). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-koborn "bewaltigen, erlangen, die Oberhand gewinnen" (Raven 111967: 78). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-koufen "kaufen, erkaufen, erstehen, handein" (Raven I 1963: 95). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-kren "aufkrhen" (Raven I 1963: 96). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-krahh i " erkrachen, krachend zerbrechen, sthnen" (Raven II 1967: 81). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-kiiinen "klagen, bedauem" (Raven 1 1963: 98). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-kunden "nachweisen, bezeichnen, zu erkennen, geben, nher bestimmen, dedeuten" (Raven I 1963: 99). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-kunn'z "erfahren, kennenlemen" (Raven II 1967: 232). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -cunnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 3) "to try, test, prove, experience". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-kuolen "kuhlen, kUhl machen, stillen, befriedigen" (Raven I 1963: 100). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE if-ce/an I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 2) "to cool off, still, quiet". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-kuolz "kalt oder kuhl werden, erschlaffen, durch WillkUr ausarten oder ubermutig werden, d.h. sich nach den Gesetzen nicht richten" (Raven 111967: 232). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE if-c 5/ian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 3) "to grow cold". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

307

ir-kusten "vernichten, erwurgen, ersticken, fast zu lode qualeri" (Raven I 1963: 100). No

cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

ir-kwekk, "aufleben, (wieder) lebendig werden, zu leben beginnen" (Raven 111967: 230). The

following cognate verbs are attested: OE -cwician 11 (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 3) "to revive (intrs.)". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
ir-kwellen "peinigen, tten, zu Tode martern" (Raven 1 1963: 308). The following cognate

verbs are attested: OE -cwellan (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 3) "to kill, destroy". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
ir-kwicken "beleben, erquicken, wieder erwrmen, neu beleben, erwecken, (wieder) erregen,

anfachen, aufscheuchen" (Raven I 1963: 91). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: aba-, lizir-lren "befreien (von), frei machen, erledigen, losbinden, erretten, leer machen" (Raven I

1963: 101). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lan (Seebold 1970: 332) "leer". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix
ir). ir-leggen "auflegen, bestimmen" (Raven 11963: 311). The following cognate verbs are attested:

OE a-lecgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 17) "to put, place, lay down, lay aside, give up, cease from, abandon; put down, allay, suppress, abolish, conquer, destroy, overcome; inflict"; Gothic us-lag/an I (Lehmann: 233) "to lay on". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation.
ir-leiten "verweilen, vollbringen, Zeit zubringen, bereiten, zustandebringen, den Winter

zubringen, Uberwintern, hinab-, herabflthren, ableiten, entfiihren, fUhren, leiten, lenken, entwenden, entfemen, wegflihrn" (Raven I 1963: 104). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -lcffdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 17) "to lead, lead away, carry off, withdraw, conduct, bring; be produced, grow, come forth". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
ir-lecken "austrocknen, ausgedorrt, vertrocknet, lechzend, trocken, vor Durst schmachtend"

(Raven 11963: 107). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ir-lemmen "erlhmen, zu Schaden kommen" (Raven I 1963: 313). No cognate verbs are

attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

ir-lengen "verlangern, prolongieren, verzogern, aufschieben" (Raven I 1963: 107). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. ir-lenken "verrenken" (Raven I 1963: 107). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived

from the following nominal base: OHG (h)lanca (Kluge 1989: 438) "Hfte, Gelenk, Lende, Weiche". Therefore an 0MG denominative verb (formed with prefix ir-).
ir-lesken "auslschen, erloschen, tilgen, tauen, betauen, tropfen, trufeln, (schaden), tten,

ermordern" (Raven I 1963: 109). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS a-leskian I (Seebold 1970: 333) "tilgen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
ir-lihien "erleichtern, lindem" (Raven I 1963: 110). The following cognate verbs are attested:

OE -lihtan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 18) "to lighten, relieve, alleviate, take off, take away, alight". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

308

ir-lil,tirn "erleichtern" (Raven II 1967: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG
prefix formation.

ir-liuhien "erleuchten, hell machen, erhellen, Glanz verleihen" (Raven I 1963: 112). The
following cognate verbs are attested: OE -lThtan (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 18) "to light up". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-lititaren "lutern, reinigen, rein machen, subern" (Raven I 1963: 113). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-hlyttrian, -hlUttrian II originally I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to cleanse, purifi". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-(h)liuten "widerhallen, mucksen" (Raven I 1963: 114). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS a-hludian I (Hoithausen 1967: 35) "verktlnden". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-lockn2 " abzwacken, verlocken" (Raven II 1967: 92). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -loccian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 18) "to entice". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-lsen "lsen, befreien, heraustun, zeigen, offenbar machen, entbll3en, vertilgen, ofThen, zerschneiden, fernbleiben, meiden, etwas nicht haben, frei oder unbesetzt sein, erretten, erhalten, entziehen" (Raven 11963: 116). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-liesan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 18) "to loosen, let loose, free, redeem, release, absolve"; Gothic us-lausf an I (Lehmann 1986: 229) "to empty, save". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. ir-louben "erlauben, gestatten, zulassen" (Raven 11963: 117). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-liefan, a-lj7fan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 18) "to allow, give leave to, grant; hand over, yield up"; Gothic us-Iqubjan I (Lehmann 1986: 141) "to permit". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. jr-lou genen "durchaus verneinen oder leugnen, entschieden in Abrede stellen, durchaus abschlagen, versagen, verweigem" (Raven I 1963: 120). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-luhhen, ir-liuhhen "bQl3en, abbul3en, waschen, spulen, (leiden)" (Raven 11963: 112). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

ir-lucken "abzwacken" (Raven I 1963: 120). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ir-luogen "(+acc.) anschauen, erblicken, gewahr werden, schauend erkennen" (Raven II 1967: 240). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

ir-maganon "erheben, die Oberhand gewiimen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 398). No cognate
verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. jr-man en "ermahnen" (Raven II 1967: 242). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. jr-man en "ermahnen, einen woran erinnern" (Raven 111967: 99). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE if-manian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 18) "to exact, require". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

309

jr-rn ifren "erklren, offenbaren, verkunden, kiar dartun, ffentlich ausrufen, rtlhmen, bekannt oder berUhmt werden beziehungsweise machen, sich uberall verbreiten, veroffentlichen" (Raven 11963: 123). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-mcran 1 (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 18) "to extoll"; Gothic us-rn erjan I (Lehmann 1986: 252) "to spread (the news) abroad". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation.
ir-rnarcn "schildern, anstellen" (Raven II 1967: 100). The following cognate verbs are

attested: OE -mearcian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 18) "to mark out, delineate, define, describe; destine, assign, appoint". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-rnatti "fade werden, sich verfluchtigen, betoren" (Raven 111967: 243). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *rnat "schwach, kraftlos, fade", which can be reconstructed from: MHG mat (Pfeifer 111989: 1076) "kraftlos, schwach, erschopft". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-ineginan "erheben, die Oberhand gewiimen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 398). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. it-mi/ten "ergotzen, sich erfreuen, sein VergnUgen fmden oder haben" (Raven 11963: 130). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-muckezzen "mucken, mucksen, einen Brurnmlaut horen" (Raven I 1963: 131). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-muntaren "aufwachen, sich ermuntern, auffahren, aufschrecken, sich entsetzen, tuchtig (then, verfeinern, aufrufen" (Raven I 1963: 132). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-rnuodi "ermatten, sich ermUlen, erschopft werden" (Raven 111967: 245). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-namn "berUhmt, ruhmlich genannt" (Raven 111967: 108). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-narri "Zum Narren werden, erstarren oder geffihllos werden - d.h. sterben, albern oder toricht seth, sich betoren, verachten" (Raven II 1967: 245). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG narro (Starck and Wells 1990: 432) "torichter Mensch, Narr". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-nazzi "naB werden, berschwemmen" (Raven II 1967: 245). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-nerien "heilen, (er)retten, gesund machen" (Raven 11963: 315). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -nerian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 21) "to deliver, rescue". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-niusen "versuchen" (Raven I 1963: 142). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-niuwn "erneuern, erfrischen, neu oder frisch machen, wiederherstellen" (Raven II 1967: 109). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-obarUn, ir-obarl- "(pret. part.) erschopft" (Starck and Wells 1990: 448). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

310

ir-Uden "ode machen, (ganzlich) verwsten, verheeren, ausplundem" (Raven 1 1963: 144). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -ian, -ieOan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 17) "to lay low, demolish, destroy, cast out". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-offanon "entdecken, enthllen, offenbaren, verrate, erweisen" (Raven II 1967: 111). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-ougen "(sich) zeigen, offenbaren, offenbar sein, erscheinen, bekanntmachen, berichten, erlassen, enthullen, Zuchtigkeit oder Unschuld verleihen (=freisprechen)" (Raven 11963: 145). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giir-ralihen "an Pferdesteiflieit leiden, steifwerden" (Raven I 1963: 147). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHO *r/hi "starr, steif', which can be reconstructed from: MHG rcffhe (Lexer II 1876: 335) "starr, steif, besonders von der Gliedersteifheit der Pferde". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-rahhn "feststellen, aufzhlen, entdecken, schildern" (Raven 111967: are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-redinn "errtern, erzhlen" (Starck and Wells 1990: Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
475). 115).

No cognate verbs

No cognate verbs are attested.

ir-refsen "schelten, rugen, strafen, zuchtigen, bedrohen" (Raven 11963: 148). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-reihhen "erreichen, holen, bringen, (intr.) wonach langen, sich erstrecken" (Raven I 1963: 149). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-rcEcan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 23) "to reach, get at; hold forth, reach out; get (a thing for a person)". Therefore a WGmc prefix formatiopn. ir-reihh on "mit dem Verstand erreichen, geistig erfassen, begreifen" (Raven 111967: 119). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-reimen "zuteilwerden" (Raven I 1963: 149). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. ir-(h)reinen "reinigen, subern" (Raven 11963: 149). The following cognate verbs are attested: Gothic us-hrainjan I (Lehmann 1986: 190) "to clean out". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. ir-(h) rein On "reinigen, lautern" (Raven 111967: 119). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-recken "erklaren, bekannt oder ruchbar werden, sich verbreiten, (von Worten) aus dem Munde hervorgehen, sprechen, deuten, her-, ausrufen, aufrecken, aufrichten, ordnen, anregen, ausbilden, verfeinern, erzhlen" (Raven 11963: 151). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -reccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 24) "to spread out, put forth, stretch out; lift up, erect, build up; say, relate, declare, speak out, explain, expound, translate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: z71irren "irren, in die Irre gehen, verwirren" (Raven I 1963: 80). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS irrian I (Lehmann 1986: 19) "to disturb, confuse"; Gothic airzjan I (Lehmann

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1986: 19) "to lead astray; deceive, pass", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *erzjUanan "to anger, provoke; lead astray". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG irri (Starck and Wells 1990: 311) "umherschweifend, wandernd, zugellos"; OS irri (Lehmann 1986: 19)) "angry, embittered"; OFs. irre (Lehmann 1986: 19) "angry, embittered"; OE ierre, yrre (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 203) "wandering, erring, perverse, depraved; angry, fierce"; Gothic airzeis (Kluge 1989: 336) "deceived, in error", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *erzjaz (Kluge 1989: 336) "verirrt, zomig". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giir-rentn "auseinandersetzen, errtern" (Raven II 1967: 120). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. " ( er)retten, entziehen, befreien" (Raven 1963: 316). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-hreddan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to set free, save, rescue, recapture". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
ir-(h)retten

"aufrichten, erbauen, sich erheben oder emporen, errichten, belebren, beweisen, erklaren, erwagen" (Raven I 1963: 156). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ifir-rihten

ir-rimei "errecimen, berecimen, aufzhlen" (Raven I 1963:

157).

The following cognate verbs

are attested: OE ff-riman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 24) "to number, count, enumerate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.
ir-riuten " vernichten, vertreiben, ausrotten" (Raven 11963: Therefore an ORG prefix formation. 158).

No cognate verbs are attested.

ir-roffezzen "rulpsen, hervorbrirgen, verkundigen, Worte herausstol3en" (Raven I 1963: 159). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. irrn "irren, umherirren, irre sein oder werden" (Raven II 1967: 72). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OE iersian, yrsian II, formed with s-extension (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 203) "to be angry with, rage; enrage, irrate". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under irren). Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, giir-rostagen "rostig werden, rosten" (Raven II 1967: 248). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-rosten "verrosten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 492). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. ir-rotag', "rostig werden" (Raven II 1967: 248). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG rUtag (Starck and Wells 1990: 493) "rot, rotlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-roubn "ausplundern, berauben" (Raven II 1967: 123). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-reafian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 24) "to separate, divide". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. " ausraufen, ausreil3en" (Raven 11963: 160). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: lizir-roufen

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ir-rozzz "zersetzen, zerfetzen" (Raven II 1967: 248). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-ruhen "aufbrUllen, schreien" (Starck and Wells 1990: 496). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-rucken "(unter) stutzen, nicht sinken lassen" (Raven I 1963: 160). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-rmen "rumen, leer machen, verlassen, fortschaffen, aufrumen" (Raven I 1963: 162). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-(h)ruofen "auf-, ausrufen, laut rufen, schreien, eine Einrede vorbringen, klagen, sich beklagen, rufend kiagen, auffordern, ilbereinkommen" (Raven I 1963: 163). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-(h)ruoren "(an)stol3en, auftreiben, aufjagen (vom Wild), absondern, enifernen, einsam sein, ankiindigen, ausgraben, anfiihren" (Raven I 1963: 166). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-hran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to move, shake, make to tremble". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-sagi "(Trume) deuten, (em Gleichnis) erklren, auslegen, vollstandig erzahlen oder hersagen" (Raven 111967: 250). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-secgan (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 25) "to say out, express, tell, narrate, explain, announce". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-salawen "dunkel oder glanzlos werden" (Raven I 1963: 168). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-seigarz "versiegen, verwelken" (Raven II 1967: 252). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *seigar "matt, tropfelnd", which can be reconstructed from: MIHG seiger (Starck and Wells 1990: 513) "matt, tropfelnd". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-sra,vn "verschmachten, versiegen, verwelken" (Raven II 1967: 253). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-sr'i "sich einstellen (von Wehen bei einer schwangeren Frau), schwanger gehen, kreissen" (Raven 111967: 252). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-sezzen "(+dat. pers.) wiederherstellen, wieder erstehen lassen, ersetzen" (Raven 11963: 173). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE if-settan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 26) "to set, put, place, store up; fix, establish, appoint, set up, build". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-siohhz "krank werden, verwelken, versiegen, verzagen" (Raven II 1967: 253). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-siuwen "planen, verfertigen, verabreden" (Raven I 1963: 320). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -sowan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 26) "to sew"; Theerefore WGmc prefix formation. ir-scabarn "erhaschen, gewinnen" (Raven II 1967: 131). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear.

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jr-s keinen "zeigen, erweisen, kiar heraustellen, Licht oder Sittenreinheit geben, leuchten, hervorgeben, zum Vorschein bringen, (Stcke brechen)" (Raven 11963: 178). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-skellen "erschallen, verwirren" (Raven 11963: 179). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-skimba1agz "dahin schwinden, veralten, eigentlich 'schimmlig werden" (Raven II 1967: 254). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG skimbalag (Starck and Wells 1990: 542) "schimmelig, bruchig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-skjmba1z "dahin schwinden, veralten, eigentlich 'schimmlig werden" (Raven 111967: 254). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG skimbal (Starck and Wells 1990: 542) "rauh, schabig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir-). "zuruckscheuen vor, in Entsetzen geraten uber, erscheuen" (Raven 11963: 183). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation.
ir-skjuhen

"erblicken, wahrnehmen" (Raven II 1967: 135). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ir-scouwn

ir-screcken "verwehen, wegtreiben (gleich der Heuschrecke vom Sturm)" (Raven 11963: 184). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-scricken "erschrecken, (her)abspringen" (Raven 11963: 185). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: z. "jemanden befallen oder bedrangen, ins Verderben strzen, schaudern, zuruckschrecken" (Raven II 1967: 138). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ir-scutisn

ir-scutten "erschuttern, schutteln, bewegen, aus-, wegschUtteln" (Raven I 1963: 189). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. ir-s1aff, "erschlaffen" (Raven 111967: 255). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. ir-slewn "lau oder schiaff werden, (von der Schneide einer Axt) stumpf werden, verschmachten, vertrocknen, verwelken (von Pflanzen), verzagen" (Raven II 1967: 255). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ir-smls z "( + acc.) geringfUgig oder verachtlich scheinen, unangenehm erscheinen, beleidigen, zuruckstol3en, (vom Ruhm) verdunkelt werden, verchtlich werden" (Raven 111967: 255). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG smffhi (Kluge 1989: 641) "klein, gering, verchtlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir-).

ir-smaizlihhn "gemein, verchtlich oder wertlos werden" (Raven II 1967: 256). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. ir-spehn "ausforschen, erblicken, ausspahen, erkennen" (Raven II 1967: 141). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation.

314

ir-spenton "verteilen" (Raven II 1967: 141). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-sperren "ganz anfUllen, aufblahen" (Raven I 1963: 195). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-spilden "vorausnehmen?" (Raven I 1963: 195). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -spillan I, with assimilation of'd' to 'I' (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 26) "to destroy". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-spreckion, ir-sprehhiln "Flecken bekommen, fleckig sein" (Raven II 1967: 144). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: MEG spreckel (Pokorny 11959: 997) "(1-Iaut-)fleck". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-sprengen "herbeischaffen, hervorholen" (Raven I 1963: 198). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-sprengan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 26) "to cause to spring, fling out". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-spriuzzen "spreizen, starken, erquicken, aufrecht- oder emporhalten, unter etwas gestutzt" (Raven 11963: 198). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-spuolen "(von Snde) reinigen, sie absptilen" (Raven I 1963: 199). No cognate verbs are attested. OE -spylian II, probably originally class I as indicated by umlaut (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 27) "to wash oneself', which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ar_spoljan "to wash (oneself)"; cf. MILG spl (Pfeifer III 1989: 1686) "Spulwasser". This noun is probably post verbal. Further etymology unclear. ir-spurien "durchsuchen, durchwandern" (Raven 11963: 323). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -spyrian II by levelling as umlaut indicates origin in class I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 27) "to track, trace out, investigate, study, explore, discover". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-spuriln "aussagen, anzeigen, aufspuren" (Raven II 1967: 145). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-stabi "erstarren, (von der Hand am Schwertgriff) stecken bleiben, (vor Klte, vor Furcht) erstarren, erschrecken, verzagen" (Raven II 1967: 257). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-stami "stammeln" (Raven II 1967: 258). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-steinen "sich versteinern, zu Stein werden" (Raven I 1963: 201). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -stcffnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 27) "to adorn with precious stones". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-sterben "tten, morden, strzen, sterben lassen" (Raven I 1963: 203). No cognate verbs are attested. Weak deverbative variant of OHG ir-sterban st. vb (Starck and Wells 1990: 591) "sterben, absterben". Therefore an 0110 deverbative formation. ir-st4ften "(stUtzen), stopfen" (Raven 11963: 204). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

315

ir-stivulen "stopfen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 595). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-sticken "(ersticken), sterben, den Geist aufgeben" (Raven 1 1963: 205). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-stiufen "der Kinder berauben, verwaisen, verwitwen" (Raven I 1963: 205). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-stjpan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 27) "to deprive, bereave". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-stren "verwUsten, zerstren, zugrunde richten, umkehren (heimsuchen?)" (Raven I 1963: 207). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-storkan "erstarren, kalt scm" (Raven II 1967: 259). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *-stur/wnjan "erstarrt sein oder werden", deadjectival verb from the preterite participle of the strong verb *sterkanan (Seebold 1970: 473) "erstarren". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG *gi_storken pret. part. (dat. p1. kistorchenen glosses dabatis, Seebold 1970: 473); ON blO-storkenn pret. part. (Seebold 1970: 473) "erstarrt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-stouben "ausfragen, belehren, weihen oder heiligen, aufscheuchen" (Raven I 1963: 208). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. ir-stouwen "zurUckstollen, anpacken, schelten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 597). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-strengen "ertragen, leisten, anfertigen, zusammenschmieden" (Raven I 1963: 209). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE *_strengan I, can be reconstructed from preterite participle a-strenged (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 27) "made strong, malleable". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-strewen "zurtickstol3en" (Raven I 1963: 324). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-strobaln "struppig sein, sich borsten, borstenhnlich emporragen (vom Getreide)" (Raven II 1967: 149). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG strobal (Starck and Wells 1990: 600) "struppig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-stummz "still, stumm sein oder werden, authren zu reden, verstummen" (Raven II 1967: 260). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG stum(b) (Starck and Wells 1990: 602) "stumm". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-stungen "antreiben" (Raven 11963: 211). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-stuoen "bullen, strafen, von Sunden freimachen" (Raven I 1963: 210). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-sturen "zerstren, zerrUtten, umsturzen" (Raven 1 1963: 212). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-sturzen "niederwerfen, zum Sturz bringen" (Raven I 1963: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

316

ir-sflfton "nach etwas seufzen, (Gottes wegen) durch seufzen zu erlangen such, (er)seufzen" (Raven 111967: 151). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-suohhen "untersuchen, aus-, erforschen, ganz durchsuchen, zu erforschen suchen, erschopfen, prufen, Rechenschaft verlangen" (Raven 11963: 215). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE -s&an I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 25) "to seek out, select, search out, examine, explore; require, ask; search through, penetrate"; Gothic us-sokjan I (Lehmann 1986: 318) "to search". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. ir-siirn "sauer werden" (Raven II 1967: 260). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE -siirian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 27) "to be or become sour". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-swr'i "Auspizien anstellen, Vogelschau halten" (Raven 111967: 260). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-swarzz "(von dunkelen oder schwrzlichen Fluten der See) emporwegen" (Raven H 1967: 261). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE a-sweartian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 27) "to turn livid, become ashy or black". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-swebben "Uberschwemmt oder flau sein, stilistehen, sich zurckstauen" (Raven 11963: 324). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE -swebban I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 27) "to lull, soothe, set at rest; put to death, destroy". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-swelki "welk sein oder werden, verwelken" (Raven II 1967: 261). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-swenten "schwinden machen, vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 220). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-swillz "schwielig werden, (vom Korper) hart oder zh werden, sich verhrten" (Raven II 1967: 262). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-swizzen "in Schweii3 kommen" (Raven 11963: 221). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-teilen "urteilen, verurteilen, richten, em Urteil fallen, unterscheiden, entscheiden, abwagen, verwirken, beschliel3en" (Raven I 1963: 223). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE ff-dcfflan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 3) "to divide, separate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:forajr-lob i "rasend oder tobend werden, den Verstand verlieren, albern, einfltig, nrrisch, tricht, bejahrt, die Greisin, die Wahrsagerin (?)" (Raven 111967: 263). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-tden "ertten, dem Tode uberliefem, erschlagen" (Raven I 1963: 226). The following cognate verbs are attested: CE a-dydan, a-diedan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 4) "to destroy, mortify, kill". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-lofsthi "taub werden; sterben" (Raven II 1967: 263). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology uncertain. Possibly a variant from of touben formed with an s-extension and the prefix ir-. The 'f can be explained as a result of the devoicing of labial fricative 'b' in contact

317

with following 's'. This change took place before the development of the labial fricative 'b' to plosive 'b'. Therefore an OHG prefix formation (formed with s-extension). ir-twen "belastigen, plagen, betuben" (Raven I 1963: 325). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-trffgen "verwenden, verbrauchen" (Raven 1 1963: 227). No cognate verbs are attested. For simplex verb see: OHG lrffgn III (Raven 111967: 157) "trage oder langsam werden, stumpf sein"; OHG trgen III (Raven II 1967: 263) "trage, verdrossen, langsam werden; launisch, verdriel3lich sein". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class I). ir-lrag'z "langweilen, verdrieflen" (Raven II 1967: 264). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-trahtn "ausdenken, erdenken, mit geanken erfassen, begreifen" (Raven II 1967: 158). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-trenken "berauschen, ertrinken machen, ertrnken" (Raven I 1963: 228). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE i-drencan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 4) "to submerge, immerse, drown". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-truckani, ir-1rockanz "trocken werden, aus-, vertrocknen" (Raven 111967: 264). cf. OHG truckanen I (Starck and Wells 1990: 638) "trocknen, austrocknen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (with change of class to class III). ir-Iruosanen "reinigen, abfuhren" (Starck and Wells 1990: 639). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG truosana (Kluge 1989: 158) "Hefe, Drusen, Bodensatz, was beini Auspressen von Frilchten bleibt". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-tumb "ganz unverstandig sein, verstummen" (Raven 111967: 266). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-dumbian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 4) "to become dumb, keep silence". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-luomen "richten, urteilen" (Raven 11963: 233). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-dman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 3) "to judge, try, deprive of or exclude from a legal decision; to try, afflict". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-turren "abtun, wegschaffen" (Raven I 1963: 233). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-twellen "(ver) zogern" (Raven 11963: 234). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-dwellan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 4) "to seduce, lead astray, hinder". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-unganzt "verwelken" (Starck and Wells 1990: 658). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHCI unganz (Starck and Wells 1990: 658) "nicht heil, nicht gesund". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir-). ir-unmaht., "ermatten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 668). cf. OHG unmahten I (Raven 11963: 242). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation (with change of class to class III).

318

ir-unwerdsz "wertlos werden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 677). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-uobarOn "auf sich nehmen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 679). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. "waffnen" (Raven 1 1963: 247). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ir-wafanen IT-wagon "erregen, in Bewegung oder Erschutterung geraten" (Raven 111967: 170). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

ir-wa/aharOn "auf-, erwecken, zum Aufstehen bringen, antreiben, erregen" (Raven II 1967: 170). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-wahh, "(+gen.) aufwachen von etwas, wach werden, erwachen" (Raven II 1967: 269). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-wacian II (Clark 1-Jail and Meritt 1969: 29) "to awake". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-waldi, ir-waId- "Waldbewohner, d.h. Unchrist sein, heidnisch oder ungebildet" (Raven II 1967: 269). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG wald (Starck and Wells 1990: 692) "Wald, Wildnis, Wuste". Therefore an OHG denominative preterite participle construction (formed with prefix ir-). jr-wall On "durchwandem, (Ubtr.) (durch die Glieder die ganze Welt) erhellen, besuchen, wandernd erreichen" (Raven II 1967: 171). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. ir-wanen "hoffen, glauben, meinen" (Raven I 1963: 249). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -wOnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 249). Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: i7/. ir-wannOn "ausworfeln, mit der Futterschwinge oder der Wurfschaufel als Spreu wegschwingen" No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ir-wantalOn "enthullen, entwickeln, schildern, offenbaren, (eigentlich) herauswalzen" (Raven II

1967: 174). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-warmen "(er)warmen" (Raven I 1963: 251). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. jr-warm en "sich erwrmen, (von der Sonne) heiB scheinen, (vom Tag) zu Mittag am heil3esten werden, (von Pflanzen) versengen, entbrennen" (Raven 1963: 269). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation.. ir-wartn "an-, ausschauen, anblicken, spahen" (Raven 111967: 270). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-weardian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 30) "to guard, defend". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-wegen "bewegen, aufwarts-, fortbewegen, in Bewegung setzen, anregen, antreiben, entfemen, erschUttern, schutteln, aufheben" (Raven 11963: 328). The following cognate verbs are attested:

319

OE a-wecgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 30) "to undermine, shake, move". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fora-, ir-wegan2 " auf dem Wege sein zu, zuruckkehren" (Raven II 1967: 176). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-wehsaln " betren" (Raven 111967: 177). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-weigaran "sich berheben, stolz oder ubermutig werden" (Raven 111967: 178). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-weigen "wackeind bewegen" (Raven 11963: 252). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-wcffgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 29) "to deceive, destroy, annul". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-weihh&.s "weich werden, ermatten, matt kraftlos, verweichlicht, weibisch sein oder werden" (Raven 111967: 271). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -wcian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 29) "to grow weak, decline, fall; fall away". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-weinn "aufschlucksen, aufweinen, zu weinen beginnen" (Raven II 1967: 179). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-wecken "(auf)erwecken, auFwecken, entstehen" (Raven I 1963: 253). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -weccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 30) "to awake, rouse, incite, excite"; Gothic us-walcjan I (Lehmann 1986: 392) "to wake up". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation.
ir-welki, ir-we1h "ermatten, schwach werden, (von BlUten verwelken, verzagen" (Raven II

1967: 271). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
ir-wellen "erwahlen, auswhlen, auserwahlen, sich zu etwas entschliel3en, etwas versuchen"

(Raven 11963: 329). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-weizen "vergehen (Zeit), auf-, ausreil3en, wegwIzen" (Raven I 1963: 254). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ff-wyltan, -wieltan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 426) "to roll, roll away, harass"; Gothic us-waltjan I (Lehmann 1986: 392) "to overturn". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: iizir-wemmen "corrumpere" (Raven I 1963: 255). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE

-wemman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 30) "to disfigure, corrupt". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-wenken "strzen, vemichten" (Raven I 1963: 256). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-wennen "entwohnen" (Raven I 1963: 331). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-wenian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 403) "to disaccustom, wean". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-wenten "rUckgangigmachen, abwenden, zurckwenden, abbringen, zurUckbringen, einen wovon benehmen" (Raven I 1963: 257). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE

320

-wendan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 30) "to avert, turn aside, remove, upset; change, pervert"; Gothic us-wandjan I (Lehmann 1989: 393) "to withdraw, deviate, turn away". Therefore a Gmc prefix formation. ir-(/z)werben "aufwiegeln, abhalten" (Raven I 1963: 259). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ff-hwierfan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 39) "to turn away, turn from, avert". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-werien 1 "(+dat.) wehren, abwehren, erwehren, hindern, verhindern, verteidigen, erschopft" (Raven 11963: 332). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-werian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 30) "to defend, hinder, restrain; cover, protect, surround, enclose; ward off'. Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-werten "(gewaltsarn) verletzen, (mit Pfeilen) durchbohren, verderben, erschopfen, in Versuchung flihren, entweihen, nichtsnutzig werden" (Raven I 1963: 259). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS a-wardjan I (Seebold 1970: 560) "verderben"; OE if-wiedan, ff-rdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 30) "to spoil, injure, hurt, corrupt, seduce, destroy, kill". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-wesan i " alt oder altersschwach werden, hinschwinden, vollig krafilos werden, verrenken" (Raven 111967: 274). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-(h)wezzen "bearbeiten, wetzen" (Raven I 1963: 260). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -hwettan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 17) "to whet, excite, kindle; hold out to, provide; reject". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-widaren "zurUckweisen, verschmhen" (Raven I 1963: 261). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-widarn "zuruckweisen, verschmhen" (Raven II 1967: 182). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-wintn "worfeln, schwenken, niedersto3en" (Raven II 1967: 184). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-wirken "erwirken" (Raven I 1963: 265). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-wirsi "schlecht werden, vertrocknen; confundere" (Raven II 1967: 274). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG wirsiro comp. adj (Starck and Wells 1990: 737) "schlirnme, arger, schlechter". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with prefix ir- and with loss of medial 'r' by syncope). ir-(h)wispaln "ertnen, widerhallen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 739). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-wituwi "des Gatten beraubt oder verwitwet sein" (Raven 111967: 274). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-(Jz)wizn "weil3 werden oder leuchten" (Raven 111967: 274). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-hwftian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 17) "to whiten, become white". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation.

