Surveying Lab Manual

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Fieldwork No.1
DETERMINATION OF PACE FACTOR
COURSE OUTCOMES
Create a written report about the fieldwork conducted on plane surveying and
CO1
horizontal & vertical curves
COURSE INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME
CILO 1 Determine individual pace factor and estimate the length of a distance by pacing.
I. OBJECTIVE
 To determine the average length of your own pace.
 To become familiar with using a steel tape to measure approximate horizontal distances
II. EQUIPMENT
 Tape (steel, vinyl, or fiberglass)
 Range poles
 Marker/marking pins
Fig. 1.1 Range Pole Fig. 1.2 Tape
III. PROCEDURE
1. Determining Pace Factor
a. Select a straight and level course assigned by your instructor.
b. Put a mark on the ground at 0 m (point A), 15 m, 30 m, and 45 m (point B) stations. Ensure
that the stations are in a straight line
c. Use your normal walk to pace off each distance (0 to 15, 0 to 30, 0 to 45) a total of 3 times
each. Record the number of paces for each trial.
d. Calculate the average number of paces for each distance.
e. Calculate the average length of your pace (known as pace factor).
P a g e 1 | 76
2. Determining Horizontal Distance.

a. Establish another straight level course and name these as Point C and Point D.
b. Use your normal walk to pace off course CD for three trials. Record.
c. Calculate the average number of paces on course CD.
d. Determine the paced distance of course CD by multiplying the pace factor (PF) and the
average number of paces on course CD.
IV. CALCULATION
1. Average Pace
∑(𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔)
𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 =
𝒏
Where: n = number of trials
2. Pace Factor
𝑫
𝑷𝑭 =
𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆
Where: PF = pace factor

D = known distance
3. Paced distance
𝑷𝑫 = 𝑷𝑭 × 𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆
Where: PD = paced distance
4. Relative Precision
𝑫 − 𝑷𝑫
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝑫
Where: D = known distance
P a g e 2 | 76
V. DATA, RESULTS, AND COMPUTATION
Table 1.1. Determining Pace Factor

TRIAL No. of Paces
15-m 30-m 45-m
1
2
3
Average pace
Pace Factor
Average Pace
Factor
Table 1.2. Determining Precision

Course CD Trial
1 2 3
No. of Paces
Average
Paced Distance
Taped Distance
Precision
P a g e 3 | 76
VI. ILLUSTRATION
VII. CONCLUSION
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VIII. RECOMMENDATION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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P a g e 4 | 76
IX. RUBRICS
SO (k) Ability to use techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice
CO Demonstrate the use of different soil laboratory apparatus/equipment.
Exemplary Capable Developing Beginning
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)
Observes best Observes good Unorganized fieldwork Practices unsafe,

Organization
fieldwork fieldwork procedures risky behaviors
procedures. procedures. observed infrequently. in the field.
All figures, Figures, graphs,

All figures, graphs, graphs, tables tables contain
tables are are correctly errors or are
correctly drawn, drawn, but Most figures, graphs, poorly
Results are numbered and some have tables OK, some still constructed,
contain minor missing some have missing
titles/captions. problems or important or required titles, captions or
Superior could still be features numbers, units
performance; improved missing or
clear and precise Suitable incorrect, etc.
appropriate Unsuitable
Does not operate
instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
Tool operate Is tentative in process
appropriate
Operation instrumentatio operation equipment,
instrumentation
n and of instruments and does so
and
process process equipment. incorrectly or
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
All calculations calculations No calculations
Calculations are shown and the are shown and Some calculations are are shown or
results are correct the results are shown and the results results are
and labeled correct and labeled appropriately inaccurate or
appropriately labeled mislabeled
appropriately
All important
All important
conclusion have Conclusions regarding
Conclusion conclusions
been clearly major points are
and have been Conclusions
made, student drawn, but many are
Recommend drawn, could missing or
shows good misstated, indicating a
ation be better missing the
understanding. lack of understanding.
stated important points
Superior Somewhat unsuitable,
Suitable
performance; not focused
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 5 | 76
Fieldwork No. 2
MEASURING DISTANCES ON LEVEL SURFACES
WITH A TAPE
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1
CILO 1 Measure horizontal distance w/ the use of tape supported throughout its length
I. OBJECTIVE
 To determine the horizontal length of a line over smooth and level ground with the tape
supported throughout its length
II. APPARATUS
 Steel tape
 Range poles
III. TEST PROCEDURE

1. Mark both ends of the line to be measured. Designate these points as A and B. Place a range pole
behind each point and also established intermediate points along the line to ensure
unobstructed sight lines.
2. To start the measurement, the rear tapeman holds the steel tape at point A while the head
tapeman takes the zero end of the tape and advances toward the other end of the line to be
measured.
3. When the head tapeman has gone nearly a full tape length, the rear tapeman calls “tape” to stop
the head tapeman. The rear tapeman then holds the 30-m mark at the starting point and aligns
P a g e 6 | 76
the other end of the tape held by the head tapeman on the range pole set behind the end point
or on any of the intermediate points earlier established along the line.
4. With the 30-m mark at the starting point, the head tapeman align the tape. The rear tapeman
calls “all right” if the tape is already aligned. The head tapeman then pulls the tape tight in the
ground to mark the 0-m end of the tape.
5. The rear tapeman pick up the pin and the head tapeman pulls the tape forward and the process
is repeated for the next full tape length.
6. When the end of the line is almost reached and the last full tape length has been determined, the
remaining partial length is then measured. The rear tapeman holds the tape until he has a full
meter mark at his pin while the head tapeman pulls the tape tight and read the fractional
measurement from the tape.
7. After the measurement of the whole line is completed, a second measurement should be made
along the opposite direction using the previous procedure.
8. Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly.
9. The mean length of the measured line is determined by adding the two measurements and
dividing the sum by two.
10. The discrepancy for the measurement is the difference between the first measurement and the
second measurement.
11. The relative precision of the measurement is determined by dividing the discrepancy by the
mean length, where the numerator is reduced to unity or 1. Relative precision is express in
fractional form and the denominator is rounded to the nearest hundredth.
IV. DATA, RESULTS, AND COMPUTATION
Table 2.1 Smooth and Level Ground

