FAQ Answer: What is the

Balanced Scorecard?
In 100 words
A Balanced Scorecard monitors the performance of all or part of an organisation, towards (usually)
strategic goals. It uses financial and non-financial performance measures (normally less than 25, spread
across two or more ‘perspectives’) to highlight areas where the organisation is failing to do what is
required or was expected. Popularised in the early 1990s, Balanced Scorecard is widely adopted across
the private, public and NGO sectors.
To be useful, a Balanced Scorecard has to include the right measures and targets – a difficult thing to do.
2GC ● FAQ Answer
Modern Balanced Scorecards (see FAQ1b) make this design activity easier and more reliable.

In slightly more detail…

e Balanced Scorecard was first brought to public attention through an article in the January 1992
edition of the Harvard Business Review. e article, by Robert Kaplan and David Norton drew upon the
prior experiences of several firms, including Analog Devices, which appears to be where the idea was
first developed in the mid 1980s.
Early (‘First Generation’) Balanced Scorecard designs featured a small number of performance
measures typically spread across four perspectives. Kaplan & Norton proposed a set of perspective
names (Financial, Customer, Internal Processes, Learning & Growth) to help with the design process
(that is to say, ‘… to work out what measures to use, you should think about choosing five or six
measures from each of these categories…’). But nonetheless organisations found the selection of
measures and targets difficult, and many early Balanced Scorecards failed. One reason for the failure
was that many organisations had attempted to use the Kaplan & Norton perspectives without thinking
about whether they were suitable. Many suggestions have been and continue to be made for changes to
the names of (and number of) perspectives. However, the causes of early Balanced Scorecard failure
went beyond the choice of perspective headings, and First Generation Balanced Scorecards continued
to fail.
By the end of the 1990s most Balanced Scorecard designs used a form of a substantially improved
design process that had begun to emerge in the middle of that decade. is new approach initially
designed the Balanced Scorecard in terms of a set of high-level ‘objectives’ to be achieved, with measures
being chosen for each objective as part of a second design step. ese new ‘Second Generation’ designs
illustrate how the various objectives are related using a diagram called the ‘strategic linkage model’ or
‘strategy map’. Using objectives and linkages helps to provide a stronger basis for choosing measures,
and for justifying these choices to others. However, it does little to help set targets for the measures
chosen, or to ensure that multiple Balanced Scorecards within an organisation are aligned, constraints
that limit their utility substantially.
e process of design improvement continues, and since 2000 has resulted in the emergence of a ‘ird
Generation’ of Balanced Scorecard designs. ese are easier to develop, implement and use than any
earlier version. See our related FAQ “What is current best practice Balanced Scorecard?” for more
information on the most modern design process.
Reflecting the changes in the design process that require more explicit disclosure of the underlying
strategy and goals the Balanced Scorecard is becoming the focus of a wider strategic management
process – a framework for strategic management and control rather than just a performance
measurement device.

Why would I want one...?

2GC Active Management has a very broad experience – having worked with organisations in 33
countries across public, private and NGO sectors on the design, introduction and use of Balanced
Scorecard. Our clients tell us they are looking for Balanced Scorecard to help them:
To provide reliable information to reassure leadership teams that their strategic plans are
being implemented efficiently and effectively and are having the impact they expect;
To enable improved alignment behind strategic goals across the whole organisation;

© 2GC Limited, 2009 ● Albany House, Market Street, Maidenhead, SL6 8BE, UK ● Tel: +44 1628 421506 Page 1 of 2
 To instil greater clarity and consensus within management teams concerning their shared goals and

2GC ● Performance Management

priorities, and to provide them with unambiguous feedback on their progress in achieving them;
To strengthen existing management processes, making them more focused on achieving and
maintaining performance improvements;
To provide a better and wider understanding of the role and contribution of shared services (e.g. HR,
Finance) within the overall strategic context;
To provide a more reliable basis for the awarding of incentive based pay.

Can I build one myself…?

Many organisations do, and oen successfully. But the design work is resource intensive, and benefits hugely from
experience of having done it before. 2GC is one of several organisations offering training courses in how to develop
a Balanced Scorecard (see our web site at www.2gc.co.uk for more details of our current courses). But it is not
uncommon for organisations that develop a Balanced Scorecard to end up calling in outside expert help. ey take
the view that getting the design work done quickly and reliably will improve the probability that the Balanced
Scorecard is adopted quickly and effectively by the organisation. is, aer all is a very important goal; if your
Balanced Scorecard is not used it is hard to see how it will be valuable.

More Information...
A full discussion of Balanced Scorecard evolution can be found in:
Lawrie, G J G and Cobbold I (2004). ‘ird-generation Balanced Scorecard: evolution of an effective
strategic control tool’, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. 53, No. 7,
pp. 611-623.
e Resources section of the 2GC web site contains a wealth of useful information on Performance Management in
general and the Balanced Scorecard in particular. In addition to answers to other Balanced Scorecard FAQs, the
Resources section contains longer papers (such as the one cited above) on a variety of topics, case studies and
various short presentations, all of which can be downloaded without charge. e website also has
recommendations for books and articles on the subject and links to useful web sites. For information on 2GC's
professional services including consultancy and training programmes, visit the Services section of the web site
or email [email protected].

About 2GC Active Management...

2GC is a research-led consultancy expert in addressing the strategic and performance management issues faced by
organisations in today's era of rapid change and intense competition. Central to much of 2GC's work is the
application of 3rd Generation Balanced Scorecard, an approach to strategic implementation, strategy management
and performance measurement.

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