321

ir-wizzn "(+gen.) achtgeben auf, Wache halten, beobachten, zum Verstindnis gelangen" (Raven 111967: 274). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-wunsken "erwUnschen, an Kindesstatt angenommen, durch Adoption erlangt oder angenommen, zur Adoption gehorig" (Starck and Wells 1990: 747). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-wuntarn "sich wundern, staunen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 748). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-wundrian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 31) "to wonder, wonder at, admire". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-wuolen "(auf)whlen, (um)kehren, aufgraben, Loch" (Raven 11963: 269). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation. ir-wuosten "verwsten, verheeren, ausplundem, verlassen" (Raven 11963: 270). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -wtan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 30) "to lay waste, destroy". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-wuoten "rasen, wahnsinnig sein" (Raven I 1963: 270). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -wdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 30) "to be or become mad, rage". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-wurgen "wUrgen, erwUrgen, ersticken (machen)" (Raven 11963: 271). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE a-wyrgan, a-wiergan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 30) "to strangle, suffocate". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-wurzaln "ausreil3en, entwurzeln" (Starck and Wells 1990: 751). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ir-wurzn "vertilgen, entwurzeln" (Starck and Wells 1990: 752). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: Uir-zag.z "schwach sein, ermatten, erschlaffen, unentschlossen oder verzagt werden, verzagen, sich entkilften, lassig oder trge sein, untatig, verweichlichen, weibisch werden, nicht gegeben sein, entwafthet, ungerustet, liederlich" (Raven 111967: 276). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-zeigon 1 "aufzeigen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 756). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-zellen "auf-, er-, herzahlen, erwgen, beschreiben" (Raven I 1963: 276). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -tellan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 28) "to reckon up, count; balance against; tell, enumerate; explain, interpret". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. ir-zennen "zahnlos machen" (Raven I 1963: 277). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-zibn "zuruckbleiben, ermattet" (Raven II 1967: 195). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. ir-zispen2 "fortschaffen, hinaustreiben" (Raven I 1963: 279). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an ORG prefix formation.

322

ir-zucken "wegnehmen, wegreit3en" (Raven I 1963: 280). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-zuckan "herausnehmen oder -pflucken, ausstreichen, auslesen" (Raven II 1967: 198). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-zurnen "sich erztirnen, in Zorn geraten, ganz unzufrieden oder emport sein" (Raven 1 1963: 282). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. ir-zwigz "auslesen, herauspflucken" (Raven II 1967: 200). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. arnen, gi-isarnil- "(pret. part.) mit Eisen beschlagen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 313). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under arnn. Therefore an OHG denominative preterite participle construction. *arn5n, gi-isarnC'- "(attested only as pret. part.) mit Eisen beschlagen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 313). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE inian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 207) "to cover with iron"; ON jrna II (Cleasby and Vigfusson 1874: 325) "to mount with iron", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *isarnojanan "to cover or mount with iron". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG isarn, ican, iser (Starck and Wells 1990: 312) "Eisen"; OFs. Irern (Kluge 1989: 172) "Eisen"; OE isern, Even, iren (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 207) "iron; fetter; sword, iron weapon"; ON Isarn,jrn (Kluge 1989: 172) "iron"; Gothic eisarn (Kluge 1989: 172) "iron", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *Earnan (Kluge 1989: 172) "iron". Loan word from Celtic *fvarno (Pfeifer 11989: 344) "iron": Oh. iarann, lam (Kluge 1989: 172) "iron"; Welsh haeamn, haiarn (Kluge 1989: 172) "iron"; OCornish hoern (Pfeifer 11989: 344) "iron'. Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Evi "zu Eis gefrieren, sich mit Eis belegen" (Raven II 1967: 229). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG is (Kluge 1989: 172) "Eis". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. ita-leiten "ein Leben fhren, Zeit verbringen" (Raven I 1963: 106). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Jialen "ausleeren" (Starck and Wells 190: 314). The following cognate verbs are attested: ModDu (/delen (Grimm dWb III 1862: 390) "eitel sein; leeren"; OE ff-idlan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 17) "to be or make useless or vain, frustrate, empty, annul; profane; be free from; deprive of', which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *id4/an "(aus)leeren, eitel machen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hal (Starck and Wells 1990: 314) "nichtig, leer, eitel"; OS idal (Kluge 1989: 172) "nichtig, leer, eitel"; OFs. idel (Kluge 1989: 172) "nichtig, leer, eitel"; OE ide! (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 202) "empty; not possessing, destitute, void, devoid; vain, useless, idle, to no purpose, unemployed", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *idlaz (Kluge 1989: 172) "nichtig, leer, eitel". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ir*itaniuwn, *itniuwan "erneuern, wiederherstelln, wiedergewinnen". The following cognate verbs are attested: OE edniwian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 99) "to renew, restore, reform", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *edneujjan "to renew, resore, do again". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG itaniuwi, itniuwi (Starck and Wells 1990: 314)

323

"aufgefrischt, erneut"; OE edniwe (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 99) "renewed, new", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *edneujaz "renewed, refreshed". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giitarucken "wiederkuen, rucken" (Starck and Wells 1990: 314). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE edreccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 99) "to chew, ruminate", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *edrokijan "to ruminate, chew, move back and forth". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG itarucki (Starck and Wells 1990: 314) "Schiund"; MLG edrek, idrig (Starck and Wells 1990: 314) "Schlund, Gurgel, erster Magen der Wiederkauer"; OE edroc (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 99) "gullet; rumination", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *edrokan "gullet". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. itawizen "schelten, mil3billigen, Vorwrfe machen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 314). No cognate verbs are attested. As cognate verbs in the related Gmc languages belong with the class II verb, this verb is best regarded as a class I deverbative from the class II weak verb. Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. ifawizn "beschimpfen, schelten, schmhen, Vorwiirfe machen" (Raven II 1967: 72). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE edwitian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 100) "to reproach", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *edwftjan "to reproach". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG itaw (Starck and Wells 1990: 314) "Schmach, Beschimpfung, Vorwurf'; OE edwft (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 100) "reproach, shame, disgrace", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *edwftaz "reproach, shame". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. ilernn "emporrichten, erheben" (Raven 111967: 72). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. itlnn "vergelten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 314). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE edleanian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 99) "to reward, recompense", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *edlaunjan "to reward, recompense". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG itln (Schade 11882: 460) "retributio"; OE edlan (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 99) "reward, retribution, recompense, requital", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *edlaunan "reward, retribution". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb.

324

J
jagn "jagen, (mit den Wellen) treiben, verbannen, vertreiben, verfolgen, bedrohen, die Ruckzugslinie jemandem abschneiden, Jager, Jagd, Wildbeute, beifallig murmeln, laut zustimmen" (Raven 111967: 73). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG, MDu.jagen (Kluge 1989: 338) "jagen"; OFs. jagia II (Kluge 1989: 338) "jagen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *jagjan "jagen". Further etymology unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: firjffzen, jffezzen "ja sagen, bejahen, laut jubeln, zustimmen" (Raven 11963: 83). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE geatan, gcfftan, getan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 150) "to say yea, grant, confirm, assent to"; OE jaa I (Fritzner 111954: 237) "to answer yes to; to promise, give something to someone", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *jtjanan "to say yes to, agree to, consent, grant". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGj(Starck and Wells 1990: 315) "ja"; OFs.je ( Lehmann 1986: 211) "ja"; OE g&i (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 149) "yes, yeah"; ONj (Lehmann 1986: 211) "ja"; Gothicja (Lehmann 1986: 211) "yes", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *j, *ja particle, interjection "yes, yeah". Therefore a NWGmc verb (derived from interjection j and formed with intensive suffix atjan). Prefix formations derived from this verb: gijerien "gahren, in Gahrung bringen, gahren machen" (Raven 11963: 307). No cognate verbs are attested. We can tentatively reconstruct an earlier form *j(yzej an causative deverbative from strong verb *jesanan "gahren". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG jesan, gesan st vb (Kiuge 1989: 245) "garen". Therefore an ORG causative deverbative. jihien "bekennen, zum Gestndnis bringen, als wahr besttigen oder beweisen, etwas als gewil3 behaupten, versichern,beteuern, bestimmt erklaren" (Raven I 1963: 83). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG jiht (Starck and Wells 1990: 83) "Lobpreis". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gijufen,juven "brullen, toben, tosen, schreien, ausrufen" (Raven I 1963: 83). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. jucken "jucken, kratzen, ritzen, scharren, reiben" (Raven I 1963: 83). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS jukkian I (Onions 1966: 488) "jucken"; OE giccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 153) "to itch". We can therefore reconstruct a WGmc *ju///an intensive gemination "jucken". Further etymology unclear. juckilan "jucken" (Raven II 1967: 74). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *jukk(a)l/an frequentative / continuative deverbative from WGmc weak verb *jukkjan(an) (see under jucken). Therefore an OHG frequentative / continuative deverbative (formed with 1-extension). jungen "verjungen, erneuern" (Raven I 1963: 84). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG jung(Starck and Wells 1990: 318) "jung, neu". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. jungz "wieder jung werden, sich (wieder) verjUngen, (vom Haar) wieder blond werden" (Raven II 1967: 230). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under jungen. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ir-

325

juppezen "heulen, laut schreien, jauchzen, jubein" (Raven I 1963: 84). No cognate verbs are attested. Precise etymology unclear. Probably an intensive deverbative, but no reliable source can be found. Possibly ultimately from Med.Latin iubilius (Duden dUwb 1989: 791) "Jubel" <Late Latin iubilium (Duden dUwb 1989: 791) "Jauchzen, Frohiocken". jursen "zornig sein, sich rgem" (Raven I 1963: 84). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear.

326

K
kahhezzen "hell, laut auflachen, em schallendes (rohes) Gelchter erheben, eine helle Lache aufschlagen" (Raven 1 1963: 84). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ceahhettan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 65) "to laugh loud or in a cackling manner", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *kahhatjan "to laugh loudly", intensive deverbative from a weak verb *Jwhhjan or similar attested in MHG lwchen (Lexer 11872: 1492) "laut lachen". Therefore a WGmc intensive deverbative. "laut lachen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 319). No cognate verbs are attested. As cognate verbs in the other Gmc languages belong with the class II verb, this verb is probably best considered a class II deverbative from the ealier class I weak verb (see under kahhezzen). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation.
kahhizn

kalawen "die Kopfhaare abscimeiden oder abrasieren" (Raven I 1963: 84). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kalo (Kluge 1989: 346) "kahl". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gikalawn "kahi machen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 319). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under kalawen. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. "heraussagen, viel und laut sprechen, schwatzen" (Raven II 1967: 74). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ceallian II but possibly loan verb from ON (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 65) "to call, shout"; ON kalla II (de Vries 1962: 298) "nennen, sagen, rufen". cf. OFs. kella I (de Vries 1962: 298). We can therefore reconstruct a NWGmc *Iwllqjanan (Onions 1966: 137) "to call". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It appears to have undergone assimilation of's' from an earlier IE *gal_so.. (Pokomy 11956: 350). This latter is an 'so-extension from the IE 'J*gal- (Pokomy 11956: 350) "rufen, schreien", from which base the following may be derived: OE hilde-calle (Onions 1966: 137) "war-herald"; Welsh galw (Pokomy 11956: 350) "rufen, vorladen"; MI.r gall (Pokorny 11956: 350) "Ruhm, Schwan"; OCS glash so-extension (Onions 1966: 137) "voice"; OCS glagoib (Onions 1966: 137) "word"; Lith. galsas so-extension (Pokorny 11956: 350) "Widerhall". Although confmed to NWGmc and despite the absence of suitably attested verbal forms outside Gmc to allow for the reconstruction of a pre-Gmc verb, assignment to a pre-Gmc stratum is still the most convincing etymology for this verb.
kallUn

ka1t'z "kalt werden, erkalten" (Raven 111967: 230). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS kaldn II, originally class III? (Starck and Wells 1990: 320) "eiskalt werden"; OE cealdian II, originally class III? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 65) "to become cold", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *kaldjan "to grow or become cold". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under *kaltn). Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ir*kalg,z

"kalt sein oder werden".

G kalten, kalden (Lexer III 1872: 1499) "kalt werden,

erkalten". cf. OHG kaltn II. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS kaldon II, originally class III? (Starck and Wells 1990: 320) "eiskalt werden"; OE cealdian II, originally class Ill? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 65) "to become cold"; ON kalda II, originally class III? (de Vries 1962: 298) "kalt werden", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *kald/anan "to grow or become cold". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kalt (Kluge 1989: 349) "kalt"; OS kald (Kluge 1989: 349); OFs. kald (Kluge 1989: 349) "kalt"; OE ceald (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 65) "cold, cool"; ON kaldr (Kluge 1989: 349) "kalt"; Gothic kalds (Kluge

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1989: 349) "kalt", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *kaldaz (Kluge 1989: 349) "kalt". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. kampfen "Kriegsdienste tun, Soldat sein, dienen, kampfen" (Raven 11963: 84). The following cognate verbs are attested: cf. OE campian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 64) "to fight, contend against"; ON keppa (Cleasby and Vigfusson 1874: 337) "Kraft zeigen, kampfen, wetteifern" (Raven I 1963: 84). We can therefore reconstruct a NWGmc *kamp jjanan "to fight". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kamph (Starck and Wells 1990: 321) "Wettstreit, Kampf"; OFs. kamp, komp (Bosworth and TolIer 1976: 144) "Kanpf'; OE camp, comp (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 64) "contest, war, battle, combat, struggle; field, plain"; ON kapp (Kluge 1989: 350) "Eifer, Streit, Wettkampf', which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *kampaz (possibly earlier *kampuz) "battle, battle-field". < Latin campus (Kiuge 1989: 350) "Feld, Schlachtfeld". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. kann "kennen, sich verstehen auf, vermOgen" (Seebold 1970: 289). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS kan pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 289) "kennen, wissen"; OFs. kan pret.pres. (Seebold 1970: 289) "kennen, konnen"; OE can pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 289) "know, can"; ON kunna pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 289) "kenne, weiL3, kann"; Gothic kann pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 289) "know, recognize". These allow us to reconstruct a preterite-present verb *kann (Seebold 1970: 289) "kann, vermOge". This verb can be traced back to an IE J*gen-, *gen, *gne-, *gn (Pokorny 11956: 376) "erkennen, kennen", from which base the following may also be derived: OIr. -ginn (Seebold 1970: 290) "wissen"; Greek y&ywva (Seebold 1970: 290) "gibt sich zu erkennen, verkundet"; Sktjanrni (Seebold 1970: 290) "weil3"; Lith. pa-zistu, zinti (Seebold 1970: 290) "kennen, kennenlernen". Therefore a Pre-Gmc primary verb (preterite-present). kapfen "(+gen.) auf etwas verwundert schauen, herabschauen, nach einem anschauen, spahen, die Augen auf etwas richten, den Kopf nach hinten beugen, blicken, gaffen" (Raven 111967: 230). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct a possible earlier form *kappjan intensive gemination "to look at something intensively, closely, with awe". The etymology of this verb is uncertain It is possibly an intensive deverbative, as indicated by the intensive gemination. A possible derivational base may be found in the complex based on the root 1*kap-, which is confmed to Gmc and which is possibly of iminitative origin. Verbs deriving from this base include the following: MLG kapen (Pokomy 11959: 349) "gaffen, schauen"; OS up-kapen (Pokomy I 1959: 349) "eminere"; OE capian up II (Pokorny I 1959: 349) "aufblicken"; ON kdpa with ablaut (Pokorny 11959: 349) "starren, gaffen". As the above root has no parallels outside Gmc, this verb cannot be considered a pre-Gmc verb. Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: i. kapituln, kapitaln "schreiben" (Raven 111967: 74). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kapitul, kapital (Starck and Wells 1990: 321) "Titel, Uberschrift, Inschrift". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. karn "beklagen, beweinen, wehklagen, (be)trauern" (Raven II 1967: 74). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS karn II (Lehmann 1986: 215). OE cearian, carian II (Lehmann 1986: 215) "to care for, be anxious, grieve"; Gothic karon II (Lehmann 1986: 215) "to be concerned", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *karc7/anan (Onions 1966: 146) "to care for, be anxious, grieve". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kara (Starck and Wells 1990: 322) "Wehklage, Heulen, Reue"; OS kara (Lehmann 1986: 215) "care"; OE cearu, caru (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 65) "care, concern, anxiety, sorrow"; ON kor (Lehmann 1986: 215) "sickbed; (poetic) pain"; Gothic kara (Lehmann 1986: 215) "care", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc */mr "care, anxiety, sorrow". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb.

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karrn "knarren, knirschen, toben" (Raven II 1967: 74). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *kaprjan (Seebold 1970: 293) class II deverbative from strong verb *kerranan (Seebold 1970: 293) "knarren". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG kerran St. vb (Seebold 1970: 293) "knarren"; OE curran St. vb pret. part. (Seebold 1970: 293) "(Anrede an eine Pflanze): die Wagen, die Uber dir knarrten". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. kaston "Edeisteine mit einer Einfassung versehen, sie einfassen oder zusammenfligen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 324). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kasto (Starck and Wells 1990: 324) "Vertiefung zur Einfassung von Edeisteinen, kornspeicher". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: inkebisn "kebsen, Konkubinat treiben" (Raven 111967: 75). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kebis (Starck and Wells 1990: 324) "Kebse, Konkubine, Buhldirne". Therefore an 0MG denominative verb. kelison on, gi-kelison "mit Stiefe versehen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 326). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kelisa (Starck and Wells 1990: 325) "Stiefel". Therefore an OHG denominative past participle construction (with n-extension). kempen, kem,nen "Wolle krempeln, kmmen, kammtragend (Raven 11963: 84). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS kembian I (de Vries 1962: 306) "kammen"; OE cemban I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 66) "to comb"; ON kemba I (de Vries 1962: 306) "kmmen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc */ccimbanan "to comb". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kamb (Starck and Wells 1990: 320) "Karnm, Hehnbusch, Kranzgesims"; OS komb (Kluge 1989: 350) "Kamm"; OE camb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 64) "comb, crest of a cock, crest or top of a helmet"; ON Iwmbr (Kluge 1989: 350) "Kamm, Karde; gezackter Bergrticken; Hahn", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *kambaz (Kluge 1989: 350) "Kamm". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. *kennen "kennen, erkennen". MHG kennen I (Lexer I 1872: 1548)"kennen, erkennen". cf. OHG kunnn III. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS ant-kennian I (Seebold 1970: 289) "kemien"; OFs. Icanna, kenna I (Seebold 1970: 289) "kennen"; OE cennan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 66) "to beget, conceive, create, bring forth; (bring from the mind), to declare, choose, ascribe, clear, prove"; ON kenna I (Seebold 1970: 289) "bekannt machen, wahrnehmen, geniel3en"; Gothic kannjan I (Seebold 1970: 289) "bekannt machen", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *kannejanan (Seebold 1970: 289) "bekannt machen", causative deverbative from preterite-present verb *kann (see under kann). Therefore a Gmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fora-bi-, gi-, ml-, irUren "eine andere Richtung geben, wenden, anwenden, ablenken, kehren, verdrehen, verschlectern" (Raven 11963: 86). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS k-ian I (Kluge 1989: 365) "kehren, wenden"; OFs. k&a I (Kluge 1989: 365) "kehren, wenden", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc */caizjan "to turn". This WGmc form has been affected by grammatical change and was originally NWGmc *Jwisjanan "to turn, bend, change", attested in ON keisa I (Pfeifer 111989: 821) "in die Hhe heben, hochtragen, biegen, zusarnmenfallen". The derivational pattern of this is unclear. It derives ultimately from IE *ge is- (Pokorny 11956: 355), an 's'-extension from IE 'J*gei_ (Pokorny 11956: 354) "drehen, biegen" (occurs only in extended form), from which base the following may also be derived: ON keikr < *geig(h) (Pokorny 1 1956: 354) "mit zurUckgebogenem Oberkorper, mit gehobenem Kopf und Schultern"; Lith. geibIis < *geibh (Pokomy 11956: 354) "plump, ungeschickt"; Latin gibber <*geibh (Pokorny 11956: 354) "buckelig, hockerig"; Skt jinah < *geig(h) (Pokorny 11956: 354) "schief, schrag, nach unten gewandt, quer liegend, gebeugt, schielend"; OE cierran,

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cerran, cyrran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 68) "to turn; to be turned; to turn oneself, go back, return; persuade, convert; translate", despite being cognate semantically with *kaizjan, differs in its vocalism, deriving from a variant form *karrjan, *karzjan (Pfeifer 111989: 821). As there is no evidence for an 's-extension outside Gmc, such an extension must be considered a NWGmc formation. The verb cannot therefore be assigned to a pre-Gmc stratum. Therefore a NWGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: aba-, ana-, ana-gi-, bi-, dana-, dana-b!-, dana-ir-, dara-, dara-aba-, fir-, gagan-, hera-, hintar-, hinlarot-bi-, ingagan-, ir-, miss!-, nidar-bi-, nidar-gi-, ubar-, i, lif-gi-, umbi-, liz-, ,vidar-, ,vidar-bi-, widar-gi-, zuokerien "kehren, fegen, hinwegfegen" (Raven I 1963: 308). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG, MDu k&en (Pfeifer II 1989: 822) "fegen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc */carj/an "to sweep, make clean". Probably from a nominal source similar to that attested: OHG ubar-kara (Pfeifer 111989: 822) "Unreinigkeit, Unflat; Kehricht"; Mod.Ice. kar (Pfeifer 111989: 822) "Schmutz". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gikestigon "zUchtigen, kasteien, schelten" (Raven 111967: 75). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kestiga, kestigi(Starck and Wells 1990: 328) "Ziichtigung, Rugen". Therefore an 0MG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giketinn "fesseln, mit Ketten belegen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 75). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ketin(n)a (Starck and Wells 1990: 329) "Kette, Halskette". <Latin catna (Kiuge 1989: 367) "Kette". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. kindn "Kinder erzeugen oder gebaren, fruchtbar machen" (Raven II 1967: 75). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is drived from the following nominal base: 0MG kind (Starck and Wells 1990: 330) "Kind, Sohn, Nachkomme". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. kirnen "dreschen, entkernen, kernig werden" (Raven 11963: 91). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kern(o) (Kluge 1989: 366) "Kern". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ir-, untarkizziln, kuzzillin "kitzeln, jucken, nach etwas lustern sein" (Raven 111967: 75). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS kitiln II (Starck and Wells 1990: 333) "kitzeln, jucken"; OE citelian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 69) "to tickle"; ON kitla II (de Vries 1962: 310) "kitzeln", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *kitil/anan, *kuti1/anan with expressive interchange i:u (Kluge 1989: 372) "kitzeln". The etymology of this verb is uncertain. The verb may be an '1-extension deverbative from an earlier verb which derives, in turn, ultimately from IE \J*geid (Pokorny 11956: 356) "stechen, kitzeln?", from which base the following may also be derived: Arm. kitak (Pokorny 11956: 356) "Stich, Punkt". This etymology, however, rests on very little supporting data and is not entirely convincing. It certainly does not present enough evidence to allow for this verb to be assigned to a pre-Gmc stratum. Therefore a NWGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. kiaffon, klapflin "Gerusch machen, lrmen, laut schallen, rasseln, krachen, klirren, rascheln, krachen, donnern, zerschlagen, knanen" (Raven 111967: 76). cf. 0MG klapfen I (Raven 11963: 92). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG kiappen II (Onions 1966: 179) "klapfen"; OFs. kiappia II (Onions 1966: 179) "klapfen"; OE clappian II (Onions 1966: 179) "to throb, beat"; ON kiappa II (Onions 1966: 179) "schlagen, pochen, klopfen, streicheln", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *klappqjanan expressive gemination "Gerusch machen". This

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verb stands in ablaut relation to klopfon, but no convincing further etymology can be found. It probably belongs to a Gmc onomatapoeic complex of immitative origin. kiagan "sich beklagen, wortiber klagen, sich Sorge machen, sich mit etwas entschuldigen" (Raven 111967: 76). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS klagan II (Pfeifer 111989: 839) "kiagen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *klagqjan "kiagen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kiaga (Starck and Wells 1990: 333) "Klage, Klagen"; OS klaga (Pfeifer 111989: 839) "Kiage", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *k!ago(}Uuge 1989: 328) "Klage". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fir-, gi-, irkiahezzen "klatschen, schiagen, mit den Hnden Beifall klatschen, froh sein" (Raven 11963: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *kiahhatjan " klatschen". The derivational pattern and etymology of this verb are uncertain. It is possibly an intensive deverbative (with change of medial 'k' to 'h') from a verb belonging to the complex cited under OHG kiecken. This is, however, by no means certain. Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. klam,nezzen "rauschen, rasseln, kiappern, prassein, sausen" (Raven I 1963: 92). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Probably an intensive deverbative but a suitable derivational base cannot be found. klapfen "klirren, rasseln, krachen" (Raven 11963: 92). cf. OHG kiaffon, klapfan II (Raven 111967: 76). No cognate verbs are attested. As cognate forms in related Gmc languages belong to class II this verb is probably best regarded as a class I deverbative from the class II weak verb klaffan, klapfon (which see). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. klawen "klauen, kratzen, scharreji, jucken" (Raven 11963: 92). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON kleyja I (Seebold 1970: 296) "kratzen, jucken", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *klaujanan " kratzen, jucken, klauen", class I weak deverbative from strong verb *klaujanan ( Seebold 1970: 295) "kratzen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE clawan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 70) "to claw"; ON kl St. vb (Seebold 1970: 295) "kratzen, reiben". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation. k1ebz "haften, anhaften, kieben, kiebrig werden, sich setzen, festsitzen" (Raven 111967: 231). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS klebn II (Kluge 1989: 375). OE cleofian, clfian II (Kluge 1989: 375) "to cleave, adhere, stick", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *klibjan (Seebold 1970: 297), class III durative deverbative from strong verb *Ideibanan (Seebold 1970: 297) "haften". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG gi-kJiban St. vb (Starck and Wells 1990: 336) "festhaften"; OS kilban st. vb (Seebold 1970: 296) "kleben"; OFs. kLii'a st. vb (Seebold 1970: 296) "hangen, klettern"; OE c4q'an st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 70) "to cleave, adhere"; ON kl(fa St. vb (Seebold 1970: 296) "klettern; klimmen". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zisamane-, zuokleiben "fest machen, befestigen, ankleben" (Raven 11963: 92). cf. OHG klebn III (Raven II 1967: 231). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *klaibejan (Seebold 1970: 297) causative deverbative from strong verb *kleibanan (Seebold 1970: 296) "haften" (see under klebn). Therefore an OHG causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anti-, ana-gi-, bi-, dara-, gi-

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*kleimen "beflecken, besudeln, schmieren". The following cognate verbs are attested: MDu. klmen (Onions 1966: 179) "to daub, plaster"; OE cicman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 69) "to smear, annoint, daub, plaster, caulk"; ON kleima I (de Vries 1962: 3 (5) "to daub, smear, dabble", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *klaim(/anan "to smear, daub, plaster, caulk". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kleim (Starck and Wells 1990: 294) "Leim"; OE dam (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 70) "paste, mortar, mud, clay"; ON klm (Cleasby and Vigfusson 1874: 342) "filthy or obscene language", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *klajm "clay, mud, mortar". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: biklein-kan "fein reden, errtern, Gedanken entwickeln" (Raven 111967: 77). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG klein(i) (Starck and Wells 1990: 334) "schlank, zart, klein"; cf. OHG kosn II "sich besprechen, reden, aussagen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. kiecken "treffen, knicken" (Raven I 1963: 308). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *klakkjan intensive gemination (Kiuge 1989: 375) "(ursprunglich Schallverb) krachen, klatschen> ausreichen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It may possibly be an intensive deverbative which derives from a verb belonging to a Gmc onomatapoeic complex ',I*klak_ "rufen, schreien". Verbs belonging to this complex include the following: MHG kiac (Pokorny I 1956: 350) "Handekltschen, knall, Krach, RiJ3; Klecks, Fleck"; MLG kiacken (Pokorny 11956: 350) "Kieckse machen"; OHG k/ac (Pfeifer II: 846) "RiB, Spalt, Knall, Krach, Klecks, Fleck"; OE clacu (Pokorny 11956: 350) "injury"; Mod.Engl. to clack (Pokorny 11956: 350). ON klaka (Pokorny 11956: 350) "zwitschern, gackern"; ON klakkr (Pokorny 11956: 350) "Kiecks, Kiumpen, Wlkchen". This Gmc complex can be traced back to an IE *glag (Pokorny 11956: 350) "rufen, schreien", from which base the following may be derived: OCS glagolb (Pfeifer 111989: 846) "Wort"; Greek ?o (Pfeifer II: 846) "ich lasse einen Gesang erklingen". *glag itself is a g-extensions from IE V*gal- (Pokorny 11956: 350) "rufen, schreien" (see under kalln). Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zikiengion, klingilan "klingen, klirren, pltschern, das Wohlklingen, der Gesang, die Litanei oder Sangerei" (Raven 111967: 77). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *klengilc/an class II frequentative / continuative deverbative (formed with 1-extension) from strong verb *klenganan (Seebold 1970: 299) "klingen" (see under kiengan). Therefore an OHG frequentative / continuative deverbative (with 1-extension). kiengison "klirren, tnen, rauschen, zischen" (Raven 111967: 77). We can therefore reconstruct a *klengiscjan (Seebold 1970: 300) class II frequentative / continuative deverbative (formed with s-extension) from strong verb *klenganan (Seebold 1970: 299) "klingen" (see under klengan). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation (formed with s-extension). klengon "klingen" (Raven II 1967: 77). We can therefore reconstruct a *klengqjan class II deverbative from strong verb *kienganan (Seebold 1970: 299) "klingen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG Idingan st. vb, pres only (Seebold 1970: 300) "klingen"; MLG klingen St. vb (Seebold 1970: 300) "klingen"; MDu. clinghen st. vb (Seebold 1970: 300) "klingen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. *klen ken "binden, verfesten, haften". MHG kienken (Lexer 11872: 1620) "schlingen, flechten, verflechten". The following cognate verbs are attested: OE be-clencan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 36) "to hold fast", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *kJan/cjan class I deverbative (with expressive devoicing of 'g' to 'k') from strong verb *klenganan (Seebold 1970: 300) "sich zusammenziehen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG klingan st. vb pres only

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(Seebold 1970: 300) "sich krauseln"; OE clingan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 70) "to stick together, cling; shrink, wither, pine". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-,fir-, hitklockn "klopfen, pochen, schiageri, betasten" (Raven II 1967: 78). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *klokkjan intensive gemination "klopfen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It probably represents an intensive deverbative formed with an expressive k-extension and with o-grade ablaut, from an otherwise unattested source which derives ultimately from IE 'J*ga1_ (Pokorriy 11956: 350) "rufen, schreien" (see under ku/lan). Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear.
klopfJn "klopfen, besonders an die TUr klopfen, (die Brust) durchzucken" (Raven 111967: 78).