RELATIVE
TRIAL LINE LENGTH DISCREPANCY MEAN
PRECISION
1 A
2 B
SUM =
P a g e 7 | 76
V. ILLUSTRATION
P a g e 8 | 76
VI. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
VII. RECOMMENDATION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 9 | 76
VIII. RUBRICS
Demonstrate skills in the use of modern engineering tools and techniques necessary for engineering
PI (1)
practice.
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Organization

Does not operate
instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
appropriate
instrumentation
and
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
appropriately
All important
All important
Suitable
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 10 | 76
Fieldwork No. 3
MEASURING DISTANCES ON SLOPING SURFACES
WITH A TAPE
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1
CILO 1 Measure horizontal distance w/ the use of tape supported throughout its length
I. OBJECTIVE
 To determine the horizontal length of a line over uneven and sloping ground by the method of
breaking tape
II. APPARATUS
 Steel tape
 Range poles
III. TEST PROCEDURE

1. On a designated uneven sloping terrain, mark the ends of a line to be measured. Mark the points
at the bottom of the slope as point A and the upper portion as point B. Range poles are held
behind each point to serve as markers, or are set at intermediate points along the line to ensure
better alignment during taping.
2. The head tapeman unreels and spread out the tape and pulls the zero mark uphill along the line
from point A. The rear tapeman raises the other end of the tape while the head tapeman moves
back to a place on the line near a full meter mark where the ground surface is as high as the
other raised end of the tape.
3. The rear tapeman temporarily releases end of the tape and signals the head tapeman to either
move to the right or to the left in order to align him. When the pin of the head tapeman is in line
P a g e 11 | 76
with the range pole held over point B, the head tapeman is then signaled to stick the pin
vertically into the ground.
4. The rear tapeman plumbs from point A to the terminal mark of the tape while the head tapeman
pulls the tape taut and making sure that the tape is on line by bringing one of its edges in
contact with the previously aligned pin. The head tapeman then moves the pin opposite the
nearest full meter mark of the tape and he sticks it firmly into the ground.
5. The rear tapeman leaves his end of the tape, moves up the slope and gets hold of the tape at the
point previously held by the head tapeman. The next measurement is made horizontally from
the pin stuck in the ground by the head tapeman as done at point A.
6. The process is repeated until the whole tape length is used up thus finishing the measurement
of one tape length of horizontal distance.
7. From the pin marking the end of one tape length measurement, the horizontal measurement is
continued until point B is reached. The last partial tape length is measured with the rear
tapeman while the head tapeman pulls the tape taut and take note of the fractional
measurement. Then the number of tape lengths and the last partial measurement are totaled to
determine the horizontal length of the line measured.
8. In measuring down the slope, the tape is reversed to bring its zero ends forward in the direction
of point A along the line. Horizontal measurement start from B with the rear tapeman holding
his terminal meter mark of the tape in level with B.
9. After alignment of the pin with the range pole held at A, the head tapeman mark the ground
point with a marker.
10. The next horizontal measurement starts from the pin until one whole tape length is measured.
As in measuring up to slope, the number of tape length plus the partial tape length at the end of
the line determines the total horizontal length of the line.
Table 2.2 Uneven and Sloping Ground

RELATIVE
TRIAL LINE LENGTH DISCREPANCY MEAN
PRECISION
1 A
2 B
SUM =
P a g e 12 | 76
V. ILLUSTRATION
P a g e 13 | 76
VI. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
VII. RECOMMENDATION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 14 | 76
VIII. RUBRICS
PI (1)
practice.
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Organization

Does not operate
instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
appropriate
instrumentation
and
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
appropriately
All important
All important
Suitable
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 15 | 76
Fieldwork No. 4
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1
Determine the elevation of points by differential, three-wire, reciprocal and profile
CILO 1
leveling
I. OBJECTIVE
 To introduce the method of differential levelling and to learn basic techniques of levelling.
 To determine the elevation of points by differential leveling
II. INSTRUMENTS
 Automatic level or Dumpy level
 Tripod
 Leveling rod
Fig. 4.1 Parts of an Automatic Level
P a g e 16 | 76
Fig 4.2 Tripod Fig 4.3 Leveling rod
III. TEST PROCEDURE

