A Flora of Manila

A
FLORA
OF
MANILA
BY
E. D. MERRILL
MANMLA
BUREAU
OF PR'NTING
1912
111555
PUBLICATIONS
FOR SALE BY THE BUREAU OF
SCIENCE,
MANILA.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
i;TH\""i,of;v
A VOCABULARY
OF THE IGOROT LAN- GUAGE
AS SPOKEN BY THE
BONTOK IGOROTS
Hy
Waltek Clayton Clapp
Order No. 408. Paper,
89 pages. $0.75,
postpaid.
The vocabulary is given in Igorot-English
and English-lgorot.
THE NABALOI WALECT
By
Otto Scheereb
and
THE BATAKS OF PALAWAN
By
Knw.vKii Y. Millkr
Order No. 403. Paper, $0.25;
half
morocco,
$0.75; postpaid.
The Nabaloi Dialect (65 pages,
29
plates) and the Bataks of Palawan (7
pages,
6 plates) are bound under one cover.
KTIIXOLOGY" Continued
STUDIES IN MORO HISTORY, LAW,
AND RELIGION
Hy Najeeb M. Saleeby
Order No. 405. Paper, 107
pages,
16
plates, 5 diagrams, $0.25; half morocco,
$0.75; postpaid.
This volume deals with the earliest
written records of the Moros in Mindanao.
The names of the rulers of Magindanao are
recorded in five folding diagrams.
NEGRITOS OF ZAMBALE8
By William Allan Reed
Order No. 402.
Paper,
83
pages,
62
plates, $0.25; half
morocco, $0.75;
postpaid.
Plates from photographs, many
of which
were taken for this publication, show orna- ments,
houses, men making
fire with bamboo,
bows and
arrows, dances, and various types
of the people themselves.
THE BATAN DIALECT AS A MEMBER
OF THE PHILIPPINE GROUP
OF LANGUAGES
By Otto Scheeber
and
"F" AND "V" IN PHILIPPINE
LANGUAGES
By Carlos Everett Conant
Order No. 407.
These two
papers are
issued under one
cover,
141
pages, paper, $0.80, postpaid.
INDUSTRIES
PHILIPPINE HATS
By
C. B. Robinson
66
pages,
8
plates, $0.50 postpaid.
This
paper
is a concise record of the
history and present condition of hat making
in the Philippine Islands.
THE SUBANUNS OF SINDANGAN BAY
By
Emerson B. Chbistie
pages,
1
map,
29 plates, $1.25, postpaid.
Sindangan Bay
is situated on the northern
coast of Zamboanga Peninsula. The Su-
banuns of this region were studied by Mr.
Christie
during two periods of five and six
weeks, respectively.
The 29 plates illustrate the Subanuns at
work and at play; their
industries, houses,
altars, and implements; and the people
themselves.
THE SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE
ISLAND OF NEGROS
By
Herbert S. Walker
145
pages,
10
plates,
1
map, $1.25,
postpaid.
Considered from the viewpoint of
practical
utility, Mr. Walker's Sugar Industry
in the Island of Negros is one
of the most
important papers
published by
the Bureau
of Science. This volume is a real contribu- tion
to the subject; it is not a mere com- pilation,
for the author was in the field and
understands the conditions of which he
writes.
THE HISTORY OF SULU
By Najeeb M. Saleeby
Order No. 406.
Paper, 275
pages,
4
maps,
2
diagrams, $0.75, postpaid.
In the preparation of his manuscript for
The
History of Sulu, Doctor Saleeby spent
much time and effort in
gaining access
to documents in the possession of the Sultan
of Sulu. This book is a
history of the
Moros in the Philippines from the earliest
times to the American occupation.
A MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE SILK
CULTURE
By Charles S. Banks
pages,
20
plates, $0.75, postpaid.
In A Manual of Philippine
Silk Culture
are presented the results of several years'
actual work with silk-producing larvae together
with a description of the new Philip- pine
race.
A FLORA OF
MANILA
BY
E. D. MERRILL
MANILA
BUREAU OF PRINTING
1912
Department
of the
Interior
Bureau
of
Science
Manila
Publication No. 5
(Actual date of publication, December 31, 1912)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
5
Definitions of the Terms used in
Descriptive Botany
9
The Plant
9
The Stem 10
The Leaves
11
The Inflorescence
15
The Flower
15
The Corolla 17
The Stamens 17
The Pistil : 18
The Fruit 18
The Seed 19
Classification
20
The
Preparation
of Botanical Specimens
21
The Herbarium 24
Glossary
of Technical Terms 25
Key to the Families 33
Descriptions
of the Families, Gener^ and
Species
45
Pteridophji;a :
Ferns and Fern-like Plants 45
Spermatophta
: Flowering Plants 64
Gymnospermae
64
Angiospermae
65
Monocotyledoneae
'
65
Dicotyledoneae
168
Index 481
3
PREFACE
There
are definitely
known from the
Philippines
at the
present
time
about
6,500 species
of
flowering; plants
and vascular
cryptogams,
distributed
into about
1,450
genera,
in 200 families.
Many
of the
species are
of
very
local
occurrence,
while others are confined to medium and higher altitudes
in the
mountains,
and
are
hence
never seen by
the
average
resident of the
Archipelago.
The flora of the coastal
region, especially
of the
populated
areas,
is
remarkably
uniform,
practically
the
same
forms
being
found in
and about such towns as Zamboanga, Cebu, Iloilo, Aparri, etc., as are
found about Manila, so
that for all
practical
purposes
a flora of the
vicinity
of Manila is also
a nearly complete
flora for most inhabited
regions
at low altitudes in all
parts
of the
Archipelago. Accordingly
while most of
the
plants
encountered in the settled
areas at low altitudes will be found
to be described in the
present work,
it will be found to be of little value for
the determination of
specimens
collected in the forests and
on the mountains.
In
compiling
this work
an attempt
has been made to include all the
species
of vascular
cryptogams
and
flowering plants growing naturally
within the
area selected, as
well
as
most of the cultivated
forms,
both of
Philippine
and of
foreign origin.
The area
covered extends from
a point
north of Manila
on
the
bay
shore at Malabon, inland
through Balintuac,
San Francisco del Monte
etc.,
to
Pasig,
thence to the town of
Paranaque
on the
bay
shore south of
Manila, covering approximately
100
square
kilometers
(about
40
square miles).
No
part
of the area
exceeds
an
altitude of 50
meters,
and
no part
of it
approaches primeval conditions,
the
vegetation
of the entire
region having
been
profoundly
altered
by
the
presence
of
man.
This "Flora'' is based
on
botanical material
preserved
in the herbarium
of the Bureau of
Science, supplemented by an
extensive series of notes
covering a period
of
exploration
of the area extending over eighteen
months.
Undoubtedly future intensive
exploration
will add
a
considerable number
-
of
species
to the list of
indigenous
ones,
while the list of introduced and
o
cultivated
species
is
being
very rapidly
increased. Scattered individuals
1"
of
any species
found in
neighboring provinces
at low altitudes
are
to be
g
expected
within
our
area,
and
as a matter of fact
a
considerable number
.
of
species are included in the
present
work
on
the basis of
single plants
observed within the region covered
by
it. In
early
botanical works,
various
^
monographs etc.,
many
Philippine species are credited to the Archipelago
J3 as having been collected in
Manila;
very many
of these references
are
i
S
erroneous,
the term Manila having been used
more or less
synonymously
^T
with the
Philippines.
Most of the
species so referred to were
collected in
regions remote from the
city,
and
very many
of them
on
other islands
than Luzon. No
species
has been included unless
specimens
have been seen
from the
area selected.
5
Q
A FLORA OF MANILA
With few minor
exceptions
the
arrang:ement adopted
is that of
Engler
and Prantl's "Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien,"
while the nomenclature
is that of the Vienna Botanical Congress
modified
by
the
supplementary
list of nomina conservanda
adopted by
the Brussels Botanical
Congress.
In addition to the
accepted generic
and
specificname of each
species,
important synonyms
have been
added, as well as
selected
native, Spanish,
and
English names.
Plate references have been added to the third edition
of Blanco's "Flora de
Filipinas,"copies
of which are to be found in most
of the larger towns in the
Archipelago.
It has not been considered
worth
while to add literature references under each
species.
The
bibliography
of
Philippinebotany
is
so extensive that it is
impossible
more than to mention the more important
local woi-ks
bearing
on the
subject.
Blanco's "Flora de
Filipinas,"
ed. 1
(1837),
ed. 2
(1845),
written
in
Spanish,
is
long
out of
print,
and obsolete in
arrangement
and nomenclature;
it contains the
descriptions
of about
1,150 species
and
varieties,
very many
of them so imperfectly
described that their status has not as
yet
been determined with
certainty.
The
sumptuous
third edition of this
work
(1877-1883)
is in six
large
folio
volumes,
the first three
consisting
of a reprint
of the second edition with the addition of
a Latin
translation;
the fourth volume consists of several additional
papers
of little value to
the amateur in the determination of
material,
while the fifth and sixth
consist of a series of 481 colored
plates. Although
many
of these
plates
are erroneously named,
still
they are of
great
value in the determination
of
specimens,
and references to them have been included in the
present
w-ork. Of Vidal's
publications
the one of chief value is his
"Sinopsis
de
familias
y generos
de
plantas
leiiosas de
Filipinas" (1883),
in which a
great
many woody plants
are figured.
The most
important
recent works
on Philippine botany
are to be found in the
publications
of the Bureau
of Government Laboratories
(1903-1905),
the
"Philippine
Journal of
Science, Botany" (1906-1912), published by
the Bureau of
Science,
and
Elmer's "Leaflets of
Philippine Botany" (1906-1912).
In the
present
work
references
are included to the above
publications
where individual
groups
have been treated
systematically.
For the determination of forest trees
the most valuable
publication
is Whitford's "Forests of the
Philippines,"
^
the second
part
of which contains a
consideration of the most
important
timber trees found in the
Archipelago,
with
many
illustrations.
Under each
family
the
approximate
number of
genera
and
species
for
the entire world is
given,
and their
general distribution,as well as the
number of each
definitely
known from the
Philippines.
For each
species
both the
Philippine
and
extra-Philippine
range
is
given. Indigenous
species
are indicated
by
black faced
type,
while introduced or presumably
introduced ones are indicated
by light
faced
type; species
introduced and
cultivated
only,
not
having
become
naturalized, are indicated
by
an
asterisk. The time of
flowering as given
for the individual
species
will
apply only
to the
vicinity
of
Manila, or possibly
also to other
regions
in
the
Archipelago having a similar annual distribution of
rainfall;
the
flowering
records are of
necessity incomplete as it was found to be impossible
to
keep
all the
species
under observation
throughout
an entire
year.
No new .speciesare described nor are
any
new combinations
made,
except
in the case of a
few
varieties,
in the
present
work. The few
'
Forestry
Bureau
(Philip.)
Bull. 10
(1911).
PREFACE 7
apparently
undescribed forms encountei'ed during:
the
preparation
of the
manuscript, as
well
as
the few
new
combinations made
necessary
by a
strict
interpretation
of the
accepted
code of nomenclature, will be found
in
a
paper
entitled "Nomenclatural and Systematic
Notes
on
the Flora of
Manila,"
'
published previous
to this work. A
general
consideration of
the
more striking
characters of the
flora, the introduced
species
and their
origin, etc.,
will be found in the
same
publication.'
In the
descriptions
of
families,
genera,
and
species,
the genei'al
sequence
of characters
as
that
adopted by
Hooker in his "Flora of British India"
has been followed.
Many
of the
family
and
generic descriptions
have
been
complied from that
work, more or
less modified to suit the character
of the
present publication
;
the
descriptions of the
species
have been
rewritten, partly
from fresh material and
partly
from dried
specimens, with
reference to previously published descriptions
in various standard works.
This publication
contains the
descriptions
of 1007
species, 591
genera,
and 136 families, nearly
one-sixth of the
species definitely known from
the Archipelago at the
present
time. Most of these
are
the
very
commonest
and most widely
distributed
ones
in the
Philippines, and form the
characteristic vegetation
of the settled
areas
at low altitudes in all
parts
of the Archipelago.
An examination of
a
number of recent elementary
textbooks of
botany
has convinced
me
that it is
impossible
for the student to gain
from them
a
sufficient
knowledge
of the technical
names
used in
descriptive botany,
properly to
use a
volume like the
present one.
For this
reason
it has
been considered essential to include
a
short consideration of the terms more
generally
used in
describing plants,
in order to make the
present
work
more
complete
in itself. The terms defined in the
following
pages
will also be
found in the
Glossary of Technical Terms
on
page
25, together
with
many
of the
more
unusual terms that
are
used to
a greater or
less extent in the
following descriptions.
E. D. Merrill.
'Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912)
Bot. 227-251.
'"Notes
on
the Flora of
Manila,
with
Special Reference to the Introduced
Element."
Philip.
Journ. Sci. 7 (1912)
Bot. 145-208.
A FLORA OF MANILA
By
E. D. Merrill
DEFINITIONS OF THE TERMS USED IN DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY
A work
containing descriptions
of the different kinds of
plants growing
in
a country, or
within
some part
of
a country, properly arranged
according
to their
relationships or
assumed
relationships
is called
a flora.
The
principal object
of
a flora
is to enable the student
or
the individual
interested in the
study
of the
vegetation properly to determine the
names
of the various kinds of
plants growing
within the
area
treated
by
the
work in
question,
and to
gain some ideas of the
range, abundance,
and
relationships
of the various forms. In order to facilitate the
naming
of
plants
botanists have
arranged
the different kinds in
groups
according
to
the natural
relationships
of the different
species,
and botanical
usage
has
established the values of
numei-ous
technical
names
used in
describing-
plants.
In the
following
pages
an attempt
has been made to define the
more important
and
common
terms used in
descriptive botany; these,
with additional less
important ones,
will also be found in the
appended
glossary.
THE PLANT.
" .According
to their habit of
growth plants are
described
as trees when
they are erect, living
from
year
to
year,
vdth
a large
development
of
woody tissue, having a single
distinct stem or tx'unk, and
reaching a height
of 5 to 6
m or more.
Shrubs are really
small
ti'ees,
and this term is
frequently applied
to tree-like
plants
less than 5
m
in
height,
but
by
other authorities it is restricted to
small, erect, woody
plants
which
produce
several trunks from the base;
small shrubs less
than
a
meter
high are
called
undershrubs,
but all intergrades occur
between undershrubs, shrubs,
and trees. Herbs are plants
of various
habit which contain but little
woody tissue, and
which,
at least the
parts
above
ground, persist
for
a
year
or less; they
vary
greatly
in size. Plants
that climb either
by twining, by means
of
special organs
for
attachment,
or by sprawling over
other
plants or objects are
called vines;
these
may
be either
woody or
herbaceous according
to the
development
and
per- manence
of the-
woody
tissue. Some
woody
vines
are frequently
called
scandent
shrubs, especially
when
sprawling over
other
plants or objects,
with
no special adaptations
for
climbing.
Most
plants are terrestrial,
that is, growing on
the earth and rooting
in the soil;
those that
grow
in
water,
either
entirely or partly
submerged,
are
called
aquatic;
those that
grow
on
other
plants may
be either
epiphytes,
that is
simply growing on
the
supporting plant
but taking no
nourishment
from
it,
like most
orchids,
many
ferns,
mosses,
etc., or parasites,
when
taking part or all of their nourishment from the
host-plant,
like
9
IQ
A FLORA OF MANILA
Cassytha,
Loranthaceae,
etc. Certain
plants
that
grrow
on decaying organic
matter and have no
green
tissue are called
saprophytes.
Plants that live but a
short time, a
few weeks or months,
and die
after
producing
flowers and seeds are called
annual,
like
many
herbs;
those
that live for two
years,
producing
flowers and seeds the second
year
and then
dying,
are called
biennial,
but
these, although
common
in temperate
countries, are rare
in the
tropics;
those that live from
year
to
year,
like all trees and shrubs
and
many
herbaceous
plants
with underground
stems, are
called
perennial.
THE STEM. " The stem is the axis of the
plant,
to which
are
attached
all other
parts.
In most
plants
the stems are
very
evident,
but in
some
species
" they
are entirely underground.
Plants that show no obvious
stem above
ground,
but bear
only
leaves and
flower-stalks,
are called
stemless or acaulescent.
Stems above
ground may
be
simple or branched.
They are usually
composed
of
nodes,
the
place on
the stem or its branches where
one or
more
leaves or branches are borne,
and
internodes,
the
spaces
between
the nodes.
Special
kinds of stems or branches have received distinctive
names,
such
as culm,
the hollow or solid stems of the
grasses
with well-defined
nodes and
internodes; sucker, a branch
arising
from the stem or from
roots underground or from adventitious buds on
the trunk or larger
branches of shrubs or trees,
the latter
being
called
stem-suckers;
and
stolon,
a branch from above
ground
that becomes
prostrate
and strikes
root at the
tip or nodes, producing new plants.
As to differences in
texture,
stems are classified as herbaceous when
living
for
a short
period, forming
no
permanent woody tissue,
and
dying
after
flowering; suffrutescent
when more or less
woody
or half
-woody,
at
least at the
base;
and
woody
when
forming permanent woody
tissue
lasting
from
year
to
year
as
in all shrubs and trees.
As to
direction,
stems are erect when
they
ascend
perpendicularly
from the
base; ascending
when
rising obliquely;
decumbent when more
or less
reclining
on the
ground
at or near
the
base; prostrate
when
lying
flat on
the
ground; creeping
when
closely appressed
to the
ground
and
rooting
at the
nodes; climbing or scandent when
ascending by
means of
the
support
offered
by
other
plants or objects,
whether
by tendrils,
special spirally
twisted
organs,
by rootlets,or by
"
other means. Vines
that climb
by coiling
about other stems or objects are called
twining.
Underground
stems assume various forms and are frequently con- founded
with roots. There are
four
principal kinds,
the rhizome or
rootstock,
the
tuber,
the
corm,
and the bulb. The rhizome or rootstock
is
a more or
less modified
creeping
stem
growing
beneath the surface
of the soil
;
the
simpler
forms
are slender and consist of nodes and
internodes
bearing scales,as
in the mint
(yerba buena)
,
various
perennial
grasses,
etc.,
but other forms are thick and
fleshy,as
in the
ginger (luya).
A ttiber is a stout,
thickened
portion
of
a rootstock,bearing
buds
(eyes)
on
the
sides,as
in the
potato,
but
intergrades occur between this and the
preceding.
A
corm
is
a short, thick, fleshy,underground stem, usually
sending
off numerous roots from the lower
part,
and leaves and flowers-
stalks from the
upper,
as
in the taro
(gabi).
A bulb consists of a
small
basal solid
part,
its bulk
being
made
up
of thickened
scales;
those in which
the scales
closely
enwrap
each other
are called tiinicated bulbs, as
in the
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
H
onion, Rarlic, etc.,
and those where the scales are thick and narrow are
called
scaly
bulbs.
As to the arrangement
of branches and
leaves,they are opposite
when
two are
borne at the same node from
ppposite
sides of the
stem;
whorled
or
verticiUate when three
or more are
borne at the same node, arranged
regulai-ly
around the
stem; fascicled
or fasciculate
when two or more
are
borne at the
same
node on the
same
side of the
stem;
alternate when
one
is borne at each node on one side,
anJ the next above or below on
the
opposite
side of the
stem;
distichous
when
regularly arranged one
above another in two
opposite rows;
and seotnd when all are
turned
toward one side.
THE LEAVES. " A
typical complete
leaf consists of the blade or
lamina,
the broad thin
part
of
ordinary leaves,
the
petiole
or leaf-stalk,
and a
pair
of
stipules,variously shaped appendages
at the base of the leaf-stalk
or at the
nodes,
which
may
be
leaf-like,scale-like,or even represented
by
sheaths or by spines. Stipules are frequently wanting,
such
plants
being
then teiTned
exstipulate.
The end
by
which the
leaf,or
any
other
part
of
a plant
is
attached,
is called the
base;
the
opposite or free
end,
the
apex.
The
petiole or leaf-stalk is
frequently wanting,
the leaves
being
then
called sessile. When the leaf-base
clasps
the stem it is called
amplexicaul
or stem-clasping;
when the lobes meet around the stem so
that the blade
appears
as
though
it
were pierced by
the
stem,
it is called
perfoliate;
when the
edges
of the leaf extend downward along
the stem as ridges
or wings
it is called
decurrent;
when the base of the blade or the
petiole
forms a more or less closed vertical
cylinder surrounding
the
stem,
it is
called
sheathing.
When the leaves are inserted on a
stem or branch, they are termed
cauline;
when
they or
the flowers
are
borne on
the roots or rhizomes or
very
close to the base of the
stem, they are termed radical. Radical
leaves that
spread
in
a circle on
the
ground forming a rosette are
called
rosulate.
Leaves
are composed
of
a framework, consisting
of ribs and
veins,
and of the softer tissue. When there is
only
one main vein much
stronger
than the others it is called the
midrib;
the
primary
divisions
on
each side are called the lateral veins or
nerves,
and the ultimate
divisions the
veinlets,
or nervules. In cases where several
equally strong
veins radiate from the
top
of the
petiole,they
are termed
palmately,
or
digitately
nerved or veined, or
in
peltate
leaves
radiatcly
nerved. In
palmately
nerved
leaves,
where the veins all start from the
base, they
are called
3-nerved, 5-nerved, etc., according
to the number of
nerves,
but when some start
just
above the base
they are called
3-plinerved,
S-plinei'ved,
etc.
Venation is the term
applied
to the method of
arrangement
of the
veins;
there
are
two
principal kinds, parallel-veined
and netted-veined
or
reticulate. In
parallel-veined
leaves the whole frame work consists
of
slender ribs or veins that run parallel
to each
other,
either from the
base to the
apex,
or from the midrib to the
margins,
not dividing
and
subdividing
and
fonning
meshes. In netted-veined or reticulate leaves
the veins branch and rebranch into finer and finer veinlets which unite
with each other to form
meshes;
this network of veins is
usually spoken
of
as
the reticulations. Sometimes the
nerves are so obscured
by
other
12
A FLORA OF MANILA
tissues
as
not to be evident to the naked
eye;
in such cases the nerves
are spoken
of
as obsolete or wanting.
As to the outlines of
leaves, various terms have been selected to describe
certain
shapes.
These terms are
also used for
any
other flat
parts
of the
plant,
such
as petals, sepals, some fruits, seeds, etc. Leaves
are
linear
when
they are narrow
and several times
longer than wide and of about the
same
width
throughout,
their
margins
nearly parallel;
lanceolate when
three or more
times
as long as wide, widest below and
taper upward or
both
upward
and
downward, shaped more or less like
a
lance;
oblan-
ceolate,
the reverse
of
lanceolate,
broadest above the middle and
tapering
downward; oblong
when two or three times
as long as
broad and not conspicuously
narrowed,
the sides
nearly parallel; elliptic
when
shaped
like
an ellipse,equally
rounded at both
ends;
ovate when twice
or less
as long
as broad,
widest below the middle and
more or less narrowed
upward;
obovate,
the reverse of
ovate, widest above the middle and
tapering
downward;
oval,
somewhat like
elliptic,
but the breadth
distinctlymore than one
half the
length;
orbicular when circular in
outline;spatulate
when
narrow,
more or less rounded
above, and
tapering
from near the
apex
to the base;
cuneate or wedged-shaped
when broad
above,
tapering by nearly straight
lines to the
base; falcate
when
more or
less
curved; flabellateor
fan-
shaped
when broad and rounded at the
top,
narrowed below like a fan;
reniform
when broader than
long, shaped
somewhat like a kidney.
Various
combinations like
oblong-ovate,oblong-lanceolate
,
etc.,are
self
explanatory,
and
are used to describe intermediate forms.
As to the
tip or
apex
of the
leaf,
it
may
be rounded when broad and
semicircular in
outline;truncate,
that is cut off
square
or
nearly so;
acute
when
ending
in
an acute
angle
with
straight sides;
acuminate when
pointed,
but the
tapering
lines
incurved;
obtuse when blunt
or narrowly rounded;
retuse when
slightly
notched at the
apex;
emarginate, more prominently
notched; obcordate,
that is
inversely heart-shaped, an
obovate leaf
deeply
notched at the
apex;
cuspidate, tipped
with
a sharp point; mucronate
when
abruptly tipped by a
small short
point;
and aristate when the
mucronate
point
is extended into a longer
and
more or
less bristle-like
appendage.
Some of these terms are also
applicable
to the base of the
leaf,
and most or all of them to various other
organs
of the
plant.
As to the base of the
leaf,
it
may
be cordate or heart-shaped
when the
outline of its rounded base is turned in
forming a
sinus where the
petiole
is
attached; auricled,
that is eared, having a pair
of small
projections
at the
base;
sagittateor
arrotv-shaped
where the ears or lobes are acute
and turned
downwards;
and hastate where the basal lobes
are acute and
point
outwards. A leaf is
peltate or
shield-shaped
when the
petiole
is
attached to the lower
surface,
the ribs or veins of the leaf
radiating
from
the
point
of insertion.
Leaves
are
simple
when the blade is of
a single piece,
without regard
to how much it
may
be cut
up,
and
compound
when the blade consists of
two or more separate parts on a common
petiole.
In
compound
leaves
the individual
parts
of the leaf-blade are called
leaflets
and their stalks
the
petiolules;
the extension of the
petiole
above the lowest leaflets in
many compound
leaves is called the rachis. Some
compound
leaves have
their
leaflets or
petiolulessubtended
by variously shaped, usually small,
appendages corresponding
to the
stipules
of the leaves;
these
appendages
are called
stipels;
leaflets
are called
stipellate
when these
organs
are
13
present
and
e.rstipcllatc
when
they are absent,
the words
corresponding
to
stipulate
and
exstipulateas applied
to the entire leaf.
Simple
leaves
as to their
margins may
be entire when the
margin
is
a
continuous even line,
without teeth
or notches;
serrate when cut into
sharp
teeth
pointing
forward like the teeth of
a
saw;
dentate or
simply
toothed when the teeth are
sharp
and
point outward,
not
forward; denticulate,
diminutive of
dentate;
crenate when the teeth
are rounded; crenulate,
diminutive of
crenate; repand
or undulate when the
margin
forms
a
wavy
line
bending gently
inward and
outward;
sinuate when the
margin
is
strongly undulate;
incised or cut when cut into
deep, sharp, irregular teeth;
lobed when
deeply cut,
but the incisions do not reach much more than
half-way
to the
midrib; cleft,nearly
the
same as lobed,
but the incisions
extending more
than
half-way
to the
midrib; parted
when the divisions
extend
nearly
to the
midrib;
and divided when
they
extend
quite
to it.
According
to the number of
lobes,clefts,etc.,
leaves
may
be
3-lobed,5-cleft,
many-cleft,
etc.
In
simple
leaves the method of division
corresponds
to the
venation;
in
pinnately-veined
leaves the incisions all
point
toward the
midrib,
and in
palmately
veined ones they point
toward the
apex
of the
petiole.
According
to the
degree
of division
we
may
have in
pinnately
veined
leaves,pinnately-lobed,pinnately-cleft,or pimiatifid,pinnately-parted,
and
pinnately-dividedor pinnatisect leaves,
and in
palmately
veined leaves the
same combinations,
with
palmately
substituted for
pinnately.
The number of the lobes or divisions is
frequently used,
and
we
may
have
palmately 3-lobed,-3-cleftor trifid,-3-parted leaves, etc.,
and with
higher
numbers
palmately 5-lobed,-many-lobed, -many-cleft
or multifid,
etc.
The same combinations are made with the substitution of
pinnate
for
palmate.
In
compound
ffeaves the
separate parts, corresponding
to the
lobes,
divisions,etc.,
of
simple leaves,are
called
leaflets.
There are two
principal
kinds, corresponding
to the
principal
kinds of division in
simple leaves,
pinnately compound
and
palmately compound.
Pinnate leaves
are those where the leaflets are attached
along
the sides
of
a
main stalk or rachis,
the leaflets
corresponding
to the lobes of a
simple, pinnately
lobed leaf. When there is
an odd or end
leaflet,
such
leaves are
termed
uneven pinnate, odd-pinnate, or imparipinnate ;
when
there is no odd terminal leaflet
they are termed
evenly or abruptly pinnate.
Simple pinnate
leaves are those with a double row
of
leaflets;
twice
pinnate
or
2-pinnate
leaves are thoê
where the rachis bears branches, the branches
bearing
the
leaves,
in which cases the branches are
termed
pinnae;
the
division
may
be carried still further and we
may
have 3- or tripinnate,U-
or
quadripinnate or
pinnately decompound leaves,
etc.
In
palmately compound
leaves
we
may
have the division carried further
in tivice
palmate, or when the division is in
thi-ee's,
twice temiate or
biternate;if the division
goes
still further it is called
palmately decompoînd.
As to the number of leaflets
they
may
be few to
many;
when
only one,
as
in the
orange,
the leaves are called
1-foliolate,
or unifoliolate;
when 2,
2-foliolate, or bifoliolate;when
3, 3-foliolate, or trifoliolate, etc.,
and these
terms are used with both
pinnately
and
palmately compound leaves,
such
as
pinnately 5-foliolate,palmately trifoliolate,
etc. In
pinnate
leaves the
terms 2- or bijugate,
3- or
trijugate,multijugate, (juga=pairs) etc.,
are
used to
express
the number of
pairs
of
leaflets,pinnae,
etc.
14
A FLORA OF MANILA
Special
forms of leaves not included in the above definitions
are
the
followinj^: Equitant
when the leaves
are
vertical,
each
overlapping
the
next beneath as
if
they were
folded
together lengthwise; cylindric
when
with no
definition between blade and
petiole,
and
cylinder-shaped;
and
acicular when
very
slender and
sharp,
like needles.
Sometimes the leaves are
reduced to mere scales,
and in the axils of the
scales are
borne
green, variously shaped
branchlets which have the func- tions
and
appearance
of
leaves,as
in
Asparagus;
these
special
branchlets
are called
cladophyllsor cladodes.
Solid,
not flat
parts
of
plants,
such as fruits,some
stems, some
fleshy
leaves,seeds,etc., are described
by special terms,
such as ovoid, that
is,
egg-shaped,
with the
narrow end
upward,
and
obovoid, egg-shaped,
with
the broad end
upward, corresponding
to ovate and obovate in flat
surfaces;
globose or spherical,shaped
like a ball,corresponding
to orbicular in flat
surfaces; ellipsoid
when a vertical section shows an ellipse;
turbinate
when
shaped
like
a top;
conical when
equally tapering upward,
and
obconical when
tapering downward,
in both cases showing a circle in
cross-section;pyramidal
and
obpyramidal corresponding
to conical and
obconical, but
showing
square
or
polygon
in
cross-section; fusiform
when
round and
tapering
at both
ends;
terete when the transverse section is
a
circle;trigonous or triquetrous
when
3-angled
in
cross-section;compressed
when more or less flattened
laterally;depressed
when flattened
vertically;
articulate or jointed,
if at
any
period they separate
into 2 or more parts
placed
end to end.
As to
consistence,
leaves
(and
other
parts as well) may
be
fleshy
when
thick and
soft; succulent,
with about the
same meaning
but with rather
more
juice;
coriaceoiis when firm or tough
like
leather;
chartaceous when
paper-like
in
texture;
and membranaceous when thin and more or less
flexible.
Surfaces of
leaves, stems, fruits,
and other
parts
of the
plant are
described as glabrous
if
entirely smooth,
without hairs or
projections
of
any
kind;
rugose
when wrinkled or marked with
irregular
raised and
depressed lines;
striate when marked with
parallel lines,
scabrid when
roughened by
small
projections;
tuberculate when covered with small
wart-like
projections;
muricate when the
protuberances are hard and
pointed;
and echinate when
they are stiffer and
longer,
almost awn-like.
The indumentum or covering
of leaves and other
organs
is
various,
the
principle
forms
being:
Pubescent when rather
softly hairy; puberulent
when the hairs are
very
short and
soft; pilose
when the hairs are
long
and
soft;
hirsute when the hairs are
stiff and
spreading; hispid
when the
hairs are still stiff
er; strigose
when the hairfe are short and stiff and
are closelyappressed
to the
surface,
all
pointing
in one
direction;
tomen-
tose, woolly,
or labiate when the hairs are
soft and
more or less matted
together;
canescent when the hairs are grayish
and not distinct to the
naked
eye; mealy or
farinose
when the indumentum is of
very
short hairs
with the
appearance
of
meal, readily rubbing off; glaucous
when
pale-
bluish,
often with a
waxy bloom,
and
furfuraceous
when covered with
small,
spreading
scales.
Hairs
may
be
simple or
branched;
if the branches are radiately
arranged, they are
called
stellate;
if like a
feather,
in two
ranks, they
are called
plumose.
Besides
hairs,
leaves and other
organs may
be more
or less covered with small
waxy
glands, and are described as glandular,
or with minute
rounded, appressed scales,being
then described
as lepidote.
16
A FLORA OF MANILA
The outer row or
whorl is known
as the
calyx,
and is
commonly
green,
firmer in
texture,
and smaller than the next inner
row;
the individual
parts
are called
sepals.
The next inner
row or
whorl is known as
the
corolla,
which is
commonly larger
than the
calyx,
of thinner texture,
and
frequently
white or variously colored;
the individual
parts
are called
petals.
Certain flowers in cultivated
plants
consist
wholly
of floral
envelopes,
and these are
known as double
flowers, as in the
rose,
some
cultivated
species
of Hibiscus
(gomamela)
,
etc.
The next inner whorl consists of the
stamens,
or male
organs.
A
typical
stamen consists of two
parts,
a stalk,
known
as
the
filament,
which bears a variously shaped body
filled with
a fine,yellow,
dust-like
substance, the
pollen,
this
body being
called the anther.
The innermost row or whorl, frequently a single body,
is the
pistil,
or
female
organ,
which,
when
complete,
consists of three
parts,
the
ovary,
style,
and
stigma; a simple pistil
is called
a carpel.
The
ovary
is the
basal, usually enlarged
and hollow
part,
which contains
one or more
ovules or
rudimentary seeds; an
ovary may
be from 1- to many-celled.
The
style
is the
usually tapering part
above the
ovary.
The
stigma
is
a variously shaped,
often
small, usually apical part
of the
style
with a
moist surface to which the
pollen may
adhere.
As noted above a complete
flower is
one
in which all four of the above
sets of
organs
are present.
In
very many
flowers from one to three
of the sets of
organs
are absent,
such flowers
being incomplete.
A
perfect,
bisexual,
or hermaphrodite
flower is one
in which the two sets of essential
organs,
stamens and
pistils,
are present
and
fully developed, although
the
perianth
may
be
present
or absent; an imperfect
or unisexual flower
is
one
in which either the stamens or
the
pistilsare imperfect
or wanting.
Flowers with stamens and no or
only rudimentary pistils
are called
staminate or 7nale, and those with
pistils
and no or only rudimentary
stamens are
called
pistillate
or female.
Unisexual or imperfect
flowers are said to be monoecious when both
male and female flowers are produced by
the same individual, as in
Ricinus communis
(tangan-tangan) ;
dioecious when male flowers
are
borne on one plant
and female flowers on another as
in Antidesma
(bignay) ;
and
polygamous
when some
flowers are perfect,
and some male
or female on
the
same plant.
Incomplete
flowers are said to be naked when
they
have neither
calyx
nor corolla,
and
apetalous
when the corolla is absent. When there is but
one
set of floral
envelopes present
it is
always
considered to be the
calyx.
Flowers are
regular,
when all the
parts
of each set of
organs
are
of
like size and
shape; irregular,
when some parts
of one or more sets of
organs
differ from other
parts
of the same set either in
shape
or size,
or
both.
A
symmetrical
flower is
one
in which the
parts
of all sets of
organs
are
the same
in number or
in
multiples
of the
prevailing number;
an
xinsymmetrical
flower is
one
in which there is
a variation from the
standard number in one or more sets of
organs.
In the use
of numerals in
describing
the
parts
of flowers
they
are
termed 3-merous or trimerous,
when the
parts
are
in
threes,
5-merous or
pentamerous
when the
parts
are in
fives,
etc. Plants with
1, 2, 3,
or
many
stamens,
are described as monandrous, diandrous,
triandrous, poly-
androus, etc.;
if with
1, 2, 3, or
many
petals,as monopetalous, dipetalous,
tripetalous,polypetalous,
etc.
17
By
the union of
parts
flowers
are variously
modified. The term connate-
is used to
express
union of
parts
of the
same set of
org:ans,
and adnate
when
organs
of
one set are more or less united with those of another set.
As to the
perianth
and its
parts,
when the
sepals are more or
less
united the
calyx
is described as
garnosepalous,
and when
they are quite
free from each
other, as polysepalous,or chorisepalous;
with the corolla
when the
parts
are united it is described as
gamopetalous
or
sympetalous,
and when the
petals are
quite
free from each other as
polypetaloiisor
choripefalous.
THE COROLLA. " As to
shape
the corolla varies
greatly
in different
species necessitating
various names to describe the
many
forms.
Among
these
special
names are
tubular,
when
elongated and
shaped
like
a tube
or cylinder; funnel-shaped,
when
gradually spreading
from near the base
to the
apex;
campamdate
when the tube is broad and rather
short,
widen- ing
upward
like a bell; salver-
shaped
when the lower
part
is
cylindric
and the
upper
part
or
limb
spreads horizontally;
urceolate when the tube
is ovoid or
globose,
contracted above into a
short neck and
again expanded
in
a narrow limb like
an
urn;
and rotate or stellate when the lobes
spread
radiately
from near the base like a wheel or star.
A
gamopetalous
corolla
usually
shows
differentlyshaped parts,
the
contracted
part
below called the
tube,
the
spreading part
above called
the limb, and the
junction
of the
two,
called the throat.
Irregular
flowers
may
be
papilionaceous as in the flowers of various
beans, consisting
of a large
upper
and outer
petal,
the standard or vexillum,
two lateral
petals usually
much smaller than the standard and
very
different in
shape
called the
lumgs,
and the
keel, consisting
of the two
lower and
usually
smaller
petals,
often
slightly
connate and somewhat
resembling
the
prow
of a boat. Another
type
is the labiate
corolla,
in
which it is
more or less
2-lipped,
the two
upper
lobes more or less
uniting
to form the
upper
lip,
the three lower ones to form the lower
lip.
The
ligulate
or
strap-shaped
corolla is found in
some
of the
Cotnpositae,
the base
being
a short tube, opening
out into an elongated
narrow,
flat,
strap-likeappendage.
The
arrangement
of the
petals
and
sepals
in the bud is
important;
they
are
valvate when their
edges
touch each other but do not
overlap,
and imbricate when to a
greater
or less
degree they overlap. They
are
plicate
when folded in
longitudinalplaits.
Some
petals are distinctly stalked,
and
special
terms are used to
indicate the different
parts;
the stalk is called the
cla%v,
and the broad
part
the laynina.
THE STAMENS. " In
a
few cases
the stamens
pass
by gradual
inter-
gradations
into the
petals
but
usually they are
very
distinct. The
principalparts
of the stamen are
the
filament
and anther described above.
Collectively
the stamens form the androeciiim.
Stamens are most
generally quite
free from each
other, or distinct,or
they may
be
variously
united. When united
by
their filaments in a
single
cluster
they are called
monadelphous ;
when in two clusters dia-
delphous;
when in three clusters
triadelphous,
etc. When the anthers are
united and the filaments
are free, they are called
syngenesious.
In some
cases the filaments are entirely united, forming a globose
or cylindric
tube,
known
as the staminal
tube,bearing
the anthers
either on the inside
or at its
apex.
Stamens are said to be exserfed when
they
extend beyond
the
perianth.
18
A FLORA OF MANILA
As to their
place
of attachment stamens are epipetalons
when inserted
on the
corolla; hypogynous
when inserted on the receptacle; perigynous
when inserted on the
calyx;
and
epigynous
when
apparently
borne on
the
ovary.
The anther is the essential
part
of the stamen. The filament is
frequently wanting,
the anther then
being
described as
sessile. As to its
attachment it
is adnate when attached
by
its
base,
and versatile when
attached
by
a point
near
the middle. When it faces inward it is called
introrse,
and when outward it is called extrorse. The anther
usually
consists of two cells,
but some
have
1, 3, or 4. The filament is
frequently
prolonged
between the
cells,
this prolongation being
called the connective.
The cells
open
to allow the
escape
of the
pollen by longitudinal slits,by
valves,or by
pores.
Imperfect
stamens are called staviinodes.
THE PISTIL. " As androecium is a general
term to include the entire
male
organs,
so gynaecium
is
a term used to include all the female
organs.
The
principal parts
of the
pistil
are the
ovary,
style,
and
stigma
as
described
above
(p. 16).
The
ovary
is the essential
part
as it contains
the
rudimentary
seeds or ovules;
the
style
is
frequently wanting,
the
stigma
then
being
described as sessile.
If the floral
organs appear
as though they were inserted on
the
top
of the
ovary,
the latter is then described as inferior;
if the
ovary
is
inserted on
the
receptacle,
and free from the other floral
organs
it is
described as supeHor; intergradations
occur and we
may
have
a half-
inferior,
or half-superior
ovary.
When the
ovary
is
superior
the
calyx
is often described as
inferior,
and when the
ovary
is inferior the
calyx
is
spoken
of as superior.
A
pistilmay
be
simple or compound.
A
simple pistil
is
one with a
1-celled
ovary bearing a single
ovule or row
of ovules. A
compound jyistil
or
syncarpous ovary
is one in which two or more carpels are more or
less united
forming
one
body.
It
may
be 1- to
many-celled.
The surface on which the ovules are
borne is called the
placenta;
this
may
be
basal,
when situated at the bottom of
cell;parietal
when situated
on the wall; or axile when the ovules are attached to the center or
axis
in several-celled ovaries.
In most
flowering plants
the ovules are enclosed in the
ovary,
these
plants being
known
as
the
Angiospermae
or angiosperms,
but in one
group
the ovules are naked,
this
group
being
known as
the
Gymnospermae
or
gymnosperms.
In
regard
to their direction ovules are erect when
rising upright
from
the base of the
cell;pendulous
when
hanging
from the side or near
the
top; suspended
when
hanging
from the
apex
of the
cell;
and horizontal
when directed neither
up
nor down.
In their
development they are orthotropous
or straight
when
they
do
not curve or turn; campylotropous
or incurved when
by greater growth
on one side
they
become
kidney-shaped, bringing
the orifice down near
the base; amphitropous
when the ovule is
apparently
attached
laterally;
and
anatropous
when it has continued adnate to its stock which remains
straight,
the ovule
becoming entirely
inverted.
THE FRUIT. " The
fruit
consists of the matured
ovary
and
frequently
other
usually enlarged
and
variously
altered
parts
of the
flower,
that
persist
until the seeds are ripe. They may
be
simple,
those
resulting
from the
ripening
of a single ovary,
or aggregate,
when several to
many
carpels
of a single
flower in
development
become crowded into
a
mass,
19
as
in
anona {ates, etc.).
A collective fruit is one
formed of the carpels
of several to
many
flowers united into
a mass as
in the
jak
fruit
(lanca).
The wall of a
fruit is called the
pericarp,
and when the several
layers
are distinct,
the innermost layer
is called the
endocarp,
the outermost
layer
the
exocarp,
and the intermediate layer
the
mesocarp.
Fruits that
open
at
maturity
are called dehiscent,
while those that
remain closed are called indehisccnt.
As to texture,
fruits are described as succulent or fleshy
when soft
and
juicy throu.chout,
and
dry,
when
they
contain no
pulp.
All inter-
g:rades
occur.
The
principal
kinds of fruits that have received distinctive names
are the
berry, or
baccate
fruit,
the whole
pulp
soft and
fleshy
with few
to
many
seeds imbedded in the
pulp'J
the
drupe,
the outer
part more or
less soft and
fleshy,
the inner
part
hard and
stone-like;
the
achene, a
small, dry, indehiscent, one-seeded,
seed-like fruit,
like those of the Covi-
posiiae; utricle,
similar to an achene but the
pericarp
loose and bladder- like,
ultimately dehiscent; caryopsis or grain,
like the fruits of
grasses,
the seeds adhering: to the thin
pericarp throughout; nut a dry, hard,
indehiscent
fruit;
the
legume
or pod, consisting
of
a 1-celled fruit
splitting
regularly
into two valves
generally by
both
sutures,
as
in
many Legumi-
nosae,
or often
indehiscent;follicle,
the fruit of
a single carpel dehiscing
by the ventral
suture; capsule
the
dry,
dehiscent or indehiscent fruit of
a compound ovary.
In dehiscent fruits the cells
open
chiefly
in
one or
two
ways;
if
splittingthrough
the dorsal suture directly
into each cell
it is called
locidicidal;
if
splittingthrough
the
partitions
it is called
septicidal.
Those that
open
by a circular lid at the
apex
are called
circumsciss.
Other forms of fruits
are
such as
the
cone,
a multiple
fruit
consisting
chiefly
of
overlapping appressed
scales,
each scale
bearing
one or two
seeds on
its inner
face;
the
pepo,
represented by
the
squash (calabaza)
,
which is
really a
kind of
berry;
the
hesperidium,
such as the
orange,
really a berry
with a thick
skin;
the
pome
such
as
the
apple,
in which
the bulk is made
up
chiefly
of the much-thickened
calyx,
etc.
Some fruits are variously appendaged, chiefly
for
purposes
of distribution.
They may
be covered with hooked or barbed bristles or
with
viscid
glands,
or supplied
with flattened
appendages
called wings, or
with
tufts of
long or
short
hairs,
called the
coma,
as
in
many Compositae,
etc.
THE SEED. " The seed is the fertilized and
developed ovule,
and is
exceedingly
variable
in size and
shape,
from the minute and almost dust- like
seeds of the
orchids,
to the
very large
seed of the coconut.
The seed-coats usually
consist of two
layers,
an outer thicker one
known as the
testa,
and an
inner
more delicate one
known as
the
tegmen.
The scar
where the seed was attached is called the hilum.
Externally
seeds
may
be
smooth, pitted,wrinkled, or marked in various
other
ways, hairy
as
in the
cotton, winged, or supplied
with
a
tuft of
hairs called a coma. Various
appendages
have received special names,
such as
the
prominent
wart-like growth
at the hilum in such seeds as
Ricinus
(tangan-tangan)
known as the caruncle; an often fleshy,
colored,
entire or variously
divided
appendage
that in
part
or entirely
encloses
some seeds is called the
aril,
seeds
supplied
with this
organ
being
called
a7-illate.
In the
fullydeveloped embryo
the most
prominent part
is the seed-leaves,
known
as the
cotyledons.
In accordance with the number of these the
20
A FLORA OF MANILA
largest
group
of
flowering plants
is subdivided into two great divisions,
the
monocotyledons,
if
one cotyledon
be
present,
and the
dicotyledons,
if
two be
present.
When the
embryo proper
contains its
own store of
plant
food,
the seed is called exalbuminous,
but when the
plant
food is stored
outside of the
embryo
the seed is called
albuminous,
and the
food-deposit
is called the
endosperm.
In
descriptivebotany
the
endosperm
is described
as mealy
when
granular
like
meal, horny
when hard and
bone-like, co7i-
tinuons when smooth and
uninterrupted,
and ruminated when
penetrated
with
irregular depressions,as if
chewed,
as
in the betel nut
(bunga).,
CLASSIFICATION
Recent estimates show that there are at
present
known in all
groups
of
plants
about
235,000
different kinds or species,
hence it is evident that
some kind of
systematic
classification is
necessary
to indicate the relationships
of this enormous
number of forms. For convenience botanists have
classified
plants according
to their
relationships
or assumed
relationships
into
species,genera,
families,orders,etc.,
all
finallybeing
included under the
comprehensive
term
Vegetable Kingdom.
A
species comprises
all the individuals that so
closely
resemble each
other that we
may
conclude that
they
have all been descended from a
common parent,
from few to
many generations
back.
Specificidentity
is
inferred when different
specimens closely
resemble each other in all essential
characters,
for no two individuals are exactly alike,
there
always being
a
tendency
to
variation;
under
species
some botanists
recognize subspecies,
varieties,
and
forms,
but it is
frequently
if not
always a matter of
personal
opinion
whether
any
constant character or set of characters
by
which one
plant
differs from other allied
ones,
constitutes a specificdifference,
or
whether the differences should be considered
only as the basis of a subspecies,
a variety,
or a
form.
To facilitate classification a number of
specieshaving
certain characters
in
common,
are grouped
in a
genus;
the
generic
name corresponding
to
a person's family name,
and the
specificname to his
given one;
a
genus
may
consist of a
single species,
or
of
any
number
up
to several hundred.
Genera
are frequently
subdivided into
subgenera or sections,
or both.
Genera still
being
far too numerous properly
to study
without other
arrangement,
have been
grouped
into families, each
family having
its
distinctive
name;
for
instance,
the Palniae or palm family
form
a
very
natural
group,
the limits of which are evident even to non-botanical ob- servers;
the
grasses
form another
equally
well-marked
family,
the
sedges
another,
etc. Families
may
contain few to
many genera,
and are
frequently
divided into subfamilies and tribes, or they
may
consist of a
single
genus
with but
few, or sometimes
only
a single species.
Families
themselves,
of which about 285 are now generally recognized
in the flowering plants, are again arranged
in orders;
the
grasses
and
sedges,
for
example, being
two distinct families but with certain characters
in
common
that
are not found in other
groups,
are
hence classified in the
natural order Glumales or Glumiflorae.
Orders are arranged
in
Classes,
the Order Glumales
falling
in the Class
Monocotykdoneae
with
many
others,
that
is, plants
which
produce
seeds with but a single cotyledon.
Again
Classes are grouped
in
Divisions, the Class Monocotyledoneae forming
a Subdivision of the
Angiospermae,
that
is,plants
with ovules borne in
closed
ovaries,
of the Division
Spermatophyta,
that
is,
all
plants
that
produce
seeds. The
Vegetable Kingdom
is made
up
of four Divisions.
CLASSIFICATION
21
So far as the
following
"Flora" is concerned but the two higher divisions
of
th^ Vegetable Kingdom
are considered,
III
Pteridoplnjta,
the ferns and
fern-like
plants,
often called the vascular
cryptogams,
and IV
Spemiato-
phyta,
the
seed-producing
or
flowering plants,
often called the Phanero-
gatnia
or phanerogams;
the first division
consisting
of the
fungi
and
algae,
and the second
consisting
of the mosses
and scale-mosses are not
included in this work. Orders are not indicated.
The
following
is the
general
scheme of classification of the
groups
considered
in the
following
paper:
Division III.
PTERIDOPHYTA;
ferns and fern-like
plants.
Class 1. Filicales; the true ferns
(four
families in
our
area).
Class 2.
Equisetales;
the horse-tails (no representatives
in
our
area).
Class 3.
Lycopodiales;
the club-mosses
(two
families in
our area).
Division IV.
SPERMATOPHYTA;
the
flowering
and
seed-producing plants.
Subdivision I.
Gymnospermae; plants
with naked
ovules; stigmas
none
(one family
in
our
area, Cycadaceae).
Subdivision II. Angiospermae; plants
with ovules in closed
ovaries;
stigmas always present.
Class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE
; plants producing
seeds with a single
cotyledon,
eleven Orders
(twenty-six
families in
our
area).
Class 2.
Dicotyledoneae; plants producing
seeds with two
cotyledons,
thirty-six
Orders
(one
hundred and three families
in our
area).
To illustrate the above scheme of classification,
the common bamboo
known
locally
as
cauayan
or
cauayan
totoo,
is known to botanists as
Bambusa blumeana
Schultes,
the first name being
its
generic,
the second
its
specificone,
while the third is the name
of the botanist who described
the
species.
It
belongs
to the tribe Bavihuseae in the Grass
Family, or
Gramineae, of the Order
Glumales,
Class
Monocotyledoneae (seeds
with
one
cotyledon).
Subdivision
Angiospermae (ovules
in closed
ovaries),
of
the Division
Spermatophyta (plants producing seeds).
The determination
of a plant
in
practice usually means tracing
it to its
proper
family,
genus,
and
species.
To facilitate the identification of
specimens
artificial
keys
to the families have been
devised,
while under the families
keys
to
the
genera,
and under the
genera
keys
to the
species
will be found.
THE PREPARATIOX OF BOTANICAL. SPECIMENS
The number of different
species
is so great
that for
purposes
of
study
and
comparison
it is
necessary
to
preserve
material in
a
convenient form,
hence various methods have been evolved for
drying,
mounting, and
arranging
botanical
specimens.
A botanical
specimen
of an herbaceous
plant,
to be
complete,
should
consist of
roots, stems, leaves, buds, flowers,
and mature fruit. It is
frequently impossible
to gather all of these at
any
one time,
and accordingly
later
gatherings
are
often
necessary.
In the case of small herbaceous
species frequently everything can
be shown
by
entire plants,
but with
coarse ones it is
usually
convenient or possible
to
prepare
sections only.
In the case of
woody plants
it is
unnecessary
to
secure specimens
of the
roots,
but
many
collectors
prepare
thin sections showing
the bark and wood.
22
A FLORA OF MANILA
Specimens
should not exceed 40
cm
in
length,
and if
longer
than
this,
as
is
very
frequently
the
case,
the stems
can be folded back and forth
or
cut into sections. In such
plants as the
grasses
and
sedges
tall
specimens
can
be folded back and forth like the letter N, or folded several times
if
necessary,
and
a piece
of
tough
paper,
slit and
slipped over the folded
ends,
will hold the
specimen
in
position
while
drying.
In
species
with
very
large
leaves
frequently
it becomes
necessary
to take sections
only.
In
large pinnate
leaves all the
pinnae
on one side can be removed and the
remaining part
of the leaf folded
together
for
drying;
in
very
large
leaves
such as the
palms, etc., portions only can be
prepared,
but full notes
should be taken as to
size,
number of
pinnae, lobes,
etc.
Large
fruits
can be dried
separately,
and
fleshy
fruits can be sectioned or preserved
in alcohol
or in some other
preservative.
Thick
fleshy
roots can also be
sectioned and thick stems can be sliced
longitudinally.
Often it is advisable
to
dry separately fleshy or large fruits,tubers, etc.,
but as soon as dried,
such detached
parts
should be
placed
with the rest of the
specimen
for
permanent preservation.
In
collectingspecimens
the most convenient method of
transporting
them
is in a poi-tfolio,spreading
the
plants
out on sheets of thin
paper.
The
most serviceable
portfolio
is a pair
of
simple
frames made of
split
bamboo
similar to and of about the size
as the
presses,
described
below,
that
is,
slightlylarger
than the botanical
driers;
this double frame can be
supplied
with
straps
for convenience in
opening
and
closing,
and for
purposes
of
transportation.
In wet weather it is also advisable to have
a piece
of
black oil
cloth,
such as is used for
covering
the
tops
of
cai'riages,or a
piece
of cotton cloth
dipped
in melted
parafin, sufficientlylarge
to
protect
the enclosed
papers
and
specimens
in the
portfolio
from
being
wet by
rain,
etc. In
practice
it will be found that
specimens can be
transported
from
one to two
days
in such a portfolio,
before
transferring
them to the
press,
without,
in most
cases, being seriously harmed; as a rule however,
specimens
should be
arranged
in the
press
as soon as possible
after
they
are collected.
To
dry specimens
the selected
plants or parts
of
plants are laid out
flat,
in
as nearly a
natural
position as"
may
be,
between sheets of
soft,
unsized,
porous paper
and
subjected
to considerable
pressure.
The
object
is to extract the moisture as rapidly as possible,
at the same
time
keeping
the
specimens
flat and under sufficient
pressu-re
to
prevent
their
wrinkling,
but at the same time not sufficient to crush the more delicate
parts.
The
papers
must be
changed
at intervals.
In the
Philippines
the most
generally
available soft
paper
is the
common
Chinese bamboo
paper
that can
be secured of Chinese
dealers in
most large towns;
this makes excellent
driers, especially
if stitched into
pads
of about 4 thicknesses.
Blotting
paper
makes excellent driers,
and
even
old
newspapers
can be utilized. Driers should be cut or folded into
a size not to exceed 45
by
30
cm,
and if this is done then there will be no
danger
of
making specimens
too large to be mounted on
standard herbarium
sheets.
In
preparing specimens
for
drying lay
the selected
plants
on a single
sheet,
or between the folds of a double sheet of thin
paper,
the
specimen
sheet,
then add one or more driers,
then another
specimen sheet,
other
driers, etc.;
old
newspapers
make excellent
specimen
sheets. When all
24
A FLORA OF MANILA
THE HERBARIUM
A collection of dried
plants
is called an herbarium,
and such a collection
is most essential in the
study
of
taxonomy
or systematic botany.
For convenience in
referring
to
specimens,
the dried
plants are commonly
mounted on sheets of
fairly
stiff white
paper,
the usual
size,
known
as the standard herbarium
sheet,being
29
by
42 cm.
Any
paper
of
good
quality
and
fairly
stiff can be
used,
but about
60-pound
linen
ledger paper
is best
adapted
to all
purposes.
There are several methods of
mounting specimens,
the chief
being a
combination of
gumming
and
strapping,or strapping
alone.
Ordinary glue,
fish-glue,or mucilage,
can be used in
fastening specimens
to the herbarium
sheets,
but the most
satisfactory
adhesive is
gum
arable dissolved in cold
water to the
consistency
of
ordinary mucilage;
to this mixture a small
amount of carbolic acid should be added to
keep
it from
souring.
The
form of
gum
arable known
as
powdered
acacia is the most convenient for
general
use,
as it dissolves
very
quickly.
With
gum
arable solution one can make his own gummed
paper,
for
strapping plants,by taking any
tough
white
paper
and with a
soft brush
painting
over one side with the
gum
arable solution and allowing it to
dry.
It can then be cut into
strips
of various widths and used as desired.
In
gumming plants
a
thin
layer
of the
gum
is
spread
out on a smooth
hard surface
by means of a brush. The
plant
to be mounted is then
placed
on this
gummed
surface and all
parts are gently pressed
down
so that the
gum
is
evenly
distributed over
the lower surface of the
specimen;
it is
then
carefully
removed and transferred to the
mounting
paper
in the
position
desired and the sheet
placed
between driers under
light pressure
until
thoroughly dry.
Later the heavier
parts,
such as the
stems,
ends of
leaves, etc.,
are more
firmly
fastened
by
the use of narrow strips
of
gummed
paper.
This method is the best one
for
a collection that is to be
consulted or studied a great
deal.
Another
general
method is to
lay
the
plant
on the
mounting
paper
in
the
position
desired and
firmly
fasten it in
place by
the use
of
strips
of
gummed
paper,
without
previously fastening
the
plant
to the
paper
by
gumming
as described above. The
advantage
of this method is that the
entire
plant can,
if
necessary,
be removed for
purposes
of
study,
which
is
impracticable
when the
specimens are gummed.
Plants can be mounted
without the use
of
gum by folding strips
of
paper
about the stems and
other coarse
parts,
and
pinning
the ends of the
paper
strips
to the
herbarium sheet.
In
mounting specimens
the leaves should be so arranged
that both
surfaces are
shown. Detached
flowers, fruits,
small leaves, etc.,
are best
preserved by placing
them in small
envelopes
or packets
which are
attached
to the sheet. Mosses, scale-mosses,
most
fungi, lichens,etc.,can be
preserved
in
packets
which should be attached to herbarium sheets.
Only
one
species
should be mounted on a single sheet,
but several
specimens
of the
same
speciesshowing
variation etc., can be attached to the same sheet.
The name
of the
plant,
genus
and
species,locality,collector,
and date
of collection should be written
on
the lower
right-hand
corner of the
sheet,
or on a label attached to the sheet; sometimes other data are added but
these additional data
are
best
preserved
on the field label which
may
be
attached to either the
upper
or lower left-hand corner
of the sheet.
Herbarium labels are
usually
about 6
by
12
cm,
and should be printed on
paper
of
good quality.
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
26
The specimens
once
mounted and
properly
labelled are
ready
for
distribution in the herbarium,
which in
arranjz:ement
is
quite
the same as
a large
card catalogue,
the mounted herbarium
specimens corresponding
to the cards of the card
catalogue.
The whole herbarium can be
arranged
according
to the
relationships
or assumed
relationships
of the
families,
genera,
and
species,
or by
the much
simpler alphabeticmethod,
first
arranged
alphabetically
as
to
families,
second under each
family alphabetically
as to
the
genera,
and third under each
genus
of
more than one species,alphabetically
as to
species.
In
practicea
combination of the two methods will
probably
be found to be the most convenient, arranging
the families according
to their natural
order,
but under each family arranging
the
genera
and
speciesalphabetically.
In small collections
family
covers of stout
tough
paper
which,
when
folded
once,
should be about the size of the herbarium
sheets,
should be
supplied.