The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG kioppen (Kluge 1989: 379). MDu cloppen (Kluge 1989: 379). We can therefore reconstruct a WGmc *kloppq/an intensive gemination "klopfen". This verb stands in ablaut relation to Idaffan, klapfon, but no convincing further etymology can be found. It probably belongs to a Gmc onomatapoeic complex of immitative origin.
kiubUn "abpflucken, klauben, seufzen, naschen oder lstern nach" (Raven II 1967: 78). The

following cognate verbs are attested: MLG kliven (Pfeifer 111989: 844). MIJu cli'en (Pfeifer II 1989: 844). We can therefore reconstruct a WGmc *klubjan "mhsam und einzeln zusammensuchen, auflesen, von der Schale befreien, pflucken" class II zero-grade deverbative from strong strong verb *kleubanan (Seebold 1970: 301) "spalten". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG klioban st. vb (Seebold 1970: 301) "spalten, klieben"; OS k1st. vb (Seebold 1970: 301) "spaltete sich"; OE cl5ofan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 70) "to cleave, split, separate"; ON klzfa st. vb (Seebold 1970: 301) "spalten". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. knen "keimen, wissen, verstehen". Attested in Old East Low Franconian knan (Starck and Wells 1990: 337) "kennen, wissen". No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *knan (Seebold 1970: 303) class I weak deverbative from strong verb *knanan (Seebold 1970: 302) "kennen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OS be-knegan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 303) "teilhaftig werden"; OE cnwan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 71) "to know, perceive; acknowledge; declare"; ON knd St. vb (Seebold 1970: 302) "knnen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, I,-. knisten "zerdrUcken, zerreiben, zermalmen, zerbrckeln, abnutzen, herausschlagen, -stoBen, zerschmettem, vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 93). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb:firkniwen "knien" (Raven 11963: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG knio (Kluge 1989: 383) "Knie". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giknupfen, knuffen " knUpfen, verknupfen, flechten, binden, fessein, von unten anknUpfen, anbinden oder befestigen" (Raven I 1963: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG knopf(Starck and Wells 1990: 338) "Knoten, Knopf, Knauf'. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-gi-, bi-, gi-, int-, untar-, zisatnene-, zuo-gi-

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knussen "stoi3en, zerstol3en, zusammenschlagen, zerstampfen, schiagen, kneten, quetschen" (Raven 11963: 308). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE cnyssan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 72) "to press, toss, strike, hew to pieces, dash, crash (together), beat; overcome, overwhelm, oppress"; Norw. knysia (Pokorny 1 1956: 372) "zermalmen"; cf. ON knosa II, originally class I? (Pokorny I 1956: 372) "kneifen, schlagen, zerbrechen, mit Schiagen mii3handeln", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *knusjanan "to press, crush". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from IE *gn_eu_s_ (Pokorny I 1959: 372), from which base the following may also be derived: OE cnyllan I <*knuzljanan 1-extension (Pokorny 11959: 372) "to toll a bell; strike, knock"; ON knyila I <*knuzijanan 1-extension (Pokorny 11959: 372) "schlagen, sto3en"; ON knska II k-extension (Pokomy I 1959: 372) "schlagen". Extension from IE J*gen- (Pokorny 1 1959: 370) "zusammendrUcken, kneifen, zusammenknicken; Zusammengedrucktes, Gebaltes" (occurs only in extended form). The IE *gn-eu-s- only appears to have been productive in Gmc and there are, consequently, no IE parallels to allow for the reconstruction of a pre-Gmc verb. Therefore a NWGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, ana-bi-, bi-,fir-, gi-, zi-, zuo-gikoborn "erlangen, erreichen; (reflex.) sich erholen, Krfte gewinnen, sich wieder sammeln" (Schade I 1882: 503). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb probably derives from a Romance dialect such as Provenal (re)cobrar (Meyer-LUbke 1935: 591) "wieder erlangen", which in turn derives from Latin recupenifre (Meyer-LUbke 1935: 591) "wieder erlangen". Therefore an OHG loan verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, ir-, ubarkohhon "kochen, sieden, Speisen zubereiten" (Raven II 1967: 78). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. MLG koken probably loan verb from High German (Kluge 1989: 387). cf. MDu coken probably loan verb from High German (Kluge 1989: 387). cf. OFs. kokia probably loan verb from High German (Kluge 1989: 387). < Late Latin cocere (Meyer-Lubke 1935: 205) "kochen". <Latin coquere (Meyer-Lubke 1935: 205) "kochen". Therefore an OHG loan verb. korz "kosten, proben, versuchen" (Schutzeichel 1969: 99). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *kuz/an class III durative deverbative from strong verb *keusanan (Seebold 1970: 293) "erproben" (see under koran). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. korn "(+gen., acc.) versucheni, prufen, kosten, begehren, Verlangen tragen, nachspuren, geniellen, erleiden, zum (leiblichen oder geistigen) Genul3 kommen" (Raven 111967: 79). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *kuz4,an (Seebold 1970: 294) class II deverbative from strong verb *keusanan (Seebold 1970: 293) "erproben". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG kiosan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 293) "wahlen, prufen"; OS kiosan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 293) "waihlen, ausersehen"; OFs. kiasa St. vb (Seebold 1970: 293) "wahlen"; OE cosan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 67) "to choose, seek out, select; decide, test, accept, approve"; ON kjsa st. vb (Seebold 1970: 293) "wahlen; wunschen; abmachen, zaubem (letztere Bedeutung eigentlich) einen Gegenstand zur Zauberei whlen"; Gothic kiusan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 293) "prlifen, erproben". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: hi-, gikornn "krnen" (Raven 111967: 79). Cognates None. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG korna (Starck and Wells 1990: 342) "Krone, Krariz". <Latin corona (Pfeifer 111989: 936) "Krone; Kranz". <Greek Kopbvii (Pfeifer 111989: 936) "Bogenende, Ring, Kranz, Krone". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

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kcn "sprechen, (sich) besprechen, heraussagen, errtern, einreden, beistehen, Gesprache fiihren, plaudern, anfUhren, behaupten, trotzig reden, prahien, sich brusten, geheim verhandein, feindlich gesinnt sein" (Raven 111967: 80). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ksa (Kluge 1989: 406) "Gesprach, Erzahlung". <Latin causa (Kluge 1989: 406) "Rechtssache". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gi-, Ilintar-, widarkossn "kussen" (Raven II 1967: 81). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE cossian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 73) "to kiss", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *koss4ian "to kiss". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kus, kos (Kluge 1989: 421) "Ku13"; OS kus(s) (Kluge 1989: 421) "Ku13"; OFs. koss (Kluge 1989: 421) "Ku13"; OE coss (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 73) "kiss"; ON koss (Kluge 1989: 421) "Ku13", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *kussuz intensive gemination (Kluge 1989: 421) "kiss". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. This verb may, however, be a class II primary verb deriving ultimately from IE I*ku_, *kits- (see under kussen). Alternatively, it may represent a class II deverbative from the earlier class I verb. kostn "prufen, versuchen, bedenken" (Raven 111967: 81). cf. OHG kusten I (Raven 11963: 100). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS kostn II (Kluge 1989: 407). OE costian II (Kluge 1989: 407) "to tempt, try, prove, examine"; ON kosta II (Kluge 1989: 407) "erproben, sich anstrengen, anwenden, nachstellen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *kust/anan "to attempt, try, decide, test out". This verb may be a The verb is derived from either of two nominal bases. Firstly: OHG kost (Seebold 1970: 294) "Gutdenken, Rat"; OE cost (Seebold 1970: 294) "option, choice, possibilty; manner, way; condition"; ON kostr (Seebold 1970: 294) "WahI, Moglichkeit, Entschlul3"; Gothic kustus (Seebold 1970: 294) "Prufung, Beweis", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *kust masc. (Seebold 1970: 294). Or, alternatively, it may be a The verb is derived from the nominal base: OHG kust (Seebold 1970: 294) "Beschaffenheit, Reinheit"; OS kust (Seebold 1970: 294) "Wahi, Entscheidung"; OFs. kest (Seebold 1970: 294) "WahI, Satzung"; OE cyst (Seebold 1970: 294) "free-will, choice; the best of anything, the choicest; virtue, goodness"; Gothic ga-kusts (Seebold 1970: 294) "Prtifung, Beweis", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *kustjz fem. (Seebold 1970: 294). Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. kotezzen "abwaschen" (Raven I 1963: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Probably an intensive deverbative from an unattested source. koufen "kaufen, handein, erhandein, erstehen, austauschen, vergleichen, zurUckkaufen, erkaufen, pachten, zusammen-, aufkaufen" (Raven I 1963: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. As cognate forms in related Gmc languages belong to class II this verb is probably best regarded as a class I deverbative from the class II weak verb kaufan (which see). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, gi-, irkoufan "kaufen, Handel treiben" (Raven 111967: 81). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS kapian II (Kluge 1989: 363). OE c&zpian II (Pfeifer 111989: 814) "to bargain, chaffer, trade, buy, bribe"; ON kaupa 11 (Kluge 1989: 363) "kaufen"; Gothic kaupn II (Kluge 1989: 363) "to buy", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *kaupjanan (Kluge 1989: 363) "kaufen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG koufo (Pfeifer II 1989: 814) "Handler"; OE ciepa (Pfeifer 111989: 814) "small tradesman, innkeeper", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *kaupan n-stem (Pfeifer II 1989: 814) "Handler". < Latin caupo (gen. caupnis) (Pfeifer 111989: 814) "small tradesman, innkeeper". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Alternatively, this verb may be a Gmc loan verb from the Latin verb caupanari (Kluge 1989: 363) "sachern".

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krademen "rauschen, sausen, rassein, klappem, prasseln, lrmen, ertOnen, toben, tosen" (Raven I 1963: 96). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kradam (Starck and Wells 1990: 343) "Krachen, Getse". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. krffen, krawen, kragen "krhen, Gerausch machen, lrrnen, toben, tosen, ertnen, singen, schwatzen, plappern, plaudern" (Raven 11963: 96). cf. OHG krwn 11 (Raven 111967: 81). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS knffian I (Seebold 1970: 305) "krhen", which J.jan (Seebold 1970: 305) "krhen", class I weak allows us to reconstruct a WGmc */c deverbative from strong verb *frj.&jnan (Seebold 1970: 305) "singen, krhen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE crawan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 74) "to crow as a cock". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irkraflz "Kraft bekommen, kraftig werden" (Raven 111967: 231). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under krefien. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. kragilan, krakiln, krahl:ilan "schwatzen, plappern, klffen" (Raven 111967: 81). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *kragilq/an, *kraki1jan with expresive consonant variation, class II frequentative deverbative formed with 1-extension from WGmc weak verb *krakq/an(an) "krachen" (see under krahh 'z). Therefore an OHG frequentative I continuative deverbative (formed with 1-extension). krahhen "erschuttern" (Raven I 1963: 96). No cognate verbs are attested. As cognate forms in related Gmc languages belong to class II this verb is probably best regarded as a class I deverbative from the class II weak verb k.rahhn (which see). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. krahhn "krachen, knistern, sthnen" (Raven 111967: 81). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG kracken, krken, krachen (Pfeifer 111989: 919). MDu crken (Pfeifer 111989: 919). OE cracian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 74) "to resound, crack", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *krakjan "krachen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It probably represents a guttural extension (possibly affective), which derives ultimately from LE J a_ nicht zu 'J*ger-, extended form *gr . (Pfeifer 111989: 919) "= 'heiser schreien' (NWGmc */r
O

gewandeltem alten a durch neuerliche Nachahmung des a-farbigen Rabengekrachzes)"

(Pokomy 11956: 384)), from which base the following may also be derived: OE crwan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 305) "to crow as a cock"; Lith. gioju (Pokorny 11956: 384) "krachzen"; OCS grajo, grajati (Pokomy 11956: 384) "krachzen"; Ski garjati (Pfeifer 111989: 919) "brullt, brummt, tobt, tost". As the verb is confmed to WGmc and as the attested IE parallels are not formed with any gutteral extension, such an extension must be regarded as a later innovation. The verb cannot, therefore, be assigned to a pre-Gmc stratum. Therefore a WGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irkrapfon, gi-krapfol "mit Haken versehen, (vom Panzer) hakenformig" (Raven 111967: 81). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG krapfo, kraffo (Starck and Wells 1990: 345) "Haken, Widerhaken, Krapfengeback". Therefore an OHG denominative preterite participle construction. krwn "schnattern, krhen, krchzen" (Raven 111967: 81). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *JJj/an developent of intervocalic 'w' glide is secondary

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"krhen", class II deverbative from strong verb */j. anan (Seebold 1970: 305) "singen, krhen" (see under kren). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. krazzn "kratzen, zerkratzen, mit der Folterkralle zerfleischen, reizen, zusammenscharren" (Raven 111967: 81). The following cognate verbs are attested: OSwed. kratta H (Pokorny I 1956: 405) "(zer)kratzen"; cf. MHG kretzen umlaut indicates origin in class I (Kluge 1989: 405). We can therefore reconstruct a NWGmc *kratrcjanan intensive gemination "kratzen". The etymology of this verb is uncertain. It may possibly derive from an IE 'J*gred-, *grod(Pokorny 11956: 405) "kratzen", from which base the following may also be derived: ON krota (< * grd) (Pokorny 11956: 405) "kratzen"; OHG krizzn II with expressive vocalism (Pokorny I 1956: 405) "einritzen"; ORG kreiz (Pokorny 11956: 405) "Kreis (<*eingeritzter Zauberkreis)"; Aib. gerrus, grrese, krdr() (Pokorny I 1956: 405) "Schabeisen"; Alb. gerruej, geruj (Pokomy 11956: 405) "kratze, schabe". The uncertain etymology of this verb and the lack of suitable IE parallels mean that this verb cannot be assigned to a pre-Gmc stratum. Therefore a NWGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: aba-, widarkreften "anfachen, beleben" (Raven I 1963: 96). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE crceflan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 74) "to exercise a craft, build; bring about, contrive", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc */cJ.afiUan "to use a craft". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kraft (Starck and Wells 1990: 344) "Macht, Kraft, Vermogen"; OS kraft, kraht (Kluge 1989: 408) "Macht, Kraft, Vermogen"; OFs. kreft, /c.rafi (Kiuge 1989: 408) "Macht, Kraft, Vermogen"; OE crcft (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 74) "power, might, strength as of body; craft of mind, cunning, knowledge, science, talent, ability, faculty, excellence, virtue"; ON kraptr (Kluge 1989: 408) "Kraft, Tuchtigkeit, bes. ubernaturlicher i.afijz fem. (Kluge 1989: 408) "Macht, Kraft". Kraft", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc */c Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. kregz "brausen, larmen" (Raven II 1967: 231). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: MuG kreg, krege, kr(Lexer 11872: 1699) "Krahe". Therefore an ORG denominative verb.
kresamn, gi-kresamot "mit geweihtem Salbole gesalbt" (Raven 111967: 82). No cognate verbs

are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kresamo, krisamo (Starck and Wells 1990: 346) "Chrisam, Salbol". Therefore an ORG denominative preterite participle construction.
krinnn, gi-krinnai "gekerbt, mit scharfen Spitzen versehen, gezahnt" (Raven 111967: 82). No

cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG krinna (Starck and Wells 1990: 347) "Kerbe, Einschnitt ins Kerbliolz". Therefore an ORG denominative preterite participle construction. krizzon "einritzen" (Pokorny I 1956: 405). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *krettcjan, */ftt4/an intensive gemination and expressive vocalism "einritzen". The etymology of this verb is uncertain. It may possibly derive from an IE 'I*gred-, *grod(Pokomy 11956: 405) "kratzen" (see under krazzn). The uncertain etymology of this verb, its confmement to OHG, and the lack of suitable JE parallels mean that this verb cannot be assigned to a pre-Gmc stratum. Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. krockezzen "krchzen, das Krchzen vom Raben und Waldeseln" (Raven I 1963: 97). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OE cracettan I with variant ablaut grade (Kluge 1989: 408) "to croak", which allows us to reconstruct a */crukkatjan intensive gemination "krchzen", class I intensive deverbative with zero ablaut grade from a WGmc class II weak verb *kiakjan

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"krachen" which is attested in the following: OHG krahhn II (Raven 111967: 81) "krachen, stohnen"; OE cracian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 74) "to resound". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. krnen "zustimmen, schwatzen, plappern, plaudern, ertnen, laut erschallen, widerhallen, laut verkundigen, predigen, (sich) ruhmen, prahlen, sich etwas Fremdes aneignen oder zuschreiben, vernehmen lassen, ersuchen, bitten, ansprechen, viel sprechen" (Raven 1 1963: 97). The following cognate verbs are attested: MDu. krnen (Barnhardt 1988: 236) "to lament, mourn, groan"; Mid.Engl. to crownen, croynen (Barnhardt 1988: 236) "bellow, roar, rumble", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *krnjan "to hum, sing or murmer in a low tone; chatter, prattle". Etymology uncertain. Probably of imitative origin. krouwn "zerschneiden, zerteilen, wieder aufkratzen" (Raven II 1967: 82). The following cognate verbs are attested: MDu crauwen, crouwen (Pfeifer II 1989: 925) "kratzen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *krau(w)/an "kratzen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from the ablaut o-grade of IE *greu_, *gr l7 (Pfeifer II 1989: 925) "Zusammengekratztes". This, in turn, is an extension of IE 'J*ger_ (Pfeifer 111989: 925) "drehen, winden", from which base the following may be derived: OFs. krwia (Pokorny I 1956: 388) "mit gekrUmmten Fingern kratzen"; Oh. gruc g-extension (Pokorny 11956: 389) "Runzel"; Greek Tp i5ltoc p-extension (Pokorny 11956: 389) "gekrummt". The lack of suitable IE parallels in the attested forms given above means that there is insufficient evidence to allow for this verb to be assigned to a pre-Gmc stratum. Therefore a WGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. kruohhn "runzeln, runzelig machen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 82). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OS kraka (Starck and Wells 1990: 349) "Falte, Runzel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. kriizigon "kreuzigen; crucifigere, cruce suspendere" (Raven II 1967: 82). No cognate verbs are attested. <Latin cruciare (Pfeifer 111989: 931) "kreuzigen, martern". The -g- suffix probably arises through the influence of Latin cru cflger e "kreuzigen"; or as a hiatus; or through the influence of the large number of OHG verbs in -igan). Therefore an OHG loan verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gikrUzn "kreuzigen, ans Kreuz schiagen" (Raven II 1967: 83). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kri7i, kriize (Starck and Wells 1990: 350) "Kreuz". < Latin crUx (gen. crUcis) (Kluge 1989: 412) "Kreuz". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. kUmen "mit MUhe ertragen, bejammern, jammernd erzahlen, trauern, (sich) (weinend) beklagen, sich beschweren, weinen, in Klagen ausbrechen" (Raven I 1963: 97). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kilma (Starck and Wells 1990: 350) "Klage, Beschwerde". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, iTkE7migz "ermatten, erschlaffen, krank oder gebrechlich sein oder werden" (Raven II 1967: 231). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG kthnig (Starck and Wells 1990: 351) "erschopft, leidend, verwundet". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. kiimn "beklagen" (Raven II 1967: 83). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under kUmen. Therefore an OHG denominative verb.

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kunden "verkundigen, ankundigen, anzeigen, angeben, vorher sagen, vorher verkUndigen, bestatigeri, zugeben, zeigen, deutlich ausdrUcken, bezeugen, beteuern, protestieren, beibringen, andeuten, zurUck berichten, rapportieren, weihen, heiligen, beweisen, versichern, dartun, melden, hinterbringen, ansagen, bestimmen, bekanntmachen, bestehen, ubereinstimmen, feststellen, uberzeugen, uberreden, verschulden, sagen" (Raven I 1963: 98). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS kthian 1 (Holthausen 1967: 44) "kunden, offenbaren"; OFs. ktha I (Lehmann 1986: 223) "to make known"; OE cydan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 81) "to proclaim, utter, make known, show forth, tell, relate; prove show, testify, confess"; ON kynna I, assimilation of 'k' to 'n' (Cleasby and Vigfusson 1874: 366) "to make known", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *kunJ,anan "to make known, proclaim". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kund (Starck and Wells 1990: 351) "bekannt, offenbar"; OS kizth (Holthausen 1967: 44) "kund"; OFs. kiith (Kiuge 1989: 419) "bekannt"; OE c (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 76) "known, plain, manifest, certain; well-known, usual; noted, excellent, famous; intimate, familiar, friendly, related"; ON kunnr (Kiuge 1989: 419) "known, familiar"; Gothic kunbs (Kluge 1989: 419) "known", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *kunj,az "known", adjectival to-paticiple from preterite-present verb *kann (see under kann). Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruh-,fora-,fram-, gi-, ir-, widar-, zuokundn "verktindigen, kundtun, ausrufen, zeigen" (Raven 11963: 83). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ciiian II originally class III? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 76) "to become known, take knowledge of, regard", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *kunJ,/an "to know, make known". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under kunden). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: an a-, gikunnn "erforschen, erfahren,. kennenlernen, erkennen, versuchen, drohen, der Trunk, stadtisch" (Raven 111967: 231). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-kunnon II (Seebold 1970: 289). OE cunnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 76) "to search into, try, test, seek for, explore, investigate; experience; know"; Gothic ana-kunnan Ill (Seebold 1970: 289) "to read", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *kunnanan (Seebold 1970: 289) class III durative deverbative from preterite-present verb */,rn (see under kann). Therefore a Gmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irkuolen "kuhlen, khl machen, abkUhlen, Kuhlung zufhcheln" (Raven I 1963: 99). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. kla I (Onions 1966: 502) "to cool"; OE c1an I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 66) "to cool", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *kalj(jan "to cool, make cool". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kuoli (Kluge 1989: 417) "kOhl"; OE cal (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 72) "cool, cold; tranquil, calm", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *kaljaz, *klaz "cool". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irkuol', "kalt oder kuhl sein oder werden, von der Klte leiden, erkalten" (Raven 111967: 232). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS klan II (Onions 1966: 213). OE clian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 72) "to cool, grow cold, be cold", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *kaljan "to be or become cool". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under kuolen). Therefore a WGrnc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irkuppuln, kupuln "zusammenkoppeln, verknupfen" (Raven 111967: 83). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kupula (Starck and

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Wells 1990: 354) "Band, Verbindung". <Latin cpula (Kiuge 1989 404) "BancY'. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Alternatively, this verb may be a loan verb from Latin cpulare (Pfeifer 111989: 911) "durch em Band verknupfen, zusammenschlie3en, -binden"). kurzen "kUrzen, abkurzen" (Raven I 1963: 100). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG kurz, kurt (Kluge 1989: 421) "kurz". <Latin curtus (Kluge 1989: 421) "shortened, mutilated". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gikussen "(ab)kOssen, herzen, zrtlich lieben" (Raven 11963: 100). cf. 0MG kossn II (Raven II 1967: 81). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS kussian I (Kluge 1989: 421) "kussen"; OFs. /cessa I (Kluge 1989: 421) "kussen"; OE cyssan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 80) "to kiss"; ON kyssa I (Kluge 1989: 421) "kssen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *kuss/anan (Kluge 1989: 421) "to kiss". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from IE I*ku-, *kus- (expressive verb remaining unaffected by Gmc sound shift k>h) (Pokorny 11956: 626) "kiss", from which base the following may also be derived: Greek vw n-infix present (Aorist icuaaa) (Kluge 1989: 421) "ich kusse"; Skt cumbati (Kluge 1989: 421) "kul3t"; Hittite kuwa- (Kluge 1989: 421) "kiss"; Gothic kukjan with k-extension or child's speech reduplication of initial consonant (Kluge 1989: 421) "to kiss"; East Fs. kk/cen with k-extension or child's speech reduplication of initial consonant (Kiuge 1989: 421) "to kiss". These IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Although there is a later, WGmc, class II variant (see under kosson) which this thesis has made a denominative formation, primary status is more convincing for the older class I verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gikusten "betasten, prufen, versuchen, untersuchen, probieren, abschatzen, wurdigen" (Raven I 1963: 100). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE cystan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 80) "to spend, lay out, get the value of', which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *kustan "to value, estimate, test, try out". This verb may be a The verb is derived from either of two nominal bases (see under kostn). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, irkuln "wie eine Taube girren" (Raven 111967: 83). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: MHG kule, kUte (Raven II 1967: 83) "Taube". Therefore an ORG denominative verb. kweckz "lebendig oder frisch sein oder werden, frisch oder lebenskraftig werden, zu Leben beginnen, keimen" (Raven 111967: 230). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS quickon II (Starck and Wells 1990: 467) "leben, Leben zeigen"; OE cwician II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 78) "to come to life, come to one's self', which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *kwikwan "to come to life". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under kwick5n). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irkwellen "qualen, martern, zu Tode peinigen, plagen, strafen, in Banden legen, mit Marter mid zur Strafe wohin bringen, opfern, mordern, foltem Folterknecht" (Raven I 1963: 307). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS quellian I (Seebold 1970: 313) "qalen, toten"; OE cwellan I ((Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 77) "to kill, murder, excute"; ON kvelja I (Seebold 1970: 313) "plagen, martern, qualen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *kwalejanan (Seebold 1970: 313) "to cause to suffer, plague, kill", causative deverbative from strong verb */cwelanan "qualen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG quelan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 313) "leiden,sich abqualen, trauern um"; OS quelan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 313) "Martern erleiden, sterben"; OE cwelan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 77) "to die". Therefore a NWGmc causative deverbative.

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Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruh-, ir-, zikwetlen "anreden, grul3en, benennen, ausrufen, begrul3en, stark, kraftig sein, mit der Stimme oder Worten zustande bringen" (Raven 11963: 90). Cf. OHO kwiiiln H (Raven 111967: 83). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS queddian I (Seebold 1970: 319) "anreden, begru3en"; OE cwiddian, cweddian II, but probably originally class I as indicated by umlaut (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 78) "to talk, speak, say, discuss, report; make a claim against"; ON kvedja I (Seebold 1970: 319) "anreden, begrul3en, auffordern", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc */iaOejanan (Seebold 1970: 319) "begrul3en, anreden", causative of strong verb */cH/ejlanan (Seebold 1970: 319) "to say, speak". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG quedan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 319) "sagen, sprechen, behaupten, reden, versichem"; OS quethan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 319) "Satz sprechen, sagen, reden"; OFs. quetha St. vb (Seebold 1970: 319) "sagen, sprechen, bedeuten"; OE cweOan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 78) "to say, speak, name, proclaim, summon, declare, order, give orders; consider, regard"; ON icveda st. vb (Seebold 1970: 318) "sagen, sprechen, nennen, singen"; Gothic qiban St. vb (Seebold 1970: 318) "sagen, sprechen, reden, meinen". Therefore aNWGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gikwicken "quicken, beleben, emportreiben, erwecken, erregen, zusammensingen, harmonieren, zusammenfilgen, herrichten" (Raven I 1963: 91). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under kwickn. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: aba-ir-, bi-, gi.-, ir-, -irkwickn "leben" (Raven 111967: 83). cf. OHG kwicken I (Raven 11963: 91). cf. OHG kwicki III (Raven 111967: 230). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS quickan II (Starck and Wells 1990: 467) "leben, Leben zeigen"; OE cwician II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 78) "to quicken, make living", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc */jJojijan "to quicken, bring to life; live". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG quic, quec (Kiuge 1989: 364) "lebendig, lebhaft"; 'OS quick (Bosworth and Toller 1976: 179) "lebendig"; OFs. quick (Bosworth and Toller 1976: 179) "lebendig"; OE cwic(u) (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 78) "alive, quick, living"; ON kvikr (Kiuge 1989: 364) "lebendig", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *kwikuz, *kwikwaz "lebendig, lebhaft". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. kwitiln "leise klagend besprechen, reden uber, murmeln, flUstern, girren" (Raven 111967: 83). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *kweil4ian (Seebold 1970: 319) class II diminutive deverbative (formed with 1-extension) from strong verb *Jcweanan (Seebold 1970: 318) "sagen" (see under kwetten). Therefore an OHG diminutive deverbative (formed with 1-extension).

