Geoid Heights and Deflection of The Vertical
Geoid Heights and Deflection of The Vertical
Geoid Heights and Deflection of The Vertical
Geoid Heights
The Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) is a geopotential model of the earth composed of spherical harmonic coefficients to a certain degree and order. The EGM84, EGM96, and EGM2008 are composite solutions up to degrees 180, 360, and 2159 respectively.
P Northing POINT A B C D E F G H I J
1620828.6 1622106.7 1622240.2 1621524.3 1621445.3 1620175.5 1620694.4 1619919.7 1620405.1 1620832.5
Easting
506285.13 507628.23 503533.44 504669.79 506784.02 507499.93 507897.38 506466.15 506886.72 505605.68
LAT
14.661 14.673 14.674 14.667 14.667 14.655 14.66 14.653 14.657 14.661
LONG
123.058 123.071 123.033 123.043 123.063 123.07 123.073 123.06 123.064 123.052
h
98.2 109.249 74.019 90.4 108.06 106.981 116.06 102.884 111.113 91.181
H
(EGM2008) 46.812 46.696 46.679 46.751 46.753 46.87 46.823 46.89 46.851 46.812 46.7937
N1
51.388 62.553 27.34 43.649 61.307 60.111 69.237 55.994 64.262 44.369 54.021
H
(EGM96) 46.457 46.36 46.253 46.354 46.404 46.551 46.506 46.548 46.515 46.442 46.439
N2
51.743 62.889 27.766 44.046 61.656 60.43 69.554 56.336 64.598 44.739 54.376
H
(EGM84) 46.609 46.527 46.469 46.54 46.566 46.674 46.637 46.678 46.65 46.601 46.5951
N3
51.591 62.722 27.55 43.86 61.494 60.307 69.423 56.206 64.463 44.58 54.220
Based on the GPS points, I converted the map grid coordinates (northings, eastings) to geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude) using an online converter. These geographic coordinates are to be used to compute for the geoid heights of EGM84, EGM96, and EGM2008 using also an online converter (http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/GeoidEval). Based on the difference in values of the geoid heights of the EGM2008 an EGM84, the newer EGMs are not actually and necessarily more accurate than those of the later versions even though the degree and order of the spherical harmonics coefficients in EGM2008 is higher. There were variations in the gravity field of the earth between the span of time between 1984 and 2008 so the values of the geoid height are expected to be different.
where o is a certain inner zone of A, -o is an outer zone of A and Sm() and V m() are auxiliary linear combinations:
where (0,), Pk(cos ) is the Legendre polynomial of degree k and and associated Legendre function of degree k.
Meanwhile, the inverse of Vening-Meinesz formula can be derived which converts the deflection of the vertical to gravity anomaly. In this formula, the geiodal undulation, the gravity anomaly, and the deflection of the vertical, which all have an identical boundary surface, are transformed mutually.
References
Jekeli C. (1999). An analysis of vertical deflections derived from high-degree spherical harmonic models. Journal of Geodesy, Volume 73, Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http://geodesy.geology.ohiostate.edu/course/refpapers/Jekeli_JGR_v73_10_22.pdf Featherstone W. (November 1999). The Use and Abuse of Vertical Deflections. Sixth South East Asian Surveryors Congress. Neyman Yu. M., Li J., Liu Q. (1996). Modification of Stokes and Vening-Meinesz formulas for the inner zone of arbitrary shape by minimization of upper bound truncation errors. Journal of Geodesy, Volume 70, Retrieved March 13, 2014 from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01090816#page-1 Luying C., Houze X. (2006). General inverse of Stokes, Vening-Meinesz and Modolensky formulae. Science in China: Series D Earth Sciences, Retrieved March 13, 2014 from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11430-0060499-x#page-2 Hwang C. (1998). Inverse Vening Meinesz formula and deflection-geoid formula: applications to the predictions of gravity and geoid over the South China Sea. Journal of Geodesy, Volume 72, Retrieved March 13, 2014 from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs001900050169#page-2 Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008). National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Retrieved March 14, 2014 from http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/egm2008/