The
family
name should be written on the lower left-hand corner
and all members of the
family
should be distributed into the
family
cover
or covers. In
large
herbaria it is usual to
supply
also
genus covers,
and
even
speciescovers,
but these are not
necessary
in small collections. For
temporary purposes
specimens
can
very
well be
preserved
between folded
sheets of thin
paper,
and for this
purpose
old
newspapers
will serve
very
well.
For
proper
preservation
the herbarium should be
kept
in
tight cases
or
boxes,
as
nearly
insect- and
dust-proof
as possible.
The cases should
be
kept
in
a dry place
and to
repel possible
insect attacks moth
balls,
powdered naphthalin,or some other
repellant
should be
placed
with
specimens.
If
cases are
made for the
purpose
they
should be
provided
with
pigeon
holes about 49 cm deep,
33 cm wide,
and 16 cm high.
In
large
herbaria it is
customary
to
poison
the
specimens
with corrosive
sublimate. This
may
be done
by immersing
the
specimens
before
mounting
in
a
nearly
saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in about 50
percent
alcohol and
again drying
the
specimen, or the mounted
specimen can
be
painted
over with the same solution
by
the
use
of
a
soft brush and then
dried. Great care must be
taken, however,
in
handling
the corrosive sublimate
solution on account of its
poisonous properties.
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL. TERMS
A; in Greek
compounds, without, as apetalous,
'
Adherent; growing
fast to another
body.
without
petals.
j Adnate; united or growing together. Applied
Abnormal;
contrary
to the usual or the natural
| to the anther when it is fixed
by
its whole
structure.
length
to the filament
or its
prolongation.
Abortive; imperfectly developed.
Ascending; rising- gradually upward.
Abrupt; suddenly ending,
as
though
broken off.
|
Adventitious; out of the
proper
or usual
place;
Abruptly pinnate; a pinnate
leaf
ending
with
^,,j,,ip,, ^^ reoontlv introduced plants
that
a pair of leaflets.
"
^^^ j^^^^jy
naturalized.
Acaulescent; with a
very
short or no stem
j
Aogregate fruit; a fruit composed
of
many
^ "
more or less united carpels produced by
Accessory; something
additional.
|
",
1 one nower.
Accresent; growing larger
after
flowering.
Achene; a small, dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent,
seed-like fruit.
Acicular; needle-shaped.
Aculeate; armed with
prickles, as the stem
of the rose
Albuminous;
furnished with albumen,
Acumen; a tapering point.
Acuminate; tapering
to a point,
the sides
incurved.
Acute; sharply pointed,
tlie sides
straight,not
incurved.
Ala; a wing;
the lateral
petals
in
typical
le- guminous
(papilionaceous)
flowers.
Albumen; nourishing matter stored within the
seed.
Alternate; one
after another, as leaves
placed
on
opposite
sides of a
stem,
one at each
node;
when between bodies of the same
or different sets of
organs.
Ament; a slender, usually scaly, dense spike.
26
A FLORA OF MANILA
Amorphous; shapeless,
tlie form not regular or
uniform.
Anastomosing; forming
a net-work,
as the
veins of leaves.
Androecium; the stamens as a
whole.
Androphore; a column of united stamens.
Androus; in Greek compounds
for male, or
stamens, as monandrous,
with one stamen.
Angiospermae; plants
with ovules in a closed
ovary.
Annual; a plant living
a
year or less, producing
flowers and seeds, and then
dying.
Annular; ring-like.
Annulate; marked
by rings.
Annulus; a
ring
of thickened tissues like that
of the
spore-case
of most ferns.
Anterior; tlie
part
of a flower next to the
bract,
that
is,
external. The side next
to the axis of inflorescence is the posterior
one.
" Anther; the
part
of the stamen which contains
the
pollen.
Anthesis; the period
of the expansion
of a
flower.
Apetalous; without
petals.
Apex;
the summit or tip
of on
organ.
Aphyllous;
without leaves.
Apical; belonging
to the
apex
or tip
of
any
organ.
Apiculate; tipped
with a small
point.
Appendage; any
added
part.
Appendiculate; supplied
with an appendage.
Appressed; pressed
to the stem.
Aquatic; living or
growing
in water.
Arcuate;
bent like
a
bow.
Areola; a small area
marked out on a surface;
a small pit.
-Aril; a fleshy growth
from base of and enveloping
a seed.
Arillate; furnished with an aril.
Aristate; awned.
Articulated; jointed.
Ascending; directed upward.
Attenuate; narrowed
gradually.
Auriculate;
furnished with auricles or ear-like
appendages.
Awn; a bristle or
bristle-like
appendage.
Awned;
furnished with an awn or a bristle-
shaped tip.
Axil; the
angle
on the
upper
side between a
leaf and the stem.
Axile; belonging to the axis.
V
Axillary; occurring in an
axil.
Axis; the central line of
any body.
Baccate; berry-like,a fleshy,
few- to
many-
seeded,
indehiscent
fruit,
the seeds imbedded
in
pulp.
Barbate; bearded,
that is
bearing tufts,spots,
or lines of hairs.
Basal; belonging or
attached to the base.
Basifixed; attached
by
its base.
Beaked; ending
in a prolonged narrow tip.
Bell-shaped; tubular
below,
inflated
above,
like
a
bell.
Berry; a
fleshy, indeliisceut,
few- to
many-
seeded fruit.
Bi-, Bis.; in
compound words
meaning
twice.
Biauriculate; liavingtwo ears.
Bicallose; having two callosities or harder
spots.
BIcarinate; two-keeled.
Biennial; a plant living
two
years only,producing
flowers and seeds the second
year.
Bifid;
two-cleft
to about the middle.
Bifoliolate; a compound
leaf of two leaflets.
Bifurcate; twice forked.
Bipinnate; twice
pinnate.
Biserrate; doubly serrate, as when the teeth of
a leaf are tliemselves serrate.
Bisexual;
having
both stamens and
pistil.
Biternate; twice leniate.
Bladdery; thin and inflated like
a
bladder.
Blade; the
ex-panded part
of
a leaf.
Bloom; the whitish
waxy powder on some
fruits and leaves.
Blunt; ending
in a rounded
point.
Boat-shaped; shaped
like a small boat.
Bony; of hard, bone-like texture.
Bract; the small leaf or scale from the axil of
which a flower or its
pedicel proceed'?.
Bracteate; furnished with bracts.
Bracteolate; furnished witli bractlets.
Bractlet
or Bracteole; a bract seated on tlie
pedicel
or flower-stalk.
Branch; a division of a stem or axis.
Branchlet; a small or ultimate branch.
Bristle; a
stiff,sharp hair,
or
any
slender body
of similar
appearance.
Bristly; supplied
with bristles.
Bulb; an imderground
stem
composed
of scales.
Bulbiferous; bearing
or
producing
bulbs.
Bulbils; small
bulbs,
borne above
ground,
usually axillar}'.
Caducous; falling
off
very early.
Caespitose; growing in turf-like
patches
or
tufts.
Calyx; the outer envelopes of the flower.
Campanulate; shaped like a bell.
Canescent; grayish-white.
Capillary; hair-like in shape.
Capitate; having a globular apex.
Capsule; a dry,
1- to many-celled
seed-vessel of
a
compound pistil.
Capsular;
like
a capsule.
Carina; a keel;
the two anterior
petals
of a
papilionaceous
flower.
Carinate; keeled,
furnished with a
sharp ridge
or
projection.
Carpel; a simple pistil.
Caryopsis; the one-seeded fruit or grain
of
grass*.
Cartilaginous; firm and
tough
in texture.
Caudate; tailed, or tail-pointed.
Cauline; of or
belonging
to a stem.
Cell; the cavity
of an anther,
or of
an ovarj'.
Cernuous; nodding.
Chaff; small membranaceous scales or bracts
on the
receptacles
of Compositae, the
glumes or
scales of
grasses,
etc.
GLOSSARY
OF TECHNICAL TERMS
27
Chaffy; lurnislied with chalV.
Chlorophyll;
the
green
coU"rit"tr iiuittcr in
I"lants.
Chorlpetalous; tlie
petals
distinct and free from
eacli other,
x^
CI Hate; fringed
with liairs more or less re-
sciuMiiig eyelashes.
Circinite; rolled inward from the top.
Circumsciss; opening by
a circular line round
tlie sides.
Clavate; club-shaped,
slender below and thickened
upward.
Claw; the narrow or stalk-like base of some
petals.
Cleft; cut into lobes, about lialf-way to the
center.
Climbing; rising by clinging
to other objects.
Club-shaped; see clavate.
Clustered; collected into a compact
bunch.
Coalescent; becoming
united by growtli.
Coccus; the separable carpels or
nutlets of a
dry fruit,plural
cocci.
Coherent; the union of
separate parts.
Column; the united stamens, or the stamens
and pistils
united into one body.
Columnar; shaped like a column or pillar.
Coma; a tuft of hairs at the ends of some
seeds.
Compact; closely pressed together.
Compound; similar
parts aggregated
into a
whole.
Complete; having
all
parts.
Compressed; flattened on opposite sides.
Concave; hollowed on one
side.
Congested; crowded
together.
Conical; having
the form of a cone.
Connate; united or
grown
together
from the
first formation.
Connective; the part
of the anther connecting
its two colls.
Connivent; converging, or brought
close together.
Continuous; the reverse
of
interrupted
or articulated.
Contorted; twisted
together.
Contracted; either narrowed or shortened.
Convex; a more or less rounded surface
Convolute; rolled
up lengthwise.
Copious; numerous,
or in
large quantity.
Cordate; heart-shaped.
Coriaceous; resembling
leather in texture.
Corm; a solid
bulb,
like that of the taro
(gabi).
Corolla; the second set of floral
organs,
composed
of
petals,usually
the
showy part
of
the flower.
Corona; a body shaped
like
a crown.
Coronate; crowned; furnished w-ith a corona.
Corymb; a flat or
convex, open, compound
flower-cluster, the inner flowers
opening
first.
Corymbose; in
corymbs, or corymb-like
in form.
Costa; a rib; the midrib of a leaf.
Cotyledons; the
proper
leaves of the embryo.
Creeping; growing
flat on the ground and
rooting.
Crenate; an edge with rounded teeth.
Crenulate; minutely or slightly
crenate.
Crest; an elevation or ridge
on the summit of
any organ.
Crowded; closelypressed together.
Crown; see corona.
Crustaceous; hard and brittle in te.xture.
Cryptogamia or Cryptogams; plants
not
producing
seeds.
Cuoullate; hooded, or hood-shaped.
Culm; the hollow, jointed
stem of the
grasses.
Cuneate; wedge-shaped.
Cup-shaped; like a goblet or
cup
in form.
Cuspidate; tipped
with
a sharp and stiff
point.
Cut; applied generally to any sharp and
deep
division.
Cyme; a
compound,
flat or
convex, open
inflorescence,
the outer flowers
opening
first.
Cymose; furnished with
cymes,
or cyme-like.
Deciduous; fallingoff; applied to those trees
that shed all their leaves at one
time.
Declinate; turned to one side, or downward.
Decompound;
several times compounded or
divided.
Decumbent; reclining on the
ground.
Decurrent; leaves
prolonged
on the stem beneath
their insertion.
Definite; when of a
uniform numlicr; and not
above 10 to 20.
Deflexed; bent downward.
Dehiscence; the
regular splittingopen
of
capsule
or anther.
Deltoid; of a triangularshape.
Dentate; toothed,
the teeth sharp and
pointing
outward.
Denticulate; furnished with little teeth.
Depauperate; below the natural size.
Depressed; flattened or as if
pressed
down from
above.
Di., or Dis.; in Greek compounds two,
or
double.
Diadelpous; stamens united by
their filaments
in two sets.
Diandrous; having
two stamens.
Dichlamydeous; having both calyx and corolla.
Dichotomous;
two-forked.
Diclinous; having
the stamens in one flower,
the
pistils
in another.
Didynamous; having
four stamens in two pairs.
Diffuse; spreading widely
and irregularly.
Digitate; where the leaflets of
a compound
leaf
are all borne on the
apex
of the
petiole.
Dimorphous; of two forms.
Dioecious;
the male and female flowers on
different
plants.
Disciform or Disk-shaped; flat and circular,
like a disk.
Disk; the expansion
of a receptacle
of a flower;
the central
part
of a
head of flowers, as in
the Compositae.
Disk-flowers; the central flowers in the Com- positae.
Dissected; cut deeply
into
many
lobes or
divisions.
28
A FLORA OF MANILA
Dissepiments; tlie
partitions
of a cuinpouml
ovary.
Distichous; two-ranked.
Distinct; free, not combined.
Divaricate; widely spreadhig or divergent.
Divided;
cut into divisions down to the base or
midrib.
Dorsal; pertaining
to tlie back of an
organ.
Downy; covered with soft and sliort hairs.
Drupaceous;
like or
pertaining
to a
drupe.
Drupe; a stone-fruit,
that is the outer part soft,
fiesliyor fibrous,
the inner
part
hard and
bony.
Ebracteate; witliout bracts.
Ebracteolate; without bractlets.
Echinate; armed with
prickles.
Edge; the
margin
or
outline,
as of a leaf.
Ellipsoid; a solid
body showing
an
ellipse
in
longitudinal
section and a circle in cross
section.
Eliptic; oval or
oblong,
witli the ends
regularly
rounded.
Emarginate;
notched at the
apex.
Endemic; confined to a country.
Endocarp; the inner
layer
of the
pericarp.
Endosperm; the albumen of a seed.
Entire; tlie
margins continuous,
not at all
toothed, notched, or
divided.
Ephemeral; lasting
for a day or less.
Epigynous; upon
the
ovary.
Epiphyte; a
plant growing on
another plant,
but not nourished
by
it.
Epiphytic; relating to epiphytes.
Equal;
alike in number or length.
Equilateral; equal-sided.
Erect; upright,perpendicular.
Evident; clearly
visible.
Exalbuminous;
destitute of albumen.
Excurrent; running out as when a midrib
pro- jects
beyond the
ape.x
of a leaf.
Exindusiate; without an indusi"um.
Exserted; protruding,as
the stamens extending
beyond the corolla.
Exstipulate; destitute of
stipules.
External; outward.
Extra-axillary;
out of the
axil, applied to
flowers etc.
Extrorse; turned or
opening
outward.
Falcate; a leaf or other flat body curved,
its
edges parallel.
Fascicle; a close cluster.
Fascicled; growing
in a
bundle or cluster.
Female; a flower or plant bearing pistilsonly.
Ferruginous; resembling
iron-rust in color.
Fertile; fruit-bearing, or capable
of it.
Fertilization; the
process by
which
pollen
causes the
embryo to be formed.
Filament; the stalk of a stamen,
also
any
slender thread-shaped body.
Filiform; thread-shaped.
Fimbriate; fringed.
Flabelliform or Flabellate; fan-shaped.
Flaccid; limp, flabby.
Flagellate or Flagelliform; long, narrow,
and
flexible.
Fleshy; composed
of lirm pulp or flesh.
Floating; swimming on the surface of water.
Foliaceous;
beloiging to,
or of the texture or
nature of a leaf.
Foliate;
provided
with leaves: Latin
prefi.\e8
denote the number of
leaves, as bifoliate,
trifoliate.
Foliolate; relatingto or
bearing leaflets;trifo-
liolate,
with three
leaflets,etc.
Follicle; a simple pod, opening down tlie inner
suture.
Follicular;resembling or belonging to u follicle.
Forked
;
branched in two or three divisions.
Free; not united with
any
other
parts
of a
different sort.
Frond; the leaves of ferns.
Fruit; the matured
ovary
and all it contains
or
is connected with.
Frutescent; somewliat
slirubby; becoming
a
shrub.
Fugacious, lasting
but
a short time.
Fulvous, tawny.
Funnel-shaped; expanding gradually upward
into an
open mouth,
like a funnel.
Furfuraoeous; covered with bran-like fine scurf.
Furrowed; marked by longitudinal
channels or
grooves.
Fusiform; spindle-shaped.
Gamopetalous; of united petals.
Gamosepalous; of united
sepals.
Geniculate; bent
abruptly,
like a knee.
Glabrate; becoming glabrous
with
ago,
or
almost
glabrous.
Glabrous; smooth,
in the sense of
having
no
hairs,bristles,or other
pubescence.
Glands; small
organs
in the
leaves,etc.,
which
secrete
oily or aromatic or other products.
Glandular; furnished with
glands,or gland-like.
Glaucescent; slightlyglaucous, or bluish-gray.
Glaucous; covered with a bloom,
that
is,
with a
fine,white, waxy powder
that rubs oflf.
Globose; nearly spherical.
Glomerate; closely aggregated
into a dense
cluster.
Glume; the floral
coverings
of
grasses.
Gregarious; many specimens
of the same
species growing together.
Gynaeceum; the pistils
taken
together.
Gynandrous; the stamens united with the
pistil.
Gynophore; a stalk
raising a pistil
above the
stamens.
Habit; the general appearance
of a
plant.
Habitat;
the
place
in which a plant grows.
Hastate; halberd-shaped.
Head
;
a dense, usually globose
inflorescence.
Heart-shaped;
the form of a heart.
Herb; a plant
that is not woody, and with no
persistent parts
above
ground.
Herbaceous; the texture of an herb as
opposed
to woody.
Hermaphrodite; a
perfect flower,
that is, a
flower
having
both stamens and
pistils.
Helerogamous; a head
containing two
different
kinds of flowers.
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 29
Hilum; tlie scar of tlie seed,
its
place
of attachment.
Hirsute; with stiff,
beard-like hairs.
Hispid;
with short
stiff,
bristle-like liairs.
Homogamous; a liead containing
flowers of one
kind only.
Hooded; liood-like.
Hooked;
bristles or other appendages
curved at
the
apex.
Horny;
horn-like in te.xture.
Hyaline; transparent or nearly
so.
Hybrid; a cross between two allied
species.
Hypogynous;
inserted muler the
pistil.
Imbricate; overlapping one
another.
Imperfect; flowers in which either the stamens
or pistils
are wanting.
Inequilateral; unequal
sided.
Incised; deeply
and
irregularly
cut.
Included; enclosed, not exserted.
Incomplete; a flower in which the
calyx
or
corolla is
wanting.
Indefinite;very
numerous.
"
Indehlscent; not
splittingopen.
Indigenous,
native to a country, a.^ opposed
to
introduced.
Indumentum; any hairy or scaly covering.
Indusium; the shield-like
body covering
the
fruit-dots in ferns.
Inferior; below some other
organ;
specifically
tlie
ovary
is said to be inferior when the
floral
organs grow
from or near its summit.
Inflated; swollen and bladder-like.
Inflexed; bent inward.
Inflorescence; the
arrangement
of the flowers
on the
plant.
Inserted; placed on or joined to.
Internode; the
part
of a stem between two
nodes.
Interpetlolar;
between the
petioles.
Introrse; turned or facing
inward.
Involucre; a whorl
or set of bracts around a
flower, or an inflorescence.
Involute; rolled inward from the
edges.
Irregular; wanting
in
regularity,asymmetric.
Jointed; separate or separable
into distinct
parts.
Keel; a
projectingridge on a surface,
like the
keel of a
boat;
the two anterior
petals
of
a
papilionaceous
corolla.
Keeled; furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal
ridge.
Kidney-shaped; resembling
the outline of a
kidney.
Labellum; the
odd, usually enlarged petal in
the orchids and some other flowers.
Lacerate; with
margin appearing
as if torn.
Laciniate; slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes.
Lamina; the
expanded part
or blade of a leaf.
Lanate; woolly,
clothed with
long
and short
hairs.
Lanceolate; lance-shaped.
Latex; the
milky juice of
plants.
Lax; loose in
arrungenient,
the
opposite
of
crowded.
Leaflet; one of the divisions or bliides of a
compound
leaf.
Leathery; tough
and
leather-like;
coriaceous.
Legume; a simple pod
which dehisces in two
pieces,
like that of the bean.
Lepidote;
covered with small scales.
LIgule; the
strap-shaped
corolla in
many
Com-
positae;
the thin appendage at the
ajiex
of tlie loaf-sheaths of most
grasses.
Limb; the border of a
corolla.
Linear; narrow, many
times as long as broad,
the margins parallel.
Lip; the
principal
lobes of a bilabiate corolla
or calyx of
irregular
flowers.
Lobe; any projection
or division of a leaf or
other
organ.
Locullcidal; capsules opening by splitting
through
the back of each cell.
Macrospore;
tlie
large spore
when there are two
kinds.
Male; flowers
having
stamens but no pistil.
Margin;
the
edge
of a flattened body.
Median; belonging
to the middle.
Membranaceous;
thin and soft,
of the texture
of membrane.
Merous; part;
used with numbers to denote the
number of
parts,
as trimerous or 3-merous,
with 3
parts,
etc.
Microspore;
the smaller kind of
spore
when
there are two kinds.
Midrib; tlie middle or
main rib of a leaf.
Monocotyledonous; with
only one cotyledon.
Monoecious;
male and female flowers borne on
the same plant.
Mucronate; tipped
with an abrupt
short
point.
Muricate; beset with short and hard or prickly
points.
Naked; wanting
some usual
covering.
Naturalized;
introduced from a foreigncountry,
and established.
Nerve; a name for the ribs or
veins of leaves.
Netted-veined;
furnished with branching
veins
forniing
network.
Nodding; bending so tliat the suniiiiit hangs
downward.
Node;
the
joints
of a
stem, or
tlie
part
bearing
the leaves or
branches.
Nut; a hard, usually 1-seeded,
indehiscent fruit.
Nutlet; a little nut.
Obcordate; inversely cordate,
the notch apical.
Oblanceolate;
the reverse
of lanceolate,
tlie
broader end toward the top.
Oblique; unequal-sided;
slanting.
Oblong; from two to four times as long
as
broad.
Obovate; a flat inversely
ovate body,
the broad
end
upward.
Obovold; a
solid body
obovate in outline.
Obsolete; wanting
or rudimentary.
Obtuse; blunt or round at the end.
30
A FLORA OF MANILA
Olivaceous; dark dull
prcen.
Operculum; a lid.
Opposite; U'a\cs and branclifs when on op-
I'ositesidc-s of the stem I'roni each other,
one part before another as a stamen in
front of a petal.
Orbicular; circular in outline.
Organ; any
definite
part
of a plant, as a
leaf,
a petal,
etc.
Outer; exterior.
Oval; broadly elliptic.
Ovary; that
part
of the
pistilcontaining
the
ovules.
Ovate;
like a longitudinal
section of an
egg,
with the broader end downward.
Ovoid; a solid body ovate in outline.
Ovule; the
body
which is destined to
become
a
seed.
Palea; chaff;
the inner scale of
grass
flowers;
the chaff or
bracts
on
the
receptacle
of
many
Compositae; the scales on the
stipes
of
many
ferns.
Paleaceous;
furnished with chaff.
Palmate; when leaflets or the divisions of a
leaf all spread
from the
apex
of the
petiole
like the hand with the
outspread fingers.
Palmately; in a palmate manner.
Panicle; an open
and branched inflorescence.
Panicled, or Paniculate; arranged
in
panicles,
or like a panicle.
Papery;
with the texture of
paper.
Papilionaceous; butterfly-shaped,applied
to
such corollas as those of the beans.
Papillate; covered with small
protuberances.
Pappus;
the tuft of hairs on some seeds and
fruits,or in the Compositae
any appendages
on the
apex
of the achene.
Parallel-veined or -nerved;
leaves in which the
nerves all run in
straight
lines either from
base to
apex
or from the midrib to the
margin.
Parasitic; taking
nourishment from another
plant or
animal.
Parietal;
attached to the walls of the
ovary
or
fruit.
Parted; deeply cleft,
the clefts not extending
quite
to the base.
Pectinate; divided into narrow and close division,
like the teeth of a comb.
Pedate; same as palmate;
but the lateral divisions
2-cleft.
Pedicel; the stalk of a
single
flower.
Pedicellate,or Pedicelled; borne on a pedicel.
Peduncle; a flower-stalk,
whether of a
single
flower or of a
flower-cluster.
Peduncled, or Pedunculate; furnished with a
peduncle.
Pellucid; wholly or partly transparent.
Peltate; a shield-shaped leaf,
whatever its
shape,
when the
petiole
is attached to the
lower side,
somewhere within the
margin.
Pendulous;
somewhat
hanging or drooping.
Penta-; five,
in words of Greek
derivation,
such
as "pentamerous,"
with its
parts
in fives,
etc.
Perennial; lasting'
from
year
to
year.
Perfect; flov_-rs having both stamens and
pistils.
Perianth; the
calyx
and corolla
collectively.
Pericarp; the walls of the fruit.
Perigynous; the
petals
and stamens borne on
the ealy.\.
Persistent; remaining beyond
the
period
when
such
parts commonly
fall.
Petal
;
a
singlepart
of a corolla.
Petalold; petal-like,resembling or colored like
petals.
Petiole; the stalk of a leaf.
Petiole or Petiolate; furnished with a petiole.
Petiolulate; said of a leaflet when raised on its
own stalk.
Petiolule; the stalk of a leaflet.
Phalanges; bundles of stamens in certain
flowers.
Phanerogamous; plants bearing
flowers and
producing seeds.
Phylloclade; a branchlet, assuming
the form
and function of a leaf.
Pilose; hairy,
clothed with soft slender hairs.
Pinna: a
primary
division of a bipinnate or
tri-
pinnate
leaf
(plural pinnae).
Pinnate; a compoimd leaf in which the leaflets
are arranged along
the sides of a common
petiole.
Pinnule; a secondary division of
a bipinnateor
tripinnate leaf.
Pistil; the female
organ
of the
flower,
consisting
of the
ovary,
the enclosed ovules,
the
stigma,
and usually also the
style.
Pistillate; having
a
pistil.
Placenta; the
part
of the
ovary to which the
ovules are attached.
Plur- Pluri; a prefix meaning
several or
many
in Latin words,
such as plurifoliate,
with
many
leaves.
Pod; especially
the fruit of the
Leguminoaae,
a dry, usually dehiscent,
few- to
many-
seeded fruit of a single simple carpel.
Pollen; the powder
contained in the anther.
Polygamous; having
some
perfect
and some
unisexual flowers.
Polymorphous; of several or
varying
forms.
Polypetalous; when the
petals are distinct or
separate.
Posterior; the side toward the main axis.
Prickly; bearing
small sharp projections as in
the rose.
Procumbent; trailing on the
ground.
Produced
;
extended or projecting.
Prominent; standing
out
beyond some other
part.
Prostrate; lying
flat on the
ground.
Puberulent; covered with fine and short or
almost imperceptible
hairs.
Pubescent; hairy or downy, especially
with fine
and soft hairs or pubescence.
Pulvinate; cushion-shaped.
Punctate;
marked with small dots or glands.
Pyramidal; shaped
like a pyramid.
Pyrene; a seed-like nutlet or
stone of a
small
drupe.
Pyriform; pear-shaped.
32 A FLORA OF MANILA
Stellate;
star-like;
where several similar
i"arts
spread out from a common
center,
like
a
star.
Stem; the main
ascending
axis of a
plant.
Stemless; without, or
apparently without, a
stem.
Sterile; barren
or imperfect.
Stigma; the part of the
pistil
which receives
the pollen.
Stigmatic; belonging to the
stigma.
Stipe; the stalk of a fern.
Stipel; a stipule of
a leaflet.
Stipellate;
furnished with
stipels.
Stipitate;
furnished with
a stipe.
Stipulate; furnished with
stipules.
Stipules;
the
appendages, on each side of the
base of certain leaves.
Stoloniferous;
producing stolons;
that
is, reclining
and
rooting
stems.
Strap-shaped;
long, flat,and narrow.
Striate; marked with slender
longitudinal
grooves.
Strict;
straight
and narrow.
Strigose; covered with
appressed
bristles.
Style; a stalk between
ovary
and
stigma.
Sub-; as a prefix, about, nearly, somewhat, as
subcordate, somewhat cordate, etc.
Subulate; awn-shaped,
tapering
to a sharp
point.
Succulent; juicy.
Suffrutescent;
slightlyshrubby or woody.
Sulcate; grooved with
deep
furrows.
Superior; above;
the
ovary
is said to be
superior when all the floral
envelopes are
inserted below it.
Suture; th?
line of junction of
contiguous parts
grown together.
Symbiosis; dissimilar
organisms living
together.
Sympetalous; same as gamopetalous.
Syncarpous; composed of several
carpels
con- solidated
into one.
Tail;
any long
and slender
prolongation
of an
organ.
Teeth
;
small
marginal
lobes.
Tendril; a slender, usually coiled,
organ
used
for
climbing.
Terete;
long
and round.
Terminal; borne
at, or belonging to,
the
ex- tremity
or summit.
Ternate; in threes.
Tetragonal;
four-angled.
Tetramerous; with its
parts or sets in fours.
Throat; the
opening
of a monopetalous corolla,
where the border and the tube
join.
Tomentose; clothed with matted
woolly
hairs.
Toothed; furnished with teeth or short
projections
of
any
sort on the
margin.
Top-shaped; shaped like
a top, or a cone with
the
apex
downward.
Torus; the receptacle of the flower.
Trailing; prostrate
but not
rooting.
Transverse; across.
Tree; a woody jilantexceeding 5 to G m in
lieight, witii a distinct trunk.
Trichotomus; three-forked.
Tridentate; three-toothed.
Trifid; three-cleft.
Trifoliolate; of three leaflets.
Trifurcate; three-forked.
Trigonous; three-angled,or triangular.
Trilobed; three-lobed.
Trilocular; three-celled.
Trimerous;
with its
parts
in threes.
Tripinnate; thrice
pinnate.
Triquetrous; sharply three-angled.
Trumpet-shaped; tubular, enlarged at or toward
the summit.
Truncate; as
if cut off at the
top.
Tube; any hollow, cylindricbody.
Tuber; a thickened
portion
of a subterranean
stem or branch, provided
with buds on
tlie sides.
Tubercle; a
small excrescence.
Tuberous; resembling a
tuber.
Tubular; hollow and elongated.
Turbinate; top-shaped.
Twining; ascending by coiling
around a
support.
Umbel; the umbrella-like form of inflorescence.
Umbellate; in umbels.
Unarmed; destitute of
spines, prickles,
etc.
Uncinate; hook-shaped.
Undershrub; a very
low shrub.
Undulate; wavj'-margined.
Unequally pinnate; pinnate with
an odd number
of leaflets.
Unguiculate; furnished with a claw.
Unifoliolate; with one leaflet.
Unilateral; one-sided.
Unilocular; one-celled.
Unisexual; having stamens or
pistilsonly.
Urceolate; urn-shaped.
"
Utricle; a small, thin-walled, one-seeded fruit.
Utricular; like a small bladder.
Vaginate; surrounded
by
a sheath.
Valve; one of the
parts
into which a
dehiscent
pod splits.
Valvate; the arrangements
of petals, sepals,
etc.,
when their
margins
touch but do not
overlap.
Variegated; blotched or marked with various
colors.
Veins; the small ribs or branches of the framework
of leaves.
Veined;
furnished with evident veins.
Veinless; destitute of veins.
*
Veinlets; the smaller branches of veins.
Venation; tlie
veining
of leaves.
Ventral; belonging
to the lower or
inner s:de
of
any organ,
the
opposite
of dorsal.
Ventricose; inflated or swelled out on one side.
Verrucose; covered w'ith small
projection.s
like
little warts.
*
Versatile; attached by one point, so tliat it
may swing
to and fro.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
33
Vertical; upright.
Verticil
; a whorl.
Verticillate; whorled.
Villose; shapsy
with
long and soft hairs.
Vine;
any plant
with a
trailingor climbing
stem.
Viscid; having a sticky
surface.
Voluble; twining.
Wavy; the surface or
margin alternatelyconvex
and concave.
Waxy; resembling
beeswax in te.xture or
ap-
I"eiiraiK'e.
Wedge-shaped;
broad
above, tapering by
straight liiie.sto a narrow base.
Whorl; an
arrangement
of lca\es, or other
organs
in circles around the stem, or axis.
Whorled; arranged
in whorls.
WIno; any
thin
expansion.
Winged; furnished with a
wing.
Woolly; clothed with long and
entangled
soft
hairs.
KKY TO THE FA"IILIES
'
1. Plants without flowers or seeds, reproduced by
means of
spores.
I. PTERIDOPHYTA
1. Plants with flowers that
produce
seeds II. SPERMATOPHYTA
I. PTERIDOPHYTA
1. Leaves
broad,
entire or variously dissected,large
in
proportion
to the
stem.
2.
Spores minute,
of one kind
only;
leaves entire or variously pinnately
dissected,
small to
large.
3.
Erect,
not
twining.
4. Terrestrial or epiphytic plants; sporangia arrangea
in
sort,
the
annulus
opening transversely
1.
Polypodiaceae (p. 45)
4. Plants
growing
in mud or
in shallow
water; sporangia scattered,
the annulus
opening vertically
2. Parkeriaceae
(p.
59)
3. Slender
twining plants
3. Schizaeaceae
(p.60)
2.
Spores
of two
kinds,
minute
microspores,
and
larger macrospores
borne
in
sporocarps;
leaves
4-foliolate;plants growing
in mud or
in
shallow water 4. Marsiliaceae
(p.61)
1. Leaves
small,entire,
very numerous,
scale-like or awl-like,
on elongated,
simple
or branched stems.
2.
Spores
all
alike,
of one kind and size 5.
Lycopodiaceae (p.61)
2.
Spores
of two
kinds,
small
microspores
and
larger
macrospores.
6.
Selaginellaceae(p.63)
n. SPERMATOPHYTA
1. Ovules not enclosed in
an
ovary,
these and the seeds
born^
on
the face of
a scale or bract; stigmas none
I. Gymnospermae
2. Palm-like
plants
with stout trunks and stiff,fern-like,pinnate leaves,
the male flowers in dense
cones,
the female ones few on specialized
leaves 7.
Cycadaceae (p. 64)
1. Ovules borne in
a
closed
cavity (ovary) ;
stigmas present.
II. Angiospermae
2.
Cotyledon 1;
vascular bundles scattered;
leaves
usually (not always)
parallel-veined
A.
Monocotyledoneae (p.
34)
2.
Cotyledons 2;
vascular bundles
usually arranged
in
rings;
leaves
netted-veined B.
Dicotyledoneae (p.35)
*
In this artificial
key
to the
families,
account is taken only
of the
characters of those
species
included in the
present
work. For a key
to all
the known families
represented
in the
Philippine
flora see Copeland,
E.
B.,
"Key
to the Families of Vascular Plants in the
Philippine
Islands." Bureau
of Education Bull. 24.
111555 3
34
A FLORA OF MANILA
A. Monocotyledoneae
1. Flowers in the axils of
scale-like,chaffy, usually
imbricated bracts
(glumes).
2. Flowers
perfect
or 1-sexual; perianth none or
of bristles or scales;
ovary
1-celled;grass-like
herbs.
3. Sheaths
split
down one side;
leaves
2-ranked;
stems
usually hollow;
fruit a grain (caryopsis)
13. Graniineae (p. 71)
3. Sheaths with their margins united;
leaves
3-ranked;
stems
solid;
fruit an achene 14.
Cyperaceae (p. 106)
2. Flowers
always
1-sexual, usually monoecious;
in
dense, globo.se
to
ovoid, solitary heads,
the bracts
thin; perianth segments
3 or 6;
ovary
3-celled
19. Eriocaulaceae
(p. 135)
1. Flowers
very
minute, naked,
in
pouches
on the surface of
very
small,
floating,scale-like,
green plants,
the
perianth entirelywanting.
17. Lemnaceae
(p. 134)
1. Flowers on a usually fleshyspadix, perfect,
or the females below and the
males above,
the whole surrounded
by a protecting spathe.
16. Araceae
(p. 128)
1. Flowers without
glumes,
not on a spadix; perianth present
or absent;
plants
of various habit but never
scale-like and floating.
2. Periantft*
rudimentary,
of bristles or scales, never corolla-like, or
entirely wanting.
3. Terrestrial shrubs
or trees, or
woody
vines,
with
elongated,spirally
arranged, spiny-toothed
leaves 9. Pandanaceae (p. 66)
3.
Aquatic or
marsh herbs.
4. Marsh herbs with erect stems and
long, narrow,
erect
leaves,
the
flowers in dense terminal
spikes
8.
Typhaceae (p. 65)
4.
Aquatic herbs, entirelysubmerged or some
leaves
floating
on the
surface of the water.
5. Leaves
entire; ovary
of several distinct
carpels; stigmas
disk- like
or cup-like
10.
Potamogetonaceae (p.
67)
5. Leaves slender, toothed; ovary
of united
carpels; stigmas
slender 11.
Najadaceae (p. 68)
2. Perianth of two distinct series,
the inner series
petal-like.
3.
Aquatic plants,mostly submerged
12.
Hydrocharitaceae (p.
68)
3. Terrestrial
plants.
4. Woody plants, mostly tree-like,
sometimes climbing,
with
large,
pinnate,bipinnate,or
fan-like leaves 15. Palviae
(p. 121)
4. Herbaceous
plants,
or
if
woody,
then with
simple,
narrow
leaves.
5. Flowers
regular
or
nearly
so.
6.
Endosperm mealy.
7.
Ovary superior.
8.
Ovary
1-celled; rush-like slender herbs,
the flowers in
small, dense, long-peduncled,
bracteate
spikes.
18.
Xyridaceae (p. 135)
8. Ovary 2- or 3-celled.
9. Flowers 1-sexual, monoecious,
very
small,
in
dense,
long-peduncled,bracteate, globose
to ovoid heads.
19. Eriocaulaceae
(p. 135)
9. Flowers
perfect.
10.
Calyx
and corolla
very
different;
stamens free.
19. Commelinaceae
(p. 137)
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
35
10.
Calyx
and corolla
similar, more or less
united;
stamens somewhat adnate to the
perianth.
22. Pontcderiaceae
(p. 141)
7.
Ovary inferior; plants
with
large fleshy fruits,
and elongated,
spiny-toothed
leaves 20. Bromeliaceae
(p. 136)
6.
Endosperm fleshy, cartilaginous, or bony.
7.
Ovary
and fruit
superior
23. Liliaceae
(p. 141)
7.
Ovary
and fruit inferior or partly so.
8. Stamens 6.
9.
Ovary 3-celled;
leaves
simple,
entire.
10. Erect herbs with
parallel
veined leaves and
perfect
flowers 24.
AmuryUidaceae (p. 145)
10. Twining or climbing vines,
often
spiny,
with unisexual
flowers and netted veined leaves.
26. Dioscoreaceae
(p. 151)
9.
Ovary 1-celled;
leaves
netted-veined, compound or
palmately
lobed 25. Taccaceae
(p. 150)
8. Stamens 3
;
leaves
narrow,
often
equitant.
27. Iridaceae
(p. 152)
5. Flowers
very
irregular;
terrestrial
plants.
6. Fruit
fleshy, indehiscent, or capsular
and with small to
medium sized seeds.
7. Fertile stamens 5 28. Musaceae
(p. 153)
7. Fertile stamen 1.
8. Anther
2-celled; calyx tubular or spathe-like.
29.
Zingiberaceae (p. 155)
8. Anther
1-celled,
borne on
the
margin
of
a petal-l^ke
filament; calyx
of free
sepals.
9. Ovules
many;
flowers
showy, bright-colored, large.
30. Cannaceae (p. 160)
9. Ovules
solitary; flowers
mostly small,
white.
31. Marantaceae
(p. 163)
6. Fruit
capsvilar;
seeds
very
minute,
almost dust-like; epiphytic
or
terrestrial
plants,
sometimes
saprophytic.
32. Orchidaceae
(p. 164)
B.
Dicotyledoneae
1. Corolla
none,
or
the
perianth-segments
all alike, or
the perianth entirely
wanting
1.
Apetalae
(Incompletae)
1.
Calyx
and corolla both
present,
the corolla of distinct and
separate
petals
2.
Choripetalae (p. 37)
(Polypetalae)
1.
Calyx
and corolla both
present,
the
petals more or
less united.
3. Gamopetalae (p. 42)
(Sympetalae)
36
A FLORA OF MANILA
1.
Apetalae
{Incompletae)
(Corolla none,
or
the
perianth segments
all
alike,or the
perianth entirely
wanting.)
1. Trees with
slender,
green,
jointed branchlets,
the leaves reduced to small
scales at the nodes 33. Casuarinaceae
(p. 168)
1. Not trees with
jointed
branchlets.
2.
Ovary superior;
flowers
regular.
3. Plants with
milky juice 75.
Euphorbiaceae (p. 279)
4.
Ovary
1-celled 26. Moraceae
(p. 172)
4.
Ovary 3-celled,or cells more num.erous.
75.
3. Plants with
watery juice.
4. Perianth
entirely wanting;
small succulent herbs or somewhat
woody vines,
more or less
aromatic;
flowers
small,
in slender
or thickened
spikes
34.
Piperaceae (p. 169)
4. Perianth
present, consisting
of the
calyx only, or if the corolla
be
present,
then similar to the
calyx
in
form, color,
and size.
5.
Ovary 1-celled,1-ovuled,
the ovules
rarely more
than
one.
6.
Submerged aquatic plants
with
finely
divided leaves.
50.
Ceratophyllaceae (p. 202)
6. Not
submerged aquatic plants
with
finely
divided leaves.
7. Flowers unisexual.
8. Fruit a
small
drupe; stigma
2 36. Ulmaceae
(p. 171)
8. Fruit an achene,
sometimes surrounded
by
the
fleshy,
accrescent
perianth.
9. Ovules
erect;
stamens
mostly
inflexed in bud.
37. Urticaceae
(p. 179)
9. Ovules
pendulous;
stamens
mostly
erect in bud.
36. Moraceae
(p. 172)
7. Flowers
perfect,
or
if unisexual then shrubs with
flattened,
jointed stems,
or the anthers
opening by hinged valves,
not
by
slits
or
pores.
8. Anthers
opening by hinged
valves.
9. Leaves
simple;
fruit not
winged;
ovary
enclosed in the
calyx-tube
but free from
it; trees,
or one
genus
slender,leafless,parasitic
vines.
55. Lauraceae
(p. 209)
9. Leaves
3-foliolate;
fruit
winged;
vines.
56. Hernandiaceae
(p.212)
(Illigera)
8. Anthers
opening by longitudinal
slits
or by pores,
never
by hinged
valves.
9. Herbs with
sheathing stipules,
vines
bearing tendrils,
or shrubs with
flattened,jointed,
leafless or nearly
leafles branches 42.
Polygonaceae (p.187)
9. Plants without
sheathing stipules
and without tendrils,
the branches not flattened and
jointed.
10. Fruit a small
drupe; calyx-lobesvalvate; a shrub or
small tree 39.
Opiliaceae (p. 184)
10. Fruit not
drupaceous; calyx-lobes
imbricate or
valvate.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
37
11. Fruit
entirely
surrounded
by
the
usually
elon-
jjated calyx-tube.
45.
Nyctaginaceae (p. 195)
11. Fruit not surrounded
by
the
calyx-tube,
the
sepals
united
only
at the base.
12. Flowers without
bracts,
the
perianth
not
scarious 43.
Chenopodiaceae (p 188)
12. Flowers with scarious bracts and
perianth.
44. Aviaranthaceae
(p. 189)
5.
Ovary
of 4 to 8
nearly or quitefree,
few- to
many-ovuled carpels;
stamens united into a column 86. Sterculiaceae
(p. 326)
5.
Ovary
of several united
carpels.
6. Flowers unisexual 75.
6. Flowers
perfect.
7. Shrubs or
small trees 92. Flacoiirtiaceae
(p.334)
7. Herbs.
8. Flowers
5-merous;
leaves
opposite or whorled;
stems
terete 46. Aizoaceae
(p. 197)
8. Flowers
4-merous;
leaves
alternate;
stems
4-angled.
97.
Lythraceae (p. 340)
(Ammannia
sp.)
2. Ovary
inferior.
3. Anthers
opening-by
hinged
valves;
vines with 3-foliolate leaves and
winged
fruits 56. Hernandiaceae
(p. 212)
{Illigera)
3. Anthers not
opening by hinged valves;
leaves
simple.
4. Vines with medium to large,
very
irregular flowers.
41. Aristolochiaceae
(p. 186)
4. Trees with small
regular
flowers 102. Combretaceae
(p.348)
(Terminalia)
Choripetalae
(Pohjpetalae)
(Calyx
and corolla both
present,
the corolla of distinct and
separate
petals.)
1.
Ovary superior,
free from the
calyx.
2.
Ovary simple,
of
a singlecarpel.
3.
Submerged aquatic plants
with
finely
divided leaves.
50.
Ceratophyllaceae (p. 202)
3. Not
submerged aquatic plants.
4. Anthers
opening by hinged
valves 55. Lauraceae
(p. 209)
4. Anthers not
opening by hinged
valves.
5.
Twining, herbaceous, somewhat
fleshyvines,
with small, perfect
flowers; sepals 2;
fruit
a dry
or fleshy
indehiscent utricle.
48. Basellaceae
(p. 200)
5. Vines with
small,
unisexual
(lowers;
fruit
a
small
drupe.
52.
Menispermaceae (p.2(33)
5. Plants of various
habits,
with
perfect
flowers, or
if with
unisexual flowers,
then shrubs or trees; sepals always
more
than two.
6. Herbs, vines, shrubs, or trees with
regular
or irregular
flowers, the fruit
a
dehiscent
on
indehiscent pod (legume).
65. Leguminosae (p. 221)
38
A FLORA OF MANILA
6. Fruit not
a pod (les:ume);
flowers
regular or
nearly
so.
7. An erect suff'rutescent herb or under-shrub; stamens 5,
the
filaments united into
a tube;
fruit
a
2-valved
capsule.
86. Sterculiaceae
(p. 326)
(Waltheria)
7. Trees or
woody
vine.^.
8. Vines; stamens
many;
fruit a small follicle.
87. Dilleniaceae
(p.331)
(Tefracera)
8.
Trees;
fruit
indehiscent,
hard or fleshy.
9. Stamens
many
88.
Guttiferae (p. 332)
9. Stamens few, as
many
or
twice
as
many
as the
petals,
sometimes fewer 76. Anacardiaceae
(p.298)
2.
Ovary
of few to
many
entirely
free
carpels,or
if united at all then
only
at the base.
3. Stamens as
many
as
the
petals
and
opposite them;
vines with small
unisexual flowers 52.
Menispermaceae (p. 203)
3. Stamens twice
as
many
as the
petals.
4. Trees with
simple
leaves and small
drupaceous
fruits.
76. Anacardiaceae
(p. 298)
(Biichatiania)
4.
Woody
vines with
pinnate leaves,
the fruit
a 1-seeded follicle.
64. Connaraceae
(p. 220)
3. Stamens
many, always
more than tv^îce
as
many
as the
petals.
4. Stamens attached to the
calyx
or to a
disk
lining
its
tube; sepals
united below
63. Rosaceae
(p. 219)
4. Stamens attached to the
receptacle;sepalsusually entirely
free.
5.
Sepals usually
imbricate in
bud, or if valvate then vines with
opposite
leaves.
6.
Sepals 3, deciduous; petals
6 or
more,
similar to the
sepals,
in distinct
w^horls;
shrubs or trees.
53.
Magnoliaceae (p.
204)
6.
Sepals
5 or
more, quite
different from the
petals;
herbs or
vines 51. Ranunculaceae
(p. 202)
5.
Sepals
valvate in bud
; woody vines, shrubs, or trees with
simple
alternate leaves 54. Anonaceae
(p. 205)
2.
Carpels
few to
many,
united, forming a compound
1- to many-celled
ovary;
styles
free or united.
3. Stamens
numerous,
more
than twice as
many
as the
petals.
4. Herbs with
milky juice;
flowers
yellow,showy;
leaves
spiny.
57.
Papaveraceae
(p.
212)
4. Not herbs with
milky juice.
5. Leaves alternate.
6. Filaments united into
a
tube or
in bundles.
7. Leaves
digitatelycompound;
fruit a capsule;
seeds
woolly;
stamens united into bundles.... 85. Bombacaceae
(p. 325)
7. Leaves
simple.
8. Ultimate anthers
1-celled;
staminal-column adnate to the
base of the
petals
84. Malvaceae (p. 315)
8. Anthers
2-celled;
staminal-column free from the
petals
or
nearly
so
86. Sterculiaceae
(p. 326)
6. Filaments free or nearly
so.
7.
Ovary
1-celled;
fruit a prickly capsule;
trees with showy
flowers
90. Bixaceae (p. 333)
40
A FLORA OF MANILA
7. Stamens twice
as
many
as the
petals.
8. Filaments connate below into
a
cup; ovary 3-celled;
shrubs with
small, axillary
flowers.
67.
Erythroxylaceae (p.267)
8. Filaments free
or nearly
so.
9. Flowers
perfect;
leaves
glandular
dotted.
69. Rutaceae
(p. 268)
9. Flowers
unisexual;
leaves not
glandular
dotted.
75.
Euphorhiaceae (p. 279)
5. Erect herbs.
6. Flowers
tetradynamous,
that
is,
stamens
6,
two shorter than
the other four 58.
Criiciferae(p. 213)
6. Flowers not
tetradynamous.
7. Flowers
irregular.
8.
Ovary 2-celled;petals
connate below with the staminal-
sheath, the lower one keeled and
crested;
fruit
a
2-valved,
2-seeded
capsule; stipulesnone.
74.
Pohjgalaceae (p.278)
8.
Ovary 5-celled;
anterior
sepal
with
a long spur
at the
base;
stamens 5,
their anthers
connivent; capsule-
valves
dehiscing elastically
from the
axis; stipules
none or
represented by glands only;
succulent herbs.
80. Balsaminaceae
(p.306)
8.
Ovary 1-celled; sepals
and
petals 5,
the lower
petal
spurred
at the
base;
stamens
5,
their anthers united;
capsule 3-valved; stipulesprominent.
91. Violaceae
(p.333)
7. Flowers
regular.
8. Stamens free.
9.
Sepals free; stipules small, scarious; styles free, as
many
as the cells of the
ovary;
leaves serrate.
89. Elatinaceae
(p. 332)
9.
Sepals
united into
a tube; stipulesnone; style1; leaves
entire
97. Lythraceae (p.340)
8. Stamens more or less united.
9. Filaments united
throughout
into an elongated,cylindric
tube 72. Meliaceae
(p. 273)
(Tur7-aeo.)
9. Filaments united at the
base,
free above.
86. Sterculiaceae
(p. 326)
4. Leaves
compound.
5. Leaves
biternate;
vines with inflated
capsular
fruits.
79.
Sapi7idaceae (p. 303)
(Cai'diospermum )
5. Leaves 2- or
3-pinnate.
6. Flowers
irregular;
stamens
5, free, alternating
with 5
staminodes;
fruit an
elongated,3-angled,
3-valved
capsule.
60.
Moringaceae (p. 217)
6. Flowers
small, regular;
stamens
5,
united below into
a tube;
fruit
few-seeded, indehiscent,berry-like.
82. Vitaceae
(p. 309)
(Leea)
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
41
5. Leaves
palmately
3- to 7-foliolate.
6.
Herbs;
fruit a dehiscent
capsule.
7. Leaves
3-foliolate,the leaflets
retuse; juice
acid.
66. Oxalidaceae
(p. 264)
(Oxalis)
7. Leaves
usually 5-foliolate;erect, branched,
often rank-
scented herbs 59.
Capparidaceae (p. 214)
6. Shrubs
or
small trees.
7. Leaves
glandular-punctate,
3-foliolate; spiny
shrubs or
small trees with small to
large,
few- to
many-seeded
fleshy
fruits 69. Rutaceae
(p. 268)
7. Leaflets not
glandular-punctate,
5- to
7-foliolate;
unarmed
shrubs
with small
drupaceous
fruits.
79.
Sapindaceae (p. 303)
(Allophylus)
5. Leaves
simply pinnate.
6. Prostrate herbs with
solitary,pedicelled,axillaryflowers,
the
fruit of
spinous
cocci 68.
Zygophyllaceae (p. 267)
6. Erect herbs with sensitive leaves crowded at the ends of the
stems;
fruit
a capsule
66. Oxalidaceae
(p.
264)
,
(Biophytutn)
6. Erect shrubs
or
trees.
7. Leaves
glandular-punctate
69. Rutaceae
(p. 268)
7. Leaves not
glandular-punctate.
8. Anthers borne inside or at the
apex
of
a tube formed of
the
wholly
united filaments 72. Meliaceae
(p. 273)
8. Stamens free, or
the filaments united at the base
only.
9.
Sepals usually
imbricate
in bud.
10.
Sepals
free
or nearly so.
11. Flowers regular;
ovary .5-celled;
ovules
pendulous;
fruit
fleshy,acid,
indehiscent.
66. Oxalidaceae
(p. 264)
(Averrhoa)
11. Flowers often
irregular;
ovary
1- to
4-celled;
ovules
erect;
fruit
dry
or fleshy,
dehiscent or
indehiscent 79.
Sapindaceae (p. 303)
10.
Sepals
united at the base.
11. Ovules and seeds
pendulous; plants
with bitter
bark 70. Siviariibaceae
(p. 272)
11. Ovules and seeds erect.
76. Anacardiaceae
(p.298)
(Spondias)
9.
Sepals
valvate in bud;
trees with resinous
sap.
71. Burseraceae
(p.273)
Ovary
inferior.
2. Stamens
numerous,
several to
many
times as
many
as
the
petals.
3.
Aquatic
herbs from
submerged rootstocks,
with
large
flowers,
and
rounded, usually floatingleaves; styles
and
stigmas
united into a
radiate disk 49.
Nymphaeaceae (p.201)
3.
Fleshy,
green,
leafless, usually spiny,
terrestrial
plants,
with
jointed
stems
96. Cactaceae (p. 338)
3. Succulent terrestrial herbs with broad, inequilateral
leaves;
flowers
unisexual;
fruit a winged capsule
9.5.
Begoniaccae (p. 338)
3. Erect trees or shrubs with broad leaves and
perfect
flowers.
4. Leaves alternate 100.
Lecythidaceae (p. 345)
4. Leaves
opposite,rarely
clustered.
5.
Calyx-lobes
imbricate in
bud;
leaves
usually
with
glandular dots;
unarmed 103.
Myrtaceae (p.350)
5.
Calyx-lobes
valvate in
bud;
leaves not glandular-dotted.
6. Fruit crowned
by
the
persistentcalyx-lobes;branches
usually
spiny 99. Punicaceae
(p. 344)
6. Fruit
half-superior,
not crowned
by
the
calyx-lobes,
the latter
persistent;
unarmed shrubs or trees.
98. Sonneratiaceae
(p.343)
2. Stamens as
many
or twice
as
many
as the
petals.
3. Succulent herbs with small circumsciss
capsules.
47. Porhdacaceae
(p. 199)
3. Parasitic shrubs with
fleshy,
indehiscent fruits.
38. Loranthaceae
(p. 183)
3. Herbaceous or suffrutescent
tendril-bearingvines, often with
large
fleshy
fruits 132. Cucurbitaceae
(p. 455)
3. Not
pai-asitic
shrubs or tendril-bearing
vines,
the fruit
never a
circumsciss
capsule.
4. Herbaceous
plants,
sometimes
suffrutescent,
not
woody.
5. Ovules
many;
fruit
capsular; plants
with
alternate, simple,
entire or
only slightly
toothed leaves.
105. Oenotheraceae
(p.354)
5. Ovules 1 in each
cell; leaves
simple or compound.
6. Fruit a fleshyberry or drupe
106. Araliaceae
(p. 356)
6. Fruit
dry
when
mature, splitting
into two indehiscent
parts
(mericarps)
107.
Umbelliferae (p. 359)
4.
Shrubs, trees,
or woody vines.
5. Ovules
many,
basal
or axile;
leaves
simple, entire,
without
stipules
104. Melastomataceae
(p. 353)
5. Ovules
few,
1 to
5, pendulous.
6.
Stipules present, caducous;
leaves
entire,opposite, simple;
trees of the
mangrove swamps.
101.
Rhizophoraceae (p. 346)
6.
Stipules none;
leaves
entire, simple, opposite
or alternate;
ovary
1-celled 102. Combretaceae
(p. 348)
6.
Stipules none or adnate to the
petiolesas a sheath; ovary
several-celled;
shrubs or vines with
simple or compound
alternate leaves
".
106. Araliaceae
(p.356)
Gamopetalae
{Sympetalae)
(Calyx
and corolla both
present,
the
petals more or less
united.)
1. Ovary superior.
2. Stamens free from the corolla.
3. Flowers
very
irregular
74.
Polygalaceae (p.278)
3. Flowers
regular.
4. Vines with small unisexual flowers.
5.
Unarmed;
leaves alternate 52.
Menispermaceae (p. 203)
5. Armed with slender
axillaryspines;
leaves
opposite.
113. Salvadoraceac (p. 366)
KEY TO THE FAMILIES
43
4. Erect or suberect,
suffrutescent or shrubby plants
with
perfect,
elonjjated,showy llowers,
the
calyx viscid-glandular.
109.
Plumbaginaceae (p. 361)
2. Stamens
partly
adnate to the corolla.
3. Stamens
opposite
the lobes of the
corolla,as
many
as
the lobes or
more numerous.
4.
Ovary
of several free
or nearly
free
carpels;
succulent herbs.
61. Crassulaceae
(p.217)
4. Ovary
of
a singlecarpel
or of several united ones.
5.
Ovary
1 -celled.
6.
Erect, normally
unbranched trees with
milky juice, large
palmately
lobed leaves,
dioecious
flowers,
and
large,
fleshy,
many-seeded
fruits 94. Caricaceae
(p.
337)
6. Shrubs, trees, or woody
vines with
watery juice;small,usually
perfect
flowers;
undivided
leaves;
and small 1-seeded fruits.
109.
Myrsinaccae (p. 360)
5. Ovary
several-celled;
trees.
6. Styles or stigmas distinct;
flowers
mostly unisexual; juice
watery
111. Ebenaceae
(p. 363)
6.
Styles
and
stigmas united;
flowers
mostly perfect;juicemilky.
110.
Sapotaceae (p.
362)
3. Stamens fewer than the lobes of the
regular
corolla and altei-nate
with
them; woody
shrubs or
vines 112. Oleaceae
(p.
364)
3. Stamens as
many
as
the lobes of the corolla in
regular
flowers
and alternate with the
lobes, or
sometimes fewer in
irregular
flowers.
4.
Carpels distinct,
at least below,
sometimes united at the
apex
by
the
styles;plants
with
milky juice.
5.
Styles united;
stamens distinct; pollen
of loose
grains;
shrubs,
trees, or
woody
vines 116.
Apocynaceae
(p. 368)
5.
Styles distinct,
united
by
the
stigma only;
stamens usually
united; pollen
united in
waxy
masses or
the
grains
in
groups
of
four;
herbs or vines 117. Asclepiadaceae (p.
375)
4.
Carpels entirely
united.
5.
Ovary
1-celled.
6. Flowers
irregular.
7.
Aquatic submerged
herbs with inflated bladder-like leaves,
or delicate,unbranched,
leafless or nearly
leafless herbs
growing
in
damp places....
128. Lentihulariaceae
(p. 432)
7. Terrestrial herbs
or shrubs with broad leaves.
127. Gesneriaceae
(p. 431)
6. Flowers
regular
or nearly so;
erect unbranched herbs with
opposite
leaves
115. Gentianaceae
(p.367)
5. Ovary
2- or
falsely
4-celled.
6. Leaves with
stipules
or stipularscars.
114.
Loganiaceae (p.
366)
6.
Stipulesnone.
7. Flowers
regular.
8. Herbs with radical leaves and small scarious
flowers in
den.se
elongated spikes;capsules small,
circumsciss.
130.
Plantaginaceae
(p. 444)
8. Flowers not scarious nor
in dense
spikes;
fruit not
circum.sciss.
44
A
FLORA OF MANILA
9. Fruit
a berry
128. Solanaceae
(p. 413)
9. Fruit
capsular.
10. Ovules and seeds
feWj
1 or 2 in each
cell;mostly
twining-
vines 118. Convolvulaceae
(p. 381)
^
10. Ovules
many;
erect,
herbaceous
or woody plants,
rarely
vines.
11. Stamens 4 124.
Scrophulariaceae (p. 419)
11. Stamens 5.
12.
Styles 2,
distinct.
119.
Hydrophyllaceae (p.
392^
12.
Styles
united 123. Solanaceae
(p. 413)
9. Fruit
drupaceous or on achene, or of 2 or 4 nutlets.
128.
Boraginaceae (p. 393)
7. Flowers
irregular;
stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,
or sometimes
2
only.
8. Fruit
drupaceous
or an
achene,
or of two to four 1-seeded
nutlets.
9.
Style apical;ovary
not lobed.
121. Verbenaceae
(p. 396)
9.
Style arising
between the four lobes of the
ovary;
plants
often aromatic and
frequently
with
4-angled
stems 129. Labiatae
(p.
