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ISSN: 2249-2321 (Print); ISSN: 2249-7846 (Online)
Received: 19-01-2014, Revised: 21-02-2014, Accepted: 29-03-2014e

Full Length Article


A review on implementation of image processing in Agriculture sector

Sami Patel and Sayyed I. U*.

Department of Computer Science
*Department of Botany
Poona College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Camp., Pune,MS,India-411001.



ABSTRACT
An approach to standardising plant images for Physiological diagnosis has been detailed. The
efficacy of our custom colour chart and the use of a weighted least squares formulation have
been demonstrated to study the leaf protein quality. It is anticipated that the method
described here will be applicable to other applications utilising colour images that cannot be
captured in repeatable way, for quality control and assessment purposes. Future work will
more rigorously test our approach. Red and green colour index of in the image processing can
distinguish the level of maturity at the age of picking lemons with 100 days 110 days old
quotation. Area of image processing parameters, form factors, as well as RGB colour index
texture features can be used to determine ripeness and maturity. Artificial neural network
with data given from image processing area, RGB colour index is an ideal model to identify the
age and maturity level of the plant.

Key words: Leaf Protein, Image processing, Artificial Neural Network, etc.



INTRODUCTION
The stability and usefulness of plant
morphological characters for discrimination among
Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars was
investigated under three sets of field and
glasshouse conditions, the guidelines of the
International Union for the Protection of New
Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and the requirements of
the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) seed certification scheme for
testing distinctness, homogeneity and stability of
Lucerne cultivars in field test plots, morphological
data were recorded from four replicates of 18
spaced plants per cultivar in the field in the
establishment year (1993) and the following year.
Flower colour was recorded from a further 150
one-and two-year old plants of each cultivar in the
field. In a glasshouse, where the minimum and
maximum temperatures were set at 16C and 22C
respectively, morphological characters were
recorded from three replicates of 22 one-year old
plants of each cultivar.
The majority of the 12 morphological
characters recommended by UPOV and OECD for
discrimination and verification of Lucerne cultivars
were not independent of the environment. Only
three characters, number of plant stems
immediately above the ground, plant recovery
height, and leaflet width/length ratio were stable,
and thus could be used as reliable morphological
descriptors for Lucerne cultivars. However, none of
the individual characters, or any combination of
these characters, were sufficient to differentiate all
of the cultivars at P<0.01, the standard required by
UPOV to detect differences among Lucerne
cultivars.