1. Setting up the instrument:
a. When setting up the tripod, the three legs must be pushed firmly into the ground. The
tripod head should be as horizontal as possible and the height should be such that the
telescope eyepiece will be comfortably at the observer’s eye level.
b. Attach the instrument to the tripod head with the tripod fixing screw.
c. To level up the instrument, the the foot screws until the circular bubble is in the center of
the circle. The line of sight is then automatically leveled.
2. Locate the beginning benchmark (BM – 1) assigned by the instructor. This will be your starting
station and first backsight. The instructor will also assign a route for each group.
3. Locate another suitable turning point towards your assigned route to serve as a FS station. Set
up your instrument within sight of both stations, making sure you have even sight distances.
Figure 4.4 Instrument within turning points.
4. Direct the rodman to set the leveling rod on the BS station ensuring that it is perpendicular with
the gravitational surface.
5. Direct the instrument towards the level rod (BS) and make necessary adjustments on the
eyepiece for a clearer view. Take and record the backsight reading on BM – 1.
6. Direct the rodman to set the leveling rod on to the first turning point. Direct the instrument
towards the turning point, take and record a foresight reading (TP – 1).
P a g e 17 | 76
7. Locate another suitable turning point (TP – 2) and set up the instrument within sight of both
stations.
8. Direct the instrument towards TP – 1, take and record a backsight reading.
9. Direct the rodman to move on to the next turning point (TP – 2). Take and record a foresight
reading on TP – 2.
10. Repeat the procedures to take backsight and foresight on turning points until a foresight is
finally taken on BM-2.
11. Compute the Height of Instrument and Elevation.
12. To check the accuracy of the arithmetic computations, add a backsight as well as all the
foresights. The difference between these two sums must be equal to the difference in elevation
between the initial and final points of the level line.
IV. CALCULATION
1. Calculate the height of instrument (HI) and Turning Point Elevation as follows:
𝑯𝑰 = 𝑩𝑴(𝑲𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. ) + 𝑩𝑺
𝑻𝑷 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. = 𝑯𝑰 − 𝑭𝑺
Where: HI = height of instrument above a reference datum

BS = backsight reading on the rod (or plus sights)
FS = foresight reading on the rod (or minus sights)
TP Elev. = vertical distance above/below a reference datum
V. DATA AND COMPUTATION

Table 4.1 Determining Elevations
Station BS HI FS Elevation Remarks
BM-1
TP-1
TP-2
TP-3
TP-4
TP-5
BM-2
Summation of backsights: _________________________

Summation of foresights: _________________________
Difference in elevation of BMs: _________________________
Difference in BSs and FSs: _________________________
P a g e 18 | 76
VI. ILLUSTRATION
P a g e 19 | 76
VII. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 20 | 76
Fieldwork No. 5
THREE-WIRE LEVELING
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1
CILO 1
leveling
I. OBJECTIVE
 To determine the elevation of points by three-wire method of differential leveling.
II. INSTRUMENTS
 Automatic level or Dumpy level
 Tripod
 Leveling rod
Fig 5.1 Automatic Level Fig 5.2 Tripod Fig 5.3 Leveling rod
III. TEST PROCEDURE

station and first backsight. The instructor will also assign route for each group.
2. Locate another suitable turning point towards your assigned route to serve as a FS station. Set
up your instrument within sight of both stations, making sure you have even sight distances.
3. Direct the rodman to set the leveling rod on the BS station ensuring that it is perpendicular with
the gravitational surface.
P a g e 21 | 76
4. Direct the instrument towards the leveling rod (BS) and make necessary adjustments on the
eyepiece for a clearer view.
5. Take and record the readings at the upper,
middle, and lower line of the crosshairs.
6. Direct the rodman to set the leveling rod on to the first turning point. Direct the instrument
towards the turning point, take and record a foresight reading (TP – 1).
7. Locate another suitable turning point (TP – 2) and set up the instrument within sight of both
stations.
8. Direct the instrument towards TP – 1, take and record a backsight reading.
9. Direct the rodman to move on to the next turning point (TP – 2). Take and record a foresight
reading on TP – 2.
10. Repeat the procedures to take backsight and foresight on turning points until a foresight is
finally taken on BM-2.
11. To determine the correct rod reading, compute the mean of the upper, middle, and lower
crosshair readings.
12. To determine the horizontal distance from the instrument to the leveling rod, compute for the
stadia interval (s) by subtracting the lower crosshair reading to the upper crosshair reading.
The horizontal distance is the product of the stadia interval (s) and the stadia interval factor (K,
as indicated in the instrument, usually equal to 100).
13. Compute the Height of Instrument and Elevation using the following two equations.
IV. CALCULATION
1. Calculate the height of instrument (HI) and Turning Point Elevation as follows:
𝑯𝑰 = 𝑩𝑴(𝑲𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. ) + 𝑩𝑺𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝑻𝑷 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. = 𝑯𝑰 − 𝑭𝑺𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏
Where: HI = height of instrument above a reference datum

BSmean = mean backsight reading on the rod (or plus sights)
FSmean = mean foresight reading on the rod (or minus sights)
TP Elev. = vertical distance above/below a reference datum
P a g e 22 | 76
Table 5.1 Three-wire Leveling

Horizontal
Station Backsight HI Foresight Elevation
distance
Hair Hair
Mean S Mean S
readings readings
BM-1
TP-1
TP-2
TP-3
TP-4
TP-5
BM-2
Summation of backsights: _________________________

Summation of foresights: _________________________
Difference in elevation of BMs: _________________________

Difference in BSs and FSs: _________________________
P a g e 23 | 76
VI. ILLUSTRATION
P a g e 24 | 76
VII. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 25 | 76
IX. RUBRICS
PI (1)
practice.
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Organization

Does not operate
instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
appropriate
instrumentation
and
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
appropriately
All important
All important
Suitable
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 26 | 76
Fieldwork No. 6
RECIPROCAL LEVELING
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1
CILO 1 Determine individual pace factor and estimate the length of a distance by pacing.
I. OBJECTIVE
 To determine the difference in elevation of two stations on opposite sides of deep ravines or
rivers.
II. APPARATUS
 Automatic/Dumpy level
 Tripod
 Leveling rod
III. TEST PROCEDURE