406)
8. Fruit
capsular,
dehiscent or
indehiscent.
9.
Ovary
with axile
placentae.
10.
Capsules opening elastically
from the
apex;
seeds
usually supported on a curved hook
(retinacula);
leaves
mostly opposite.
129. Acanthaceae
(p. 433)
10.
Capsules
not
opening elastically;
retinacula none.
11. Leaves
always alternate; capsule fleshy.
123. Solanaceae
(p. 413)
(Bi'unfelsia)
11. Leaves
mostly opposite,
sometimes
whorled; capsule
dry.
12. Seeds without
endosperm.
126. Pedaliaceae
(p. 431)
12. Seeds with
endosperm.
124.
Scrophulariaceae (p.-419)
9.
Ovary
with
parietalplacentae.
10. Seeds
minute;
leaves
always simple.
127. Gesneriaceae
(p. 431)
10. Seeds
large,
often
winged,
in dehiscent
capsules,
or
if indehiscent then
wingless
and imbedded in
pulp;
leaves
mostly compound.
125.
Bigno7iiaceae (p.426)
1.
Ovary
inferior.
2. Flowers not
in dense heads.
3. Stamens attached to the corolla.
6. Parasitic
shrubs; stipules
none 38. Loranthaceae
(p. 183)
6.
Tendril-bearing
vines 132. Cucurbitaceae
(p. 455)
6.
Herbs, shrubs, vines, or
trees with
opposite leaves, watery
juice,
the
stipulesalways present;
tendrils none.
181. Rubiaceae
(p. 445)
POLYPODIACEAE
45
6. Herbs without
stipules
or
tendrils,usually
with
milky juice.
133.
Campanulaceae (p. 462)
3. Stamens free from the corolla.
4. Stamens and
pistil
distinct.
5. Corolla
regular
133.
Cavipanulaceae (p. 462)
5. Corolla
irregrular
134. Goodeniaccae
(p. 463)
4. Stamens and
pistil
united into a column;
small herbs.
135.
Stylidiaceae(p. 463)
2. Flowers crowded in dense heads.
3. Heads not
involucrate;
leaves
opposite, stipulate;
flowers
regular;
anthers free 131. Rubiaceae
(p. 445)
3. Heads surrounded
by
an involucre composed
of
many
bracts;
leaves
various;
flowers
regular or irregular;
anthers
united;
fruit an
achene 136.
Compositae (p. 464)
DESCRIPTIONS OF THK
FAMILIES, GKXEltA, AND SPECIES
PTERIDOPHYTA.
Ferns
and
Fern-like Plants
In this
group,
also
commonly
known as the vascular
cryptogams, repro- duction
is
by
means of
spores
of
microscopic size,
not
by
true seeds as
in'
the
flowering plants.
In the
sj-stematictreatment certain technical terms
are used,
the most
important being
the
following:
The
vegetative parts,
corresponding
to the leaves of
flowering plants,
are commonly
called
fronds,
and in
compound ones the divisions
are called
pinnae,
the ultimate divisions
the
pinnules;
the
part corresponding
to the stem is called the
stipe.
The
spores
are borne
variously,
but in the true ferns
usually
in sori
(dot-like
organs
on the lower
surface,margins, etc.),
each sorus
being
made
up
of
many spore-cases
or
sporocarps containing
the
spores;
the
partial or
entire
ring
of thickened tissue
surrounding
the
sporocarp
is called the
ayinulus. The sori
may
be
protected by a thin, variously shaped
and attached
organ
known
as the
indnsiuni,
which
may
be
persistentor deciduous;
it is
frequently entirely
absent. In
some
groups
the
spores
are
of two
kinds,
macrospores
and
microspores,
the former
being
much
larger
than the
latter.
The most
important supplementary
literature for the
Philippine
forms
are
the
following
papers by
Dr. E. B.
Copeland:
"The
Polypodiaceae
of
the
Philippine
Islands" Govt. Lab. Publ.
(Philip.)
28
(1905) 1-138,
in
which 62
genera
and 450
species
of
Philippine
ferns
are
described,
and
"The Ferns of the
Malay-Asiatic Region,
Part I"
Philip.
Journ. Sci. 4
(1909)
Bot.
1-64, including
the
Ophioglossaceae, Marattiaceae, Marsi-
leaceae,Salviniaceae,Osmundaceae, Schizaeaceae, Gleicheniaceae,
Parker-
iaceae,Matoniaceae,
and
Cyatheaceae.
1. POLYPODIACEAE
(Polypody or Paco
Family)
Ferns of
very
various habit from
creeping or erect
rootstocks,
the
stipes
tufted or
scattered,jointed
to the rootstock or
not,
the fronds entire or
variously lobed, pinnate, or
decompound,
the veins free
or variously anastomosing.
Sori
definite, various in
shape (round, oblong, or linear), dorsal
or
marginal, or sometimes indefinite and
densely
crowded over the entire
lower surface of the
frond,
the
sporangia usually
stalked and
provided
with
46
A FLORA OF MANILA
a longitudinal,incomplete annulus, interrupted by
the
stalk,opening
transversely.
Indusium
present or absent.
Genera about
120, species nearly 5,000,
in all
parts
of the
world,
81
genera
and about 700
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Sori
densely covering
the entire back of the
frond, or parts
of the frond.
2. Fronds
pinnate; very
coarse terrestrial ferns of brackish
swamps,
the
sporangia
not
gathered
into sori 16. Acrostichum
2. Fronds
simple, entire; epiphytic
ferns from
creeping
rootstock the
sporangia
in
contiguous
sori 14.
Cyclophorus
2. Fronds
finely
3- or 4-pinnately
divided, the ultimate
segments small,
the fertile ones golden-yellow on
the lower
surface,
the indusium
consisting
of the reflexed
margins
of the
segments
10.
Onychium
1. Sori
definite,on the" back of the
frond, scattered, or
in
regular
rows,
not
strictlymarginal.
2. Fronds entire, dimorphous,
the sori
reticulate,following
the nerves
over the entire lower surface 6. Hemionitis
2. Fronds
pinnately lobed,pinnate, or decompound.
3. Sori round or nearly so.
4. Indusium
present.
5. Pinnae articulated to the rachis 2.
Nephrolepis
5. Pinnae not articulated to the rachis 1.
Dryopteris
4. Indusium none.
5. Fronds all alike 13.
Polypodium
5. Fronds
dimorphous ; basal,sterile,
concave,
humus-gathering ones
which
are
at first
green,
soon becoming brown, and
ordinary
green,
pinnately
lobed fertile fronds 15.
Drynaria
3. Sori
elongated.
4. Indusium
wanting; finely pinnately compound ferns, the lower
surface covered with white
waxy
powder
7.
Ceropteris
4. Indusium
present.
5. Veins
forming regular areolae, or if not then the sori often
double, on
both sides of the veinlets 4.
Athyrium
5. Veins not
forming regular areolae, except
sometimes at the
margin,
the sori
always simple
5.
Asplenium
1. Sori
marginal,
definite.
2.
Indusium half
cup-shaped,
attached
by
the base and
margins, opening
outward 3. Davallia
2. Indusium formed of the reflexed modified or unmodified
margin
of the
frond.
3. Sori borne
on
the inner face of the reflexed
leaf-margin.
11. Adiantum
3. Sori not on the inner surface of the
reflexed-margin, protected by
it,
but borne on the frond itself.
4. Sori
linear, on a
.strand
connecting
the
tips
of the
veins,
the
reflexed
margin
of the leaf
continuous; usually coarse,
not
finely
divided ferns 12. Pteris
4,
Sori terminal
on
the
veins, at first
distinct,
later
confluent,
the
i-eflexed
margin pf
the leaf
interrupted; slender, finely
divided
ferns 9. Cheilanthes
2. Indusium
none;
otherwise
very
similar to Cheilanthes.... 8. Notholaena
48 # A FLORA OF MANILA
midrib. Sori
indusiate,
in two rows one on each lobe about
half-way
between
the mid-nerve and
margin.
In
dry thickets,Masambong to
Guadalupe; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
All
tropical
countries.
3. D. luerssenii
(Harr.)
C. Chr.
Rootstock stout, creeping
or
suberect,
covered with brown
scales,
the
stipestufted, erect, glabrous,
somewhat
angled, pale, slender,
8 to 40 cm
long.
Fronds lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate,simply pinnate,
20 to 50 cm
long,
6 to 20 cm wide, acuminate,
the basal
pinnae slightlyshortened;
pinnae distant,
10 to 20 on each
side,lanceolate,acuminate,
8 to 20 mm
wide,
cut
nearly
to the rachis into
numerous, linear-spatulateto linear-
oblong,
acute
lobes,
the sinuses
as broad or nearly as broad as the
lobes,
the lower surface
slightlypubescent
or
nearly glabrous.
Sori 3 to 5 on
each side of the midrib of each
lobe, small,
the indusium
subpersistent,
glabrous.
San Juan del
Monte, occasional;widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
4. D. dissecta
(Forst.)
0. Ktze.
Stipes tufted,
with
linear,
dark-brown scales near the
base,
otherwise
glabrous,
10 to 30 cm
long.
Fronds 25 to 60 cm
long, oblong, simply
pinnate, or the lower
pinnae again pinnate,
up
to 15 cm
long, acuminate,
pinnatifid,
the lobes
oblong, obtuse,
entire or
crenate,
or the basal ones
pinnately lobed, thin, glabrous,
the veinlets free. Sori
numerous,
about
1 mm in
diameter, submarginal.
In
thickets,
about old
wells,ravines,etc.,Pasay
and
Masambong; widely
distributed in the
Philippines. Madagascar through tropical
Asia and
Malaya
to
Polynesia.
5. D.
setigera (Blume)
0. Ktze.
Rootstock
stout,
erect or suberect,
the
stipestufted,
25 to 70 cm long,
the base with
numerous, pale,linear-lanceolate, spreading scales,
the
upper
part usually glabrous
or
nearly
so. Fronds
ample,
ovate to deltoid-lanceolate,
30 to 100 cm long,tripinnatifid,
the lower
pinnae longest,
15 to 30 cm
long,
5 to 11 cm wide, oblong
to
lanceolate,
the rachis
very narrowly winged;
pinnules close,
lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
5 to 15 mm wide,
cut
nearly
to the rachis into
numerous, close,oblong,
toothed
lobes,
the
lower
surface,
and sometimes also the
upper
one
with few to
many,
weak,
spreading,
white hairs. Sori
minute, numerous,
2 to 4 on each side of the
midvein
on each lobe of the
pinnules,
the indusium
falling
very
early.
In
thickets,Diliman,
also
occasionally
cultivated in
Singalong, etc.;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
Japan,
southward to
Australia and
Polynesia.
2. NEPHROLEPIS Schott
Simply pinnate,
terrestrial or epiphytic,
often much
elongated ferns,
from
erect, creeping,or climbing rootstocks,
often stoloniferous,
the
stipes
not
jointed
to the root-stocks,
the
pinnae jointed
to the rachis. Sori
round
or reniform, prominent, submarginal
or
medial in one row on each side
of the midrib,
terminal on the anterior veinlets or at the once forked
veins,
or
marginal
and
uniting
the
apices
of two or more
veins. Indusium
reniform,
attached
by
the sinus,
the lobes often
meeting or overlapping,
the
indusium then
becoming
round and
peltate,opening
all around the
edge
POLYPODIAC'EAE
49
or nearly
so,
or 2-valved and
marginal,
attached at the inner side, opening
outward.
(Greek "kidney"
and
"scale,"
allusion to the
shape
of the in-
dusium.)
Species
about
17,
in all
tropicalcountries,
about 7 in the
Philippines.
1. Fronds
very narrow,
1 to 2 cm
wide,
the
pinnae
of two
oblong
to orbicular,
imbricated
leaflets;
cultivated
only
1. N.
duffii
1. Fronds 2.5 to 5 cm wide; pinnae oblong, prominently
auricled at the base.
2. JV. cor di
folia
1. Fronds 8 cm wide or
more; pinnae oblong
to
linear-lanceolate,elongated.
2. Pinnae
deeply pinnately
lobed, the lobes
narrow,
close,
variable in
length;
fronds
prominently bro^vn-ciliate;
cultivated
only.
3. N.
fioccigera, var. monstruosa
2. Pinnae entire, or only slightly
crenate or toothed.
8. Fronds
nearly glabrous, elongated,
often
exceeding
2 m in
length,
the
pinnae usually
not
auricled;
sori distant from the
margins.
4. N. biserrata
'.i.Fronds more or
less
brown-ciliate;pinnae always
auricled on the
upper
side at the base;
sori
marginal or submarginal.
5. N. hirsiitula
*1. N. DUFFII Moore.'
Tufted,
from stout
rootstocks,
the rachis and
stipeschaffy
with brownish
scales and
hairs,
the rachis 8 to 15 cm long.
Fronds
narrow,
linear,
elongated,
20 to 35 cm
long,
1 to 2 cm
wide,
narrowed toward the base,
the
apex
often forked. Pinnae
numerous,
the lower ones reduced and
distant,
the central ones close,
each
consisting
of
2, oblong
to orbicular,
imbricated leaflets which
are joined
at the
base,
their
margins
entire or
crenate, usually
less than 1 cm long.
Cultivated,
not
spontaneous;
introduced. A native of
Malaya
and
northern Australia.
2. N. cordifolia
(L.)
Presl.
Fronds
tufted, erect,
from
a short,
suberect
rootstock,
the
wiry
fibrous
roots often
bearing
tubers.
Stipes
3 to 15 cm long, glabrous or more
usually
clothed with
slender, soft,
brown
paleae.
Fronds 15 to 50 cm
long,
2.5 to 5 cm
wide, lanceolate,
narrowed at both
ends,
the
pinnae
numerous, close,sessile,
often
imbricate,
toothed to subentire, oblong,
5
to 8 mm wide, inequilateral,
the base
cordate,
or
rounded on the lower
side and auricled
on
the
upper
side. Sori
large,
in
a row midway
between
the midrib and the
margin;
indusium
broad, opening
toward the
apices
of the
pinnae.
Not uncommon in cultivation in
Manila; widely
distributed in the Phil- ippines
at medium and
higher
altitudes.
Tropics generally.
*3. N.
FLOCCIGERA
(Blume) Moore, var. monstruosa
Hort.
Tufted, the
stipes furfuraceous,
the rachis and
pinnae
furfuraceous
and more or less
densely
villous with
weak, spreading or
somewhat
matted,
rather
soft,
brown hairs. Fronds
oblong,
50 to 90 cm
in
length.
Pinnae
numerous,
lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate,
1 to 2.5 cm wide, deeply
and
irregularly
divided into
numerous,
unequal, close,
often
imbricate,
linear
'
Species
indicated
by light faced
type are introduced, and those marked
with
an asterisk are cultivated
only.
inr"55 " 4
50
A FLORA OF MANILA
segments
which
are
very
variable in
size, a few
mm to 1
cm or more in
lenjifth.
Commonly
cultivated for ornamental
purposes,
not
spontaneous.
A
native of the
Malay Archipelago,
introduced here.
'
4. N. biserrata
(Sw.)
Schott
(N. acuta
Presl).
Rootstock short, erect, stout,
with
scaly prop-roots, sending out long
stolons,
the scales
brown,
often
dense,
entire or
irregularly
ciliate. Fronds
erect, or
if
epiphytic,
then
pendulous, tufted,
the
stipes
.30 to 60 cm
long,
nearly glabrous
except
at the
scaly base,
.the fronds 0.6 to 2 m long or
more,
20 to 40 cm
wide; pinnae
very numerous,
linear-lanceolate to lanceolate,
usually separated by
less than their
own
breadth,
acute or acuminate,
entire to
slightly
toothed or crenate, 1.2 to 2.5 cm wide,
the base
abruptly
narrowed to
subtruncate, slightlyinequilateral,
not
auricled,or
auricled
only
on
the
upper
side,glabrous or nearly so. Sori
prominent,
numerous,
distant from the margin,
about 2 mm
in
diameter,
the indusium
subreniform.
Occasional about boulders and
cliffs,
in
thickets, Masambong
to Guada- lupe,
also
commonly cultivated;throughout
the
Philippines.
All
tropical
countries.
*Var. FURCANS
Hort.
Similar to the
species,
but the
pinnae
forked or twice-forked above the
middle,
the lobes
spreading.
Commonly cultivated,
not
spontaneous;
an
introduced form here. Cul- tivated
in all
tropical
countries.
5. N. hirsutula
(Forst.)
Presl.
Rootstock
erect, stout, densely
covered with
appressed,
dark-brown
scales, stoloniferous, also with few
prop-roots. Stipes tufted,
10 to 40
cm long, scaly
at the
base, more or less villous above, becoming nearly
glabrous.
Fronds 30 to 120 cm long,
8 to 15 cm wide; pinnae numerous,
rather close but not at all imbricate, 8 to 14 cm wide,
somewhat
falcate,
acute or acuminate, subentire,
toothed or
somewhat
crenate,
the base
rounded
on
the lower
side,prominently
auricled on
the
upper side,
more
or less villous on both surfaces, becoming subglabrous,
the sterile
pinnae
shorter than the fertile
ones.
Sori
marginal
or submarginal,
about 1
mm
in
diameter,
the indusium
peltate
or
subreniform.
In
dry thickets,
Santa
Mesa,
El
Deposito,etc.,
also sometimes cultivated;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
All
tropical
countries.
3. DAVALLIA Smith
Mostly epiphytic ferns, usually finely divided,
the rootstock
creeping,
densely
covered with
narrow,
brown, usually chaffy
scales.
Stipes
not
jointed
to the rootstocks. Fronds ovate to deltoid in outline,
in most
species
at least
tripinnate.
Sori at or
very
near the
margins,
the indusium
elongated,
attached at the base and side.
(In
honor of E. Davall.)
Species
about
70,
in all
tropical
countries, 10 in the
Philippines.
1. D. denticulata
(Burm.)
Mett.
{D. elegans Sw.).
Rootstock
stout, creeping, densely
clothed with
brown, elongated, very
narrow,
somewhat flexuous scales.
Stipes
glabrous, brown,
15 to 40 cm
long.
Fronds ovate to deltoid, 20 to 60 cm long,
the lower
pinnae
sometimes
25 cm in
length,
3- or 4-pinnatifid,
the rachis
margined
toward
POLYPODIAC'EAE
51
the
apex;
ultimate
segments
of the fertile fronds
oblong, prominently
toothed, inequilateral,coriaceous,
the veins
prominent, irregular, oblique.
Sori 4 to 15 to a sc)iment, niarjînal,
shorter than the
teeth;
indusium
half-cup-shaped.
Occasionally
cultivated in
hanging baskets, etc.; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines. Tropical
Africa and Asia to
Polynesia.
-1. ATHYRIUM Roth
Terrestrial ferns with .small to
large, usually glabrous
fronds. Root-
stock erect or creeping.
Fronds
usually clustered,simple, or pinnate
to
tripinnate,
the veins free or anastomosing,
the
stipes
not
jointed
to the
rootstocks. Sori
superficial,springing
from the sides of the veins or
veinlets, single
or double, usually elongated,
the indusium
opening
on
the
side
away
from the vein.
Species more
than 300 in the
warmer
parts
of both
hemispheres,
46 in
the
Philippines.
1. A. esculentum (Retz.) Copel. (Diplazium
esculentuni
Sw.) .
Paco
(Tag.).
Rootstocks
stout,
the caudex
erect, woody, thickened, bearing many black,
wiry roots,
the
tip
clothed with
brown,
linear scales.
Stipes
20 to 50
cm long,
smooth
or nearly so, green.
Fronds 2- or 3-pinnate,
50 to 80
cm long, ovate m outline;
about one-half
as wide; pinnules lanceolate,
acuminate, rather
coarsely serrate, or serrate-crenate,
2 to 5
cm long,
sessile or
very
shortly stalked,
base
truncate,
sometimes auricled on one
or both
sides, glabrous, chartaceous,
veins
pinnate, extending
from the
costa to the
margin, sterile,their branches
bearing sori, anastomosing in
pairs
from
neighboring
veins.
Occasional in
gardens, Singalon; widely
distributed in the
Philippines
along streams,
etc. India to
Polynesia.
5. ASPLENIUM Linnaeus
Slender or
coarse,
terrestrial
or epiphytic
ferns with
simple
and entire
to
pinnate or bipinnate
and
finely
dissected fronds, the
stipes
not jointed
to the rootstock. Sori
simple, usually
linear and
elongated, diagonal
on
the lower surface of the
frond, usually
confined to the
upper
side of the
vêins.
Indusium the
shape
of the
sorus, rarely
continuous over the
veins,
opening obliquely
toward the
costa, rarely
toward the
margins. (Greek
"without" and
"spleen,"
reference to
supposed
medicinal
properties.)
Species
about
440,
in all
parts
of the
world,
about 45 in the
Philippines.
Fronds
simple; epiphytes
with
large
entire fronds
growing
in crowns.
1. A. nidus
Fronds
pinnate;
terrestrial tufted
ferns,
the
pinnae
lanceolate, long-
acuminate, falcate 2. A.
macrophyllum
1. A. nidus L. Bird's Nest Fern.
A
large, coarse, epiphytic fern,
the fronds
entire, radiately arranged,
spreading or ascending, coriaceous, shining, narrowly
to broadly
lanceolate,
acuminate,
40 to 120 cm long,
6 to 20 cm wide,
base narrowed;
veins
very numerous,
close. Sori
numerous,
linear, reaching
from the midrib
about
half-way
to the
margins. (Fl. Filip.pi.
395.)
52
A FLORA OF MANILA
Very commonly
cultivated as a hanging plant,
variable in
size;throughout
the
Asia and Africa to
Polynesia.
2. A.
macrophyllum
Sw.
Rootstock short,
covered with
linear-lanceolate,
acuminate scales.
Stipes
tufted,rigid,erect, brow^n, glabrous or nearly so,
3 to 30 cm long.
Frond
simply pinnate,
oblong in
outline,
7 to 40 cm long; pinnae opposite
or
alternate,
2 to 12 on each
side, spreading, shortly stalked, subcoriaceous,
2 to 15 cm long,
1 to 3 cm wide, lanceolate,long-acuminate,
somewhat
falcate,
the base
inequilateral,cuneate,
the
margins sharply
and
irregularly
serrate;
veins
very
oblique.
Sori in
close, long, parallel,oblique
lines
reaching
from the midrib
nearly
to the
margin.
In
dry thickets,
near
Fort
McKinley,
San Juan del
Monte, Masambong,
etc.; widely
distributed in the
Asia to
Polynesia.
6. HEMIONITIS Linnaeus
Erect, terrestrial,
tufted ferns with entire or
lobed
fronds,
the fertile
ones
different in
shape
from the
.sterile,
the
stipes
not
jointed
to the root-
stock. Veins
distinct,copiously anatomosing,
the sori continuous along
the
veins, reticulate,linear,
the indusium wanting. (Greek "mule,"
these
ferns
originally supposed
to be
sterile.)
Species
about 8,
in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. H. arifolia (Burm.)
Moore.
Rootstocks
erect,
the scales linear-lanceolate.
Stipesslender, shining,
dark-brown,
with
scattered, spreading
hairs. Fronds
dimorphous,
the
sterile ones ellipticto oblong-elliptic,
base
deeply cordate,
apex
rounded,
entire,
4 to 10 cm long,
2 to 5
cm wide,
their
stipes
3 to 10 cm long,
the
fertile fronds somewhat smaller than the sterile
ones, triangular-ovate
to
elliptic-ovate,obtuse,
the base often
sagittate,
the basal lobes
spreading,
or deflexed,rounded,
very
prominently
reticulate
on the lower
surface,
the
sori
covering
the
veins; stipes longer
than in the fertile
fronds, 10 to 30
cm
in
length.
In
dry thickets,
banks of
ravines, etc., Masambong
to San Juan del
Monte;
of local occurrence in the
Asia to
Malaya.
7. CEROPTERIS Link
Erect, tufted, terrestrial,finely
divided ferns from
short, creeping or
suberect
rootstocks,
the
stipes
not
jointed
to the rootstock. .Fronds small
to medium
size,pinnately divided,
the under surface covered with
a
white
or yellow
waxy
powder.
Sori linear to
linear-oblong,along
the veins but
not
quite reaching-
their
tips
the indusium
wanting. (Greek
"wax" and
"fern.")
Species
about
8, chiefly
in
tropical America,
1 introduced in the
Philip- pines.
1. C. CALOMELANOS
(L.)
Underw.
Rootstock
short, suberect,
with fev/ brown
scales,
the
.stipes
tufted,
dark-brown or 'purplish,polished, stiff,angular,
5 to 25 cm long.
Fronds
oblong, acuminate,
10 to 50 cm long, bipinnate
to
tripinnatifid,
the
pinnae
4 to 15 cm long, lanceolate,
the lowest
ones
the
largest,
the
upper
ones
gradually shorter,
somewhat
falcate, stalked, pinnate
below, pinnatifid
POLYFODIACEAE
53
toward their
tips,
the
pinnules oblong,
the
upper
surface
glabrous, naked,
the lower surface
densely covered with
a white, waxy powder.
Sori
linear,forked, eventually nearly covering
the lower surface of the frond.
Cultivated for ornamental
purposes,
also
spontaneous
and abundant on
dry banks, cliffs,etc., Guadalupe
to San Juan del Monte. A native of
tropical
America and
Africa,
introduced and now .thoroughly
naturalized
here.
8. NOTHOLAENA R. Brown
Terrestrial slender ferns from
usually creeping rootstocks,
the
stipes
clustered,
not
jointed
to the
rootstock,
the fronds rather
small, pinnately
compound, glandular, hairy, or scaly,
the veins free. Sori rounded to
oblong^,
terminal
on the
veins,
often
uniting into
a continuous
submarginal
line,
naked or
partly
covei'ed
by
the
unaltered, usually
recurved
edge
of
the frond.
(Latin
"false" and
"cloak,"
from the
imperfect indusium.)
Species
about 50 in the
warmer parts
of both
hemispheres, 1 in the
Philippines.
1. H. hirsuta
(Poir.)
Desv.
(N.
densa J.
Sm.).
Rootstocks short, densely
covei-ed with
narrow brown
scales,
the
stipes
rather crowded, slender,
3 to 15 cm long, brown, shining, glabrous or
more or
less clothed with
subulate,
fibrillose scales. Fronds 6 to 20 cm
long, oblong,
1.5 to 5 cm wide, 3-pinnatifidat the
base,
the
primary pinnae
distant,
4 to 7 below the
pinnatifid
apex,
deltoid-oblong,
the
pinnules oblong,
about 1 cm long,
the rachis and lower surfaces of the fronds
more or
less
densely
fibrillose with brown hairs. Sori
usually
continuous
along
the
margin.
On
dry
walls of
Intramuros,
and in
dry
thickets San Juan del
Monte,
etc.,
of local
occurrence in the
Philippines.
India
through Malaya to
Australia and
Polynesia.
9.
CHEILANTHES Swartz
Usually slender, tufted, terrestrial ferns from
creeping or ascending,
scaly rootstocks,
the
stipes dark-colored,
not
jointed
to the
rootstock,
the
fronds
pinnately divided,
the veins free. Sori rounded to
oblong,
terminal
on the
veins,
at first small and
distinct,
afterward more or less confluent
in a submarginal
line. Indusium
consisting
of the
wholly or partly recurved
modified
margin
of the frond.
(Greek "lip"
and
"flower,"
allusion
to
position
of the
sori.)
Species over 100 in the warmer
parts
of both
hemispheres,
about 5 in
the
Philippines.
1. C. tenuifolia
(Burm.)
Sw.
Stipes
scattered or
tufted, slender, brown,
8 to 20 cm long, shining,
naked, or the base
slightly
fibrillose. Fronds
oblong-ovate
8 to 20 cm
long,
4 to 10 cm wdde,
3-pinnatifid,
the lower
pinnae di-stant,opposite,
about
2
cm wide,
divided to the rachis in the lower
part
into
oblong
to linear,
entire or toothed lobes or
segments, glabrous on both surfaces. Sori
rounded or
subcontinuous,
the indusium
narrow, transversely oblong.
In
dry thickets,on cliffs,banks, etc.,
Caloocan to
Pasay; widely
distributed
in the
Asia to New Zealand, eastward to
Poljmesia,
54
A FLORA OF MANILA
10. ONYCHIUM Kaulfuss
Rootstocks
creeping:,
the
stipes tufted,
not
jointed
to the rootstock.
Fronds
finelypinnately
divided,
the sterile and fertile
segments
more or
less dissimilar in
shape
and
size,
both
slender,
the veins free. Indusium
consisting
of the reflexed,
somewhat modified
margin
which reaches to
or
nearly
to the costa. (Greek "claw,"
reference to the
shape
of the lobes
in some
species.)
Species
about
5,
in the warmer
parts
of both
hemispheres,
2 or 3 in the
Philippines.
1. O. siliculosum
(Desv.)
C. Chr.
(O.
auratum
Kaulf.).
Rootstock rather
stout,
covered with
lanceolate,brown, spreading
scales.
Stipes glabrous, pale,
sometimes
brownish,
10 to 30 cm
long.
Fronds 15
to 40 cm long,ovate, finely
3- or
4-pinnatelydivided,
the ultimate
segments
small and
narrow, numei-ous,
the sterile
ones
usually spatulate,
and less
than 5 mm long,
often toothed at the
apex,
the fertile ones pod-like,linear,
entire,acuminate,
5 to 20 mm long,
about 1 mm wide,
the indusium and
sori
golden-yellow.
On banks near Fort
McKinley; widely
disti'ibuted in the
Philippines.
India to
China,
southward to
Malaya.
11. ADIANTUM Linnaeus
Rootstocks
creeping or erect,
the
stipestufted,usually
black and shining,
naked,
not
jointed
to the rootstock, erect, simply pinnate,
to
bi-, tri-,
or even quadripinnate, or forked,
the leaflets
usually,inequilateral,
dimidiate
to cuneate-flabellate or trapezoidal,
the outer
edge variously
toothed
or lobed,
continuous or jointedon their
pedicels,
the veins free, forked. Sori
rounded to oblong or linear,marginal,
terminal on the veins, the indusium
consisting
of the modified reflexed
margin, bearing
the sori
on
its surface.
(Greek "dry,"
from the fact that when
plunged
in
water,
the fronds
come out
dry.)
Species
about 190 in both
hemispheres, chieflytropical,
about 15 in the
Philippines.
1. Fronds
simply pinnate.
2. Leaflets more or less villous
or pilose,deeply
incised 1. A. caudatum
2. Leaflets
glabrous
or nearly so,
not
deeply
incised.
3. Leaflets
dimidiate,
the lower
margin straight or forming an angle,
the
upper
one rounded,
1 to 3.5 cm long;
sori not continuous.
2. A.
philippense
3. Leaflets not
dimidiate,
5 to 10 cm long,
acute or acuminate,
the
sori
continuous;
cultivated
only
3. A.
macrophylhim
1. Fronds 2- to
4-pihnate;
cultivated
only.
2. Leaflets
flabellate-cuneate,
1 to 2 cm
long
4. A. tenerum
2. Leaflets
obliquelyovate to
trapezoidal,
4 to 6 cm long.
5.
A.
trapeziforme
1. A. caudatum L.
Stipes tufted,
5 to 20 cm
long, ascending, erect, or spreading,
more or
less brown-villous. Fronds linear in
outline,
15 to 30 cm long,
1.5 to
3.5 cm
wide, simply pinnate,
the rachis often
elongated
and
rooting
at
its
apex;
leaflets
spreading or ascending,
dimidiate, oblong,
sessile or
nearly so,
the lower
margin straight
and
entire,
the
upper
ojie
deeply
incised,
villous. Sori
nearly round, on the ends of the lobes.
56
A FLORA OF MANILA
Species
160
or
moic,
in the
tropics
of .both
hemispheres,
about 23 in
the
Philippines.
1. Veins free.
2.*Fronds
simply pinnate,
lower
pinnae
shorter than the median ones.
1. P.
longifolia
2. Lowest
pinnae pinnate, or pinnatifid;pinnules or
segments
few.
2. P.
ensiformis
2. Lowest
pinnae bipinnatifid 3. P.
quadriaurita
1. Veins
anastomosing, forming narrow areolae
along
the costa
only;
tapper
part
of the frond
simply pinnate,
the lower
pinnae forked and
bipinnatifid 4. P. biaurita
1. Veins
copiously anastomosing; coarse ferns with
3-partite
fronds.
5. P.
tripartita
1. P.
longifolia
L.
Rootstock
short,
the
tips
clothed with
copious, brown,
linear scales.
Stipes clustered,
3 to 15 cm long, more or less clothed at the base with
linear,spreading,
brown scales. Fronds
simply pinnate, oblong,
20 to 50
cm long,
the lower
pinnae
shorter than the median
ones; pinnae sessile,
numerous,
5 to 20 cm long,
linear-lanceolate to
linear, acuminate, entire,
base
truncate, subcordate, or auricled,glabrous, subcoriaceous,
the terminal
one often much
longer
than the
others;
veins
close,usually once
forked.
Sorus
extending
the entire
length
of the
pinnae on both sides.
.
Crevices of old
dry walls,
in
thickets,on cliffs,etc.; throughout
the
Philippines.
Most
tropical
and
subtemperate
countries.
2. P. ensiformis Burm.
Rhizome
short, creeping, slender, paleaceous. Stipes slender,
those of
the sterile fronds 5 to 10 cm long,
of the fertile
ones 10 to 30 cm long,
naked, erect,
green.
Fronds
membranaceous,
often mottled with
gray,
the
sterile ones 7 to 20 cm long, bipinnatifidor bipinnate,
the
segments oblong
to
obovate, dentate,
about 1 cm long.
Fertile fronds 20 to 40 cm long,
simply pinnate,
sometimes
bipinnate,
the
segments few, linear,
5 to 15 cm
long,
the terminal one usually
much
longer
than the
few, distant, simple
or pinnatifid
lateral
ones,
acute or acuminate,
often denticulate at the sterile
apex;
veins
usually forked,
free. Sorus continuous.
In shaded
thickets,
old
gardens, etc.; widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
India to China southward to
Australia and
Polynesia.
3. P.
quadriaurita
Retz.
Roots clothed with soft brown
hairs,
the
tips
of the rootstocks
paleaceous.
Stipes clustered,erect,
15 to 30 cm long, glabrous
or nearly so,
smooth,
green.
Fronds
oblong,
20 to 60
cm long, simply pinnate
or the lower
pinnae again compound,
the central terminal
pinna elongated,
acuminate,
cut
nearly
to the rachis into
numerous,
close, parallel,oblong
to linear-
oblong,
often
falcate,obtuse,
entire lobes 1 to 2 cm long;
lateral
pinnae
3 to 8
pairs or
more,
8 to 20 cm
long,
1.5 to 3 cm wide, deeply
cut into
numerous lobes like the terminal
pinna;
veins
usually once forked, free,
not forming
areolae
along
the costa. Sori continuous
along
the entire
margin
or interrupted
in the sinuses and toward the ends of the lobes.
Occasional in
thickets,
sometimes in
gardens; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
All warm countries.
POLY FODl ACE AE
57
4. P. biaurita L.
Roots clotlied with soft brown hairs, Caudex
stout, erect,
somewhat
woody, paleaceous
at the
tip. Stipes clustered,
green,
somewhat
paleaceous
near the
base,
otherwise
glabrous, 20 to 60 cm high.
Fronds
oblong,
30
to 60 cm long, simply pinnate above,
the basal
pinnae usually once forked,
the terminal
pinna usually longer
than the lateral
ones; pinnae
6 to 12
pairs,lanceolate, 9 to 20
cm long,
2.5 to 4 cm wide, acuminate,
cut
nearly
to the costa into
numei'ous,
oblong, obtuse,entire,
somewhat
falcate,spreading
lobes,
the sinuses often as wide
as,
or wider than the
lobes;
veins
anastomosing along
the costa
forming a single row of
narrow areolae,
those
in the lobes free, usually once forked. Sorus continuous
along
the
margin
or interrupted
at the sinuses and
apices
of the lobes.
Jn dry
thickets
Masambong, Guadalupe, etc.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
All
tropical
countries.
5. P.
tripartita
Sw.
A coarse tufted fern from a stout, short,
erect caudex.
Stipes
30 to
100
cm high, stout, erect, smooth,
green.
Frond
glabrous, tripartite,spreading
from the
apex
of the
stipe,
the central
part simply pinnate,
up
to 60
cm long,
the
pinnae numerous,
15 to 25 cm long,
2 to 3 cm broad, oblong-
lanceolate,acuminate,
cut
half-way or more to the
costa into
oblong, falcate,
obtuse
lobes, the sterile ones slightly toothed;
lateral divisions
usually
branched,
similar to the middle one but
shorter;
lateral veins
fine,distinctly
anastomosing.
Sori
usually
continuous around the sinus but not reaching
to the ends of the lobes.
Not
uncommon in
gardens, brought
in from the
provinces; widely
distributed
in the
Africa and Asia to
Polynesia
and
Australia.
13. PCH.YPODIUM Linnaeus
Rootstocks
creeping or erect,
the
stipes scattered,jointed
to the root-
stock. Fronds
simple
and
entire,pinnatifid,or
pinnate, rarely more compound,
glabrous, scaly,
or
hairy,
the veins free or
anastomosing.
Sori
rourvl,oblong, or linear,superficialor sunk in
cavities,usually very
numerous,
dorsal. Indusium none.
(Greek "many"
and
"feet.")
A
very
large, polymorphous
genus,
with over 800
species,
in both
hemispheres, mostly tropical,
few in
temperate regions,
about 115 in the
Philippines, a single one
in
our
area,
aside from casual
species
like P.
punciatian
which are occasionallybrought
in from the
provinces.
1. P.
phymatodes
L.
A rather coarse fern, usually fragrant
in
drying.
Rootstock
widely
creeping, stout,
often
glaucous, bearing few, scattered,deciduous,
fibrillosb
scales, becoming nearly glabrous. Stipes
5 to 30 cm
high, erect, glabrous.
Stipes
5 to 30 cm high, erect, glabrous,shining.
Frond
exceedingly variable,
coriaceous, glabrous,
sometimes
simple, entire,
and lanceolate to
oblong,
obtuse to
acuminate,
5 to 20 cm long, or more often
pinnatifid
into
segments
similar in
shape
and size to the
simple
fronds above
described, reaching a
length
of 50
cm,
the sinuses rounded, extending nearly
to the midrib, sometimes
only 3-lobed;
veins indistinct. Sori
large
and
prominent,
in two
rows on each
lobe, or scattered,brown, round to
elliptic,
4 to 5 mm
in
diameter.
On
dry ledges
San Juan del
Monte,
and occasional on walls and trees in
Manila; throughout
the
Africa through
Asia to
Malaya, Australia,
and
Polynesia.
14. CYCLOPHORUS Desvaux
Epiphytic, more rarely
terrestrial ferns,
the rootstocks
creeping, scaly,
the
stipes
not
jointed
to the rootstock. Fronds
coriaceous,
simple, usually
elongated,
entire,
both surfaces with few to
many,
scattered
or densely
arranged
stellate
hairs, the veins
anastomosing,
not
apparent.
Sori round,
sometimes hidden in the
tomentum, entirely covering
the lower surface
or parts
of the lower surface of the fertile
fronds,
the sterile fronds
usually
different in
shape
from the fertile ones. Indusium none. (Greek "circle"
and "to bear,"
allusion to the round
sori.)
Species
about 70 in all
tropicalcountries,
about 10 in the
Philippines.
1. C. adnascens
(Sw.)
Desv.
An
epiphytic ferri,
the slender
wiry
rootstock
widely creeping, branched,
densely
covered with
appressed
brown scales.
Stipes
2 to 5 cm high,
puberulent.
Fronds
dimorphous, coriaceous, oblong
to
lanceolate,
4 to 10
cm long, 1 to 1.5 cm wide,
the fertile
ones linear-lanceolate,
narrower,
10 to
20 cm long,
both surfaces
slightlypubescent or nearly glabrous,
the veins
obsolete. Sori distinct but
closely crowded, densely pubescent
between
them, occupying
the entire lower
surface, except
the
midrib,
of the
upper
one-half to two-thirds of the frond.
Occasional on trees, Singalon, Paco, etc.; widely
distributed in the
Asia to
Polynesia.
15. DRYNARIA J. Smith
Coarse, usually epiphytic
ferns with
very stout, densely paleaceous,
creeping
rootstocks. Fronds of two kinds
very
dissimilar in
shape
and
appearance,
(1)
sterile
humus-gathers,
at first
green,
soon becoming brown,
sessile, coriaceous,
concave,
shining, variously lobed,
and
(2) ordinary
fronds, large, green, deeply simply pinnately lobed;
veins
copiously
anastomosing
and
emitting
free included veinlets. Sori
numerous,
dorsal,
borne
on the veins,
exindusiate.
(Greek "oak-like,"
from the resemblance of
the sterile
humus-gathering
leaves to the leaves of the
oak.)
Species
about
15, tropical
Asia to
Polynesia,
4 in the
Philippines.
Sterile bract-like
humus-gathering
fronds
large,
20 to 30 cm
in
length;
lower lobes of the
ordinary
fronds little or not at all reduced.
1. D.
quercifolia
Sterile bract-like
humus-gathering
fronds
small,
not
exceeding
6 cm
in
length;
lower lobes of the
ordinary
fronds much reduced.. 2. D. descensa
1. D.
quercifolia (L.) Bory.
Rootstock
very stout,
somewhat
fleshy,very densely
covered with narrow
brown scales about 1 cm long. Humus-gathering
fronds brown and shining
when
mature, ovate, coriaceous,
somewhat
imbricate,
20 to 30 cm in
length,
15 to 20 cm wide,
concave, shallowly
lobed
below, deeply so
above.
Stipes
of the
ordinary
fronds
stout,
15 to 30
cm long, narrowly winged,
PARKERIACEAE
59
the fronds firm, oblong or ovate-oblonia:,40 to 90
cm lonj?,
the lobes 8 to
20, ascending:, cut
nearly
to the
midrib,
2 to 4 cm
wide. Sori in
re}?ular
rows,
one row on
each side of each main vein running: to the marjjin.
Occasional on trees,
old
walls,etc.,
sometimes
cultivated;throughout
the
Philippines.
Southern Asia to Australia and
Polynesia.
2. D. descensa
Copel.
Rootstocks
stout, fleshy,densely
covered with brown scales with
long
caudate
tips.
Humus-gathering fronds ovate to
oblong-ovate, coriaceous,
concave,
imbricate,
brown and
shining,
5 to 6 cm long,
base
deeply cordate,
subentire, or lobed above.
Stipes
of the
ordinary
fronds 5 to 25 cm long,
narrowly or broadly winged,
the fronds oblong, 25 to 40 cm long,
cut nearly
to the rachis into
very
distant, alternate, oblong-lanceolate,ascending or
spreading
lobes 8 to 13 cm long,
the lobes 7 to 12 on
each
side,
much
narrower
than the
sinuses,
the lower lobes much reduced. Sori in
regular
rows or somewhat scattered.
On
dry ledges
and on trunks of small trees in ravines
opposite
Gua- dalupe;
of local occurrence
in Luzon. Endemic.
16. ACROSTICHUM
Linnaeus
Very
coai'se
tufted ferns from thick suberect rootstocks,
the
stipes
not
jointed
to the rootstock. Frond
large, simply pinnate,
the
pinnae
with
a prominent midrib,
the veinlets distinct, freely anastomosing,
the
upper
pinnae
in
part
or whole fez-tile.
Sporangia densely covering
the backs of
the fertile
pinnae, except
the midrib;
indusium none. (Greek "tip"
and
"row,"
allusion to the
upper
pinnae
bearing
the
sori.)
Species
3 or 4 in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. A. aureum
L.
Lagolo (Tag.).
Rootstock
stout, woody, scaly. Stipes clustered, stout, glabrous,
30 to
50 cm long.
Fronds 50 to 200 cm long,
the
pinnae oblong, coriaceous,
20
to 50 cm long,
4 to 6 cm wide,
base
stipitate,
apex
obtuse or retuse, sometimes
mucronate. Fertile
upper
pinnae
somewhat smaller than the lower
sterile
ones,
the lower surface densely
covered with the brown
sporangia.
Common in
open
brackish
swamps;
throughout
the
Philippines
near the
sea,
occasional in suitable habitats inland.
Tropics generally.
2. PARKERIACEAE
(Water Fei^n Family)
Aquatic
or subaquatic
succulent
plants growing
in shallow water or
in
mud,
the rootstock short,
erect. Fronds
pinnately divided,
somewhat dimorphous,
the veins
anastomosing,
but
more copiously
in the sterile than
in the fertile fronds.
Sporangia dorsal,
not
gathered
into sori,
scattered
irregularly on
the few longitudinal
veins of the fertile
fronds, parallel
to
the
margins
and
midrib,
the indusium
none,
but the
margins
of the fronds
broadly
recurved, hardly changed
in
texture,
the
edges meeting
with the
midribs and
quite
enclosing
the
sporangia
when
young.
Annulus vertical,
broad, incomplete, short, or interrupted by
the
very
short stalk of the
sporangium.
A
single
genus
and
species,
in all
tropical
countries.
60
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. CERATOPTERIS Brongniart
Characters of the
Family as given
above.
(Greek
"horn"' and "fern"
allusion to the antler-like form of the fertile
fronds.)
1. C. thalictroides
(L.) Brongn.
Stipes tufted,thick,fleshy,
filled with
large air-cells, naked,
5 to 30
cm
long.
Sterile fronds
floating or more often
erect, glabrous,
thin and
flaccid in
texture,
15 to 60 cm long,
2- or 3-pinnatisect,
the ultimate
segments
linear to
lanceolate, rarely oblong-ovate,
1 to 6 cm long,
the :^rondsof
young plants simple
or more or less incised. Fertile fronds about as large
as the sterile
ones,
the ultimate
segments linear,
1 to 5 cm
long,
2 mm
wide or less,pod-like.
In
open
wet
places,
in mud and shallow
water, occasional; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
All
tropical
countries.
3. SCHIZAEACEAE
(Climbing
Fern or Nito
Family)
Erect or twiniilg
terrestrial ferns from erect or horizontal rootstocks.
Sporangia
1 or
2,
or
numerous,
in the axils of
imbricating,clasping
indusia
forming spikes along
the
margins
of the fertile
segments
or arranged
in
2 to 4
regular,
close
rows,
covering one
side of close distichous
spikes
at
the
apex
of the fertile fronds or
segments.
Annulus a complete
transverse
ring
at or
just
below the
apex
of the
sporangium.
Fertile teeth or
segments
of the frond much
contracted,
the sterile ones larger.
Genera
4, species
120 in the warmer
parts
of both
hemispheres,
2
genera
and about 10
species
in the
Philippines.
1. LYGODIUM Swartz
Much
elongated,slender,
terrestrial
ferns,
the rachis
twining,
the
pinnae
stalked, opposite,
the
pairs on
very short, alternate, primary petioles
(really
dwarfed
branches),
which
are
often
inconspicuous or wanting,
the
pinnae pinnate, bipinnate,or dichotomous and somewhat
radiate,
the veins
free or anastomosing. Sporangia
borne on
special
teeth or
spikes arranged
in rows either on
the
margins
of normal
pinnae or on
reduced fertile
pinnae.
Species
about 30 in the
warmer parts
of both
hemispheres,
8 in the
Philippines. (Greek "twining.")
Fertile
pinnate
more compound
than the sterile
ones; very
slender
ferns,
the sterile
segments mostly
3 to 8 mm wide 1. L.
japonicum
Fertile
pinnae
not more compound
than the
sterile,
the latter with
segments
mostly exceeding
1 cm
in width 2. L.
flexuosum
1. L.
japonicum (Thunb.)
Sw.
Nito, Nitong-puti (Tag.).
A
very
slender
twining fern,
1 to 3 m in
length,
somewhat
pubescent
or
nearly glabrous,
the dwarfed branches 2 to 4
mm long.
Sterile
pinnae
8 to 15 cm long, rarely longer,
the rachis
very
narrowly winged, pinnate,
the
pinnules
2 to 5 on
each
side,
the
upper
ones simple, sessile,
often sub-
confluent, entire,
the intermediate ones somewhat hastate,
and the lowest
ones
stalked,pinnate or 2-pinnate,
all oblong
to
linear,
1.5 to 8 cm
long,
3 to 8 mm
wide. Fertile
pinnae
smaller than the sterile
ones,
sometimes
tripinnate,
the
segments relatively
broader and shorter.
LYCOPODIACEAE
61
Occasional in
open dry grasslands, dry thickets,etc., Diliman, San
Francisco del
Monte, etc.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines. Japan
and Korea to
India,
southward to Australia.
2. L. flexuosum
(L.)
Sw. Nito
(Tag., Vis.).
A
twining
somewhat
pubescent
fern
reaching a length
of several
meters,
the dwarfed branches short
or
none,
the stems somewhat
ridged.
Sterile
pinnae pinnate,mostly
15 to 20 cm long,
the rachis
usually narrowly winged,
the
upper pinnules sessile,subconfluent,
the intermediate ones
hastate and
usually
more or less
cordate,
the lowest ones
usually pinnate,
the
segments
oblong
to
lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, 4 to 10 cm long, mostly
10 to 18
mm wide,
very
finely
serrate. Fertile fronds about the
same
size
as
the
sterile
ones,
not more compound,
the segments
about
as large as the sterile
ones.
Occasional in
thickets,Masambong,
San Francisco del
Monte, Diliman,
etc.;widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to southern China southward
to Australia.
4. MARSILEACEAE
(Marsilea Family)
Slender
plants growing
in mud or in shallow
water,
the rootstocks
creeping,
the leaves
long-petioled,4-folialate,
circinate in
vernation,
the
leaflets
sessile,obovate-cuneate,
the nerves
radiate-parallel.Sporangia
borne in
closed,
short-stalked sori or
sporocarps
close to the
rootstocks,
on
very
reduced and modified leaves.
Spores
of two
kinds,
borne in the
same
sporocarp, macrosporangia
each
containing one
macrospore,
and mic-
rosporangia,
each
containing
numerous
microspores.
Genera
3, species75,
warmer
parts
of both
hemispheres, a single
genus
and 1 or 2
species
in the
Philippines. Entirely
different from all other
ferns in habit.
1. MARSILEA Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family as given
above.
(In
honor of G. Marsigli, an
early
Italian
botanist.)
Species 56,
in most warm countries, 1 or 2 in the
Philippines.
1. M. crenata Presl.
Rootstock
slender,creeping,branched,
the
stipes
of the sterile fronds 2
to 12 cm
high, slender;
leaflets
4, obovate-cuneate,glabrous,
10 to 15 cm
long,
or smaller in terrestrial
forms, rounded and
slightly
crenate or
subentire at the
apex,
the lateral
margins entire,straight,cuneateiy narrowed
to the sessile base.
Sporocarps
covei'ed with brown hairs when
young,
becoming glabrous or
nearly so, oblong,
about 3 mm long, rounded,
slightlycompressed,
somewhat clustered or
solitary,
their
pedicels
5 mm
long or less,the
upper
basal tooth
prominent.
In
muddy places,
shallow
pools,etc.,
Caloocan and Santa
Ana; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
5. LYCOPODIACEAE
(Clubmoss Family)
Perennial,erect, prostrate, or pendulous, simple
or branched
plants
with
fibrous
roots,
the stems
usually produced.
Leaves
small, simple, 1-nerved,
entire
or toothed,
continuous with the
stem, mostly very
numerous and
densely arranged
in
many rows, rarely
distichous.
Sporangia
in the axils
of the leaves
or crowded in
terminal,
often elongated spikes-
at the ends
62
A FLORA OF MANILA
of the
branches,
in the axils of bracts
(modified leaves), coriaceous, compressed,
1-celled,openinfj by a
slit down the back.
Spores
all of
one kind,
minute, globose, granulated.
Genera
2, species
150 or more
all
parts
of the
world,
1
genus
in the
Philippines.
1. LYCOPODIUM Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family as given
above.
(Greek
"wolf" and
"foot.")
Species
150 or more
in all
parts
of the
world,
about 20 in the
Philippines.
None of the
following species grow naturally
within
our
area,
but all
are indigenous Philippine
forms found in Manila in cultivation.
1. Leaves little different from the
sporangia-bracts
and
passing
into them
gradually.
2.
Stout,
the leaves
linear-lanceolate,spreading,
1 to 1.5
cm long.
1. L.
squarrosum
2.
Slender,
the leaves
appressed,
less than 1 cm long
2. L. carinatuni
1. Leaves
very
different from the
bracts,
the
sporangia
in
distinct,slender,
elongated, simple,
forked
spikes.
2. Leaves
ovate,
5 to 8
mm long
3. L.
filiforme
2. Leaves
lanceolate,
1 to 1.5
cm long,
less than 5
mm
wide.
4. L.
phyllanthum
1. L.
squarrosum
Forst.
A stout
pendulous epiphyte
40 to 70
cm long, once or
twice dichotom-
ously forked, the stems about 1 cm in diameter. Leaves
very numerous,
crowded, spreading, or
somewhat
ascending, lanceolate,acuminate, shining,
1 to 1.5
cm long,
less than 2
mm wide, entire,
the midrib
distinct,
the
spikes
stout,
5 to 12
cm long,
the bracts leaf -like and little smaller than the leaves.
Occasionally
cultivated in
distributed in
the
Philippines. India to the Mascarene Islands
through Malaya
to
Poly- nesia.
2. L. carinatum Desv.
A slender
pendulous epiphyte
40 to 80 cm
in
length,
several to
many
times
dichotomously branched,
the stems 2 to 3 mm
in diameter
(without
the
leaves)
the branches somewhat
4-angled by
the 4-ranked leaves or
bracts. Leaves rather
close, ascending, lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
6
to 8
mm long. Spikes elongated,
square,
3 to 4 mm
in
diameter,
up
to 40
cm
in
length, simple or forked,
the bracts 4 to 5 mm long, prominently
keeled.
Occasionally
cultivated in
hanging baskets, etc.;
of local
occurrence
in
the
Philippines.
India to
Formosa,
southward to
Malaya
and
Polynesia.
3. L. filiforme Roxb.
Slender
pendulous epiphytes,
the stems 2
mm
in diameter
or less,usually
several times
dichotomously
branched. Leaves
ovate, acute,
5 to 8 mm
long,
3 to 6
mm wide, acute, spreading, laxly disposed. Spikes very
slender,
simple or dichotomously branched,
5 to 20 cm long,
less than 2 mm
in
diameter,
the bracts
ovate,
about 1 mm long,
but little
longer
than the
sporangia.
Occasionally
cultivated in
distributed in
the
Philippines,
but local. India to
Malaya.
64
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. S.
myosuroides (Kaulf.) Spring.
A
slender,
erect or
ascending annual,
5 to 15 cm
high, copiously
pinnate,
the branches
compound,
the base of the stem with rootlets.
Leaves of the lower
plane spaced, membranaceous, oblong-lanceolate,acute,
about 3 mm long, slightlj'inequilateral,light-green, those of the
upper
plane
2
mm long or less, lanceolate,acuminate, appressed. Spikes
1 cm
long or less,
about 3
mm thick,
the bracts of the
upper plane closely
imbricated, oblique, lanceolate,as long as
and in the
same plane as the
larger
leaves.
On
damp banks,
shaded
ravines, etc., Guadalupe
to San Juan del Monte
and
Masambong, Aug.-Feb.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
3. S. barbata Spring.
An erect or
suberect,
somewhat
tufted,
branched annual from the
slightly
prostrate base,
6 to 15 cm high,
with rootlets at the base
only, pinnate,
the branches
ascending,
rather
close,
the branchlets numerous.
Leaves
of the lower
plane spaced
on the
stem, close on the
branches, ovate, acute,
ascending,
about 2 mm long, subequilateral,
the base
broadly
rounded and
somewhat ciliate on the
margins,
imbricated on the
upper
side over
the
stem,
the leaves of the
upper
plane
about one-half as large, obliquely
ovate, acute, appressed. Spikes
about 5 mm long,
1.5 mm
thick,
the
bracts
ovate, acuminate,
keeled on the back.
On
damp cliffs,
banks of
streams, etc.,Masambong
to San Pedro Macati,
Aug.-Oct. ;
of local occurrence
in Luzon. Endemic.
A few forms of uncertain
origin are found in
cultivation,
but these have
not been considered here.
SPERM ATOPHYTA.
PLANTS PRODUCING Flowers
AND
Seeds
Class L GYMNOSPERMAE: Ovules
naked,
not borne in closed
ovaries,
the
stigma none.
7. CYCADACEAE
(Cycas or Pitogo
Family)
Stout erect shrubs or trees with
simple, rarely
forked stems,
with
numerous,
long, pinnate
leaves crowded at the ends. Leaflets
numerous,
somewhat
falcate,linear,coriaceous,
entire. Flowers
dioecious,
the males
in dense
terminal, lai-ge,peduncled cones, composed
of numerous closely
imbricate, cuneate, long-acuminate, scales,bearing
beneath
many
crowded,
1-celled anthers. Female inflorescence
consisting
of
elongated, flat,densely
brown-woolly carpellary
leaves
(carpophores),
more or less crowded at
the
apex
of the
stem,
somewhat dilated above into an entire,toothed,
or
pectinate
blade. Flowers
consisting
of ovules
only,
1 to 5 in distant
notches on
each side of the stalk of the
carpophyll.
Seeds
ellipsoid.
Genera
9, species
about
90,
in the
tropics
and south
temperate
zone
of
both
hemispheres, a single genus
and 3 or 4
species
in the
Philippines.
1. CYCAS Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family as given
above.
(The
ancient Greek name.)
Species
about
16, tropical
Asia to
Japan
southward to Australia and
Polynesia,
3 or 4 in the
Philippines.
TYPHACEAE
65
Leaflets about 5 mm wide, strongly revolute,pubescent on the lower surface.
1. C. revoluta
Leaflets about 1 cm wide,
flat or
nearly so, entirelyglabrous.
2. C. circinalii
*1. C. REVOLUTA
Thunb.
Trunk
stout, cylindric,
marked with
prominent
scars, simple,
with us
usually
not exceeding
1 m
in
height.
Leaves
very numerous, crowded,
spreading,
0.5 to 1.5 m long,
the leaflets
very numerous, close, linear,
sharply
and
slenderly acuminate,
those in the middle
up
to 18 cm long,
about 5 mm wide,
toward the base
gradually shorter,
the basal few
reduced to
sharp spines,
coriaceous, revolute, glabrous on the
upper
surface,
pubescent
beneath.
Commonly
cultivated in Manila and in
some of the
larger
towns in the
Philippines,rarely
or never flowering
here. A
native of China and
Japan,
now cultivated in
many
other countries.
2. C.
c.ircinalis
L.
Pitogo (Tag.);
Oliva
(Sp.-Fil.).
Trunk
stout,
with us rather
short,
but in
some regions
said to attain a
height
of 12
m,
and
up
to 50 cm or more
in
diameter, usually
unbranched.
Leaves 1.5 to 2.5 m long,
crowded at the
apex
of the
trunk,
the leaflets
20 to 30 cm long,
about 1 cm
wide,
flat or nearly so, glabrous
and
shining,
falcate,
45 to 90 or more on each side of the
midrib, sharply
and
slenderly
acuminte,
the lower
ones
reduced to
spines.
Male
cones terminal, elongated-
cylindric
to
ovoid-cylindric,
up
to 60 cm
in
length. Carpellary
leaves
numerous,
about 30 cm long, densely rusty-tomentose, fimbriate-pectinate
at the
apex,
acuminate. Fruit ovoid to
ellipsoid,
3 to 5 cm long.
Occasionally cultivated,
fl.
May; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Tropical
Asia to
Japan,
southward to New Guinea and
Polynesia.
The
Gymnospermae are represented
in the
Philippines by
the
following
additional families: Pinaceae, Taxaceae,
and
Gnetaceae,
and all are treated
by Foxworthy
under the title
"Philippine Gymnosperms" Philip.
Journ.
Sci. 6
(1911)
Bot. 145-177. The Pinaceae is
represented
in Manila
by
immature,
introduced and cultivated
species
of the
genera
Cryptomeria
and
Araucaria,
and
by
rare specimens
of
Cupressus,
the latter
locally
known
as cipres.
Class IL ANGIOSPERMAE: Ovules borne in closed
ovaries,
the
stigma
always present.
Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE: Plants
producing
seeds with but a
singlecotyledon.
8. TYPHACEAE
(Cat-tail Family)
Perennial erect marsh herbs with
simple, erect, linear,
entire leaves
which sheath the base of the stem. Flowers
small, densely
crowded in
long cylindric spikes,
often intermixed with
capillary
bracteoles with
dilated
tips,
the male flowers
superposed
above the female ones. Perianth
of
capillarj'
hairs or none in the male flowers. Stamens 1 or more.