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L
lab an "laben, den Hunger stillen, Viehzeug tranken, erfrischen, erquicken, Ruhe schaffen, sich erholen, sich angenehm machen, waschen" (Raven II 1967: 83). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-lavon II (Kluge 1989: 422) "waschen"; OE lafian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 210) "to pour water on, wash, bathe", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *1abjan (Kluge 1989: 422) "to wash". <Latin lavare (Kluge 1989: 422) "to wash". Therefore a WGmc loan verb (the early origin of the loan is indicated by the OHG sound shift of 'v' to 'b'. Nevertheless, these borrowings could equally have been made independantly, the OHG shift of 'v' to 'b' by analogy). Prefix formations derived from this verb: giladn "laden, einladen, berufen, auffordern" (Raven II 1967: 84). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS laian, ladoian II (Kiuge 1989: 425) "laden"; OFs. lathia, ladia II (Kiuge 1989: 425) "laden"; OE laOian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 212) "to invite, summon, call upon, ask"; ON laa II (Kiuge 1989: 425) "einladen, bitten"; Gothic laon II (Kluge 1989: 425) "to invite", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *1aktjanan (Kluge 1989: 425) "einladen, berufen". Etymology uncertain. Probably from a noun *1a (Pokomy 11956: 665) which appears in Gothic laba-leiko (Kluge 1989: 424) "gem, (wohi eigentlich) willig". Compare ON Zoo (de Vries 1962: 373) "Einladung", and Runic lcbu (de Vries 1962: 373). Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: dara-, fun-, gi-, widar-gi-, (helm-), (herasun)-, in-, z'-, widar-, zuo*Ien "verraten". The following cognate verbs are attested: OE iciwan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 210) "to betray"; Gothic lewjan I (Lehmann 1986: 232) "to betray", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *l5wjjanan "to betray". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OE liw, lw (Bosworth and Toller 1921: 603) "injury, weakening"; ON lti(Zoega 1910: 281) "venom, bane"; Gothic lew (Lehmann 1986: 232) "opportunity, cause", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *1wan "opportunity, cause". cf. OHG lwi(Starck and Wells 1990: 362) "Lauheit"; cf. OFs. lwse (Holthausen 1925: 65) "verrat". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:flr-, gilagan "(+gen., dat.) auflauern, nachstellen, wonach trachten" (Raven II 1967: 85). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lffga (Starck and Wells 1990: 358) "Hinterhalt, Falle". Therefore an 0MG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi(h)lahh a "(+gen.) lachen, lcheln uber, vor Freude strahlen, laut jubein, anlcheln" (Raven II 1967: 232). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *hlahan (Seebold 1970: 257) "lachen", class III durative deverbative from strong verb *hlahjanan (Seebold 1970: 257) "lachen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG hlc st. vb pret. sg. (Kiuge 1989: 424) "lachen"; OS hiogun st. vb pret. p1. (Kiuge 1989: 424) "lachen"; OE hliehhan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 186) "to laugh; rejoice; deride"; ON hiaja st. vb (Kluge 1989: 424) "lachen"; Gothic hlahjan st. vb (Kluge 1989: 424) "to laugh". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, zuolahhinn "heilen, gesund machen, Arzt sein" (Raven 111967: 85). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS lffknn II (de Vries 1962: 371). OE lacnian, lcffcnian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 208) "to heal, cure, treat, look after; foment, dress (a wound)"; ON lcffkna II though

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possibly loan verb from OE (Lehmann 1986: 232) "Iieilen"; Gothic lekinon 11 (Lehmann '1986: 232) "to heal", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *1kjnjanan "to heal, cure, treat". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lffhhi (Starck and Wells 1990: 358) "Arzt"; OS lki (Onions 1966: 522) "Arzt"; OFs. leiza, leischa (Onions 1966: 522) "Arzt"; OE kice (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 232) "physician, doctor"; OSwed. lakir (Onions 1966: 522). Gothic lekeis (Onions 1966: 522) "physician", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *lkjaz (Onions 1966: 522) "doctor, physician". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb (formed with nextension). lallUn "stammeln, lallen, unklar reden" (Raven 111967: 85). The following cognate verbs are attested: Swed. lalla (Kluge 1989: 426) "lallen"; Dan. lalle (Pfeifer 111989: 966) "lallen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *lallqjanan "lallen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It appears to be formed by means of reduplication from the IE '/*la- (Pokorny I 1989: 651) "(Schallwurzel)", from which base the following may be also derived: Latin lallre (Kluge 1989: 426) "trallern"; Greek XaXco (Kluge 1989: 426) "ich schwatze"; Skt lalall (Kluge 1989: 426) "Lallen, Lallaut (interjektion des Lallens)"; Lith. laloti (Kluge 1989: 426) "lallen"; Russ. lla (Kluge 1989: 426) "Schwtzer". Despite the fact that this verb may represent an LE 'Wanderwort', the IE parallels given above present sufficient evidence to allow for it to be assigned to a pre-Gmc stratum. langi "(impers. +acc. pers. et gen. rei) begehren, Lust haben, nach etwas sehnen, Verlangen tragen, einem Bange sein, d.h. ihn drangen" (Raven 111967: 233). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS langon II (de Vries 1962: 345) "verlangen"; OE langian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 211) "to long for, yearn after, grieve for, be pained"; ON langa (de Vries 1962: 345) "verlangen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *langanan "to long for". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lang, lanc(h) (Kluge 1989: 427) "lang, grol3, ausgedehnt"; OS lang (Kluge 1989: 427) "lang"; OFs. lang, long (Kluge 1989: 427) "lang"; OE lang (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 211) "long, tall, lasting"; ON langr (Kiuge 1989: 427) "lang"; Gothic laggs (Kiuge 1989: 427) "long", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *langaz (Kiuge 1989: 427) "lang". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, dara-, gi-, hinalangsamn "verlangem" (Starck and Wells 1990: 360). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG langsam (Starck and Wells 1990: 360) "lang, lange dauernd". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gilastarn "lstem, schmahen, die Ehre nehmen" (Raven II 1967: 86). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lastar (Kluge 1989: 429) "Laster, Tadel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gilazn "verzogern, sumen, trge sein" (Raven 111967: 86). ON lata II (de Vries 1962: 346) "langsam, ruhig, schlaff werden", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *lat/anan "to be slow, lazy, late". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under lezzen). Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. lazzn "lssig oder trage sein, sumen, zogern" (Raven 111967: 233). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE latian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 212) "to be slow, indolent; to linger, delay, hesitate", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *latan "to be slow, lazy, late". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under lezzen). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb.

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lebti "(+gen, dat, acc.) leben, beleben, verleben, das Leben fiihren oder zubringen, am Leben sein, Leben haben, von etwas leben, verkehren, erquicken, lebend, lebendig, em lebendes Wesen, vernderliche Dinge" (Raven 111967: 233). cf. OHG leiben I. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS libbian (Kluge 1989: 432) "leben"; OFs. libba (Kluge 1989: 432) "leben"; OE libban, l/Ian, leofian III (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 217) "to live, experience, be, exist"; ON If/a III (Kluge 1989: 432) "leben"; Gothic liban III (Kluge 1989: 432) "to live", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *ljbjanan (Seebold 1970: 326) "leben, fortsetzen, bleiben", class III durative deverbative from strong verb *_leibanan (Seebold 1970: 326) "with prefix = bleiben" (see under leiben). Therefore a Gmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: eban-, gi-, missi-, ubar-, widarlefsmammalan "stammeln" (Raven 111967: 86). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG left (Starck and Wells 1990: 364) "Lefze, Lippe, Rand"; cf. OHG mammaln II "undeutlich sprechen, in den Bart murmeln, stammein, (modern Bavarian) memmein". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. leggen "liegen machen, hinweg-. ablegen, aussetzen, anberaumen, hineintun, anziehen" (Raven 11963: 309). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS leggian I (Seebold 1970: 325) "legen"; OFs. ledza, lega, leia I (Seebold 1970: 325) "legen"; OE lecgan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 214) "to lay, put, place, deposit, set; bury; prostrate, cast down, lay low, kill; betake oneself, go; put before, submit; dispose, arrange; attach"; ON leggja I (Seebold 1970: 325) "legen, liegen machen, einrichten, werfen"; Gothic lag/an I (Seebold 1970: 325) "to lay", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *lagejanan (Seebold 1970: 325) "legen, liegen machen", causative deverbative from strong verb *legjanan (Seebold 1970: 324) "liegen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG lig(g)an st. vb (Seebold 1970: 325) "liegen"; OS liggian st. vb (Seebold 1970: 325) "liegen"; OFs. lidza st. vb (Seebold 1970: 324) "liegen, sterben"; OE licgan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 217) "to lie, be situated, be at rest, remain; lie down, lie low, lie dead; yield, subside, fall; lead, extend to"; ON liggja st. vb (Seebold 1970: 324) "liegen, brachliegen, sich erstrecken; verliegen; beschlafen"; Gothic ligan St. vb, j-present form probably lost as a result of secondary development (Seebold 1970: 324) "to lie". Therefore a Gmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, ana-gi-, hi-, dara-, (dara-)zuo-, fir-, Jolla-, fora-, gi-, (hera-)zuo-, hina-, ir-, miss!-, nidar-, (suntar-)gi-, ubar-, if-, umbi-, untar-, widar-, zi(r)-, zisamene-, zuoldzann "Lehn erteilen, belehnen, borgen" (Raven 111967: 86). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS lffhnn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 365) "borgen, leihen"; OFs. lenigia II (de Vries 1962: 345). ON lana II, with loss of medial h (de Vries 1962: 345) "leihen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *lajhwnjanan "leihen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lhan, len (Kluge 1989: 434) "Lehen, Darlehen"; OS liian (Kluge 1989: 434) "Lehen"; OFs. len (Kluge 1989: 434) "Lehen"; OE l&n with loss of medial 'h' (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 209) "loan, borrowing, lease, grant, gift, present, benefit"; ON Ian (Kluge 1989: 434) "Lehen, Geliehenes, Glck", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *laihwnan (Kluge 1989: 434) "tiberlassenes Gut". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, mlleiben "ubriglassen, hinterlassen" (Raven I 1963: 101). cf. OHG lebn III. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS far-lebian I (Seebold 1970: 326); OFs. leva I (Seebold 1970: 326) "hinterlassen"; OE Icifan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 209) "to leave, cause or allow to remain"; ON lef/a I (Seebold 1970: 326) "hinterlassen"; Gothic bi-laibjan I (Seebold 1970: 326) "to remain behind", which allow us to reconstruct a Gmc *laibejanan (Seebold 1970: 326) "to leave, cause to remain", causative deverbative from strong verb *-leibanan (Seebold 1970: 326) "with prefix = bleiben". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG bi-IThan st. vb (Starck and Wells 1990: 372) "bleiben, zuruckbleiben, aufhoren"; OS (bi-)liban present only

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cognate verbs are attested: OS ledian I (Seebold 1970: 329) "bringen"; OFs. lia I (Seebold 1970: 329) "bringen, leiten"; OE Icidan 1 (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 208) "to cause to move, bring or take a person: to take, carry, convey: to accompany and show the way, conduct, convoy, guide, lead"; ON leiOa I (Seebold 1970: 329) "flihren, leiten; folgen; begraben", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *laiOejanan (Seebold 1970: 329) "leiten, fiihren", causative deverbative from strong verb *leiJ)anan (Seebold 1970: 328) "(weg)gehen, leiden". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG lidan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 329) "gehen, weggehen, vergehen"; OS 116 an st. vb (Seebold 1970: 329) "gehen, vergehen, befahren"; OFs. lilha St. vb, present only (Seebold 1970: 329) "leiden"; OE IlOan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 220) "to go, travel, sail; arrive; to be bereft of, suffer loss"; ON lIa st. vb (Seebold 1970: 328) "gehen, fahren; dahingehen, sterben; vorubergehen"; Gothic ga-leiban St. vb (Seebold 1970: 329) "kommen, gehen". Therefore a NWGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: aba-, ana-, bi-, dana-, dara-gi-, dara-in-, (dara-)zuo-, duruh-, fir-, folla-, fram-gi-, fun-, hera-, in-, in-gi-, int-, in-, i/a-, missi-, ubar-, i ., unthi-, U-, Uz-gi-, widar-, zuo-, zuo-giIeitn "leiten" (Raven 111967: 87). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *lai6janan "leiten, fiihren", class II deverbative from strong verb *leibanan (Seebold 1970: 328) "(weg)gehen, leiden" (See under leiten). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: analecken "benetzen, bewassern, eine Fliissigkeit wohinleiten" (Raven 11963: 106). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE leccan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 214) "to water, irrigate, wet, moisten, slake"; MLG lecken (de Vries 1962: 352) "lecken"; ON leka II, probably originally class I (de Vries 1962: 352) "leck machen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *lakejanan (Seebold 1970: 330) "to cause to leak, > to make moist", causative deverbative from strong verb *le/canan (Seebold 1970: 330)"lecken". This Strong verb is attested in the following: OHG lechan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 330) "lecken, verschmachten"; OFs. bi-leka St. vb (Seebold 1970: 330) "austrocknen"; MDuleken St. vb (Pfeifer 111989: 988) "fliel3en, tropfen, Flul3igkeit durchlassen, undicht sein"; ON leka st. vb (Seebold 1970: 330) "leck seth, tropfen". Therefore a NWGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: inleckezzeiz "schwingen, hin- und herbewegen, zittem" (Raven I 1963: 106). We can therefore reconstruct a *le1rjjan "schwingen", class I intensive deverbative from weak verb *lekan attested in MI-IG lecken (Lexer 11872: 1850) "mit den FI3en ausschlagen, hupfen, springen". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. leckn "lecken, belecken" (Raven 111967: 87). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS likkn II (Kluge 1989: 433) "lecken"; OE liccian II (Kluge 1989: 433) "to lick; lap up", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *1ikk/an (Kluge 1989: 433) "lecken". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It may represent an intensive form with expressive gemination, but is probably an assimilated form of an earlier *1iknc/anan, this an ablaut zero-grade n-extension deriving ultimately from the IE "J*Ieigh- (Kluge 1989: 433) "lecken". N-extension forms are also seen in: Greek Xvce (Kiuge 1956: 429) "ich belecke, begehre"; Serbian laznuti (Kluge 1956: 429) "einmal lecken"; Compare further the non-extended forms attested in the following: Gothic bi-laigon II (Kluge 1989: 433) "belecken"; ON sleikja I with initial 's(Pokomy 11956: 668) "lecken"; OIr. lIgim (Kluge 1989: 433) "ich lecke"; Latin lingere (Kluge 1989: 433) "lecken"; Greek eixo (Kluge 1989: 433) "ich lecke"; OCS lizati (Kluge 1989: 433) "leckt"; Skt led/il, redhi retroflex 'dh' (Kluge 1989: 433) "lecken". These IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gilemmen "lhmen, erlhmen" (Raven 11963: 313). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS lemmian I (Pfeifer 111989: 964) "lahm machen"; OFs. lemma I (de Vries 1962: 352) "lahm

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machen"; OE lemian class II but probably originally class I as shown by umlaut, but lacking gemination (Pfeifer 111989: 964) "to subdue; lame, disable"; ON lemja (Pfeifer 111989: 964) "lhmen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *lamjanan "to render lame". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lam (Starck and Wells 1990: 359) "lahm, verkruppelt, gebrechlich"; OS lamo (Kluge 1989: 425) "lahm"; OFs. lam, lem (Kluge 1989: 425) "lahm"; OE lama, loma, lame (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 210) "crippled, lame, paralytic, weak"; ON lami (Kluge 1989: 425) "gelahmt, gebrechlich", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *Iamaz *lamUn (Kluge 1989: 425) "lahm, verkruppelt". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, irlemsen sperren, fesseln, verrammein, verschliel3en" (Raven 11963: 106). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lam (Kluge 1989: 425) "Iahm, verkrtippelt, gebrechlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with s-extension). lengen "verlangern, dehnen, in die Lange ziehen, prolongieren, ausdelmen" (Raven I 1963: 106). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. lendza I (de Vries 1962: 353) "verlangern"; OE lengan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 214) "to lengthen, prolong, protract, delay; extend, reach, attain; belong"; ON lengja I (de Vries 1962: 353) "verlangern", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *langanan "to make long(er), lengthen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lang, lanc(h) (Kluge 1989: 427) "lang"; OS lang (Kluge 1989: 427) "lang"; OFs. lang, long (Kluge 1989: 427) "lang"; OE lang long (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 211) "long, tall, lasting"; ON langr (Kluge 1989: 427) "lang"; Gothic laggs (Kiuge 1989: 427) "long", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *langaz (Kluge 1989: 427) "lang". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fora-g!-, gi-, hina-, irlenten "landen, anlegen, hinsteuem" (Raven I 1963: 107). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. lenda I (de Vries 1962: 352) "landen"; OE lendan I (de Vries 1962: 352) "to land, arrive; go; endow with land"; ON lenda I (de Vries 1962: 352) "Landbesitz geben; an Land kornmen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *land?/anan "to land". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG lant (Kiuge 1989: 426) "Land"; OS land (Kiuge 1989: 426) "Land"; OFs. land, lond (Kluge 1989: 426) "land"; OE land (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 210) "earth, land, soil; territory, realm, province, district; landed property; country (not town)"; ON land (Kluge 1989: 426) "Land"; Gothic land (Kluge 1989: 426) "land", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *landan (Kluge 1989: 426) "Land". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: zuo-gi*lepfen "austrinken, schpfen, ausleeren, erstreben, ans Licht streben, etwas zu erreichen suchen, heben, zutreffen, geniellen". The following cognate verbs are attested: Mod.Ice lepia I (Seebold 1970: 323) "lecken, schlUrfen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *lapejanan (Seebold 1970: 323) "lecken, schlurfen", class I deverbative from strong verb *lapanan (Seebold 1970: 323) "schlurfen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG laffan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 323) "schlurfen, lecken (das Wasser wie ein Hund)". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gilren "lehren, belehren, unterrichten, unterweisen, autklren, ausbilden, durch Unterricht befhigen, zeigen, denken machen, mahnen, zurechtweisen, zuchtigen, vom Gegenteil uberfUhren, katechisieren, befragen, einflol3en, ordnen, beurteilen, deuten, die Richtung geben, wiederholt sagen, diktieren, vorschreiben, Uberzeugen, in Erinnerung bringen, erwhnen, besprechen, errtern, disputieren" (Raven 11963: 107). cf. OHG lernn, lirni III (Raven II 1967: 235). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS l&ian I (Seebold 1970: 323) "lehren"; OFs. lra I (Seebold 1970: 323) "lehren"; OE lcran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 209) "to

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teach, instruct, guide; enjoin, advise, persuade, urge, preach; convert"; Gothic laisjan I (Seebold 1970: 323) "to teach", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *laizejanan (Seebold 1970: 323) "lehren", causative deverbative from preterite-present verb *lais pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 322) "ich weil3". This verb is attested in the following: Gothic lais pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 322) "ich weiB". Therefore a Gmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruh-, gilerken " sich heften an, festhalten, kleben" (Raven I 1963: 109). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. lernth, lirncn "(+acc. rei) lernen, erfahren, erkennen, erforschen, erfragen, unterrichten, anregen, voll Eifer sein, in Anregung versetzt werden" (Raven 111967: 235). cf. OHG la-en I. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS lirnn II (Kluge 1989: 439) "lernen"; OFs. lernia, lirnia II (Kiuge 1989: 439) "lemen"; OE leornian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 216) "to learn, read, study, think about", which allows us to reconstruct a *1iznan "to learn", class III deverbative (formed with nasal extension) from preterite-present verb *lais (Seebold 1970: 322) "weil3". This verb is attested in the following: Gothic lais pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 322) "ich weil3". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation (formed with n-extension). Prefix formations derived from this verb:fora-, gilesken "lschen, ausloschen, vertilgen, vemichten, einschlfem, betuben, beruhigen, dampfen, ersticken, beengen, bekiemmen" (Raven 11963: 109). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS a-leskian I (Seebold 1970: 333) "tilgen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *frjs'/cejan (Seebold 1970: 333) "loschen", causative deverbative from strong verb *leslwnan (Seebold 1970: 333) "erlschen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG ir-lescan st. vb (Pfeifer 111989: 1031) "erloschen"; OS leskan only present forms attested (Seebold 1970: 333) "erloschen"; OFs. bi-leska st. vb (Seebold 1970: 333) "erlschen". Therefore a WGmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ir1ewi "(+gen.) als Ursache oder Veranlassung wozu gelten, Nachsicht haben mit, gnadig oder gunstig sein, verantworten, rechtfertigen" (Raven II 1967: 235). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *lew "opportunity, cause". cf. Gothic lew (Lehmann 1986: 232) "opportunity, cause". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. lezzen "hemmen, verletzen, hindern, verhindem, fangen, verwickein, verstricken, nachgeben machen, schiel3en, zuruckhalten" (Raven 11963: 110). cf. OHG lazzn II; cf. OHG lazzi III. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS lettian I (Kiuge 1989: 760) "to let"; OFs. letta I (Kluge 1989: 760) "to let"; OE lettan I (Kiuge 1989: 760) "to let, hinder, delay, impede, oppress"; ON letja I (Kluge 1989: 760) "abhalten, hindem"; Gothic lat] an I (Kiuge 1989: 760) "to delay", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *lat:janan (Kiuge 1989: 760) "hemmen, auflialten". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG laz (Starck and Wells 1990: 362) "matt, saumig, lssig, trage"; MLG lat(e) (Kluge 1989: 429); MDu. lat (Kluge 1989: 429); OFs. let (Kluge 1989: 429) "evil"; OE icet (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 209) "slow; slack, lax, negligent; late"; ON latr (Kluge 1989: 429) "faul, schlaff'; Gothic lats (Kluge 1989: 429) "lazy, indolent", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *lataz (Kluge 1989: 429) "trage, lssig". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi(h)liben "schonen, verschonen, etwas sparen, mit etwas sparsam sein, vor etwas sich huten, (sich) mal3igen" (Raven 11963: 110). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON hl(fa I (Seebold 1970: 261) "schonen, schutzen"; Gothic hleibjan I (Seebold 1970: 261) "to help", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hlejbejan (Seebold 1970: 261) class I deverbative from strong verb *hleibanan (Seebold 1970: 261) "schonen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG liban st. vb (Seebold 1970: 261) "schonen, verschonen". Therefore a Gmc deverbative formation.

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lib-festigan "lebendig machen, beleben, Leben schaffen" (Raven 111967: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG lib (Starck and Wells 1990: 372) "Leben"; cf. OHG *festigon II independently unattested (cf. OHGfestinan II (Starck and Wells 1990: 149) "fest machen"). Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Iil,hafiigon "am Leben lassen" (Raven 111967: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG libhaftig (Starck and Wells 1990: 372) "kOrperlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gilidigen "losbinden, freimachen, befreien, erledigen, darlegen, nUtzen" (Raven 11963: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *lidig "ledig, los", can be reconstructed from the following: MHG ledic (de Vries 1962: 355) "frei, unbehindert, unverheiratet, leer, mW3ig"; M1LG, MDu ledich (de Vries 1962: 355) "muBig, unbeschaftigt"; OFs. lethich, ledich (de Vries 1962: 355) "unbehindert, frei, leer"; ON liugr (de Vries 1962: 355) "ledig, los, unbehindert, wohiwollend", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *liugaz "gelenkig, beweglich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb.
lidn "in Stucke schneiden oder zerlegen" (Raven 111967: 88). The following cognate verbs are

attested: OE liian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 220) "to unloose, release", connection seen better in OE a-liian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 18) "to detach, separate;set free"; ON liJa II (de Vries 1962: 354) "in Ordnung bringen, beugen, gliedem", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *lib4ianan "gliedern, zerlegen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lid (Starck and Wells 1990: 372) "Glied, Gelenk"; OS lit/i (Kluge 1989: 269) "Glied, Gelenk"; OFs. lith (Kluge 1989: 269) "Glied, Gelenk"; OE ho (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 220) "limb, member; joint"; ON hiOr (Kluge 1989: 269) "Glied, Gelenk"; Gothic hibus (Kluge 1989: 269) "member", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hibuz (Kiuge 1989: 269) "Glied". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, zilihhazzen "heucheln" (Raven I 1963: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *lihatjan intensive deverbative from a weak verb represented by OHG lihhisn "Ubersehen, vorgeben, verhehlen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 375). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. lilzhi "(impers. abs. ye! +dat. pers. et gen. rei) gleich, lieb, hnlich, angemessen, (an)genehm, geffillig sein, gefallen, Wohlgefallen haben an, gefallend" (Raven 111967: 236). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS h/con II, originally class III? (Onions 1966: 528) "gefallen"; OFs. li/cia II, originally class III? (Onions 1966: 528) "gefallen"; OE hician II, originally class III? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 218) "(+dat. or impersonal) to please; be sufficient; to be like, seem like"; ON li/ca (Zoega 1910: 274) "gleichmachen; polieren"; Gothic leikan III (Lehmann 1986: 231) "to please", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *1eikanan "to be similar, alike; to be suitable; to be pleasing, to like". As the etymon adjective for this verb, *ga_leikaz, occurs in prefixed form, it is more likely that *leikanan is a back formation simplex from the prefixed *ga-leikejanan (see under gi-Ilith ). Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, missilllzhisOn "ubersehen, unbeachtet lassen, (er)heucheln, zogern" (Raven II 1967: 88). No cognate

verbs are attested. As the etymon adjective for this verb, OHG gill/i, occurs only in prefixed form, this verb is probably best considered a back formation from OHG gi-llhhisOn (which see). Prefix formations derived from this verb: liii-

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lil,hn "ebnen, glatt schneiden, Seuche = Bulle? Auflosung?" (Raven 111967: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. As cognate verbs in the related Gmc languages probably belong with the class III verb, this verb is best considered a class II deverbative formation from the class III verb (see under liizhn). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. liliten "erleichtern, erlosen, befreien, aufrichten, ordnen, erkffiren, lindern, erquicken, besanftigen" (Raven 11963: 110). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG MDu. lichten (de Vries 1962: 353) "erleichtern"; OFs. lTchta I (de Vries 1962: 353) "erleichtern"; OE lihtan, lochtan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 219) "to make light, easy, relieve, alleviate; dismount, alight"; ON ltta I (de Vries 1962: 353) "erleichtern; aufheben, aufhalten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *lenhtjanan "erleichtern, lindern". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG li/ill, lie/it (Starck and Wells 1990: 376) "leicht, lind, muhelos"; OS li/it- (Kiuge 1989: 436) "leicht"; OFs. lichte, lioc/ite, liuchte (Kluge 1989: 436) "leicht"; OE leoht, li/it (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 216) "light, not heavy; slight, easy, trifling, inconsiderable; quick, agile; gentle"; ON lttr (Kiuge 1989: 436) "leicht"; Gothic leihts (Kluge 1989: 436) "light, slight", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *lenhtaz (Kluge 1989: 436) "light, slight, not heavy". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irlihtirn "erleichtern" (Raven 111967: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lihtiro comparative form of li/it adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 376) "leicht, hind, mUhelos". Therefore an ORG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irliluhhen "schmeicheln, ergotzen, erheitem, liebkosen, nahren, pflegen, wrmen, erquicken" (Raven 11963: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Thnen "leimen, zusammenleimen" (Raven I 1963: 111). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS limian I (de Vries 1962: 356) "leimen"; OE liman I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 219) "to cement, join, stick together"; ON lIma (de Vries 1962: 356) "kleistern, kieben", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *leimUaflan "leimen, zusammenleimen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lim (Starck and Wells 1990: 376) "Leim, Kalk, Vogelleim"; OS lim (Kluge 1989: 437) "Leim"; OE urn (Clark Rail and Meritt 1969: 219) "anything sticky, lime, mortar, cement, gluten, bird-lime, snare"; ON lIrn (Kluge 1989: 437) "Leim, Kalk", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *leirnaz (Kluge 1989: 437) "lime, chalk, mortar". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, zisamene-gi-, zuo-gilinden "schmeicheln, lindern, mildern, miil3igen, erweichen, nachgiebig machen" (Raven I 1963: 111). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lindi (Kluge 1989: 443) "gelind, weich, zart". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. lind-kan "bereden, schmeichein, verfiihren" (Raven II 1967: 89). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG lind (Starck and Wells 1990: 377) "gelind, welch, zart"; cf. ORG ksn (Starck and Wells 1990: 342) "sich besprechen, reden, aussagen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. (1z)lin "sich niederhegen, herabsinken, in geneigter Steliung sein, sich lehnen, sich sttzen, einhergehen, sich an etwas anlehnen, hervorragen, sich auszeichnen" (Raven 111967: 237). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE huinian, hleonian II (Kluge 1989: 435) "to lean, recline, lie down, rest", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *huinan (Kluge 1989: 435) "sich stUtzen, Iehnen". The verb is formed with an 'n-extension and derives ultimately from the

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zero-grade ablaut form of JE J*klei- (Pokomy 1956: 600) "neigen, lehnen", from which base the following may also be derived: (see under hleinen). These IE parallels show that the n-extension forms are pre-Gmc, and provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, ana-gi-,fora_, gi-, oba-, ubar-, unlar-, zuoliob-sangon "em Freundenlied anstimmen" (Raven 111967: 88). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG liob (Starck and Wells 1990: 378) "lieblich, angenehm"; cf. OHG -sangn II attested in other compounds, for which see salmo-sangon (Raven 11 1967: 125). Therefore an OHG prefix formation. lisimen "stricken, (Schweiz) lismen" (Raven I 1963: 111). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lisina (Starck and Wells 1990: 379) "Frauenkleidungsstuck, Wollstoff'. < MedLatin lisinna (Starck and Wells 1990: 379) "FrauenkleidungsstUck". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (with development of medial 'n' to 'm'). lispi "lispein, plappern, fasein, stammein" (Raven II 1967: 239). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OE -wlispian, i-wlyspian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 30) "to lisp", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *wlispqThn "to lisp, be lisping". Further etymology uncertain. Possibly an onomatapoeic formation. Compare ON lspa (Kluge 1989: 445) "lispeln". OE wlisp (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 417) "lisping" is most probably post verbal. listen "auf dem Schot3e, auf den Knien tandem, nachgiebig machen, beschwichtigen, lindern, locken, sclmeicheln" (Raven 1 1963: 111). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG list (Starck and Wells 1990: 280) "Kunst, List". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from t1is verb: giliuben "angenehm machen, mit worten schmeicheln oder locken, lieben, liebhaben, sehnen, begehren" (Raven 11963: 111). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-liefan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 218) "to be dear to", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *IeubUan "lieb haben, angenehm machen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG liob, hub (Kluge 1989: 442) "anmutig, lieblich, wunschenswert, lieb"; OS hiof- (Kluge 1989: 442) "lieb"; OFs. li"(K1uge 1989: 442) "lieb"; OE /&f(Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 215) "dear, valued, beloved, pleasant, agreeable"; ON ljz2fr (Kluge 1989: 442) "lieb, wert"; Gothic hiufs (Kluge 1989: 442) "beloved", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *leubaz (Kluge 1989: 442) "lieb, geliebt". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giliubi "lieb oder angenehm sein oder werden, gefallen" (Schade 11882: 564). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE leoflan II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 216) "to be or become dear", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *leuban "to be or become dear". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under liuben). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. liubn "lieben, gem haben" (Raven 111967: 89). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE lfian II, originally class III? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 216) "to be or become dear", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *leubjan "lieben, gem haben". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under hiuben). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. hiudn "singen, musizieren, (musikalisch) sich einuben, dichten, vortragen, (er)tonen, laut sein, jubeln, jauchzen, anschreien, Lied, Einklang" (Raven 111967: 89). The following cognate verbs

