This document provides an introduction to prestressed concrete, including:
- Prestressing increases the apparent tensile strength of concrete by applying a compressive force that counteracts tension from loading.
- There are three main prestressing methods - pre-tensioning applies force before concrete pouring, post-tensioning applies it after curing, and external prestressing uses cables outside the member.
- Prestress losses from slippage and concrete creep must be considered, as the force decreases over time. Proper materials and design are needed to ensure safety and performance of prestressed concrete structures.
This document provides an introduction to prestressed concrete, including:
- Prestressing increases the apparent tensile strength of concrete by applying a compressive force that counteracts tension from loading.
- There are three main prestressing methods - pre-tensioning applies force before concrete pouring, post-tensioning applies it after curing, and external prestressing uses cables outside the member.
- Prestress losses from slippage and concrete creep must be considered, as the force decreases over time. Proper materials and design are needed to ensure safety and performance of prestressed concrete structures.
Original Description:
Introduction to the design of prestressed concrete beams.
This document provides an introduction to prestressed concrete, including:
- Prestressing increases the apparent tensile strength of concrete by applying a compressive force that counteracts tension from loading.
- There are three main prestressing methods - pre-tensioning applies force before concrete pouring, post-tensioning applies it after curing, and external prestressing uses cables outside the member.
- Prestress losses from slippage and concrete creep must be considered, as the force decreases over time. Proper materials and design are needed to ensure safety and performance of prestressed concrete structures.
This document provides an introduction to prestressed concrete, including:
- Prestressing increases the apparent tensile strength of concrete by applying a compressive force that counteracts tension from loading.
- There are three main prestressing methods - pre-tensioning applies force before concrete pouring, post-tensioning applies it after curing, and external prestressing uses cables outside the member.
- Prestress losses from slippage and concrete creep must be considered, as the force decreases over time. Proper materials and design are needed to ensure safety and performance of prestressed concrete structures.
The University of Western Australia School of Civil and Resource Engineering CIVL 4111 Design of Structural Systems Prestressed Concrete Developed by Mr Ken Baker Presented by Guowei Ma 1. Introduction 2. Beam in bending at working load 3. Load balancing and deflections 4. Post-cracking performance of beams 5. Ultimate bending strength of beams 6. Ultimate shear strength of beams 7. Estimation of prestress losses 8. Prestressing anchorages 9. Multi-Span Prestressed Beams and Slabs 10. Deflection and Cracking PRESTRESSED CONCRETE : CIVL 4111 Design of Structural Systems Basic Principles and Practices Some options for prestressing a beam Discussion of the options Materials Nomenclature 1. Prestressed Concrete: Introduction BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES Why Prestress? Answer: Because concrete is weak in tension 100x100 prism of concrete, tensile strength 2.5 MPa F F Fractures when F = 2.5x10000/1000 = 25 kN Same prism, pre- compressed to 10 MPa F F Fractures when F = (10 + 2.5)*10000/1000 = 125 kN Conclusion: Prestressing increases apparent tensile strength, 5 - fold in this case! Basic Principles and Practices How to prestress? 3 examples: Stress after concrete has hardened External Post-tensioned Stress after concrete has hardened Internal Post-tensioned Apply stress before concrete is placed, and release stress after concrete has hardened Internal Pre-tensioned How much prestress? 2 cases: 1. We may require that the prism does not fracture under maximum working load F max for example: aesthetics, durability, vibration. Then F max < F cr Fully Prestressed OR 2. We may be prepared to allow prism to crack under maximum working load, provided that under sustained load F sust the cracks are held tightly closed by the prestress force. Then F sust < F cr and F max > F cr Partially Prestressed In both cases, safety must be assured: f F uo >= F* Eh? Surely its broken ! So what about a beam ? . . . . Basic Principles and Practices A beam incurs a bending moment under load, and this causes compression in the top and tension (!) in the bottom thus: If we introduce an axial force, and a reverse bending moment thus: . . . then we can eliminate the tension (or substantially reduce it) thus: That is the principle of prestressing a beam How does the engineer select a prestress force P ? . . . First there are 2 basic questions: 1. Does the original prestress force P o applied at the end of the member exist throughout the beam, and persist for the life of the structure? Answer: NO! Force reduces along the beam due to initial losses P o => P i , and Force further reduces with time due to long term losses P i => P e 2. I s transfer of stress from tendon to concrete simple to achieve? Answer: NO! For post-tensioning, we must avoid spalling and bursting of concreteat anchor plates. For pre-tensioning, we must avoid bond