Ovary
very
small,
on a
long capillary stipe,
narrowed into
a capillary
style.
Fruit
very
minute,
the
pericarp membranaceous,
indehiscent or
splittinglaterally.
A
single
genus,
in most warm and
tropical
countries.
111556 5
66
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. TYPHA Linnaeus
Character of the
Family
as given
above.
(The
old Greek
name.)
Species
9 with some subspecies
and
many
varieties in all
parts
of the
world,
2 in the
Philippines.
1.
Typha
angustifolia
L.
subsp. javanica
Schnizl.
Lampacanay (Vis.)
;
Balangot (Tag.) ;
Cat-tail.
Erect, glabrous,
up
to 2 m high.
Leaves
long,
10 to 12 mm wide.
Spikes . exserted, cylindric,
the female one
when mature
brown,
12 to 20
cm long, up
to 2 cm
in diameter.
Locally
abundant in low wet
places,
and shallow
stagnant
fresh
water;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
The
subspecies
extends from the
Mascarene Islands to
Ceylon
eastward and southward to New
Guinea,
the
specieswidely
distributed in
Europe, Asia,
and North America.
9. PANDANACEAE
(Pandan Family)
Erect dioecious shrubs or
trees, usually
with
prop-roots,
or
vines
climbing
by
aerial
roots,
the leaves
3-ranked, spirallyarranged, narrow,
elongated,
acuminate,
the
margins
and midribs
usually spinously
toothed. Inflores- cence
axillary or terminal, simple or branched,
clothed with
leafy spathes
or
bracts. Flowers
small,
crowded on a catkin-like
spadix.
Perianth
none.
Male flowers with
many
stamens,
the filaments free or united.
Female flowers with
a 1-celled
ovary
which is free or connate with those
of
contiguous
flowers. Ovules 1 or
many.
Fruit a globose, oblong, ellipsoid,
or cylindricmass
of
usually
many,
free or somewhat connate,
1- to
many-celled, woody, usually angular drupes,
or somewhat
ben-y-like
and
fleshy.
Genera 3, species
over 300 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
all
genera
and
about 80
species
known in the
Philippines.
1. PAN DAN US Linnaeus filius
Erect, branched, rarely simple
shrubs or trees with
prop-roots,
the
stems
usually prickly.
Leaves
numerous,
crowded at the ends of the
branches. Inflorescence terminal. Fruit a small or large,globose
to
oblong
or elliptic
syncarp
of few to
many,
woody, angled, truncate, rounded, or
pointed drupes. (From
the
Malay name.)
Species more than
200,
about 35 known from the
Philippines.
1. P. tectorius Sol.
(P.
odoratissirmis L.
f.). Pandan, Pangdan (Tag.,
Vis.,II.)
;
Screw Pine.
An erect branched shrub or small tree 3 to 5 m high,
the trunk
bearing
few to
many
prop-roots.
Leaves
spirally
crowded toward the ends of
the
branches, glaucous, linear-lanceolate,slenderly long-acuminate,
up
to
1.5 m long,
3 to 5 cm
wide, coriaceous,
the
margins
and midrib beneath
toward the
apex,
armed with
sharp spiny
teeth that
point
toward the
apex
of the leaf. Male inflorescence somewhat
pendulous,
up
to 0.5 m
long,
the bracts
white or nearly so,
the flowers
very
numerous, fragrant, densely disposed.
Fruit
solitary,pendulous, ellipsoid
to
globose-ellipsoid, usually
about 20 cm
long,
each
composed
of from 50
to 75 or
more, obovoid,
somewhat
angular, fibrous-fleshydrupes
4 to 6 cm
long,
which are narrowed
below, truncate at the
apex,
the stone 4- to
POTAMOGETONACEAE
67
10-celled, slightly
sulcate between the cells at the
apex,
at
matui'ity
yellowish-red.
Very
common along
the seashore and
along
tidal
streams, Pasay, etc.,
fl.
June-Sept.,
and
probably
in other
months; throughout
the
Philippines near
the
sea. Mascarene Islands to southern
Asia, Malaya, Australia,
and
Polynesia.
Some horticultural forms are cultivated in
Manila,
but their botanical
status is uncertain as flowers and fruits are unknown. A common form
with
shining, uniformly
green,
not at all
glaucous leaves,
is
probably only
a variety
of Pandamis tectorius
Sol.;
another form
quite
similar to this but
with
some of the leaves
variegated
with
white, or the
upper
ones nearly
or quite
white is Pandamis veitchii
Hort.,
which
probably originated
in
Polynesia,
and which
may
also well be
only a variety
of P. tectorius Sol.
10. POTAMOGETONACEAE
(Pondweed Family)
Herbs
growing
in fresh or salt
water, usually submerged,
from slender
rootstocks. Leaves
usually distichous,opposite or alternate,submerged or
floating,entire,
linear to ovate,
base
sheathing.
Flowers
very
small,perfect,
in fascicles or spikes.
Perianth
none,
or of 4 small sements. Stamens
2,
sessile or subsessile.
Ovary
of 1 to 4 or more
carpels,
each 1-ovuled.
Fruit a small, 1-seeded,cylindricor ovoid achene.
Genera 9, species
about
115,
in fresh or salt
water
in all
parts
of the
world,
2 or 3
genera
and 6 or 7
species
in the
Philippines.
Spikes cylindric,many-flowered; stamens
4; perianth
of 4 small
segments;
plants
of fresh water 1.
Potamogeton
Flowers 2 to 6 within the
leaf-sheath; stamens 2; perianth none; plants
of salt water with linear leaves
,
2.
Ruppia
1. POTAMOGETON Linnaeus
Perennial or annual, submerged or floatingaquatic herbs,
the
stems weak,
flaccid,branched, leafy.
Leaves
opposite or alternate,
all
submerged
and
sessile or the
upper
ones floating,
often
petioled,
linear to
oblong or
elliptic.
Spikes cylindric,terminal, mostly densely many-flowered,
the
scape
from a
membranaceous
spathe.
Flowers
perfect. Perianth-segments 4, concave,
f?reen (dilated-winged
connectives of the anthers of
some authors).
Anthers
4,
sessile on the
segments. Carpels 4,
sessile
1-celled,
1-ovuled. Fruit
small coriaceous or
spongy,
drupe-like. (From the Greek "river"' and
"neighbor"
in reference to the habitat of most
species.)
Species
about 87,
with
many
varieties,
in all
parts
of the
world,
about 4
in the
Philippines.
1. P. malainus
Miq.
Stems
elongated, slender,
up
to at least 2
m in
length. Submerged
leaves
thin,
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,mostly long-petioled,
both ends
acute,
apex
mucronate,
6 to 15 cm long,
1 to 1.5 cm wide,
the midrib thick,
the
nerves slender,
the
margins
of the
younger
leaves crenulate-undulate.
Peduncles about as
long
as the leaves.
Spikes slender,cylindric,
up
to 3.5
cm
long, interrupted,
about 5 mm in diameter.
Abundant in the
Mariquina
River
near Pasig,
fl.
Jan.-Apr. ;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to China, Formosa, Java, Sumatra,
and
Borneo,
also
reported
from the West Indies.
2. RUPPIA Linnaeus
Slender,branched, submerged plants growing
in brackish water. Leaves
very slender, elongated, filiform,entire,
the bases with broad sheaths.
Flowers small, perfect,
2 to 6
together
within the leaf-sheath on a short
peduncle
which
elongates
after
flowering.
Perianth none. Anthers
2,
sessile,opposite. Carpels
4 or more and
sessile,1-ovuled,
in fruit
long-
stipitate,ovoid,
beaked.
(In
honor of H. B.
Rupp, a German
botanist.)
A
single
variable
species
in brackish water in most warm and
tropical
regions.
1. R. maritima L.
var. rostrata
Agardh. Digman-palay (Tag.).
Stems
very
slender, branched,
up
to 50 cm in
length.
Leaves
thin,
linear, entire,flat,
5 to 7
cm long,
less than 1 mm wide,
the sheaths
auriculate. Flowers
very
small. Peduncles
elongated
after
flowering,
straight, slender,
1 cm
long or more. Achenes
obliquely ovoid, beaked,
about 2.5 mm
long,
and
slenderly pedicelled,
4 or 5
or more
subumbellately
arranged on each
peduncle.
In brackish
water, fish-ponds
at
Malabon,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.,
and
probably
in
other
months;
of
very
local occurrence in the
Philippines.
In most warm
and
tropical
countries.
11. NAJADACEAE
(Najas Family)
Slender, branched, submerged plants,
the leaves
numerous, small, linear,
toothed, sheathing
at the
base,
in
pairs,
sessile. Flowers
small, axillary,
monoecious, rarely
dioecious. Male flowers naked or included in a small,
spathe,
the
perianth 2-lobed,
adnate to the
solitary
anther. Female flowers
naked, rarely
included in a spathe,
the
perianth none,
the
ovary
1-celled,
1-ovuled. Fruit
small,
included in the
leaf-sheaths,
the
pericarp thin,
adherent to the seed.
A
single
genus.
1. NAJAS Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family. (From
the Greek "water nymph.")
Species 32,
with
many
varieties,
in all
parts
of the
world,
3 in the
Philippines.
1. N.
graminea
Del.
A slender branched
plant
20 to 60 cm. in
length.
Leaves
linear,numerous,
opposite,
1 to 2 cm long,finelytoothed,
inflated and with toothed auricles at
the base. Flowers
small, naked, fascicled,monoecious;
anthers 4-celled.
Fruit
oblong-ellipsoid,
about 2 mm long.
In
stagnant
fresh
water,
fl.
March-May
and
probably
in other
months;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Northern Africa to
Japan
south to
Australia.
12. HYDROCHARITACEAE
(Eel
Grass
Family)
Aquatic,
fresh or salt-water
herbs,
with
simple,
undivided leaves.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious,
enclosed in
an entire or 2-leaved
spathe.
Sepals 3, green
or
petaloid.
Petals 3 or none. Stamens 3 to
15; anthers
erect.
Ovary
inferior,
the
placentas parietalor projecting; stylesor style-
arms
3 to 12. Fruit
rarely dehiscent,
membranaceous or fleshy,
few- to
many-seeded.
HYDROCHARITACEAE
69
Genera
14, species
about
60;
6
genera
and 8 to 10
species
in the
Philip- pines.
1. Fresh-water herbs.
2. Stems
branched, leafy,elongated,
the leaves whorled 1.
Hydrilla
2.
Stemless, or
with stolons
only.
3. Leaves
very
long
and
narrow, ribbon-like;perianth single.
2. Vallisneria
3. Leaves
broad,
the
floatingones
up
to 20 cm in
width; perianth
double.
3. Ottelia
1. Salt-water
herbs; stems slender,creeping.
2. Stamens 3 4.
Halophila
2. Stamens 6
5. Thalassia
1. HYDRILLA Richard
An
elongated,branched, leafy,submerged,
herb. Leaves
short,
in
whorls,
or the lower ones opposite.
Male flowers
solitary,shortly pedicelled,
in
a
subglobose, sessile,
muricate
spathe; sepals 3, ovate,
green;
petals 3, oblong
or wedge-shaped;
stamens 3,
the anthers
large,
reniform. Female flowers
1 or 2, sessile,
in
a tubular,
2-toothed
spathe,
the
perianth as
in the staminate
flowers but the
segments narrower; ovary
produced beyond
the
spathe
in
a
filiform
beak, 1-celled; styles
2 or 3. Fruit subulate,
smooth or
muricate,
seeds 2
or 3, oblong. (From
the
Greek,
with reference to its
habitat.)
A
monotypic
genus.
1. H. verticillata (Roxb.) Royle. Digman (Tag.).
Submerged
in stillor slowly running water, forming large
masses,
often
2 m long.
Leaves 4 to 8 in
a whorl, thin,narrowly oblong, serrulate,
0.5 to
1.5 cm long.
Flowers about 0.5 cm long,
the
perianth
very
variable,
the
male flowers
escaping
from the
sheaths,
when
mature,
and
floatingon the
surface of the water.
Abundant in fresh-water
esteros,
and in the
Mariquina River; widely
distributed in the
Philippines. Europe through
Asia to the Mascarene
Islands,Malaya,
and Australia.
2. VALLISNERIA Linnaeus
Submerged, tufted, stemless, stoloniferous,herbaceous,
the leaves
very
long,thin,
linear. Male flowers
very numerous, minute,
in
an ovoid,3-lobed,
shortly peduncled spathe; sepals 3; petals none;
stamens 1 to 3. Female
flowers
solitary,
in a tubular, 3-toothed
spathe, terminating a
very long,
filiform,spiral
scape;
perianth as
in the male flowers. Fruit linear,
included
in the
spathe, many-seeded. (In
honor of A.
Vallisneri,an early
Italian,
botanist.)
A
genus
with three or four
species
in all warm regions.
1. V.
gigantea
Graebn. Sintas
(Tag.) (From Sp.
cinta =
rihhon) ;
Eel Grass.
Leaves often 2 m or more in
length,
or sometimes
only a
few
cm,
according
to the
depth
of the
water, thin,
1 cm wide or less. Staminate
spathes
about 0.5 cm long:
when the flowers
emerge
they
break
off,
rise to
and float on the surface of the water. Female
spathes floating on the
surface of the water at the time the flowers are
open,
but after fertilization
the
scape
coils
up
and draws the
ovary
do^\Tl to
ripen
under water.
70
A FLORA OF MANILA
Abundant in the
Mariquina
River at
Pasig;
in shallow water in lakes
and stillstreams throughout
the
Philippines.
New Guinea.
3. OTTELIA Persoon
Submerged
herbs in fresh water. Leaves
crowded,
the
submerged ones
often
narrow,
the
floating
ones long-petioled,
with broad blades. Flowers
solitary,
sessile,on a tubular,
2-fid
spathe. Sepals
linear
or oblong.
Petals
large,
obovate or orbicular, the base with
fleshyappendages.
Stamens 6 to
15.
Ovary oblong, beaked,
almost
6-celled;styles 6, linear,2-fid;
ovules
many.
Fruit
oblong, 6-valved, enclosed in the
spathe.
Species
6 or 7, tropical
and
subtropical,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. O. alismoides (L.)
Pers. Calaboa
(Tag.).
Roots fibrous. Leaves
extremely variable,
short- or long-petioled
according
to the
depth
of the
water,
the blades of the
submerged
leaves often
narrow,
of the
floatingones ovate to
suborbicular,
5 to 20 cm
long
and wide,
base rounded or often cordate. Flowers
white, about 2 cm
long.
Fruit
oblong,
crowned
by
the withered
perianth,
2.5 to 4 cm long,
the
enclosing
perianth-tube winged.
Abundant in the
Mariquina
River near Pasig,
and in various fresh-water
esteros; throughout
the
Philippines
in shallow lakes and in still streams.
Tropical
Asia to Australia.
4. HALOPHILA Thouars
Slender, submerged,
monoecious or dioecious, marine
plants.
Leaves in
pairs
at each node of the slender
creeping stem,
ovate to
oblong. Spathes
of both sexes
small,solitary,
sessile between the
pairs
of leaves, 1-flowered.
Male flowers
pedicelled. Sepals
3. Petals none. Anthers
3,
subsessile.
Female flowers sessile.
Sepals
3. Ovary
1-celled.
Styles 3,
filiform.
Ovules several or
many.
Fruit
subglobose,
beaked.
(Greek
'^salt" and "to
love" from habit of
growth
in salt
water.)
Species,
6 or
more, tropicalseas
of both hemispheres,
at least 3 in the
Philippines.
Leaves
ovate-elliptic,
4 to 5 mm wide 1. H. ovata
Leaves
linear-oblong
to
lanceolate,
about 2 mm wide 2. H. beccarii
1. H. ovata Gaudich.
A
very slender,prostrate, creeping, submerged,
marine
plant,
the stems
branched, rooting
at the nodes. Leaves
ovate-elliptic, thin,
obtuse, about 10
mm long,
4 to 5 mm wide,
the
petioles
slender. Flowers
small, solitary,
monoecious or dioecious,
the staminate ones pedicelled,
the stamens 3,
the
pistillate
ones sessile,
the
perianth small, 3-parted. Ovary ovoid,
2 mm
long; styles 3, slender,
about 6 mm long.
Mature fruit membranaceous,
globose,
2 to 2.5 mm
in diameter.
In shallow water,
Manila
Bay,
abundant February to
May,
and washed
up
on the beach in considerable
quantities.
Otherwise known only
from
the Marianne Islands.
2. H. beccarii Aschers.
A
delicate,densely
matted or caespitose submerged plant,
the slender
stems
creeping
and
rooting on muddy
bottoms. Leaves
very
thin, lanceolate
to
linear-oblong,
0.8 to 1.5 cm long,
about 2 mm wide, on
long
slender
petioles.
Flowers
small,
monoecious.
72
A FLORA OF MANILA
5. Staminate and
pistillatespikelet's
in the
same inflorescence.
2. Coix
4.
Spikelets usually
in
pairs,
sometimes
solitaryor
in
threes,one
sessile and one or two pedicellate,
in the
same inflorescence,
the
sessile one perfect,
the
pedicelledusually
male or
empty. (Tribe
Andropogoneae.)
5.
Spikelets
all
similar,perfect; joints
of the rachis not much
thickened nor excavated for the
reception
of the
spikelet.
6'.
Axis of the
spikes
continuous.
7.
Spikelets solitary,
in
several,slender,unilateral,digitately
arranged spikes 3. Dimeria
7.
Spikelets
in
pairs,
the
spikes foiTning a white, cylindric,
spike-likepanicle
4.
Imperata
6. Axis of the
spikes jointed,
7.
Spikes solitary,
terminal.
8.
Spikelets
in
pairs
at each
joint
of the rachis.
5.
Pogonatheruyn
8.
Spikelets
in threes at each
joint
of the rachis.
6.
Polytrias
7.
Spikes
2 to
many,
digitateor ci-owded on the short main
axis.
8.
Spikeletssolitary
7. Arthraxon
8.
Spikelets
in
pairs,one sessile and one pedicelled.
9.
Spikelets 1-, rarely 2-flowered,
when 2-flowered the
first
empty glume
with a median furrow.. 8. Pollinia
9.
Spikelets 2-flowered,
the first
empty glume
not
furrowed 14. Ischaemum
7.
Spikes
in
a
much-branched
panicle
upon
an elongated
main
axis 9. Saccharum
5. Spikelets dissimilar,
the
joints
of the
spike cylindric,
more or
less hollowed out for the
reception
of the
spikelets.
6.
Spikelets
in
pairs.
7. First
empty glume flat;very
coarse
grasses..
10. Rottboellia
7. First
empty glume globose; a slender,
much-branched
grass
11. Manisuris
6.
Spikelets solitary
12.
Ophiurus
5.
Spikelets dissimilar; joints
of the
spikes
not thickened nor
excavated.
6. Sessile
spikelets
2-flowered.
7.
Spikes
reduced to a tenninal
joint,
with 3
spikelets,
more
or
less enclosed
by a sheathing
leaf 13.
Apluda
7.
Spikes
with
many
joints,digitate
or
in
pairs; spikelets
awned 14. Ischaemum
6. Sessile
spikelets 1-flowered;
grasses
of various habit with
awned or unawned
spikelets.
7. Fertile
spikelets
surrounded
by a
whorl of sterile or
male
ones
15. Themeda
7. Fertile
spikeletsnot surrounded
by
a
whorl of sterile or
male ones
16.
Andropogon
3.
Flowering glumes
similar in texture to the
empty ones,
never hyaline
or
thin;
inflorescence
spicate,
solitary,the
spikeletsfallingsingly
or in
groups.
GRAMINEAE
73
4. Inflorescence
spicate. (Tribe ZoiSEAE) 17. Zoisia
4. Inflorescence
paniculate. (Tribe Tristigineae).... 18. Arundinella
8.
Flowering glume and
palea
very
different in texture and
appearance
from the
empty glumes,
coriaceous or chartaceous.
(Tribe
Paniceae.)
4.
Spikelets
all
perfect.
5.
Spikelets
not involucrate.
6.
Empty glumes
2.
7. Perfect flowers 1 in each
spikelet.
8. First
empty glume
with
a
ring-like
callus....19. Eriochloa
8.
Ring-like
callus
wanting; spikelets
in 1-sided
racemes or
spikes.
9.
Spikelets
ovate or orbicular,obtuse,rarely
acute.
20.
Paspalum
9.
Spikelets
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,acute or acuminate
21.
Digitaria
7. Perfect flowers 2 in each
spikelet
22. Isachne
6.
Empty glumes
3.
7. Glumes
unawned; spikeletspanicled or spicate.
23. Panicum
7.
Empty glumes
or flowering glumes
awned or aw^n-pointed.
8. Slender
grasses;
empty glumes
smooth.... 24.
Oplismeniis
8. Coarse
grasses;
empty glumes
muricate.
23. Panicum
"
Echinochloa
5.
Spikelets
subtended
by
an involucre
consisting
of 1 to
many
bristles or
spines
which are sometimes
grown
together.
6. Involucre of 2
spine-bearing
valves
quite enclosing
the
spikelets
25. Cenchrus
6. Involucre of
numerous
bristles 26. Setaria
6. Involucre of
solitary
bristles.
7. A
floatingaquatic grass
27.
Chamaeraphis
7. A terrestrial
grass
26. Setaria
4.
Spikelets
monoecious or dioecious.
5.
Monoecious; a slender, prostrate
grass,
the inflorescence
a
terminal
spike,
the 2 lower
spikeletsperfect,
the 4 to 6
upper
ones male 28. Thuarea
5.
Dioecious; a
very coarse,
spreading
grass;
female flowers in
large, globose
heads with
very
long
slender
spines;
male
flowers in
umbellately disposed
racemes 29.
Spinifex
2.
Spikelets laterallycompressed; empty glumes
none or rudimentary.
(Tribe Oryzeae.)
3.
Empty glumes 2,
short but
distinct;spikelets
awned or awnless.
30.
Oryza
3.
Empty glumes none; spikelets
awnless 31. Lecrsia
Spikelets
1- to
many-flowered,
the
empty glumes persistent,
the rachilla
articulated above the
empty glumes
and
produced
above the
upper
glume.
2. Stems
herbaceous;
leaf-blades
sessile,
not
jointed
with the sheaths.
3.
Spikelets1-flowered;
inflorescence
paniculate. (Tribe
Agrostideae.
)
4.
Flowering glume
awnless 32.
Sporobolus
4. Flowering glume
with a slender,
3-fid awn
33. Aristida
3.
Spikelets
few- to many-flowered,
if 1-flowered then the
spikes
digitatelyarranged.
74
A FLORA OF MANILA
4.
Spikelets
on the
spike-like
branches of
a
simple panicle. (Tribe
Festuceae.)
5.
Flowering glumes
1- to 3-nerved 34.
Diplachne
5.
Flowering glumes
several-nerved 35. Centotheca
4.
Spikelets
in
open
compound panicles,
the branches
usually
not
spike-like.
5. A
very
coarse
grass ;
rachilla clothed with
long
white hairs.
36.
Phrag
mites
5. Slender
grasses;
rachilla
glabrous or merely pubescent; glumes
3-nerved 37.
Eragrostis
4.
Spikelets
in 2 rows on one
side of the
digitatelyor racemosely
arranged spikes. (Tribe Chlorideae.)
5.
Spikes digitateor approximate.
6.
Spikelets
1-flowered 38.
Cynodon
6.
Spikelets
2- or more flowered,
the
upper
flowers
imperfect,
the
flowering glume
awned 39. Chloris
6.
Spikelets
with from 3 to 6
perfect
flowers.
7.
Spike
with terminal
spikelets
40. Eleusine
7.
Spikes
with the rachis extended
beyond
the
upper
spikelets
in
a
manifest
point
41.
Dactyloctenium
5.
Spikes racenioselyarranged along
the elongated rachis,
filiform
;
spikelets
very
small, alternate,
several-flowered.
42.
Leptochloa
2. Stems
woody, plants usually tree-like;
leaf-blade with
a petiole-like
base which is
jointed
with the sheath.
(Tribe Bambuseae.)
3.
Spikelets
scattered
along
the
branches, usually
more than 1-flowered.
43. Bambusa
3.
Spikelets
in dense
globose or cylindric
clusters
along
the
branches,
1-,rarely
2-flowered 44.
Schizostachyum
1. ZEA Linnaeus
A
tall,stout, unbranched,
monoecious
grass,
the stems solid. Leaves
large, broad,
flat. Male inflorescence of terminal, racemosely arranged
spikes,
the
spikelets
in
pairs, one sessile,one pedicellate
at each of the
alternating
teeth of the
unjointed rachis,
the
glumes 4,
first and second
empty, enclosing
the
very
thin third and fourth
ones. Female inflorescence
a solitary,axillary,stout,
sheathed
spike,
the rachis
thick,
spongy,
the
spikelets-l-flowered,sessile,densely
crowded in
many
vertical series on the
thick,cylindric
rachis.
(A
Greek name for some undetermined
grain.)
A
genus
of one or two exceedingly
variable
species,
natives of
tropical
America, represented
here
by
the
following
introduced and
extensively
cultivated
species.
*1. Z. MAYS L. Mais
(Sp.); Corn,
Indian
Corn,
Maize.
A
very coarse, erect,
grass, usually
about 2 m high,
the leaves
very
laz-ge,
often 10 cm wide and
up
to 1
m
in
length. (Fl. Filip.pi.279.)
Commonly
cultivated in and about
Manila,
and
throughout
the
Philip- pines;
introduced
by
the
Spaniards
at an early date,originating
in
tropical
America. Cultivated in all
temperate
and
tropical
countries.
A
closely
allied
genus
and
species,
Euchlaena luxurians Schrad.,generally
known as "teosinte,"
has been cultivated in
Singalon,
but seems no
longer
to be
grown
here. It is a native of Mexico and is
very
similar to Zea
mays
in habit and
appearance,
differingchiefly
in its smaller female inflorescence,
the
spikelets
and
grains arranged
in
a singlerow.
GRAMINEAE
75
2. COIX Linnaeus
Tall,
coarse,
erect, branched,
annual
or perennialgrasses
with lonft', broad
leaves.
Spikes numerous, axillary
and
terminal,
the lower
spikeletssolitary,
female, enclosed in
a hardened, shining,
bead-like
capsule,
the
pedicels
bearing
the male
spikeletsprotruding through
the
apex
of the
capsule.
Male
spikeletslanceolate,
in
pairs
or in threes at each node of ,the rachis,
1 sessile, and 1 or 2
pedicelled.
Glumes
4,
the first and second
subequal,
empty,
the third and fourth
thin,paleate,
each
enclosinga flower, or
empty.
Female
spikeletsovoid, acuminate,
of 4
glumes, the first
chartaceous,
the
others thinner. Grain
orbicular,
enclosed in the
hardened, shining capsule.
(A Greek name used
by Theophrastus
for some reed-like
plant.)
Species
3 or
4,
or reduced
by
some botanists to a single
variable
one,
in
the
tropics
of the Old
World,
2 forms in the
Philippines.
1. C. LACHRYMA-JOBi L.
Tigbe (Tag.) ;
Job's Tears.
Stems
coarse, stout,
1 to 2 m high,
branched. Leaves 10 to 40 cm
long,
2.5 to 4 cm
wide, acuminate,
base
broad,
cordate.
Spikes
6 to 10 cm
long,
erect, peduncled.
Male
spikelets
about 8 mm long. Capsule enclosing
the
female flowers and the
grains hard, bony,
white
or
nearly black, shining,
ovoid,
about 8 mm long. (Fl. Filip.pZ.188.)
In waste
places,occasional,
fl.
Oct.-Feb.,
and
probably
in other
months;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines. Ti'opical
Asia and
Malaya,
cultivated
in
tropical
Africa and America.
Probably a native of
India,
and of
prehistoric
introduction in the
Philippines.
3. DIMERIA R. Brown
Slender,
annual or
pei-ennialgrasses.
Leaves
narrow,
flat.
Spikelets
1-flowered,unilateral,
sessile or
pedicelled,
on 1 or 2 to several,digitately
or racemosely arranged spikes,
the rachis not
jointed.
Glumes
4,
the first
linear,rigid,
the second
broader, compressed,
the third
smaller, hyaline,
empty,
the fourth
hyaline,
entire or 2-lobed,
.
keeled, 1-nerved, usually
awned, containing a perfect
flower. Grain
linear,laterallycompressed,
free.
Species
about
12,
Asia to
Australia,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. D.
ornithopoda Trin.,var. tenera
(Trin.)
Hack.
A
very
slender,annual, erect,
more or
less tufted
grass
10 to 40 cm high.
Leaves
linear,
2 to 3 cm long.
Inflorescence
long-exserted,consisting
of
2,
ascending or
spreading,
slender
spikes
5
cm
long
or less,digitatelyarranged
at the
apex
of the
stem,
the rachis
slender,slightly
flexuous.
Spikelets
sessile,
about 2 mm
long,
the awn of the fourth
glume
very
slender,
often
nearly
1 cm long. (Greek
"two
parted"
in allusion to the two
spikes.)
In
open
wet
lands, especially
in fallow rice
paddies, etc.,
fl.
Aug.-Dec;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to Australia.
4. IMPERATA
Cyrilli
Perennial,erect,
unbranched
grasses
from stout underground rootstocks.
Leaves flat.
Spikelets
1- or 2-flowered,
in
dense, spike-like,silvery-silky
panicles,
in
pairs,
both
pedicelled,
the
upper
flower
perfect,
the lower imperfect
or none. Glumes
4, thin,awnless, the first and second lanceolate,
hairy,
the third and fourth much
smaller, thin, glabrous.
Stamens 1 or
2;
anthers
large.
Grain
small, oblong,
free. (In
honor of F.
Imperato,
an early
Italian
pharmacist.)
Species 5, chieflytropical,
2 in the
Philippines.
76 A FLORA OP MANILA
1. I.
cylindrica (L.) Beauv., var.
koenigii (Retz.)
Benth.
Cogon (Tag.).
An erect
grass
30 to 80 cm high,
the stems
solid,
rather
slender,
the
nodes
glabrous or bearded. Leaves
flat,linear-lanceolate, acuminate, erect,
20 to 50 cm long,
5 to 9 mm wide. Panicles
exserted, dense, subcylindric,
spike-like,white,
10 to 20 cm long,
5 to 15 cm in
diameter, silvery-silky.
Callus hairs
copious,
about twice as long as the
glumes. Spikelets
3 to 4
mm long.
In
open,
rather
dry lands,
common,
fl.at intervals
throughout
the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
All warm countries.
5. POGONATHERUM Beauvois
Slender,tufted,erect,
annual or perennial
grasses
with
capillarypeduncles
and
small,
erect leaves. Inflorescence
spicate, solitary. Spikelets
1- or
2-flowered,
in
pairs, usually a sessile
perfect one,
and a pedicelled
female
one,
densely
crowded on the
slender,fragile
rachis of the slender
spike,
the
slender
awns
often interlaced. Glumes
4, thin,
the first
oblong,
truncate
or rounded, long-ciliate,
the second as long as the
first,acute or 2-toothed,
awned,
the fourth
narrow,
2-fid,long-awned.
Grain
oblong,
free.
(Greek
"beard" and "awn" in allusion to the
inflorescence.)
A
genus
of 2 or 3
closely
allied
species,
India to
Japan
southward to
Malaya,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. P.
paniceum (Lam.)
Hack.
(P.
saccharoideum
Beauv.).
A
slender, densely tufted, branched,
erect
grass
15 to 40 cm high.
Leaves 3 to 8 cm
long,
3 mm wide or less.
Spikes brownish, slender,
2 to
4 cm long,
the awns
very slender,
1.5 to 2 cm long.
On
ledges
and banks
along streams,
and in
ravines, Masambong,
Guada- lupe,
etc.,
fl.at intervals
throughout
the
year;
common and
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
India to China and
Japan,
southward to
Malaya.
6. POLYTRIAS Hackel
A
low, slender,prostrate grass
with
ascending flowering branches,
the
spikes terminal,brown, hairy, solitary,
the rachis
jointed,
each
jointbearing-
two sessile
spikelets
and a pedicellateone,
all 1-flowered. First and second
glumes equal, hairy, pointed,
the third
lacking,
the fourth
hyaline, long-
awned. Palea
minute,
subobsolete.
(Greek "many"
and
"three,"
in allusion
to the
joints
of the rachis each
bearing
three
spikelets.)
A
monotypic
genus,
native of
Java,
also found in
Singapore (introduced?),
and introduced in the West Indies.
1. P. DIVERSIFLORA
(Steud.)
Nash.
(P. praemorsa
Hack.).
A slender annual
grass,
the stems usually decumbent,
branched below,
the
flowering
branches erect or ascending,
20 to 40 cm long.
Leaves
linear-
lanceolate,
2.5 to 6 cm long,
2 to 4 mm wide.
Spikes solitary,erect, brown,
hairy,
4 to 7 cm
long. Spikelets hairy,
about 4 mm long,
the awns about
1 cm
long.
In
open grass
lands and waste
places,
fl.Oct.-Feb.
;
not common
in the
Philippines
outside of the immediate
vicinity
of Manila. Introduced from
Singapore or Java. Java, Singapore,
and the West Indies (introduced).
7. ARTHRAXON Beauvois
Slender, annual or perennial, usually
branched
grasses,
with rather
short,
lanceolate to
broadly lanceolate, often cordate leaves. Inflorescence
GRAMINEAE
77
of from 2 to
many,
slender,more or less
fragile,jointed,digitatelyarranged
spikes. Spikeletssolitary,sessile,
not in
pairs,
1-flowered. Glumes
4,
the
first the
largest,
the second
keeled,3-nerved,
the third
small, hyaline,
the
fourth
smallest,hyaline, long-awned.
Stamens 2 or 3.
(Greek "jointed"
and
"stem".)
Species
about 12 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
3 in the
Philippines.
1. A.
quartinianus (A, Rich.)
Merr.
A weak,
slender, ascending or rambling,
somewhat branched
grass
reaching
a length
of 1 m or less. Leaves
lanceolate,
2 to 5 cm long.
Inflorescence
exserted,
of 2 or 3, rarely more,
slender, 2 to 5 cm long,
green
or purplish spikes,
the
joints
of the rachis
white-pilose. Spikelets
lanceolate,
acuminate,
5 to 6 mm
long,
rather
distant,scabrid,
the awn slender,
geniculate,longer
than the
spikelet.
In
dry
thickets and
open
places,
San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
Dec-Jan.;
otherwise
known in the
Philippines only
from northern Luzon. India to
Abys- sinia.
8. POLLINIA Trinius
Annual or perennial
erect
grasses,
the
spikes subdigitately
fascicled at
the ends of the
stems, hairy,
the rachis
fragile. Spikelets
in
pairs, one
sessile,one pedicelled,1-flowered,or the sessile one 2-flowered. Glumes 4,
the first flattened or
concave, margins narrowly inflexed,
the second
as long
as the
first,keeled,acute,
the third
hyaline,ciliate,
the fourth
very
short,
hyaline,
or reduced to the dilated base of the
long, twisted,
exserted awn.
(In
honor of C.
PoUini; an Italian
botanist.)
Species
about 30, tropical
and
subtropicalparts
of the Old
World,
10 in
the
Philippines,
1 in our area.
1. P.
argentea
Trin.
A
tufted, erect, unbranched,
rather slender
grass
20 to 60 cm high.
Leaves linear,
5 to 15 cm long, mostly
basal.
Spikes
2 to
5, silky-hairy,
3
to 9 cm long,
at the
apex
of the
stem,
somewhat flexuous.
Spikelets
about
3 mm
long,silky-hairy
with white
hairs,
the
awns
6 mm long or longer.
In
dry grass
lands,apparently
rare
in
our
area, June; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines. India, Malaya,
and northern Austx-alia.
9. SACCHARUM Linnaeus
Tall,
coarse,
erect, perennial, usually
unbranched
grasses,
the stems
solid. Inflorescence a large
terminal
panicle,
the branches slender, jointed.
Spikeletssmall,awnless,
1-flowered,
in
pairs,
1 sessile with
a perfect flower,
1
pedicelled
with
a
female flower. Glumes
4,
all thin, the third
empty,
the
fourth shorter than the
others,rarely wanting. (Latin "sugar.")
Species
about 12, chiefly
in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
3 in the
Philip- pines.
Stem
silky
below the
panicle;
leaves
harsh,
1.5 cm wide or
less.
1. S.
spoyitaneum
Stem
glabrous
below the
panicle;
leaves
broad,
up
to 5 cm
in
width;
cultivated
only
2. S.
officinarum
1. S.
spontaneum
L.
subsp. indicum Hack. Talahib
(Tag.).
A
coarse,
erect
perennial,usually
more or less tufted or gregarious grass
1 to 3.5 m high,
from stout
underground
rootstocks. Leaves
harsh, linear,
0.5 to 1 m long,
6 to 15 mm wide. Panicle
white.
78
A FLORA OF MANILA
erect,
15 to 30 cm
long,
the branches
slender,spreading, whorled, fragile,
the
joints
clothed with long, soft,
white hairs.
Spikelets
about 3.5 mm
long,very
much shorter than the
copious long
white hairs at the base.
In
open
waste
places,
fallow
lands, etc.,
fl.
Sept.-Nov.,
and
Apr.-June;
very
common
and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Southern
Europe
through
the
tropics
of the Old World to Australia.
*
2. S. OFFiciNARUM
L. Tuba
(Tag.)
;
Cana duke
(Sp.)
;
Sugar
Cane.
A
coarse,
erect
grass
1.5 to 3.4 m high,
the stems
green,
yellow, or
purplish,
2 to 5 cm thick,
the internodes
long
or short. Leaves
very
large,
broad. Panicles
very large,
40 to 80 cm long, white,
the branches
up
to
35 cm in
length,
the stems
glabrous
below the
panicle. Spikelets
very
numerous,
about 3 mm long,
the
surrounding white,
villous hairs about twice
as long as
the
spikelet. (Fl. Filip.pi.18.)
Cultivated to a small extent in the
vicinity
of
Manila, occasionally
flowering; extensively
cultivated in the
Philippines. Probably a native of
tropical Asia,
now cultivated in all
tropical countries;
of
prehistoric
introduction
in the
Philippines.
10. ROTTBOELLIA
Linnaeus filius
Coarse, erect,
annual or prennial grasses,
the leaves
mostly
broad.
Spikes
few or
many,
cylindric,solitary
or
panicled,
the rachis
fragile,
the
joints usually
excavated at the
tip. Spikelets
in
pairs,
1 sessile and 1
pedicelled,
the former
perfect,
the latter
imperfect,
its
pedicel
often adnate
to the
joint,
the
spikeletsmore or less immersed in the hollowed outside of
the
rachis-joints.
Sessile
spikelets
with 4
glumes,
the first
coriaceous,
covering
the excavation in the
rachis-joint,
the second
thinner,keeled,
the
third and fourth
hyaline,
not awned.
(In honor of C. F.
Rottboell,a
Danish
botanist.)
Species
about 30,
in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
3 in the
Philippines,
a singleone
in our area.
1. R. exaltata L. f.
Aguingay (Tag.).
A
coarse, erect, usually branched,
annual
grass
1 to 2.5 m high,
the
stems
stout, spongy
inside,
the sheaths armed with few or
many,
stiff,
irritating
hairs. Leaves
flat,
20 to 60 cm long,
1 to 3 cm wide,
acuminate.
Spikes cylindric,
8 to 15 cm
long,
about 3 mm in
diameter, mostly solitary,
narrowed
upward, readilybreaking up,
the
joints
6 to 7 mm long. Spike- lets
immersed in the side of the
rachis,
the first
glume
of the second one
about 4 mm long,
very
coriaceous.
In
open,
well-drained
grass
lands,thickets,etc.,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Africa and Asia
through Malaya
to Australia.
11. MANISURIS Swartz
A
slender,much-branched,
annual
grass,
more or less
hairy,
the leaves
cordate at the base.
Spikes cylindric,slender, solitary,axillary
and
terminal, numerous,
the
peduncles
often confluent and
forming
a
leafy panicle,
the rachis
fragile, joints very short, deeply
excavated.
Spikelets
1- or 2-flowered,
in
pairs,
one
sessile,globose,pitted externally,
the other
pedicelled,ovate, flat,
male or neuter,
its
pedicel
adnate to the
rachis-joint.
Sessile
spikelet
with 4
glumes,
the first
globose, pitted,
awnless.
(Said
to be from the Greek "lizard" and
"tail,"
in allusion to the
form of the
spike.)
A
monotypic
genus.
80
A FLORA OF MANILA
Var. aristata
(L.)
Rendle.
Differing
from the
species
in
having
the fourth
glume
of the
perfect
spikeletlong-awned,
the awn usually
about 1 cm in
length.
India to China; rare
in the
Philippines.
14. ISCHAEMUM Linnaeus
Annual or perennial,
erect or ascending
grasses.
Spikelets
in
pairs,
one sessile and one pedicelled,
in
digitate, paired, or fascicled,
more or
less fragile spikes
at the ends of the stems. Sessile
spikelets
With 4
glumes,
the first
oblong, usually thick, awnless,
the second as long as
the first but
narrower,
the third
hyaline, thin,
the fourth
hyaline, cleft,
awned. Pedicelled
spikelets
similar to the sessile
ones,
often
imperfect.
(Greek "stypic",
in allusion to the use
of some species
to
stop
the flow
of
blood.)
Species
about
40,chieflytropical,
about 7 in the
Philippines.
1.
Spikes 2, closelyappressed
to each
other;
first
glume
of the sessile
spikelets
rugose.
2.
Perennial;
first
glume nearly flat,
with 2 to 4
marginal
nodules
or
low transverse wrinkles 1. /. aristatum
2.
Annual;
first
glume strongly convex,
closelytransversely ridged.
2. 7.
rugosum
1.
Spikes
4 to
7;
first
glume
of the sessile
spikelet
not
rugose.
3. /. intermedium
1. L aristatum L., var.
gibbum (Trin.)
Hack.
An
erect,
little or not at all
branched, loosely
tufted or
scattered
grass
40 to 80 cm high.
Leaves
flat,
6 to 15 cm
long,
about 5 mm wide.
Spikes
2, closelyappressed, erect, appearing
like
a single cylindi'icspike,
4 to 7
cm long,
the internodes shorter than the
spikelets.
Sessile
spikelets
about
7 mm long,
the first
glume slightly
wrinkled,
the awn of the fourth
glume
about 1.5 cm long.
In
open grass
lands,
fl.all the
year;
common and
widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
The
species
in
India, China,
and
Malaya,
the
variety
endemic.
2. I.
rugosum
Salisb.,var.
distachyum (Cav.)
Merr.
A rather
slender,
erect or ascending,
annual
grass,
the stems ultimately
much branched,
sometimes
prostrate below,
30 to 70 cm
long, glabrous or
sparingly hairy.
Leaves 8 to 15 cm long,
5 ta 8 mm wide, flat,
acuminate.
Spikes
2 at the end of each
stem, appressed,
4 to 6 cm
long.
First
glume
of the sessile
spikeletoblong, convex,
5 mm long, prominently transversely
wrinkled,
the awn
of the fourth
glume
slender, about 2 cm long.
Pedi- celled
spikelets
about 4 mm long.
In
open grass
lands, Caloocan,
San Juan del
Monte, etc.,
fl.Nov.-Jan.;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to China and
Malaya.
3. I. intermedium Brongn.
A
widely spreading,
somewhat branched
grass,
the
ascending
stems 1 m
long or more. Sheaths rather
loose,usually pilose.
Leaves flat,
up
to
15 cm in
length
and 1.5 cm wide.
Spikes
5 to
7, digitately
crowded at the
ends of the stems,
4 to 7 cm long,
green.
Spikelets lanceolate,
about 6
mm long,
acuminate,
the
glumes
not wrinkled. Awn to the fourth
glume
about 1 cm
long.
GRAMINEAE
gl
In thickets
bordering
low wet
lands,
fl.
Sept.-Dec.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines. Marianne Islands.
15. THEM EDA Forskal
Tall,
annual or
perennial grasses,
with
usually long leaves.
Spikes
many,
short,
crowded in
panicled fascicles,
the fascicles and
spikes
with
spathe-likeleafy
sheaths.
Spikelets
many,
the lower ones male or neuter
awnless, forming a false whorl about the 1 to 3 middle
perfect
ones which
are long-awried. Perfect or female
spikeletslinear-oblong,
the first
glume
terete or dorsallycompressed or channelled,coriaceous,
the second
as
long,
the third
hyaline, 1-nerved,
the fourth
very narrow,
awned. Pedicelled
spikelets
with 1 to
3,
1- to
many-nerved glumes
with often inflexed
margins
and keeled
wings. (From
its Arabian
name thaemed.)
Species
about
10, warm
parts
of the Old
World,
2 or 3 in the
Philippines.
1. T. triandra Forsk.
Erect, perennial,nearly glabrous,
0.5 to 1.5 m high,
the stems
rather
slender,
often with short branches and
very
leafy
above. Leaves
linear,
8 to 20 cm long, glabrous
or
slightlyhairy.
Inflorescence
long or
short-
peduncled, paniculate,
the
spathes longer
than the
spikes,
the outer ones
up
to 5 cm
in
length.
Lower whorled
spikelets
about 1 cm long,
the
perfect one solitary,
somewhat shorter.
In
open dry grass
lands near La
Loma,
Fort
McKinley, etc.,
fl.
May-Oct.;
widely
distributed in the
Africa and Asia
through
Malaya
to Australia.
16. ANDROPOGON Linneaus
Fine or coarse
grasses
of various habit. Leaves
flat,
base rounded or
cordate.
Spikes solitary,
in
pairs,digitate,or
panicled,
the rachis
usually
fragile,jointed. Spikelets usually narrow,
in
pairs,
one sessile,
female
or
bisexual,
the other
pedicelled,
male
or neuter. Sessile
spikelets
1-
flowered,
the
glumes 4,
the first
usually keeled, dorsally,rarely laterally
compressed,
the second as
long
as the
first,
awned or
not,
the third
hyaline,
empty,
the fourth
hyaline,
broad or
narrow,
2-fid and awned in the cleft
or
I'educed to an awn. Pedicelled
spikeletsvarious, glumes
3 or 4,
the
fourth awnless.
(Greek
"man" and "beard" in allusion to the bearded
inflorescence of some
species.)
Species
about
240, tropical,subtropical,
and
temperate,
about 18 in the
Philippines.
A
very large
and
polymorphous genus
of
many
sections or
subgenera,
these
by
some botanists considered to be of
generic
rank.
1. Internodes of the
spike deeply cupped
at the
apex.
2. Sessile
spikelets
of the lowest
pairs diff'ering
from those above them,
in
sex or
in
form; spikes panicled; a cultivated,coarse, tufted,
perennial
grass,
the leaves with a lemon-like odor when crushed.
1. A. citratus
2. Sessile
spikelets
all
alike;solitary,
their
peduncles
enclosed in a spathe-
like
leaf-sheath;a
very
slender
grass
2. A.
fragilis
1. Intei'nodes of the
spike truncate,
not
cupped.
2. Sessile
spikelets
of the lowest
pairs
different from the
upper
ones.
3.
Spikes digitate,densely
white-villous 3. A. sericeus
3.
Spikes solitary;spikeletslong-awned
4. A. contortus
111555 6
82
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. Sessile
spikelets
all alike.
3.
Rachis-joints
and
pedicels
with
a median, translucent, longitudinal
line; spikes peduncled, paniculate
5. A. intermedius
3.
Rachis-joints
and
pedicels
without median translucent lines.
4.
Spikes
with
only
3
spikelets,
the
tips
of the branches
bearded; a
slender
grass
6. A. aciculatus
4.
Spikes
with
many spikelets,
the
tips
of the branches not bearded;
coarse
grasses.
5. First
glume muricate;
internodes of the rachis
laterallycompressed
7. A. zizanioides
5. First
glume
not
muricate;
internodes of the rachis terete
or
J
subterete.
;
6. Leaves about 1 cm
wide
or less.
7.
Flowering-glume long-awned
8. A. serratus
7.
Flowering-glume
awnless 9. A. nitidns
6. Leaves
mostly
2 to 5 cm
wide.
7. Rachis
tenacious; spikelets
awned
or awnless; panicles
dense; an annual
grass,
cultivated
orily....
10. A.
sorghum
7. Rachis
fragile;panicleslax; spikeletsawnless; perennial.
11. A.
halepensis
*
1, A. CITRATUS DC.
(" Cymbopogon.) Tanglad (Tag.) ;
Paja
de meca
(Sp.) ;
Lemon Grass.
A tufted
perennial
grass,
the leaves
up
to 1 m
in
length,
1 to 1.4 cm
wide,
when crushed with a strong
lemon-like
odor, scabrous, flat, long-
acuminate, glabrous.
Panicles 30 to 80 cm long, interrupted below,
the
branches and branchlets somewhat
nodding.
Perfect
spikelets
linear-lanceolate,
pointed,
not
awned,
about 6 mm long.
Frequently
cultivated for its
fragrant
leaves which are used for
flavoring
food,
the source of "Lemon
grass
oil" of
commerce;
widely
but not extensively
cultivated in the
Philippines,
but not
spontaneous, very
rarely
flowering. Certainly
not a native of the
Archipelago,
but
probably
of
prehistoric
introduction.
Origin uncertain,
but
probably
India or Malaya,
now
cultivated in most tropical
countries.
2. A.
fragilis
R. Br.
(" Schizachyrium.)
A slender annual,
the erect or ascending, simple
or slightly
branched
stems 15 to 40 cm high, glabrous, leafy throughout, usually
more or
less
decumbent at the base. Leaves linear or linear-oblong,
blunt
or acute,
3
to 7 cm long,
2 to 4 mm
wide.
Spikes solitary,fragile,
the
peduncle
enclosed
in
a
narrow,
spathe-like
leaf-sheath.
Spikelets
4 to 5 mm long,
the slender awn
of the sessile
spikelet
somewhat
geniculate,
about 1.5 cm
in
length.
In
thin,
poor
soil,
open,
dry
grass
lands,
San Pedro Macati, etc.,
fl.
Nov.-Feb.
;
of local occurrence
in the
Philippines. Queensland
and New
South Wales.
3, A. sericeus R. Br.
(" Dichanthium.)
A
slender, erect,
annual
grass,
0.4 to 1
m high,
the nodes bearded,
the
leaves linear-lanceolate,
5 to 12 cm long,
2 to 4 mm
wide.
Spikes
2 to
4,
sessile,digitatelyarranged
at the ends of the
stems,
3 to 6 cm long,
densely
villous with
long
white hairs.
Spikelets
crowded,
4 to 5 mm long,
the
awns geniculate,
2 to 2.5 cm long.
GRAMINEAE
83
In
open,
dry
prass
lands in
poor
soil,
San Pedro
Macati, etc., fl.
July-Jan.;
of local
occurrence
in the
Philippines.
New
Guinea,
New Cal- edonia,
and Australia.
4. A.
CONTORTUS L.
(" Hctcropogon.)
A tufted
or
somewhat scattered
prrass
1 m hipch or less,
the stems
compressed
below, simple or somewhat
branched, the
spikes solitary,
terminal.
Leaves
flat,
10 to 20
cm long,
4 to 7
mm wide.
Spikes
10
cm long or less,
the
spikelets
about 8
mm long, densely imbricated,
the lower few
pairs
staminate
or
neuter,
the
upper
ones
perfect,
all
hirsute,
the
awn
of the
fourth
glume stout, twisted, geniculate,
about 10 cm long.
In
open
dry lands,
Caloocan to San Pedro
Macati,
fl. most of the
year;
rather
widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
and
surely
introduced. All
warm countries.
5.
A. intermedius R.
Br., var.
haenkei
(Presl)
Hack.
(" Amphilophis.)
An
erect,
somewhat
stout, loosely tufted, perennial
grass, usually
about
1
m high.
Leaves
linear,
20 to 40
cm long,
compound,
somewhat
purplish,
15 to 20
cm long,
the branches
numerous,
ascending or somewhat
spreading,
each
bearing
from 2 to
6, slender, pedi-
celled
spikes,
the rachis
easily breaking
up.
Spikelets
about 3 mm long,
the fourth
glume
of the sessile ones
reduced to a
slender awn nearly
1.5
cm
in
length.
In
dry
open grass
lands,
San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
July-Nov. ; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
Southern China and
Ceylon,
the
species
also
in
India, Africa, Malaya,
and Australia.
6. A.
ACICULATUS Retz.
(" Chrysopogon.)
Amores secos (Sp.-Fil.);
Mo-
riscos
(Tag.).
Stems
densely leafy, creeping
and
branching below,
the
flowering
stems
erect,
20 to 60
cm high.
Leaves
short, linear-lanceolate,
obtuse or acute,
3 to 10
cm long,
4 to 6 cm wide,
those
on the wire-like
flowering
stems few.
Panicles
purplish,
open,
the branches few, whorled, simple,
5 cm long or
less,bearing
few-flowered
spikes,
branches bearded at the
tips.
Sessile
spikelet
very narrow,
about 3 mm long,
the callus
elongated, barbed,
the
fourth
glume linear,acuminate, bearing a short,
scabrid awn.
In
open grass
lands,
waste
places etc.,
very common,
fl.
May-Dec;
throughout
the
Philippines, certainly
introduced. India to
Polynesia.
Very
troublesome on account of its
spikeletsadhering
to
clothing etc., by
their
sharp,
barbed stalks.
7. A.
ziZANioiDES
(L.)
Urb.
(A.
squarrosus
L.
f.). (" Vetiveria.) Moras,
or Raiz de mora (Sp.-Fil.);
Vetiver.
A
tall,
coarse, erect, tufted,
perennial grass
1 to 2
m high,
with
fragrant,
fibrous roots. Leaves
distichously arranged, numerous, usually
about 1
m long,
1 cm wide
or less,
folded. Panicles
terminal, erect, purple
or
greenish,
about 20
cm
long,
the branches
slender, whorled, spreading
or
ascending,
5 to 12
cm long.
Sessile
spikelet
about 4 mm long, muricate,
the
awn of the fourth
glume
very
short or none.
Common in
open
rather wet
lands,
banks of rice
paddies, etc., mostly
planted,
fl.
Aug.-Dec; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
but
certainly
India, now widely
distributed in the
tropics,
cultivated and wild.
8. A. serratus Thunb.
("
Sorghum.)
A somewhat slender or rather stout erect
grass
0.8 to 1.5 m high, the
stems
usually unbranched,
nodes
pubescent. Leaves 20 to 40 cm
long,
10
mm wide or less,
acuminate. Panicles rathei-
lax, erect, brownish-red,
10 to 15 cm long,
the branches
slender,whorled,
the lower ones 9 cm
long
or
less.
Spikes solitary,
scattered on the
branches,
each with from 2 to
6
joints,
the
joints,pedicels,
and callus short-villous. Sessile
spikelets
about 5
mm long, oblong-ovoid or
ovoid-lanceolate,
the first
glume somewhat
villous,
dark-brown or
nearly black, shining,the fourth
glume small,
with
a slender
geniculate
and twisted awn 2 to 2.5 cm
long,
the
pedicelled
spikelets
very
much narrower than the sessile ones.
In
open places near
streams, Masambong,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.; widely
distributed
in the
Asia
through Malaya
to Australia.
9. A. nitidus
(Vahl)
Kunth.
A
slender,simple,
erect
grass
0.6 to 1.2 m high,
the nodes
prominently
bearded. Leaves
linear-lanceolate,
up
to 25 cm
long,
about 5
mm wide.
Panicles
long-peduncled,
10 to 20 cm long, lax,
the branches
slender,
whorled,
the lower
ones, up
to 8 cm long,
the
upper
one
gradually
shorter.
Spikelets brown, shining,
about 4 mm long,
ovoid to
oblong-ovoid,
brown-
hirsute.
Flowering glume
awnless.
In
open grass
lands near Santa
Mesa,
fl.
May-July; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
India
to Formosa and
Malaya. Very
similar to the
preceding, differingchiefly
in its awnless
flowering glumes.
*10. A.
SORGHUM (L.)
Brot. Batad
(Tag.) ; Sorghum.
A
stout, erect,
annual
grass
usually
about 2 m high,
the stem often 1
cm or more in
diameter,
solid. Leaves 20 to 50 cm
long,
2 to 5 cm
wide,
acuminate. Panicles
dense,
15 to 30 cm
long, compound,
erect.
Spikelets
ovoid, more
or less
pubescent,
about 5 mm long, pale, purplish,or nearly
black,
the first
glume
hard and
shining,
the fourth awnless or sometimes
awned.
Cultivated
sparingly
in
our
area; widely
distributed in the
Philippines
in
cultivation,
several forms
being
found in the
Archipelago,
not
spontaneous
and
certainly not a
native of the
Archipelago, although
of
prehistoric
introduction.
Probably a native of Africa
or
Asia,
warm and
tropical
countries.
11. A.
halepensis (L.) Brot., var.
propinquus (Kunth)
Merr. Batad-
batadan
(Tag.).
A
tall,
coarse, erect,
unbranched
perennial grass
1.5 to 3 m high.
Leaves
up
to 1 m
in
length,
1.5 to 4.5 cm wide, long-acuminate.
Panicles
erect, lax,
20 to 40 cm
long,
the branches
few, distant,spreading or
drooping.
Spikelets
numerous, oblong-ovoid, pubescent, greenish or purplish,
awness,
about 4 mm long. (Fl. Filip.pi.Jf36, Sorghum saccharatum.)
In thickets and
open damp places,
occasional in our
area,
fl. most of the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines. Ceylon
to the
Moluccas,
the
species
in most
tropical
and some temperate regions.
17. ZOISIA Willdenow
A
low, much-branched, rigid,erect, gregarious grass.
Leaves subulate,
sharply pointed. Spikelets small, ovoid, 1-flowered,
somewhat crowded in
erect, narrow
spikes,jointedon and
appressed
to
a stiff, notched, unjointed
rachis,
sessile or
shortly pedicelled.
Glumes 2,
the first
empty, laterally
GRAMINEAE
85
compressed, shining,
the second
smaller, membranaceous, linear-oblong,
obtuse. Palea
hyaline,short,or none. Grain free within the
glumes. (In
honor of C. de
Zoys.)
A
monotypic
genus.
1. Z. matrella
(L.)
Merr.
(Z. pungens
Vfilld.).
A
low, gregarious
grass
from
rigid,wiry rootstocks,
the branches rooting,
sending
up
short,
rather
stiff,leafy,flowering
branches 10 to 40
cm
high.
Leaves
mostly spreading,
2 to 7 cm long,
2 to 4 mm wide.
Spikes
slender, solitary,purplish or
green,
2 to 4 cm long. Spikelets
about 3
mm long.
In
open grass
lands
especially
near the
sea,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippinesnear the
sea.
India to
Mauritius, China, Malaya, Polynesia,
and Australia.
18. ARUNDINELLA
Raddi
Erect, usually unbranched,
annual
or perennial,
slender or rather coarse
grasses
with flat leaves. Panicles
ample,
lax
or contracted,
the spikelets
not jointed on the
pedicels,usually
1-flowered. Glumes
4, thin,
the first
ovate, acute or acuminate,
much or little shorter than the second which is
slenderlyawned,
the third about as long as
the first and with a palea
or a
male
flower,
or neuter,
the fourth much the smallest,
with a perfect
flower,
awnless
or
with a
slender terminal awn. (Diminutive
of Latin "arundo,"
a reed.)
Species
about 30,
in most
tropicalcountries,
about 5 in the
Philippines.
1.
A.
agrostoides Trin.
An
erect, tufted,glabrous grass
15 to 45 cm
high.
Leaves
lanceolate,
acuminate, numerous,
8 to 20 cm long,
exserted,
ovoid or oblong-ovoid,
when
young open,
soon becoming contracted,
green,
10 to 20 cm long,
the branches
whorled, slender,mostly
about 5
cm long.
Spikeletspedicelled,glabrous,
green,
the first
glume
lanceolate,
acuminate, 3-nerved,
2.5 mm long,
the second similar but 3
mm
long,
5-nerved, and more slenderly acuminate,
the third about 2 mm long,
3-nerved the fourth
glume
about 1 mm long,hyaline,
with a
slender
straight
awn 4 to 5 mm
in
length.
On
ledges along streams, Masambong, opposite Guadalupe, etc.,
fl.Dec-
Feb.
;
occasional in northern Luzon. India.
19. ERIOCHLOA Kunth
Annual or perennial,erect,
tufted
grasses.
Leaves flat.
Spikelets
secund
on the
spike-like
branches of
a raceme or panicle,
base thickened and articulate
on the thickened
top
of the short
pedicel.
Glumes 3,
first and second
sub-equal, thin, empty,
the third
shorter, apiculate,
hardened
in fruit.
Grain
oblong,
free within the hardened
glume. Very
close to
Paspaluni,
but
distinguished by
its habit and
by
the thickened base of the spikelet.