1. Locate a river or lake assigned by the instructor. If not applicable, assume there is an imaginary
river by setting two marks on the ground about 75 – 100 m apart. Name these points as Point A
and B.
station and first backsight. The instructor will also assign an area for each group
3. Set up and level the instrument at Point X (near point A and between Point A and B).
4. Take and record a backsight reading on point A and foresight reading on point B.
5. Turn the levelling screws to throw the instrument out of level.
6. Relevel the instrument and take backsight and foresight readings again. Repeat the process
three times.
P a g e 27 | 76
7. Move the instrument to point Y (near point B and between Point A and B). Repeat the
procedure on taking readings.
V. CALCULATION
1. Difference in elevation:
𝑫𝑬𝑨 = ±(𝑩𝑺𝒎 − 𝑭𝑺𝒎 )𝑨
𝑫𝑬𝑩 = ±(𝑩𝑺𝒎 − 𝑭𝑺𝒎 )𝑩
Where: DEA = difference in elevation, instrument near point A

DEB = difference in elevation, instrument near point B
BSm = mean backsight reading
FSm = mean foresight reading
2. Calculate the true difference in elevation, as follows:
(𝑫𝑬𝑨 + 𝑫𝑬𝑩 )
𝑻𝑫𝑬 = ±
𝟐
3. Calculate the elevation of BM-2
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑩 = 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑨 ± 𝑻𝑫𝑬
VI. DATA, RESULTS, AND COMPUTATION
Table 6.1 Mean Backsight and Foresight Readings

INSTRUMENT SET UP NEAR A INSTRUMENT SET UP NEAR A
BS FS BS FS
- -
STATION A - -
- -
- -
STATION B - -
- -
SUM
MEAN
P a g e 28 | 76
VII. ILLUSTRATION
P a g e 29 | 76
VIII. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IX. RECOMMENDATION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 30 | 76
IX. RUBRICS
PI (1)
practice.
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Organization

Does not operate
instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
appropriate
instrumentation
and
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
appropriately
All important
All important
Suitable
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 31 | 76
Fieldwork No. 7
PROFILE LEVELING
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1
CILO 1
leveling
I. OBJECTIVE
 To determine the elevations of turning points, intermediate points, and benchmarks.
 To plot the profile along the centerline of a certain track of land
II. APPARATUS
 Automatic/Dumpy level
 Tripod
 Leveling rod
Fig 5.1 Tripod Fig 5.2 Tripod Fig 5.3 Leveling rod
III. TEST PROCEDURE

1. Choose a course (straight path) assigned by the instructor, preferably with considerable
changes in elevations.
2. Assign an initial benchmark and set stakes at 20-m interval along the path of the chosen course.
Run the stakes up to the final benchmark.
3. Set up the instrument at a convenient location and take the backsight reading on the
benchmark. Compute for the height of instrument.
4. Take and record intermediate foresights on points along the profile up to within practical limit
of sight.
P a g e 32 | 76
5. Once the instrument do not a have a clear foresight reading, establish a turning point and mark
it. Put a rod on the turning point and take the foresight reading to determine the elevation of
that turning point. Do not move the rod until a backsight reading has been made.
6. Transfer and set up the instrument at another convenient location and take the backsight
reading of the turning point to determine the height of instrument.
7. Continue taking intermediate foresights and establish another turning point (if necessary) until
the end of the line is reached.
V. CALCULATION
1. Difference in elevation:
𝑫𝑬𝑨 = ±(𝑩𝑺𝒎 − 𝑭𝑺𝒎 )𝑨
𝑫𝑬𝑩 = ±(𝑩𝑺𝒎 − 𝑭𝑺𝒎 )𝑩
Where: DEA = difference in elevation, instrument at A

DEB = difference in elevation, instrument at B
BSm = mean backsight reading
FSm = mean foresight reading
2. Calculate the true difference in elevation, as follows:
(𝑫𝑬𝑨 + 𝑫𝑬𝑩 )
𝑻𝑫𝑬 = ±
𝟐
3. Calculate the elevation of BM-2
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑩𝑴 − 𝟐 = 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑩𝑴 − 𝟏 ± 𝑻𝑫𝑬
P a g e 33 | 76
VI. DATA, RESULTS, AND COMPUTATION
Table 7.1 Profile Leveling

STA. BS HI FS IFS ELEV.
BM-1
0+000
0+020
P a g e 34 | 76
VII. ILLUSTRATION
P a g e 35 | 76
VIII. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IX. RECOMMENDATION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 36 | 76
IX. RUBRICS
PI (1)
practice.
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Organization

Does not operate
instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
appropriate
instrumentation
and
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
appropriately
All important
All important
Suitable
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 37 | 76
Fieldwork No. 8
OPEN COMPASS TRAVERSE
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1
CILO 1 Determine the magnetic bearings of an open and close traverse
I. OBJECTIVE
 To determine the magnetic bearing of each line of an open compass traverse.
 To learn how to adjust open compass traverse
II. APPARATUS
 Transit/Theodolite/Total Station
 Tripod
 Compass
 Range pole
Fig. 6 Theodolite
P a g e 38 | 76
Fig. 6 Range pole Fig. 6 Tripod
III. TEST PROCEDURE