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Sami Patel and Sayyed I U
Morphologically based methods are
therefore not effective for discrimination among
Lucerne cultivars, and there is a need to find more
precise and effective techniques for assessing
whether cultivars are actually different (UPOV) or
whether individual seed lots of a cultivar do not
differ from the cultivar standard (OECD). A digital
image processing algorithm (VIPS) was used for
image processing of 150 individual seeds of 17 seed
lots of eight Lucerne cultivars and also for image
analysis of 66 leaflets from individual glasshouse
grown plants of six cultivars. Of the 21
morphological characters and derived
measurements recorded from individual seeds of
the cultivars, 10 were useful for cultivar verification
and discrimination. Among individual characters,
red colour/total intensity, and blue/total intensity
of seed had the highest, while actual area of
seed/convex area had the lowest ability (64 % vs
18%) to discriminate among cultivars (Dehghan et
al. 1996).
Lucerne play an important role in the
Green Crop Fractionation (GCF). Leaf Protein
Concentrate is the main fraction while
Deproteinised leaf Juice (DPJ) is the by product of
the Green Crop Fractionation. This by product can
be used in various ways i.e. in animal nutrition
along with Pressed Cropped Residue (PCR), as a
source of fertilizer or can be used for growing
useful microorganisms. DPJ is the most suitable
medium for growing microbes and production of
alcohol, SCP, enzymes etc. The Deproteinised Leaf
Juice (DPJ) is rich in water soluble nutrients present
in the leaves. It contributes to more than 50% of
the fresh weight from green foliage which is
fractionated for the production of pressed crop
residue (PCR) and leaf protein concentrate (LPC)
(Sayyed, 2011). It is rich in water soluble
carbohydrates, free amino acids, minerals, lipids
and vitamins by (Iliyas and Badar, 2010). It also
contains small fraction of protein (Barnes 1976). It
has been observes by (Iliyas and Badar, 2010) that
LPC: A Good Source of Cyanocobalamine (B12),
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) and Folic Acid (Vitamin
B9). The effect of additives on chlorophyll content
in wet LPC prepared from juice of Medicago sativa
L. is more effective (Sayyed, 2010) and (Sayyed and
Mungikar 2003). Some bioinformatical aspects
protein isolated from Medicago sativa L. viz. A
comparative study of protein structure
visualization tools for various display capabilities
were studied by (Ansari and Iliyas, 2011). A
comparative study of different properties provided
by protein structure visualization tools by (Iliyas
and Ansari, 2013). A comparative study of MSA
tools based on sequence Alignment fetchers and
platform independency to select the appropriate
tool desired (Sayyed Iliyas and Farhana S.
Sarkhawas, 2011).
This product, with 4 to 5% solids, contains
large proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus
(Ream et al., 1983). The dry matter (DM) and
nutrient composition of DPJ varies from species to
species. At Rothemsted Experimental Station in
U.K., the DM content in this fraction was found to
be between 1.2 to 4.0%. On an average, the N and
carbohydrate content in DM of DPJ are 3 and 40%
respectively (Pirie, 1971). The dominant
monosaccharides in DPJ are glucose and fructose.
However, the contents of these reducing sugars in
DPJ are subject to a great change, depending upon
the species used for GCF and maturity of the plants
used (Bekeries et al., 1942. The contents of
nitrogenous substances in the DPJ also vary widely
was reported by (Pirie, 1942) and (Sayyed and
Mungikar 2005) suggested that this by-product
should be disposed properly in order to avoid local
environmental bio-pollution. Proper exploit of the
DPJ is also useful in making DPJ as a commercial by
product (Josephin and Sayyed, 2005). Production of
amylase of DPJ of four different plants (Sayyed
Iliyas, 2013). The impact of mathematical tools on
cellular and molecular Biology (Shaikh and Sayyed,
2014).
In the application of agriculture science
such as image processing, parallel and distributed
computing reduces the computational time and as
a result, plant recognition can be made much
faster. With a massive volume of plant species data
and extensive computing for plant recognition, the
process becomes more complex and requires
longer time. However, it becomes a big challenge
for any system designer to design an image
processing system using parallel and distributed
computing. There are limited literatures on parallel
and distributed image processing for agriculture
application unlike other application, such as for
medical imaging application. For example,
introduced medical image processing on a
massively parallel computer using single-
instruction multiple-data (SIMD) computer.
.
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Science Research Reporter, 4(1):71-78, (April 2014) ISSN: 2249-2321(Print)
Meanwhile (Ranganath et al., 2007),
compares and contrasts the research issues
involved with implementing computationally
medical imaging algorithms on a SIMD and
multiple-instruction multiple-data (MIMD) parallel
processing computers. The testing result shows
MIMD implementation is at least four times faster
than the SIMD implementation.There are various
types of image processing systems for agriculture
application that have been developed with
different purposes. For example, to identify
disease, (Dadhwal et al., 2002) have built a system
for identification of symptoms for cotton leaves,
while (YichunXie et al., 2008) have identified the
vine disease by looking at the color of vine leaves.
Besides, (Anthony et al., 2009) has introduced
identification system to identify the bamboo
species using shape features. Meanwhile,
(MutluOzdogan et al., 2010) also used shape
features to analyze soybean leaves. The system
produced are intended to identify plant species
and varieties. The objectives in this paper are as
follows:
1) Describe parallel and distributed image
processing with a light and easy manner.
2) Present the study of parallel and distributed
image processing with emphasis on the
mechanisms used focusing on agriculture
application.
3) Motivate the reader for further research work to
apply parallel and distributed image processing in
agriculture