(Greek
"wool" and
"grass"
in allusion to the
hairy
inflorescence.)
Species few, tropical
and
subtemperate,
one in the Philippines.
1. E. ramosa (Retz.)
0. Kuntze
(E. polystachyaHBK.).
An
erect,
somewhat tufted, rather slender
grass
0.5 to 1.3 m high, glabrous
except
the
panicles.
Leaves
narrowly
lanceolate,
acuminate,
10 to
20 cm long,
4 to 8 mm wide. Panicles exserted,
8 to 12 cm long,
formed
of
racemosely arranged branches, usually secund,
often nodding.
Spikelets
86
A FLORA OF MANILA
racemosely arranged, ovoid-lanceolate,acuminate,
green
or purplish, 3
mm long,
in
pairs,
one of each
pair longer pedicelled
than the other.
First and second
glumes appressed-pubescent
with
grayish
hairs.
In
open
wet
grass
lands, paddy banks, etc.,
common,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines, possibly
introduced.
Tropics
generally.
20. PASPALUM Linnaeus
Annual or perennial, erect, ascending or spreading
grasses. Spikelets
1-flowered
plano-convex,
in
spike-like
branches of a simple panicle or
raceme,
the
spikes digitatelyor racemosely arranged.
Glumes
3,
the first
and second
equal, thin,
the third
coriaceous,bearing a perfect flower,
the
palea
similar in texture. (A
Greek name
for
millet.)
Species
about
175,
in all warm countries, about 4 in the
Philippines.
1.
Spikes
alternate on an
elongated
rachis.
2.
Spikelets mostly
4-ranked 1. P.
longifoUum
2.
Spikelets
2-ranked
.'.
2. P. scrohiculatum
1.
Spikes
in
pairs
at the ends of the stems.
2.
Spikelets ovate-oblong, glabrous;
leaves narrow 3. P. distichum
2.
Spikelets suborbicular, margins
of the second
glume ciliate;
leaves
broad 4. P.
conjugatum
1. P.
longifolium
Roxb.
A
tufted, glabrous, erect, perennial
grass
0.8 to 1.3 m high,
the stems
somewhat
prostrate
and branched below. Sheaths loose. Leaves about 20
cm
long,
5 to 8 mm wide. Inflorescence
exserted,
each
composed
of from
4 to 8 or
more, racemosely arranged, alternate, spreading or ascending,
5 to 8 cm long spikes. Spikelets
2 to 2.5 mm long,
somewhat
compressed,
obovoid,
the
empty glumes slightlypubescent, densely arranged
in about
4 rows on the under surface of the somewhat
flattened,
green
3 to 4 mm
wide rachis.
In
open
wet
grass
lands, Pasay,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya.
2. P. scrohiculatum L.
An
erect,
rather
slender,nearly glabrous,
somewhat
wiry, tufted,
perennial
grass
40 to 80 cm high.
Leaves
flat,
6 to 15 cm
long,
5 to 8 mm wide.
Spikes
3 or 4, usually spreading,
4 to 8 cm long. Spikelets pale, 2-seriate,
about 2 mm long.
In
open,
usually dry lands,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
All
warm
countries.
Var. auriculatum
(Presl)
Merr.
Much
coarser, taller,
up
to 1 m high.
Leaves
broad,
often auriculate
at the base.
Spikes stout,
4 to 6.
Spikelets
2.5 mm long.
In low
damp places near Pateros,
fl.
Dec-Jan.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
endemic.
Var.
bispicatum
Hack.
Smaller than the
typical form,
20 to 40 cm high,
with
usually
but two
spikes
3 to 4 cm in
length.
In old rice
lands,
San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
July-Sept.;
of
very
local
occurrence.
Endemic.
88
A FLORA OF MANILA
6 to 14 cm long,
3 to 5 mm wide,
the sheaths
loose,
sparingly
hirsute. Inflorescence
exserted,
of from 3 to 6
ascending
or
spreading spikes
about 10 cm long,
whorled at the
apex
of the stem.
Spike-
lets 3 mm
long, oblong-lanceolate,
in
pairs,
one
sessile,one
pedicelled,
on
the lower surface of the flattened
rachis,
the
empty glumes
of the
pedicelled
spikeletsdensely
ciliate on the
marginal
nerves with
numerous, long, soft,
spreading,
often hooked hairs.
Roadsides and waste
places,
fl.more or less all the
year
and rather common
about
Manila, certainly
Polynesia,
2. D.
sanguinalis (L.) Scop., var. australis Thwaites.
A
weak, slender, ascending, nearly glabrous grass usually
less than
0.5 m high,
the basal
parts
of the stems more or less decumbent. Leaves
thin,acuminate,
5 to 10 cm
long,
3 to 5 mm wide.
Spikes slender,
2 to
4, ascending or
spreading,
4 to 7 cm
long,
whorled at the
apex
of the
stem. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate,
3 mm long,
in
pairs, one
sessile and
one pedicellate
on the under surface of the flattened
rachis,glabrous
or
nearly so.
In thickets
etc.,
fl. all the
year,
widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
variable.
Tropical
and
temperate regions
of the world
(species),
the
variety
India to Malaya.
3. D.
consanguinea
Gaudich.
Stems
up
to 1 m in
length,
the lower
parts usually geniculate
and
somewhat
pi'ostrate.
Leaves
up
to 20 cm in
length,
6 to 12 mm wide,
the sheaths
usuallj'lax,
with
scattered,long, stiff,
white hairs
arising
from small
papillae.
Inflorescence
long-exserted,consisting
of from 6
to
18,
8 to 15 cm long spikes,
somewhat
scattered,fascicled,or whorled
along
the
upper
part
of the rachis.
Spikelets oblong-lanceolate,
about
3 mm long.
In thickets and
open
places,
fl. Nov.-March and
probably
in other
months; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya
and
Polynesia.
4. D.
longiflcra(Gmel.)
Pers.
A slender
grass,
the basal
parts usually procumbent
and
rooting,
the
flowering
stems erect or ascending,
10 to 30 cm high.
Leaves
narrowly
2 to 6 cm long,
2 to 5 mm wide.
Spikes
2 to 4,
whorled at the
apex
of the
stem, spreading or ascending
3 to 5 cm long,
grayish-white. Spikelets pale-green, rarely purplish,
1.5 mm long,
in
pairs,one pedicellate
and one sessile,
the first
glume usually wanting
or
very
minute.
In Avaste
places, yards, etc., occasional,
fl.
Aug.-Dec, widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
India to China and
Malaya.
5. D. violascens Link.
A
slender,
erect or
ascending, usually
tufted
grass
40 to 90 cm high.
Leaves
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
3 to 10 cm long,
3 to 6 mm wide,
ascending
or spreading,mostly
basal or subbasal.
Spikes
slender, grayish,
3 to 8,
whorled at the
apex
of the
stem, ascending or spreading,
5 to 12
cm long. Spikelets
1.5 mm long, crowded,
in
pairs on
the lower side of
the slender rachis, the
flowering glume
when mature usually dark-purple.
In fallow
lands,
borders of thickets
etc., Masambong,
fl.
Aug.-Nov.;
widely
distributed in the Philippines. Tropics generally.
GRAMINEAE
89
6. D.
pedicillaris (Trin.)
Train.
A
slender, erect,
tufted annual 15 to 30 cm
high.
Leaves linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, ascending,
1.5 to C cm long,
about 2 mm wide.
Spikes
alternate,ascending or spreading,
somewhat
scattered,usually 3, sometimes
only 2,
2.5 to 5 cm long, slender,grayish. Spikelets
1.5 mm long,
in
pairs or
in
groups
of
threes,
in each
group
one subsessile,
the others
with slender
pedicelsas long as or longer
than the
spikelets.
In
open,
rather
dry grass
lands,Masambong,
San Juan del
Monte, etc.,
not
common,
fl.
Aug.-Nov.;
known from but three of four localities in Luzon.
India.
22. ISACHNE R. Brown
Annual
or perennial
slender
grasses.
Leaves lanceolate or narrowly
lanceolate,
flat.
Spikelets
small
or minute,
in
small,usually
open panicles,
subglobose or obovoid,
2-flowei-ed. Glumes
4,
thin,
subequal, empty,
the third and fourth somewhat
thickened, paleate,
each
enclosing a usually perfect
flower. Grain free within the hardened glume
and
palea. (Greek "equal"
and
"glumes.")
Species
about
35, tropical
and
subtropical,
about 9 in the
Philippines,
one in our area.
1. I. miliacea Roth.
(/.
minutula
Kunth).
A
very slender,glabrous
or somewhat
pubescent grass,
the stems branched
below, usually prostrate
and
rooting
at the
nodes,
the
flowering
stems 10
to 20 cm
high.
Leaves
1.5 to 4 cm
long,
3 to 5 mm
wide. Panicles
exserted,usually ovate,
lax or somewhat
contracted,
2 to
4 cm long. Spikelets pale-green, rarely purplish,
1.5 mm
long,
their
pedicels
slender.
In
open
wet
lands, especially
in
rice-paddies,etc.,
fl. more or less all
the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
China, Malaya,
and
Polynesia.
23. PANICUM Linnaeus
Annual or
perennial,
fine or coarse
grasses,
of various habits. Leaves
in
our species flat,
acute or acuminate,
linear to lanceolate.
Spikelets
small,
1- or 2-flowered,
terete or dorsallyor laterallycompressed, awnless,
or
in
"
Echinochloa awned. Glumes
4,
empty
the first
much smaller than the
others,
second and third
subequal
3- to
many-
nerved, oblong, ovate, or lanceolate;
third
paleate
or not, enclosing a
staminate flower or empty,
the fourth
paleate,enclosing a perfect flower,
hardened in
fruit, glabrous, usually shining.
Stamens 3. Grain fi*ee
within the fourth
glume
and the
palea. (Ancient
Latin name for the
Italian
millet.)
A
very large
genus,
found in all
tropical
and
temperate countries,
about
35
species
in the
Philippines.
1.
Spikelets
terete or
dorsallycompressed;
inflorescence various.
2.
Spikelets
1- to
4-seriate,
close-set on
the under side of the rachis of
the
spike,
the
spikes alternatelyarranged.
3. Glumes
smooth,
awnless.
4.
Spikes
shorter than the internodes 1. P.
flavidum
4.
Spikes longer
than the internodes.
5.
Tip
of
spikes
extended
beyond
the
upper
spikeletsas a setiform
bristle;spikes
very
numerous 2. P.
punctatum
5.
Tip
of
spikes
not
produced; spikes
2 to 4 3. P.
distachyum
90
A FLORA OF MANILA
3.
Empty glumes usually muricate, the second and third
cuspidate or
awned.
4. Lower
spikes
as long as or shorter than the
internodes;
third
glume
awnless or nearly so
; spikelets
2.5 to 3 mm long.
4. P. colonum
4. Lower spikes
much
longer
than the
internodes; coarse
erect
grasses,
the
spikeletsusually long-awned.
5.
Spikelets nearly
5 mm long, green
or
purplish;
an
aquatic
grass
5. P.
stagninum
5.
Spikelets
3.5 to 4 mm
long, usually purplish
6. P.
crusgalli
2.
Spikelets
crowded in
spiciform
or
narrow, cylindricpanicles,or
pedicellate
on the
spreading, racemosely arranged panicle-branches.
3. Branches
elongated, ascending
or spreading
7. P. auritum
3. Panicles
dense, cylindric.
4.
Spikelets
about 5 mm long, acuminate; a
coarse, perennial,
aquatic
grass
8. P.
amplexicaule
4. Spikelets
about 2.5 mm long; a slender,
erect annual
grass.
9. P.indicum
2.
Spikelets
in
open,
diffuse
panicles.
3. First
glume
as long as
the
spikelet
or nearly
so;
spikeletspromi- nently
acuminate 10. P.
caudiglume
3. First
glume
spikelet.
4. Second
glume decidedly
shorter than the
flowering glume ;
panicles
simple
11- P- nodosum
4. Second
glume equaling or longer
than the
flowering glume; panicles
decompound.
5. Annual 12. P.
psilopodium
5. Perennial.
6. Tall, leafy,
2 to 3 m high;
cultivated 13. P. maximum
6. Less than 2 m high.
7. Panicle branches rather stiff,spreading; spikelets
3.5 to 4
mm long, aquatic
or subaquatic
14. P.
paludosum
7. Panicle branches somewhat
nodding; spikelets
3 mm
long.
15. P.
repens
1.
Spikelets laterallycompressed; small, slender, more or less prostrate,
spreading grasses.
2. Panicles
very
lax,
open,
the
spikelets
scattered 16. P.
warhurgii
2.
Spikeletsdensely
crowded on
the
usually ascending
branches.
17. P.
pilipes
1. P. FLAVIDUM Retz.
A
loosely tufted, erect,
somewhat branched,
rather coarse
grass
0.5
to 1 m high,
the stems somewhat
compressed.
Leaves linear-lanceolate,
smooth, glabrous,
acute or acuminate,
8 to 15 cm
long,
5 to 10 mm wide,
the lower sheaths
usually
loose. Inflorescence elongated,
of
erect, stout,
scattered, racemosely arranged spikes
shorter than the internodes,
the
spikes
1 to 2.5 cm long,
about 5 mm
wide.
Spikelets very
pale, densely
arranged
in 2
rows,
divaricate,
about 3 mm long.
Very
common
in
open
waste
places,
roadsides, etc.,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines
at low altitudes, certainly
introduced.
Trop- ical
Asia and Africa, Malaya.
2. P.
punctatum
Burm.
A
stout, erect, perennial
grass
1 to 1.5 m high,
the base
usually floating
GRAMINEAE
91
and
rooting
at the nodes,
the stems
stout,
sometimes
nearly
1 cm thick.
Leaves 10 to 20 cm Ions',
about 1
cm wide, acuminate, the sheaths dilated.
Inflorescence slender,
30 to 60 cm long,
of
numerous,
racemosely arranged
spikes,
the
spikes
1 to 3 cm
long, longer
than the internodes, the rachis
excurrent as a slender, sharp
awn. Spikelets oblong-ovate,
about 2.5 mm
long,arranged
in 2 rows.
In shallow
pools
and in
low,
wet
ground,
San Pedro
Macati, Sept.-Dec;
not common
in the
Philippines. Tropical Africa, Asia,
and
Malaya.
3. P
DISTACHYUM
L.
A
widely spreading,
rather slender
grass,
the stems
prostrate, branched,
rooting
at the nodes,
often 1 to 2 m
in
length,
the
flowering
branches erect
or ascending,
20 to 40 cm high.
Leaves
narrowly lanceolate,acuminate,
8 to 20 cm long, 5 to 10 mm wide, glabrous,
base broad, rounded. In- florescence
exserted,
of 2 to
4, distant,usually spreading,
2 to 5 cm long,
racemosely arranged spikes. Spikelets oblong-ovoid, acute,
about 4 mm
long, arranged
in 2
rows,
sessile or nearly so, gi'een.
In waste
places,open,
fairly dry land,
rather
common,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
at low altitudes. India to
China,
through Malaya
to Australia.
4. P. COLONUM.
L.
Stems
tufted,
10 to 40 cm high,
often decumbent below. Leaves 5 to
12 cm
long,
2 to 8 mm wide, acuminate. Inflorescence of from 4 to 8
racemosely arranged, short,
dense
spikes,
the
spikes
0.5 cm long,
about 5
mm thick,spreading or appressed. Spikelets
2.5 to 3 mm long, single,
in
pairs,or
in
threes,
in two
rows, densely arranged, green
or purplish,
the
outer
glumes hispid on the
nerves,
awnless.
Along roadsides,
in waste
places,etc.,common,
fl.
throughout
the
year;
widely
distributed in the Philippines. Troughout
the
tropics
and in some
temperate
countries.
5. P.
stagninum
Retz. Balili
(Tag.).
A
coarse,
erect, aquatic or subaquatic
grass
1 to 1.5 m high,
the lower
parts
often decumbent and
rooting
at the
nodes,
the stems 6 to 8 m thick.
8 to 13 mm
wide. Panicles 20 cm long or less,
the
spikes green
or purple, distinctlylonger
than the internodes, spreading
or ascending,
1.5 cm long, nearly
1 cm thick.
Spikelets
in
pairs
in two
rows, nearly
5 mm long,
the
empty glumes hispid
on
the
nerves,
the third
glume
with a long
or short awn.
In shallow water and in
low,
wet lands, rather
common,
fl. more or
less all the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya.
By
some
botanists reduced to the next
species
to which it is indeed
very
closely
allied.
6. P. CRUS-GALLI
L.
A
coarse,
erect,
annual
grass
0.6 to 1 m high.
Leaves 10 to 20 cm
long,
8 to 15 mm wide, acuminate. Panicles 10 to 20 cm long, usually
narrowly pyramidal,
the
spikes numerous, ascending or spreading,
2.5 to
8 cm
long,
about 7 mm
in
diameter,
green
or purplish. Spikelets
3.5 to 4
mm long,
the
empty glumes hispid on the
nerves,
the awn
of the third
glume slender,
1 to 3 cm long,rarely wanting (var.
mutica Doell.).
In
open
wet
lands,
waste
places,etc.,
fl.all the
year,
widely
distributed
in the
and
temperate region
of the world.
92
A FLORA OF MANILA
7. P. auritum Presl.
A
coarse, erect, perennial
grass
1 to 2
m high,
the stems
simple or
slightlybranched, usually
about 5 mm thick, sometimes rooting- at the
lower nodes. Leaves
10 to 25 cm
long,
0.7 to 2..5 cm
wide,
base
broad,
cordate
or auriculate. Panicles 15 to 40 cm long,
diffuse
or contracted,according to the
stage
of
development,
the
spike-like
branches
numerous, solitaryor fascicled,
5 to 10 cm long, ascending or
spreading,
densely
flowered,
Spikelets
very numerous, green
or
purplish, oblong-
ovate,
acute or slightlyacuminate,
2.5 mm long.
Common in
low,
wet
lands,
fl.
more or
less
throughout
the
year,
but
especially
in the
rainy
season;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
at
low altitudes. India to China and
Malaya.
8. P.
amplexicaule Rudge.
A rather
coarse, erect, aquatic or subaquatic
grass
1 m high or less,
the stems
stout, usually
decumbent and
rooting
at the lower nodes. Leaves
flat,linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
15 to 25 cm
long,
0.8 cm wide.
Spikelets
very numerous,
about 5 mm long,
crowded
in
dense, cylindric,
continuous or somewhat
interrupted spike-likepani- cles
15 to 20 cm long,
1 to 1.5 cm in diameter.
In shallow
water, margins
of the
Pasig River,
in
esteros, etc.,
but not
abundant,
fl. all the
year;
apparently quite widely
distributed in the
Philippines
at low altitudes.
Tropics generally.
9. P. indicum L.
A
slender, erect,
annual
grass
a few cm
to about 1 m in
height.
Leaves linear-lanceolate or
linear,acuminate,
5 to 15 cm long,
3 to
7 mm
wide. Inflorescence a dense, cylindric
or
oblong, spiciform panicle,
1 to 10
cm long,
Spikelets green
or purplish,
oblong,
straight or
somewhat
curved,
about 2.5 mm long.
In
open,
usually damp grass
lands,
common,
fl.more or less throughout
the
year;
throughout
the
Asia and Africa through
Malaya
to Australia.
10. P. CAUDIGLUME Hack.
A
loosely tufted,
somewhat
hairy,
erect or ascending
annual
grass,
reaching
a height
of about 1 m.
Leaves flat, lanceolate,hairy,
5 to
20 cm long.
Panicles
open,
diffuse,
very
lax, decompound,
20 to 40
cm
long,
the branches
capillary. Spikelets long-pedicelled,arranged
toward
the ends of the ultimate branchlets, purplish,
ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 3.5
mm long,
the first
glume
the
longest,
long-caudate-acuminate,
the second
and third
glumes shorter, acute,
of about
equal length,
the
flowering
glume oblong-elliptic,
1.5 mm long, shining.
In
dry,
well drained, fallow
lands, near
San
Felipe Neri,
fl.
Nov.-Feb.;
of local
occurrence
in Luzon and Palawan, certainly
introduced. .Java.
11. P. nodosum Kunth.
A rather weak
grass
with
elongated,slender,prostrate
stems,
and erect
or ascending
branches 20 to 40 cm long.
Leaves
thin,
5 to 8 cm
long,
5 to 8 mm
wide. Panicles weak,
somewhat exserted,
10 cm
long
or less, usually
with from 2 to
4, solitary, ascending or spreading
branches,
the lowest one
5 to 7 cm
long. Spikelets green
or purplish,
rather
few, oblong,
about 3 mm. long.
In
thickets,Pasay, Masambong, etc.,
fl. June-Oct.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
at lov; altitudes. Tropical
Asia and
Malaya.
GRAMINEAE
93
12. P.
psilopodium
Trin.
A
tufted,
erect or
ascending,
more or
less
branched, glabrous,
annual
grass
15 to 30 cm high.
Stems rather
slender,
base
more or less decumbent.
Leaves
5 to 9 cm
long,
3 to -5 mm wide,
the sheaths rather
loose, mostly longer
than the
internodes, glabrous.
Panicles
diffuse,
7 to 10 cm long,
the branches
solitary,spreading
or
ascending, alternate, glabrous. Spikelets narrowly ovate, acute, glabrous,
3 mm
long,
green
or slightlypurplish,
the
pedicelslong,
ecabrid.
Novaliches road,
San Juan del
Monte, etc.,
on banks and in
open
places,
not
common,
fl.
July-Nov.
; apparently
rare
in the
Philippines,or at least
local. India and
Ceylon
to Burma and the
Malay
Peninsula.
*
13. P. MAXIMUM
Jacq.
Guinea Grass.
An
erect,
rather
coarse, perennial
grass
2 to 3 m high,
the stems often
nearly
1 cm in diameter near the base, the nodes bearded. Leaves linear-
numerous,
20 to 30 cm long,
1 to 1.5 cm wide.
Panicles diffuse, 20 to 30 cm long,
the branches
whorled, slender,
the
lower ones
"15 to 20 cm long. Spikelets numerous, green,
pedicellate,
3 mm long,elliptic-oblong, acute or
obtuse,glabrous.
Of recent introduction and
considerably
cultivated as a forage grass,
but not
spontaneous,
fl. all the
year.
A native of
Africa, now cultivated
in
many tropical
countries.
14. P.
paludosum
Roxb.
*
An
aquatic perennial grass,
the
flowering stems erect or ascending,
often
nearly
1 m tall,
the basal
parts floating
or
rooting
in the
mud, soft,
often 1 cm
in diameter. Leaves 15 to 25 cm
long,
1.5 cm wide
or less,
acuminate, scabrid,
thin. Panicles
only slightly
exserted from the
uppermost
sheath,
at first
contracted,ultimately
very
diffuse,usually
about 20 cm
long,
often
as
wide
as long,
the branches alternate or somewhat
whorled,
branched from the base.
Spikelets
very numerous, lanceolate,acuminate,
green,
3.5 to 4 mm
long,
the
pedicelssolitary,scabrid,
thickened
upward.
In
marshy
borders of the
Pasig River,
esteros
etc.,
not
very common,
fl. all the
year; widely
distributed in the
Philippines
at low and medium
altitudes. India to southern China and
Malaya.
15. P.
repens
L.
An
erect,
rather
wiry, perennial grass
0.4 to 1 m high,
the rootstocks
stout,
the whole
plant
somewhat
glaucous,
the stems below somewhat
prostrate
or creeping.
Leaves
linear-lanceolate,
8 to 15 cm long,
5 to 8
mm
wide, acuminate,
scabrid. Panicles
exserted,
7 to 18 cm
long,
somewhat
diffuse,
the branches
slender,
erect or
ascending,
sometimes
nodding,
elongated,
scattered, 1 to 3 at each node.
Spikelets oblong-ovate,
acute or
slightlyacuminate,
3 mm long.
Very common
in low
open grass lands,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
at low altitudes.
Tropics generally,
and some
subtropical
and
subtemperate
countries.
16. P.
warburgii
Mez.
A
weak, prostrate grass,
the stems
slender,rooting
at the nodes and
sending
up
short, panicle-bearing
branches 5 to 15 cm
in
length.
Leaves
1.5 to 5 cm
long,
2 to 5 mm wide. Pani- cles
slightlyexserted, diffuse,
1.5 to 5 cm
long,
the branches
few, spreading,
usually
branched from the base.
Spikelets few,
green
or
purplish, long-
pedicelled,obovoid,
somewhat
laterallycompressed,
1.5 mm
long.
94
A FLORA OF MANILA
In
thickets, Pasay, Masambong, etc.,
fl.
Augf.-Nov.
;
not uncommon in
the
Philippines,
and
by some botanists considered
only as a variety
of
Panicum
patens
L., a species
of wide
Indo-Malayan
distribution.
17. P.
pi
Ii
pes
Nees " Am.
A
slender, branched, widely spreading
grass,
the stems
prostrate
and
rooting at the
nodes,
often 1 m or more
in
length,
the
flowering
branches
erect or ascending,
30 to 50 cm long.
Leaves
lanceolate,acuminate, 4 to 10
cm long, glabrous or slightlyhairy.
Panicles
exserted,
4 to 10 cm long,
tho
branches few, distant, ascending, densely many-flowered,
the branchlets
many,
short, fastigiate. Spikelets crowded,
brown or
greenish, laterally
compressed,
about 1.6
mm long, glabrous or slightlypubescent, shortly pedi-
celled.
In thickets
along trails,Masambong,
fl.
Nov.-Apr.
;
widely
distributed
in the
Asia to
Madagascar, through Malaya
to
Australia and
Polynesia.
24. OPLISMENUS Beauvois
Slender, ascending or decumbent, mostly
annual
grasses,
the leaves
thin,
flat,ovate to lanceolate.
Spikelets 1-flowered,
sessile or subsessile, densely
arranged along one side of the
racemosely arranged spikes.
Glumes
4,
the first
short, 3-nerved, tipped
with
a long straight
awn,
the second
short, awn short or
none,
the third
longest,5-nerved, the fourth or flowering
glume lanceolate,
hardened. Palea similar to the
flowering glume
irp
texture.
(Greek
"awned.")
Species
25 to
30,
most
tropical countries,
many
not
well-defined,
three
in the
Philippines.
Spikelets
about 2 mm long, densely crowded,
the avms
very
slender.
1. O. bu7-mannii
Spikelets
at least 3 mm long, scattered, awns stout 2. O.
compositiis
1. O. burmannii
(Retz.)
Beauv.
A rather
slender,
somewhat
pubescent,
annual
grass,
the stems branched,
prostrate
and
rooting below,
the
flowering
stems 20 to 40 cm high.
Leaves
thin, lanceolate,acuminate,
3 to 5 cm long,
6 to 10 mm
wide. Panicles
pale-green,
erect or
nodding,
3 to 5 cm long,
the
spikes
5 to 10,
2 cm
long
or
less.
Spikelets
about 2 mm long,
the
glumes awned, awns
very
slender,
that of the first
glume
about 1 mm long.
In
dry
bamboo thickets near Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Aug.-Dec. ; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines. Tropical Africa,
Asia
through Malaya,
north- ward
to
Japan.
2. O.
compositus (L.) Beauv.
A
variable,spreading or ascending, more or less
hairy
grass,
the stems
prostrate
and
rooting below, branched, the
flowering
branches
ascending,
40 to 60 cm high.
Leaves
flat,lanceolate,acuminate,
4 to 10 cm long,
1 to
2 cm wide. Panicles
exserted,
of 5 to 8
green
or
purplish,
2 to 10 cm long spikes. Spikelets
somewhat
scattered,
3 mm
long,
the avm about 1
cm long.
In thickets near
Guadalupe,
fl. Dec.-Feb.
; widely
distributed in the
Philippines. Tropics generally.
96
A FLORA OF MANILA
dense, cylindric,
2 to 10
cm long,
erect or somewhat
nodding, yellowish or
purplish,
about 1.5 cm
in diameter
including
the
numerous, usually spreading
bristles.
Spikelets
2
mm long,
the
flowering glume distinctlytrans- versely
rugose.
In
open,
rather
dry
grass
lands,
San Pedro
Macati, Masambong, etc.,
fl.
July-Dec; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to southern
China, Malaya,
and
Polynesia.
3. S. laxa Merr.
A
tufted,lax, spreading or ascending, branched, nearly glabrous plant,
the stems
slender, reaching a length
of 1.2 m or less. Leaves
thin, narrowly
6 to 25
cm long,
6 to 10
mm
wide. Panicles
long-exserted, lax,
10 to 30 cm long,
the branches
remote, spreading or
ascending, slender,
branched from
near
the
base,
the lower ones
up
to 10
cm long. Spikelets scattered, solitary,pedicelled,
green
or purplish,
about
2 mm long,
the involucre reduced to a solitary,slender,
scabrid
awn,
5 to
10
mm in
length, terminating
the
branches, branchlets,
and also
on
most
of the
pedicels.
In
thickets,opposite Guadalupe, Pasig etc.,
fl.
Nov.-Jan.;
at
present
known from but few localities in
Luzon,
but with a
very
closely
allied if
not
identical form in Java.
27. CHAMAERAPHIS R. Brown
Prostrate, glabrous,
marsh
or aquatic
grasses.
Leaves
flat,
linear
or
lanceolate.
Spikelets narrowly lanceolate,
1- or
2-flowered,
subsessile and
somewhat secund
in
spike-like
branches that
are racemosely arranged
in
a
simple panicle,
the branches
produced beyond
the
upper
spikelet as a
slender awn. Glumes
4,
the first
very
small, truncate, thin,
the second
longest,
acuminate or narrowed into a slender
awn,
the third
lanceolate,
acute or awned-acuminate, enclosing a palea
and a male or neuter
flower,
the fourth
small, oblong, thin,enclosing a
female or perfect
flower.
(Greek
"ground"
and
"needle,"
in allusion to the
awns.)
Species
about
6, tropical
Asia to
Australia,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. C.
aspera (Koen.)
Nees.
Stems
elongated, floating,branched,
often 1 to 2
m
in
length,
the flowering
branches
ascending,
20 to 30 cm
long.
Leaves
linear-lanceolate,
acuminate,
5 to 10
cm long,
3 to 6 wide. Panicles
exserted, pyramidal,
open,
6 to 11 cm long,
the branches rather
few, spreading,
2 to 5
cm long. Spike- lets
few or
many,
linear-lanceolate,acuminate,
6 to 7 mm long.
In
pools
of
stagnant water, local,
fl.
Aug.-Jan.; vddely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
India to China, Malaya,
and Australia.
28. THUAREA Per
soon
A
slender, creeping,
maritime
grass,
rooting
at the
nodes,
much-
branched. Leaves
flat,
short.
Spikes
surrounded
by a sheathing leaf,
the rachis
flat,thin,
the base at
length accrescent, dilated,
and
enclosing
the one or two
perfect spikelets. Spikelets 1-seriate,jointed
on one face
of the
rachis,
the
upper
4 to 6
male,
the lower 1
or
2 female or perfect.
Glumes 3
or 4,
the first
small,hyaline or wanting
in the staminate
ones,
the
second
empty,
subequal.
Grain free within the
glume,
but with the rest of the
spikelets
enclosed in the
thick,
hardened base of
GRAMINEAE
97
the
rachis,forming a beak which bores into the
ground. (In
honor of
L. M. A. du
Petit-Thouars, a French
botanist.)
A
monotypic genus.
1. T. involuta
(Forst.) R. Br.
{T. sarmentosa
Pers.).
A
slender,widely creeping grass,
the leaves
narrowly lanceolate,2 to 5
cm
long,
3 to 5
mm wide.
Spikes 1 cm
long or less. Fruit 0.8 to 1 cm
long,shaped
like
a bird's head and beak.
In thickets back of the beach,
Parariaque, sometimes in
pure
sand of
the beach,
fl.
Aug.-Jan.
; throughout
the
Philippinesalong sandy
seashores.
Ceylon
to
Madagascar, Malaya, Australia,
and
Polynesia.
29. SPINIFEX Linnaeus
Coarse,
rigid,prostrate, widely spreading,
dioecious
grasses,
the leaves
rigid,
involute. Male
spikelets
1- or 2-flowered, subsessile,jointed on
rigid,peduncled, many-flowered spikes
which
are
arranged
in umbels
surrounded
by spathaceous leafy bracts; glumes 4,
empty,
paleate.
Female
spikelets
collected in
large
globose
heads of
radiate, spreading,
very
long,
awn-like
spikes,
each
with a
single spikelet
at the
base, the
glumes
about
as in the staminate
spikelets
but
narrower,
the fourth one pistillate.(Latin "spine.")
Species 4, mostly
in
Australia,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. S. littoreus
(Burm. f.)
Merr.
(S.
squarrosus
L.).
A
gregarious, coarse, stiff,prostrate, widely spreading grass,
the stems
often 10 to 15 m
long, I'ooting
at the nodes and
sending
up short,
stout
flowering
branches. Leaves
stiff,rigid,involute,
10 to 20
cm long,
the
sheaths often
imbricating.
Male inflorescences about 15 cm
in
diameter,
the
spikelets
about 1 cm
long,
the female inflorescence
globose,
20 to 30 cm
in
diameter, including
the
long, slender,
needle-like awns.
Along
the
seashore, Paranaque,
fl.
Aug.-Jan.; widely
distributed in the
Philippineson sandy
seashores. India to China and
Malaya.
The
globose
female heads become detached and
are rolled
along
the
beach
by
the
wind, thus
dispersing
the seeds.
30. 0RY2A Linnaeus
Tall,leafy,
annual
grasses,
the leaves
flat,long.
Panicles more or less
elongated,
the branches slender.
Spikelets
many,
jointed
on the
panicle-
branches, oblong, laterallycompressed,
their
pedicels
annular at the
top.
Glumes 2 or 3,
the first and second much the
smallest,
scale- or bristle- like,
or
none,
the third
chartaceous,obtuse,acute,
or awned,
3- or 5-nerved,
the
palea as
long
as
the
glume
and similar to
it,
keeled. Grain free or
adnate to the
glume
and
palea. (From
its Arabic
name.)
Species
6 or
8, tropical,
3 in the
Philippines.
Spikelets
7 to 9 mm
long;
cultivated 1. 0. sativa
Spikelets 4 mm long
2. O. manilensis
"1. 0. SATIVA L.
Palay (Tag.) ;
Arroz
(Sp.);
Rice.
An
erect,
slender or stout, variable,
annual
grass
1.5 m high
or less.
Leaves
flat,
15 to 30 cm
long,
up
to 2 cm wide. Panicles erect or nodding,
25 cm long or less.
Spikelets
green
or purple,
7 to 9 mm long,
awned
or awnless. (Fl. Filip.^. 102.)
111555 " 7
Cultivated
throughout
the
Philippines
but nowhere
wild,
and of
prehistoric
introduction; exceedingly variable, scores of varieties
being
recognized by
the natives. Cultivated in most
tropical
and
some subtem-
perate countries,a native of
tropical
Asia.
2. O. manilensis Merr.
A
slender, weak,
erect or
ascending
annual
grass
0.5 to 1.5
high. Leaves
7 to 20 cm
long,
5 to 7 mm
wide, acuminate,
scabrid. Panicles
exserted,
slender,
6 to 12 cm
long,
the few branches
appressed
or
ascending. Spike-
lets
green,
about 4 mm long,
the first
glumes small, thin,
about 1 mm
long,
the
flowering glume
and
palea hispid,
the
awn to the
flowering glume
slender,straight,scabrid,
10 to 12 mm
long.
Along
small
streams, Balintauac, opposite
Fort
McKinley, etc.,
fl.
July-
Dec. Known
only
from Luzon and of local
occurrence.
31. LEERSIA Swartz
Tall slender
grasses
with flat leaves and rather small
panicles. Spike-
lets
1-flowered,oblong, laterallycompressed, awnless,
the
empty glumes
wanting. Flowering glume, strongly nerved,
ciliate on the
keel,
awnless.
Palea as long as the
glume.
Stamens 6 or
fewer.
(In
honor of J. D.
Leers, a German
pharmacist
and
botanist.)
Species
about 8, chieflyAmerican, one
in the
Philippines.
1. L. hexandra Sw. Barit
(Tag.);
Zacate
(Sp.-Fil.).
A
weak, ascending or suberect,
slender
grass
about 0.5
m high,
the
stems below somewhat
prostrate
and
rooting
at the nodes. Leaves linear-
5 to 20 cm long,
exserted,
ovoid or oblong,
5 to 12 cm
long,
the branches
slender,
suberect
or
spreading. Spikelets oblong,
3 to 3.5 mm long, one-sided, pale-green,
the keels of the
flowering glume
and
palea
ciliate.
The
commonly
cultivated
grass usually
known
as "zacate" and the
chief source of
green
forage
in Manila. Common in
low,
wet
lands,
fl.
all the
year; widely
distributed in the
32. SPOROBOLUS R. Brown
Perennial or annual,
slender or rather
coarse, usually
tufted
grasses.
Leaves flat
or,
when
dry,
convolute.
Spikelets small, usually 1-flowered,
in
open
or
close,
sometimes
spiciform panicles,
awnless. Glumes
3, thin,
usually nerveless,
unequal,
the third
longer
or shorter
than the first two. Grain loose within the
glume
and
palea,
the
pericarp
or its
epidermis usually
loose.
(Greek
"seed" and "to cast
forth.")
Species
about
80, tropical
and
temperate regions,
about 4 in the Phil- ippines.
Empty glumes
both much shorter than the
flowering glume..
1. S. indicus
Empty glumes nearly or quite as long as the
flowering glume.
2. S.
virginicus
1. S. indicus
(L.)
R. Br.
A
usually
rather
densely tufted, perennial, slender, wiry
grass,
the
stems
erect, unbranched,
1 m high
or less. Leaves
flat,or,
when
dry,
convolute,
10 to 20 cm long.
Panicles
slender,
erect or
somewhat
nodding,
green,
lax or somewhat
spiciform,
10 to 35 cm
long,
the branches scattered,
fascicled,
5 to 7 cm
long, spreading or ascending. Spikelets
about
GRAMINEAE
99
1.5 mm
long,
glumes
less than one-half as
long as the
flowering glume.
In waste
places, roadsides,etc., scattered,
fl. all the
year; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
India to China and
Malaya.
2.
S.
virginicus (L.)
Kunth.
A rather slender
perennial grass
with
prostrate, creeping stems,
the
erect or ascending flowering
branches 8 to 30 cm
high.
Leaves close-set
2-ranked, spreading,
convolute when
dry,
1.5 to 7 cm
long.
Panicles
rather
dense, spike-like,pale,
5 to 6 cm
long. Spikelets
about 1.5 mm
long,
glumes acute, nearly as long
as the
flowering
glume.
In
open grassy
places along
tidal
streams, Malate, Malabon, etc.,
fl.
June-Sept. Along
the seashore
throughout the
tropics
and in
some temperate
regions.
33. ARISTIDA Linnaeus
Annual
or perennial,
slender or
coarse,
erect
grasses,
the leaves slender.
Spikelets usually
in lax
panicles,
1-flowered. Glumes
3,
the first and
second
empty, narrow, keeled, persistent,
the third
narrow, rigid,cylin-
dric or
convolute, acuminate,
the
tip produced
into
a
long, 3-partite,
naked or
feathery
a\vn which is often twisted below the branches.
(Latin
"awn" in allusion to the awned
flowering glumes.)
Species more than 100 in all warm
countries,
3 or 4 in the
Philippines.
1. A.
cumingiana
Trin. "
Rupr.
A
very
slender,tufted,glabrous,
annual
grass
6 to 30 cm
high.
Leaves
filiform,
up
to 10 cm
long.
Panicles
purple,
open,
lax,
5 to 12 cm long,
the branches and
pedicels capillary. Spikelets purple, long-pedicelled,
lanceolate,
3 to 3.5 mm long,
the second
glume longer
than
the
first,
the
flowering-glume
about
as long as
the
first,
the
awn
slender,
8 to 10 mm
long,
the lateral arms about one-half as long as the median one.
In
open dry grass
lands. La
Loma, Masambong, etc.,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
but of local occurrence. India to
China;
also in
tropical
Africa.
34. DIPLACHNE Beauvois
Tall, tufted, annual or
perennial grasses.
Leaves
flat,narrow. Spike- lets
many-flowered, spicatelyarranged on the slender branches of
a simple
panicle,
the
spikes
not
jointed
at the
base;
rachilla
jointed
at the base
and beneath each
flowering glume, not
produced beyond
the
uppermost
glume.
First and second
glumes empty, unequal, obtuse, thin, 1-nerved,
persistent. Flowering glumes several, oblong,
1- to
3-nerved,
2- to 4-
toothed at the
tips,
mucronate or awned. Grain free within the
glumes
and
palea. (Greek
"two" and "lobed" in allusion to the toothed or lobed
flowering glumes.)
Species
about
15,
in most warm
regions, one
in the
Philippines.
1. D. fusca
(L.)
Beauv.
A
tufted,
rather
stout, erect, glabrous
grass,
40 cm to 1 m high.
Leaves
6 to 50 cm long, 6 mm wide or
less,flat,scabrid, the sheaths smooth. Pani- cles
exserted,
10 to 30 cm long, pale-green,
erect or nodding,
the
spikes
numerous, spreading
or
ascending, alternate, slender,
5 to 11 cm long.
Spikelets
rather
distant,
7 to 10 mm long, linear,
5- to 8-flowered.
In low
lands,especially
near the
sea,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines,
but local.
Tropical
Asia and Africa
through Malaya
to Australia.
35. CENTOTHECA Desvaux
A rather tall
perennial
grass
with broad leaves. Panicles
terminal,
the branches
long, spreading
or
ascending, spike-like.Spikelets
1- or
2-flowered,secund,
not
jointed on the
very
short
pedicels,
the rgchilla
jointed
at the base and between the
flowering-glumes. Glumes
5, the
first and second
oblong-ovate,keeled,empty,
the
flowering-glumes oblong,
7-nerved, naked, or
the
upper
one
bearing soft,
erect or
deflexed,spines
above the middle.
(Greek "point" or "pin"
and
"receptacle"
in allusion
to the
spiny
upper
glume.)
Species one,
or 2 or 3
closely
allied
forms. Tropical Asia, Africa, Malaya
and
Australia,
the
following
in the
Philippines.
1. C. latifoMa
(L.)
Trin.
(C. lappacea Desv.).
Erect,
rather
stout,
0.25 to 1 m
high, glabrous or
slightlyhairy.
Leaves
broad, lanceolate,acuminate,
7 to 15 cm long,
1 to 3 cm wide. Panicles
terminal,
10 to 20 cm
long, broad,
the branches
numerous, spreading,
smooth.
Spikelets
green,
about 5
long,
numerous, pedicelled.
In
thickets,Masambong,
fl.
Nov.-Jan.; common and
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
in forests and
thickets,possibly
introduced.
Tropical
Africa and Asia
through Malaya
to Australia and
Polynesia.
36. PHRAGMITES Trinius
Coarse, tall,perennial
grasses
with
long
flat leaves and 3- to 7-flowered
spikelets
in
large, decompound
terminal
panicles,
not
jointed on the
pedicels.
Rachilla
jointed
between the
flowering glumes, silky-penicillate
with
Tery
long
hairs. Glumes all
glabrous,
unequal, oblong-
lanceolate,3-nerved, thin,persistent,
the third much
longer,
the
flowering
glumes subulate-lanceolate,hyaline,
subaristate.
(Greek "growing
in
hedges"
in allusion to its
habit.)
A small
genus
in most
tropical
and
warm
countries,
2
species
in the
Philippines.
1. P.
vulgaris (Lam.)
Trin.
(P.
communis
Trin.).
Tambo
(Tag.).
A coarse erect
grass
1.5 to 3.5 m
high,
the stems
nearly
1 cm thick.
Leaves
up
to 50 cm
long
and 2.5 cm
wide. Panicles somewhat
nodding,
30 to 50 cm
long,brownish,
rather
dense,very many flowered,
the branches
slender.
Spikeletslinear,
about 1 cm long.
In low wet
places along
esteros
etc.,
fl.
Aug.-Dec; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines. Cosmopolitan.
37. ERAGROSTIS Beauvois
Annual or perennial,
the stems erect or
ascending.
Leaves
narrow,
Spikelets
few- to
many-flowered,
in
open
or contracted
panicles,
the rachilla
jointed,breaking up
or not.
Spikeletslaterallycompressed.
Glumes
many,
the first and second much shorter than the
spikelet,equal
or
unequal,
1-
nerved,
or
the second 3-nerved.
Flowering glumes densely arranged,
overlapping,
deciduous, 3-nerved, mostly containing perfect
flowers. Palea
deciduous with its
glume,
or persistent.
Stamens 2 or 3. Grain
minute,
free.
(Greek
"a
spring"
and
"grass.")
GRAMINEAE
101
A
large genus
in all
warm and
tropicalcountries,
1. Rachilla of
spikeletsmore or less
jointed, breaking
up
from above
downward.
(" Cataclastos.)
2. Panicles 10 cm long or less.
3. Stems not viscid below the
panicles
1. E. tenella
3. Stems viscid below the
panicles.
4. Panicles
open,
rather lax 2. E. viscosa
4. Panicles
dense, spike-like
3. E.
viangalorica
2. Panicles 20 to 40 cm long
4. E.
interrupta
1. Rachilla of
spikeletstough, persistent;flowering glumes falling away
from its base
upward. ("
Pteroessa.)
2. Panicle-branches
elongated,spreading
or
ascending,
the
spikelets
scattered,
pedicellate.
3.
Annual; spikeletsgreen
or purplish.
4.
Spikelets
ovate to
broadly oblong,
5 to 10 mm long
5. E. unioloides
4.
Spikelets
linear to
linear-oblong.
5. Panicle-branches
solitary,
often
spreading; spikelets
1 to 1.?
cm long
6. E. distans
5. Panicle-branches ascending,
the lower ones fascicled; spikelets
about 5 mm
long
7. E.
pilosa
3.
Perennial; spikeletsplumbeous
8. E.
elegantula
2. Panicle-branches short, appressed, distant,
the
spikeletsdensely arranged,
sessile 9. E.
spartinoides
1. E. TENELLA
(L.)
R. " S.
{E. plumosa Link).
A
slender,densely tufted,glabrous
annual 20 to 50 cm high.
Leaves
linear, acuminate,
2 to 10 cm long,
oblong,
rather
open,
5 to 10 cm
long,
the branches
solitary,spreading or ascending,
slender.
Spikelets pale, long-pedicelled,
about 2 mm long,
the
flowering
glumes
4 to
6,
less than 1 mm long (Fl.Filip.pi.67,
E.
plumosa).
In waste
places,common,
fl. all the
year; throughout
the
Philippines,
certainly
introduced.
Tropical Asia, Africa,
and
Malaya.
2. E. VISCOSA
(Retz.)
Trin.
Similar to the
preceding
but
stifFer,stouter, usually taller,reaching
1
m
in
height,
the culms viscid below the
panicle,
the
spikelets
up
to 5 mm
long,
often
purplish, flowering glumes
more
numerous, up
to 15 in each
spikelet.
In similar habitats and with about the same
range
as
the
preceding;
certainly
introduced here.
3. E. MANGALORICA Hochst.
A
densely tufted,
rather stiff
grass
20 to 40 cm high.
^Leaves
3 to 5
cm long,
about 3 mm wide,
acuminate. Culms viscid below the
panicles.
Panicles contracted,
very
dense, spiciform,
2 to 4 cm
long,
less than 1 cm
in diameter,
the branches
very
short.
Spikelets densely arranged, pale
or purplish,
3 to 4 mm
long,
the
flowering-glumes
6 to 9,
about 1 mm
long.
In
dry grass
lands,
fl.
July-Sept.;
not common
in
Luzon, certainly
introduced.
India.
4. E.
interrupta (Lam.)
Doell.
An
erect, loosely
tufted
grass
0.8 to 1.5 m high.
Leaves 12 to 20 cm
long,
elongated, erect,
20 to 40 cm long,
con-
102
A FLORA OF MANILA
tracted or somewhat
open,
the branches
slender,usually fascicled,
often
up
to 12 cm long. Spikeletspedicelled,
very numerous,
pale,
2 to 3 mm
long,
the
floweringglumes
6 to 10,
about 1 mm long.
In
open
wet lands near San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
Sept.-Dec; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines. Tropical Asia, Africa,
and
Malaya.
5. E. unioloides (Retz.)
Nees.
An
annual, erect,
tufted or somewhat
scattered,
rather
slender,glabrous
grass
20 to 40 cm
high.
Leaves
narrowly lanceolate,acuminate, flat,
5 to
9 cm long,
5 mm wide or less. Panicles
exserted,oblong-ovoid,lax,
open,
8 to 15 cm long,
the branches
slender,simple, solitary,distant,
the lower
ones about 5 cm
long. Spikeletslong-pedicelledcompressed, oblong-ovate
or broadly ovate,
5 to 10 mm long, usually purplish. Flowering glumes
numerous,
about 2 mm long, falling away
from the base
upward,
the
rachilla
tough, persistent.
On
ledges along streams, Masambong,
fl.Nov.-Feb.
;
occasional in similar
habitats in Luzon.
Widely
distributed in
tropical Asia,
introduced in
Florida.
"
6. E. distans Hack.
A
very slender,erect, looselytufted,
annual
grass,
20 to 40 cm high.
Leaves 5 to 10 cm
long,
2 mm wide
or
less. Panicles
pale,lax, erect,
10
cm
long
or
less,
the branches
few, solitary,distant, more or
less
spreading,
pale. Spikelets
rather
few, scattered,pedicelled,
linear
or oblong-linear,
1 to 1.5 cm
long,
the
flowering glumes
20 to 40,
about 2 mm
long.
In
open
dry grass
lands,
La Loma to San Pedro Macati,
fl. Nov.-Feb.
Known
only
from Luzon.
7. E. PiLOSA (L.)
Beauv.
A
tufted, slender,
erect annual 15 to 50 cm high,
the stems
usually
somewhat
geniculate
below. Leaves 5 to 12 cm
long,
2.5 mm wide or less.
Panicles
lax,
erect or somewhat
nodding,
8 to 15 cm long,
the branches
slender,
the lower ones fascicled,
up
to 8 cm long. Spikelets long-pedicelled,
4 to 6 mm long,
9- to
13-flowered,
the
flowering glumes
1 to 1.2 mm
long.
Waste
places,
Cementerio del Norte, apparently
of recent
introduction,
fl.
Aug.-Nov.
In most warm countries.
8. E.
elegantula (Kunth.)
Steud.
A
tufted,
somewhat
rigid,perennial grass
about 1 m high,
more or
less
glaucous.
Leaves 10 to 15
cm long,
2.5 to 5 mm wide,
acuminate. Panicles
somewhat
nodding,
rather
lax,
7 to 20 cm long,
the branches
solitary,
naked
below. Spikelets numerous,
long-pedicelled,scattered, oblong,
about 7
mm long, plumbeous,
each with from 10 to 16
flowers,
the
floweringglumes
nearly
2 mm
loHg.
In
open grass
lands, Caloocan to
Masambong, _fl.
all the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Asia
through Malaya
to Australia.
9. E.
spartinoides
Steud.
A rather
densely tufted,
slender but somewhat stiff perennial
15 to 50
cm high.
2 to 4 mm wide, usually
involute when
dry.
Panicles
slender,strict,
5 to 10 cm long,
of
distant, solitary, short,
usually appressed
branches,
the branches
densely flowered,
2 cm long or
less.
Spikeletsappressed, sessile,
4 to 15 on each
branch,
5 to 9 mm long,
the
floweringglumes
8 to
16,
about 1.5 mm
long.
104
A FLORA OF MANILA
the
flowering glumes.
Glumes few
or
many,
keeled,
shorter than the
flowering glumes, subequal or unequal, persistent.
Flower- ing
glumes 3-nerved. Grain free, pericarp hyaline,
loose. (Name of
a
Greek town where
Ceres, goddess
of
harvests,was
worshipped.)
Species
about
7, tropical
and
subtemperate regions, one in the
Philip- pines.
1. E. INDICA
(L.)
Gaertn.
A raCher
stout, tufted, annual, erect, glabrous grass
10 cm to 1 m high.
sometimes involute when
dry,
3 to 7 mm wide,
distichous,
rather
flaccid,
the sheaths flattened.
Spikes
3 to
6,
all in
a
terminal whorl, or one or two lower
down,
2.-5 to 10 cm long,
3 to 5 mm
thick.
Spikelets
very numerous,
crowded,
3- to
5-flowered,
3 to 4 mm
long,
the first
glume 1-nerved, small,
the second
3-nerved,
the third and
succeeding ones
ovate,
acute.
Very
common
in waste
places, along roadsides, etc.,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines,probably
of
prehistoric
introduction.
Tropics
of the Old
World,
naturalized in America.
41. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willdenow
More or
less tufted annual
grasses.
Leaves flat.
Spikelets numerous,
crowded, imbricated, .spreading,several-flowered,
alternate in several rows
in
dense, 1-sided
spikes
which
are
digitatelyarranged
at the
apices
of the
stems. Glumes several, keeled, acute, or
shortly awned,
the two lower ones
empty, slightlyunequal,
the
upper glumes broader,
the lower ones enclosing
a
2-keeled
palea
and
a flower,
the
upper
ones
empty. (Greek "finger"
and
"little
comb.")
Species few, tropical,
one
in the
Philippines.
1. D.
^GYPTIUM (L.)
Willd.
A rather coarse
grass
15 to 60 cm high,
the basal
parts
decumbent,
usually more or
less
creeping
and
rooting,
the
flowering
stems erect or
ascending.
Leaves 5 to 18 cm
long
2 to 6 mm wade,
the sheaths loose,
imbricate.
Spikes
3 or 4, rarely only 2, digitate,stout,
often
purplish,
1
to 5 cm long, o
to 7 mm thick,
the rachis excurrent at the
tip,
mucronate.
Spikelets numerous, densely
crowded, spreading,
about 3 mm long, 3- or
4-flowered,
the first
glume ovate, acute,
the second
obliquely awned,
the
flowering glumes
also cuspidate-awned,
the
cusps
recurved.
Common in waste
places,
roadsides
etc.,
fl. all the
year;w'idely
distributed
in the
of
prehistoric
introduction. A native
of the Old World where it is
widely distributed,
now extensively
naturalized
in the New World.
42. LEPTOCHLOA
Beauvois
Annual, erect, usually
tufted
grasses
with flat
leaves,
the
slender, spike- like
panicle-branches racemosely arranged on the elongated
rachis.
Spike- lets
small, compi-essed,
several-flowered,
sessile or shortly pedicelled,
unilateral. Glumes 3 to
many,
thin,
unequal, oblong
or lanceolate, 1-nerved, empty,
the others ovate,
acute or obtuse,
3-nerved.
Grain
subglobose
to obovoid, closely
invested by
the
glume
and
palea.
(Greek
"slender" and "grass.")
Species
about 15, tropical
and subtropical,
2 in the
Philippines.
GRAMINEAE
105
1. L. chjnensis (L.)
Nees.
A
tall,
rather slender
or somewhat
stout, tufted, annual
grass
0.6 to-
1 m high.
8 mm wide or less,
the sheaths loose.
Inflorescence 20 to 30 cm long,
the
spike-like
branches
numerous,
slender,
spreading,
6 to 10
cm long. Spikelets
2.5 to 3
mm long,
green
or purplish,
about 5-flowered.
In shallow
water, margins of the
Pasig River,
in low wet
places,
and
sometimes in cultivated
lands,
fl. all the
year; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
Japan
43. BAMBUSA Schreber
'
Erect shrubs
or trees, tufted,
the stem-sheaths
broad,
their blades
usually
triangular.
Leaves
shortly-petioled,
the sheaths
variously auricled. Inflor- escence
generally
of
large
leafless
or leafy panicles. Spikelets
1- to
many-flowered,
the
empty glumes
1 to
4; flowering glumes ovate-lanceolate.
Stamens 6.
Ovary oblong or obovate, tip hairy.
Grain oblong or
linear
oblong,
the
pericarp thin, adherent. (From the Indian
name.)
Species
about
55, tropical Asia, Malaya,
and
Australia,
5 in the Phil- ippines.
1.
Shrubby, slender,
2 to 3 m high 1. B.
glaucescens
1. Arborescent coarse
species.
2. Stems naked
below, spineless.
3. Stems
green
2. B.
vulgaris
3. Stems
yellow, or yellow
with
green
stripes..
2. B.
vulgaris var. striata
2. Stems surrounded at the base with
spreading
and interlaced
spiny
branches 3. B. blumeana
m
1. B. GLAUCESCENS
(Wild.)
Sieb.
{B. nana Roxh.). Cauayan
China
(Tag.).
A dwarfed
shrubby species
1 to 3 m high,
the stems 1 to 2 cm in diameter.
Leaves
small, linear-lanceolale or
narrowly lanceolate, 3 to 10 cm long.
Spikelets few,
clustered or solitai-yon the
branches, 1 to 3 cm
long.
Occasionally
cultivated as a hedge plant,
introduced. A native of China
and
Japan,
not as yet
found in flower in the
Philippines.
2. B. VULGARIS Schrad.
Cauayan quiling (Tag.).
Erect, loosely tufted,
the stems
up
to 17 m
in
height
and 15 cm
in
diameter,
green,
naked at the
base,
not
supplied
with
spiny
branches.
Leaves
lanceolate, acuminate,
up
to 35 cm long
and 4 cm wide,
often
smaller,
the sheaths auriculate at the
apex.
Spikelets oblong,
clustered
along
the branches of the
inflorescence,
about 1.5 cm long.
In
thickets, Masambong,
not
uncommon, rarely flowering; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
and
probably
not a native of the
Archipelago,
but of
prehistoric
introduction.
Tropics generally.
*Var. STRIATA (Lodd.)
Gamble.
Stems about 12 m high,
5 to 6 cm
in diameter, spineless,
naked at the
base,
the internodes 20 to 25 cm long, hard,
rather
bright-yellow,
often
striped
with
green.
Leaves about 20
cm
long,
1.5 to 4
cm
'wide.
'
For
a consideration of the known
species
of
Philippine
bamboos see
Gamble,
J.
S., 'Bambuseae of the
Philippine
Islands," Philip.
Journ. Set. 5
(1910)
Bot. 267-281.
106
A FLORA OF MANILA
Occasionally
cultivated in Manila for ornamental
purposes,
introduced^
native
country uncertain,
but
probably
China or
Japan.
The flowers of this
variety
are
unknown;
it is well characterized
by
its
yellow
stems.
*3. B. BLUMEANA Schultes f.
Cauayan, Cauayan
totoo
(Tag.).
Stems 10 to 20 m
high,
8 to 10 cm
in
diameter,
the basal
parts
surrounded
by stiff,branched, interlaced,spiny
branches. Leaves 10 to 20
cm
long,
1 to 2
cm
wide. Panicles
large. Spikelets slender,compressed,
2 to 3 cm long. (Fl. Filip.pi. 100,
B.
arundinacea.)
Very
common
in
our
area,
and
widely
distributed
throughout
the settled
regions
of the
Philippines,
the Common
building
bamboo of the Archi- pelago,
rarely flowering;probably
of
prehistoric
introduction.
Malay
Pen- insula
and
Archipelago.
44. SCHIZOSTACHYUM Nees
Erect or climbing bamboos,
the stems with thin or thick walls. Leaves
narrow or broad, petioled.
Inflorescence
paniculate,
the branches
bearing
scattered or close heads of sessile
flowers,or the
spikeletsrarely
scattered
along
the branches.
Spikelets slender, usually fascicled;empty glumes
1 to
3, narrow, usually mucronate; flowering glumes
1 or 2, jointedbelow,
convolute,elongated.
Stamens
6,
the filaments free. Fruit
ovoid,beaked,
crustaceous or hard.
(Greek "split"
and
"spike.")
Species
about
30,
India to
Polynesia,
11 in the
Philippines.
1. S.
toppingii
Gamble.
An
erect, unarmed, loosely
tufted
bamboo,
the stems
up
to 2.5 cm in
diameter and from 3 to 5 m or more high,
the sheaths
hairy.
Leaves
various,on
young
plants
up
to 40 cm
long
and 4.5 cm wide,
on the branches
crowded,
much
smaller,
and often 10 to 20 cm long
and 1 to 2 cm wide,
the she'aths ciliate at the mouth.
Spikelets
crowded in
subglobose,
scattered
or
close
heads,
on the
spike-like
branches of the
panicle,glabrous,
fertile
and'
imperfect ones
mixed.
Empty glumes
2
pr 3,
2 to 4 mm long,
7- to
9-nerved,
mucronate.
Flowering glumes
5 mm long, 9-nerved,
mucronate.
Fruit
globose,glabrous,
about 6 mm
in
diameter,
the
glumes persistent.