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are attested: OE loOian II (Lehmann 1986: 237) "to sing, rejoice"; ON lja II (Lehmann 1986: 237) "dichten, singen"; Gothic 1iuon II (Lehmann 1986: 237) "to sing, praise", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *1eubjanan "to sing, praise". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hod (Starck and Wells 1990: 378) "Lied, Gesang"; OS -loth (Kluge 1989: 442) "Lied"; OE l (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 216) "song, lay, poem"; ON 1 1 66 (Kluge 1989: 442) "Strophe, Leid"; Gothic awi-hiuJ, (Lehmarm 1986: 52) "thanks", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *leuJ,an (Kluge 1989: 442) "Liedstrophe, p1. Lied". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. liuhien "leuchten, hell sein, funkeln, glanzen, strahein" (Raven I 1963: 112). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS liohtian, hiuhtian I (Kluge 1989: 440) "leuchten"; OE hihtan, liehtan, lyhtan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 219) "to lighten, illuminate, give light, shine; grow light, dawn; kindle, light"; Gothic liuhtjan I (Lehmann 1986: 236) "to give light", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *leuhtUanan (Kiuge 1989: 440) "to lighten, make light". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hi(o)ht, leoht (Kluge 1989: 441) "licht, hell"; OS hioht (Kluge 1989: 441) "licht, hell"; OE loht, hjin' (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 216) "luminous, bright, light, clear, resplendent; renowned, beautiful"; cf. Gothic hiuha subst. (Kluge 1989: 441) "Licht", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *leuhtaz (Kluge 1989: 441) "light, bright". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, duruh-, gi-, in!, ir(h)liiitaren "lutern, sUhnen, reinigen, buBen, klar machen" (Raven 11963: 113). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE hlj7ttrian, hhiittrian II but probably originally class I, as shown by umlaut and gemination (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 187) "to clear, purify, make bright", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *h1fltr/an "lutern". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hiltar, hbUtar, hiuttar (Starck and Wells 1990: 390) "rein, lauter, klar"; OS hiuttar (Kluge 1989: 432) "rein, lauter"; OFs. hiutter (Kluge 1989: 432) "rein, lauter"; OE hhiitor, hlt7ttor (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 187) "pure, clear, bright, sincere"; Gothic hliitrs (Kluge 1989: 432) "pure, clean", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hliitraz (KJuge 1989: 432) "lauter, rein". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irliutbifren "ffentlich bekannt werden" (Raven 11963: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hiutbffri (Starck and Wells 1990: 381) "offentlich, allen zugnglich". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. (h)liuten, (h)1ii!en "lauten, tnen, ertnen, erschallen, singen, besingen, harmonieren, widerhallen, widerschallen, zusammentnen, brullen, (er)drohnen, donnern, brausen, krachen, schreien, lrmen, laut rufen, klirren, schnalzen, trompeten, auf dem schneckenfrmigen Horn das Zeichen geben, sprechen, hren lassen, (im Wechselgang) preisen, umherschwrmen" (Raven 11963: 113). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS a-hludian I (Holthausen 1967: 35) "verkunden"; OE hljdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 187) "to make a noise, sound, clamour, vociferate", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *h1udjan (Kluge 1989: 432) "laut sein, lrmen, tnen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG hi lit (Starck and Wells 1990: 390) "laut, schallend"; OS hlETid (Kluge 1989: 431) "laut"; OFs. hiad (Kluge 1989: 431) "laut"; OE hli7d (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 187) "loud, noisy, sounding, sonorous", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *hifidaz (Kluge 1989: 431) "laut". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: (ana-), bi-, (eban-), gagan-, gi-, ir-, missi-

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liutmaren "offentlich bekanntmachen, laut aussagen" (Raven I 1963: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG liutmari(Starck and Wells 1990: 381) "Offentlichkeit". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giIiz.zitn "hnlich machen, abbilden, erheuchein" (Raven II 1967: 90). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *ljzzitjan class II intensive deverbative from OHG weak verb lizzn "heuchein". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. Iizzn "heucheln" (Raven II 1967: 90). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG liz (Starck and Wells 1990: 382) "Vorwand"; MI-IG litz, litze (Schade 11882: 567) "Grille, Laune, Albernheit". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. lobi "loben, ruhmen, anerkennen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 382). The following cognate verbs are attested: Os lobn II, originally class III? (Kluge 1989: 445) "loben"; OFs. lovia II, originally class III? (Kiuge 1989: 445) "loben"; OE lofian II, originally class III? (Kluge 1989: 445) "to praise, exalt; appraise, value"; ON lofa II, originally class III? (Kluge 1989: 445) "gestatten; loben, preisen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *lubanan "loben". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from the ablaut zero grade of IE 'sJ*leubh. (Pokorny I 1956: 683) "gem haben, begehren; lieb, (zum Teil mit Entwicklung von 'gem haben' zu 'gutheii3en, loben', im Germanischen auch von 'Lieb& zu 'Zutrauen, Vertrauen, Glaube", from which base the following may also be derived: Latin libet, older lubet (Pokorny 11956: 683) "es beliebt, ist gefllig"; Skt lubhyati (Pokorny 11956: 683) "empfmdet heftiges Verlangen"; Gothic ga-laubjan 1, 'o'-grade (Pokorny I 1956: 683) "glauben"; Gothic liufs (Pokorny 11956: 683) "lieb"; OCS lubb zero grade (Pokorny 11956: 683) "lieb"; Lith. Iiaupse (Pokorny 11956: 683) "Lobpreisung". The IE parallels seen in the Latin and Skt verbs provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. lobn "loben, preisen, anpreisen, geloben, versprechen, verpflichten, Gerechtigkeit erweisen, hoch in Ehren halten, staunen tiber" (Raven 111967: 90). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS lobn II, originally class III? (Kluge 1989: 445) "loben"; OFs. lovia II, originally class III? (Kluge 1989: 445) "loben"; OE lofian II, originally class III? (Kluge 1989: 445) "to praise, exalt; appraise, value"; ON lofa II, originally class III? (Kluge 1989: 445) "gestatten; loben, preisen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *lubjanan (Kluge 1989: 445) "loben". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from the ablaut zero grade of IE I*leubh_ (see under lob en). The IE parallels seen in the Latin and Skt verbs provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, samant-, widarlhen "zittem, flackem" (Raven I 1963: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lha can be reconstructed from: MHG lohe (Pfeifer 111989: 1029) "Lohe, lodemde Flamme". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. lhezzen "leuchten, funkeln, Funken spruhen, blitzen, lodern, gluhen, schimmem, glitzern, spriei3en, rOtlich (wie Gold) glanzen, gilben, heifi lieben, erglUhen" (Raven 11963: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. Class I intensive deverbative from OHG class I weak verb lhen (which see). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative.

b/than "streicheln, liebkosen, flirsorgen" (Pfeifer 111989: 1026). No cognate verbs are attested.
We can therefore reconstruct a *lukfan zero ablaut grade and expressive devoicing (Kluge 1989: 446) "to entice, flatter, caress", class II deverbative from strong verb *leuganan (Seebold 1970: 336) "lugen" (see under bockn 2). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation.

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lohn "waschen" (Raven II 1967: 91). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *lukjan "waschen, sptilen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is probably a gutteral extension formed with ablaut zero-grade from IE J*1ou-, *lou (see under iuhhen). As the IE forms attested above lack the gutteral extension found in this verb, such an extension must be considered a later development. The verb cannot therefore be regarded as pre-Gmc. Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. iockn 1 "mit Stickarbeit oder desgleichen versehen, mit Locken versehen, die Haare schneiden" (Raven II 1967: 91). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bc (Starck and Wells 1990: 383) "Haarlocke, Haar". Therefore an OHG denominative verb.
iockOn2 "locken, erfreuen, reizen, fl.irsorgen, liebkosend streichein oder klopfen" (Raven II

1967: 91). cf. OHG lucken I. The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG, MDu. bocken (de Vries 1962: 365) "locken"; OE loccian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 221) "to attract, entice, soothe"; ON bk/ca II (Kluge 1989: 446) "locken", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *lukkjan zero ablaut grade, intensive gemination and expressive devoicing (Kluge 1989: 446) "to attract, entice through lies", class II intensive deverbative from strong verb *leuganan (Seebold 1970: 336) "lugen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG hogan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 336) "lugen, belugen"; OS hogan only present forms attested (Seebold 1970: 336) "lugen"; OFs. hiaga st. vb (Seebold 1970: 336) "lugen"; OE leogan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 216) "to lie, deceive, belie, betray; to be in error; to charge falsely"; ON ljzga st. vb (Seebold 1970: 336) "lugen, belugen"; Gothic liugan st. vb (Pokorny 11956: 687) "li.igen". Therefore a NWGmc intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irlizn "(be)lolmen, vergelten, strafen" (Raven 111967: 92). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS lnn II (de Vries1962: 348) "belohnen"; OFs. lania II (de Vries 1962: 348) "belohnen"; OE leanian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 213) "to reward, recompense, repay, requite"; ON launa II (de Vries 1962: 347) "belohnen, vergelten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *launjanan "belohnen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG Ian (Starck and Wells 1990: 383) "Lohn, Preis, Vergeltung"; OS ion (Kluge 1989: 447) "Lohn"; OFs. ian (Kluge 1989: 447) "Lohn"; OE lean (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 213) "reward, gift, loan, compensation, remuneration, retribution"; ON laun (Kluge 1989: 447) "Lohn, Bezahlung"; Gothic laun (Kluge 1989: 447) "reward, credit", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *launan (Kluge 1989: 447) "Lohn". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi1sen "lsen, befreien, losmachen, auflsen, zerstren, entrichten, bezahlen, lockern, ablosen,

schlaff machen, offiien, retten, erlsen, gesichert machen, zerreil3en, vernichten, verlassen" (Raven 11963: 115). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS lsian I (Kluge 1989: 448) "losen"; OFs. lsa I (Kluge 1989: 448) "losen"; OE hiesan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 218) "to loosen, release, redeem, deliver, liberate"; ON leysa I (Kluge 1989: 448) "losen, befreien; abmachen; bezahlen; abreisen"; Gothic lausjan I (Kluge 1989: 448) "to free, rescue", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *Iausanan "losen, befreien". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG los (Starck and Wells 1990: 384) "los, frei, befreit, listig, leichtfertig"; OS lOs (Kluge 1989: 448) "los, frei"; OE las (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 213) "without, free from, devoid of, bereft of; false, faithless, untruthful, deceitful"; ON lauss (Kluge 1989: 448) "frei, ungebunden"; Gothic laus (Kluge 1989: 448) "free from, empty", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *lausaz (Kluge 1989: 448) "los, frei". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb.

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Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gi-, ml-, ir-, iz-, zi(r)-, zuo-gi-, (h)losn "(reflex.+dat. pers.;+gen. rei) beachten, die Aufmerksamkeit auf etwas richten, aufmerksam achten, lauschen, sich richten (nach), hren, zuhren, horchen, gehorchen, losdonnem, das Zuhoren" (Raven II 1967: 239). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *h1ausjan "horen, lauschen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is an 's-extension taking the 'o'-grade of ablaut and derives ultimately from JE \J*k/eu_, *k1eu, *kla.. (Pokomy 1956: 605) "horen, (aorist) wovon man vie! hrt, beruhmt, Ruhm", from which base the fo!!owing may also be derived: ON h/er ( Pokorny 1956: 606) "das Lauschen"; ON hiust (Pokorny 1956: 606) "Ohr"; OE hlyst (Pokorny 1956: 607) "sense of hearing"; OE hlystan (Pokorny 1956: 607) "to listen, hear, attend to, obey"; OIr. clas (Pokomy 1956: 606) "Ohr"; OCS slysati (Pokorny 1956: 607) "horen"; Skt roati (Pokorny 1956: 606) "hrt, horcht, gehorcht"; Toch.A klyos- (Pokorny 1956: 607) "horen"; Toch.B k/yaus- (Pokomy 1956: 607) "horen". Despite the fact that the verb is not attested in the Gmc languages outside OHG, these IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a possible pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: dara-, hera-, gi-, zuo-, zuo-giloskn "sich verstecken, sich verborgen halten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 384). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a */oskan from an earlier */otskan "sich verstecken". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is most likely an 'sk-present' formation from the IE s/*leud- (Pokorny 11956: 684) "sich ducken, geduckt, klein, sich vor jemand ducken, klein machen, heucheln", from which base the following may also be derived: OE lUtan st. vb (Pokorny I 1956: 684) "to bend, stoop, decline; bow, make obeisance, fall down"; OE /ot (Pokorny 11956: 684) "Betrug"; Gothic /uton (Pokorny 11956: 684) "betrilgen, verfuhren"; ON ljta (Pokorny 11956: 684) "verunzieren, entehren, tadeln"; OHG luzil, /uzzil (Pokorny 11956: 684) "klein, wenig, gering"; Lith. liiirtIi, liusti (Pokorny 11956: 684) "traurig sein, gedruckt sein"; Russ. /udItb (Pokorny I 1956: 684) "betrUgen, tuschen". Despite the archaic nature of 'sk-present' verbs, there are no other forms attested for this verb in Gmc or IE. It cannot, therefore, be regarded as pre-Gmc. Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. 1-ksUn "unzuchtig reden" (Raven 111967: 93). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG las (Starck and Wells 1990: 384) "leichtfertig, listig, befreit"; cf. OHG ksn (Starck and Wells 1990: 342) "sich besprechen, reden, aussagen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. lasungan "erwagen" (Raven 111967: 93). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG -lasunga in sell osunga (Starck and Wells 1990: 516) "Gabe zur Erlosung der Seele, Almosen". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. lolen "lten" (Raven 11963: 117). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *lot "Ltmetall, Mel3blei", can be reconstructed from: MIHG lot (Kiuge 1989: 449) "Ltmetall, MeIlblei". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. louben "erlauben, gestatten, glauben" (Raven I 1963: 117). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-lobian I (Kluge 1989: 268); OFs. lva I (Lehmann 1986: 141); OE liefan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 218) "to allow, grant, concede; believe, trust, confide in"; ON leyfa I (Lehmann 1986: 141) "erlauben, loben"; Gothic ga-laubjan I (Lehmann 1986: 141) "to believe, permit", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *laubijanan "to permit, allow". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG ur-loub (Lehmann 1986: 141) "leave"; MHG loube (Onions 1966: 521) "permission"; OS or-lf(Lehmann 1986: 141) "permission"; MLG lof(de Vries 1962: 354); OFs. l5va (Lehmann 1986: 141); OE /&f (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 213) "leave, permission, privilege"; ON leyjI (lehmann 1986: 141) "Erlaubnis", which

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allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *laubU)az, *laub)an ( Lehmann 1986: 141) "leave, permission, privilege". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ir-, miss!loubn "sich belauben, laubig sein oder werden, Laub bekommen, grunen" (Raven II 1967: 240). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see loubn. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. loubenen "Laub haben, belaubt sein, belaubte Zweige haben, grunen" (Raven 11963: 119). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG loub (Kluge 1989: 430) "Blatt". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with n-extension). loubezzen "Fruhling machen, fruhlingsmal3ig oder lenzartig werden, wiedergrunen, (von Vogeln) = FrUhlingslieder singen" (Raven 11963: 119). No cognate verbs are attested. Class I intensive deverbative from OHG class III weak verb loubn (which see). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. Ioub!rn "ausschlagen, Knospen oder Blten treiben, Laub haben" (Raven 111967: 93). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG loub (Starck and Wells 1990: 385) "Laub, Laubwerk". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with r-extension). loubn "Laub bekommen" (Raven II 1967: 93). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG loub (Starck and Wells 1990: 385) "Laub, Laubwerk". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. (h)loufon "umlaufen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 260). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *hlaupqjan ( Seebold 1970: 260) class II deverbative from strong verb *hlaupanan ( Seebold 1970: 259) "laufen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG loufan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 260) "laufen, sich schnell bewegen"; OS -hliopun St. vb pret. p1. (Seebold 1970: 259). OFs. hlapa St. vb pret. p1. (Seebold 1970: 259) "laufen, treten"; OE hlapan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 259) "laufen, treten, tanzen"; ON hlaupa st. vb (Seebold 1970: 259) "laufen, springen"; Gothic uf-hlaupan St. vb pret. p1. (Seebold 1970: 259). Therefore an 0MG deverbative formation. lougenen "leugnen, verleugnen, zuruckweisen, ablehnen, anfeinden, angreifen, verneinen, zuruckstol3en, abweisen, (von Personen und Sachen) = in Abrede stellen, nicht anerkennen, entwenden" (Raven 11963: 119). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS lognian I (Kluge 1989: 440) "leugnen"; OFs. leina I (Seebold 1970: 337) "die Eidesleistung verweigern"; OE lignan, liegnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 219) "to deny"; ON leyna I (Kiuge 1989: 440) "verbergen"; Gothic laugnjan I (Kluge 1989: 440) "to deny", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *laugnanan "leugnen, verneinen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG loug(u)na, lougan (Kluge 1989: 440) "Leugnung"; ON laun (Kluge 1989: 440) "Heimlichkeit, Verborgenheit, Verbergen, Leugnung", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *iaugna(Kluge 1989: 440) "Leugnung". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, gi-, int-, irlougezzen "mit Feuer, flammend, flammen" (Raven 11963: 120). cf. OHG lhez:en I (Raven I 1963: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG bug, bouc, laug "Flamme" (Kluge 1989: 447). Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with intensive suffix -ezzen on analogy with intensive deverbatives). Prefix formations derived from this verb: liz-

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lubben "vergiften" (Starck and Wells 1990: 387). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS lubbian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 387) "vergiften", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *1ubjjan "vergiften". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lubbi (Lehmann 1986: 237) "strong juice of plants, poison, sorcery"; OLG lubbi (Lehmann 1986: 237) "sap"; MDu. lubbe (Lehmann 1986: 237) "strong juice of plants, poison, sorcery"; OE lybb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 223) "drug, poison, charm, sorcery"; ON lyf(Lehmann 1986: 237) "healing herb, medicine"; Gothic lubja-leis (Lehmann 1986: 237) "sorcerers; knowing drugs or poisons", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *Iubjan "poisonous or medicinal herb". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb.
lubbn "heilen, vergiften, beschmieren, mit Gift bewafflien, die Waffen in Gift eintauchen"

(Raven II 1967: 93). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under lubben. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giluhhen, liuhhen "waschen, spulen, bespulen, abspulen, die Wsche luhen, baden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 388). cf. OHG lohn II. No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *luhjan "waschen, spulen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is probably best regarded as a gutteral extension from IE 'I*lou-, *Ioue (Pokorny 11956: 692) "waschen", from which base the following may also be derived: OHG louga (Pokomy 11956: 692) "Lauge"; Gaulish lautro (Pokorny 11956: 692) "balneo"; OIr. l-chasair (Pokorny 11956: 692) "Regen"; Latin lavire (Kluge 1989: 431) "waschen, baden"; Greek o'w (Kluge 1989: 431) "ich bade"; Hittite la-hu-uz-zi (Pokorny 11956: 692) "gieSt aus". As there is no evidence for a gutteral extension outside OHG in the forms given above, such an extension must be regarded as an OHG formation. The verb cannot therefore be pre-Gmc. Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irlucken "locken, auffordem, fcirdern, applaudieren, gUnstig sein, schmeicheln, liebkosen, mildem, beschwichtigen" (Raven 11963: 120). No cognate verbs are attested. As cognate verbs in the related Gmc languages belong with the class II verb, this verb is best considered a class I deverbative from the earlier class II verb lockn (which see). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: fir-, ir(h)luoen "brUllen, drohnen" (Raven I 1963: 121). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *h1jan class I weak deverbative from strong verb *hlanan (Seebold 1970: 265) "brllen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE hlwan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 187) "to low, roar, bellow". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giluog "(+gen. rei) die Blicke auf etwas richten, spahen nach, blicken, aus einem Versteck hervorsehen, sehen, schauen nach, lugen, das Obst, das zuerst am Baum hervorsteht, sichtbar hervortreten" (Raven II 1967: 240). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct a possible earlier form *logejan "to look at". cf. OS lIcn II, mit Verscharfung oder Variation des Auslauts (Kluge 1989: 450) "blicken"; cf. OE lcian II, mit Verscharfung oder Variation des Auslauts (Kluge 1989: 450) "to see, behold, look, gaze; observe, notice". No further cognates are known, though possibly connected with Welsh Ilygad (Kiuge 1989: 450) "Auge". Further etymology unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fram-, ir-, umbi-, Liz(h)1iitaren "erstaunen, (von den Augen) = das Rollen oder Zwinkern, nach Ohrenkitzel verlangen tragen, (die Augen) zusammenkneifen, betuben, verwirren, begeistern, jucken, lstern oder geil sein, gierig nach etwas trachten oder verlangen, begierig lauern, gaffen" (Raven 11963: 121). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear.

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Prefix formations derived from this verb: umbi-, zuolusten "lsten, gelUsten, begebren, gefitllig sein, gefallen, ergtzen, erfreuen, lieben, hochschtzen, sich freuen, nach Ruhm verlangen, sich (ge)ziemen, wunschen, anlocken" (Raven 11963: 121). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS lustian I (de Vries 1962: 371) "lUsten"; OE lystan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 223) "to please, cause pleasure or desire, provoke longing"; ON lysta I (de Vries 1962: 371) "gelusten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *lustjanan "lUsten". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lust (Starck and Wells 1990: 390) "Begierde, Lust, Anlockung"; OS lust (Kiuge 1989: 451) "Lust"; OFs. lust (Kiuge 1989: 451) "Lust"; OE lust (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 222) "desire, appetite; pleasure; sensuous appetite, lust"; ON losti (Kluge 1989: 451) "Lust, Begierde, Freude"; Gothic lustus (Kluge 1989: 451) "desire, covetousness", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *lustuz, *lustiz (Kluge 1989: 451) "Lust". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: Jolla-, gilustidn "Neigung oder Verlangen zu etwas haben, sich an etwas ergotzen" (Raven II 1967: 93). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lustida (Schade 1882: 579) "delectatio". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. lustisn "sich ergotzen, Ubermutig scm" (Raven 111967: 93). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG lust (Starck and Wells 1990: 390) "Begierde, Lust, Anlockung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with s-extension). luston "begehren, sich freuen (uber)" (Raven 111967: 94). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE lustian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 222) "to delight in"; Gothic luston II (Lehmann 1986: 238) "to desire", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *lustt/anan "to desire, take pleasure or delight in". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under lusten). Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. lustrihhn "urngehen, besichtigen" (Raven II 1967: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. 1i2z'i "sich verborgen beziehungsweise versteckt halten, verborgen liegen, heimlich lauern" (Raven 111967: 241). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ltian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 223) "to lie hidden, hide, lurk, bend down to hide", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *lUtan "to lie hidden, lurk", class III durative deverbative from strong verb *liitanan (Seebold 1970: 340) "sich neigen" (see under luzzen). Therefore a WGmc deverbative fonnation. luzzen "verleumden, erniedrigen" (Raven I 1963: 122). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *lutjan (Seebold 1970: 341) "schmahen, tadein" class I zero-grade deverbative from strong verb *li7tanan (Seebold 1970: 340) "sich neigen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE lEllan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 341) "to bend, stoop, decline; bow, make obeisance, fall down"; ON lzta st. vb (Seebold 1970: 340) "sich neigen, bcken (in Verehrung), niederstilrzen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. luzzillihhn "gering machen" (Raven II 1967: 94). No cognate verbs are attested. cf . OHG luzzil (Starck and Wells 1990: 392) "klein, gering"; cf. OHG lihhn II (Raven 111967: 89) "ebnen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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M
men "ausraufen, schneiden, teilen, verwelken, durr werden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 393). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *mejan (Seebold 1970: 347) "mhen" class I weak deverbative from strong verb *mffanan (Seebold 1970: 347) "mahen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE mawan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 347) "to mow"; OFs. mia only present forms attested (Seebold 1970: 347) "mahen". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. mag "knnen, vermogen" (Seebold 1970: 342). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS mag pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 342) "konnen, vermogen, sollen"; OFs. mei pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 342) "knnen, vermogen"; OE mceg pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 342) "to be able to, can, may"; ON ma pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 342) "konnen, vermogen, sollen, durfen"; Gothic mag pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 342) "konnen, vermogen"; These allow us to reconstruct a preterite-present verb *mag (Seebold 1970: 342) "kann". This verb can be traced back to an JE 'J*magh-, *magh- (Pokorny 11956: 695) "konnen, vermogen, helfen", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt magha- (Pokorny 11956: 695) "Macht, Kraft, Reichtum, Gabe"; OPersian magus (Pokorny 11956: 695) "Magier, Zauberer"; Greek ,.tfjxoc (Pokorny I 1956: 695) "Hilfsmittel"; OCS mogo, mo.ti (Pokorny 11956: 695) "konnen, vermogen"; Lith. mguias (Pokorny I 1956: 695) "zahlreich, viel". Therefore a Pre-Gmc primary verb (preterite-present). *magan(n "herrschen, kraftigen". The following cognate verbs are attested: ON magna II (de Vries 1962: 375) "kraftigen (besonders durch Zauber)", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *magn/anan "kraftigen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG magan (Starck and Wells 1990: 398) "Krafi, Strke, Macht"; ON magn (de Vries 1962: 375) "Kraft, Macht", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *magnan (Seebold 1970: 342) "Krafi, Machf'. Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: it-, ubarmagaren "verzehren, aufzehren, hinschwinden, durch Mangel und Hunger erschopft, schmachten, schwach werden, schwchen, murbe machen" (Raven I 1963: 122). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON megra I (Cleasby and Vigfusson 1874: 421) "to make meagre, emaciate"; cf. OE mcgerian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 225) "to lacerate, make lean", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *magrjanan "to make thin or meagre". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mager (Kluge 1989: 454) "mager"; OE mcger (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 225) "meagre, lean"; ON magr (Kluge 1989: 454) "mager", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *magraz (Kluge 1989: 454) "mager". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimagen "neu belebt oder gestarkt sein, lebendig oder kraftig sein, fest oder erwachsen" (Raven II 1967: 241). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *magejan (Seebold 1970: 342), class III durative deverbative from preterite-preserit verb *mag (see under meg). "kann, vermag". This verb is attested in the following: Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimaizalen "reden, ein Ubereinkommen, einen Vertrag schliellen, zur Braut, zur Frau nehmen; zusammensprechen, verloben" (Pfeifer I 1989: 532). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS mahlian I (Pfeifer 11989: 532) "reden, verloben"; OFs. miia II (de Vries 1962: 399) "reden"; OE maOeiian II (Pfeifer 11989: 532) "to harangue, make a speech, speak"; ON mceia I (Pfeifer 11989: 532) "reden, sprechen"; Gothic mabljan I (Pfeifer 11989: 532) "reden", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *maJ,ljanan with transition from J,i to hi in OHG and OS

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"reden, sprechen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mahal (Pfeifer I 1989: 532) "Gericht, Gerichtssttte, Versammiung, Vertrag"; OS mahal (Pfeifer I 1989: 532) "(Gerichts)sttte, Versammiung, Rede"; OE mceclei (Pfeifer 1 1989: 532) "council, meeting, popular assembly; speech, interview"; ON ml (Pfeifer I 1989: 532) "Versammlung, Verabredung; Sprache, Rede; Rechtssprache; Spruch, Strophe"; Gothic ma/,i (Pfeifer 11989: 532) "Versammlungsort, Markt", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *maj?ian (with transition from Abi to hi in OHG and OS) "festes Wort, Verhandlung, Versammiung". Therefore a Ginc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimahaln "anklagen, vor Gericht bringen, zu einem Rechtsstreit kommen, rugen, in Decurien einteilen" (Raven 111967: 94). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. me/jail (de Vries 1962: 399). OE maelian II (Pfeifer 11989: 532) "to harangue, make a speech, speak", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *mablq/an with transition from Abi to hi in OHG "reden, sprechen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under mahalen). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, gimahh au "machen, Freundschaft machen, ausfiihren, verteidigen, verrichten, zu Stande bringen, hervorbringen, anstellen, bewirken, verfassen, (be)treiben, handein, weben, eineri Weg schneiden" (Raven 111967: 94). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS makn II (KJuge 1989: 453) "machen"; OFs. makia II (Kiuge 1989: 453) "machen"; OE macian II (Kluge 1989: 453) "to make, form, construct, do; prepare, arrange, cause", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *makq/an (Kiuge 1989: 453) "machen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE /*mag- (Kluge 1989: 453) "kneten, drcken, streichen; (specialization in Gmc in the field of clay working) kneten, formen, zusammenfligen". From which base the following may also be derived: Greek jt&aco (Kluge 1989: 453) "ich knete, presse, wische ab, bilde ab"; OCS mazati (Kluge 1989: 453) "bestreichen, beschmieren, salben"; Latvian iz-muzt (KIue 1989: 453) "anschmieren"; Breton maza (Kiuge 1989: 453) "kneten". Despite the semantic development that took place in Gmc and the confmement of attested forms to WGmc, these IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-gi-, bi-, gi-, in(t)-, missi-, sama-, ubar-, untar-, zisamene-gi-, zuo-gimln "abbilden, malen, (im Geiste) ausmalen, zeichnen, auf-, be-, verzeichnen, mit einem Zeichen versehen, darstellen, verzieren, schmcken, nachahmen, tuschen, schminken, die Augenrander mit Schminke umzeichnen, frben, schreiben, tfeln, tunchen" (Raven II 1967: 241). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ma! (Kluge 1989: 457) "Mal, Zeichen". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: fora-gi, gi-, intmlezzen "sorgfltig oder mit alien Einzelheiten zeichnen oder malen" (Raven 11963: 122). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *ma/atjan "sorgfaltig malen", class I intensive deverbative from either OHG *mff/4fan II or *mff1an III in: ORG mln II, miz III (Starck and Wells 1990: 396) "malen, bemalen, malend abbilden". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. mln "malen, bemalen, malend abbilden" (Starck and Wells 1990: 396). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see ma/an. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. mammaln "undeutlich sprechen,in den Bait murmein, stammeln; (Bavarian) memmein" (Schade 11882: 587). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mamma (Starck and Wells 1990: 396) "saugende Brust; (Bavarian)

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Memme". The picture here may be that of a stammerer appearing like a baby sucking its mother's breast. Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with diminutive 1-extension). mammunten "besanfflgen, zahm machen oder werden, zivilisieren, schmeicheln, Iiebkosend streichein, reizen, (an)locken" (Raven I 1963: 122). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mammunti adj. (Starck and WeIlls 1990: 397) "besariftigend, zrtlich, weich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimammuntn "besanftigen" (Raven II 1967: 98). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see mammunten. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. mammunlsamn "ergotzen" (Raven II 1967: 98). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mammuntsam (Schade I 1882: 587) "lenis, blandus". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. managfaltan "vermehren, vervielfaltigen" (Raven II 1967: 98). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE manig/ealdian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 229) "to multiply, abound, increase, extend", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *managfa1cjan "to multiply". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG managfalt (Starck and Wells 1990: 397) "mannigfaltig"; OS managfald (Schade 11882: 588) "vielfItig"; OE manigfeald (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 229) "manifold, various, varied, complicated; numerous, abundant; plural"; Gothic managfa1bs without grammatical change (Lehmann 1986: 243) "many times more, manifold", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *managfaloaz "manifold". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimanagluomen "vervielfailtigen, jede Zahl tibersteigen" (Raven 11963: 123). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *managluomi "vielfailtig" can be reconstructed from: OHG manag (Starck and Wells 1990: 397) "vie!, zahireich"; OHG -luomi suffix attested in gastluomi (Starck and Wells 1990: 193) "gastfreundlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. inanahoubitOn "zu eigen geben, zum Eigentum ubergeben" (Raven II 1967: 98). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG manahoubit (Starck and Wells 1990: 398) "Haussklave". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. mandil-kOsOn "ausgelassen sprechen, schwrmerisch reden, jubeln, liebkosen" (Raven II 1967: 98). No cognate verbs are attested. cf OHG *mandil in MHG mendel-trahen (Lexer 11872: 2098) "Freudentrahne"; cf. OHG kOsOn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 342) "sich besprechen, reden, aussagen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. mani "mahnen" (Raven II 1967: 242). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *manjan (Seebold 1970: 346), class III deverbative from preterite-present *man (Seebold 1970: 345) "meint, eriimert sich" (see under man on). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: fir-, irmangalOn "(+gen. rei) entbehren, ermangein, fehlen" (Raven II 1967: 98). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *mangalijan class II frequentative I continuative deverbative from OHG weak verb *mang/an attested in MHG mangen (Kiuge 1989: 459) "ermangeln, entbehren". Therefore an OHG frequentative / continuative deverbative (formed with 1-extension).