1. Establish at least six (6) distant stations for an open traverse.
2. Set up and level the instrument on the first point (point A). Release the needle of the compass.
3. Make sure the needle of compass is working by slightly tapping it. Once the needle become
stable, lock it and record the reading in the compass. This will be the forward bearing of line AB.
4. Move the instrument to point B and sight point A. Release and stabilize the needle. Lock and
record the reading in the compass. This will be the rear bearing of line AB.
5. Sight point C, release the needle. Stabilize and lock. Take and record the reading in the compass.
This will be the forward bearing of line BC.
6. Move the instrument on to the next point and repeat the procedures in taking rear and forward
bearings.
7. Measure also the length of each line.
Table 8.1. Observed Azimuths and Bearings

Line Bearing Corrected Bearing Length
Forward Rear Forward Rear
AB
BC
CD
DE
EF
P a g e 39 | 76
P a g e 40 | 76
V. ILLUSTRATION
VI. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VII. RECOMMENDATION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 41 | 76
VIII. RUBRICS
PI (1)
practice.
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Organization

Does not operate
instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
appropriate
instrumentation
and
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
appropriately
All important
All important
Suitable
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 42 | 76
Fieldwork No. 9
CLOSED TRAVERSE
(Traversing by Interior Angles)
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1
CILO 1 Determine the magnetic bearings of an open and close traverse
I. OBJECTIVE
 To become familiar with using a total station to measure horizontal angles, horizontal distances,
and height differences.
 To become familiar working with angles expressed in degrees, minutes, seconds format.
 To apply a compass rule adjustment to the traverse (polygon) measured.
 To balance the traverse with respect to elevation and reference it to a known bench mark
II. APPARATUS
 Theodolite/Total Station
 Tripod
 Compass
 Range pole
Fig. 6 Theodolite Fig. 6 Range pole Fig. 6 Tripod
III. PROCEDURE
1. Choose a location to be measured as directed by your instructor. There will be at least 5-point
polygon for this exercise. Draw a sketch of the location to be measured and label the vertices
2. Set up and level the instrument on any point (first point) of the close traverse. Determine the
azimuth (or bearing) of the first line (e.g. line AB).
3. Still on the first point, determine your first interior angle by following the concept of angle to
the right.
P a g e 43 | 76
i. Sight the last station.

ii. Set the horizontal angle to zero.
iii. Sight station B by turning the instrument to the right (clockwise).
iv. Take and record the horizontal angle reading. This will be the first interior angle.
4. Move the instrument on to the next station (station B). Set up and level the instrument.
5. Determine the interior angle by following the procedure on how you get the first interior angle.
i. Sight the previous station (station A).
ii. Set the horizontal angle to zero.
iii. Sight the next station (station C) in a clockwise manner.
iv. Take and record the horizontal angle reading.
6. Move on to the next station and repeat the procedure in determining interior angles until all
interior angles are determined.
7. Using any measuring device, determine the length of each line twice and record the mean length
as the actual length of the line.
8. Adjust the observed interior angles by determining the angular misclosure of the close traverse.
i. The sum of the interior angles of a polygon should be equal to 180⁰(n – 2), where n is
the number of sides (or number of interior angles) of the traverse.
ii. Compute for the sum of the observed interior angles.
iii. Subtract the actual sum of interior angles to 180⁰(n – 2). This will be the total error of
closure. Note that the computed value may be a positive or negative quantity, and the
resulting sign should be considered in all succeeding computations.
iv. Divide the error of closure to the number of traverse stations (interior angles).
v. Add the computed value to each computed interior angle. This will be the adjusted
interior angle.
9. Carefully sketch the traverse and determine the bearing of each line. Note that the bearing of
line AB was already determined.
Table 9.1. Interior Angles

Point Interior Angle Angle Correction Adjusted Interior Angle
A
B
C
D
Sum
Number of interior angles (n) = ____________________

Sum of Interior Angles [(n-2)*180] = ____________________
P a g e 44 | 76
Total Error of Closure = ____________________

Angle correction (Error/n) = ____________________
Table 9.2 Length and Bearing of Lines
Line Length Bearing

AB
BC
P a g e 45 | 76
V. ILLUSTRATION
P a g e 46 | 76
VI. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VII. RECOMMENDATION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 47 | 76
VIII. RUBRICS
PI (1)
practice.
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Organization

Does not operate
instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
appropriate
instrumentation
and
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
appropriately
All important
All important
Suitable
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 48 | 76
Exercise No. 10
AREA DETERMINATION
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1
Adjust the latitudes & departures of a closed traverse and to determine the area by
CILO 1
different methods
I. OBJECTIVE
 To obtain the area of a land using DMD-DPD Method.
 To determine the area of a land using Total Station.
II. APPARATUS
 Total Station
 Prism
 Tripod
 Range pole
 Marker
III. TEST PROCEDURE

1. DMD-DPD Method
a. Choose a location to be measured as directed by your instructor. There will be at least 5
points for this exercise. Draw a sketch to show the location of the figure to be measured
and label the vertices.
b. Measure all the lengths and bearings of each course in the close traverse.
c. From the close traverse data, determine the latitude and departure of each course.
South latitudes and West departures are considered as negative values.
d. The total error of closure in latitude is the algebraic sum of all north and south latitudes.
Similarly, the total error of closure in departure is the algebraic sum of all east and west
departures.
e. Adjust the latitude and departure of each course by Compass Rule.
f. Compute for the Double Meridian Distances (DMD)
Table 10.1 DMD/DPD Calculation