In ravines
opposite Guadalupe,
not found in flower
here,
but
flowering
near Montalban in
July.
Known
only
from Luzon.
14. CYPERACEAE
(Sedge or
Balangot Family)
Grass-like
plants
with
usually
3-ranked leaves and
solid,cylindricor
3-angled stems,
the sheaths
closed,
sometimes leafless. Flowers
perfect or
1-sexual,small,
in the axils of the scales
(glumes)
of the
spikes
or spikelets,
these
solitary
or
in
panicles,heads, umbels, racemes, spikes,or
fascicles.
Perianth none or
of
hypogj-nous
bristles or
scales. Stamens 1 to 3. Ovary
1-celled;styleshort, or slender and
elongated,
2- or 3-cleft. Fruit a small,
compressed, 3-angled,cylindric,or globose
nut.
Genera about
75, species
more
than
3,000,
in all
parts
of the
world,
25
genera
and about 150
species
in the
Philippines.
1.
Spikelets
of few or
many
glumes,
the first 1 or 2
always empty,
the
uppermost
male or empty,
the intermediate ones
with
perfect
flowers.
2.
Flowering glumes many,
distichouslyarranged.
3.
Style
2-fid.
CYPERACEAE
107
4. Rachilla of
spikeletdeciduous; spikelets
crowded in
sessile,globose
or ovoid heads 1.
Kyllinga
4. Rachilla
persistentlong
after the
glumes
have fallen.
5. Nut
laterallycompressed
2.
Pycreua
5. Nut
dorsally compressed
3. Juncellua
3.
Style
3-fid.
4. Rachilla of
spikeletpersistent
4.
Cyperus
4. Rachilla deciduous.
5. Rachilla
breaking
at the lower node
only
5. Mariscus
5. Rachilla
breaking
up
into several 1-seeded
joints..
6. Torulinium
2.
Flowering glumes many,
spirallyarranged.
3.
Style-base
constricted or jointed
above the
nut;
leaves all basal
or
wanting, except
the leaf-like floral bracts.
4.
Hypogynous
bristles
present;
leaves none 7. Eleocharis
4.
Hypogynous
bristles
none;
leaves
usually present..
8.
Fimbristylis
3.
Style-basepassing gradually
into the nut.
4.
Hypogynous
bristles 0 to 6, linear;
leaves
glabrous
9.
Scirpus
4.
Hypogynous
bristles 3 or 6, the inner
ones broadly obovate;
leaves
hairy
10. Fuirena
4.
Hypogynous
scales
2, enclosing
the
nut; glumes
with
spreading
tips;
inflorescence of a singlespikelet
11.
Lipocarpha
2.
Flowering glumes
1 or 2,
with several lower
empty
ones and several
upper
empty or male
ones;
style
2-fid 12.
Rynchospora
1. Spikelets
1-sexual or with 1 basal female flower and 1 or more male
or
empty glumes;
nut
bony, globose,usually
white and
shining.
2. Nut
smooth, verrucose,
tessellated,or tuberculate; glumes entire,
1-nerved 13. Scleria
2. Nut
longitudinallyfluted;glumes 3-fid,
with 3 to 5 nerves.
14.
Diplacrum
1. KYLLINGA Rottboell
Erect,
tufted or
scattered,
the stems
simple,leafy
below
only,
terminated
by
1 to 3
capitate
sessile
spikes,
subtended
by
about
3, leaf-like,spreading
bracts.
Spikes
ovoid to
cylindric,
dense.
Spikelets
numerous,
compressed;
glumes 4 or 5, distichous,
the rachilla
breaking
above the two lower
empty
glumes;
third
glume bearing a perfect flower;
fourth male
or
empty,
the
fifth
rudimentary or none. Nut
laterallycompressed; style linear,
base
continuous with the
nut,
the branches
2,
linear.
(In
honor of
,P.Kylling,a
Danish
botanist.)
Species
30 or more
in most warm and hot
countries,
5 or 6 in the
Philippines.
1. Heads
green;
nut-bearing glume
-not
winged along
the
upper
one-half
of the keel .*.
1. K.
brevifolia
1. Heads
white; nut-bearing glume winged along
the
upper
one-half of
the keel
'.
2. K.
monocephala
1. K. brevifolia Rottb.
Stems
slender,glabrous,
10 to 50 cm high,usually scattered,
from slender
creeping
root-stocks. Leaves
narrow,
3 to 10 cm long,
less than 3 mm
wide,
the bracts
similar,spreading. Spikes mostly solitary, ovoid,
green,
8 mm
long or less.
Spikeletsvery numerous, lanceolate,acuminate,
about
3 mm
long,
keel of the
flowering glume
not
winged.
Nut about 1 mm
long, compressed.
In
open grass
lands,
waste
places,etc.,
fl.
most of the
year; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
Most
tropical
and
warm countries.
2. K.
monocephala
Rottb.
A
more or
less tufted
glabrous plant
from
creeping rootstocks. Stems
10 to 40
cm high.
Leaves
up
to 15 cm in
length or longer,
3 to 4
mm wide,
the bracts similar. Heads
ovoid,simple,white,
8 to 13 mm
long. Spikelets
very numerous,
3 to 3.5 mm long,
the
flowering glume distinctlywinged
along
the keel. Nut
up
to 1.5 mm long.
In
open
waste
places,
grass lands,lawns, etc.,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
All warm and
tropical
countries.
2. PYCREUS Beauvois
Tufted or
scattered,
annual or
perennial,mostly
slender
plants,-leafy
only
at the
base,
the bracts
subtending
the inflorescence leaf-like. Inflores- cence
umbellate or subcapitate. Spikelets compressed,
linear to
oblong,
usually
numerous; glumes
many, arranged
in two
ranks,
imbricate. Nut
laterallycompressed; style-branches
2.
Species
about 50 in all warm and
temperate regions,
about 5 in the
Philippines.
1.
Annual, slender; glumes
1.5 mm
long
1. P. nitcns
1.
Perennial, stouter; glumes
2 mm long.
2.
Spikeletsascending;
nut rounded
or truncate 2. P. odoratus
2.
Spikeletsspreading;
nut
apiculate
3. P.
eragrostis
1. P. nitens
(Vahl)
Nees.
A
small,slender,erect,
tufted
annual,
5 to 20 cm high,
the leaves slender,
narrow,
shorter than the stems. Umbels
simple or
reduced to one
head,
subtended
by
few leaf-like bracts.
Spikelets usually pale,
5 to 30 in a
spike
or
head, narrowly oblong,
5 to 8
mm long,
each
composed
of from
8 to
30,
1.5 mm long,
mucronate
glumes.
Nut
compressed,
about 0.6
mm
long.
In
open grass lands, gardens, etc.,
fl.
Aug.-Jan. ; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines. Tropical Asia, Africa, Malaya,
and Australia.
2. P. odoratus
(L.)
Urban
{P. polystachyus Beauv.).
An
erect, glabrous,
rather slender
perennial,
the stems 20 to 70 cm high.
Leaves
mostly
shorter than the
stems,
sometimes
equaling
them. Umbels
simple
or reduced to one head,
subtended
by
leaf-like
bracts,
the
rays
1 to 7.
Spikes dense, composed
of from 10 to 20
ascending spikelets.
Spikelets brown, linear,
1 to 1.5 cm Jong.
Glumes
oblong,
15 to 30 or
more,
about 2 mm
long,
obtuse. Nuts
oblong, black,
1 mm long,
rounded
or truncate.
Var.
paniculatus (Rottb.)
Merr.
{P. polystachyus
var. laxiflorusBenth.).
Differing
from the
species
in its
lax,
open
inflorescence which is about
10 cm long,
the
spikelets
also
longer.
In
open
waste
places, lawns, etc.,
common,
flowering
all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
All warm regions,especiallynear
the sea.
3. P.
eragrostis (Vahl) Merr.
(Cyperus eragrostisVahl).
Erect, tufted, glabrous,
15 to 50 cm high,
the leaves
narrow,
much
shorter than the
stems,
somewhat
flaccid,
the involucral bracts
leaf-like,
long
and slender. Umbels
simple,
the
rays
1 to 5,
sometimes reduced
CYPERACEAE
109
to a
simple
head.
Spikes globose,
the
spikeletsspreading, fascicled,
linear-
oblong, brownish, sessile,
1 to 1.5 cm
long.
Glumes 10 to
50, ovate, obtuse,
2 mm long.
Nut
ellipsoid,
somewhat
compressed, apiculate,
about 1 mm
long.
In
open grass
lands,
La
Loma,
fl. Nov.
-Jan.;
Philippines. Temperate
and
tropicalparts
of the Old World.
JUNCELLUS C. B. Clarke
Stems
erect, tufted,leafy only
near
the
base,
the inflorescence umbellate
or capitate,
subtended
by
leaf-like bracts.
Spikeletscompressed.
Glumes
many,
in two ranks, imbricate, concave,
the first two
empty,
the others
with
perfect flowers,
the
uppermost
ones
empty.
Stamens 3 or 2. Nut
plano-convex,broad,
the
plane
face
against
the
r^hilla; style-branches
2.
(Diminutive
of J
uncus,
the Latin name of the
rush.)
Species
about
12,
in all warm countries,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. J.
pygmaeus
(Rottb.)
C. B. Clarke.
An
annual, tufted,glabrous plant,
3 to 20 cm
high, the stems
usually
numerous.
Leaves
thin,
10 cm long
or
less,
capitate,
heads
solitary,
1 cm in diameter or less.
Spikelets
very numerous,
about 5 mm long,
the
glumes
about 2(),oblong-lanceolate,
2 mm
long.
Nut oblong-ellipsoid,
about 1 mm long.
In
open
gravelly
soil near
Culiculi,
fl.
March-May;
of local occurrence
in
the
Philippines.
All
warm countries.
4. CYPERUS Linnaeus
Coarse or slender,
tufted or scattered,erect,
annual or perennial plants,
the stems
leafy only
at the
base,
the bracts leaf-like. Inflorescence umbellate
or
capitate. Spikelets
linear or
oblong, compi-essed,
the rachilla
persistent.
Glumes
distichous,
the first two
empty,
the
succeeding ones
bisexual, seriatim deciduous. Nut
3-angled
or
plano-convex; style
3-fid.
(Ancient
Greek
name.)
More than 300
species
about 21 in the
Philippines.
1.
Spikeletsdigitateor clustered,
not
spicate
or racemose.
2. Low slender
annuals,
the leaves less than 5 mm wide.
3. Nuts about as long
as the glumes
1. C.
difformis
3. Nuts
very
glumes
2. C.
haspan
2.
Perennials,
the leaves or bracts 5 to 20
mm
in width.
3.
Coarse, erect,
leafless at the
base;
cultivated
only.
3. C.
flabelliformis
3. Basal leaves
numerous, equaling or longer
than the stems.
4. C.
diffusus
1.
Spikelets spicately
or
subracemosely arranged.
2. Rachilla of
spikelets
not at all or obscurely winged.
3. Tufted
annuals; mostly
slender
plants.
4.
Spikelets
3 to 10 mm long;,glumes
about 1.2 mm long, obovate,
the nuts as
long
as
the
glumes
5. C. iria
4.
Spikelets
10 to 30 mm long; glumes
about 3.5 mm
long, prominently
acuminate,
much
longer
than the nuts.... 6. C.
compressus
3. Perennials with
woody
rootstocks and often
long stolons;
coarse
plants.
4. Rachis of the
spikes pubescent; spikelets
5 to 10 mm
long,
compressed
7. C.
pilosus
110
A FLORA OF MANILA
4. Rachis
glabrous.
5. Leaves
very
short,
less than 5 cm long; spikelets
crowded.
8. C. vialacccnsis
5. Leaves
long,
sometimes
equaling
the
stem; spikelets laxly
disposed
9. C. distans
2. Rachilla of
spikeletsdistinctlywinged.
3. Slender
plants
less than 0.5 m high.
4.
Spikes mostly dense,
of from 3 to 8
spikelets;
roots with
thickened,
ovoid or globose
tubers 10. C. rotundus
4.
Spikes lax,
of from 2 to 6
spikelets;glumes
rather distant.
11. C.
zollingeri
3. Coarse
plants
often 1 m high; spikes
3 to 6 at the end of each
branch of the
inflorescence,densely many-flowered.
12. C. radiatus
1. C. difformis L.
A tufted
glabrous
annual 10 to 40 cm long,
the stems sharply 3-angled ar
the
top.
Leaves rather
flaccid,
somewhat shorter than the
stems,
2 to 3
mm wide. Inflorescence
umbellate, simple
or
compound,
subtended
by
two
leaf-like
bracts,
contracted or spreading,
the
rays
1 to 5 cm
long, some
sessile,some long-peduncled. Spikelets
very numerous,
2 to 5 mm long,
crowded in
globose
or ovoid masses on the ends of the
branches,
each
spikelet
with from 8 to 25
flowers,
the
flowering glumes
about 0.6 mm
long, obtuse,
brownish. Nutlets about 0.6 mm long.
In
open
wet
grass
lands,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
A
characteristic
rice-paddy
weed
throughout
the warmer
parts
of the Old
World,
introduced in Mexico.
2. C.
haspan
L.
A
tufted,glabrous,
rather flaccid
plant
10 to 40 cm high.
Leaves often
as long as the
stem,
sometimes
shorter,or nearly wanting,
3 to 5 mm wide.
Inflorescence
umbellate, simple or compound,
of few or many
crowded or
spreading
rays,
each with few to
many
spikelets,
dense or
lax.
Spikelets
brown,
3 to 10 mm
long,
8- to
25-flowered,
the
glumes
about 1.2 mm long,
imbricate,
obtuse. Nutlets
3-angled,
about 0.4 mm
long.
In
open,
wet, grass
lands,especiallyrice-paddies,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
All warm countries;a
characteristic
rice-paddy
wf-ed.
*3. C. FLABELLIFORJIIS Rottb. Umbrella Plant.
A
stout, erect,
tufted
plant reaching a height
of 1.5
m,
the stems
up
to
1 cm
in
diameter,
base covered with leafless sheaths. Leaves all crowded
in
a dense, spirallyarranged
whorl at the ends of the
stems, spreading,
numerous,
up
to 30 cm
long,
0.5 to 2 cm wide,
acuminate. Umbels in the
leaf-axils, numerous,
8 cm wide or less,
their
peduncles slender,
10 cm long
or
less.
Spikeletssessile,
in
peduncled
and sessile heads, oblong,
up
to 1
cm
long,
the
glumes
20 to
30,
about 2 mm long.
Nuts 0.8 mm
long.
Frequently cultivated,
but not
spontaneous,
fl. Dec-March. A native of
Arabia and
Abyssinia,
now cultivated in
many
warm
countries.
4. C. diffusus Vahl.
An erect
glabrous perennial
30 to 60 cm
high,
the leaves
basal, flat,
broad, numerous, crowded, equaling or longer
than the stems, 3-nerved,
8
to 15 mm wide,
the root-stock short. Stems
3-angled,
the bracts subtending
the inflorescence
leaf-like,
10 to 50 cm
long,broad, spreading.
Umbels
8 to 20 cm
in
diameter, decompound,
rather lax.
Spikelets
3 or more
slender.
Spikelets
red
or reddish-brown, spreading, slender, rather
laxly
disposed,
1 to 3 cm long, 10- to
25-flowered,
the
glumes obtuse,
oblong-
elliptic, remote,
2 mm long.
Nut
oblong,
1.3 to 1.5 mm
long.
In
open grass
lands, San Juan del Monte and other
places,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
10. C. rotundus L. Mutha
(Tag.).
A
slender, erect, glabrous perennial
10 to 40 cm
high,
the rhizomes
wiry, bearing black, hard,
ovoid tubers about 1 cm in diameter. Stems
usually solitary,3-angled
above. Leaves 5 to 15 cm
long, or sometimes
as
long as the
stems,
3 mm wide or less.
"
Umbel
simple or
compound,
2 to 6 cm long,
the
rays
long or short,
the
spikes
dense or rather
lax,
of
from 3 to 8
spikelets. Spikelets brown, slender,
10 to 25
mm long,
10-
to
25-flowered,
the
glumes
2.5 to 3 mm long.
In
gardens, lawns, waste
places, etc.,
very common,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
In all
warm countries.
11. C. zollingeri
Steud.
A slender
glabrous perennial
10 to 50 cm high,
the stems
mostly
soli-
tarj-.
Leaves 5 to 20 cm
long,
2 mm wide or less. Umbels
simple or
compound,
rather
lax,
of few
long
and short
rays,
sometimes reduced to
one,
the
spikes
rather
lax,
of from 2 to 6
spikelets. Spikelets brown,
slender,
1 to 2.5 cm long,
10- to
15-flowered,
the
glumes
about 3 mm
long,
rather distant. Nut
3-angled,
2 mm long.
In
open,
dry
grass
lands,
Masambong,
fl.
July-Sept.;
not common in the
Asia and
Africa, through Malaya
to Australia.
12. C. radiatus Vahl.
A
coarse,
erect,
tufted
perennial
0.2 to 1 m high.
Leaves one-half to
two-thirds as long
as the
stems,
7 mm wide or less,
the bracts
subtending
the inflorescence leaf-like. Inflorescence
compound, umbellate, brown,
the
rays
long or
short.
Spikes
3 to 6 at the end of each
branch, sessile,
dense, cylindric,
1.5 to 4 cm long,
6 to 8 mm
thick.
Spikelets
4 to 5 mm
long,
12- to 18-flowered,
the
glumes
about 1.2 mm long.
Nut
ovoid,
about
0.9 mm long.
In
open
wet lands and
swampy
places,common,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines. Widely
distributed in the
tropics.
5. MAR ISC US Gaertner
Coarse or slender tufted
plants, usually perennials, rarely
annuals.
Leaves
mostly
basal, sometimes cauline,
the bracts leaf-like. Inflores-
-cenee of umbelled heads or spikes. Spikelets more or less
compressed;
glumes
distichous,
the rachilla of the
spikelet disarticulating
above the
2 lowest
glumes.
Nut
trigonous; style
3-fid.
Species
about 160 in all
warm regions,
about 8 in the
Philippines.
A
genus very
closely
allied to
Cyperus, differing chiefly
in the articulated
rachillas.
1. Umbels
simple.
2.
Spikes cylindric,dense,
about 2 cm long; spikeletsusually
2-flowered.
1. M.
cyperinus
2.
Spikes linear,
lax 2. M.
flabelliformis
CYPERACEAE 113
1. Umbels
compound.
2.
Spikelets oblonp:, turpfid,
7 mm long or less,arranged
in
spikes; a
coarse,
glaucous plant
3. M.
stuppeus
2.
Spikelets
linear
or linear-lanceolate, 8 to 15 mm long,
in dense globose
heads at the ends of the branches 4. M. dilatus
1. M.
cyperinus (Retz.)*
Vahl.
A
glabrous, erect,
tufted
plant
20 to 60 cm high,
the inflorescence umbellate.
Leaves 15 to 30 cm long, 4 to 8 mm wide,
the bracts
subtending
the inflorescence similar to the leaves.
Spikes
5 to
10, cylindric,dense,
about 2 cm long. Spikeletslanceolate,
4 to 5 mm long,
green
or
brownish-
green,
straight,
each with about 2 flowers,
the nutlets
oblong,
2 mm long.
In
fl.
Aug.-Oct.;
throughout
the
Philippines.
Tropical
Asia
through Malaya
to Polynesia.
2. M. flabelliformis HBK.
A
slender, erect,
tufted
plant
25 to 40 cm tall. Leaves 20 to 30 cm
long,
2 to 3 mm wide,
the bracts similar. Inflorescence
umbellate,
the
rays
usually
about 5,
2 to 5 cm long. Spikes
1.5 to 2 cm long,
rather
lax,
green.
Spikelets ascending,
slender,
about 1 cm long,
the
glumes
about
5,
distant,
about 3.5 mm
long.
Nutlets oblong,
2 mm long.
In
shady thickets,Masambong,
fl.
Aug.-Oct.;
rather
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
Most
tropical
countries.
3. M,
stuppeus (Forst.)
Merr.
(M.
albescens
Gaudich.).
A
coarse, erect,
tufted
perennial
50 to 80 cm high, pale-green
or
glaucous.
Leaves rather
thick, stiff,nearly
as
long
as the
stem,
4 to 6 mm wide,
often
complanate,
the bracts similar. Inflorescence
umbellate,
6 to 15 cm
in
diameter,
the
spikes dense,
1.5 to 3 cm
long,
about 1 cm
in
diameter,
brown.
Spikelets spreading,
5 to 7 mm long,
the
glumes obtuse,
5 to
9,
2 to 3 mm long.
Nutlets
ovoid, dark-brown,
1 to 1.2 mm
long.
In
open
wet lands near the
sea,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philip- pines
near
the seashore.
Tropical
Asia and Africa
through Malaya
to
Australia and
Polynesia.
4. M. dilutus
(Vahl)
Nees (M. microcephalus Presl).
A
coarse, erect, looselytufted,glabrous plant
4 to 80 cm high.
Leaves
and bracts somewhat
spongy,
the former often
nearly as long as the
stem,
8 mm wide or less. Inflorescence 10 to 25 cm in
diameter,
compound,
the
spikes radiately globose
at the ends of the
branchlets,
each
composed
of
very numerous,
linear or linear-lanceolate,brown, straight
spikelets
0.8 to 1.5 cm long.
Glumes 6 to 14, obtuse,
somewhat
distant,
3 to 4
mm long.
Nutlet
oblong, beaked,
2 mm long.
In
open
wet
lands,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the Philippines.
India
to
Mauritius, China,
and
Malaya.
6. TORULINIUM
Desvaux
Similar to Mai-iscus and
Cyperus,
but the
spikeletsbreaking
up
into
several
joints,
each
containing
1 nut.
A
genus consisting
of a single
variable
species
found in all warm
regions.
111555 8
114
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. T. ferax
(Rich.)
Ham.
(T. confertum Desv.).
A rather
coarse, erect, glabrous plant
0.2 to 1
m high, scarcelytufted,
the stems
3-angled.
Leaves
few,
1 cm wide or less,
the bracts
subtending
the
inflorescence
spreading,
few to
many,
leaf-like. Umbels
usually compound,
10 to 25 cm
in diameter.
Spikes
2 to 5 cm long, bearing
very
numerous,
spreading,
slender
spikelets. Spikelets usually
about 1 cm
long, yellow
or
brown,
the
glumes
6 to
10,
rather
distant,elliptic,
about
7-nerved,
the rachilla
flexuose,breaking
up
into
joints,each bearing one
glume
and nut. Nut
oblong,
about 1.8
mm long.
In
open
wet
places,occasional,
fl.
Nov.-Jan.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
All
warm
regions.
"
7. ELEOCHARIS R. Brown
Glabrous, erect,
tufted
plants,
the stems
simple,
without nodes. Leaves
none;
sheaths
few, cylindric,
truncate or
with
a small tooth. Inflores- cence
a single
terminal
spikelet.
Glumes imbricate all around.
Hypogy-
nous bristles 5 to 8. Nut
obovoid, plano-convex or 3-angled; style-base
constricted and
apparently
articulated
on
the nut but
usually persistent;
arms
2 or 3.
(From
the Greek "marsh" and
"grace.")
More than 100
species,
in all
parts
of the
world, 8 or 9 in the
Philip- pines.
1.
Spikeletselongated,
1 cm
long
or more.
2. Nuts smooth
"
1. E.
eqidsetina
2. Nuts
longitudinally
rugose
2. E.
variegata
1.
Spikeletsglobose
or
ovoid,
5 mm
long
or less 3. E.
capitata
1. E.
equisetina
Presl.
A somewhat slender tufted
plant,
the stems sometimes
nearly
1 m
high, usually
much
shorter,
about 3 mm
in
diameter, transversely septate
when
dry,
the
uppermost
sheath
close-fitting,
continued
on one side as a
short
triangular
tooth.
Spikelet
1 to 3 cm long, scarcely
thicker than the
stem. Glumes
broadly oblong-ovoid,
rounded. Nut smooth and
shining,
ellipsoidor obovoid,
2 mm long.
In
open
wet
lands,
swampy
places,etc.,
fl.
Oct.-Dec,
and
probably
in
other
months;
of local occurrence
in the
Philippines. Ceylon
to New
Caledonia.
2. E.
variegata Kunth, var. laxiflora (Thw.)
C. B. Clarke.
A rather slender tufted
plant
10 to 30 cm high,
the stems about 1.5
mm
in diameter. Sheaths
close-fitting.Spikelet only
a little thicker
than the stem,
1.5 to 2.5 cm long.
Glumes
oblong-ovate,
4 mm long.
Nuts
brown, obovoid, nearly
2 mm long, longitudinally
rugose,
the
hypogynous
bristles
longer
than the
nut, retrorsely
scabrid.
In old
rice-paddies
near Caloocan,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.;
of local occurrence
in
the
Philippines.
India to
China, Malaya,
and Polynesia.
3. E.
capitata (L.)
R. Br.
Stems
slender, densely tufted, erect,
rather
stiff,
often purplish
at
the base,
10 to 30 cm
long. Spikeletssmall,dense, ovoid,
4 to 5 mm long.
Glumes
ovate, obtuse, thin,
2 mm long.
Nut black, shining,
obovoid,
about
1 mm long,
the bristles as
long
as
the
nut, retrorsely
scabrid.
In
open
wet
grass
lands
especially
near
the
sea,
fl. most of the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Most warm countries.
CYPERACEAE
115
8. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl
Tufted
plants
from fibrous roots. Leaves all
basal,
short or long.
Inflorescence
terminal, umbellate, simple or compound, or reduced to a
singlespikelet. Spikeletssolitaryor clustered,
sessile or pedicelled,
many-
flowered. Glumes
spirallyarranged, imbricate,
or the lower ones 2-ranked.
Hypogynous
bristles none. Style usually long, villous,
2- or 3-fid. Nut
obovoid, rarely oblong, usually compressed
and
biconvex, smooth, striate,
or
rugose. (From
the Latin
"fringe"
and
"style.")
A
large
genus
with 125 or more species,
about 25 in the
Philippines.
1. Glumes all
spirallyarranged.
2. Stems with
only
one
spikelet.
3. Nut
linear-oblong 1. F.
tetragona
3. Nut obovoid.
4. Nut
transverselywavy-wrinkled
2. F, acuminata
4. Nut smooth 3. F.
polytrichoides
2. Stems with few to
many
spikelets.
3.
Style
2-fid.
4.
Spikeletsfew,
2 to 5.
5.
Spikelets
1 to 1.5 cm
long
4. F. schoenoides
5.
Spikelets
less than 1 cm long
5. F. corniculata
4.
Spikeletsnumerous.
5. Nut
cylindric;glumes long-acuminate,
the
tips spreading.
6. F.
dipsacea
5. Nut
obovoid; glumes
obtuse or acute.
6. Nut
longitudinallystriate;
leaves
many, mostly long.
7. F.
diphylla
6. Nut smooth or
nearly
so;
leaves
usually short,
often
wanting.
8. F.
ferruginea
3.
Style
3-fid.
4.
Spikelets
crowded in
globose,solitary
heads 9. F. barbata
4.
Spikelets
in
open
decompound
umbels 10. F. iniliacea
1. Lower
glumes distichous,
the
upper
ones
spiral;spikelets
1
or
2 on each
stem 11. F.
monostachya
1. F.
tetragona
R. Br.
A
slender,tufted,
leafless
or nearly
leafless annual
plant
10 to 45
cm
high,
the stems somewhat
4-angled. Spikelets erect, solitary,terminal,
ovoid-conic,
7 to 14 mm
long, densely
flowered. Glumes
oblong, obtuse,
3
to 3.5 mm long.
Nut
linear-oblong,
2 mm
long,reticulate,
somewhat
curved;
stylevillous,the arms 3 or 2.
In
open
wet
grass
lands.
La Loma,
rare,
fl.Nov.-Jan.
;
of local occurrence
in the
Philippines.
India to Australia.
2. F. acuminata Vahl.
A
slender,tufted,
somewhat
wiry
leafless
plant,
the stems
nearly terete,
10 to 25 cm
high. Spikelets solitary,terminal,
8 to 12 mm long,
lanceolate,
acuminate. Glumes
ovate, usually
brown or
purplish
with
a
green
keel,about 5 mm
long,
acute. Nut
obovoid,compressed,
about 2 mm
long,
transverselywavy-wrinkled. Style
2-cleft.
In
open
wet
grass lands,
Novaliches
road; widely
distributed in the
Asia
through Malaya
to Australia.
3. F.
polytrichoides (Retz.)
Vahl.
A rather
slender,glabrous,densely
tufted
plant
10 to 20
cm high.
Leaves
slender,
one-half as long as,
or
equaling,
the stems. Spikelets terminal,
solitary,oblong-ovoid,
5 to 8
mm long,
brownish. Glumes
numerous,
all
spirallyarranged, oblong-ovate,obtuse,
about 3 mm
long.
Nut
obovoid,
obtuse,compressed, brown, smooth,
1 mm long. Style-arms 2.
In
open
lands, especially
near the sea
or
within the influence of salt
water,
fl.all the
year; widely
distributed in the
Philippines. Tropics
of the
Old World.
4. F. schoenoides
(Retz.)
Vahl.
A
tufted, slender,glabrous plant
15 to 50 cm
high,
the leaves
basal,
numerous, usually
stems,
filiform.
Spikeletsfew,
2 to 5 on each
stem, peduncled,
ovoid to
oblong-ovoid,pale or brown,
1 to
1.5 cm
long.
Glumes
broadly ovate,
all
spirallyarranged,
obtuse or slightly
mucronate, striate, about 4 mm
long,
all caducous from the base of the
spikelet upward.
Nut
obovoid,
somewhat
compressed, shining, stalked,
brownish, smooth,
1.5 to 2 mm
long. Style-arms
2.
In
open grass
lands,
San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
Nov.-Feb.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
India to
China, Malaya,
and Australia.
5. F. corniculata Merr.
A
slender,tufted,
annual
plant, quite glabrous,
the basal leaves
few,
linear,
5 to 8 mm
long,
the leaves reduced to basal sheaths.
Spikelets
brown, few,
3 to 8 mm long,
3 to 5 in
a
simple umbel,
the central one sessile.
Glumes 15 or
less,brown, ciliate on the
margins,
retuse or rounded,
the
keel
prominent,
excurrent as a stout awn. Nut
obovoid,
0.5 mm
long,
verruculose,black; style
3-fid.
In
open grass
lands,
La
Loma,
fl.
Nov.-Dec;
known
only
from this
locality.
6. F.
dipsacea (Rottb.)
Benth.
A
slender,tufted, glabrous
annual 8 to 20
cm high.
Leaves short or
sometimes as long as the
stems, capillary.
Umbels
simple or sometimes
compound mostly
under 2 cm in
diameter,
of 2 or 3 to 8 or 10
spikelets,
the
bracts filiform.
Spikeletsovoid,dense,
3 to 5 mm
long,
the
glumes
aristate,
tips spreading.
Nuts
cylindric-oblong, brown,
0.5 mm
long. Style-arms
2.
On
sandy
mudbanks
along
the river near Pasig,
fl.
Feb.-Apr.; widely
distributed in the
Asia and Africa to
Malaya.
7. F.
diphylla (Retz.)
Vahl.
An
exceedingly variable,tufted,glabrous or somewhat
pubescent plant
30 to 50 cm
high.
Leaves linear to
filiform,basal,
numerous,
10 to 30 cm
long,
1 to 3 mm wide. Umbels
simple
or
compound,
3 to 7 cm
long.
Spikeletspedicelled
or some
sessile, brown, ovoid,
6 to 8 mm long.
Glumes
numerous,
all
spirallyarranged,
imbricate. Nut
oblong-ovoid
to obovate,
1 to 1.2 mm
long,distinctlylongitudinally
striate.
Common in
open grass
lands,etc.,
fl.all the
year,
exceedingly variable;
throughout
the
Philippines.
All
warm countries.
8. F.
ferruginea (L.)
Vahl.
A
densely tufted,usually glabrous,
sometimes
slightlypubescent plant,
the stems rather
stiff,slender,
30 to 60- cm high.
Leaves
narrow,
erect,
stiff,striate,short,
or sometimes
none,
the sheaths
only present.
Umbels
simple
or compound, usually contracted,
5 to 7 cm
long. Spikeletsbrown,
5 to
20,
all
pedicelledor some sessile,
about 1 cm long.
Glumes
very
numerous, ovate,
3 mm long,
obtuse. Nuts
obovoid,usually pale,
or brownish,
compressed, smooth,
about 1.2 mm long. Style
villous below, arms
2.
CYPERACEAE
117
In
open
places especiallynear
the
sea,
fl. all the
year;
in maritime districts
throughout
the
Philippines.
All
warm regions.
9. F. barbata (Rottb.)
Benth.
(Bulbostylis
barbata
Kunth).
A
very
slender,densely
tufted annual 5 to 25 cm high.
Leaves numerous,
filiform,
stems,
the sheaths with few to
many
long
white hairs.
Spikelets
few to
many, brownish,
about 3 mm
long,
crowded in
dense, globose,solitary
heads 3 to 7 mm
in
diameter,
each head
subtended
by usually
two filiform
leaves,one much
longer
than the other.
In
open,
dry
grass lands,
railroad
grades, etc.,
fl.
Aug.-Jan.; throughout
the
Philippines.
Warmer
parts
of the world.
10. F. miliacea
(L.)
Vahl.
A
tufted, slender, glabrous,
rather flaccid annual 40 to 60 cm high,
the leaves
basal,
distichous,
up
to 40 cm
in
length. Umbels
decompound,
rather lax and
diffuse,
6 to 10 cm long. Spikelets small, obtuse, globose,
2 to 2.5
mm long, pale or brown, mostly slenderlypedicelled,some
sessile.
Nuts
obovoid,
0.5 mm long. Style
3-fid.
In
open
wet
grass lands,
old rice fields
etc.,
common,
fl.
throughout the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
All
warm countries.
11. F.
monostachya (L.)
Hassk.
A tufted
glabrous plant,
the stems
slender,leafy at the
base,
10 to 40
cm
high.
Leaves
usually as long as the
stem,
filiform.
Spikelet
terminal,
usually solitary,ovoid,
5 to 10
mm long or
more,
the lower
glumes
distichous,
the
upper
ones
spiral, ovate, acuminate,
4 mm
long, the keel
green,
the sides
shining,
straw-colored. Nut
obovoid, pale,
2
mm
long,
tuberculate.
In
open grass lands,
San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
July-Sept.
; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
All
warm regions.
9.
SCIRPUS Linnaeus
Tufted or scattered,glabrous.
Stems slender
or
coarse, 3-angled or
terete.
Spikelets many-flowered,
in
terminal
corymbs or in lateral
heads,
the latter sometimes reduced to
single spikelets. Hypogynous bristles
present
or
wanting. Style
2- or 3-fid. Nut
3-angled or
plano-convex.
(Latin name for the
rush.)
Species
about 125 in all
parts
of the
world,
about 8 in the
Philippines.
1. Inflorescence a terminal
corymb; coarse plants
1.5 to 2
m high with
3-angled stems
1. S.
grossus
1. Inflorescence
lateral,capitateor reduced to few or 1
spikelets.
2. Stems
3-angled 2. S. mucronatus
2. Stems terete.
3. Heads of the lower
part
of the stems 3. S. articulatus
3. Heads on the
upper part
of the stems.
4,
Hypogynous bristles
none 4. S.
supimis
4.
Hypogynous bristles
present 5. S. erectus
1. S.
grossus
L. f.
A
very coarse, erect, glabrous
perennial,
the stems
triangular
1.5 to
2 m
high,
the leaves
basal,
often half as
long as the
stem,
1 to 2 cm wide,
the leaf-like bracts
subtending
the
inflorescence,spreading, broad,
30 to 60
cm
long.
Inflorescence
corymbose,
10 to 18 cm
long. Spikelets
very
numerous,
brown, ovoid,
5 to 8
mm long.
118
A FLORA OF MANILA
In
open
fresh water
swamps,
along
streams
etc.,
fl.
May-Nov.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya.
2. S. articulatus L.
A
densely
tufted
plant
20 to 50 cm high,
the stems rather
spongy,
terete, leafless,
when
dry
often
transversely septate. Spikelets ovoid to
oblong,
1 cm long or less,
7 to 30 in
a
dense, globose,
lateral head near the
base of the stems. Glumes
ovate,
about 4 mm long.
Nuts
3-angled,
black and
shining, obovoid,
about 2 mm long. Hypogynous
bristles hone.
In
open
wet
places,
fl.
Oct.-Apr.
;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
and Australia.
3. S. mucronatus L.
A tufted rather coarse plant,
the stems
3-angled,
40 to 80 cm high,
leafless or nearly
so,
produced beyond
the inflorescence 2 to 9
cm,
sharp,
the sheaths basal.
Spikelets
in
a single, lateral,
dense
head,
ovoid to
oblong,
6 to 15 mm long,
5 to 20 in each head. Glumes
numerous,
ovate,
acute,
about 4
mm long.
Nut
obovoid,
somewhat
compressed,
about 2 mm
long,
smooth and
shining; style
3-fid.
Hypogynous
bristles 5
or 6, re-
trorsely
scabrous.
In
open
wet
places,
fl.all the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Europe
to
Madagascar, Asia, Malaya,
and Australia.
4. S.
supinus
L.
A slender tufted
plant
10 to 30 cm high,
the leaves all
basal, few,
1 cm long or less or reduced to sheaths. Stems
terete, produced
3 to 10
cm above the inflorescence.
Spikelets
3 to 7 in a single
lateral
head,
ovoid to
oblong,
4 to 7 mm long.
Glumes
numerous, ovate, acuminate,
2 to 2.5 mm long.
Nuts brown or black,
1.2 mm long, shining, slightly
transversely
rugose,
3-angled
and somewhat
compressed. Hypogynous
bristles none.
In old
rice-paddies
and
open
wet
places, Caloocan,
fl.
Oct.-March;
widely
distributed in the
5. S. erectus Poir.
A rather slender tufted
plant
20 to 60 cm high,
the leaves
few, short,
basal, or wanting,
the stems
terete, produced beyond
the inflorescence
2 to 10 cm. Spikelets solitary or more
often 2 to 5 in
a lateral
head,
ovoid to
oblong,
1 cm long or less. Glumes
ovate, concave,
about 3.5 mm
long.
Nut
obovoid,
black or brown, shining,
somewhat
compressed,
2
mm
long. Hypogynous
bristles 5 or
6,
about as long as
the nut.
In
open grass
lands,
San Pedro
Macati,
fl. more or less all the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines. Temperate
and
tropical regions
generally.
10. FUIRENA Rottboell
Tufted,
the stems bearing
leaves or leaf-rlike bracts even
in the
upper
half. Leaves
grass-like,
base
sheathing. Spikelets
clustered. Glumes
imbricate
on all
sides,strongly aristate,hairy on the
upper
one-half.
Hypogy- nous
bristles
6,
often much
reduced, or none.
Sepals 3,
bristle-like. Petals
and stamens 3.
Style long, glabrous, slender,
3-cleft. Nut small,
ovoid
or obovoid, 3-angled,
often
stalked,
smooth or reticulate.
(In
honor of
G.
Fuiren, a Danish
physician
and
botanist.)
Species
about 25 in all warm regions,
2 in the
Philippines.
120
A FLORA OF MANILA
13. SCLERIA Bergius
Annual
or perennial, usually tufted,
the stems
erect, leafy.
Leaves
narrow,
often
minutely toothed, sheathing
at the base. Panicle often
stout,
elongated, compound,
sometimes
narrow,
the
primary
bracts
leaf-like,
the
secondary
ones often setaceous. Flowers all
unisexual, usually
both male
and female in the same spikelets,one female below and few males
above,
usually
2 to 4
empty glumes
below the
flowering ones. Stamens 1 to 3.
Nut
bony,
often
shining,
smooth or variously roughened, globose or ovoid,
the gynophore usually prominent
under the nut.
(From
the Greek
"hard,"
alluding
to the hardened
seeds.)
Species
150 or more
in most warm countries,
about 15 in the
Philippines.
1. Nut
smooth;
slender
plants
less than 60
cm high.
2. Rootstocks
stout, woody; spikelets
3 to 4 mm long,
few.
1. 5.
lithosperma
2. Roots fibrous;spikelets
4 to 5 mm long
2. S.
zeylanica
1. Nut
rugose.
2.
Slender, hairy or smooth;
nuts
tesselate,
the raised reticulations with
short hairs....? 3. S. tessellata
2.
Coarse, scabrid;
nuts
rugose,
glabrous
4. S. scrobiculata
1. S. lithosperma (L.)
Sw.
A rather
slender,laxly
tufted
plant,
or the stems
scattered,
from
woody
rootstocks,glabrous or
the sheaths somewhat
pubescent,
15 to 60 cm high.
Leaves 2 to 20
cm long,
2 to 3 mm
wide. Panicles
thin,
rather
lax,narrow,
5 to 15 cm long,
the branches
few,
distant. Spikelets few, more or less
clustered,
3 to 4
mm long.
Nut hard, white, shining, smooth,
2.5
mm long,
ellipsoid,slightly 3-angled
at
base and
apex.
In
dry thickets,Masambong,
fl.
July-Nov.; widely
distributed in the Phil- ippines.
Tropics generally, except
Africa.
2. S.
zeylanica
Poir.
A rather
slender, glabrous
or
somewhat
hairy plant,
tufted or the
stems scattered,
20 to 40 cm high,
from fibrous roots. Leaves 5 to 20
cm
long,
about 2.5 mm
wide. Panicles
axillary, distant, small, or
reduced to
spikes,
1 to 2.5 cm long. Spikelets
4 to 5
mm long,
the
glumes prominently
acuminate. Nut
ovoid, white, usually shining,
smooth or obscurely
rugose,
about 2 mm long.
In
open
wet
grass
lands,
old
rice-paddies etc.,
Macati,
fl.
Sept.-Jan.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India and
Ceylon
to
Malaya.
3. S. tessellata Willd. Catabad
(Tag.).
Erect, slender, loosely tufted,
from fibrous roots somewhat
hairy or
glabrous,
30 to 60 cm high.
Leaves
linear,
10 to 20 cm long,
scattered.
Inflorescence
interrupted,
the
partial panicles
5 to 7 cm long,
few-flowered.
Spikelets
3 to 4 mm long,
the
glumes
caudate-acuminate. Nut
white,
sub-
globose,
about 2 mm
in
diameter, prominently tessellate,
the
margins
of the
raised reticulations
pubescent
with short
pale or
brownish hairs.
In old rice lands and similar
places, occasional,
fl.
Aug.-Jan.;
of wide
distribution in the
Philippines.
India to
Japan
FALMAE
121
4. S. scrobiculata Necs.
A
stout, loosely tufted, glabrous perennial,
the stems
up
to 1.5 m in
height,
scabrid on the
angles.
Leaves
numerous,
12 to 30 cm long,
about
1
cm wide,
sometimes
narrower, margins scabrous,
the
upper
ones falsely
opposite or ternate,
the sheaths
triangular,
scabrid. Panicles 15 to 20 cm
long,
the
partial ones 5 to 10 cm long, spreading or ascending. Spikelets
brownish-purple,
numerous,
about 5 mm long,
scattered or slightly
clustered.
Nut
white, globose,
rugose,
2.5 to 3 mm
in diameter.
In thickets,La
Loma,
fl. most of the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines. Malay
Peninsula to New Guinea.
14. DIPLACRUM R. Brown
A
small, tufted, glabrous
annual with
leafy stems,
the leaves linear.
Spikelets
in
small, dense, axillary
clusters at the mouths of the
leaf-sheaths,
small,
unisexual. Male
spikelets
1- or 2-flowered,
the
glumes
about
3,
narrow,
thin. Female
spikelets1-flowered,
the
glumes distichous,
the lower
ones boat-shaped, empty,
the
upper
oblong, 3-lobed,many-veined,
the middle
lobe
stout,
the lateral one short,
incurved. Nut
smooth, white,
fluted
longitudinally;styleslender; stigmas
3.
A
monotypic
genus.
1. D. caricinum R. Br.
{Scleria
caricina
Benth.).
A slender tufted
plant
5 to 15 cm high, glabrous
or nearly so.
Leaves
1 to 4 cm long, acute,
narrow. Heads
sessile,axillary,
less than 5 mm in
diameter. Female
spikelets
3 to 4
mm long,
the nut
globose,
about 1 mm
in diameter.
In old
rice-paddies
and fallow
lands,
La
Loma, rare,
fl. Nov.-Dec.
;
of
Philippines.
India to
China, Malaya,
and Australia.
15. PALMAE
(PALM OR
Anahao
Family)
Erect shrubs
or trees,
slender
or
very
large,
sometimes
climbing,
naked
or spiny.
Stems unbranched, cylindric.
Leaves alternate, at the ends
of the stems, palmate, pinnate, or bipinnate,
the
petiolessheathing.
Flow- ers
small, 1- or 2-sexual in
panicles or spikes (spadices)
that are often
more or less enclosed
by one or more large sheathing
bracts
(spathes).
Perianth-segments 6,
in 2
series,usually
all
free,
imbricate
or
valvate. Sta- mens
3 to
6,
sometimes more. Ovary
1- to
3-celled,or
of 3 1-celled
carpels,
superior; stigmas 3, usually sessile;
ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit
a
1 to 3-celled
drupe,
or berry-like
with 1 to 3
carpels.
Genera 150, species
about 1,350, chiefly tropical,
21
genera
and over
100
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Leaves
orbicular, palmately
lobed.
2. Inflorescence
axillary,pendulous or spreading
1. Livistona
2. Inflorescence a
very
large, terminal,
ei'ect
panicle
2.
Corypha
1. Leaves
bipinnate;
leaflets
obliquely
rhomboid to lanceolate, strongly
inequilateral
3.
Caryota
1. Leaves
simply pinnate.
2. Slender
climbing palms,
the
younger
parts
armed with
spines,
also
bearing long, retrorsely
armed
flagellae
4. Calamus
122
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. Stemless
palms growing
in brackish
swamps,
the fioiits in
very large,
peduncled, globose
heads 2.
Nipa
2. Slender or stout, erect,
unarmed
palms.
3. Inflorescence borne in the leaf-axils.
4. Fruit
very
large,
15 to 30 cm
in diameter 6. Cocos
4. Fruit
small,
not
exceeding
5 cm
in diameter.
5. Lower leaflets
spinescent;
flowers in
very
dense heads. .7. Elaeis
5. Leaves
very long;
flowers on
very
long pendulous
branches of
the inflorescence 8.
Arenga
3. Inflorescence borne below the sheaths which are
imbricate,cylindric,
and enclose the
apicalportion
of the trunk.
4.
Large
stout
palms
with thick swollen
trunks,
the inflorescence
pendulous;
fruit less than 1.5 cm long
9. Oreodoxa
4. Slender
palms
with
cylindric
trunks.
5. Flowers in
groups
of
threes,
one female between two
males,
the latter the
larger
10.
Normanbya
5. Female flowers at the base of the branches of the
inflorescence,
few,
much
larger
than the males 11. Areca
1. LIVISTONA R. Brown
Tall
palms
with annulate
trunks,
the leaves
fan-like,orbicular,
flabel-
latelyplicate,split
to the middle into
slender,
2-fid
lobes;petioleslong,
their
margins spinous.
Inflorescence in the
leaf-axils,long-peduncled, loosely
and
narrowly panicled,elongated,pendulous
in
fruit; spathes many, small,
tubular, sheathing.
Flowers
small,perfect. Sepals 3,
imbricate. Corolla-
lobes
3,
valvate. Stamens 6,
their filaments united in a ring. Ovary
of 3
nearly
free
carpels.
Fruit a small
globose drupe. (In
honor of P.
Murray,
Baron of
Livistone.)
Species
about
20, tropical Asia, through Malaya
to Australia,
6 or 7
in the
Philippines.
1. L. rotundifolia Mart. Anahao
(Tag.).
A tall
palm reaching a height
of 15 to 20
m,
the trunk
straight,smooth,
marked with close annular scars. Leaves crowded at the
apex,
their
petioles
long
and armed on
the sides with
sharp
hard teeth. Leaf-blades orbicular,
plaited,
base
cordate,
about 1 m
in
diameter,
cleft into numerous 2.5 to 4
cm wide
segments,
those in the middle about 20 cm
long,
toward the sides
longer,
all cleft at the
apex
into
2, lanceolate, acuminate,
3 to 5 cm
long
lobes. Inflorescence axillary, pendulous,
up
to 1.5 m
long, composed
of
sheathing partialspathes
and
spreading
branches. Flowers
small, sessile,
numerous,
about 2 mm long.
Fruit
globose,
somewhat
fleshy,yellowish,
about 1.5 cm
in diameter.
Occasionally
purposes;
of local occurrence
in
the
Philippines. Celebes;
cultivated in other
tropical
countries.
Several other
species
of this
genus
are cultivated in
Manila,
but no
mature specimens
of them have been observed.
2. CORYPHA Linnaeus
Tall, stout,
unarmed
palms, dying
after once flowering
and fruiting.
Leaves
very
large, fan-like,suborbicular,
with
many
narrow lobes,
the
petioleslong, stout, spiny on
the
margins.
Inflorescence
very
large,
terminal,
erect,
branched. Flowers
small, perfect, spicately arranged on
the ultimate branchlets
in
groups
of threes.
Calyx cupular,
3-fid. Petals
PALMAE
123
3,
connate below. Stamens 6.
Ovary 3-lobed,.
3-celled. Fruit
globose,
drupaceous. (Greek "summit,"
in allusion to the
inflorescence.)
Species
about 6 in
tropical
Asia and
Malaya,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. C. data Roxb.
Buri,
Buli
(Tag., Vis.).
Trunk
erect, straight,
up
to 0.7
m
in diameter and 20
m high.
Leaves
suborbicular,
up
to 3 m long, palmately split
into about
100, lanceolate,
acuminate,
1.5 to 6 cm wide
segments extending
one-half to two-thirds to
the
base; petioles
very
stout,
about 3 m
long,
20 cm thick at the
base,
margins
armed with
very
stout black
spines.
Inflorescence
pyramidal,
up
to 7 m in
height,
the lower branches
up
to 3.5
long,
the
upper
ones gradually
shorter,
the ultimate branches
up
to 1 m
in
length.
Flowers
very
numerous,
greenish-white,
5 to 6 mm
in diameter. Fruit
globose, fleshy,
2 to 2.5 cm in
diameter,
the seed
hard, globose,
1.5 cm in diameter.
Occasionally
cultivated in Manila for ornamental
purposes,
our largest
palni; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya.
3. CARYOTA Linnaeus
Medium or stout
palms
with
axillary
inflorescences and
few, large,
bipinnate
leaves. Leaflets
wedge-shaped
to
lanceolate,
broad or
narrow,
apex very
oblique,variously
toothed or incised. Inflorescence medium
or
very
large,
the
peduncles stout, decurved,
the
uppermost
one
developing
first. Sheathes
(spathes)
3 to
5,
small or large. Spadices
fasti
giately
branched,
the branches
pendulous.
Flowers
many,
in
threes, a
female
between two males. Male flowers:
Sepals 3,
rounded. Petals
3, oblong,
valvate. Stamens 6 to
many.
Female flowers:
Sepals
and
petals
rounded.
Ovary
3-celled. Fruit
small, globose,
1- or 2-seeded.
(An
ancient Greek
name
for a kind of
date.)
Species
about 12, tropicalAsia, through Malaya
to
Australia,
4 or 5 in
the
Philippines.
Stamens
6,
the flowers
small;
inflorescence less than 1 m long;
leaves less
than 2 m
long
1. C.
cumingii
Stamens about 40,
the flowers rather
large;
inflorescence
up
to 2 m long;
leaves
up
to 3.5 m long
2. C. maxima
1.
Caryota cumingii
Lodd.
Pugahan, Taquipan (Tag.).
A rather slender
of 5
m. Leaves scattered
along
the
upper part
of the
trunk, spreading,
up
to 1.5
m long; petiole
very
short; pinnae
about 10 on each side of the
midrib,
up
to 1 m
long;
leaflets
numerous, up
to 20 cm
long, broad, flabelliform,
2 sides
straight,
the
apex
obliquelytruncate, irregularly
and
prominently toothed,obliquely
acuminate. Inflorescence
axillary, pendulous,
up
to 80 cm long,
the
peduncle
about 3 cm
in
diameter,
the
spathes small,
not
exceeding
20 cm
in
length. Spikes numerous,
furfuraceous, slender,
up
to 50 cm long.
Male
flowers
dull-purplish
and
yellow,
the
petals
about 5 mm long.
Stamens
6. Fruit
globose,purple, fleshy,containing a single globose
seed.
Occasionallycultivated,
fl.
continuously,
from the
upper
axils
first,
until
exhausted; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
2. C. maxima Blume.
Pugahan, Taguipan (Tag.).
Trunk
stout, cylindric.
Leaves
large, bipinnate, up
to 3.5 m long,
the
petiolessheathing,
their
margins
with stout black
fibers;pinnae
up
to 20 on
each side of the midrib,
the lower and middle ones
up
to 1.5
m long,
shorter
upward;
leaflets
numerous,
20 to 45 cm long,
flabellate
124
^ FLORA OF MANILA
to linear-lanceolate, straight on the lower
side,
curved and
variously
irregularly
toothed on
the
upper,
very
large,
pendulous,
up
to 2 m
in
length,
the
peduncles curved,
10 cm
in
diameter,
the
spathes large,
the first
up
to 40 cm long,
the
largest
1 m in
len;^h.
Spikes very numerous,
furfuraceous,
80 to 150 cm long.
Male flowers 2
cm in diameter.
Petals
oblong-ovate, dull-purplish
and
yellow,
10 to 11
mm long.
Stamens about 40.
Occasionally
cultivated,
fl.
continuously,
from the
upper
axils
first,
until
exhausted,
when the tree dies. Java.
4. CALAMUS Linnaeus
Spiny, slender, climbing, rarely
erect
palms,
the
leaves, sheaths, or
inflorescences
bearing long, slender, retrorsely
armed
flagellae.
Leaves
alternate,pinnate,
the leaflets entire, acuminate,
the sheaths
spiny, produced
into a liguleor ochrea. Inflorescence
axillary,usually elongated,
branched.
Spathes
tubular
or
open,
persistent,sheathing
the
peduncle
and branches
of the
inflorescence, close or distant, passing
into bracts and bracteoles.
Flowers
small, polygamo-dioecious,
in distichous often
scorpoid spikes.
Male flowers with
a cupular
3-toothed
calyx.
Petals 3, acute,
valvate.
Stamens 6. Female flowers with a calyx as
in the males. Corolla tubular
below,
3-fid. Staminodes
forming a
cup.
Fruit
globose
to
ovoid, 1-seeded,
covered with
appressed, imbricated, spirally arranged
scales.
(Greek
"reed.")
Species
about
175, tropical
Asia to
Australia,
few in
tropical Africa,
about 35 in the
Philippines.
1. C. mollis Blanco.
Uay (Tag.)
;
Bejuco (Sp.-Fil.)
;
Rattan.
A
climbing
slender
palm
2 to 3 to
many
meters in
length,
the stems 10 to
12 mm in
diameter,
the
younger
parts
armed with
sharp
slender
spines.
Leaves about 80 cm long,
the rachis not
produced,
armed beneath with
short,
curved
spines;
leaflets
20 to 30 cm long,
margins
with
short, slender, spiny
teeth. Inflorescence leaf
-opposed,
the
rachis
slender,
armed vdth reflexed
spines,
up
to 1.5 m
in
length,
the
tip
produced as a long
armed
flagella.
Partial inflorescences, few, remote,
6 to
15 cm
long.
Flowers
yellow,fragrant,
the males about 3 mm long,
crowded
in
distichous,straight or curved, linear-oblong,
1 to 2.5 cm long spikes,
9
to 15 to each
partial
inflorescence. Fruits
many,
ellipsoid,apiculate,
about 1 cm
long. (Fl.Filip.pi.99.)
In
thickets,Pasay, occasional,
fl.most of the
year;
widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
Endemic.
Young plants
of some other
species
of this
genus
are
commonly
cultivated
in Manila for ornamental
purposes;
one of the most common being
C. discolor
Mart.,
the leaves white on the lower surface.
5. NIPA Wurmb
A
gregarious palm
of brackish
swamps,
from
stout,
branched rootstocks.
Leaves
elongated, pinnate;
leaflets
lanceolate,
entire. Inflorescence
erect,
from the
rootstock,
the male with
many,
brovni,
imbricate sheaths
(spathes),
the male flowers
small,
mixed with slender
bracteoles,
in catkin-like lateral
branches of the
spadix. Sepals linear,
the
tips broad,
inflexed. Petals
smaller. Stamens 3. Female flowers much
lai'ger
than the
males,
in
globose
terminal heads. Fruit
large, globose,
of
many,
dark-brown, some-
PALMAE
125
what
compressed, obovoid, more or
less
angular, fibrous,
1-seeded
carpels.
(From
the
Malay name.)
A
monotypic
genus.
1. N. fruticans Wurmb.
Nipa,
Sasa
(Tag.).
Rootstock
stout, subterranean,
the trunk
none.
Leaves at the ends of
the
rootstocks,
5 to 10 m long,
the
petiolesstout;
leaflets
numerous,
rigid,
lanceolate,slenderly acuminate,
up
to 1 m long,
2 to 7 cm wide. Male
inflorescence
brown,
erect
up
to 1 m
in height. Peduncles of the female
inflorescence
stout,
1 m high or less,the fruit
globose,
nodding,
up
to 30
cm
in diameter.
Carpels numerous, dark-brown, striate,
smooth 10 to 14 cm
long, compressed,
obovate. Seed
hard,
white.
(Fl. Filip.pL 386.)
Along
tidal
streams, occasional,
but
usually
immature
specimens near
Manila; along
tidal streams throughout
the
Philippines.
India
through
Malaya
to Australia.
6. COCOS Linnaeus
Stout, unarmed,
monoecious
palms.
Leaves
long, pinnate,
the leaflets
narrow,
acuminate.
Spadix axillary,
at first
erect,
later
drooping, panicled,
the branches
bearing
scattered female flowers below and more numerous
males
above, or often with males intermixed with females.
Spathes
2 or
more, short,
the bracts various. Male flowers unsymmetric,
the
sepals
small, valvate,
the
petals oblong,
acute. Stamens 6. Female flowers much
larger
than the
males, ovoid,
the
perianth enlarged
in fruit.
Sepals
imbricate. Petals shorter than the
sepals. Ovary
3-celled. Fruit
large,
ovoid, 1-seeded,
the
pericarp thick, fibrous,
the
endocarp very
hard,
with
3 basal scars or
pores.
(From
the
Portuguese
coco or
coquo,
"monkey,"
from fancied resemblance of the 3 scars at the base of the fruit to a monkey's
face.)
Species
about 30 in
tropicalAmerica,
1 cosmopolitan
in the
tropics.
*1. C. NUCIFERA L.
Niog (Tag.)
;
Coco
(Sp.)
;
Coconut.
A tall
of 25
m,
the trunk
stout,
marked with
annular
scars,
base thickened. Leaves 4 to 5.5
m long,
crowded at the
apex
of the
trunk,
the
petiolestout,
1 m or more
in
length;
leaflets
very
numerous, linear-lanceolate,acuminate, coriaceous,
up
to 1 m in
length.
Inflorescence 1 m long or less. Fruit variable in
shape
and
size,
obovoid
to
subglobose,
often
obscurely 3-angled,
15 to 25 cm
long.
Albumen
lining
the
bony endocarp. (Fl. Filip.pL 36Jf.)
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines
in
cultivation.
Undoubtedly a native of
tropical America,
but of
prehistoric
distribution all
over the
tropics;
there is no evidence of its
being
an
indigenous plant
in the
Philippines.
7. ELAEIS Jacquin
Erect unarmed
palms,
the trunks
solitary.
Leaves
large, pinnate,
the
segments narrow, acuminate,
the lower
ones
reduced to spines.
Inflorescence
axillary,branched, short, dense,
the
spadices stout,
the
peduncles short,
subtended
by laxly
imbricate
bracts,
the male and female flowers in different
inflorescences. Male flowers
small, imbricate,
in dense
cylindric spikes.
Sepals oblong or lanceolate,concave,
imbricate. Petals
oblong.
Stamens
6, the filaments united into
a
thick
cylindric
tube. Female flowers much
larger
than the
males, arranged
in
congested
branched
inflorescences,
the
perianth acrescent.
Ovary ovoid,
3-
to 1-celled. Fruit ovoid to
obovoid,
1- to
3-seeded,
the
pericarp oily,
the
endocarp
hard.
(Greek name of the
olive.)
Species
6 or 7 in
tropical
America and
Africa,
1 introduced in the Phil- ippines.
*1. E. GUiNEENSis Jacq.
Oil Palm.