IMAGE PROCESSING
A digital image is a representation of a two-
dimensionalimage as a digital value called pixels.
Digital image processing is the technology of
applying a number of computer algorithms to
process digital image. The outcomes of this process
can be either images or a set of representative
characteristics of the original images. Digital image
processing is used to improve pictorial information
for better clarity by human interpretation and to
automatic processing of scene data for
interpretation by machine/non-human
1. Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
The fundamental steps in image processing are
image grabbing or acquisition, preprocessing,
segmentationrepresentation and description, and
recognition and interpretation. The descriptions of
these steps are given in the following subsections.
1.1 Image Acquisition
An image must be converted to numerical form
before processing. This conversion process is called
digitization. This process is done by charge-couple
device (CCD) that is embedded in modern digital
camera. There are many different types of digital
camera has been used to acquire digital images. It
was selected based on the needs and budget
available for research. Some digital cameras used
in agriculture application are 3M pixel real color
camera, Kodak DC50 zoom camera (Tom Pearson
et al.2008), Olympus C-5 060 wide zoom camera ,
Nikon Coolpix P4 digital camera in macro mode
and Panasonic DMC-LX1 camera.
1.2 Image Preprocessing
After a digital image is obtained, the next step is
preprocessing. The key function of preprocessing is
to improve the image in order to get better results
for the other processes. It typically deals with
techniques for enhancing contrast, removing noise
and isolating regions. There are three main
categories of image preprocessing which is image
compression (used to reduce the amount of
computer memory needed), image enhancement
(to modify the brightness and contrast of an image)
and image measurement (involvessegmenting the
image to separate the objects of interest from the
background) For example in agriculture application,
used median filter as a method to remove noise in
preprocessing stage.
1.3 Image Segmentation
The first step in image analysis generally is to
segment the image. Segmentation subdivides an
image into its constituent parts or objects. The
segmentation process should stop when the
objects of interest have been isolated. In general,
autonomous segmentation is one of the most
difficult tasks in image processing. For example,
used entropy based bi-level thresholding method
for segmenting the images to facilitate identifying
the infected parts of the leave. Also separated the
background image from the major part of rice leaf
image in image segmentation stage.
1.4 Image Representation and Description
Representation and description almost always
follow the output of a segmentation stage. The first
decision must be made whether the data should be
represented as a boundary or complete region.

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Sami Patel and Sayyed I U
Boundary representation is appropriate when the
focus is on external shape characteristics whereas
regional representation is focusing on internal
properties, such as texture and skeletal shape. In
plant species identification using digital
morphometric, image representation is done by
using leaf shape analysis. The have made a review
of previous methods used to analyze theleaf shape
using three ways: two-dimensional outline shape of
leaf petal, the structure of the vein network and
the characters of leaf margin. The two-dimensional
outline shape of leaf petal is a boundary
representation while the structure of the vein
network and the characters of leaf margin are
regional representation. A method must be
specified for describing the data so that features of
interest are highlighted. Description, also called as
feature selection, deals with extracting attributes
that result in some quantitative information of
interest. For example using content based image
retrieval, the length and width of leaf in pixel, and
the area of leaf in pixel2 are three feature
selections that are gained from image
representation phase. These descriptors are then
used in classification in order to find the distance
or similarity with the descriptors stored in
database.

1.5 Image Recognition
Recognition is the process that assigns a label to an
object based on information provided by its
descriptors. Classification is a usual process used to
recognize image. Classification is needed to
distinguish a plant species with other species based
on the data obtained from feature selection. The
descriptors from the image data stored in database
are compared with the descriptors from the query
image. The closer gap within those descriptors is
then chosen to appoint the query image to be in
which class. Artificial neural network (ANN) and
fuzzy logic are the most commonly techniques used
in classification. Some previous works on
agriculture image processing using fuzzy classifier.
Some previous works agriculture image processing
using ANN classified.

APPLICATIONS BASED ON IMAGING TECHNIQUES
In image processing source of radiation
was important and the sources were Gamma ray
imaging, X-ray imaging, imaging inUV band,
imaging in visible band and IR band, imaging in
Microwave band and imaging in Radio band. In
agriculture, Remote Sensing (RS) technique was
widely used for various applications. Remote
Sensing was the science of identification of earth
surface features and estimation of geo-biophysical
properties using electromagnetic radiation. Paper
reviewed the RS techniques and its applications
with optical and microwave sensors. Author
discussed about the satellites launched by different
countries and their uses in various field along with
spatial, spectral and temporal variations of data.
Analytical techniques using digital image
processing, multi-source data fusion and GIS were
also discussed. Applications towards agriculture
providing the earth observation data which
supports increased area under agriculture,
increased crop intensity and productivity, etc. RS
data can provide the data related to groundwater
helping in irrigation, flood management.
Applications like environment assessment and
monitoring, disaster monitoring and mitigation,
weather climate, village resource center, etc. were
also discussed. RS data and pattern recognition
technique was used to estimate direct and
independent crop area in the study region. In this
review the authors reviewed the different
techniques for crop inventory in Indian scenario.
Optical and microwave data used to classify the
crop. Chlorophyll and water were represented by
optical data, crop geometry and dielectric
properties were characterized by microwave. The
crop discrimination was carried out using either by
visual or digital interpretation techniques. Visual
techniques based on FCC (False Color Composite)
were generated at different bands and were
assigned with blue, green and red colors whereas
the digital techniques applied to each pixel and use
full dynamic range of observations were preferred
for crop discrimination. For accurate discrimination
a multi-temporal approach was used when single
date data fails to do so. Spectral unmixing, direct
estimation, crop area estimation, global estimation
using confusion matrix and regression estimator
were also reviewed.
RS used for mapping vegetation which
provides information of manmade and natural
environments. The focus of review was on remote
sensing sensors, image processing algorithms to
extract vegetation information along with
classification and limitations.