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*,nangan "mangeln, entbehren". MHG mangen lack of umlaut indicates probable origin in class II or class III (Kluge 1989: 459) "ermangeln, entbehren". No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *mangjan "mangein, fehien, entbehren". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is probably a gutteral extension deriving ultimately from JE \J*men (Pokorny 11956: 728) "klein, verkleiriern; vereinzelt". From which base the following may be derived: Skt manic k-extension (Pokorny 11956: 729) "em wenig"; Arm. manr (Pokorny I 1956: 728) "klein, dUnn, fein"; Greek (Attic) J.tav (Pokorny 11956: 728) "dunn, locker"; OIr. mIn (Pokorny 11956: 728) "glatt, sanft"; Welsh di-fanw (Pokorny 11956: 729) "unbedeutend"; Lith. meiiktas k-extension (Pokorny I 1956: 729) "gering, unbedeutend"; Toch.B menki kextension (Pokorny 11956: 729) "minder"; Hittite ma-ni-in-ku-wa-an-te-e. k-extension nom.pl. (Pokomy I 1956: 729) "kurz". Despite the confinement of attested forms to OHG and the absence of verbal forms in the IE parallels given above, there are sufficient data to allow for the reconstruction of an IE adjective "small, a little". This adjective can then be seen to be the etymon for a pre-Gmc deadjectival verb. The verb can therefore be assigned to a pre-Gmc stratum. man Ud-falial- "irrsinnig, mondsuchtig" (Raven 111967: 99). No cognate verbs are attested. cf . OHG mnOd (Starck and Wells 1990: 400) "Monat"; cf. OHG -fallon in ana-fallan (Starck and Wells 1990: 182) "befallen, uberfallen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (occring only in preterite participle form). man On "mahnen, ermalmen, rufen, einen an etwas erinnern (=gen rei et acc. pers., reflex.) sich erinnern, auffordern, antreiben" (Raven 111967: 99). cf. OHG man&z III. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS man On II (Seebold 1970: 346) "mahnen"; OE manian, monian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 229) "to remind, admonish, warn, exhort, instigate; instruct, advise", which allows us to reconstruct a *manq/an (Seebold 1970: 346), class II deverbative preterite-present verb *man (Seebold 1970: 345) "meint, erinnert sich". This verb is attested in the following: OS -man pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 346) "verleugne"; OE man pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 346) "I think about, am mindful of, remember"; ON mun pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 346) "gedenke, erinnere mich"; Gothic man pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 345) "meint, glaubt, halt dafur". Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ir-, zuomantalOn "mit einem Mantel bekleiden, wie mit einem Mantel bedecken" (Raven 111967: 99). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mantal (Kluge 1989 460) "Mantel, Uberwurf'. < Latin mantellum, mantlum (Kluge 1989: 460) "HUlle, Decke" <Latin mantum (Kluge 1989: 460) "kurzer Mantel". Therefore an ORG denominative verb. marawen "das Schiff fest machen oder anbinden, verbinden, landen" (Raven I 1963: 123). No cognate verbs are attested. The derivational pattern and etymology of this verb are unclear. It derives ultimately from a Gmc complex based on the root %J*mer, *mar "to moor", from which base the following are also derived: MDu. mifren, men (Barnhart 1988: 676) "to tie up, moor"; LG vermoren (Barnhart 1988: 676) "to moor"; OFs. mere (Bamhart 1988: 676) "strap"; OE mcffrels-rap (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 226) "ship's rope, cable"; Modem Engl. to moor (Barnhart 1988: 676). This complex does not appear to have any connections outside Gmc. Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear.
marcO,, "abstecken, abgrenzen, begrenzen, bestimmen, bezeichnen, abschtzen" (Raven II

1967: 99). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS markOn II (Pfeifer 111989: 1093). OFs. merkia II (Kiuge 1989: 474). OE mearcian II (Kluge 1989: 474) "to mark, stain, brand, seal; mark a boundary, measure, defme, describe, designate"; ON marka II (Kluge 1989: 474) "kennzeichnen, verwunden, malen, bekanntmachen, erteilen, verstehen", which allows us to

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reconstruct a NWGmc *mark/anan (Kluge 1989: 474) "merken, kennzeichnen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under inerken). Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, bi-,fora-gi-, gi-, gi-untar-, ir-, umbi-, untarmren "verkunden, bekannt oder berUhmt machen, weissagen, prophezeien, warnen, ermahnen, predigen, schwrmen, trumen, phantasieren, Iehren, ruchbar machen, verbreiten, ankundigen, offenbaren, ffentlich ausrufen, erklaren, erlutern, zeigen, ubertragen" (Raven 1 1963: 123). The following cognate verbs are attested: Os mrian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 401) "ruhmen, bekannt machen, unter Leute bringen"; OE mciran I (de Vries 1962: 399) "to declare, proclaim, celebrate, glorify, honour"; ON mcira I (de Vries 1962: 399) "preisen, loben"; Gothic merjan I (de Vries 1962: 399) "to proclaim, announce", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *mjanan "verkUnden, bekannt machen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG man (Starck and Wells 1990: 401) "beruhmt, bekannt"; OS man (de Vries 1962: 399). OE mcire (de Vries 1962: 399) "famous, great, excellent, sublime, celebrated, widely known"; ON mtirr (de Vries 1962: 399) "berUhmt"; cf. Gothic wai1a-meis (de Vries 1962: 399) "praiseworthy", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *miz "berUhmt, bekannt". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: fir-,fora-gi-, gi-, irmartirn "martern, zum Martyrer machen, den Mrtyrertod leiden, leiden machen, foltern, hinrichten, kopfen" (Raven 111967: 100). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG martira, martyra, mart(a)ra (Pfeifer 111989: 1068) "Leiden, Martyrertum, Blutzeugnis, Christi Pasion, Kruzifix, Qual, Pein, Verfolgung". <Ecclesistical Latin marlyrium (Pfeifer II 1989: 1068) "Blutzeugnis fir die Wahrheit des Christentums, Martyrtertum" < Greek tap'rIptov (Pfeifer II 1989: 1068) "(Blut)zeugnis, Beweis, Zeichen". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. masari "knorrig oder maserig sein oder werden" (Raven 111967: 243). cf. OHG masarn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 403). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG masar (Starck and Wells 1990: 403) "knorriger Auswuchs am Baum, GeschwUlst". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. mwen "schreien" (Pokorny 11956). We can therefore reconstruct a *ma(w)jan "schreien". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. The exact phonology involved is unclear, but it probably derives from IE J*mu, *mii.. (Pokorny 11956: 751) "(Schallnachahmung fr den mit geprel3ten Lippen erzeugten dumpfen Laut) undeutlich reden, unartikuliert murmeln". From which base the following may also be derived: OHG mutilUn t-extension (Pokorny 11956: 751) "murmeln"; MHG miihen, miigen, miiwen gutteral extension (Pokorny 11956: 751) "brullen"; MLG mucken (Pfeifer 111989: 1132) "den Mund kaum auftun und halblaut murmeln"; East Fs. muk g-extension (Pokorny 11956: 752) "Ku13"; Mid.Engl. muteren t-extension (Pokorny 11956: 751) "to mutter"; Norw. mua (Pokomy 11956: 751) "schweigen, nicht mucksen"; OCS mykb gutteral extension (Pokorny 11956: 751) "Gebrull"; Latin mutine t-extension (Pokorny 11956: 751) "mucksen"; Latin mugire g-extension (Pokorny 11956: 751) "brullen"; Umbrian muieto g-extension (Pokorny 11956: 751) "mutitum"; Greek jii, j.t (Pokorny 11956: 751) "Ausruf geprel3ten Schmerzes"; Greek .tgco g-extension (Pokorny I 1956: 751) "bringe mit geschlossenen Lippen einen Laut hervor, stohne"; Greek J.vicojtat (Pokorny 11956: 751) "ich bruIle"; Skt muuijati, mojati g-extension (Pokorny 11956: 751) "gibt einen Ton von sich". This IE complex was extremely productive in the various daughter languages. The resulting derivational complexity consequently obscures the derivational profile of verbs belonging to this complex. Therefore, the safest etymology is to consider this verb an OHG derivation. Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear.

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mzzn "ermessen" (Raven 11 1967: 100). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG m('a) (Starck and Wells 1990: 404) "Ma13, Ausmal3". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. *meginan "herrschen, kraftigen". The following cognate verbs are attested: OE mcegenian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 2250 "to gain strength, establish, confirm"; ON megna II (de Vries 1962: 381) "stark machen, vermogen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *maginq/an "stark machen, kraftigen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG megan (Starck and Wells 1990: 398) "Kraft, Strke, Macht"; OS megin (de Vries 1962: 375). CE megen (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 224) "bodily strength, might, main, force, power, vigour, valour; virtue, efficacy"; ON megn, megn (de Vries 1962: 381) "Kraft, Macht", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *magnan (Seebold 1970: 342) "Kraft, Macht". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ir-, ubarmeinen "meinen, im Sinne haben, bezeichnen, bedeuten, mitteilen, sagen, singen, vortragen, besprechen, berichten, erwidern" (Raven 11963: 124). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS mnian I (Kluge 1989: 471) "meinen, erwhnen, erzwecken"; OFs. mza I (Kluge 1989: 471) "meinen"; CE mcEnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 226) "to mean, signify, intend, consider; to tell, mention, relate, declare, communicate to, speak of; speak (a language); to lament, bewail, sorrow, grieve", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *mainjanan "meinen, erwlmen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from IE \I*mein_, *moin (Pfeifer 111989: 1085) "Meinung, Absicht, meinen". From which base the following may also be derived: OCS meniti (Kluge 1989: 471) gedenken, erwahnen"; Oh. mIan (Kluge 1989: 471) "Wunsch, Verlangen". Despite the fact that attested forms of the verb are conimed to WGmc, these IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fir-,fora-bi-, zuo-bi-, zuo-girneistarn "lehren, vorstehen, verwalten, verfilgen, herrschen, anordnen" (Raven 111967: 101). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG meistar (Starck and Wells 1990: 406) "Meister, Lehrer". <Latin magister (Kluge 1989: 472) "Meister, Vorstand, Anfithrer". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. meilisn "gegen jemandem wUten, mit Zorn gegen ihn aufwallen" (Raven 111967: 101). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG meit in gi-meit (Onions 1966: 544) "foolish, vain, boastful". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb (formed with S-extension). Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi*meizen "entziehen, trennen, abschneiden" (Raven I 1963: 126). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON meita I (Seebold 1970: 344) "beschneiden, abtrennen", which allows us to reconstruct a *majtejanan (Seebold 1970: 344) "beschneiden, abtrennen", class I deverbative from strong verb *majtanan (Seebold 1970: 343) "abschneiden". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG meizzan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 343) "abhauen, anschneiden, einschneiden, zerschneiden"; Gothic maitan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 343) "scheiden, hauen". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: aba-fir-,firmeldEn "(+acc. et. dat. pers.) angeben, anklagen, anzeigen, bekanntmachen, erzhlen, kundtun, nennen, offenbaren, vorflthren, uberffihren, verraten, in ublen Ruf bringen" (Raven II 1967: 243). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG melda (Kluge 1989: 472) "Anzeige, Verrat". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, gi-

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menden "sich freuen, frohlocken, Ienzartig werden, bluhen, prangen, jubein, jauchzen, verkundigen, melden, anzeigen, umherschwarmen" (Raven I 1963: 127). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS mendian I (Schade I 1882: 602) "sich freuen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *mandjanan "sich freuen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is an ablaut 'o-grade verb deriving ultimately from an IE 'i*mendh- (Pokorny 11956: 730) "semen Sinn woraufrichten, lebhaft sein". From which base the following may also be derived: ON munda II, zero-grade (Pokorny I 1956: 730) "zielen"; Gothic mundon 11, zero-grade (Pokorny 11956: 730) "auf etwas sehen"; OCS modrb (Pokorny 11956: 730) "gescheit, kiug"; Lith. madras, mandriis (Pokorny 11956: 730) "munter, ubermutig"; Greek Lav9vU) (Pokorny 11956: 730) "ich lerne"; Skt mdha- (Pokorny 11956: 730) "Weisheit, Einsicht, Verstand". Despite the fact that attested forms of the verb are confined to WGmc, these IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anamendiln "angenehm sein, Freude bezeigen" (Raven II 1967: 101). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mendi(Starck and Wells 1990: 407) "Freude, Frohlocken". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with 1-extension). mengen' "mangein, darben, fehlen, entbehren, bedUrfen" (Raven I 1963: 127). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *mangjanan "mangein, fehlen, entbehren". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is probably a gutteral extension deriving ultimately from TE i*men- (Pokorny 11956: 728) "klein, verkleinern; vereinzelt". From which base the following may also be derived: Skt mank k-extension (Pokorny 11956: 729) "ein wenig"; Arm. manr (Pokorny 11956: 728) "klein, dUnn, fein"; Greek (Attic) 1av (Pokorny I 1956: 728) "dUnn, locker"; OIr. mm (Pokorny I 1956: 728) "glatt, sanfi"; Welsh di-fanw (Pokorny I 1956: 729) "unbedeutend"; Lith. mektas k-extension (Pokorny I 1956: 729) "gering, unbedeutend"; Toch.B menki k-extension (Pokorny 11956: 729) "minder"; Hittite mani-in-ku-wa-an-te-e. k-extension nom.pl . (Pokorny 11956: 729) "kurz". Despite confinement to OHG and the absence of verbal forms in the IE parallels given above, there are sufficient data to allow for the reconstruction of an IE adjective "small, a little". This adjective can then be seen to be the etymon for a pre-Gmc deadjectival verb. The verb can therefore be assigned to a pre-Gmc stratum. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimengen2 " (ver)mischen" (Raven I 1963: 127). The following cognate verbs are attested: OFs. mendza I (Kluge 1989: 473) "to mix"; OE mengan I (Kluge 1989: 473) "to mix, combine, unite; associate with, cohabit with; disturb; converse", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *mangjanan "to mix, combine". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an lB /*mennk, *menk- (Pokorny 11956: 730) "kneten (quetschen, zermalmen)". From which base the following may also be derived: Skt macate, macate (Pokorny 11956: 730) "zermalmen"; Alb. mekem (Pokorny 11956: 731) "mache feucht, werde ohnmachtig, erstarre"; Greek o (Bamhardt 1988: 663) "ich drUcke, knete, streiche, wische"; OCS mekiki (Pokorny 11956: 731) "weich"; Lith. minkyti (Pokorny 11956: 731) "(Teig) kneten". Despite the fact that attested forms of the verb are confmed to WGmc, these JE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimennen "(1)(das Vieh) vortreiben (=vortIihren), em Gespann fiihren, (das Vieh durch Drohungen und desgleichen) antreiben; (2) gerichtlich vorladen" (Raven I 1963: 312). No cognate verbs are attested. (In sense 1) < Latin minifre, menre (Niemeyer 1976: 682) "to drive animals, drive a vehicle; lead an army; steer; pursue". (In sense 2) <Latin mannire (Niemeyer 1976: 638) "to sue, implead; summon to appear in court". Therefore an OHG loan verb (fusion of two separate Latin verbs). Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

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mri "mehr scm, gro3er sein oder werden, hervorragen" (Raven Il 1967: 244). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see mrUn. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. merken "merken, bezeichnen, bestimmen, abgrenzen, begrenzen, einschrriken" (Raven I 1963: 127). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS merkian II (Pfeifer II 1989: 1093) "markieren, bezeichnen, spuren"; ON merkja I (Kluge 1989: 474) "kenntlich machen, bezeichnen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *rnark/anan (Kluge 1989: 474) "merken, kennzeichnen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: MHG marc (Kluge 1989: 462) "Zeichen"; MLG mark (Kluge 1989: 462) "Zeichen"; OE mearc (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 231) "mark, sign, line of division; standard; boundary, limit, term, border; defined area"; ON mark (Kluge 1989: 462) "Zeichen, Kennzeichen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *mar/(LJn (Kluge 1989: 462) "Zeichen". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: anti-, bi-, gi-, zuomffrn "(ver)mehren, vergrol3ern" (Raven II 1967: 102). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-rn rian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 230) "to increase", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *maiztjan "to increase". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG rn (Starck and Wells 1990: 408) "mehr, grol3er, vielmehr, sogar"; OE rnara (Kluge 1989: 470) "more; greater, stronger"; ON meiri (Kiuge 1989: 470) "mehr"; Gothic maizo (Kluge 1989: 470) "greater, larger", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *maizn (Kluge 1989: 470) "mehr". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimeTre,, "hindern, schrecken, entgegen oder hinderlich sein, stren, schadigen, schnden, schminken, schmhen, verleumden" (Raven I 1963: 128). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS merrian I (Lehmann 1986: 246) "to give offence, prevent, injure, mar"; OLFrank merran I (Starck and Wells 1990: 410) "hindern, hemmen, vereiteln"; OE mierran, merran myrran I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 237) "to mar, disturb, confuse, scatter, squander, waste; upset, hinder, obstruct"; ON rnerja I (Onions 1966: 554) "schiagen, zerschlagen"; Gothic marzjan I (Lehinann 1986: 246) "to hinder, offend", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *marzjanan (Bamhardt 1988: 632) "to hurt, harm". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from the ablaut 'o'-grade of IE 'I*rner-, *mers (Pokorny I 1956: 737) "stren, argern, vernachlassigen, vergessen". From which base the following may also be derived: Ski rnrsyati (Pokorny 11956: 737) "vergii3t, vernachlassigt, verzeiht"; Arm. moranam (Pokorny I 1956: 737) "vergesse"; Lith. mir.ti, rnirtIt (Pokorny I 1956: 737) "vergessen"; Latvian iz-mIrstu, iz-mIrst (Pokomy I 1956: 737) "vergessen". These IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,flr-,fora-, gimesten "masten, abweiden, abfressen, verzehren, ausdehnen, vollftillen, gemastet werden, was gemstet werden kann" (Raven I 1963: 128). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE rnstan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 227) "to feed with mast, fatten; annoint", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *,nastUafl "to feed with mast". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mast (Kiuge 1989: 466) "Futterung"; OS mast (Pfiefer 111989: 1073) "Mast"; OE mtst(Pfeifer 111989: 1073) "mast, food of swine, acorns, beechnuts", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *rnast (Kluge 1989: 466) "Mast". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimetam'i "das rechte Ma13 geben, gehorig abmessen, regeln, die Lebenstage eines Menschen auf die Hlfte bringen" (Raven 111967: 244). The following cognate verbs are attested: The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG metarno (Starck and Wells 1990: 411) "mittel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

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mezl:afligon "gehorig einrichten, ma6igen" (Raven II 1967: 102). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mezhafiig (Schade 11882: 606) "modificatus". Therefore an ORG deadjectival verb. mezizaftan "mal3igen, im Zaume halten" (Raven II 1967: 102). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mezhaft (Starck and Wells 1990: 411) "gemal3igt, mal3haltend". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. mezsamn "sich ma3igen" (Raven II 1967: 102). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *mezsam "mai3ig"; cf. OHG mez (Starck and Wells 1990: 411) "MaO, Art und Weise"; cf. OHG -sam suffix forming adjectives (Kluge 1989: 616). Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. mezzalon "dreschen" (Raven 111967: 102). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. inezzn "mJ3igen, em Ma13 setzen, besanftigen" (Raven 111967: 102). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE metgian, metian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 235) "to moderate, control, govern; weigh in mind, consider; assign due measure to; prepare, regulate"; (cf. also OE geanc-metian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 355) "to think over, deliberate"); Gothic miton II (Seebold 1970: 353) "ermessen, uberlegen", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *metcjanan (Seebold 1970: 353) class II deverbative from strong verb *metanan (Seebold 1970: 352) "messen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG mezzan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 353) "messen, zahien, gewhren"; OS metan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 353) "wofllr halten"; OFs. meta st. vb (Seebold 1970: 353) "messen"; OE metan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 234) "to measure, mete out, mark off; estimate"; ON meta st. vb (Seebold 1970: 352) "abschtzen, zumessen, abmessen"; Gothic mitan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 353) "messen". Therefore a Gmc devebative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: eban-, gagan-, gi-, gi-eban-, ingagan-, widar.mieten "Personen in Lohn nehmen, anwerben, mieten, dingen, pachten, belohnen, vereinigen, Ubereinkommen, Geld geben, Markt machen, kaufen, schachern, feilschen, erschachern, bestechen, erkaufen, (sich) verdingen" (Raven 1 1963: 129). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE on-mdan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 265) "to presume, take upon oneself', which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *mizdjan "belohnen, Personen in Lohn nehmen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mieta (Kluge 1989: 477) "Lohn, Bezahlung"; OS mda (Kluge 1989: 477) "Lohn, Bezahlung"; OFs. mde (Lehmann 1986: 259) "rent, gift"; OE meord, med with loss of medial 'r' (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 233) "meed, reward, pay, price, compensation, bribe"; Lombardic meta (Lehmann 1986: 259) "compensatory action"; Gothic mizdo (Kluge 1989: 477) "recompense, reward", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *mizd (Kluge 1989: 477) "Lohn, Bezahlung". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, in-gimihhi1a "hervorragen, hervorstehen (wie kreisfiirmige Traghenkel)" (Raven 111967: 245). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE miclian, micelian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 235) "to become great; inrease", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *miki1an "to be or become great or large". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: (see under mihhiln). Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. mihhilllhhn "verherrlichen, groB machen, preisen, prahlen, ruhmen" (Raven 111967: 103). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mihhillih (Starck and Wells 1990: 413) "herrlich, grol3artig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

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mihhiln "preisen" (Raven 111967: 103). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE miclian, mice/ian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 235) "to make great, make larger, magnify, extol"; ON mikia II (de Vries 1962: 387) "vergrol3ern, ehren", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *miki1janan "to make great or large". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mihhil (Lehmann 1986: 254) "grol3, grol3artig, machtig"; OS mikil (Lehmann 1986: 254) "grol3"; OE micel (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 235) "great, intense, much, many"; ON mikill (Lehmann 1986: 254) "grol3"; Gothic mikils (Lehmann 1986: 254) "great, large", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *mikilaz "great, large". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. mihhillsn "verherrlichen" (Raven II 1967: 103). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mihhil (Lehmann 1986: 254) "grol3, grol3artig, machtig". Therefore an ORG deadjectiva! verb (formed with s-extension). milten "bemitleiden, Mitleid fiihlen, sich jemands erbarmen oder annehmen (+dat, +gen.)" (Raven I 1963: 130). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG milti (Starck and Wells 1990: 414) "mild, gelind, wohltatig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irminniron "kleiner, geringer machen oder werden, (ver)mindern, abnehmen" (Raven II 1967: 104). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG miniro comparative adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 415) "kleiner". Therefore an ORG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giminnn "sich lieben, lieb gewinnen, sich mit Liebe entflammen, menschenfreundlich behandeln, em Liebling sein, sich anhangen, vor Liebe hinschmachteri, neiden, nachlaufen, pflegen" (Raven 111967: 103). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS minnion, minnen (Schade 11882: 612) "minnen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *minnjjan "to love". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG minna (Starck and Wells 1990: 415) "Zueignung, Liebe"; OS minnia, minnea (Kluge 1989: 480) "Liebe"; OFs. minne (Kluge 1989: 480) "Liebe", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *minnja "Zueignung, Liebe". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimirrn, gi-mirrol "mit Myrrhe versehen" (Raven II 1967: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mirra (Starck and Wells 1990: 416) "Myrrhe". Therefore an ORG denominative past participle construction. miskeln "mischen" (Raven II 1967: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. <Medieval Latin misculre (Schade 11882: 612) "mischen". Therefore an OHG loan verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, gi-, zisamenemisken "mischen, mengen, mischend truben" (Raven I 1963: 130). No cognate verbs are attested. <Latin misc&e (Kluge 1989: 481) "mischen"; cf. OE miscian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 238) "to mix, apportion". This is probably an independant borrowing. Therefore an OHG loan verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: duruh-,fir-, gi-, in-, untar-, zisameneinissen "vermissen, ohne etwas sein, etwas nicht haben oder nicht besitzen, etwas meiden, entbehren, verzichten mssen" (Raven 1 1963: 131). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG missen (Kluge 1989: 481). OFs. missa I (Kluge 1989: 481). OE missan I (Kluge 1989: 481) "to miss (a mark); escape the notice of a person"; ON missa I (Kluge 1989: 481) "missen, verlieren", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *missanan (Kluge 1989: 481) "missen,

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vermieden haben". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG missi adjective and prefix (Pfiefer 111989: 1111) "verschieden"; OS mis- prefix (Kluge 1989: 481) "mis-"; MLG misse, mis adj., adv. (Pfeifer H 1989: 1111) "falsch, sein Ziel nicht erreichend, ermangelnd"; MDu mis, mes adj. (Pfeifer 111989: 1111) "verfehlt, falsch, ungleich"; OE misprefix (Kiuge 1989: 481) "mis-"; ON mis- prefix in relics (Kluge 1989: 481) "mis-"; Gothic missoadv. (Pfeifer 111989: 1111) "einander, wechselseitig"; Gothic missa- prefix (Kluge 1989: 481) "mis-", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *missaz adjective and prefix (Kiuge 1989: 481) "verschieden, nicht ubereinstimmend, ausgewechselt, verkehrt, falsch, schlecht, ubel, mangeind, fehiend". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:firmissi-brieven "Unrecht vor Gericht laden" (Raven I 1963: 15). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-bruhhen "aut'brauchen, verbrauchen, ausnutzen, mii3brauchen" (Raven I 1963: 20). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-denken "schlecht, Ubel denken" (Raven I 1963: 27). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-ferren "abweichen, sich abwenden von, irren" (Raven 11963: 293). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-haben "sich Ubel befmden, sich gramen Uber, trauern, sich semen Schmerzen hingeben, den Mut verlieren" (Raven 1 1963: 303). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-habti "(reflex.) sich bel verhalten, (vom See) = unruhig sein" (Raven H 1967: 223). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-hengen "widersprechen, abweichen, nicht ubereinstimmen, uneinig sein" (Raven I 1963: 69). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-ken "verdrehen, falsch erklaren, mil3kehren, verkehrt, umstrzen, vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 90). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-1ebi "em schlechtes Leben fiihren, ubel leben" (Raven 111967: 234). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE mis-lybban III (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 238) "to lead a bad life". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. missi-leggen "auseinanderspreizen" (Raven I 1963: 312). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-leizen "mil3leiten, verleiten, entfUhren" (Raven 11963: 106). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE mis-icidan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 238) "to mislead". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. missi-lihhn "(+dat. pers.) millfallen, verdriel3en" (Raven 111967: 236). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE mis-lician II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 238) "to displease, disquiet". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. missilihhn "bunt machen, unterscheiden, sich verndern, wechseln" (Raven H 1967: 105). cf. OHG missilihhn III. The following cognate verbs are attested: OE mislician II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 377) "to displease"; ON mislIka II (Fritzner 111954: 711) "to displease", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *missaleikq/anan " be different or dissimilar, to displease".

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The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG missilih (Starck and Wells 1990: 417) "verschieden, vielfltig, farbig"; OS missilik (Holthausen 1967: 238) "verschieden, zahlreich"; OE mislic (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 238) "unlike, various, manifold; wandering, erratic"; ON mislIkr (Fritzner 111954: 711) "different"; Gothic missaleiks (Lehmann 1986: 257) "different, various, unlike", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *missaleikaz "different, various, unlike". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimissi-(h)liuten "mil3tOnend, ungleich klingen, dil3harmonieren" (Raven I 1963: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-louben "unglaubig sein, nicht glauben = sundigen" (Raven 11963: 119). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-mahhn "verachtlich, geschwtirig, hl3lich sein" (Raven II 1967: 97). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE mis-macian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 238) "to mar". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. missi-nuzzen "ausnutzen, miBbrauchen (z.B. von Frauen) Gebrauch machen, zurckweisen, geringschatzig behandeln" (Raven 11963: 143). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-pfadan "einen falschen oder schlechten Weg gehen, den rechten Weg verfehlen" (Raven 111967: 36). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-sezzen "miss-, verstellen, verkehren" (Raven I 1963: 176). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-trUz, missi-lriiwffn "(+dat. pers. et gen. rei) mil3trauen, mil3trauisch sein, in Verdacht haben, die Hoffhung verlieren, verzweifeln" (Raven 111967: 265). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON mis-triTia II (Fritzner II 1954: 717) "to mistrust, doubt the truth about". Therefore a NWGmc prefix formation. missi-wenten "verkehren, zerstOren, ins Bose wenden, ubel deuten, tadeln" (Raven 11963: 258). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE mis-wendan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 239) "to pervert, abuse; to be perverted, to err". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. missi-wirken "unrecht machen, auf fehierhafie Weise handeln oder arbeiten" (Raven I 1963: 266). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missi-woni "Ubermutig oder stolz werden" (Raven II 1967: 276). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. missizumfien "nicht ubereinstimmen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 418). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG missizumfi (Starck and Wells 1990: 418) "Uneinigkeit". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. missizumfion "unharmonisch, verschieden oder ungleich sein" (Raven II 1967: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under missizumften. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. miston "mit Mist dungen, misten" (Raven 111967: 105). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mist (Starck and Wells 1990: 418) "Mist, Dunger, Kot". Therefore an OHG denominative verb.