An erect
palm
4 to 10 m high,
the leaves
numerous,
3 to 4.5
m long,
the
petiolesbroad,
armed on the sides with
spinescent
reduced leaves. Leaflets
numerous, linear-lanceolate,acuminate, nearly
1 m
long,
2 to 4
cm
wide.
Male inflorescence
dense,
of
numerous,
cylindric,
7 to 12 cm long spikes
which are about 1 cm
in
diameter,
their rachises excurrent as a stout awn.
Female inflorescence
dense, branched,
20 to 30 cm long,
the flowers
densely
disposed,
the fruits borne in
large
dense masses.
fl.all the
year.
A native of
tropicalAfrica, now
cultivated in most
tropicalcountries,
and in
some
regions
of
great
economic
importance on account of the oil
yieldedby
its seeds.
8. ARENGA Labillardiere
Stout
palms
with
very
long,
erect or ascending, pinnate leaves,
the trunk
densely
clothed with the
stout, black,
fibrous remains of the
sheaths;
leaflets
very numerous,
long, linear,usually more or less
irregularly
toothed at the
apex,
sometimes
lobed,
base often 1- or 2-auricled.
Spadices
in the leaf-
axils,
the
upper
one flowering first,
and then the lower ones successively,
large, much-branched, long, pendulous.
Male and female flowers
usually
solitary
and in
separate spadices,
sometimes in
threes, a female between
two males. Male flowers:
Sepals orbicular,
imbricate. Petals
oblong,
valvate. Stamens
many.
Female flowers
subglobose,
the
sepals enlarging,
the
petalstriangular,valvate;
staminodes
many
or none.
Fruit
subglobose
to
broadly obovoid,
2- or 3-seeded.
(From
the
Malayan name.)
Species
about
10, tropical Asia, Malaya,
and
Australia,
about 5 in the
Philippines.
1. A. SACCHARIFERA
(Wurmb.)
Labill.
Caong,
Iroc
(Tag.)
;
Cabo
negro
(Sp.-Fil.); Sugar
Palm.
Trunk
stout,
marked with rather distant annular
scars, up
to 12 m high.
Leaves 6 to 8.5 m
long, ascending,
the
sheathing
basal
parts
with
stout,
black
fibers;
leaflets
up
to 100 or more on each
side,linear,
1 to 1.5 m
long,
the
tip
lobed and
variously toothed,
the base
2-auricled,
the lower surface
white or
pale.
Inflorescence
axillary,
the
peduncle stout, decurved,
the
pendulous
branches
very numerous, up
to 1.5 m
in
length.
Male flowers in
pairs,
about 12 mm long.
Fruit
globose on depressed-globose,
about 5
cm
in
diameter, produced
in
great
abundance.
(Fl. Filip.pi.il9.)
Rare in Manila in
cultivation,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines,
but
undoubtedly
Malaya.
9. OREODOXA WiUdenow
Large
unarmed
palms,
the trunks
solitary,cylindricor
thickened in the
middle. Leaves terminal, pinnate,
the
segments narrowly
linear-lanceolate,
unequally
2-fid at the
apex ;
sheaths elongated,cylindric,imbricate,enclosing
the
top
of the trunk. Inflorescence below the
sheaths,
the
spadix large,
the
branches
elongated, slender,pendulous,
the
spathes 2,
the lower one nearly
cylindric,as long
as the
spadix.
Flowers
small,monoecious,
the lower ones
128
A FLORA OF MANILA
with acute valvate
tips. Ovary
1-celled. Fruit ovoid to
oblong, red;
pericarp
fibrous. Seed vvîth ruminate albumen.
(From
the Malabar
name.)
Species
about
35, tropical
Asia to
Australia,
7 in the
Philippines.
*1. A. CATECHU L.
Bunga (Tag.)
;
Betel-nut Palm.
Trunk
erect, slender,
up
to 25 m high,
marked with annular
scars.
Leaves
up
to 5 m long,
the leaflets
numerous,
60 to 90
long,
the
upper
ones
confluent.
Spadix much-branched,
the branches filiform
above, bearing
very numerous,
somewhat distichous male flowers which are yellow
and
about 5 mm long.
Female flowers at the bases of the branches and in
the
axils,
1 cm
long
or more. Fruit
ovoid, smooth, red,
4 to 6 cm long,
the
pericarp
somewhat
fleshy,
the
mesocarp
fibrous.
(Fl. Filip.pi.350.}
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines
in
cultivation,certainly
of
prehistoric
introduction. India to
Malaya,
frequently
only cultivated;probably a native of India.
16. ARACEAE
(Arum or Gabi
Family)
Perennial
plants
from rhizomes or fleshy
corms,
with radical
leaves,
suf-
frutescent or
woody vines,
or in
one
genus
aquatic
and
floating.
Leaves
alternate,
various. Flowers 1- or 2-sexual,
sessile on a spadix
which is
more or less enclosed
by a
green,
white, or colored
spathe,
if 1-sexual the
males
usually
above the
females,
neuter flowers often between them. Per- ianth
none,
or of 4 to 6 scale-like
segments.
Anthers 2- to 4-celled.
OVary sessile,
1- to
3-celled;
ovules 1 or more. Fruit
baccate,
1- to
many-
seeded.
Genera
110, species more than
1,000,
in all
parts
of the
world, chiefly
tropical,
20
genera
and about 65
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Coarse
climbing
vines with
large,
entire or pinnately
lobed leaves.
2. Leaves not
mottled;
ovaries
sub-2-celled,
many
ovuled.
1.
Raphidophora
2. Leaves
pale-green,
mottled with
yellowish-green or nearly
white
spots
and
blotches;
ovaries
1-celled,
1-ovuled 2.
Scindapsus
1. Erect
plants, never climbing.
2. Lettuce-like
plants floatingon fresh
water;
leaves and
petioles
not
defined 3. Pistia
2. Terrestrial
plants.
3. Plants from
very
aromatic
rootstocks,
the leaves
linear,flat,equi-
tant 4. Acorus
3. Plants from
large globose corms,
the flowers
appearing
before the
leaves,
the
spathes very
large;
leaves
long-petioled,
the blade
deeply 3-parted, spreading
5.
Amorphophallus
3. Leaves and flowers borne at the same time; plants
with broad
simple
leaves.
4. Ovaries 2- or
3-celled;
cultivated
plants
with
variegated
leaves.
6. Caladium
4. Ovaries 1-celled.
5. Ovules 1 or 2
;
anther-cells
larger
than the connective.
7.
Typhonium
5. Ovules few to
many.
6. Ovules few,
basal
8. Alocasia
6. Ovules
many,
parietal
9. Colocasia
ARACEAE
129
1. RAPHIDOPHORA Schott
Coarse, climbing,suffrutescent or
woody
vines
rooting on trees. Leaves
long-petioled,large,
entire or
pinnatifid,the
petiolessomewhat
sheathing.
Spathes ovate, boat-shaped, acute or
acuminate,
deciduous.
Spadix sessile,
elongated,cylindric,
the flowers
crowded, perfect,
the
perianth none. Sta- mens
4;
filaments
linear,broad, longer
than the anthers.
Ovary truncate,
sub-2-celled,
with
many parietalplacentae,4- to
6-angled. Berries
many-
seeded,
confluent.
(Greek
"needle" and "to
bear,"
in allusion to the minute
stingingcrystals
in the
pulpy part
of the
fruit.)
Species 61, tropical
Asia to Australia and
Polynesia, about 5 in the
Philippines.
1. R. merrillii
Engl.
Tibatib
(Tag.); Amlong (Bic).
A stout vine
climbing
on
tree-trunks,reaching a height
of 5 to 6 m.
Leaves
oblong-ovate
in
outline,
up
to 60 cm long, pinnately cleft
nearly
or
quite
to the midrib into 7 to 12
pairs
of
lanceolate,acuminate, falcate,
1-nerved lobes 12 to 20. cm long,
2 to 5
cm wide.
Spathes several,terminal,
white
or greenish,
in flower about 15 cm
long,acuminate,
deciduous.
Spadix
green, dense, cylindric,nearly or quite as
long as
the
spathe,
2 to 2.5 cm
thick in
flower,
thicker in fruit.
(Fl. Filip.pi.399, Scindapsus pertusus.)
Not uncommon in
dry thickets,Pasay, Masambong, etc.,
also
frequently
cultivated,
fl.
Jan.-March; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
2. SCINDAPSUS Schott
Climbing on
trees,
herbaceous or somewhat
woody.
Leaves
long-petioled,
the
petiolegeniculate at the
apex,
base somewhat
sheathing,
the blades
ovate to
oblong-lanceolate,acuminate,
entire or lobed,
often
large
and sometimes
variegated.
Peduncles short.
Spathes boat-shaped,
deciduous.
Spa- dix
sessile or
nearly so, cylindric,densely many-flowered,
shorter than the
spathe.
Flowers
perfect,
the
perianth
none. Stamens 4.
Ovary
somewhat
4-angled,truncate, 1-celled,1-ovuled; style
none. Fruit
drupaceous, more
or less
united,
often
large. (Ancient
Greek
name
for
some kind of a vine.)
Species 21,
India to the Solomon
Islands,
3 or 4 in the
Philippine?.
*1. S. AUREUS (Lindl."
Andre) Engl. (Pothos aureus Lindl. "
Andre).
A stout vine
climbing
on trees
by means of
I'oots,reaching a
height
of
10 m or
more,
often with
long, pendulous
branches. Petioles 25 to 40
cm
long,geniculate
at the
apex,
base
sheathing.
Leaves
thinly coriaceous,
smooth and
shining, pale-green, variously
blotched with
pale-yellow or
nearly
white
spots
on the
upper surface, entire,or
in mature
specimens
more or less
incised,
30 to 75
cm long,
25 to 40
cm wide,
those on the
pendulous
branches
frequently very
much reduced in size. Flowers and fruits
unknown.
but
rarely
or never
flowering.
A native of the
Solomon
Islands,
now
widely
distributed in
cultivation;of
comparatively
recent introduction here.
3. PISTIA Linnaeus
A
floating
stemless herb in fresh
water,
the leaves
obovate-cuneate,
erect, together forming a
cup-like plant. Spathe small,
tubular
below,
open
above.
Spadix
adnate to the back of the
spathe,
free above. Male
inflorescence of
few, sessile,
connate anthers beneath the
apex
of the
spadix.
111555 " 9
130
A FLORA OF MANILA
Female inflorescence a solitary,conical-ovoid,
1-celled
ovary;
ovules
many.
Fruit
membranaceous,
few-seeded.
(Probably
from the Greek
"watery,"
in allusion to its
habitat.)
A
monotypic genus.
1. P. stratiotes L.
Quiapo (Tag.).
Leaves few or
many,
2.5 to 15 cm long,
the basal
part thickened,
of
very porous
tissue,
truncate or rounded,
somewhat
pubescent,
the
nerves
raised on the lower surface.
Spathes few, tomentose, white,
about 12
mm
long, oblique,short-peduncled,
in the center of the rosette of leaves.
(Fl. Filip.pi.468.)
Floating
on
stagnant water,
sometimes
rooting on
muddy banks,
abundant,
fl.at
intervals;throughout
the
4. ACORUS Linnaeus
Herbs
growing
in wet
soil,
from
very
aromatic rootstocks. Leaves 2-
ranked, equitant
at the
base, ascending-, sword-shaped,
coriaceous.
Peduncle
leaf-like,
continued
as the ensiform
spathe. Spadix cylindric,
dense, sessile,flowering
at the base first. Flowers
small, perfect. Sepals
6,
orbicular. Stamens 6.
Ovary conical,
2- or 3-celled;
ovules
many.
Fruit a
few-seeded
berry. (An
ancient
name, origin obscure.)
Species
few in the
north-temperate regions,
2 in the
Philippines.
*
1. A.
CALAMUS L. Acoro
(Sp.); Lubigan (Tag., Vis.)
;
Sweet
Flag.
Rootstock
stout, branched, aromatic. Leaves
linear,flat,smooth, acuminate,
25 to 60 cm long,
1 to 1.5 cm
wide. Peduncle
compressed.
Spathe
green,
much-elongated,
similar in
shape
to the leaves.
Spadix
3 to 5 cm
long,
1 cm or less in
diameter, densely
flowered.
Occasionally cultivated,certainlyintroduced;
I have seen no
Philippme
specimens
in flower. Of wide distribution in the northern
parts
of both
hemispheres.
5. AMORPHOPHALLUS Blume
Herbs from
large fleshy
corms,
flowering
before the leaf
appears.
Leaves with a
long, roughened
and mottled
petiole,3-parted,
the
segments
spreading, pinnately
lobed
or dissected.
Spathe various,
often
very
large,
campanulate
and
open,
or convolute and
ovoid,
the limb short and
broad,
or narrower and much
elongated. Spadix
included or exserted,
the
appendage
large,
short or long,
the
flower-bearing part short, cylindric,
male and female flowers
contiguous.
Anthers 2 to
4,
sessile. Ovaries
globose
to
obovoid, 1- to
4-celled;
ovules
solitary.
Fruit a globose
to
ovoid,fleshy,
1- to 4-seeded berry.
Species
about 80 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
5 in the
Philippines.
1. A.
campanulatus (Roxb.)
Blume.
Pungapung (Tag., Vis.).
Corm
depressed-globese,
up
to 30 cm
in diameter. Leaves
usually
solitary,
the
petiole stout,
up
to 1.2 m high, warty-roughened,
mottled
with
gray,
the blades
up
to 1 m
in
diameter, trisected,
the
segments
dichotomous,
the ultimate ones pinnately
divided into
oblong
to
oblong-
obovate,
acuminate lobes.
Spathe sessile, broadly campanulate,
dull-
purplish,margins
somewhat
spreading
or recurved,
waved and crenulate,
up
to 30 cm
in diameter.
Spadix hardly longer
than the
spathe,
the
appendage
ovoid, variously
sulcate or depressed,
up
to 15 cm
long,
foetid when
in flower.
ARACEAE
131
In
dry thickets,Masambong:,
San Juan del
Monte, etc.,
also
occasionally
cultivated,
11.
Jan.-Feb.;
common and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
Madagascar throup:h Malaya
to the
Fiji
Islands.
6. CALADIUM Ventenat
Herbs from
fleshy subglobose
corms,
the leaves
petioled,
ovate to
oblong, sagittate
or cordate, peltate
or
not, usually variously variegated.
Peduncles
solitary,
erect.
Spathe-tube convulute, persistent,ovoid, somewhat
constricted above,
the limb
boat-shaped. Spadix erect,
shorter than
the
spathe,
the male
part
about twice as long
as the female. Male flowers
naked. Stamens 3 to 5. Female flowers with a 2-
rarely
3-celled
ovary;
ovules
numerous; style
none. Fruit a
many-seeded berry. (Name
of
obscure
origin.)
Species
about 10 with an indefinite number of varieties in
tropical
America.
1. C. BICOLOR (Ait.)
Vent. Corazon de Maria
(Sp.-Fil.).
Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate,peltate,
10 to 40 cm long,
apex
acuminate,
base
deeply cordate,
the basal lobes somewhat
spreading, usually rounded,
of
great
variation in
color,
the
upper
surface
green
with scattered
spots
and blotches of red and white
(var, wightii Engl.) or the entire center
red or
pink (var. splendens Engl., or the whole leaf
pale-green
blotched
with still
paler-green
and white
(var.
albomaculatum
Engl.). Spathe
stout,
about 10 cm long,
the limb
white, boat-shaped,
the tube
green,
often
tinged
with
purple.
Commonly
cultivated and at kast
subspontaneous,
fl. most of the
year.
A native of
tropical America, apparently
of
early
introduction here.
There is an indefinite number of varieties based
mostly on the different
variations in leaf-color and
markings.
7. TYPHONIUM Schott
Leaves and
scapes
erect from
fleshy corms,
the leaf-blades entire,or
3- to 5-lobed or
angled. Spathe
with a broad,
short tube which is
persistent
and contracted at the mouth, the limb linear to
ovate-oblong
deciduous.
Spadix exserted, the male and female flowers
distant,
with
neuter flowers above the females and sometimes below the
males,
the
appendage smooth, elongated.
Anthers 1 to 3,
sessile or
nearly so. Ovary
1-celled,
1- or 2-ovuled. Fruit an ovoid, 1- or 2-seeded
berry. (From
a name
of Greek
mythology,
"the God of
storms.")
Species
about 15 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
2 or 3 in the
Philippines.
1. T.
cuspidatum
Blume.
Tubers
subglobose,
1 to 1.5 cm
in diameter. Leaves
several,
their
petioles
7 to 14 cm long,
the blades
thin, cordately
or hastately
ovate to
oblong,
6 to 14 cm long,
apex
acuminate. Spathe inflated,
green,
1.5 cm
in diameter
below,
then narrowed and
contracted,
the limb purplish,
1.5
to 2 cm wide, reflexed,gradually
narrowed into a long, slender, erect,
ultimately pendulous tail,
8 to 16 cm long,
deciduous.
Appendage
to the
spadix erect, white, gradually
narrowed
upward,
about 4 mm thick
below,
as long
as the
spathe-limb.
In
thickets,Masambong, Malate, Pasay, etc.,
fl.
Aug.-Dec; apparently
not common
in the
Philippines. Bengal
to the
Malay
Peninsula and
Archipelago.
132
A FLORA OP MANILA
Typhonium
trilobatum
(L.) Schott, a native of
Ceylon
with
large,
deeply
3-lobed
leaves,
10 to 20 cm
long,
and
spathes
12 cm long or
more,
its blade
purplish
and 5 to 7 cm wide has been cultivated in
Manila,
but
I have seen no specimens.
T. divaricatum Decne.
(Fl. Filip.pi.330.),
also
with 3-lobed leaves 4 to 6 cm
long,
and
spathes
somewhat similar to the
above is
occasionally
cultivated. This
species
extends from India to
Japan
southward to
Malaya,
introduced here.
8. ALOCASIA Schott
Small to
very
coarse
herbs from
fleshy corms,
sometimes with a short
stout caudex. Leaves
oblong
to
ovate,
base
deeply cordate, peltate
or
not,
entire or variously
lobed.
Spathe erect, peduncled,
the tube
ovoid,
the limb
usually elongated,
deciduous.
Spadix
shorter than the
spathe,
the male and female flowers
usually separated by interposed
neuter ones.
Ovaries
1-celled;
ovules
few, basal,
erect. Berries few-seeded.
(Name
altered from
Colocasia.)
Species
25
or more, tropical
Asia to
Malaya,
many
now cultivated in
other countries for ornamental
purposes,
about 10 in the
Philippines.
1. Leaves
peltate,
the blades
green
above with white
veins,
often
purple
beneath 1. A. sanderiana
1. Leaves not
peltate.
2. Leaves
very
deeply pinnately lobed,
the lobes
distant,oblong
to
oblong-
lanceolate 2. A.
portei
2. Leaves entire or at most undulate.
3.
Very coarse plants
with stout stems and
very
large
leaves 0.5 to 1.5
m in
length
3. A. indica
3. Smaller
plants
without distinct stems.
4. Leaves
broadly ovate,
35 to 65 cm long; petioles
mottled.
4. A. zebrina
4. Leaves
oblong
to
oblong-lanceolate,
15 to 25 cm long.
5. A.
heterophylla
1. A. sanderiana Bull.
A small or medium sized
glabrous plant
from
underground
rootstocks.
Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
broadly lanceolate-ovate,acuminate,
the base
peltate,
deeply lobed,
15 to 40 cm
long,
the
margins
rather
deeply undulate-lobed,
the basal lobes rather narrow spreading; upper
surface
dark-green,
the
nerves
and sometimes the
margins white,
the lower surfaces
usually
purple
or
tinged
with
purple.
Peduncles
erect,
shorter than the leaves.
Spathes greenish,
about 5 cm long. Spadix greenish-white,nearly as long
as
the
spathe.
A
very
ornamental
speciesoccasionally
cultivated for its
strikingleaves,
a
native of Mindanao. Endemic.
Frequently
cultivated in
Europe
and
America.
2. A.
portei (Schott) Engl.
" Becc.
Stem
stout, erect, usually
less than 1 m high.
Leaves
green,
oblong-
ovate in
outline,
up
to 1 m in
length, deeply pinnately lobed,
the lobes
narrow,
oblong
to lanceolate-ovate,distant,
the base
deeply
cordate,
not
peltate,
the basal lobes
narrow,
prominently
lobed.
Spathes peduncled,
the tube about 4 cm long, accrescent,
the blade 20
cm long
or more.
Staminate
part
of the
spadix
4 to 5
cm long, cylindric,
the
appendage
up
to 13
cm
in
length.
ARACEAE
133
Occasionally
cultivated for its ornamental leaves. Not
uncommon in
Luzon and
probably occurs
in other
parts
of the
Philippines. New Guinea.
3. A. indica
(Roxb.)
Schott.
Biga (Tag.); Badiang (Vis.); Elephant's
Ear.
A
coarse erect
plant,
the trunk
stout,
up
to 2 m in
height.
Leaves
very
large, broadly ovate,
the
larger ones
up
to 1.5
m in
length, margins
slightlyundulate,
apex
acute or
acuminate,
base
deeply cordate, not at all
peltate,
the
petioleslong,
very
stout.
Spathes peduncled, the tube 4 to 5
cm long,
the blade
yellowish
to
yellowish-green,
up
to 23 cm long and,
when
spread,
9
cm wide,
often
slightly
mottled with
purple
inside. Pistillate
part
of the
spadix
3 to 4 cm long,
about 1.5 cm
thick,
contracted
above,
the fertile
part
of the male inflorescence about 6 cm long,
the
appendage
15 cm in
length.
Berries red when
mature, globose or ovoid, fleshy. (Fl.
Filip.pi.177,
A.
montana.)
Commonly cultivated,occasionally
also found in waste
places, vacant
lots,etc.,
fl.all the
year;
common and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya.
*
Var. VARIEGATA
Engl.,
differs from the
species
in
having
the leaves
strongly
mottled with white or
gray.
Occasionally
purposes.
4. A. zebrina C. Koch " Vietch.
Stem short or
none,
petiolesequaling or
longer
than the
leaves,
prominently
striped or blotched with
dark-green
and white. Leaves
broadly
ovate,
base
deeply cordate,
not
peltate,entire, 35 to 65 cm long,
the
apex
very
shortly
and
sharply acuminate,
the basal lobes
oblong-ovate,
15 to 20
cm
in
length. Spathes long-peduncled, greenish,
the tube 2.5 to 3.5 cm
long,
the blade about 10 cm in
length, longer
than the white
spadix.
Occasionally
cultivated
;
a species
known
only
from Luzon.
5. A.
heterophylla (Presl)
Merr.
Rather slender
plants
from
underground rhizomes, glabrous.
Leaves
15 to 25 cm long,
green,
oblong
to
oblong-lanceolate,sharply
and
slenderly
acuminate,
entire or
only slightly undulate,
the base
deeply cordate,
not
peltate,
the basal lobes
spreading or
not, oblong
to
lanceolate, narrow,
obtuse,
6 to 10 cm long. Spathes slenderly peduncled, white,
6 to 7 cm
long,
the limb 4 to 5 cm long, longer
than the slender
spadix, soon reflexed
and deciduous.
Occasionally
cultivated. A
widely
distributed endemic
species.
9. COLOCASIA Linnaeus
Coarse herbs from
fleshy
corms,
with a
short
caudex, producing
flowers
and leaves at the same time. Leaves
ovate, peltate
at the cordate base,
stoutly petioled. Spathe erect, peduncled,
the tube
thick, accrescent,
persistent,
constricted at the
mouth,
the limb
erect, elongated,
deciduous.
Spadix
shorter than the
spathe,
slender or stout,
the male and female
flowers
usually separated by interposed
flat neuter
ones;
appendage cylindric,
subulate, or none. Ovaries
ovoid, 1-celled;
ovules
many, orthotropous.
Berries small.
(An
ancient Greek
name.)
Species
6 or 7,
in
tropical
Asia to
Polynesia, 1 in the
Philippines.
134
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. C. ESCULENTUM
(L.)
Schott
(C. antiquoriim Schott).
Gabi
(Tag.);
Taro.
Leaves two or
three
or
more,
long-petioled,ovate,
20 to 50
cm long,
glaucous, entire,
acute or shortly
and
sharply acuminate,
with a broad,
triangular,
basal sinus
extending
one-third or half-way
to the insertion of
the
petiole,
the basal lobes
broad, rounded; petiole
green
or purplish,
0.2
to 1 m long.
Peduncles
usually solitary. Spathe
variable in
length
but
usually
about 20 cm long,
the tubular
part green,
usually
about 4 cm long,
the limb lanceolate,acuminate, involute, yellow,
about 20 cm long. Spadix
cylindric,
about 8 cm long,
green
below, yellow
or straw-colored above.
Commonly
cultivated in low wet
lands,
fl.
Sept.-Dec;
in
general
cultivation
throughout
the
Philippines. Probably a native of
India,now cultivated
in all
tropical
countries.
In addition to the
species
considered
above, some exotic forms
are
cultivated,especially
of the American
genera
Anthurium and Philodendron.
No
attempt
has been made to include these forms as
material for
proper
classification has not been available.
17. LEMNACEAE
(DUCKWEED
OR LiA
Family)
Small
or minute,
green,
scale-like
plants,
rootless or with
capillary roots,
floating on
stagnant
fresh
water, propagated by budding, or by bulbils,
rarely flowering.
Flowers
monoceious,
1 to 3 from the
margins
'or
upper
surface,
naked or
in
a spathe,
the
perianth none. Stamens 1 or 2.
Ovary
1-celled,
1- to 7-ovuled.
Genera
3, species
about 20,
in all
countries,
all
genera
and 4 or 5
species
in the
Philippines.
Plants
bearing a single
root 1. Lemna
Plants
bearing
several to
many
roots 2.
Spirodela
1. LEMNA Linnaeus
Small
floatingplants bearing a single root,
the flowers borne in
marginal
clefts. Filaments
slender;
anthers 2-celled. Ovules 1 or more. (Greek
name of a water
plant.)
Species
about 15 in all
countries,
2
or
3 in the
Philippines.
1. L.
paucicostata Hegelm.
Lia
(Tag.) ;
Duckweed.
Plant
flat,
green
or both surfaces, elliptic
to
oblong-ovate, rounded,
very
slightlyinequilateral,faintly or distinctly3-nerved,
2 to 4 mm long.
Common on stagnant pools
of fresh
water,
sometimes nearly covering
the surface; throughout
the
Philippines. Cosmopolitan
in the
tropics.
2. SPIRODELA Schleiden
Differing
from Lemna in the
plants bearing
several to
many
roots.
Species 2,
of wide
distribution,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. S. polyrrhiza (L.)
Schleid. Lia
(Tag.).
Plant
nearly or quite flat,
orbicular to
obovate, rounded,
4 to 7 mm
long, faintly
about
7-nerved,
the
upper
surface
green,
the lower one
purplish.
Floating on pools
of
stagnant
fresh
water,
occasional
;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
In most
temperate
and
tropical regions.
136
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. Anthers
black; sepals
of the female flowers
spatulate,
very
rarely
wanting
2. E. merrill'd
2. Anthers
white; sepals
of
.
the female flowers filiform....3. E.cinereum
1. E. alatum H. Lecomte.
Stems
very
short, the leaves
densely crowded, linear,
2 to 4 cm long,
acute or obtuse. Peduncles
many,
5-angled or ribbed,slender,
6 to 18 cm
long.
Head
globose
or ovoid,dense, pale,shining,
4 to 7 mm in
diameter,
the floral bracts
ovate, glabrous, triangular
at the
apex,
concealing
the
flowers,
the
receptacle densely pilose-ciliate.Sepals
of the male flowers
spathe-like,split
down one side,
connate. Petals 3, small,
not
glandular.
Stamens black. Female flowers:
Sepals 2, free,ovate, obtuse,prominently
keeled on the back. Petals 3, small, linear,
not
glandular; stigmas
3.
In wet rice
lands,
La
Loma,
fl.Nov.-Jan.
;
of
very
local occurrence
in
the
Philippines.
Indo-China.
2. E. merrillii Rhul.
Glabrous,
the leaves
densely caespitose,
linear to lanceolate, acute,
2 to 5 cm
long.
Peduncles
many,
slightlytwisted,5-ribbed,slender,
3 to
10 cm high.
Head
obconic-globose
to
depressed-globose,pale,shining,
3 to
5 m.m
in
diameter;
floral bracts
oblong-obovate. Sepals
of the male flowers
connate into a 2- or 3-lobed
spathe, split
down one
side. Petals
3, small,
glandular
at the
tip.
Stamens
6;
anthers black. Female flowers:
Sepals
2,lanceolate,rarely
none. Petals 3, linear,or spatulate,minutely glandular
at the
apex,
white.
Stigmas
3.
In old rice
paddies,
low wet
lands, etc.,
Caloocan to
Masambong,
fl.
Aug.-Dec; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
3. E. cinereum
R. Br.
{E.
sieboldianum S. "
Z.).
Glabrous, densely caespitose,
the leaves
linear,
2 to 5 cm long,
acuminate.
Peduncles
numerous, slender,5-ribbed,
6 to 15 cm long.
Heads
subglobose,
about 4 mm
in
diameter,
the floral-bracts
oblong
to
lanceolate-oblong,
the
interior ones acute, concealing
the
flowers,pale, shining.
Male flowers
with the
sepals
connate
into
a spathe, split
down one
side. Petals
very
small. Petals none. Styles
3.
In low wet grasslands,
old rice
paddies, etc.,Caloocan,
fl.
Aug.-Sept. ;
not common
in the
Africa and Asia to
Japan,
20. BROMELIACEAE
(Pineapple
or
Pina
Family)
Terrestrial or epiphytic
herbs. Leaves
long, narrow,
chiefly basal,
rosulate,
entire or spiny-toothed,
bases
usually spreading.
Flowers
perfect,
regular,
in
dense, terminal
spikes,
the bracts
usually prominent. Sepals 3,-
free or partly
united. Petals 3,
free or somewhat united. Stamens 3 to
6,
free or somewhat united with the
petals. Ovary
inferior or superior,
3-
celled;stylesunited; stigmas 3-lobed;
ovules
many.
Fruit of
numerous,
fleshy,
united berries or a
3-valved
capsule.
Genera 45, species
about
1,000,
all
American,
a single
introduced one
in
the
Philippines.
1. ANANAS Adanson
An herb with
numerous,
elongated, finely toothed,
rosulate leaves.
Scape
short or somewhat elongated, leafy, erect, central,bearing
at its
apex
a simple,dense,
cone-like
spike.
Flowers in the axils of the bracts.
COMMELINACEAE
137
perfect. Sepals short,
imbricate. Petals
violet,free, erect, supplied
at
the base with 2 small scales. Stamens 6.
Ovary inferior,fleshy,
the base
broad,
adnate to or immersed in the
fleshy rachis; style
filiform. Fruit
fleshy,cone-like,composed
of the
densely spirally arranged, connate,
mature ovaries and
fleshy rachis,
the bracteoles
persistent,
and crowned
by
a rosette of reduced leaves. (From a native American
name.)
A
single
variable
species,
native of South
America, now cultivated in
all
tropical
countries.
1. A. SATivus Schultz
{Ananassa
sativa Lindl.). Pina
(Sp.)
;
Pineapple.
Leaves
numerous,
linear-lanceolate,
1 to 1.5 m long,
5 to 7 cm
wide,
acuminate,
the
margins sharply spiny-toothed,
green
and
shining
on the
upper
surface,
the lower surface
pale beneath,
those
subtending
the inflorescence
red,
at least at the base,
much reduced. Stem
erect,
0.5 to
1.5 m high.
Heads
terminal,solitary,ovoid,
6 to 8 cm
long,
much
enlarged
in
fruit; bracteoles
reddish, numerous, triangular-ovate
to
oblong-ovate,
acute,
imbricated.
Sepals 3, ovate, thick, fleshy,
about 1 cm long.
Petals
3, oblanceolate, about 2 cm long,
white
below, violet-purple
above. Mature
fruit
up
to 20 cm long
or more.
(Fl.Filip.pi.5^8,
Ananassa
sativa.)
fl.
Jan.-Apr.
;
throughout
the
Philippines
in cultivation
and in
some
places,
at
least,subspontaneous.
Introduced
by
the
Spaniards
at an early
date.
21. COMMELINACEAE
(Spiderwort
or Alicbangon
Family)
Herbs,
sometimes
suffrutescent,spreading, ascending, or sometimes
climbing.
Leaves
entire,more or less
succulent,parallel-veined,sheathing
at the base. Inflorescence
fascicled,cymose,
or
paniculate, axillary
or
terminal. Flowers
perfect,irregularor
nearly regular. Sepals 3, usually
green,
persistentor deciduous. Petals
3, white, purplish,or
yellow,
free
or united in
a tube below. Stamens
6, inserted on the base of the
segments,
all
perfect
or 2 or more reduced to
staminodes,
the filaments often bearded.
Ovary
free, superior,
2- or
3-celled;
ovules 1 or few in each cell.
Capsule
loculicidal or indehiscent.
Genera about
26, species more than
300, tropical
and
subtropical,
7
genera
and about 20
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Fertile stamens 3 or 2, staminodes or
imperfect
stamens 1 to 3.
2. Flowers included in-
spathe-like
bracts 1. Commelina
2. Flowers
panicled or
axillary,spathe-like
bracts none 2. Aneilema
1. Fertile stamens 6.
2. Petals free or
nearly free;
flowers
numerous,
crowded in
compressed,
spathe-like,axillary bracts; ovary-cells1-ovuled;
cultivated
only.
3. Rhoeo
2. Petals more or less united into a
tube.
3.
Sepals
free or united
only
at the
base; inflorescence 1- to several-
flowered, from
imbricating bracts;
leaves
green
4.
Cyanotis
3. Sepals united into a tube;
flowers beteween the two terminal
leaves,
not
bracteate;
leaves
green
and
purple
with
paler stripes.
5. Zebrina
1. COMMELINA Linnaeus
Usually
slender
herbs,
the stems more or
less
branched, succulent,prostrate
Und
rooting
below. "Flowers
blue,
in
usually
2-flowered
cymes, emerg-
ing one at a time from
a terminal, complicate,compressed-funnel-shaped,
or hooded
spathe,
the
fruiting pedicel
and
capsule
retracted within
the
spathe. Sepals 3,
thin. Petals
larger
than the
sepals, clawed,
blue.
Stamens 3
perfect
and 2 or 3
imperfect;
anthers
oblong,
one
usually
larger
than the others.
Capsule
loculicidal.
(In
honor of K.
Commelin,
a Dutch
botanist.)
Species
about
90,
all
tropical
and
subtropical,
2 in the
Philippines.
Spathes complicate,margins
free or
nearly so;
leaves lanceolate or
oblong-
lanceolate
1. C.
nudiflora
Spathes funnel-shaped, margins
more or less
united;
leaves
elliptic-ovate
2. C.
benghalensis
1. C. nudiflora L.
Alicbangon (Tag.),
A
prostrate, spreading, branched, glabrous or
nearly glajirousplant,
the stems
rooting
at the
nodes,
ascending.
Leaves
3 to 7 cm
long,
1 to 2 cm wide. Inflorescence
axillary,peduncled,
the flowers
cymose,
inclosed in a
complicate
leaf-like
spathe,
the
margins free,
the
cymes usually
2 in each
spathe,
few-flowered.
Inner
petals larger, blue,
6 to 7 mm
long,
the outer ones much
smaller,
pale
or
nearly
white.
In
open
waste
places,
common,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
In most
tropical
and
subtropical
countries.
2. C.
benghalensis
L.
Alicbangon (Tag.).
A
prostrate
or
ascending, branched, usually pubescent plant,
the stems
"rooting
elliptic-ovate,
obtuse or
acute,
base narrowed
into a petiole,
4 to 7 cm
long. Spathes
1 to 3
together,
green,
funnel-
shaped, compressed,
about 1.5 cm
long
and wide. Flowers
blue, long-
pedicelled
in
anthesis,facicled,
several in each
spathe,
the
petals
3 to 4
mm long. Capsules
4 to 5 mm
long. (Fl.Filip.pi.13.)
In
open
waste
places,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
and
Malaya.
Cleistogamous
flowers are
usually produced
at the lower
nodes, ripening
the
capsules
on the surface of
or below the
ground.
2. ANEILEMA R. Brown
Simple or branched, prostrate, ascending,
or erect herbs. Flowers
purplish
or yellow,
in
axillary
and terminal
panicles,
the bracts not
spathe-like.
Sepals 3, free,
thin. Petals
3, obovate, equal.
Stamens
usually 3, rarely
2, the filaments
glabrous
or bearded;
staminodes 2 to 4.
Ovary
sessile.
Capsule loculicidal,
cells 1- to several-seeded.
(In
allusion to the flowers
not
having a
spathe.)
Species
about
60, chiefly
in
tropicalAsia,
about 5 in the
Philippines.
Flowers
pale-purplish
1. A. malabaricum
Flowers russet- or
yellowish-brown
2. A. versicolor
1. A. malabaricum (L.)
Merr.
{A. nudiflorum
R.
Br.).
A r^her
slender,nearly glabrous plant,
branched and decumbent
below,
'
the
flowering
stems erect or ascending,
10 to 30 cm high.
Leaves narrowly
oblong-lanceolate,
3 to 10 cm long,
terminal,
the flowers
racemosely
clustered near
the ends of the few branches.
Flowers
pink-purple, small, numerous,
about 6 mm
in diameter.
Capsule ovoid,
about 3 mm long. (Fl.Filip.pi.467.)
COMMELINACEAE
139
In
open
{grasslands,
waste
places,etc.,common,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
India to
China,
and
Malaya.
2. A. versicolor Dalz.
A
succulent, spreading,
branched
plant,
the stems 10 to 40 cm
long,
often ascending, glabrous or sparingly hairy.
Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate,
1 to 4 cm long,
base broad and
cordate,
somewhat
clasping
the
stems,
the
sheaths
usually short,hairy.
Flowers
solitary or
in
pairs,
in the
upper
axils,
their
pedicles
1.5 to 2 cm
long. Sepals green, oblong-elliptic, obtuse,
4 to 5 mm long.
Petals orbicular-ovate to
broadly elliptic,
5 to 6 mm
long, yellowish- or
russet-brown, turning purple
in
drying.
Filaments
clothed with weak
yellowish-brown
hairs.
Capsule oblong,
5 mm
long,
inclosed
by
the
sepals. Capsule
about 4 mm long,
the seeds
1-seriate,pitted.
In
open
wet
grasslands,
Caloocan to
Masambong, etc.,
fl.
Oct.-Dec;
very
local in the
Philippines.
India.
3. RHOEO Hance
A
stout,
erect or ascending,
unbranched herb. Leaves
large,alternate,
base
sheathing.
Peduncles
axillary,short, terminated
by 2, large,
compressed,
somewhat
boat-shaped,subopposite
bracts that inclose the inflorescence.
Flowers
very numerous, congested,
their
pedicels
with
sheathing
basal bracteoles.
Sepals 3, free,petaloid.
Petals
3,
free. Stamens
6,
all
fertile;
filaments bearded.
Ovary sessile,ovoid,3-celled,the cells 1-ovuled.
Capsule
3- or
2-celled,loculicidally
dehiscent.
A
monotypic
American
genus,
with us only
cultivated and not
spontaneous.
*1. R. DISCOLOR (L'Her.)
Hance.
A
stout, perennial,herbaceous,
somewhat
fleshyplant
6.5 m high
or less,
the stem
thick,
unbranched. Leaves
30 to 40 cm
long,
4 to 6 cm wide, fleshy,
the
upper
surface
dark-green,
the lower
purple.
Inflorescence
axillary, short-peduncled,
the flowers surrounded
by
two, large, imbricate, laterallycompressed, distichous,
3 to 4 cm long,
purplish
bracts. Flowers numerous
in each inflorescence,fascicled,white,
about 1 cm
in diameter.
(Fl.Filip.pi.84,
Tradescantia
discolor.)
purposes,
fl. most of the
year.
A native of
tropical
America.
4. CYANOTIS Don
Prostrate or
ascending,usually
branched herbs. Flowers in
axillary
and
terminal
cymes
formed of
large,imbricated,leafy,biseriate,
falcate bracteoles,
or
in
axillary
clusters with small bracts.
Sepals unequal,
free or
connate below. Petals
3, subequal.
Stamens 6,
all
perfect,
the filaments
usually
bearded.
Ovary 3-celled,
cells 2-ovuled.
Capsule 3-celled, loculi-
cidal.
(Greek
"blue" and "ear" from the color and form of the
petals.)
Species
about 35 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
4 or 5 in the
Philippines.
Flowers
solitary,
terminal 1. C. moluccana
Flowers enclosed in
large,biseriate,falcate,
imbricate bracteoles.
2. C. cristata
Flowers fascicled in the
leaf-axils,
the bracteoles
small,
not imbricate and
not
enclosing
the flowers 3. C. axillaris
1. C. moluccana
(Roxb.)
Merr.
(C. unifloraHassk.).
A
slender,prostrate plant,
the stems
branched, rooting
at the
nodes,
10 to 30 cm in
length.
Leaves
oblong, acute,
2 to 4 cm
long,
the
upper
140
A FLORA OF MANILA
surface
glabrous,
the lower surface often
pilose,
the sheaths ciliate with
long, soft,
brownish
hairs,
the leaves of the lateral branches often smaller
than those on the main stem. Flowers
blue, terminal, solitary,
sessile or
nearly so. Sepals
about 4 mm long.
Filaments bearded.
In
damp
ravines
opposite
Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Oct.-Nov.;
not
uncommon
in the
Philippines. Malay Archipelago.
2. C. cristata
(L.)
Schultes f.
A
succulent,prostrate, glabrous or somewhat
hairy,
much branched
herb,
the stems often
purplish, rooting
at the lower
nodes,
the branches
ascending,
15 to 40 cm high.
Leaves
distant,
ovate to
ovate-oblong, sessile,fleshy,
acute or
obtuse,
3 to 5 cm long.
Inflorescence enclosed in
a series of
2-seriate,falcate,
imbricate
bracteoles,
about
one flower
opening
at a time,
the bracteoles
crowded,
1 to 1.5 cm long. Sepals lanceolate,
green,
hairy,
4 to 5 mm long.
Corolla blue, 8 mm long,
the filaments
prominently
bearded
with blue hairs above.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 83.)
In
open
waste
places, occasional,
fl.
Sept.-Feb.; throughout
the
Philip- pines.
Tropical Africa, Asia,
and
Malaya.
3. C. axillaris
(L.)
R. " S.
A
succulent, prostrate,
somewhat
branched, glabrous plant,
the stems
about 5 mm thick,
20 to 40 cm long, rooting
at the nodes. Leaves lanceolate,
4 to 11 cm long,
6 to 12 mm
wide. Flowers several in each
leaf-axil,only
one opening
at a time,
the bracteoles
small,
not imbricating. Calyx pale-
greenish.
Corolla
purplish,
the
petals long-clawed,
limb 5 to 6 mm long.
In
open
waste
places,
cultivated
lands, etc.,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines. India to
China, Malaya,
and Australia.
5. ZEBRINA Schnizlein
Decumbent, spreading
or pendulous,
branched
herbs, slightly pilose.
Leaves
oblong
to ovate, variegated,
base
sheating.
Flowers several to
many,
more or
less crowded between the two terminal somewhat bract-like
leaves.
Calyx
of 3
sepals
connate into a cylindric
tube. Petals 3, connate
into
a
slender tube
longer
than the
calyx,
the limbs
spreading,
ovate to
lanceolate. Stamens
6, equal,
inserted on the throat of the corolla-tube.
Capsule 3-celled,
on a short recurved
peduncle,
the seeds 1 or 2 in each
cell.
(From
the
striped leaves.)
Species
2 or 3 in Texas and Mexico,
1
widely cultivated,
introduced in
the
Philippines.
1. Z. PENDULA Schnizl. Wandering
Jew.
Stems rather
slender,branched, spreading
or pendulous,
up
to 1 m long,
glabrous
or somewhat
hairy on one side. Leaves
elliptic-ovate
to
oblong-
ovate, acute,
3 to 9 cm long,
the
upper
surface with
grayish-green
and
purple longitudinal stripes,
the lower surface purple,
base sheathing,
villous.
Flowers
glomerate
between the 2
terminal,
somewhat bract-like leaves.
Calyx
about 6
mm long.
Corolla-tube
very
slender, nearly
1 cm long,
the
lobes
oblong, pink-purple,
6 to 7 mm long.
Cultivated,
fl.
at intervals; occasionally escaped
from cultivation in Ma- nila,
and naturalized in some provinces.
A native of Mexico,
now widely
cultivated,
but apparently
of comparatively
recent
introduction in the
Philippines.
LILIACEAE
141
22. PONTEDERIACEAE
(PoNDVVEED Family)
Subaquatic oi-
marsh
herbs, quite glabrous.
Leaves
erect,
the
nerves
parallel or subparallel.
Flowers
perfect,
in
spikes or racemes
from the
sheath of the
uppermost leaf,
bracts
sheathing, irregular.
Perianth
unequally
6-partite,blue,
marcescent. Stamens 1 to 6,
inserted at the base
of the
perianth-lobes;
anthers erect or
versatile,one
longer
than the others.
Ovary free, 3-celled,many-oyuled; style slender; stigma
subentire or lobed.
Fruit a membranaceous, loculicidally
3-valved
capsule.
Seeds
small,
albumen
horny or
flower-like.
Genera 5, species
about 21 in all warm and
tropicalcountries,represented
in the
Philippines by
the
following
genus
only.
1. MONOCHORIA Presl
Characters of the Family as given
above.
(Greek
"one" and "to
separate,"
allusion to one
stamen
being longer
than the
others.)
Species
about
6, tropics
of the Old
World,
2 in the
Philippines,
Leaves
hastate,
the basal lobes
spreading, oblong-ovate,
the blades
up
to
60
cm long;
lower
pedicels
1.5 to 2.5 cm
long,
the
upper
ones
much
shorter 1. M. hastata
Leaves
cordate,
the basal lobes
very
broad,
not
spreading,
the
pedicels
less
than 1 cm long
2. M.
vaginalis
1. M. hastata
(L.)
Solms. Calaboa
(Tag.).
Leaves
long-petioled,
the
petioles stout,
up
to 60 cm long, sheathing
below,
the blade
broadly ovate, coriaceous,
10 to 30 cm long, slightly
acuminate,
base
prominently hastate,
the sinus
vei'y
broad,
the lobes
spreading, oblong-ovate.
Inflorescence
many-flowered,
4 to 5
cm long,
spicate.
Flowers
blue,
about 1 cm long,
the lower ones with
elongated
pedicels.
In shallow
stagnant water,
fl.most of the
year;
throughout
the
Philip- pines.
India to southern China and
Malaya.
2. M. vaginalis (L.)
Presl. Calaboa
(Tag.).
Smaller than the
preceding,
the
petiolesusually
less than 30 cm in
length.
Leaves
broadly ovate to ovate or oblong-ovate, sharply acuminate,
base
cordate,
the lobes
very
broad, rounded,
not
spreading, or base even rounded,
6 to 10 cm long.
Inflorescence
spicate,
3 to 6 cm long,
few-flowered.
Flowers
blue,
about 1
cm long,
their
pedicels
all less than 1 cm long,
and
of about the same length. (Fl. Filip.pi.^66.)
In
open
wet
grass
lands, marshy, places, etc.,
fl. most of the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
Malaya.
23. LILIACEAE
(Lily Family)
Herbs with fibrous roots or from
rootstocks,bulbs, or
corms,
sometimes
shrubby
and
tree-like,or climbing
and armed with
prickles or spines.
Leaves various. Flowers
perfect or
sometimes unisexual. Perianth thin
or
petaloid,6-merous,
in 2
series,rarely
8- or 10-merous, imbricate in bud.
Stamens
6, rarely
3 or fewer,
the filaments free or connate.
.
Anthers
oblong
to
linear,
often versatile.
Ovary superior,3-celled;
ovuies 2 to
many
in the inner
anp:les
of the cells. Fruit
a 3-, rarely 1-celled,
1- to
many-
seeded
capsule or a berry.
Genera
215, species
about
2,500,
in all
parts
of
the
world,
15
genera
and
about 25
species
in the
Philippines.
1.
Prickly tendril-bearing vines,
with 3- to 5-nerved
leaves,
the flowers
small,
in
axillary
umbels
1. Smilax
1. Herbs or
shrubby plants
without
tendrils,usually
erect and unarmed.
2. Leaves
replaced by
linear or
acicular cladodes 2.
Asparagus
2. Leaves
present, broad, linear,or cylindric.
3. Stemless herbs.
4.
Strong-scented
herbs from
underground bulbs,
with
narrow or
cylindricleaves;
flowers umbellate
^
3.-Alliiivi
4. Rootstock
stoloniferous;
leaves
broad, flat,fleshy;
flowers racemose
,
4. Sansevieria
3. Shrubby plants.
5. Leaves
thin,colored,long-petioled
5.
Cordyline
5. Leaves
rigid,sessile,tipped
with a sharp spine
6. Yucca
1. SMILAX Linnaeus
Climbing, prickly, more or less
woodj'^
vines. Leaves
alternate,
3- to
7-nerved,
reticulate with
cross-veinlets,
the
petiole usually bearing
2
tendrils above the base. Flowers
small, dioecious,
in
axillary,peduncled
umbels, the
perianth-segments 6,
free. Male flowers with 6 or more
free
stamens. Female flowers with 3 or 6 staminodes.
Ovary 3-angled,3-celled;
ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit a
globose,
1- to 3-seeded
berry. (The
Greek name of the
yew.)
Species
about 200 in
temperate
and
tropicalregions
of both
hemispheres,
about 7 in the
Philippines.
1. S. bracteata Presl.
Obat, Camagsa-obat; Hampas-tigbalang (Tag.) ;
Banag (Vis.).
A
woody
vine
reaching a height
of several
meters,
the stems armed with
few to
many
stout
spines.
Leaves
elliptic
to
oblong-ovate,7-nerved,
8 to
13 cm long,
base
broadly
rounded or slightlycordate,
apex
shortly
and
abruptly acuminate,
of about the same color on both surfaces. Umbels
many-flowered,
about 2 cm
in
diameter,
in
axillary racemes.
Flowers
greenish-yellow,
about 5 mm long, fragrant.
Berries
globose,
5 to 8 mm
in
diameter,
black when mature.
In
fl.
May-June; widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
Endemic.
2. ASPARAGUS Linnaeus
Erect, climbing or straggling,
herbaceous
plants
from
stout, creeping,or
sometimes tuberiferous rootstocks, the stems
round, grooved,
or angled.
Leaves reduced to minute
scales, bearing
in their axils tufts of needle-like
or flattened,green
branchlets
(cladodes).
Flowers small
axillary,solitary,
fascicled,or racemed, their
pedicels jointed.
Perianth
campanulate,
6-
parted.
Stamens inserted on the bases of the
segments. Ovary 3-angled,
3-celled,
cells with 2 or more
ovules. Fruit a small,globose,
3- to 6-seeded
berry. (The
ancient Greek
name.)
Species
about
100,
in
Europe
and
temperate
and
tropical
Asia and
Africa,
one indigenous
and several introduced
species
in the
Philippines.
*
1. A. CEPA
L. Cebolla
(Sp.)
;
Sebuyas (Tag.)
;
Onion.
Leaves shorter than the
scape,
cylindric,hollow,
8 mm in diameter
or
less,
narrowed
upward
to the slender
apex.
Scape inflated,usually about
30 cm high,
about 1 cm thick in the middle,
narrowed
at both ends. Flowers
very
numerous
in
a dense
globose umbel,
the
pedicels
5 to 7 mm
long.
Perianth-segments oblong, acuminate,
5 to 6 mm long,
white
or
nearly so.
Filaments
longer
than the
petals. (Fl. Filip.pi.87,
A.
tricoccum.)
Cultivated
by
Chinese
gardeners
at all seasons for the Manila market.
Cultivated in all warm countries; a native of
Europe.
"2. A. PORRUM L. Cuchai
(Tag.)
;
Puerro
(Sp.)
;
Leek.
A
rank-scented, bulbous, glabrous plant.
Leaves
flat,fleshy,
20 cm long
or
more,
about 5 mm wide.
Scapes
very
sligthlycompressed, slender,
solid.
Umbels
many-flowered,
3 to 4 cm
in diameter. Flowers
white, fragrant,
about 1 cm in diameter.
Cultivated
by
Chinese
gardeners
for the Manila
market, occasionally
flowering.
A native of the Mediterranean
region, now cultivated in most
warm
countries.
In addition to the above the
garlic (Sp.
A
jo; Tag., Vis.,Bauang=
Allium
sativum
L.)
is
extensively
cultivated in
some parts
of the
Philippines,
but
I have seen no growing specimens
in
our area.
4. SANSEVIERIA Thunberg
Rootstock
short,
often stoloniferous. Leaves
numerous, narrow, erect,
fleshy, flat,nerveless,
often mottled.
Scape erect, stout, racemose,
the
flowers in alternate fascicles. Perianth-tube
long, slender,
the lobes narrow.
Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the
perianth-lobes;
anthers dorsifixed.
Ovary superior, 3-celled;style slender; stigma simple;
OATiles 1 in each
cell. Fruit
membranaceous,
dehiscent.
(In
honor of R. de
Sangro,
Prince
of
Sanseviero.)
Species
about 10 in
tropical
Asia and
Africa, a single
introduced one
in
the
Philippines.
1. S. ZEYLANICA
(L.)
Willd.
Buntot-tigre (Tag.)
;
Bowstring Hemp.
Leaves erect, fleshy, flat,acuminate, dark-green
mottled with
gray,
glabrous,
0.4 to 1.5 m high,
4 to 7 cm wide,
base somewhat narrowed.
Scape erect,
up
to 80 cm high.
Flowers
numerous,
pale-straw-colored,
usually tinged
with
green,
2.5 to 3 cm long, slender,
the
perianth segments
nearly
twice as long as
the tube.
(Fl. Filip.pi.U22.)
and occasionally subspontaneous,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
in and about tovras.
A native of
tropical Africa,
now found in
many
other
tropical
countries.
5. CORDYLINE Commerson
Erect, simple
or sparingly
branched shrubs with
elongated,
alternate,
petioled,costate, many-nerved
leaves somewhat crowded toward the ends
of the stems. Inflorescence terminal, paniculate,
the flowers racemosely
arranged on
the
long
slender branches. Perianth
tubular, 6-cleft,
the lobes
narrow.
Stamens 6.
Ovary 3-celled,cells,
4- to 16-ovuled. Fruit a usually
1-seeded
berry. (Greek "club.")
Species
about 10, Malaya
to Australia and
Polynesia,
1 in
Brazil, a
single
introduced one
in the
Philippines.
AMARYLLIDACEAE
145
*1. C. TERMiNALis
(L.)
Kunth.
Baston,
Baston de San Jose
(Sp. Fil.);
Sagruilala,Toncodpari (Tag.)-
An
erect, shrubby, glabrous plant
1 to 3 m high
from tuberous
roots,
the stems
simple
or somewhat
branched,
marked with leaf-scars. Leaves
lanceolate to
oblanceolate,usually tinged
with red or purple,
30 to 50 cm
long, mostly near
the
apex
of the
stem, acuminate,
base
narrowed,
the nerves
very numerous, slender, diverging
from the midrib. Panicle
terminal, purplish, laxly branched,
the branches
up
to 30 cm in
length,
slender,
the
pedicels
very
short. Flowers
pink,
about 1 cm
long, slender,
tubular,
the
perianth split
to the middle into 6
equal
lobes.
Berry globose,
about 5 mm in
diameter,
few- or 1-seeded.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 98,
Dracaena
terminalis.)
Commonly
cultivated for its ornamental
foliage,
fl. Dec.-Feb.
;
common in
and about towns in the
Philippines,
but
certainly
Polynesia,
but
frequently only
in cultivation.
6. YUCCA Linnaeus
Shrubby, erect, simple or branched
plants
with stout thickened stems.
Leaves
alternate,crowded, numerous, narrow, sessile,
with a sharp rigid
point,
the margins
entire
or denticulate. Flowers
numerous,
in terminal
racemes or
panicles,usually
white. Perianth
pendulous
or
drooping,
sub-
globose
to
campanulate,
the
segments
distinct or slightly
united at the
base. Stamens
6, hypogynous;
filaments shorter than the
perianth,
enlarged
above.
Ovary 3-celled,rarely
with 1 or 6 cells. Ovules 2 to
several in each cell. Finiit
berry-like
and
indehiscent, or a
loculicidal
capsule. (The
Indian
(American) name of
Manihot, erroneously applied
here.)
Species
about 20 in the warmer
parts
of
America,
1 or 2 introduced in
the
Philippines.
*
1. Y. ALOIFOLIA L.
Stem
stout, cylindric,
marked with
leaf-scars,
1 to 2 m high usually
sparingly
branched above. Leaves
very numerous, stiff,spreading above,
the older and lower ones
deflexed,falling
from the lower
part
of the
stem,
30 to 70 cm
long,
about
3 cm wide,
the
apex
with
a sharp, rigid point,constricted
below the
middle,
the base
slightlydilated,margins finely
scabrid-
denticulate. Panicles
conical, ample, many-flowered,
30 to 50 cm long.
Flowers
white,
about 5 cm long.
Occasionally cultivated, rarely flowering
here. A native of
tropical
America, now cultivated in
many
other warm countries.
24. AMARYLLIDACEAE
(Amaryllis or Maguey Family)
Slender or coarse
herbs from
bulbous, tuberous, or corm-like
rootstocks,
the leaves
radical, narrow or broad, sessile or pedicelled,
the
scape
naked
or
leafy.
Perianth
superior, regular or irregular,
the tube
long, short,
or
none,
6-lobed or
6-parted,
sometimes with a crown at the mouth. Sta- mens
6, inserted on the
segments,
the filaments free or connate;
anthers
erect or versatile.
Ovary inferior,3-celled;
ovules
many,
2-seriate. Fruit
capsular, loculicidal, rarely fleshy
and
bursting irregularly.
Genera
80, species
about
800,
in all
warm countries,
11
genera
and about
15
species
in the
Philippines,mostly
introduced.
111555 " 10
146
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. Inflorescence
spicate
or panicled.
2. Coarse
plants
with
thick,fleshy,spiny-toothed
leaves and
very
large,
panicled
inflorescences 1.
Agave
2. Slender
plants
with
narrow,
toothless leaves and
spicate
flowers.
2. Polianthes
1. Flowers solitary or umbellate.
2. Filaments free.
3. Flowers
solitai*y
3.
Zephyranthes
3. Flowers umbellate 4. Crinum
2. Filaments
appendiculate
and united at the base into
a distinct
cup.
3. Flowers
solitary
5. Pancratium
3. Flowers umbellate.
4. Leaves linear to
linear-lanceolate;ovary-cells
2-ovuled.
6.
Hymenocallis
4. Leaves
broadly
ovate to
suborbicular; ovary-cells
2- or 3-ovuled.
7.
Eurycles
4. Leaves
elliptic-oblong; ovary-cellsmany-ovuled
8. Eucharis
1. AGAVE Linnaeus
Fleshy or somewhat
woody, coarse plants,
with
usually
very
short stems.
Leaves crowded on the
stem, radiate,thick,fleshy,persisting
for several
years,
sharply pointed, margins
with stout
spiny
teeth. Inflorescence
terminal, tall,stout,
branched. Flowers succulent, panicled,usually
greenish.
Sepals
and
petalspartly united,
the lobes
equal or subequal.
Stamens
6
;
filaments more or less adnate to the
"
perianth-tube. Ovary
3-celled
;
ovules numerous. Fruit a
3-celled
capsule. (Greek "noble.")
Species
about 140 in
tropicalAmerica,
1 introduced in the
Philippines.
*1. A. CANTULA Roxb.
Maguey (Sp.-Fil.);
Sisal
Hemp, Century Plant,
Stems
short,
stout. Leaves 20 to 50 in
a
dense
rosette,
linear-lanceolate,
thick,more or less
glaucous,
0.8 to 1.3 m
long, up
to 8 or 10
cm wide,
narrowed toward both
ends, apex
with a
sharp, horny point, margins
with
sharp spine-like
teeth. Inflorescence
erect,
up
to 6 m
in
height,stout,
branched. Flowers
greenish,
the
perianth
4 to 5 cm
long;
filaments exceeding
the
segments. (Fl. Filip.pi.96,
A. americana.)
Cultivated in
our area
for ornamental
purposes,
in
many
provinces
extensively
cultivated for the fiber
produced by
the leaves. The
plants
flower when several
years old;
bulbils are
often
produced
in
place
of
flowers. A native of
tropical America,
now
introduced in
many
other
tropical
countries.
2. POLIANTHES Linnaeus
Erect,leafy,
unbranched
plants
from tuberous rootstocks. Leaves linear,
basal and scattered
along
the stem. Inflorescence terminal, spicate,
the
bracts
persistent.