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Different remote sensing sensors like LANDSAT,
TM, SPOI, MODIS, ASTER etc were covered along
with features and mapping applications.
Vegetation extraction using image processing was
in two parts, first was image preprocessing for bad
line replacement, radiometric and geometric
corrections. Clouds which compose a big noise also
require the preprocessing and need to be removed.
Second part was image classification such as K-
mean for unsupervised and MLC for supervised
were reviewed. Spectral angle classifier-SAC used
by Sohen and Rebello along with ANN and fuzzy
was reviewed. Hyper spectral imagery for
vegetation mapping was widely used as compared
to multispectral as it was capable to discriminate
complex mixed pixel community. Image fusionwas
another technique to improve the vegetation
classification as individual sensor may be
incomplete, inconsistent and imprecise. They
concluded that the Remote sensing was
advantageous over traditional methods of
vegetation mapping and classification.

Applications in fruit / food grading:
Need of accurate grading, sorting of fruits
and foods or agriculture products arises because of
increased expectations in quality food and safety
standards. It causes increased processing and labor
work. Computer vision and imageprocessing were
non destructive, accurate and reliable methods to
achieve target of grading. Image processing in
agriculture and food industries has been applied in
the areas of sorting, grading of fresh products,
detection of defects such as dark spots, cracks and
bruises on fresh fruits and seeds, etc. Same kinds of
concepts were explored by many researchers with
different image processing approaches.
Image processing concepts for grading of
bakery products, fruits, vegetables and grains were
considered in. Fruits characterized by color, size
and shape, its condition in pre and post harvesting,
damages were attributes for grading. Vegetables
specially roots, tomatoes, mushrooms were also
compared with its attributes for grading purpose.
Socio economic Limitations were also discussed.
Similar kinds of approaches for grading of Grains,
fruits, vegetables were reviewed by other
researchers. The methods or techniques in image
processing such as image segmentation, shape
analysis and morphology, texture analysis, noise
elimination, 3D vision, invariance, pattern
recognition and image modality were applied for
grading these categories. Automated system of
sorting food and agriculture products provides
rapid and hygienic inspection with computer vision.
For raisin grading specially designed
hardware which captures the image was
developed. Image was processed with VB based
algorithm for color and size of raisins. Pixel colors
in RGB form were calculated and with position
control, upper and lower pixels were determined.
From these pixels middle position can be
determined and features were extracted. Raisins
with bad grade were identified as background and
others in good category. From confusion matrix the
classification rate obtained was higher as
compared to human experts. This algorithm was
also applicable to lentil and almond. For detection
of skin defects in citrus fruit PCA method was used
for multivariate image analysis (MIA). Images
captured with 3CCD camera were applied to MIA
algorithm which unfolds the images in RGB and
spatial information. Reference eigenvector formed
by training with defect free citrus was used to
compute T2 matrix. Threshold value decides the
defect in fruit, if the value was greater, then it was
considered as defect. This leads to preparation of
defect map. Multi-resolution and post processing
techniques were used to speed up the process with
three different measures. In study of 9 defects
detection average correct detection was 91.5% and
classification into four damaged /sound classes was
94.2%. Author concluded with discussion of novelty
detection and ability of model to identify new
unpredictable defects.
K-mean clustering for strawberry grading
into different categories on the basis of shape, size
and color was proposed. The hardware includes
camera, photo sensors with single chip
microcomputer. Captured image was converted to
G-R so that background can be separated after
threshold. K-mean clustering was used to grade the
strawberries. Shape was graded into long-taper,
square, taper and rotundity using R-G channel and
segmentation. This was used to find out contour
helpful in identifying the major axis of direction.
Similarly horizontal line with threshold value was
identified for size. Strawberry color feature was
extracted by the dominant color method on a*
channel in La*b* color space.
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Sami Patel and Sayyed I U
System was also proposed for multi-
feature gradation system. Size detection observed
has average error of 3.55, color detection success
rate was 88.8% and overall grading has 94%. Fruits
and vegetables classification using features and
classifiers with fusion was proposed. Images were
the collected as a data over the period for
distribution insupermarkets. 8bit color images
were classified on the basis of statistical, structural
and spectral basis. Image descriptors like global
color histogram, Unsers descriptors, color
coherence vector, border/interior, appearance
descriptor, supervised learning techniques were
considered. For background subtraction k-mean
was utilized. Classification was done using diverse
machine learning techniques such as Support
Vector Machine (SVM), Linear Discriminant
Analysis (LDA), Classification Trees, K-Nearest