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mitt jferahen "die Lebensmitte erreichen, halbieren" (Raven I 1963: 131). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mittferahi (Starck and Wells 1990: 420) "Mitte, Hlfte". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimiti-fuoren "mitfUhren" (Raven I 1963: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. miti-sindn "begleiten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 526). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. miti-spiln "sich mit dem Syllogismus beschaftigen, sich ihrer bei Gerichtsverhandlungen treiben" (Raven II 1967: 142). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. miti-terien "?auseinanderrejflen" (Starck and Wells 1990: 625). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. mo1awi "(vom Korper) hinschwinden, verfaulen, sich verzehren" (Raven 111967: 244). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *molawi "Staub", can be reconstructed from: cf. MHG molawic (Lexer I 1872: 2195) "weich, staubartig". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. morni "(+gen. rei vel pers.) sorgen, trauen, sich (be)kummem, traurig, wehmutig oder tief betrubt sein" (Raven II 1967: 244). cf. OHG *murnen I. The following cognate verbs are attested: OS mornn, mornian II (Heyne 1905: 291) "sich ktimmern, sorgen, betrubt sein"; OE murnan St. vb, wk.vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 242) "to care, be anxious or fearful about; to hesitate; mourn, sorrow, bemoan; long after"; ON morna (Zoega 1910: 301) "verwelken, verbluhen"; Gothic maurnan III (Lehmann 1986: 248) "to worry, concern oneself", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *murnanan "to have cares, to be mindful of ones sorrows", class III durative deverbative from strong verb *murnanan (Seebold 1970: 351) "trauern". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE murnan st. vb, wk.vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 242) "to care, be anxious or fearful about; to hesitate; mourn, sorrow, bemoan; long after". Therefore a Gmc deverbative formation. motezzen "anfangen, verursachen" (Raven I 1963: 131). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Probably an intensive deverbative from an unattested source. miihhn "heimlich lauern und ausrauben, Stral3enraub treiben" (Raven II 1967: 106). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mUhho (Starck and Wells 1990: 423) "Wegelagerer, Stral3enruber". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. *mucken "mucken". NHG mucken (Pfeifer II 1989: 1132) "mit halb offenem Munde reden". The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG mucken (Pfeifer 111989: 1132) "den Mund kaum auftun und halblaut murmelif'; MDu. mokken (Pfeifer 111989: 1132); We can therefore reconstruct a WGmc *mukkjan intensive gemination "mucken". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It appears to represent a gutteral extension which derives ultimately from IE 'si*mu, *m- (Pokomy I 1956: 751) "(Schallnachahmung fur den mit geprel3ten Lippen erzeugten dumpfen Laut) undeutlich reden, unartikuliert murmein" (see under mwen). This JE complex was extremely productive in the various daughter languages. The resulting derivational complexity consequently obscures the derivational profile of verbs belonging to this complex. Therefore, the safest etymology is to consider this verb an WGmc derivation. Therefore a WGmc verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: fir-

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*muckaen "mucksen, mucken, kurz aufgebehren". MHG muchsen (Kluge 1989: 490) "mucksen". No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *muklcatjan class I intensive deverbative from OHG weak verb *muc/n (which see). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irmullen "zermalmen, zerreiben" (Raven I 1963: 314). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON myla I (Fritzner II 1954: 758) "to crush", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *muljanan (Seebold 1970: 345) "zermalmen", class I intensive deverbative (with zero-grade ablaut) from strong verb *malanan (Seebold 1970: 344) "mahlen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG malan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 344) "mahlen"; OS gi-malan preterite participle (Seebold 1970: 344) "gemahien"; ON mala st. vb (Seebold 1970: 344) "mahien"; Gothic malan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 344) "mahien". Therefore aNWGmc intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb:Jirmullen "eggen, den Erdboden aufwuhlen oder zerwUhlen, die Erde oder Saat behaken, am das Unkraut herauszuschaffen, jten" (Raven 11963: 131). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG multa (Starck and Wells 1990: 423) "Melde". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. munden "mnden" (Raven I 1963: 131). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG mund (Kluge 1989: 492) "Mund". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. mundiln "anheben zu rederi, aussagen, (Weihe) sprechen, einweihen" (Raven II 1967: 106). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mund (Starck and Wells 1990: 423) "Mund". Therefore an OHG denominative verb (formed with 1-extension). inunizn "mnzen, Geld pragen oder wechseln" (Raven 111967: 106). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE mynetian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 243) "to coin", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *munet4ian "to mint". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG muniz, muniz(:)a (Kluge 1989: 493) "Munze"; OS munita (Kluge 1989: 493) "MUnze"; OE mynet (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 243) "coin, money"; ON mynt probably loan word from WGmc (Kluge 1989: 493) "Mnze", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *munet "MUnze". < Latin monta (Kluge 1989: 493) "Munze". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. muntaren "ermuntem, erschrecken, em Grauen einjagen, wachhalten, wekken, auf-, erwecken, aufmuntem" (Raven I 1963: 132). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG muntar (Kluge 1989: 493) "leicht, lebhafI, wach". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: irmuntn "Schtzer oder Schutz sein, einen beschutzen, zielen" (Raven II 1967: 106). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE mundian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 242) "to protect, watch over, act as guardian of', which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *mundjan "to protect". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG munt (Kluge 1989: 492) "Hand, schutz, Vormundschaft"; OS mund (Kluge 1989: 492). OE mund (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 242) "hand; trust, security, protection, guardianship; protector; guardian; the king's peace"; ON mund (Kluge 1989: 492) "hand", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *munj (Kluge 1989: 492) "Hand, Schutz". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-

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inuodn "mUde werden, ermUden, erschopft werden" (Raven II 1967: 244). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE mian H (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 235) "to grow weary", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *mQ5jJan "to be or become tired". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG muodi (Starck and Wells 1990: 424) "mude, ermattet, erschopft"; OS mcxii (Kluge 1989: 490) "mude"; OE mxie (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 235) "tired, worn out, dejected, sad, troublesome", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *mijaz (Kluge 1989: 490) "mude". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irmuoen "Millie machen, bemUhen, beunruhigen, bedrangen, abmuhen, ermilhen, belastigen, beschweren, qualen, bekUmmern, verdriel3en, jemandem etwas antun, heimsuchen, ermuden, ermatten, mude machen" (Raven I 1963: 132). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG mien, moigen (Kluge 1989: 491) "bemuhen, belastigen"; MDu. moeyen (Kluge 1989: 491) "bemuhen, belastigen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *mjanan (Kluge 1989: 491) "sich anstrengen, sich bemuhen, mUhen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE I*m., *mo10 (Pokorny 11956: 746) "sich mUhen". From which base the following may also be derived: OHG muodi (Pokorny 11956: 746) "mUde, ermattet, erschopft"; Gothic af-maui1bs (Pokorny 11956: 746) "ermudet"; Russ. mju (Pokorny I 1956: 746) "ermuden, plagen"; Lith. pri-si-muoleti (Pokorny 11956: 746) "sich abmuhen"; Latin m1 (Pokorny I 1956: 746) "Last, Masse"; Latin molestus (Pokorny I 1956: 746) "verdriel3lich, lastig, beschwerlich"; Greek i6i?o (Pokorny 11956: 746) "Ansirengung, Muhe". Despite the confinement of attested forms to WGmc and the absence of verbal forms in the IE parallels given above, there are sufficient data to allow for the reconstruction of an IE adjective "tired, exhausted". This adjective can then be seen to be the etymon for a pre-Gmc deadjectival verb. The verb can therefore be assigned to a pre-Gmc stratum. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, hinamuosen "essen, kauen, speisen, flittern, verzehren" (Raven 11963: 133). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE msan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 234) "to eat", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *ms/an "to eat". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG muos (Starck and Wells 1990: 425) "Essen, Speise, Mus"; OS mds (Kluge 1989: 493) "Speise, Essen"; OFs. ms (Kluge 1989: 493) "Speise, Essen"; OE ms (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 241) "food, victuals", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *msan (Kluge 1989: 493) "Zukost". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimuot-brehhn "den Mut verlieren" (Raven II 1967: 106). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG muot (Kluge 1989: 494) "Verstand, Seele, Geist, GefUhl"; cf. OHG brehhn II (Seebold 1970: 133) "bedrucken, heimsuchen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. muolen "verlangen" (Raven 1 1963: 133). No cognate verbs are attested. As cognate verbs in the other Gmc languages belong with the class II verb, this verb is best considered a class I deverbative from the class II verb muotn (which see). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: widarmuofezzen "ul3ern" (Starck and Wells 1990: 426). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *madatjan "to express an intention or desire", class I intensive deverbative from OHG mouten I (which see) or muotn II (which see). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative.

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inuolfagon "willfahren" (Raven II 1967: 106). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG muotfaga (Starck and Wells 1990: 426) "Genugtuung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. muotOn "begehren, verlangen" (Raven II 1967: 106). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS mac/On II (Starck and Wells 1990: 426) "begehren, verlangen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *mOOUan "to desire, intend, have courage to". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG muot (Starck and Wells 1990: 425) "Verstand, Seele, Geist, Gefiihl; Herz; Gemutserfassung; Erregung, Leidenschaft; Neigung, Verlangen, Absicht; Mut"; OS mOd (Kluge 1989: 494) "Mut, Gemut, Verstand, Seele, Geist, Stimmung, Hochmut, Ubermut"; OFs. mOd (Kluge 1989: 494) "Mut, GemUt, Seele, Geist, Stimmung, Hochmut, Ubermut"; OE mOd (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 239) "heart, mind, spirit, mood, temper; courage; arrogance, pride; power, violence"; ON moOr (Kluge 1989: 494) "aufgeregter Sinn, Zorn"; Gothic mobs (Kluge 1989: 494) "Mut, Zom", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *mOOaz "heart, mind, spirit, mood, courage, intention". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. muot-spilOn "uberlegen, vertraulich bei sich plaudern" (Raven 111967: 106). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG muot (Kiuge 1989: 494) "Verstand, Seele, Geist, Gefithi"; cf. OHG spilOn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 575) "spielen, ausgelassen sein, bespielen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. *muot-sprangan, muot-spranganto "frohiockend" (Starck and Wells 1990: 426). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG muot (Kluge 1989: 494) "Verstand, Seele, Geist, Gefuhl"; cf. OHG sprangOn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 575) "aufspringen, vor Freude springen, pulsen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (occuring only in adverbial present participle form). muoz "konnen, mUssen" (Seebold 1970: 354). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS mOt pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 354) "konnen, vermogen, sollen"; OFs. mat pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 354) "konrien, vermogen"; OE mOt pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 354) "to be able to, can, may, to be obliged, should, ought to"; Gothic ga-mor pret.-pres. (Seebold 1970: 354) "Raum haben, Raum finden". These allow us to reconstruct a preterite-present verb *mOt (Seebold 1970: 354) "kann". This verb can be traced back to the extended ablaut grade, , of the IE 'sl*med- (Pokorny 11956: 705) "messen, ermessen", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt masti (Pokorny 11956: 705) "das Messen, Wagen"; Greek j.th.8oat (Pokorny I 1956: 705) "ich bin worauf bedacht"; Latin meditor (Pokorny I 1956: 705) "worUber nachdenken"; Latin modus (Pokorny 11956: 705) "Ma13, Art und Weise"; Oh. midiur (Pokorny I 1956: 705) "cogito, iudico"; Oh. airmed (Pokorny I 1956: 705) "MaB"; MWelsh medu (Pokorny 11956: 705) "imstande sein, beherrschen"; OHO mezzan St. vb (Pokorny 11956: 705) "messen"; Gothic mitan st. vb (Pokomy 1 1956: 705) "messen". Therefore a Pre-Gmc primary verb (preterite-present). muozzOn "freie Zeit oder MuI3e haben, sich frei machen von, sich herbeilassen zu, sich widmen, (impers.) es ist Zeit, ist gestattet" (Raven 111967: 106). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG muozza (Starck and Wells 1990: 426) "Mul3e, Freiheit, Moglichkeit". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimurden "morden, strafen, bestrafen" (Raven I 1963: 133). The following cognate verbs are attested: ON myrOa I (Lehmann 1986: 249) "to murder, kill", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *murJ,/anan "to murder, kill". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHO mord (Starck and Wells 1990: 421) "Mord"; OS morth (Kluge 1989: 488) "Mord"; OFs. morth (Kiuge 1989: 488) "Mord"; OE morO (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 241) "death, destruction, homicide, murder"; ON morO (Kluge 1989: 488) "Mord", which allows us to

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reconstruct a NWGmc *rnurJ)az (Kluge 1989: 488) "murder, homicide". Therefore a NWGmc denominative verb. inurdiren, murdren " morden, ermorden, erlegen" (Raven I 1963: 133). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE -myrdian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 19) "to murder, kill"; Gothic maurbrjan I (Lehmann 1986: 249) "to kill, murder", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *murJ,r/anan "to murder, kill". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OE mordor (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 241) "deed of violence, murder, homicide, manslaughter; mortal sin, crime"; Gothic maurbr (Kluge 1989: 488) "murder", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *murj,ran "murder, homicide". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:Jirinurmuln "munen, murmein, murrisch" (Raven II 1967: 107). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *murmu1jan "murmeln". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is probably an '1-extension varient of the weak verb *murmur/an (for an etymology of which see under murmuron). Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bimurmurn "flUstem, munkeln, murmeln, munen" (Raven 111967: 107). The following cognate verbs are attested: Mod.Eng. to murmur, which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *murmurajan "murmein". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It appears to be a formation from the reduplicating IE J*mormor, *murmur (Pokorny 11956: 748) "(Schallwort) murmeln, durnpf rauschen". From which base the following may also be derived: ON murra (Pokorny I 1956: 748) "brummen, murmein"; OCS mrbmrati (Pokorny 11956: 748) "murmeln"; Lith. murmlnti, murmnti (Pokorny I 1956: 748) "murmeln"; Latin murmurre (Pokorny I 1956: 748) "murmein"; Skt marmara- (Pokorny 1 1956: 748) "rauschend; das Rauschen"; Skt murmura(Pokorny 11956: 748) "knisterndes Feuer"; Arm. mrmram, mrmrim (Pokorny 11956: 748) "ich murre, munnle, brulle". This verb may represent a (Wanderwort). Attested forms of the verb are also confined to WGmc. Nevertheless, the IE parallels seen above offer sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. *murnen "betruben, trauern". The following cognate verbs are attested: OS mornian I (Seebold 1970: 352) "trauern, sich sorgen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *murnjan class I deverbative from strong verb *murnanan (Seebold 1970: 351) "trauern" (see under momz). Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir*musken " stol3en, zerschlagen, zerquetschen, verstummeln". MI-IG muschen (Lexer 1 1872: 2257) "stol3en, zerschlagen, quetschen". The following cognate verbs are attested: OE myscan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 244) "to injure, afflict, offend", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *muskjan "to injure, afflict". Further etymology unclear. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, zimussen, gi-musit- "bemoost, mit Moos bedeckt" (Starck and Wells 1990: 428). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-mussit- preterite participle (Starck and Wells 1990: 428) "mit Moos bedeckt". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG mos (Starck and Wells 1990: 422) "Moos, Moor, Sumpf'; MIJu. mose (Kluge 1989: 487) "Moos, Moor, Sumpf'; OE mos (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 241) "bog, marsh"; ON mosi (Kluge 1989:487) "Moos, Moor", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *musa, *musan, *muson (Kluge 1989: 487) "Moos, Moor". Therefore a WGmc denominative preterite participle construction. mutiln "murmeln" (Raven II 1967: 107). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *mutjl4ian "to murmer". The exact phonology of this verb is unclear. It may be a frequentative deverbative formed with an 'l'-extension, from an earlier dental extension to IE

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'J*mu, *miJ- (Pokorny I 1956: 751) "(Schallnachahmung fUr den mit gepreSten Lippen erzeugten dumpfen Laut) undeutlich reden, unartikuliert murmeln". From which base the following may also be derived: OHG mawen (Pokomy 11956: 751) "schreien"; MI-IG mUhen, mgen, miiwen gutteral extension (Pokorny I 1956: 751) "brUllen"; MLG mucken (Pfeifer II 1989: 1132) "den Mund kaum auftun und halblaut murmein"; East Fs. muk g-extension (Pokorny I 1956: 752) "Ku3"; Mid.Engl. muteren t-extension (Pokorny I 1956: 751) "to mutter"; Norw. mua (Pokorny I 1956: 751) "schweigen, nicht mucksen"; OCS mykh gutteral extension (Pokorny 11956: 751) "Gebrull"; Latin mutire t-extension (Pokorny 11956: 751) "mucksen"; Latin mUgire g-extension (Pokorny I 1956: 751) "brUllen"; Umbrian muieto gextension (Pokorny 11956: 751) "mttTtum"; Greek J.Li), j (Pokorny 1 1956: 751) "Ausruf geprel3ten Schmerzes"; Greek j.tIo g-extension (Pokorny I 1956: 751) "ich bringe mit geschlossenen Lippen einen Laut hervor, stohne"; Greek jiuthoj.ut (Pokorny 11956: 751) "ich brUlle"; Skt mujati, mojati g-extension (Pokorny 11956: 751) "gibt einen Ton von sich". This analysis is somewhat contorted and be no means certain. It does not allow for the reconstruction of a pre-Gmc verb. Therefore an OHG verb (formed with 1-extension), the derivational pattern of which is unclear. muzn "wechseln, verndern, sich versteckt halten, lauem, mausern" (Raven II 1967: 107). No cognate verbs are attested. < Latin mutifre (Schade I 1882: 633) "wechseln, verandern". Therefore an OHG loan verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gimuzzen 1 " verleumden, aflerreden, (mit der Zunge) Verleumdung umhertragen, betrugen"

(Raven 11963: 134). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. muzzen2 "putzen, reinigen" (Pokorny I 1956: 742). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *mutjanan "putzen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It is probably a dental extension from IE J*meu, *meuo-, *mu (Pokorny I 1956: 741) "feucht, moderig, unreine Flussigkeit (auch Ham); beschmutzen; waschen, reinigen". From which base the following may also be derived: MLG milten d-extension (Pokorny 11956: 742) "das Gesicht waschen"; Mod.Du. mot d-extension (Pokorny 11956: 742) "feiner Regen"; Swed. (dial.) muta d-extension (Pokorny I 1956: 742) "fein regnen"; OCS myjo, myti (Pokorny I 1956: 741) "waschen, spulen"; MIr. mzn (Pokorny I 1956: 741) "Ham, Urin"; MIr. muad d-extension (Pokorny 11956: 741) "rein, stolz"; Greek tlw d-extension (Pokorny 11956: 741) "sauge"; Greek (Cypriot) AcOc (Pokorny 11956: 741) "sich waschen"; Avest. m8ra- (Pokomy I 1956: 741) "Unreinigkeit, Schmutz"; Skt mutram (Pokorny 11956: 741) "Ham"; Skt mudirah d-extension (Pokorny 11956: 741) "Wolke". Attested forms of the verb are confined to OHG. Nevertheless, the dental extension exhibited by this verb is also present in a number of the IE forms given above. This points to a pre-Gmc origin for the verb.

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N
nen, neigen "nhen, flicken, verbessern, ausbessern, spinnen, schneidern" (Raven I 1963: 134). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG neien, neigen (Kluge 1989: 498) "nahen"; MDu. n(a)eyen (Kiuge 1989: 498) "nhen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *njanan (Kluge 1989: 498) "nahen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an IE J*(s)n ., *(s)ni- (Pokorny 11956: 973) "Fden zusammendrehen, mit dem Faden hantieren, (daher) weben, spinnen, naihen", from which base the following may also be derived: ON sn1da (Pokorny 11956: 973) "Handspindel"; MIr. snid (Pokorny 11956: 973) "dreht; bindet, qualt, mht sich ab"; Welsh nyddu (Pokorny 11956: 973) "nahen"; Latvian. snu, snift (Pokorny I 1956: 973) "locker zusammendrehen, spinnen"; Russ. nitb (Pokorny I 1956: 973) "Faden"; Latin nre (Pokorny 11956: 973) "spinnen"; Greek -vv (Pokomy 11956: 973) "spinnen"; Skt snffyu- (Pokorny 11956: 973) "Band, Sehne". Despite the fact that attested forms of the verb are confmed to WGmc, these lB parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, gi-, widar(Jz)naffezzen "schlafen, schiummem, schlafrig sein, trumen, die Augen (im Schlafe oder vor dem Lichte) schliel3en" (Raven 11963: 134). No cognate verbs are attested. We can reconstruct an earlier form *hnappatjan intensive deverbative from a class II weak verb *hnappaJan "einnicken, schlummern" and attested in OE hnappian, hncppian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 188) "to doze, slumber, sleep". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. nagalen, negilen "(an)nageln, kreuzigen, mit Ngeln befestigen, vernageln" (Raven I 1963: 134). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS neglian I (Kluge 1989: 497) "annageln"; OE ncEglian II, but probably by levelling from class I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 245) "to nail, fasten with nails"; ON negla I (:Kluge 1989: 497) "annageln"; Gothic ga-nagijan I (Lehniann 1986: 145) "to nail on", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *nag1anan "to nail, fasten with nails". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nagal (Starck and Wells 1990: 429) "Nagel, Pflock, Riegel"; OS nagal (Kluge 1989: 497) "Nagel"; OFs. neil, nl (Kiuge 1989: 497) "Nagel"; OE nceg(e)l (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 245) "nail, peg; finger-nail, toe-nail, claw"; ON nag! (Kiuge 1989: 497) "Fingemagel"; ON nagli (Kiuge 1989: 497) "Eisennagel", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *naglaz (Kluge 1989: 497) "Nagel". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: in!(nah-)bi-soufen "ersufen, ertranken, ertrinken, nach unten schleifen, begraben, forttreiben" (Raven 11963: 194). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nhen "nher-, herankommen, fortpflanzen, nahen, sich nahen oder nhern" (Raven I 1963: 135). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS nffhian I (de Vries 1962: 403) "nahen"; Gothic nehwjan I (de Vries 1962: 403) "to near", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *nehwUanan "to near, approach, come near, come close". cf. OE ge-neahwian, ge-nean II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 247) "to draw near, come near, approach, cleave to, adhere". cf. ON nd II (Fritzner 111954: 777) "nahen; einholen, erreichen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nah (Starck and Wells 1990: 430) "nah, in der Nhe, angrenzend"; OS nffh (Kluge 1989: 498) "nah"; OE nah (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 246) "near, high, close; late"; ON n (Kluge 1989: 498) "nah"; Gothic nehw (Kluge 1989: 498) "near, close by", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *nhwaz (Kluge 1989: 498) "nah". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: dara-, gi-, zuo-

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nal:-ferren "hintennachgleiten" (Raven I 1963: 293). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nah-folg7 "nachfolgen, (von der Schriftsprache) voilkommen elegant und folgerichtig sein" (Raven 111967: 215). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nah-fuoren "nachfolgen" (Raven I 1963: 50). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nai:IiliJzhn "nahen, sich nahem" (Raven 111967: 108). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nahhliho adv. (Starck and Wells 1990: 430) "beinahe, fast". Therefore an OHG deadverbial verb. nah1'i "Nacht werden, nachten" (Raven II 1967: 245). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE nihtian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 250) "to become night, grow dark", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *nahtan "to become night, grow dark". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG naht (Starck and Wells 1990: 430) "Nacht"; OS naht (Kluge 1989: 497) "Nacht"; OS naht (Kluge 1989: 497) "Nacht"; OFs. nacht (Kluge 1989: 497) "Nacht"; OE ni/it, ncht, ny/it (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 250) "night, darkness"; ON ntt, ntt (Kluge 1989: 497) "Nacht"; Gothic nachis (Kluge 1989: 497) "night", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *nahts fern. (Kluge 1989: 497) "night". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, duruh-, ubarnah-zottan "nachzotteln" (Starck and Wells 1990: 768). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nackotn "entblol3en" (Raven II 1967: 107). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE ge-nacodian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 244) "to lay bare, strip", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *na/cwajan "to render naked, lay bare, strip". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nackot (Starck and Wells 1990: 431) "nackt"; MILG naket (Kluge 1989: 497) "nackt"; OFs. nakad, naked (Kluge 1989: 497) "nackt"; OE nacod (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 244) "nacked, nude, bare; empty"; ON nkkvir (de Vries 1962: 414) "nackt"; OSwed. naqvidher (de Vries 1962: 414) "nackt"; Gothic naqaj's (Kluge 1989: 497) "naked", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *na/cwaaz (Kiuge 1989: 497) "nackt". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ginamn "benamen, einen Namen geben, mit Namen anreden, nennen" (Raven 111967: 108). The following cognate verbs are attested: The following cognate verbs are attested: OS namin II (Lehmann 1986: 263). OFs. namia II (Lehmann 1986: 263). OE namian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 246) "to name, mention; call, nominate, appoint"; beside OE namian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 246) "to address, invoke", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *nam/an "to name". For nominal base see under nemnen). Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, irnarrezzen "toricht werden, abtrunnig werden" (Raven I 1963: 135). No cognate verbs are attested. Probably from OHG class III weak verb ir-narren (Raven 111967: 245) "sich der Torheit Uberlassen". Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. nascn "naschen, Leckerei genie]3en" (Raven II 1967: 108). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG naschen (Pfeifer II 1989: 1153) "heimlich an sich bringen, betteln"; NLG gnaschen (Pfeifer 111989: 1153) "knabbem"; Dan. naske (Pfeifer 111989: 1153) "Leckerbil3en geniel3en"; Swed. (dial.) naska (Pfeifer 111989: 1153) "Leckerbil3en genieflen", which allows us

379

to reconstruct a NWGmc *(g)nagskjanan sk-present (Seebold 1970: 233) "naschen", class II deverbative from strong verb *gnaganan (<*ga-naganan) (Seebold 1970: 233) "nagen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG gnagan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 233) "nagen"; OE gnagan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 233) "to gnaw"; ON gnaga st. vb (Seebold 1970: 233) "nagen". Therefore a NWGmc deverbative formation. nazz'z "(von Regen, Tau, Blut und desgleichen) naB, feucht sein oder werden" (Raven II 1967: 245). No cognate verbs are attested. For nominal base see under nezzen. Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ir(h)negz "sich sttitzen oder halten, die Belagerung" (Raven II 1967: 245). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE hnigian II, originally class III? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 188) "to bow down (the head)", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *hnigwgThn (Seebold 1970: 266) "to be leaning, lean on", class III durative deverbative from Gmc strong verb *hneigwanan (Seebold 1970: 266) "sich neigen" (see under (J:)neigen). Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana(h)neigen "neigen, (sich)verneigen, beugen, einbiegen, einwarts krummen, nach innen beugen, (sich) senken, unterlegen, unterwerfen, aussetzen, preisgeben, vermeiden, wenden, wanken, richten" (Raven 11963: 136). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-hnegian I (Pfeifer 111989: 1160). OE hncigan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 187) "to bow down, bend, humble, curb, vanquish"; ON hneigja I (Pfeifer II 1989: 1160) "neigen, beugen"; Gothic hnaiwjan I (Seebold 1970: 266) "to humble", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *hnaigwejanan (Seebold 1970: 266) "to humble, make to bow", causative of strong verb *hneigwanan (Seebold 1970: 266) "sich neigen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG (h)nigan St. vb (Seebold 1970: 266) "sich neien"; OS hnigan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 266) "sich neigen, anbeten"; OFs. hniga st. vb (Seebold 1970: 266) "sich neigen, hinwenden"; OE hnigan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 188) "to bow oneself, bend, bow down; fall, decline, sink"; ON hnIga st. vb (Seebold 1970: 266) "sich neigen; sinken, fallen"; Gothic hneiwan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 266) "to decline, stoop down, bow". Therefore a Gmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-gi-, gi-, ml-, nidarneimen "sprechen, sagen, drohen, verlangen, mit Worten meinen" (Raven I 1963: 136). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology uncertain. Possibly alteration by metathesis of OHG weak verb meinen (Lexer 111876: 51). Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fora-bineizzen "plagen, bedrangen, verderben, verurteilen, verdammen, miBbilligen, erschopfen, ruinieren, dorren, trocknen" (Raven I 1963: 137). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG nen (Lehmann 1986: 146) "to torment"; OE ncfftan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 245) "to annoy, afflict, press upon, subdue, injure, destroy"; Gothic ga-naitfan I (Lehmann 1986: 146) "to treat shamefully", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *naitjanan "to torment, annoy, afflict, subdue". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from the an IE sJ*neid- (Pokorny 1 1956: 760) "heruntermachen, schmhen", from which base the following may also be derived: Skt nindati (Pokorny 11956: 760) "schmhen, tadeln, verachten"; Greek vcto (Pokorny 11956: 760) "Vorwurf, Schmach"; Greek vEtiw (Pokorny 11956: 760) "ich schmahe"; Arm. anizanem (Pokorny 11956: 760) "fluchen"; Lith. nIedati (Pokorny 11956: 760) "verachten"; Latvian fist (Pokorny 11956: 760) "verachten"; Latvian naids, naidus (Pokorny 11956: 760) "Ha13, Feindschaft". These IE parallels provide sufficient evidence to point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, zuo-gi*necken "necken, herausfordern". MHG necken, neggen (Pfeifer II 1989: 1157) "reizen, beunruhigen, qualen, plagen". No cognate verbs are attested. cf. Swed nagga (Pfeifer 111989:

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1157) "beii3en, plagen", which allows us to reconstruct a *(g)nakkjan intensive gemination and devoicing "reizen, necken", intensive deverbative from strong verb *gnaganan (Seebold 1970: 233) "nagen" (see under nascn). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bineckinzen "sterben" (Starck and Wells 1990: 434). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. nemnen, nenzmen, nennen "nennen, namhaft machen, erwhnen, bezeichnen, fUr etwas halten, zu etwas rechnen, preisen, herausfordern, rufen, zusammenrufen, heil3en, schimpen, Iastem, schmhen, berichten, meinen, schtzen, anrufen, benennen, segnen, beilegen (Namen)" (Raven 11963: 137). cf. OHG namUn II (Raven 111967: 108). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS nemnian I (Kluge 1989: 502) "nennen"; OFs. namna, nanna, nenna I (Kluge 1989: 502) "nennen"; OE nemnan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 248) "to name, call; ennumerate; address, speak to; nominate; invoke; mention, relate"; ON nefna I (Kluge 1989: 502) "nennen"; Gothic namnjan I (Kluge 1989: 502) "to name", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *namnUanan (Kluge 1989: 502) "nermen". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG namo (Starck and Wells 1990: 432) "Name, Bezeichnung"; OS namo (Kiuge 1989: 498) "Name"; OFs. nama, noma (Kiuge 1989: 498) "Name"; OE nama (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 245) "name; reputation; noun"; ON nafn (Kiuge 1989: 498) "Namen"; Gothic namo (Kluge 1989: 498) "name", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *namn masc. n-stem (KJuge 1989: 498) "Name". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, dara-,fir-,fora-, ginenden "sich wenden an, etwas von einem zu erlangen suchen, es (nur) von ibm erwarten, sich erheben, etwas im voraus annehmen, oder vermuten, (betasten, untersuchen), angreifen, zu erobern suchen" (Raven I 1963: 138). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS niian I (Lehmann 1986: 31) "sich wagen, streben"; OE nan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 249) "to venture on, dare, risk"; ON nenna I (Lehmann 1986: 31) "Lust haben, sich bereit erklaren"; Gothic ana-nan1bjan I (Lehmann 1986: 31) "to take courage, be bold, dare", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *nanejanan (Seebold 1970: 359) "to take courage", deverbative formation from strong verb *nenanan (Seebold 1970: 359) "streben". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG *gi .nindan attested only in preterite singular gi-nand (Seebold 1970: 359) "sich erkuhnen, untemehmen". Therefore a Gmc deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ana-, ginerien "(am Leben) erhalten, ernahren, (er)retten, schtzen, heilen, selig oder gesund machen, vom Verderben bewahren" (Raven I 1963: 314). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS nerian I (Kluge 1989: 498) "erhalten, emahren"; OFs. nera I (Kluge 1989: 498) "to save, rescue"; OE nerian I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 248) "to save, rescue, liberate, preserve, defend, protect"; ON ncrra I, loan verb from Low German? (Seebold 1970: 360) "to nurse, refresh"; Gothic nasfan I (Kiuge 1989: 498) "to save", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *nazejanan (Seebold 1970: 360) "to cause to escape, free", causative deverbative from strong verb *nesanan (Seebold 1970: 359) "uberstehen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG gi-nesan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 359) "genesen, davonkommen"; OS gi-nesan St by (Seebold 1970: 359). OE nesan St. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 248) "to escape from, survive, be saved"; Gothic ga-n/san st. vb (Seebold 1970: 359). Therefore a Gmc causative deverbative. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irnestn "nisten, wohnen" (Raven 111967: 108). cf. OHG nisten I (Raven 11963: 142). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nest (Kiuge 1989: 502) "Nest". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. nezzen "befeuchten, (sich) benetzen, trnken, eintauchen, spulen, etwas zeitig beibringen, jemandem in etwas einweisen, berfluten, uberschwemmen, dampfen, dunsten, tauchen, naB

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werden, betrunken" (Raven 11963: 139). cf. OHG nazzn III. The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG, MDu netten I (Pfeifer 111989: 1165) "netzen"; Gothic natjan I (Kluge 1989: 503) "to moisten", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *nat/anan "to moisten, make damp". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG naz (Kluge 1989: 499) "nal3"; OS nat (Lehmann 1986: 264) "naB", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *nataz (Kluge 1989: 499). cf. ON Not (Pfeifer 111989: 1154) "Flui3name". Therefore a Gmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, duruh-, gi-, zinibulen "verdunkein, sich verfinstern, erloschen (des Augenlichtes), die Augen (im Schlafe, vor dem Lichte, aus Furcht) schlieflen, blinzeln" (Raven 11963: 140). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nebul (Starck and Wells 1990: 433) "Nebel, Dunst". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:flr-

nidar-bi-k-en " starr herabschauen" (Raven I 1963: 88). No cognate verbs are attested.
Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-bi-zerren " das Augenlicht richten, schauen" (Raven I 1963: 277). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-blicken " niederblicken" (Raven 11963: 10). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-bringen "schnUren, binden, hemmen, werfen, sich ul3ern" (Raven I 1963: 18). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-diihen "hinstrecken" (Starck and Wells 1990: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidaren "(sich) emiedrigen, darniederdrcken, niedrigen, demutigen, verschmhen, verwerfen, verdammen" (Raven 11963: 140). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OE niderian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 251) "to depress, abase, bring low, oppress; accuse; condemn". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nidar adv. (Starck and Wells 1990: 439) "unten, nieder, herunter". Therefore an OHG deadverbial formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fir-, ginidar-fir-scurgen "hinabstUrzen" (Raven 11963: 188). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

nidar-gi-ken " senken, beugen, niederkehren" (Raven I 1963: 89). No cognate verbs are
attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-gi-sezzen "niedersetzen, -legen" (Raven I 1963: 176). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-gi-weizen "sich hinwerfen oder niederwerfen" (Raven 11963: 255). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-ha1d'z " niederlassen, zurUckfallen" (Raven II 1967: 225). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-hang&z "niederhangen, niedergebeugt sein, herabhangend" (Raven 111967: 225). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-helden "beugen, sich beugen, neigen, senken" (Raven I 1963: 68). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.

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nidar-henken "zu Boden strecken oder werfen" (Raven I 1963: 69). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-leggen "niederlegen, niederwerfen, sich hinlegen" (Raven 11963: 312). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0HG prefix formation. nidar-(h)neigen "sich niederbeugen, niederneigen" (Raven I 1963: 136). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. nidar-(h)nicken "zusammangezogen, gebogen, bedecken, ubertolpen, biegen" (Raven 1 1963: 142). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-rucken "sich nach unten bewegen" (Raven I 1963: 161). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-senken "niedersenken, niederdrcken" (Raven 1 1963: 169). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-senten "niedersenden" (Raven I 1963: 170). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-sezzen "niedersetzen, -legen, -werfen, stranden lassen" (Raven I 1963: 176). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS nithar-settian I (Starck and Wells 1990: 519) "hinstellen, im Stich lassen". Therefore a WGmc prefix formation. nidar-scouwan "herabschauen, hochmutig verachten" (Raven II 1967: 136). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. nidar-screcken "vernichten (oder verwirren)" (Raven I 1963: 184). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. nidar-scricken "hinabspringen, -steigen" (Raven 1 1963: 185). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-snipfen "den Kopf niederbeugen" (Raven I 1963: 193). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. nidar-spreiten "niederwerfen, vernichten" (Raven I 1963: 197). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation. nidar-stari "starr blicken, starr niederblicken" (Raven II 1967: 258). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-strecken "(von einer Wunde) hingestreckt, niederstrecken" (Raven I 1963: 209). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-sucken "sinken" (Raven 11963: 213). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. nidar-wagan "sich senken, = sich dem Ende (dem Tode) nhem" (Raven 111967: 170). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. nidar-wegen "sich senken = sich dem Ende (dem Tode) nahern" (Raven I 1963: 329). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an 0MG prefix formation.

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nidn "hassen, (be)neiden, mii3gunstig oder eifersuchtig ansehen" (Raven II 1967: 109). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nid (Starck and Wells 1990: 438) "Neid, HaB". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. nigon "neigen, nicken, sich niederbucken" (Raven 111967: 109). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE hnigian II, originally class III? (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 188) "to bow down (the head)", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *hnigwjan, class II zero-grade deverbative formation from strong verb *hneigwanan (Seebold 1970: 266) "sich neigen" (see under (h)ne!gen). Therefore a WGmc deverbative formation. (h)nicken "nicken, zusprechen, zuerkennen, gunstig verurteilen, sich neigen, hinneigen, abweichen, nach innen beugen, streichen" (Raven I 1963: 141). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *hnikkjan intensive gemination and devoicing (Seebold 1970: 266) "nicken", zero-grade intensive deverbative from strong verb *hneigwanan (Seebold 1970: 266) "sich neigen" (see under (Iz)neigen). Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-,fir.-, gi-, int-, nidarniotn "(+gen.) in Ff.11le geniel3en, sich erfreuen, sich befleif3en, streben nach, erpicht sein auf' (Raven 111967: 109). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS gi-niudan, gi-niodon II (Schade I 1882: 652) "sich an etwas erfreuen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *neud/an "to look forward to, strive to". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG niot (Starck and Wells 1990: 441) "Verlangen, Begierde"; OS niud (Schade 11882: 651) "Verlangen"; OFs. niod (Schade 11882: 651) "Verlangen"; OE neod, nEd (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 248) "desire, longing; zeal, earnestness; pleasure, delight", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *neudaz "desire, longing". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ginisten "nisten, Nester bauen" (Raven 11963: 142). cf. OHG nestJn II (Raven 111967: 108). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE nistan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 250) "to build nests", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *nistan "to nest, build a nest". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nest (Kluge 1989: 505) "Nest"; MLG, Mdu. nest (Kluge 1989: 505) "Nest"; OE nest (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 244) "nest; young bird, brood", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *nistan (Kluge 1989: 505) "Nest". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. niumon "Tone ohne Worte oderjubelnd singen, jauchzen" (Raven 111967: 109). The following cognate verbs are attested: cf. OE nEomian II probably an independant formation (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 248) "to sound sweetly". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG niumo (Starck and Wells 1990: 442) "Gesang, Ton" < Med.Latin neuma, pneuma (Niermeyer 1976: 811) "melody, note in music, group of notes sung in one breath" <Greek itvJ.Lc (Pokorny 1 899) "Atem, Hauch". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. n/un on "neunen, in neun Teile zerlegen" (Raven II 1967: 109). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG niun cardinal numeral (Starck and Wells 1990: 442) "neun". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. *niu_pflanzon, niu-pflanzot- "neu angepflanzt, Olbaumschosse" (Raven II 1967: 109). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG niuwi (Starck and Wells 1990: 442) "neu, jung, frisch"; cf. OHG pflanzon, fianzon (Starck and Wells 1990: 462) "pflanzen, einsetzen, fortpflanzen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation (occuring only in preterite participle form). niusen "versuchen, sich abmuhen, erstreben, erlangen" (Raven I 1963: 142). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS niusian I (Lehmann 1986: 71). OE nEosan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 248) "to search out, find out, inspect; visit, go to; attack, visit with affliction"; ON

384

nsa I (Lehmann 1986: 71) "untersuchen, spthen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *fleusjanan "untersuchen, spahen; versuchen". The derivational pattern of this verb is unclear. It can ultimately be derived from an lE (Gmc and Slavonic only) 'J*neu_s_ with variant *neu..J.. (Pokorny I 1956: 768) "wittern, schnuffeln, (woraus) aufspuren, auskundschaften", from which base the following may also be derived: OE nosu (Pokorny 1 1956: 768) "Nase"; Gothic bi-niuhsjan I (Pokorny 11956: 768) "to spy out, lie in wait for"; Norw. nosa (Pokorny 11956: 768) "wittern"; Norw. nzs (Pokorny 11956: 768) "Geruch, Witterung"; Norw. nuska (Pokorny I 1956: 768) "suchen"; OCS njukati (Feist 1923: 69) "hortari"; Russ. njzchatb (Pokorny 11956: 768) "schnuffeln, riechen"; Serbian nosu (Pokorny 1 1956: 768) "schnuffeln". Despite the paucity of parallels outside Gmc, the ablaut e'-grade exhibited by this verb together with its simple unextended structure point to a pre-Gmc origin for this verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: bi-, irniu-sezzen "(ein-)setzen, legen, (auf-)stellen, hingeben, pflanzen, stiften, begrtlnden, errichten, Gesetze geben oder vorschreiben, bUssen" (Raven I 1963: 176). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation.
niuwn "neu machen, erneuern, abstumpfen, em Auge zudrucken" (Raven II 1967: 109). The

following cognate verbs are attested: OE niwian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 251) "to renew, restore", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *neuj4ian "to renew, make new". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG niuwi (Starck and Wells 1990: 442) "neu, jung, frisch"; OS niuwi (Kluge 1989: 503) "neu"; OFs. nie (Kluge 1989: 503) "neu"; OE niwe, nowe (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 251) "new, fresh, recent, novel"; ON nfr (Kluge 1989: 503) "neu"; Gothic niujis (Kiuge 1989: 503) "new, unused", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *neujaz (Kluge 1989: 503) "neu". Therefore a WGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, ir-, widar*(h)nopfan "abpflucken". This verb can be reconstructed from the OHG prefix fromation aba-(h)nupfen (which has presuniably undergone a change of class to class I) and from the class II weak verb extant in OE hnoppian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 188) "to pluck". On this evidence, we can reconstruct a possible *hnuppjczn intensive gemination "abpflucken", class II intensive deverbative from strong verb *hneupcznan (Seebold 1970: 269) "relllen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OE -hnapan st. vb (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 16) "to pluck off'; OSwed. niupa St. vb (Sderwall 1973: 553) "to pinch, nip"; Gothic dis-hniupan st. vb (Seebold 1970: 269) "to break, tear". Therefore a WGmc intensive deverbative. noagan "Gewalt antun, zusetzen, notigen" (Raven 111967: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ntag, notig (Pfeifer 111989: 1179) "in Not, bedrangt". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ginc'I,aflon "bedrangen, qualen, leiden machen" (Raven II 1967: 110). No cognate verbs are

attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nothafi adj. (Starck and Wells 1990: 445) "notleidend, gefangen". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb.
nt-mezzJn "abgrenzen, genau bestimmen, defmieren" (Raven II 1967: 110). No cognate verbs

are attested. cf. OHG not (Starck and Wells 1990: 444) "Zwang, Gewalt, Not"; cf. OHG mezzOn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 412) "em Ma13 setzen, mal3igen". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: ginOlen "zwingen, drangen, drUcken, bedrUcken, notigen, hart zusetzen, bedrangen, ausfragen,

verfolgen, jagen, treiben, passen, sich ziemen, bewegen, pressen, einsam machen" (Raven I 1963: 142). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS nOdian I (Pfeifer 111989: 1179)

385

"zwingen, notigen"; OFs. nz1Ja I (de Vries 1962: 408). OE niedan, ndan, nidan, njdan I (Pfeifer 111989: 1179) "to compel, force, urge, press"; ON neyOa I (Pfeifer 111989: 1179) "notigen"; Gothic naubjan I (Pfeifer 111989: 1179) "to exert compulsion on", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *nauoUanan "to compel, urge, press". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG not (Kluge 1989: 507) "Zwang, Not"; OS n1(Kluge 1989: 507) "Zwang, Not"; OFs. ned, n&i(Kluge 1989: 507) "Zwang, Not"; OE nead, nid, nied (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 249) "need, necessity, compulsion, duty; errand, business; emergency; harship, distress, difficulty, trouble, pain; force, violence; fetter"; ON nauO(r) (Kluge 1989: 507) "Not"; Gothic naus (Kluge 1989: 507) "trouble, need, constraint", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *nauOiz fern. (Kluge 1989: 507) "Not, Zwang". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi(h)notOn "zerschlagen, schUtteln, erschutteln" (Starck and Wells 1990:445). No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *hnud/an (Seebold 1970: 268) class II ablaut zero-grade intensive deverbative from strong verb *hneudanan (Seebold 1970: 268) "schlagen" (see under (h)nutten). Therefore an OHG intensive deverbative. not-zogon "notzuchtigen, entjungfern, gewaittatig behandeln; devirgino" (Raven 111967: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. cf. OHG nOt (Starck and Wells 1990: 444) "Zwang, Gewalt, Not"; cf. OHG zogOn II (Starck and Wells 1990: 767) "schwanken, reil3en". Therefore an OHG prefix formation. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi(Jz)nuoen "hobein, glatten; zusammengeuulgt" (Starck and Wells 1990: 446). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nuoa, hnuoa, nuoha (Starck and Wells 1990: 446) "Fuge, Ritze, Nut". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi(h)nutten "schwingen, schUtteln, rUtteln" (Raven 11963: 315). cf. OHG (h) not On II. No cognate verbs are attested. We can therefore reconstruct a *hnudjan (Seebold 1970: 268) class I zero-grade deverbative from strong verb *hneudanan (Seebold 1970: 268) "schlagen". This strong verb is attested in the following: OHG bi-(h)niotan only present forms attested (Seebold 1970: 268) "abschlagen, befestigen"; ON hnau st. vb pret. sg. (Seebold 1970: 268) "hmmern, nieten, schmieden". Therefore an OHG deverbative formation. nuzzen "nutzen; den Boden bebauen, Ackerbau treiben" (Raven 11963: 143). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: see under nuzzOn. Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, missinuzzOn "ausntzen, benutzen, Nutzen haben von, gebrauchen, geniel3en" (Raven II 1967: 110). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE nyttian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 254) "to enjoy, use; eat", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *nutjjan " to use, make use of'. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG nuz (Starck and Wells 1990: 447) "Nutzen, Gebrauch, Erfolg"; OHG nuzzi (Seebold 1970: 361) "Nutzen, Anwendung, Gebrauch, Ertrag"; OE nyt (Seebold 1970: 361) "use, utility, advantage; duty, office, employment; supervision, care"; ON nyt (Seebold 1970: 361) "Nutzen, Vorteil", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *nutjo(Seebold 1970: 361) "Nutzen". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb.

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0
oba-(h)1inn "gedeihen, hervorragen, wachsen" (Raven II 1967: 237). No cognate verbs are attested. Therefore an OHG prefix formation. obaron "die Oberhand haben, (be)siegen" (Raven 111967: 110). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG obaro adj (Starck and Wells 1990: 448) "ober, oberhaib". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, irden "vernichten, verOden" (Raven I 1963: 144). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE

iean, ivan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 203) "to lay waste, ravage, devastate, destroy"; ON eya I (de Vries 1962: 106) "verwsten, vemichten"; Run.Dan. aui (de Vries 1962: 106) "verwtlsten, vernichten", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc auAbjyanan "to make barren or desolate, destroy". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG Cdi (Kluge 1989: 513) "ode"; OS i (de Vries 1962: 18) "ode"; OE ieOe (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 203) "barren, waste, desolate"; ON audr (Kluge 1989: 513) "ode"; Gothic au(ei)s (Kluge 1989: 513) "deserted, desolate", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *aujaz (Kiuge 1989: 513) "ode". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir-, irCdmuoten "emiedrigen, demutigen" (Raven I 1963: 144). No cognate verbs are attested. The

verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG Cdmuot(:) (Starck and Wells 1990: 449) "demutig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giodmuotigon "erniedrigen" (Raven 111967: 111). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is

derived from the following nominal base: OHG odmuotig (Schade 11882: 664) "demutig". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gioffanon "erOffrien, kundtun, bekannt oder offen machen, an die Offentlichkeit bringen, offenbar und verstndlich machen, deuten, reflex. scheinen, sich zeigen, offenbar oder einleuchtend sein, offen oder frei stehen" (Raven II 1967: 111). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS opanCn II (de Vries 1962: 419) "offnen"; OFs. epenia II (de Vries 1962: 419) "ofthen"; OE openian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 268) "to open (up), disclose, declare, reveal, expound"; ON opna II (de Vries 1962: 419) "Ofthen", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *upenojanan "to open (up)". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG offan (Starck and Wells 1990: 449) "offen, sichtbar, ersichtlich"; OS opan (Kluge 1989: 513) "offen"; OFs. epen, open (Kluge 1989: 513) "offen"; OE open (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 268) "open, exposed; evident, well-known, public, manifest, plain, clear; open to re-trial"; ON opinn (Kluge 1989: 513) "offen; auf dem Rucken liegend", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *upenaz(Kluge 1989: 513) "offen". Therefore aNWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, IToffran, offarn "Gott schenken, weihen, opfern" (Pfeifer II 1989: 1203). cf. OLF offrCn

(Pfeifer 111989: 1203); cf. OE offrian II (Pfeifer 111989: 1203) "to offer, sacrifice, bring an oblation". This verb represents a loan, via Gallo-Roman and Rheinland Church < ecclesiastical Latin offerre (Pfeifer 111989: 1203) "Gott darbringen, wethen". This, in turn, <Latin offerre (Pfeifer 111989: 1203) "entgegentragen, anbieten, darbringen". Therefore an OHG loan verb.

387

opfaran "opfern, als Opfer oder Opfergabe darbringen" (Raven 111967: 112). No cognate verbs are attested. Via southern German Church <ecclesiastical Latin operri (Pfeifer 111989: 1203) "Gott em Opfer bringen, Almosen spenden" < Latin operari (Pfeifer 111989: 1203) "beschaftigt sein, arbeiten, wirken, verrichten". Therefore an OHG loan verb. ordinn "(an)ordnen, in Ordnung bringen, zu etwas ordnungsma3ig bestimmen, regelrecht behandein" (Raven 111967: 112). No cognate verbs are attested. <Latm ordinifre (Kiuge 1989: 519) "ordnen". Therefore an OHG loan verb. ortn "beecken, begrenzen, endigen" (Raven II 1967: 113). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG orta (Starck and Wells 1990: 453) "Rand, Ecke, Spitze". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. orzn "bebauen" (Raven II 1967: 113). No cognate verbs are attested. No nominal base is attested in OHG, but compare Gothic aurtja (Lehmann 1986: 51) "husbandman, vintner". This < Vulgar Latin *orto (Lehmann 1986: 51) > Italian orto "garden". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. sen "verwtlsten, verderben, zu vernichten suchen (= wUten gegen), plUndern, verheeren, vertilgen, zerstren, zugrunde richten" (Raven I 1963: 144). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG si (Starck and Wells 1990: 453) "Verwustung, Verheerung". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb:fir*aagon "reich machen oder sein, bereichem". The following cognate verbs are attested: OE eadigian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 92) "to count fortunate, call blessed; enrich, make happy"; ON auga II (Fritzner I 1954: 91) "reich machen, bereichem", which allows us to reconstruct a NWGmc *auoagqjanan "to make rich". cf. Gothic audagjan I (Lehmann 1986: 47) "to bless". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG tag (Starck and Wells 1990: 454) "reich, begutert, beschenkt"; OS ac/ag (Holthausen 1967: 56) "reich"; OE &zdig (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 92) "wealthy, prosperous; fortunate, happy, blessed, perfect"; ON audigr, auugr (Fritzner 11954: 97) "reich"; Gothic audags (Lehmann 1986: 47) "blessed, fortunate", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *auagaz "rich". Therefore a NWGmc deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giougazorahtan "offenbaren, durch in die Augen leuchtende (gottliche) Erscheinung darstellen" (Raven 111967: 113). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG ougazoraht (Schade 111882: 1294) "hell, klar, deutlich". Therefore an OHG deadjectival verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giougen "(sich) zeigen, erzeigen, erscheiiien, vor Augen bringen, zuschreiben, beimessen, offenbaren, ans Licht kommen, hervorbringen, Knospen oder Augen treiben, rekapitulieren, verkundigen, verffentlichen, bedeuten, entdecken, bewahren, erstatten" (Raven I 1963: 144). The following cognate verbs are attested: OS ogian I (de Vries 1962: 107) "zeigen"; OFs. auwa, ffwa I (de Vries 1962: 107) "zeigen"; OE iewan, jiwan, owan I (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 203) "to show, display, reveal, disclose, point out"; ON eyg/a I (Lehmann 1986: 48) "mit einer Schlinge versehen; die Augen richten"; Gothic aug/an I (de Vries 1962: 107) "to show", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *augyanan "to show, reveal, bring before the eyes". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG ouga (Starck and Wells 1990: 455) "Auge"; OS aga (Kluge 1989: 49) "Auge"; OFs. age (Kiuge 1989: 49) "Auge"; OE &ge (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 93) "eye; apperture, hole"; ON auga (Kluge 1989: 49) "Auge"; Gothic augo

388

(Kluge 1989: 49) "eye", which allows us to reconstruct a Gmc *augon (Kluge 1989: 49) "Auge". Therefore a Gmc denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gi-, gi-ir-, ir-

389

P
pelzn "pfropfen, (em Fest) veranstalten" (Raven 111967: 113). No cognate verbs are attested. From Latin impellilare (Lexer I 1872: 176) "to cover with skins", which in turn derives from Latin pellit us (Lewis and Short 1955: 1326) "covered with skins". Therefore an OHG loan verb. pfadon,fadon "gehen, wandern" (Raven II 1967: 36). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG pfad (Kiuge 1989: 538) "Pfad". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: inissiplant on,fant an "zum Pfande nehnien" (Raven 111967: 38). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGpfant (Kiuge 1989: 539) "Pfand". <Late Latin panna ( Kluge 1989: 539) shortened form from Latin patina (Kluge 1989: 539) "SchUssel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. pfTfon "zwitschern, pfeifen" (Raven 111967: 113). The following cognate verbs are attested: OE pipian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 273) "to pipe, blow an instrument", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *pip4ian "to pipe, blow an instrument" <Latin pipare (Kluge 1989: 539) "pfeifen". Therefore a WGmc loan verb. pflanzon, flanzon "pflanzen, besen, pflastern, vermehren" (Raven 111967: 44). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG planten ( de Vries 1962: 426); OE plantian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 273) "to plant"; ON planta II probable loan verb from LG (de Vries 1962: 426) "pflanzen", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *p1ant/an "to plant". The verb is derived from the following nominal base; OHG pflanza (Kluge 1989: 540) "Pflanze, SproBling"; MDu. plante (Kluge 1989: 540); OE plante (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 273) "plant, shoot", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *plant "plant". This noun is best regarded as a horticultural loan-word from Latin planta (Kluge 1989: 540) "Setzling, Sohle", this latter, in turn, a nomen postverbalum from the Latin verb plantre (Kiuge 1989: 540) "die Erde urn den Setzling (mit der Sohle) festtreten". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. (Alternatively however, the verb may represent a loan verb direct from the Latin verb plant ifre). Prefix formations derived from this verb: gipflockon,plockn "pflticken" (Raven 111967: 114). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLG plucken (Onions 1966: 689) "pflUcken"; MDu. plocken (Onions 1966: 689) "pfluckeri"; OE ploccian, pluccian (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 274) "to pluck, tear", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *plukkajan (Onions 1966: 689) "to pluck". This is a WGmc loan <MLatin piluccifre (Kluge 1989: 541) "to pluck". (cf. ON ploklca, plukka (Onions 1966: 689) "pflucken", which probably represents a loan verb from English or Low German). Therefore a WGmc loan verb. pfriemen "(mit Dornen als Stecknadeln) Kleider zusammenheften oder befestigen" (Raven 1963: 146). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Possibly a loan verb, but no convincing source can be found. The verb is used to gloss Latin conserere (Lewis and Short 1966: 430) "to connect, entwine, tie, join, fit, bind into a whole". pfropfon "pfropfen" (Raven 111967: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: ORG pfropfa (Kluge 1989: 542) "Ableger". <Latin prop ago (Kluge 1989: 542) "Ableger". < Latin propagare (Kluge 1989: 542) "ausdehnen, fortpflanzen". Therefore an ORG denominative verb.

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pimenton "wUrzen, (Wein) wrzen, Weihrauch, Wtirzwein, Wohlgeruch, aushauchen, schminken, insbesondere die Haare mit Fett glattschmieren" (Raven II 1967: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG pigmentum (Starck and Wells 1990: 464) "Schminke, Spezerei, Parfum" < Latin pigmentum (Schade II 1882: 681) "Farbemittel, Krautersaft zur Bereitung der Farbe, daher etwas Wtlrziges oder Wohiriechendes". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. pinn "foltern, peinigen, qualen, martern, strafen, sich plagen, verdammen" (Raven II 1967: 114). The following cognate verbs are attested: MLGpiien (de Vries 1962: 425). OE pinian II (Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 273) "to torture, torment", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *pinjan "to torture, torment". The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHGpza (Starck and Wells 1990: 464) "Pein, Not, Marter"; OS pina (Kiuge 1989: 534) "Pein"; OFs. pina (Kluge 1989: 534) "Pein"; OE pinecwalu ( Clark Hall and Meritt 1969: 272) "torture", which allows us to reconstruct a WGmc *pinJ "torture, pain, torment" < Late Latin p&a (Kluge 1989: 534) "Hllenstrafe, Hollenqualen" < Latin poena (Kluge 1989: 534) "BuI3e, Strafe" < Greek itovui (Kluge 1989: 534) "Bul3e, Strafe". Therefore a WGmc denominative verb. *pluman, gi-plumot- "flaumfederartiges Gewand, d.h. weich wie Flaumfedern, Decken fertigen, d.h. mit wechselnden Faden weben" (Raven II 1967: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *pluma "Feder", can be reconstructed from: LG pl6ine (Schade 111882:684) "Feder" < Latin plUma (Schade II 1882: 684) "Feder". Therefore an OHG denominative past participle construction. pressan "niederdrucken" (Starck and Wells 1990: 465). No cognate verbs are attested. <Latin pressire (Kiuge 1989: 561) "pressen". Therefore an OHG loan verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giproventan "ausstatten, versehen, speisen, einem Nahrung und Unterhalt geben" (Raven II 1967: 114). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHU proventa (Schade 111882: 688) "Nahrung, Unterhalt" < M.Latin provenda (Schade II 1882: 688) "Nahrung, Unterhalt". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: giprugilin "abdecken mit Prugeln (?)" (Kluge 1989: 568). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG *prugil "Stock, Knuppel", can be reconstructed from: MI-IG brugel (Kluge 1989: 568) "Stock, Knuppel". Therefore an OHG denominative verb. Prefix formations derived from this verb: gipriiten "sich tierisch benehmen, prusten" (Starck and Wells 1990: 470). No cognate verbs are attested. Etymology unclear. Probably from a Gmc complex of onomatapoeic origin. This complex appears to have centered on an initial fr- (with an emphatic variant pr-?) consonant cluster, with a basic meaning of panting, gasping for breath, sneezing, sniffmg and, in general, noises produced by the nose, mouth or air-passage. Derivations from this complex include: ON flysa (Pfeifer 111989: 1335) "schnauben (von Pferden)"; ON frusa (Pfeifer 111989: 1335) "schnauben (vonPferden)"; Swed. frusta (Pfeifer II 1989: 1335) "schnauben, schnaufen, prusten". Compare the similar Gmc onomatapoeic complex centered on an initial flu- consonant cluster (see under fnatton). Therefore an OHG verb, the derivational pattern of which is unclear. purpurn, gi-purpurt- "in Purpur gekleidet, mit Purpur angetan" (Raven 111967:114). No cognate verbs are attested. The verb is derived from the following nominal base: OHG

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purpur(a) (Starck and Wells 1990: 465) "Purpur, kostbarer Seidenstoff" < Latin purpura (Kiuge 1989: 571) "Purpur" < Greek iroppipc (Kluge 1989: 571) "Purpur". Therefore an OHG denominative past participle cobnstruction.

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