failure and splitting of concretein transmission zones. Basic Principles and Practices So how can we introduce a prestressing force to take advantage of all this, while avoiding excessive losses ? Thats what we must find out. But first : Some options for prestressing a beam . . . . Simple Beam - external , concentric prestress rigid abutments jack sliding support achieves uniform compression throughout beam . . . so not very efficient, and . . . dependent on rigidity of abutments What about the same idea with internal prestress ? . . . Simple Beam - concentric , internal prestressing : Post-tensioning Post- means after concrete has been placed, and has hardened. duct tendon jack grips and extends tendon live end dead end Construction procedure: Build beam, incl. duct and tendon Jack against live anchorage Lock off Remove jack, trim tendon Grout duct Remove formwork Eccentric prestress? . . . Simple Beam- eccentric, internal, straight tendon Post-tensioning tendon eccentricity e below centroidal axis of section Eccentricity of tendon causes a bending moment action which opposes bending moment due to applied loading. Eccentric tendon force causes beam to bend upwards. If self-weight is overcome, then beam lifts off the formwork - this is virtually always the case. Can we achieve the same result with Pre-tensioning? Yes, we can . . . Pre- = tensioning of steel against rigid forwork BEFORE concrete is placed, and release after concrete has hardened. Simple Beam - eccentric, internal, straight tendon Pre-tensioning rigid end forms, to hold prestress force Construction procedure: Build rigid end forms Install and stress tendon Place concrete, and allow to harden De-stress, cut and trim tendon What about changing the eccentricity along the beam? Good thinking . . . Duct and tendon Live end Dead end Eccentricity of tendon varies to match applied bending moment Tendon is placed inside the duct, which is carefully draped within the formwork, and held tightly in position while the concrete is placed. For a uniformly distributed applied loading, the shape of the drape is a parabola, with zero eccentricity at ends, and maximum eccentricity at mid-span. Simple Beam - eccentric, internal, draped tendon Post-tensioning So what materials do we use to make prestressed concrete ? Answer: Concrete, Prestressing steel, and Reinforcing steel . . . . plus lots of special fitments Concrete: At least medium strength - Grade 32, 40, 50, or 65 to tolerate the high stresses which occur, and minimise creep under sustained load. MATERIALS Prestressing Steel: Specially manufactured high strength steel, to tolerate the very high stresses incurred, and of low relaxation at high sustained stress. Reinforcing Steel: Grade 500N, used to enhance ultimate strength in bending, to ensure adequate shear resistance, and to prevent destructive bursting and spalling at anchorages. Prestressing Steels : Extracts from AS3600-2001 Table 6.3.1 : Material type Nom. dia. Area Min. break. Min. tensile and Standard mm mm 2 load kN strength f p MPa Wire - AS1310 5 19.6 33.3 1700 7 38.5 65.5 1700 7-wire super 9.3 54.7 102 1860 strand - AS1311 12.7 100 184 1840 15.2 143 250 1750 Bars - AS1313 23 415 450 1080 (super only) 29 660 710 1080 etc All these are commonly used for post-tensioning. For pre-tensioning, strand is commonly used, but also wire, which must be crimped or deformed to achieve bond. dia. MATERIALS Stress-Strain of prestressing steel : stress s p strain e p f p f p = (ultimate) tensile strength (Breaking strength) MPa >0.050 f py f py = yield strength MPa 0.002 Slope = E p E p = elastic modulus MPa idealised This idealised curve is called elastic/plastic (sometimes bi-linear). I t is usually used in calculations thus: Up to e py ,stress s p = E p e p Above e py , , stress s p = f py Multi-strand tendon : Tendon = a single wire, strand or rod, or a bundle of wires, or a bundle of strands. Multi-strand tendon comprises a bundle of strands. Number of strands required is estimated from: maximum force to be applied P o , and stress level s p to be adopted. EXAMPLE: P o = 1000 kN, f 12.7 mm super strand, stress <= 1500 MPa. A p required = 1000 x 10^3 / 1500 = 667 mm 2 Number of f 12.7 mm strands (area = 100 mm 2 ) = 667 / 100 = 6.7 i.e. 7 strands. Stress in 7-strand tendon, loaded to 1000 kN = 1000 x 10^3 / (7 x 100) = 1430 MPa. NB P o must not exceed 0.85 x 700 x 1840 = 1095 kN > 1000 kN o.k. duct 50f 7/12.7f strand tendon grout NOMENCLATURE Some symbols: A p = area of tendon(s) mm 2 f p = breaking strength of tendon MPa (N/mm 2 ) f py = yield strength of tendon MPa d p = distance from compressive fibre to tendon mm d s = distance from compressive fibre to rebar mm P = prestress force in tendon kN (P o , P i , P e ) f cp = compressive strength of concrete at time of transfer MPa s c = stress in concrete MPa ( +=compression ) s p = stress in tendon MPa e = eccentricity of tendon force from centroidal axis mm . . . . and our Code is AS3600 - 2001 Prestressed structures may be Pre-tensioned or Post- tensioned. Post-tensioned structures may be Internally or Externally prestressed. Prestressing is used to increase the apparent tensile strength of concrete, by causing an internal action opposite to the action due to applied load. Prestress losses must be estimated and allowed for in design. Medium to high strength concrete, and high strength, low relaxation steels are used in prestressed structures. SUMMARY