Line/Course Balanced Dep Equation DMD
1 ± Dep1 Dep1 DMD1
2 ± Dep2 DMD1 + Dep1 +Dep2 DMD2
3 ± Dep3 DMD2 + Dep2 + Dep3 DMD3
P a g e 49 | 76
g. Compute for the Doubele Parallel Distances (DPD) using the concept given in
determining DMDs. (Instead of departures, use latitudes.)
h. Determine the Double Areas Using the following concept:
Table 10.2 Double Area Calculation

DMD Double Areas
Line/Course Balanced Lat (DMD-Lat) or (DPD-
Dep)
1 ± Lat 1 DMD1 ± DMD1 x Lat1
Sum = Σ(DMD x Lat)
DPD Double Areas

Line/Course Balanced Dep (DMD-Lat) or (DPD-
Dep)
1 ± Dep 1 DPD1 ± DPD1 x Dep1
Sum = Σ(DPD x Dep)
i. Determine the total area of the traverse by dividing the algebraic sum of the double
areas by two. The sign of the computed area is not significant. It may be a positive or a
negative value.
j. Compute the error of closure by computing the hypotenuse of the right triangle whose
side are the error of closure in latitude (CL) and in departure (CD).
𝒆𝒄 = √(𝑪𝑳)𝟐 + (𝑪𝑫 )𝟐
And similarly, the bearing or the line of closure is computed as:
−𝑪𝑫
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
−𝑪𝑳
k. Compute the relative error of closure by dividing the linear error of closure by the sum
of the individual lengths of the different lines of traverse or its perimeter. Express the
numerator as one or unity and round off the resulting value in the denominator to the
nearest hundred
P a g e 50 | 76
2. Using Total Station

a. Choose a location to be measured as directed by your instructor. There will be at least 5
points for this exercise. Draw a sketch to show the location of the figure to be measured
and label the vertices.
b. Set up and level the instrument to a point where all points of the close traverse are
visible. Measure the height of the total station and the prism and input them on the
instrument.
c. On the total station, go to the program of area measurement.
d. Set the prism on the first point of the traverse.
e. Using total station, target the prism and press the measure button. A value will appear
on the display of the total station and this will be the data of your first point.
f. Move the prism on to the next point.
g. Target the prism and obtain a second data
h. Repeat the procedures until all points were already measured.
i. After measuring all point, look for the button on the total station that will compute the
area of the data obtained.
j. A value will appear on the display. This will be the area of the close traverse.
IV. CALCULATION
1. Adjustment of Latitudes and Departures by Compass Rule:
𝒅 𝒅
𝑪𝟏𝒂𝒕 = (𝑪 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒅𝒆𝒑 = (𝑪 )
𝑫 𝑳 𝑫 𝑫
Where: Clat = correction to be applied to the latitude

Cdep = correction to be applied to the departure
CL = total correction in latitude
CD = total correction in departure
d = length of the course
D = total length of the traverse
2. Area Computation
∑(𝑫𝑴𝑫 × 𝑳𝒂𝒕. ) ∑(𝑫𝑷𝑫 × 𝑫𝒆𝒑. )

𝑨= =
𝟐 𝟐
Where: A = area of the close traverse (absolute value)

DMD = double meridian distance
DPD = double parallel distance
P a g e 51 | 76
Table 10.3. Adjustment of Departures and Latitudes

COURSE LENGTH BEARING DEPARTURE LATITUDE CORR. DEP. CORR. LAT.
Sum =
P a g e 52 | 76
Table 10.4. Area Computation

COURSE CORR. DEP. CORR. LAT DMD DPD DMD x LAT DPD x DEP
Sum =
Area =
P a g e 53 | 76
VI. ILLUSTRATION
VII. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 54 | 76
IX. RUBRICS
PI (1)
practice.
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Organization

Does not operate
instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
appropriate
instrumentation
and
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
appropriately
All important
All important
Suitable
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 55 | 76
Exercise No. 11
OMITTED MEASUREMENT
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1
CILO 1 Determine how to compute the missing side in a closed traverse
I. OBJECTIVE
 To obtain the length of a building without direct measurement using total station.
II. APPARATUS
 Total Station/Theodolite
 Prism
 Tripod
 Range pole
 Measuring Tape
Fig. 6 Theodolite Fig. 6 Range pole Fig. 6 Tripod
III. TEST PROCEDURE

1. Plot the figure (location assigned by the instructor).
2. Select a base line AB and measure AB accurately using total station of measuring tape.
3. Setup the instrument at A and level it accurately.
4. Measure the horizontal angles each on both faces of the instrument and take their respective
mean values.
5. Setup the instrument at B and level it accurately.
6. Measure the horizontal angles each on both faces of the instrument and take their respective
mean values.
7. Compute as knowing that the sum of interior angles of a triangle is equal to 180⁰.
8. Using Sine Law, compute for the length of line AC and AD.
9. Compute now for the length of the side of the building using Cosine Law.
P a g e 56 | 76
10. The horizontal distance CD can also be calculated by plotting the angles and obtaining the
intersection points C and D.
Table 11.1 Data and Computation

INTERIOR
LINE LENGTH MEASUREMENT
ANGLE
AB α1
AC α2
AD α3
BD α4
BC α5
α6
α7
CD α8
Sketch:
P a g e 57 | 76
P a g e 58 | 76
V. ILLUSTRATION
VI. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VII. RECOMMENDATION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 59 | 76
VIII. RUBRICS
PI (1)
practice.
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Organization