Neighbors (K-NN), and Ensembles of Trees and LDA
and fusion. Multi-class classification provides
custom-tailored solutions to problems and
performed better. Model was helpful in classifying
the species of produce and variety.
Morphological process based image
analysis of shape in real time for inspecting and
sorting processed mandarin segment was
developed. Images in RGB format illuminated with
constant source were captured. These images were
segmented in background and objects of interest. A
morphological operation allows identifying the
objects in complete, broken formats. The shape
analysis was done by perimeter and area
calculation. Once the contour was obtained, FFT
was applied to discriminate low and high frequency
details which were helpful in size determinations.
Standard Bayesian discriminant analysis was used
for classification. Mechanical system limits the
speed of sorting. Model provided real time
classification with enough accuracy.
Image processing- a noninvasive technique was
used to evaluate the quality of the tomato on the
basis of color, shape, size, firmness. Many
techniques such as invasive and noninvasive,
destructive and nondestructive were reviewed.
Image Processing techniques such as
segmentation, Pattern recognition, Gray scale,
Excess green, etc. were also reviewed with a
conclusion that image processing is effective, fast
measurement method and close to laboratory
testing.
Hardware designed with a camera and with other
hardware like feeder, hopper, etc. was used to sort
red and white wheat. Image analysis was carried
out by separating R, G and B using Bayer filtering.
Each plane was separated from blank image to
identify the background and object. Three intensity
histograms extracted as features were used for
classification. Each histogram represents the scaled
red, green, or blue pixel. Intensities from the wheat
kernel image were computed. Parameters like
mean and standard deviation of the red, green, and
blue intensities were also computed. Linear
Discriminant analysis was used as classifier.
Classification accuracy was 97% compared to
histogram feature method (88%). Average Accuracy
of classification was greater than the commercial
color sorters. Author concluded developed model
was cost effective and accurate. Similar kind of
hardware based grain classifier was developed with
three CMOS sensor and FPGA combination for
higher speed of inspection. Red pixels were used
to classify the red and white wheat grains.
Parameter like variance was also utilized. The same
hardware was used for popcorn classification of
blue-eye damage. Classification accuracy rate was
91 % in wheat and corn cases.
The classification of vitreous and non-
vitreous durum wheat kernels using imaging
systems based on real time soft X-rays or
transmitted light was proposed. X-ray images were
analyzed using histogram technique. Features like
kernel area, total gray value, mean gray value,
inverted gray value, and standard deviation of the
gray levels were extracted and classified using
statistical classifier. In case of Transmitted light
images Densitometry and textural features like
kernel area, skewness of gray level, kurtosis of gray
level, standard deviation and mean gray values
were extracted and classifiedusing linear Bayes
classifier. Classification accuracy was more in case
non vitreous using Bayes classifier and also of
transmitted light images compared to X-ray
images. Image processing technique has been
proved as effective machine vision system for
agriculture domain. Imaging techniques with
different spectrum such as Infrared, hyper spectral
imaging, X-ray were useful in determining the
vegetation indices, canopy measurement, irrigated
land mapping etc with greater accuracies. Weed
classification which affects the yield can be
correctly classified with the image processing
algorithms. The accuracy of classification varies
from 85%- 96% depending on the algorithms and
limitations of image acquisition.
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Thus with such great accurate classification
farmers can apply herbicides in correct form. This
approach helps to save the environment as well as
the cost. In case of fruit grading systems the
segmentation and classification can also be
achieved with great accuracy as the case with weed
detection. In this case also the classification
accuracy can be obtained up to 96% with correct
imaging techniques and algorithms. The evolution
of parallel processing hardware and distributed
system is rapidly increased time by time. With the
existence of an advance parallel processing
hardware and distributed system, the image
processing algorithm should be enhanced to fully
utilize the capabilities of these tools. Therefore, a
deeper understanding of how to achieve
parallelism is important. Based on the analysis that
has been made in producing parallel image
processing, we can conclude the parallelism is also
possible for image processing in agriculture
application. HPC is possible to be implemented in
all steps in image processing starting from
preprocessing to classification process. This study is
also can help to provide some understanding in
parallel and distributed computing area.
Thus we can conclude that image processing was
the non invasive and effective tool that can be
applied for the agriculture domain with great
accuracy for analysis of agronomic parameters.

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How to Cite this Article:
Sami Patel and Sayyed IU, 2014. A review on implementation of image processing in Agriculture sector. Sci.
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