Does not operate
instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
appropriate
instrumentation
and
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
appropriately
All important
All important
Suitable
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 60 | 76
Exercise No. 12
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DISTANCE
USING TOTAL STATION
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1
CILO 1 Determine the horizontal and vertical measurements using total station
I. OBJECTIVE
 To be familiar to the multiple functions of the total station.
 To determine the horizontal distance and vertical distance from the total station to a point.
II. APPARATUS
 Total Station
 Prism
 Tripod
 Range pole
 Marker
III. TEST PROCEDURE

1. Set up and level the instrument accurately over a station (say O).
2. Press the power button to switch on the instrument.
3. Select MODE A D- 30.
4. Press 'DIS" twice to get the page which consists of all horizontal and vertical measurements.
5. Turn the total station to point P. Focus it and bisect it exactly using vertical and horizontal
clamp.
6. Set the horizontal as 0 by double clicking on OSET (F3).
7. Then release the horizontal and vertical clamp and turn the total station to the point Q where
the reflecting prism is fixed.
8. Bisect the prism exactly and press MEAS (F1).
9. After measuring all point, look for the button on the total station that will compute the area of
the data obtained.
10. Then the display panel will show all the vertical and horizontal measurements.
P a g e 61 | 76
Illustration:
Fig. 12.1
Table 12.1. Horizontal Distances of Points in a Triangle

Sta. Distance Sta. Distance Sta. Distance
A
B
Δ=
Table 12.2. Horizontal Angles of Points in a Triangle

Sta. Distance Sta. Distance Sta. Distance
A
B
Δ=
Table 12.3. Vertical Distances and Angles

VD = HD x tan(90 –
Sta. HD Vertical Angle 90 – θ
θ)
A
B
Δ=
P a g e 62 | 76
P a g e 63 | 76
V. ILLUSTRATION
VI. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VII. RECOMMENDATION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 64 | 76
VIII. RUBRICS
PI (1)
practice.
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Organization

Does not operate
instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
appropriate
instrumentation
and
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
appropriately
All important
All important
Suitable
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 65 | 76
Fieldwork No. 13
LAYOUT OF SIMPLE CURVE
COURSE OUTCOMES
Utilize modern surveying equipment and software such as the total station in
CO3
obtaining vertical and horizontal distances, angles and coordinates
Layout the curve manually(deflection angle & offset distance) and with the aid of
CILO 1
total station or theodolite
I. OBJECTIVE
 Setting out of simple circular curve by Rankine Method of tangential angle
II. APPARATUS
 Transit/Theodolite
 Tripod
 Compass
 Arrows
III. TEST PROCEDURE

1. Set up and level the instrument at the PI. Stake out PC (for educational purposes, assume 50 m
away from PI. Deflection angle, I, will be assigned by the instructor for each group. Set the PC as
Station 00+000.
2. After the PC has been staked out, turn the instrument on the forward PI to locate PT (50 m away
from PI) using the deflection angle assigned to the group.
3. Using trigonometry, compute for the radius of curvature, R. Note that PI to PC is equal to 50 m.
4. Compute for the degree of curve, D.
5. Move and set up the instrument at the PC and measures the angle from the PI to the PT. This
angle should be equal to one half the angle of I; if it is not, either the PC or the PT has been
located in the wrong position.
P a g e 66 | 76
6. Determine the first deflection angle (δ1) by using half-station intervals. The first half station
after PC is Station 00+010 (10 m from PC). The defelection angle for a 20-m chord is D/2,
therefore the deflection angle for a 10-m chord is equal to D/4, where D is the degree of curve.
7. Compute for the actual length of chord for a 10-m arc length. C1 = 2Rsin(δ1)
8. With the first deflection set on the total station, the instrument man keeps the chainman on line
as the first subchord (C1) distance is measured from the PC.
9. Without touching the lower motion screw, set the second deflection angle on the instrument.
The chainman measures the chord from the previous station while the instrumentman keeps
the chainman on the line.
10. Stakes out the succeeding stations in the same manner. Set the last deflection angle equal to half
of the angle of intersection. If the work is done correctly, the last deflection angle will point on
the PT. That distance will be the subchord length from the last station before the PT.
IV. CALCULATION
1. Calculate the degree of curve
𝟐𝟎 𝒎 𝑫
=
𝟐𝝅𝑹 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
Where: R = radius of curve

D = degree of curve
2. Calculate the first deflection angle
𝜹𝟏 𝑰
=
𝒔𝟏 𝑳
Where: δ1 = deflection angle, D/2

s1 = difference in stationing between two points
D = degree of curve
L = length of curve
3. Calculate the length of chord
𝑪𝟏 = 𝟐𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜹𝟏
Where: C1 = length of chord having deflection δ1
Table 13.1 Notes for Curve

P a g e 67 | 76
Station Incremental Chord Deflection Increment Deflection Angle
PC - 0⁰00’00’’ 0⁰00’00’’
PT
P a g e 68 | 76
VI. ILLUSTRATION
VII. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 69 | 76
IX. RUBRICS
PI (1)
practice.
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Organization

Does not operate
instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
appropriate
instrumentation
and
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
appropriately
All important
All important
Suitable
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 70 | 76
Fieldwork No. 14
STAKING OUT AN EQUAL TANGENT
VERTICAL PARABOLIC CURVE
COURSE OUTCOMES
Utilize modern surveying equipment and software such as the total station in
CO3
obtaining vertical and horizontal distances, angles and coordinates
Layout the curve manually(deflection angle & offset distance) and with the aid of
CILO 1
total station or theodolite
I. OBJECTIVE
 To determine the slump of freshly mixed portland cement concrete, both in the laboratory and
in the field
II. APPARATUS
 Automatic Level
 Tripod
 Prism
 Range pole
 Steel Tape
III. TEST PROCEDURE

1. Locate the path assigned by your instructor.
2. Stake the parabolic curve designed by your instructor or the group, to the path of your location.
3. Mark the ground at every full station (20 m) including the other critical horizontal alignment
PVC, PVT and highest point on the parabolic curve.
4. Indicate the grade at the start and end of the parabolic curve.
P a g e 71 | 76
5. Establish the HI of the leveling instrument in the area by running a differential leveling from a
nearby benchmark.
6. The difference between the HI and any station’s grade is the required rod reading on that stake.
7. The stake then must be driven down. After the stake is driven, the rod reading is checked. This
is repeated until the required reading is achieved.
8. This process is continued until all stakes are set. If the stake cannot be driven to grade, a
vertical offset of grade can be marked and noted on the stake.
9. When the level is too far away from the station being set, a turning point is established and the
instrument is brought forward to establish a new HI.
IV. CALCULATION
1. Calculate the curve elevations from the vertical datum of reference as follows:
𝒓𝑿𝟐
𝒀 = 𝒀𝑩𝑽𝑪 + 𝒈𝟏 𝑿 +
𝟐
Where: Y = curve elevation at distance X

X = horizontal distance measured from BVC (PVC)
g1 = percent grade of the back tangent
g2 = percent grade of the forward tangent
r = rate of change of grade, (g2 – g1)/L
2. Calculate the distance from the BVC to the high or low point of the curve as follows:
𝒈𝟏 𝑳
𝑿=
𝒈𝟏 − 𝒈𝟐
Where: X = horizontal distance measured from BVC (PVC)

g1 = percent grade of the back tangent
g2 = percent grade of the forward tangent
L = length of curve
P a g e 72 | 76
Fig. 14.1 Vertical Parabolic Curve Relationships
Table 14.1 Notes for Curve

Curve First Second
Station X g 1X rX2/2
Elevation Difference Difference
PVC
PVT
P a g e 73 | 76
VI. ILLUSTRATION
P a g e 74 | 76
VII. CONCLUSION
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
P a g e 75 | 76
IX. RUBRICS
PI (1)
practice.
Criteria Rating
(4) (3) (2) (1)
Organization

Does not operate

instrumentation
Is able to select
Is able to and
and operate
appropriate
instrumentation
and
process
equipment. requires
equipment.
frequent
supervision.
Some
appropriately
All important
All important
Suitable
appropriate
clear and precise
P a g e 76 | 76

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Civil Engineering Department

Fig. 1.1 Range Pole Fig. 1.2 Tape

2. Determining Horizontal Distance.

Where: n = number of trials

Where: PF = pace factor

Where: PD = paced distance

Where: D = known distance

V. DATA, RESULTS, AND COMPUTATION

Table 1.1. Determining Pace Factor

Table 1.2. Determining Precision

Observes best Observes good Unorganized fieldwork Practices unsafe,

All figures, Figures, graphs,

Fig. 2.1 Range Pole Fig. 2.2 Tape

III. TEST PROCEDURE

IV. DATA, RESULTS, AND COMPUTATION

Table 2.1 Smooth and Level Ground

Observes best Observes good Unorganized fieldwork Practices unsafe,

All figures, Figures, graphs,

Fig. 3.1 Range Pole Fig. 3.2 Tape

III. TEST PROCEDURE

IV. DATA, RESULTS, AND COMPUTATION

Table 2.2 Uneven and Sloping Ground

Observes best Observes good Unorganized fieldwork Practices unsafe,

All figures, Figures, graphs,

Fig. 4.1 Parts of an Automatic Level

Fig 4.2 Tripod Fig 4.3 Leveling rod

III. TEST PROCEDURE

Figure 4.4 Instrument within turning points.

Where: HI = height of instrument above a reference datum

V. DATA AND COMPUTATION

Summation of backsights: _________________________

III. TEST PROCEDURE

𝑯𝑰 = 𝑩𝑴(𝑲𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. ) + 𝑩𝑺𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏

Where: HI = height of instrument above a reference datum

V. DATA, RESULTS, AND COMPUTATION

Table 5.1 Three-wire Leveling

Summation of backsights: _________________________

Difference in elevation of BMs: _________________________

Observes best Observes good Unorganized fieldwork Practices unsafe,

All figures, Figures, graphs,

III. TEST PROCEDURE

𝑫𝑬𝑨 = ±(𝑩𝑺𝒎 − 𝑭𝑺𝒎 )𝑨

𝑫𝑬𝑩 = ±(𝑩𝑺𝒎 − 𝑭𝑺𝒎 )𝑩

Where: DEA = difference in elevation, instrument near point A

2. Calculate the true difference in elevation, as follows:

3. Calculate the elevation of BM-2

𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑩 = 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑨 ± 𝑻𝑫𝑬

VI. DATA, RESULTS, AND COMPUTATION

Table 6.1 Mean Backsight and Foresight Readings

Observes best Observes good Unorganized fieldwork Practices unsafe,

All figures, Figures, graphs,

III. TEST PROCEDURE

𝑫𝑬𝑨 = ±(𝑩𝑺𝒎 − 𝑭𝑺𝒎 )𝑨

𝑫𝑬𝑩 = ±(𝑩𝑺𝒎 − 𝑭𝑺𝒎 )𝑩

Where: DEA = difference in elevation, instrument at A

2. Calculate the true difference in elevation, as follows:

3. Calculate the elevation of BM-2

𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑩𝑴 − 𝟐 = 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑩𝑴 − 𝟏 ± 𝑻𝑫𝑬