Perianth with a long, narrowly funnel-shaped,
curved
tube,
and short, unequal segments.
Stamens inserted at the middle of the
tube,
not exserted.
Ovary 3-celled,
free at the
apex ;
ovules
many ; style
filiform.
Fruit ovoid,
crowned
by
the
persistentperianth. (Greek
"white"
and
"flower.")
A
monotypic
Mexican
genus.
*
1. P. TUBEROSA L. Azucena
(Sp.-Fil.);
Tuberose.
Rootstock
stout,
tuberous. Basal leaves linear,
40 to 60 cm long,
less
than 1
cm wide,
those on
the stem much shorter.
Stems
erect,
0.5 to 1
AMARYLLIDACEAE
147
m higrh.
Flowers fraî'iint,waxy-white,
in
pairs,
5 to 6 cm long,
the
segments
oblong-lanceolate,
1 to 1.5 cm
long.
Cultivated,
fl.
Mar.-May; a native of
Mexico,
now cultivated in most
warm countries.
3. ZEPHYRANTHES Herbert
Stemless herbs from tunicated bulbs. Leaves
basal,glabrous,
the blades
few; linear,
flat.
Scape
1-flowered. Perianth
pink
to
purple,
the tube
funnel-shaped,
the lobes
6,
somewhat
spreading.
Stamens
6;
filaments
adnate to the throat of the
perianth-tube. Ovary 3-celled;style filiform,
the
stigma subcapitate or 3-lobed.
Capsule subglobose or depressed,
3-
valved.
(Greek
"wind" and "flower.")
Species
about
30, eastern United States to Mexico and South
America,
1 introduced in the
Philippines.
*
1. Z. ROSEA Lindl.
Bulbs
ovoid,
about 2 cm
in diameter.. Leaves all
basal,fleshy,glabrous,
shining,linear,
up
to 35 cm long,
4 to 6 mm wide.
Scapes solitary,erect,
green,
slightlycompressed, equaling or slightlylonger
than the
leaves,
1-flowered,
the
spathe subtending
the
pedicel membranaceous,
about 2
cm
long, 2-cleft,
the
pedicel
3 to 4 cm long.
Perianth
light-purple,somewhat
funnel-shaped,
about 4 cm long,
the lobes
oblong-ovate,
1 to 1.5 cm
wide,
the inner 3 somewhat narrower
than the outer ones. Anthers
yellow,
included.
Stylelonger
than the
stamens,
trifid.
(Fl.Filip.pi.271,
Habran-
thus
versicolor.)
Commonly
cultivated as a border-plant,
fl.
June-Sept.,
and
probably
in other months. A native of
tropical
America.
4. CRINUM Linnaeus
Rootstocks
bulb-like,usually large.
Leaves
numerous,
usually
broad.
Peduncle solid. Flowers
umbellate,
white to red or purplish.
Perianth-tube
long, cylindric,straight
or curved,
the
segments
linear to
oblong.
Stamens
on the throat of the
perianth-tube;
filaments
long,
slender; anthers versatile.
Ovary 3-celled;
ovules few in each
cell;stylelong; stigma capitate.
Fruit
usually subglobose,
at
length dehiscent,
the seeds
few, large. (Greek
"lily.")
Species
about 80 in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
2 or
1. Corolla salver-shaped;perianth-lobesspreading,
less than 1
cm
broad.
1. C. asiaticum
1. Corolla
funnel-shaped,perianth-lobes
2 to 3 cm wide.
2. Perianth
reddish-purple
2. C. zeylanicum
2. Perianth
white,
flushed with
pale-purple
3. C. latifolium
1. C. asiaticum L. Bacon
(Tag.).
Trunk
short,stout,
10 to 15 cm in
diameter,
the leaves crowded at its
apex,
lanceolate,
up
to 1.2 m long,
and 15 cm wide,
acuminate.
Scape erect,
stout, solid,green,
1 m high or less,
2 to 3 cm in diameter. Spathe
subtending
the flowers about 15 cm long, membranaceous, split
to th" base.
Flowers
fragrant,
20 to
40,
each subtended
by
a thin, narrow bracteole.
Perianth-tube
greenish,
about 10 cm long,
the lobes spreading,
8
cm long,
about 8 mm wide,
white. Filaments
purplish
above. Fruit
subglobose,
(FL Filip.pi.
168.)
148
A FLORA OF MANILA
purposes,
also in
open places
near the
sea,
flowering
most
of the
year;
throughout
the
Philippinesnear
the
sea.
India
to
Malaya.
*2. C. ZEYLANICUM L. Lilio
(Sp.-Fil.).
Stout, glabrous,
the bulbs
globose
10 to 15 cm in diameter. Stems
stout,
short,
erect. Leaves
up
to 1 m
long,
7 to 10 cm
wide. Peduncles
stout,
about as long
as the
leaves,
with 10 to 20
umbellately arranged, reddish,
fragrant
flowers. Pedicels short. Flowers
long,
the tube
slender,
about
10 cm long,
the limb
usually a little
longer,
the
segments oblong-lanceolate,
acute,
about 2 cm wide, purplish-red,margined
with
white, paler
inside.
purposes,
fl.
June-Aug.,
and
probably
in
other months.
Tropical
Asia and
Africa,
introduced in the
Philippines
and
not
spontaneous.
*3. C. LATIFOLIUM L. Lilio
(Sp.-Fil.).
Bulb
subglobose,
up
to 10 cm or more in diameter. Leaves 60 to 100 cm
long,
5 to 8 cm wide. Peduncles
stout, solid,green,
2 to 2.5 cm in diameter,
up
to 60 cm in
length.
Flowers about 10 in each
umbel, fragrant,
sessile
or shortly pedicelled,
the
spathe-valvesthin,
about 8 cm long, oblong-ovate,
acute. Perianth tube 10 to 12 cm long, purplish below, greenish above,
curved at the
apex,
6 to 7 mm
in
diameter,
the limb
campanulate,
horizontal
or ascending,
10 to 12 cm long,
the
segments
about 3 cm wide,
white flushed
with
pale purple
in the median
part.
Filaments
white,
declinate.
Occasionally
cultivated, fl. June-Oct.,
and
probably
in other months;
introduced from
tropical
Asia.
5. PANCRATIUM Linnaeus
Herbaceous, from a thick, underground
bulb. Leaves
few, 2-ranked,
narrow. Scape
from the
bulb,
solid. Flowers
large, white, solitary (in
our species).
Perianth
funnel-shaped,
the tube
elongated,
the limb
spreading,
the lobes
6,
narrow. Stamens
erect,
inserted on the throat of the
perianth,
united
by a toothed or lobed membrane which forms a
cup;
anthers dorsifixed.
Style slender;
ovules
many
in each cell.
Capsule
sub-
globose, 3-angled,
loculicidal.
(Greek
"all" and
"strength.")
Species
about
12,
southern
Europe, Asia,
and
Africa, a single
introduced
one in the
Philippines.
*1. P.
ZEYLANICUM L.
Bulb
subglobose
or
ovoid,
about 5 cm
in diameter. Leaves 6 to
8,
2-ranked, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
about 25 cm
long
and 2 cm wide.
Scape
somewhat shorter than the
leaves, slightlycompressed.
Flowers
solitary,erect,
white. Corolla-tube 4 to 5 cm
long,
the membranaceous
part connecting
the stamens about 5 cm
in
diameter,
with 12
large,
acuminate
teeth,
the
perianth-lobesrecurved, lanceolate,acuminate,
about
5 cm long,
1 cm wide. Filaments
erect,
the free
parts
about 3 cm
long.
(Fl. Filip.pi 321.)
Occasionally
found in
gardens, flowering
all the
year;
introduced from
India or Ceylon.
" 6. HYMENOCALLIS Salisbury
Rootstock
stout, tunicated,
the leaves
numerous, long,
sessile. Peduncle
solid,erect, bearing
many,
white, fragrant
flowers in
a
terminal umbel.
Perianth
salver-shaped,
the tube
cylindric,
the
segments linear, equal.
AMARYLLIDACEAE 149
elongated.
Stamens united
by a large,
white
cup,
the free
parts
of the
filaments filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled;
ovules 2 in each
cell;
style long, filiform;stigma
minute. Fruit
a large,bulb-like,finally
dehiscent
capsule. (Greek
"membrane" and
"beauty.")
Species
about 30 in the
tropical
and warmer
parts
of
America,
1 introduced
in the
Philippines.
*1. H. TENUIFLORA Herb.
Leaves
crowded, narrowly lanceolate,fleshy,
acuminate or acute,
0.5 to
1 m long,
6 to 7 cm wide.
Scape erect, solid,
somewhat
compressed,
about
0.5 m tall,bearing at its
apex
few to
many,
sessile,
umbellate
flowers,
the
spathe subtending
the flowers
very
thin,
marcescent. Flowers
fragrant,
the
perianth-tube greenish below,
whitish
above,
about 12 cm long,
the
lobes
linear,white, spreading,
10 cm long,
5 to 7 mm wide. The membranaceous
cup
connecting
the filaments
white, funnel-shaped,
4 to 5 cm
in
diameter. Anthers
erect,
green.
(Fl.Filip.pi.411,
H.
adnata.)
Commonly
purposes,
fl.most of the
year.
A
native of
tropical
America.
7. EURYCLES Salisbury
Rootstock a
tunicated
bulb,
the leaves
broad, petioled,
with lax,
arcuate
main-veins and
oblique
cross-veinlets. Flowers
many,
in
a peduncled umbel,
white. Perianth-tube
cylindric,
the lobes
subequal, ascending, oblong-
lanceolate. Stamens inserted at
the
throat,
the filaments united in
a
distinct,12-toothed,
cup;
anthers versatile.
Ovary 3-celled,
the ovules 2 or
3 in each
cell;style
filiform. Capsule globose,
suculent.
Species 2, Malaya
and
Australia,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. E. amboinensis (L.)
Lindl.
Bulb 5 to 10 cm
in diameter. Leaf-blade suborbicular or broadly ovate,
base
broadly cordate, shortly
and
abruptly acuminate,
up
to 25 cm long
and
wide,
the
petiolelonger
than the
blade,
dilated at the
base,
the nerves
12 to 15 on
each side of the midrib. Peduncle about as
long
as the leaves,
bearing
from 15 to 30 flowers in
a dense umbel. Perianth about 5 cm
long,
the
segments
as long
as the tube.
(Fl. Filip.pi.406.)
fl.June.- Aug.,
and
probably
in other
months;
of
very
local
occurrence
in the
Philippines. Malay
Peninsula to northern
Australia.
8. EUCHARIS Planchon
Bulbs
tunicated,
the leaves
petioled,oblong, green.
Flowers
large,
umbellate, white, fragrant,
the outer
spathe-valves
2 or 3,
ovate-lanceolate.
Perianth-tube
cylindric,slender,
dilated above,
the
segments broad, spreading,
imbricate,subequal.
Stamens inserted at the throat of the perianth-
tube,
shorter than the
segments, erect,
the filaments
broadly
appendaged
below,
the
appendages
united into a
12-toothed
cup,
the free parts
of the
filaments stout,
shorter than the
appendages.
Anthers versatile. Ovary
globose,3-celled;
ovules
many; style
filiform. Fruit
deeply 3-lobed,finally
dehiscent.
(Greek
"well" or "true,"
and "graceful.")
Species
6 or 8,
natives of
Colombia,
most of them in cultivation.
*1. E. GRANDIFLORA Planch. Amazon
Lily.
Leaves
oblong-elliptic,
narrowed at both
ends, acuminate, coriaceous,
25
to 35 cm long,
about 15 cm wide, shining,
the
petiolesstout,
about 20 cm
150
A FLORA OF MANILA
long.
Peduncle solid, about as
long
as the
leaves,bearing
from 4 to
6,
large,umbellate, white, fragrant flowers,
the
spathe-valves oblong-lanceolate,
about 5 cm long. .
Flowers about 9 cm in
diameter,
the
ovary
and its
stalk
green,
the tube
slender,
about 5 cm long, narrowly funnel-shaped
above the middle. Perianth-lobes
ovate,
acute or obtuse, spreading,
about
4 cm
long
and 3 cm wide.
Appendages to the stamens
greenish inside,
quadrate,
each
2-toothed,
united into an erect
cup;
free
parts
of the filaments
stout,
erect.
Not uncommon
in
cultivation,
fl.most of the
year.
A native of Colom- bia,
now widely
cultivated in most warm countries.
25. TACCACEAE
(Tacca or Panarien
Family)
Herbaceous
plants
from tuberous or
creeping rootstocks,
the leaves
radical,
lobed or laciniate.
Scape erect,
leafless. Flowers
umbellate,
subtended
by
leaf-like bracts. Perianth
6-lobed,superior.
Stamens
6,
at the
base of the
lobes,
the filaments
short,
dilated or appendaged on each
side,
above dilated into an inflexed
hood;
anthers sessile within the hood.
Ovary
1-celled;style short; stigmas broad, or
petaloid
and umbella-like. Fruit
fleshy
and
indehiscent,or at
length
3-valved. Seeds
many.
A
single
genus
of about 10
species,
all
tropical.
1. TACCA Linnaeus
Character of the
Family. (From
the local
Amboyna name.)
Coarse,erect,
the
petioles
up
to 1 m
in
length;
leaves 1 to 1.5 m in
diameter,
3-partite,
the
segments variously
lobed and toothed 1. T.
pinnatifida
Slender,
the leaves 15 to 20
cm
in
diameter, pedately
5- or
7-partite,
the
segments
entire 2. T.
palmata
1. T.
pinnatifida
Forst. Panarien
(II.);Yabyaban (Tag.); Polynesian
Arrowroot.
Rootstock
tuberous, depressed-globose,
up
to 30 cm in diameter. Petiole
often
nearly
1 ra long, hollow,
1.5 to 2 cm in
diameter,
striate. Leaves
tripartite, spreading,
1 to 1.5 m
in
diameter,
the
segments
2-fid or irregularly
pinnatifidor pinnate
at the base, often
large,irregularly
lobed.
Scape
up
to 1.4 m
long, hollow, tapering,
green,
erect 10- to
40-flowered,
flowers
crowded at the
apex,
pedicelled,drooping,
intermixed with
very
long,
filiform
bracts,
subtended
by
from 4 to
12, oblong, acuminate, 5 to 7
cmi
long,
involucrate leaves. Perianth
green
and
purplish,
about 1 cm
long.
Fruit
ellipsoid,
or
ovoid,smooth, yellowish,6-ribbed,
3 to 4 cm
long.
In
thickets,Pasay, Masambong, etc.,occasional,
fl.
July-Aug.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines
near the seashore.
Tropical
Asia and Africa,
Malaya, Australia,
and
Polynesia.
The
fleshy
roots are edible,
the
plant
being
cultivated in some countries.
2. T.
palmata
Bl.
Payong-payongan (Tag.).
Rootstock
tuberous,ovoid,small,
2 to 4 cm in diameter. Petiole
slender,
20 to 30 cm long.
Leaves 15 to 20 cm
in diameter
pedately
5- to
7-partite,
thin,
the
segments oblong
to
elliptic-oblong, entire,acuminate,
the lower
two on each side more united than the others.
Scapes slender,
about as
long
as the leaves. Flowers
umbellate,pedicelled,purple
and
green,
about
8 mm
long,
the involucre
usually
of four
leaves,
the outer two
broadly
ovate, acuminate, nearly sessile,
3 to 6 cm long,
the inner two with
constricted
bases, petioled.
Fruit
subglobose,fleshy,red,
about 1 cm long.
In
fl.
June-July; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines. Malaya.
152
A FLORA OF MANILA
4. D. daemona Roxb. Nami
(Tag.);
Corot
(II.,Vis,).
A
twining
vine from tuberous
roots, reaching a length
of several
meters,
the stems v^rith few or
many,
short, sharp spines.
Leaves
3-foliolate,
the
leaflets 12 to 20 cm long, acuminate,
somewhat
pubescent,
the lateral
ones
oblique, oblong-ovate,
terminal
one equilateral,oblong
to
oblong-obovate.
Panicles
axillary, slender, pubescent
12 to 20
cm long.
Flowers small.
Stamens 6.
Capsules oblong,
about 5 cm
long.
Occasional in
thickets,
fl.
June-July; thi'oughout
the
Philippines.
India
to Malaya.
5. D.
penaphylla
L. Lima-lima
(Tag., Vis.).
A
climbing
vine from stout tubers,
the stems with scattered small
spines.
Leaflets 5 to 7, oval to oblong-lanceolate,acuminate, glabrous or
nearly so,
8 to 15 cm long.
Panicles
axillary,pubescent,
much
longer
than
the leaves. Flowers
yellowish-white,
somewhat
fragrant.
Stamens
3,
alternating
with 3 staminodes.
Capsules
2 to 2.5 cm long, usually
rounded
at both ends.
In
fl. Nov.
;
widely
distributed in the
India and
Malaya.
27. IRIDACEAE
(iRis Family)
Perennial herbs from often thickened rootstocks. Leaves
narrow,
often
distichous and
equitant,
sometimes
plicate,
sessile or petioled.
Inflorescence
various. Flowers in
spathes,
few to
many,
usually
but 1 or 2
opening
at a
time. Perianth
superior, petaloid,
the
segments 6, 2-seriate,
imbricate.
Stamens
3, epigynous or adnate to the outer
segment;
anthers extrorse.
Ovary 3-celled;style simple; stigmas 3;
ovules
many,
2-seriate.
Capsule
3-angled or cylindric,loculicidally
3-celled. Seeds
many.
Genera 59, species
about
1,000, chiefly
in
temperate regions,
3 or 4
genera
and
species
in the
Philippines,a singleone indigenous.
Leaves
distichous,equitant,vertical,
not or obscurely
nerved.
1. Belamcanda
Leaves not distichous or equitant,prominently
nerved and
plicate.
2. Eleutherine
1. BELAMCANDA Adanson
Erect herbs from stout rootstocks. Leaves
many,
ascending or erect,
large, 2-ranked, lanceolate,vertical,
those of the stem similar to the basal
ones
and
gradually
smaller
upward.
Inflorescence dichotomously
corymbose,
the
spathes small, many-flowered,
the valves
many,
membranaceous,
the
pedicelsexserted,joined
at the
apex.
Perianth
rotate, nearly or quite
regular,
the tube not
produced
above the
ovary.
The
segments oblong-
oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, clawed, spreading
in flower. Stamens 3,
shorter than the
perianth. Ovary 3-celled;
o\'ules
many.
Capsule obovoid,
loculicidally
3-valved.
(From
the Malabar
name.)
A
monotypic
Chinese
genus,
the
single species
introduced in the Phil- ippines.
1. B. CHiNENSis (L.)
Leman.
Erect, tufted, glabrous,
0.5 to 1.5 m. high.
Leaves 2-ranked, strongly
imbricated, crowded, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, ascending,
vertical,
coriaceous,
40 to 60 cm long,
2.5 to 4 cm wide,
those of the stem equitant.
MUSACEAE
153
Inflorescence terminal
erect, dichotomously branched, the
spathes
ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, about 1 cm
lonjr,many-flowered, 1 or
2
opening
at a
time,
5 to 6 cm in diameter,
the
perianth-lobes spreading narrowly-
elliptic,
narrowed at both ends, yellowish outside,
inside
reddish-yellow
with darker
spots. (Fl. Filip.pi. 376,
Pardanthus chinensis.)
Cultivated in
larger
towns in the
Philippines,
sometimes
spontaneous,
fl. all the
year.
A native of China now introduced in
many
warm and
tropical
countries.
2. ELEUTHERINE Herbert
Herbs from
purple,
tunicated bulbs,
the outer
layers
membranaceous.
Leaves
few, petioled,lanceolate,
6- or 7-nerved, plicate. Scapes
as
long
as
the leaves, flowering
at the
apex,
the
long-peduncled spathes fascicled,
subtended
by a lanceolate, leaf-like bract.
Spathes
green,
oblong,
up
to
12 on each
scape,
much shorter than their
peduncles, many-flowered, one
flower
opening
at a time,
the inner valves
many,
membranaceous,
imbricate.
Perianth
regular, rotate, white,
the tube not produced
above the
ovary;
segments 6,
obovate,
the interior
ones slightly
smaller. Stamens
3,
shorter than the
perianth-limb. Ovary clavate, 3-celled,
cells
many-
ovuled.
Capsule cylindric,6-sulcate, operculate,
3-valved at the
apex.
(Greek "free.")
An American
genus
of
one or two
species,
1. E. PALMAEFOLIA
(L.)
Merr.
{E. plicata Herb.).
"
Bulbs about 4 cm
long, ovoid-oblong,
narrowed at. both
ends,
the outer
layers thin, purple.
Leaves
lanceolate,
narrowed at both
ends, plicate,
3 or 4 from each
bulb,
30 to 50 cm long,
1.5 to 3 cm wide.
Scapes
rather
slender,
as
long
as the
leaves,green.
Spathes
10 to 12 mm
long,
the outer two
green,
the inner
ones
very
much
thinner, greenish-white.
Flowers
white,
about 2 cm in
diameter, the lobes obovate, spreading.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 100, Antholyza meriana.)
fl.
May-July,
and probably
in other months;
in and about some towns in the
Philippines,
sometimes
spontaneous.
Introduced from
tropical
America at an early
date.
28. MUSACEAE
(Banana
or Saguing Family)
stems
erect,
tree-like with the leaves all at the
top,
or
formed of the
fleshy, convulute, closely imbricate, leaf-sheaths. Leaves
very
large,
oblong,
distichous or spirallyarranged.
Inflorescence
simple or compound,
bracteate. Flowers sessile or pedicelled,
ebracteolate
or
with small
bracteoles,perfect
or monoecious. Petals free
or connate,
the corolla
often inflated and
surrounding
the anthers and
style.
Stamens 5, free;
staminode 1 or none.
ovules 1 to
many
in each
cell. Fruit
fleshy
and
baccate, or a dehiscent
capsule.
Genera
6, species more
than
100,
in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
1
indigenous
genus
with
a number of distinct
species,
and several introduced
ones in the
Philippines.
Leaves spirally arranged,
their sheaths
closely
imbricated
forming
a
cylindricfleshy
trunk 1- Musa
Leaves
distichous, radiately arranged
in
one plane
like
a
fan at the
apex
of the trunk 2. Ravenala
154
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. MUSA Linnaeus
Very coarse
herbaceous
plants
from
usually perennial
rootstocks. Trunks
erect, soft, formed of the
thickened, closely
imbricate leaf-sheaths. Leaves
very large, oblong,
the midrib
prominent,
the blade
penninerved.
Inflor- escence
terminal in
an erect or reflexed bracteate
spike,
the lower flowers
female with
imperfect stamens,
the
upper
ones male,
the intermediate
ones
often
perfect.
Flowers crowded in the axils of
large,ovate, persistent
or deciduous bracts.
Calyx
slit down one side to the
base, 3- to 5-lobed
at the
apex.
Corolla
equalling
or shorter than the
calyx, concave,
inflated,
thin,
more or less
surrounding
the stamens and
style.
Perfect stamens
5,
the sixth
rudimentary
or wanting;
filaments
stout;
anthers
linear,erect,
2-celled.
Ovary 3-celled,many-ovuled.
Fruit
fleshy,indehiscent,elongated,
cylindricor angled,
the
pericarp tough;
seeds
subglobose,
in
many
cultivated
forms
wanting. (Named
after
Musa, physician
to
Augustus.)
Species
50 or more with
many varieties,
in the
tropics
of both hemispheres,
the
Philippine
forms not
well understood.
1. M. PARADISIACA
L.
Saguing (Tag.) ;
Banana.
Rootstock
stout, stoloniferous,
the stem
stout, erect,
1.5 to 3.5 m high.
Leaves
up
to 2 m in
length. Spike recurved, stout,
leaves,
the bracts
large, dull-purplish,
deciduous. Flowers about 7 cm
long,
the
calyx
about twice as long as the much inflated corolla. Fruit
exceedingly variable, 10 to 20 cm long, cylindric or angled,
the
pericarp
thick or rather thin,
seedless or with numerous seeds.
(Fl. Filip. pi.
88, 89.)
Very commonly cultivated,
fl. all the
year; throughout
the
Philippines,
probably
of
prehistoric
introduction
here,
at least
many
of the forms or
varieties,
others of more recent inti-oduction. Cultivated in all
tropical
countries.
The banana has
numerous varieties,
the
distinguishing
characters
being
chiefly
in the fruits.
Commonly
among
the natives
saguing
is the name
for all bananas,
but the
Spanish
name
platano
or plantano
is much used
to
designate
those forms
especially
used for food after
being cooked,
and
banana for the forms used for food without
cooking.
Blanco in 1837 states that there were
then 57 varieties known in the
Archipelago.
The various varieties have distinctive
names,
the chief forms
found in Manila
being
enumerated below.
Saba, Bisco,
or Obispo;
the most common form in cultivation in
Manila,
the fruit with a thick skin, yellow
when
mature,
about 10 cm long,
prominently
3-angled; pulp
somewhat fibrous, acid,
with or without seeds.
Bungulan;
fruit
elongated, cylindric
and
green
when
mature,
up
to 20 cm
in
length,
the
pulp
soft with a
very
delicate flavor. Gloria or Ternate;
fruit
angular, yellow, stout,
up
to 15 cm or more
in
length,
well-flavored.
Lefondal;
fruit
stout, cylindric,
about 10 cm long,
the skin
thin, yellow,
the
pulp pale, subacid,
the most common
banana in the Manila markets.
Lacatan;
fruit
cylindric
or slightly angled
when
mature,
about 15 cm
long, yellow,
the
pulp firm,
with a
delicate flavor.
Morado,
fruit
stout,
usually angled
when
mature,
up
to 15 cm long,
the skin
tough,
brownish-
purple,
the
pulp
firm,
well-flavored. Other forms
are occasionally
found.
Musa textilis
Nee,
the well-known
abaca
plant,
an endemic species
yielding
the fiber
known
as
abaca or Manila
hemp
is
represented by
few
specimens
in cultivation in
Singalon.
The
very
large
Musa
superba Roxb.,
ZINGIBERACEAE
155
a nonstoloniferous
species,
native of
India,
has been cultivated in Manila
for ornamental
purposes,
but has not
persisted.
Musa coccinea Andr.
of southern
China, a
small slender
species
with eract inflorescence and
few-flowered red bracts has also been introduced and cultivated for ornament,
but has not
persisted
in
Manila.
2. RAVENALA Adanson
Tall
trees,
with
cylindrictrunks,
the leaves
large, oblong, long-petioled,
distichous, disposed
in
one
plane
in the form of
a
fan at the
top
of the
trunk. Inflorescence
axillary,distichous, compound, bracteate,
the bracts
spathe-like,many
flowered. Flowers
perfect. Sepals 3, free,long, narrow,
acuminate. Petals
3,
the exterior one
shorter than the
others,
narrow,
the lateral two similar to the
sepals.
Stamens
5, slightly
shorter than
the
petals. Ovary 3-celled,many-ovuled. Capsule ovoid,
somewhat 3-
angled,
3-valved. (From its native
Madagascar name.)
Species 2, one
in
Madagascar
and 1 in
tropical
South
America,
the
former now widely
distributed in cultivation.
*1. R. MADAGASCARIENSIS Sonn. Traveller's Tree.
Trunk
erect, cylindric,woody,
marked with
scars
of fallen
leaves,
up
to 10 m
in
height.
Leaves
oblong,
the blades 1.5 to 3 m long,
shorter than
the
petioles,
the
petioles stout,
imbricated in
one plane.
Inflorescence in
the
leaf-axils,
about 12
spathes
or
bracts in each inflorescence. Flowers
yellow.
Not
uncommon
in
cultivation,introduced, rarely flowering
here. Its
common English name is derived from the fact that travelers in Mada- gascar
secure
good drinking
water from the
large
cells of the
petioles.
Other
representatives
of this
family,
such as Strelitzia
reginae
Banks
from South
Africa,
and
one or
two
species
of Heliconia from
tropical
America, are
of such recent introduction here that
they are at
present very
rare
in
gardens
and have not been included.
29. ZINGIBERACEAE
'
(GiNGER OR LuYA
Family)
Slender or
coarse,
often aromatic herbs from
fleshyrootstocks,
the stems
simple.
Leaves
simple,
radical or cauline, usually distichous,
sometimes
spirallyarranged,
small to
large, closelypinnately
veined from the
midrib,
the sheaths
usually present, ligule present
or
absent. Flowers small to
lar."ê, irregular, perfect, solitary,spicate,racemose,
or
panicled,
often in
dense cone-like
heads,
bracts and often bracteoles
pi'esent. Calyx
tubular
or spathe-like,
3-toothed or lobed, produced
above the
ovary.
Corolla-tube
long or short,
the limb
3-partite.
Perfect stamen
1, one or more petaloid
staminodes
usually present,
the staminodes often
large
and
showy, sometimes
small and
inconspicuous or wanting. Ovary inferior,
1- to 3-celled:
style usuallj'slender;
ovules
many.
Fruit a loculicidally3-valved, membranaceous,
coriaceous,
or
fleshycapsule,
sometimes
indehiscent,
crowned
by
the remains of the
perianth.
Seeds
numerous,
arillate or not,
small.
Genera about
45, species over 800,
in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
about 16
genera
and 65
species
in the
Philippines.
*
For a consideration of the
Philippine species see Ridley,
H.
N.,
"The
Scitamineae of the
Philippines." Philip.
Journ. Sci. 4
(1909)
Bot. 155-199.
156
A FLOflA OF MANILA
1. Staminodes
2,
broad and
petal-like.
2. Inflorescence
terminating
the
leafy
stem.
3. Filament
long, slender, longer
than the
corolla; stems
elongated,
leafy.
4.
Lip
adnate to the filament above the
corolla;
ovary
1-celled.
1. Globba
4.
Lip free;
ovary
3-celled
.,
2.
Hcdychium
3. Filament shorter than the
corolla;
leaves
radical,usually only
2.
3.
Kaempferia
2. Inflorescence
cone-like,cylindric,dense, spicate, peduncled, arising
from the rootstock
4. Curcuma
1. Staminodes small or none.
2. Leaves
arranged
in two
ranks;
sheaths
split.
3. Inflorescence
peduncled,
dense and
cone-like,arising
from the root-
stock
5.
Zingiber
3. Inflorescence
terminating
the
leafy stem; panicle
branches covered
with
persistent,oblong, closelyappressed
bracts 6. Kolowratia
2. Leaves
spirallyarranged;
sheaths united 7. Costus
1. GLOBBA Linnaeus
Usually
slender erect herbs with
leafy stems,
from short
rootstocks,
the leaves
distichous,ovate to
lanceolate,basal
part sheathing
the
stem,
ligulate.
Inflorescence
terminal,
dense and
spicate
or
racemose,
or more
lax and
paniculate.
Flowers
small, yellow or
white.
Calyx tubular,
3-
toothed,regular
or
irregular.
Corolla-tube
slender,longer
than the
calyx,
3-lobed,
the lobes
boat-shaped,
deflexed. Staminodes similar to the lobes.
Base of the
lip
adnate
by
its
edges
to the
stamen, forming a tube
below,
its limb
free,
narrow,
elongated,deflexed,usually
2-lobed. Filament elongated,
erect,
slender. Connective of the anther extended
laterally
into
an
entire
margin, or sometimes with 2 or 4
triangular
spurs.
Ovary
1-celled.
Capsule globose,
smooth
or
verrucose,
fleshy,dehiscing irregularly. (From
its
Amboynese name
"galoba.")
Species
about
75, tropical
Asia to New
Guinea,
about 10 in the
Philip- pines.
1. G. MARANTINA L.
Erect, glabrous or sparingly pilose,
25 to 60 cm high,
from slender root-
stocks. Stems rather
loosely
covered with sheaths. Leaves ovate to
ellipticor lanceolate, acuminate,
8 to 15 cm
long.
Inflorescence dense,
spike-like,
2 to 8 cm
long,
the bracts
persistent,ovate,
green,
gland-dotted,
ciliate on the
edges,
1 to 2 cm
long, frequently containing ellipsoid
to
conic bulbils in
place
of flowers. Flowers
yellow, slender,
about 5 cm
long. Calyx tubular,
3-toothed. Corolla-tube much
longer
than the
calyx,
glandular-dotted. Lip short, oblong, cuneate, widely
retuse.
Anther-
spurs 4, triangular,equal. (Fl. Filip.pi.351.)
In
thickets,Masambong
to
Pasig
and
Pasay,
fl.
June-Sept.; widely
distributed
about towns in the
Philippines,certainly
introduced.
Amboyna
and Celebes to New
Guinea,
a weed of cultivation in
Java, Singapore,
etc.
2. HEDYCHIUM Koenig
Terrestial erect herbs with
elongated leafy
stems from stout rootstocks.
Leaves
distichous,
sessile or shortly petioled,ligulate,oblong
to linear-
oblong
or
lanceolate,
acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal, usually dense.
ZINGIBERACEAE
157
bracteate spike,
the bracts
oblonp:
to obovate oi* lanceolate, usually
imbricate,
persistent,
each with from
one
to several flowers.
Calyx
tubular
and
3-toothed,
sometimes
split
down
one
side,
very
slender corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes
linear,spreading;
or reflexed. Stami-
nodes broad and
petaloid,
often much wider than the
petals. Lip large,
often suborbicular, 2-lobed at the
apex, usually
much
larger
than the
petals
and staminodes.
Filament
elongated. Ovary
3-celled.
Capsule 3-valved,
globose
to oblong.
Seeds
numerous, small,
arillate.
(Greek
"sweet" and
"snow,"
in allusion to the
fragrant
white
flowers.)
Species
about 40, India to
Malaya,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. H. CORONARIUM Koenig.
Camia
(Sp.-Fil.).
Erect,
0.4 to 1 m in
height.
Leaves
glabrous
or the lower surface somewhat
pilose,oblong-lanceolate
to
lanceolate,slenderly acuminate,
10 to 50
cm
long,
3 to 11 cm wide,
the
liguleprominent,
1 to 3 cm
long. Spike
ellipsoid,
5 to 12 cm long,thick,
the bracts
green,
ovate to
obovate,
rounded
or acute,
about 4 cm
long,
each with 2 or 3 flowers. Flowers
very
fragrant.
Calyx tubular,
cleft on one side,
about 4' cm
long.
Corolla-tube
slender,
8 cm long,
the lobes
narrow,
involute, about 4 cm
long. Lip
obcordate or
obovate, white,
p^le-yellow
in the
center,
5 to 6 cm in diameter. Staminodes
white, oblong-elliptic, obtuse,
narrowed at the
base,
4 to 5 cm long
and 2
to 2.5 cm wide.
Very commonly
'cultivated, fl.
June-Dec; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
cultivated and naturalized. A native of
India,
now cultivated
or spontaneous
in most
tropical
countries.
3. KAEMPFERIA Linnaeus
Small stemless herbs from aromatic tuberous rootstocks,
or sometimes
with short stems. Leaves few,
suborbicular to ovate or lanceolate,
basal-
Inflorescence
spicate,few-flowered,shortlypeduncled,erect,
with few lanceolate
bracts. Flowers white or
violet,
of short duration.
Calyx
membranaceous,
tubular
or clavate,
sometimes
split
down one side. Corolla-
tube slender,
the lobes
narrow,
linear.
Lip large,
2-lobed. Staminodes
large,clawed, rounded, spreading.
Stamen
thin,flat,
not exserted;
anther
narrow,
crested.
Ovary
3-celled.
Capsule oblong,
thin-walled.
(In
honor
of E.
Kaempfer,
an early
Dutch
physician
and
botanist.)
Species
about
55, tropical
Asia and
Malaya,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. K. GALANGA L.
Dusol,
Gusol
(Tag.).
A
glabrous
stemless herb from tuberous aromatic rootstocks. Leaves
two, horizontallyspreading,
orbicular to
broadly ovate, acute, obtuse, or
broadly acuminate,
7 to 15 cm long,
base rounded. Flowers few,
4 to 6 or
more, pink,
the bracts
lanceolate,
about 3.5 cm long.
Corolla-tube
slender,
2.5 to 3 cm long,
the
lip
cleft to the
middle,
about 2.5 cm wide,
white or
pale-pink spotted
with violet. Staminodes
obovate,
about 1.2 cm long.
Staminal-crest
quadrate,
2-lobed.
Not common
in cultivation in
Manila,
fl.
July-Aug.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines,
cultivated and
spontaneous, certainly
introduced.
A
native of
India, now
widely spread
in the eastern hemisphere,
cultivated
and
spontaneous.
4. CURCUMA Linnaeus
Erect herbs from
aromatic, fleshy
rootstocks. Leaves distichous, oblong
to oblong-elliptic
or
obovate, usually
tufted. Spikes
dense, peduncled,
158
A FLORA OF MANILA
arising
from the
rootstocks,usually leafless,
the bracts
large, persistent,
forming a dense, usually colored,
cone-like or
cylindric head,
the
upper
bracts often
longer
than the lower ones. Flowers several in each
bract,
usually
but
a single one opening at a time,
bracteolate.
Calyx short,
cylindric,
toothed. Corolla-tube
broad, funnel-shaped,
sometimes
split
down
one side,
2-
or 3-toothed,
the teeth ovate or
oblong.
Staminodes
peta-
loid,
united with the filament below.
Lip
orbicular or
obovate, entire,
emerginate, or 2-lobed. Stamen somewhat
petaloid. Ovary
3-celled.
Cap- sule
membranaceous, globose,
3-valved. Seeds
small,
arillate.
(From
the
Indian
name, signifying yellow.)
Species
about
42,
India to
Malaya,
2 introduced in the
Philippines.
1. C. ZEDOARIA (Berg.)
Rose.
Tamo,
Barac
(Tag.)
;
Lampoyang (Vis.)
;
Conic
(II.).
Rootstocks
stout, fleshy, slightly aromatic, pale-yellow,
with
oblong,
tuber-like branches. Leaves
usually
in
pairs, erect, petioled,
green,
often
with a purplish
blotch in the
center, elliptic-oblong
to
oblong-lanceolate,
25 to 70 cm
long,
8 to 15
cm
wide.
Scape
from the
rootstocks,
not from the
leaf-tuft,
often
appearing
before the
leaves,
the
peduncle
10 to 20 cm long,
covered with few loose bracts.
.
Spike cylindric,
5 to 8 cm
in
diameter,
10 to 15
cm long, composed
of
numerous,
ovate to
obovate,
somewhat
spreading,
rounded
bracts,
the lower
ones
green,
more
or less
tipped
with
pink,
the
upper
ones usually longer
and
purple,
each
containing
several
flowers,
the lower ones opening
first.
Calyx small,
bifid.
Corolla-tube about 2 cm long, yellowish-white,
sometimes
tinged
with
purple,
the
lipusually yellow,
2-lobed.
(Fl. Filip.pi.3,
Costus
luteus.)
In thickets and
open
places,
common,
fl.
Jan.-Aug.
;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
in the settled
regions, certainly
introduced.
Probably
a native of
India, now widely
distributed in the warmer parts
of the eastern
hemisphere.
The Turmeric
plant,
C.
longa
L.,
with a
very
yellow
root widely
known
here
as dilao,
is not uncommon in the
Philippines,
and its rhizomes are
commonly
sold in the Manila
markets,
but
living specimens
have not been
found in
our area.
It resembles the above
species,
but its
flower-scape
is
borne within the tuft of
leaves,
not directly
from the rootstocks.
5. ZINGIBER Adanson
Stems
erect, leafy,
from
fleshy,underground, more or
less aromatic root-
stocks. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic,
distichous. Spikes erect,
from the
rhizomes, rarely terminating a leafy stem, cylindric,conic, or ovoid, usually
peduncled,
the
peduncles
covered with
bracts,
the bracts of the inflorescence
green
or colored, imbricate, usually holding
water,
each containing
from
1 to several flowers. Calyx tubular, 3-lobed,
short. Corolla-tube usually
longer
than the
bract, slender,
the lobes
oblong
to lanceolate,
white or
yellowish.
Staminodes
none. Lip 3-lobed,
the middle lobe longer
than
the lateral ones. Connective of the anther prolonged
into a
curved beak.
Ovary
3-celled.
Capsule thin-walled, splitting
into 3-valves. Seeds black,
angled,
arillate.
(From
the ancient Greek or
Latin
name,
derived from
the Indian
name sringavera.)
Asia to New Guinea,
about 5
species
in the Phil- ippines,
some
of them
inperfectly
known.
1(50
A FLORA OF MANILA
ous, spreadinp:
or reflexed, oblong-ovate to
or
caudatc-acurainate, 25 to 60 cm long,
5 to 20 cm
wide,
the
petiolesstout,
short. Inflorescence
about 30 cm long,
the base of the
peduncle
with
an
oblong-lanceolate,
chartaceous,
8 to 12 cm long
bract. Branches about
8, scattered, spreading, stout,
about 5 cm long,
covered with
persistent
bracts,
each branch
bearing
several to
many
flowers,
but
only
one opening
at a time.
Calyx
about 4 cm long.
Corolla
pale-straw-colored,
about 7
cm long,
the tube
cylindric,
the
upper
lobe about 4 cm long,
concave,
erect,
the other two as long
but
reflexed,oblong-ovate; lip
about as long
as the
corolla-lobes,spreading. Capsule ellipsoid,woody,
3 to 4 cm
long,
splitting
into 3
valves,
crowned
by
the
persistent calyx. (Fl. Filip. pi.
1,
Renealmia
elegans.)
Waste
places, Singalon,
rare,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
Endemic.
7. COST US Linnaeus
Tall
leafy herbs,
sometimes
branched,
the leaves
oblong
to lanceolate,
spirallyarranged,
the sheaths
entirely
closed. Inflorescence a densa,
cone- like,
terminal or basal
spike,
the bracts stiff,imbricate, persistent. Calyx
tubular,
3-lobed. Corolla-tube
broadly funnel-shaped,
as long
as the
calyx-
tube,
the lobes
large, showy, oblong
to lanceolate.
Lip large,
obovate,
somewhat
spathe-like
below. Stamen
very
broad and
thin, petaloid,
the
staminodes none. Capsules woody, 3-celled,splitting
down the back of each
cell;
seeds
very numerous,
black, angled. (The
ancient Greek name.)
Species
about
100, chiefly
in South America and
Africa,
few in the Indo-
Malayan region,
2 in the Philippines.
1. C.
speciosus
(Koenig)
Smith.
Stems
stout,
about 1 m high
and 1.5 cm in
diameter, leafy.
Leaves
spirally arranged, oblong, acuminate, subsessile,
about 30 cm long, softly
pubescent
on the lower surface.
Spikes solitary,terminal, ovoid,
very
dense,
5 to S cm long,
the bracts
ovate, acuminate, pui'ple,
3 to 4.5 cm long.
Calyx flattened,purple,
about 3 cm long,
the lobes
3,
rather
short,
ovate.
Corolla-segments white, oblong,
5 to 6 cm
long, pointed. Lip white,
sub-
orbicular,
6 to 8 cm
long, crinkled, irregularly
and rather
finelytoothed,
the
margins
incurved and
meeting.
Stamen
flat,including
the broad connective
about 5 cm long,
12 to 15
mm wide.
Capsules
ovoid to
globose,
red,
crowned
by
the
persistentcalyx,
1.5 to 2 cm long. (Fl. Filip.pi.UJ!f2.)
fl.
Sept.-Dec; widely
India to
Formosa,
southward to New Guinea.
30. CANNACEAE ((Jannaor Ticas-ticas
Family)
Erect,
coarse,
perennial,
unbranched herbs with
leafy
stems from
fleshy
rootstocks. Leaves
large, oblong,
acute or acuminate, parallel-veined
from
the
midrib,
their
petiolessheathing
the stem. Flowers
irregular,perfect,
medium to
large, usually bright-colored
and
showy,
in
lax, simple or
branched,
terminal
racemes,
bracteate.
Sepals 3, small, oblong.
Corolla-
tube
cylindric,
the
segments 3, lanceolate,'equal.
Staminal-tube connate
below with the
corolla-tube,
the
segments
4 or 5, unequal, petioled,
much
larger
than the
petals,
one of the smaller
ones
with a single,
1-celled
anther attached to its
margin. Ovary
inferior, 3-celled; ovules
many;
CANNACEAE
161
styleflattened,
adnate to the base of the
sitaminal-tube,free above. Fruit
plobose
to
ovoid, capsular,
the seeds
globose, hard,
black.
A
single
genus
in
tropical America, some species nov^r
distributed in
all warm countries.
1. CANNA Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family. (From
the Latin
"cane," probably
of Orien- tal
origin.)
Species
30 or
more,
natives of
tropical
and
subtemperate America,
some now found in all
warm countries.
1. Flowers
red,
less than 12 cm
in
length.
2. Flowers 5 to 6 cm long.
3. Stems
green,
usually
less than 1.5 m high
1, C. indica
3.
Stems,
midribs of the
leaves, inflorescence,
and fruits
purplish;
plant
2 to 3 m high 2. C.
speciosa
2. Flowers 10 to 11 cm long.
3. Whole
plant
green,
inflorescence
very
glaucous
3. C. coccinea
3. Whole
plant purplish or bronzy-purple 4. C. warscewiczii
1. Flowers
yellow,
sometimes with small
orange
dashes 5. C.
glauca
1. Flowers
very
large,
up
to 16 cm in
length, lemon-yellow
blotched and
mottled with
orange-yellow
and
reddish-yellow.
6. C.
flaccida X iridiflora
1. C. INDICA L. Ticas-ticas
(Tag.) ;
Indian Shot.
Whole
plant
green,
glabrous,
up
to 1.5 m
in
height.
Leaves 10 to 30 cm
long.
Inflorescence somewhat
waxy-glaucous.
Flowers
red, solitaryor
in
pairs,
the bracts about 1.3 cm long. Sepals
1
cm long,greenish-white,
sometimes
tinged
with red. Corolla-tube about 1 cm
long,
the lobes red
or
reddish,
about 3 cm
long,
involute. Staminodes
bright-red,
the outer
one
about 4 cm long,
somewhat
spatulate,
acute or
slightly acuminate,
the
others somewhat
smallei*,
the antheriferous one as long as
the outer
one,
about 5 cm wide,
recurved above the insertion of the anther.
Capsules
green, oblong-ovoid,softly echinate,
2 to 2.5 cm long. (Fl. Filip.pi. 4.)
Common in waste
places,
fl. all the
year; throughout
the
Philippines,
thoroughly
naturalized. All
tropical
countries
probably originating
in
tropical
America.
2. C. SPECIOSA Rose.
Stems 2 to 3 m high, purplish,as are the
midribs, petioles,
and
margins
of the
leaves,
and the
inflorescence,
the latter with a glaucous
bloom. Leaves
up
to 35 cm in
length.
Flowers
red, usually solitary,
about 5 cm long,
the bracts about 12 mm long. Sepals purplish, erect,
about 13 mm long.
Petals
erect,
about 4 cm long,
involute. Staminodes
red,
the outer one
spatulate,
4 cm long,
toothed at the
apex,
the others similar but
narrower,
the antheriferous one about 5 mm wide,
reflexed above the insertion of the
anther. Capsules
reddish-brown or purplish,
up
to 3 cm
in
length.
Not uncommon
in waste
places,
fl. all the
year.
A native of
tropical
America.
*3. C. COCCINEA Mill.
Stems about 1.5 m high,
green,
the inflorescence
slightly tinged
with
purple
and with a conspicuous
waxy
bloom.
,
Leaves 30 to 40 cm in
length.
111555 " 11
162
A FLORA OF MANILA
Flowers
deep-red,
about 10 cm long,
the bracts ovate to
oblong-ovate,
blunt,
2 cm long or less,purplish, glaucous. Sepals purplish
and somewhat
glaucous,
1.5 cm long,
acute. Petals 6 cm long,
1
cm
wide when sprgad,
involute,slightlypaler
red than the staminodes and
yellowish
inside. Stami-
nodes
deep-red,
about 8
cm long
and 3
cm wide, irregularly retuse, rarely
rounded, tapering
to the
base, the fourth
one
narrower,
the staminiferous
one
about 6 cm long
and 7 to 8 mm wide, falcate,
recurved.
Capsules not
maturing.
purposes,
fl. all the
year,
its
range
in the
Philippines
unknown. A native of
tropical
America.
*4. C. WARSCEWiczii Dietr.
Whole
plant bronzy-purple,
1 to 1.5 m high.
Flowers
solitary,red,
the
tube with
traces of
yellow on
the
inside,
about 11
cm long.
Bract about 6
mm long, suborbicular, purplish. Sepals purplish,
1.5
cm long,
obtuse.
Corolla-tube about 2 cm
long,
the
petals reflexed, slightly involute,
5
cm
long, acuminate, purplish-red.
Staminodes
4,
about 8
cm long
and 3.5
cm
wide, red, rounded,
the fourth somewhat broader and somewhat
yellowish
in the basal
part,
about 2
cm wide,
somewhat
inequilaterally falcate, recurved
above the anther.
Capsules
not
maturing.
Commonly
cultivated
especially
for its colored
foliage,
fl. all the
year.
A native of
tropical
America.
*5. C. GLAUCA L.
Erect,
green,
1 to 1.5
m high.
Leaves 20 to 35 cm
long.
Flowers
yellow,
solitary,
about 7 cm long,
sometimes with faint
orange-red
dashes
inside,
the
inflorescence
glaucous.
Bracts
suborbicular,
about 1.5
cm long. Sepals
greenish,
about 2
cm long.
Petals
erect, slightly involute, yellow,
4 to 5
cm long.
Staminodes
4,
the first three about 6.5 cm long,
and 2.2 cm
wide,
cleft or irregularly
retuse at the
apex
or the third
entire,
the fourth
recurved and narrower. Stamen about 6 mm wide,
recui-ved above the
insertion of the anther.
purposes,
fl. all the
year.
A native of tropical
America. A form with much
larger flowers,
about 12
cm long,
with more
prominent
dashes of
orange-red,
also
cultivated, may
be referable here.
*
6. C. FLACCIDA Salisb. X iridiflora Ruiz. " Pav. Bandera Espaiiola
(Sp.-Fil.)
;
Spanish Flag;
Canna.
A
commonly
cultivated
hybrid,
1.5 to 2
m high,
green,
the inflorescence
somewhat
glaucous.
Leaves
up
to 60
cm
in
length.
Flowers
large
and
showy,
up
to 16
cm in
length, lemon-yellow, variously
blotched and
spotted
with
orange-red and
orange-yellow, usually
in
pairs.
Bracts
green,
about
1.5 cm long, obtuse.
Sepals green, pui'plish
above 2.5 cm long,
obtuse.
Corolla-tube about 2.5
cm long,
the
petals
6 to 6.5 cm long, reflexed,yellow
and
purplish,
acuminate. Staminal-tube
up
to 3.5 cm long,
the
staminodes,
obovate-oblong,
10 to 11 cm long, margins
crinkled and undulate. Stamen
about 8 cm long
and 4 cm wide.
Capsules
not
maturing.
Very commonly cultivated,
fl.all the
year.
One of the numerous hybrids
produced
in
Europe,
from American
species,
various forms now
found in
all
large
towns in the
Philippines
in cultivation.
MARANTACEAE
163
31. MARANTACEAE
(Arrow
Root or Arourou
Family)
Perennial herbaceous
plants
from
more or less
fleshy rootstocks,
stem-
less or with
erect, simple or branched stems. Leaves
usually large,
pinnately
veined from the
midrib, usually distichous, petioled,
the
petioles
sheathinji:
the stem below. Flowers
very
irregular, perfect,
often in
pairs,
in dense bracteate
spikes or in
open,
more or less
panicled
inflorescences.
Sepals 3, equal,
free. Corolla-tube short or elongated, usually
slender, 3-lobed,
the exterior lobe often
large and more or less concaVe or
hooded. Staminodes
usually 4,
the two interior
ones always present, one
cucullate,
the other
callose,
the exterior ones petaloid.
Stamen
1,
pe-
taloid, bearing a 1-celled anther.
Ovary inferior,
1- to
3-celled; ovules 1
in each cell; style slender, curved. Fruit
capsular, nut-like or berry-like,
dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds hard, arillate.
Genera
26, species
about
300,
in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
5
genera
and 8
or
9
species
in the
Philippines.
MARANTA Linnaeus
Erect branched herbs from tuberous rootstocks. Leaves
petioled, ellipsoid
to
ovate,
acuminate. Flowers
few,
in
pairs,
racemose,
sometimes
laxly
and somewhat dichotomously paniculate,
the bracts
few, usually
caducous.
Sepals 3, narrow. Corolla-tube
cylindric,slender, elongated,
often swollen
at the
base,
the lobes
3, subequal.
Staminal-tube
commonly short,
the two
exterior staminodes
broad, petaloid usually obovate, the others shorter.
Stamen
petaloid,
the anther
1-celled,
attached to its
margin.
Fruit obovoid
or oblong, nut-like,
indehiscent.
(In
honor of B.
Maranta, a Venetian
botanist and
physician.)
Species 14,
in
tropical America,
1 now more or
less cultivated in all
tropical
countries.
1. M.
ARUNDINACEA L. Arourou
(Sp.-Fil.)
;
Arrow Root.
An
erect, glabrous, dichotomously branched, perennial
herb 0.4 to 1
m
high,
from
fleshy, fusiform rootstocks. Leaves
ovate-oblong, thin,
petioled,
acuminate,
base
rounded,
10 to 20
cm long,
green.
Inflorescence
terminal, lax, divaricate,
few-flowered. Flowers
white,
2 cm long.
Occasional in
our
area,
fl.most of the
year?
cultivated to a
small extent
and
occasionally spontaneous
in the
Philippines.
Introduced from
tropical
America at an
early date, now found in most
tropical
countries.
Var. VARIEGATUM (N.
E.
Br.) (Phrynium variegatum
N. R.
Br.).
Leaves
variously
marked vdth
white, frequently
entire leaves
being
white with little
or no
green.
Commonly
cultivated in
gardens
and as a house
plant
for its
ornamental
foliage;
introduced from
Singapore.
In addition to the
above,
various
species or
horticultural forms of the
American
genus
Calathea
are found in cultivation in Manila. The forms
here
usually
have leaves
purplish beneath,
and
variously variegated on
the
upper
surface,
in
one form with
narrow, parallel,
red lines between
each two
primary nerves.
All or most of the forms here
appear
to be
referable to Calathea ornata Koernicke
(C.
sanderiana
Hort.).
164
A FLORA OF
MANILA
32. ORCHIDACEAE
'
(Orchid or
Dapo
Family)
Terrestrial or epiphytic, usually
succulent or fleshy herbs,
the former
usually
with thickened tuberous
roots,
the latter often with thickened bases
(pseudobulbs), green,
more rarely
white and colorless
or
brownish
saprophytes,
exceedingly
variable in habit. Flowers
very
irregular, perfect,
rarely
1-sexual and monoecious. Perianth of 6 free
or variously
combined
parts,
in two
sets,
the three outer
(sepals) more or
less
alike,
the three
inner
(petals) dissimilar,
2 lateral ones alike,
the third
(lip or labellum)
very
different in
shape.
Stamens and style
united into
a
column
opposite
the
lip,
the anther
1, rarely 2, on the
front, or back of the column. Pollen-
grains usually cohering
in 1 to 4
pairs
of
waxy
or powdery, globose
to
oblong masses (pollinia),
in each cell.
Ovary inferior, 1-celled;
ovules
exceedingly
numei-ous,
on
3
parietal placentae.
Fruit a 1-celled,
3-valved
capsule, containing innumerable, minute,
almost dust-like seeds.
Genera over 450, species
about
7,000,
in all
parts
of the
world, chiefly
tropical,
about 77
genera
and over
500
species
in the
Philippines.
In the consideration of the Orchidaceae
only
those
species growing
naturally
within the area covered
by
this work have been
included, no
attempt having
been made to discuss the
numerous
forms brought
in
from the
provinces and cultivated;
to include the latter would necessitate
a
consideration of
practically
all the
species
with
showy
flowers found at
low altitudes in the
Philippines, as well as
many
of the forms with small
and
insignificant
flowers. The
presence
of these cultivated
plants
in
Manila is
dependent on a
continued
supply,
which varies in
quantity
and
in number of
species
from
year
to
year,
so that a complete
"orchid flora"
for Manila for one
year
might
not
closely apply
to those
species
found
here in other
years.
As a
rule
only species
that
grow
naturally
in the
Archipelago
at low
altitudes can be successfully
grown
in
Manila,
those found above altitudes
of about 800
meters, usually soon dying
when
brought to sea
level. The
common
native name
for all
epiphytic orchids,
the bulk of our species,
is
dupo,
but this name is applied
to other epiphytic plants,
such
as species
of ferns
growing as epiphytes,
and
even
to parasitic plants,
such
as
Loranthiis,
etc.
Among
the more generally
cultivated
species are representatives
of the
genus
Dendrobium,
such as
D.
superbum
Reichb.
f.,
with
large,
somewhat
rank-scented, purple
flowers from its leafless
stems, flowering
in
February
and March,
the flowers 5 to 6
cm long;
D.
heterocarpum
Wall.
(D.
aureum
Lindl.)
with
yellowish
flowers about 3.5 cm long,
and D. taurinum Lindl.
(Fl. Filip. pi. U29),
with much-elongated stems, broad, ellipticleaves,
and
large pink
and
purplish
flowers.
Phalaenopsis, species
with
green
leaves
and
large
white
flowers,
P. amabalis Blume,
and its variety aphrodite
Ames, locally
known as "dapo mariposa,"
that
is,
butterfly-orchid:
with
mottled leaves and
large pink flowers,
P. sehilleriana Reichb.
f.;
and with
mottled leaves and
white, purple-spotted flowers,
P. stuartiana Reichb. f.,
*
For
special
papers
on Philippine Orchidaceae, see Ames, 0.,
"Orchida- ceae."
1 (1905),
2
(1908),
3 (1908),
and in
Philip.
Journ. Sci. 4 (1909)
Bot. 593-600:
663-676;
6
(1911)
Bot. 35-56;
7
(1912)
Bot. 1-27: 125-143.
ORCHIDACEAE
165
both
locally
known as "dapo tigre,"
that
is,tiger
orchid: with
green
leaves
and
medium,
straw-colored or yellowish
flowers with
purplish markings,
P. luddevianniana Reichb.
f.,
and with
green
leaves and small
pink
flowers,
P.
cquest)-is(Schauer)
Reichb. f.
Vanda,
with
elongated
2-ranked
leaves and recemose flowers,
V. sanderiana Reichb.
f.,
from Mindanao with
very
large purplish
flowers about 8 cm
in
diameter,
and V. lamellata Lindl.
(Fl. Filip.pi.465)
,
"with white and
purple
flowers about 4.5 cm
in diameter.
Aerides, represented by
A.
quinquevulnerum
Lindl.
(Fl. Filip. pi. 409),
with
showy racemes
of
very
fragrant flowers,
each
perianth-segment
and
the
lip
with a large purple spot. Rhynchostylis,
with R. retusa (L.)
Blume, simulating
the
preceding
in habit and
appearance,
but with odorless
flowers,
and occasional
species
of
Paphiopedium
{Cypridmm)
,
as well
as
less desirable
species
of such
genera
as Pholidota, Eria, Grammatophyllum
(Fl. Filip.pi. 276), Cymhidium, Renanthera, Stauropsis, Trichoglottis (Fl.
Filip.pi S48.),
etc.
1.
Terrestrial,saprophytic,
white and colorless or
brownish
plants.
1. Didymoplexis
1. Terrestial herbs with
green
leaves.
2. Leaves
plicate;
flowers few,
in
nodding
racemes,
the
scapes
from
the rootstock
2. Geodot-um
2. Leaves not
plicate;
flowers numerous
in erect
spikes or racemes
terminating
the
leafy
stem
3. Hahenaria
1.
Elongated epiphytic plants
with distichous leaves.
2. Leaves not
equitant.
3. Stems not thickened at the base 4. Cleisostoma
d'. Stems much thickened at the base 5. Dendrobium
2. Leaves equitant
6. Oberonia
1. DIDYMOPLEXIS Griffith
A
slender,leafless,
white
or
brown
saprophyte
from thickened tuberous
roots,
the
scape
slender, erect,
with few
racemosely arranged flowers,
the
pedicels
much
elongated
in fruit. Flowers
small,
the dorsal
sepal
connate
with the
petals forming a 3-fid
upper
lip,
the lateral
ones
connate into
an
entire or 2-fid lower
lip forming
a small
projection
at the foot of the column.
Lip
inserted on the short
column-foot, short, broad,
included. Col- umn
elongated, narrow, narrowly 2-winged above, 2-toothed; stigma broad;
anther
broadly
ovate. (Greek
"twin" and "a knitting,"
in allusion to the
connate
sepals
and
petals.)
A
monotypic
genus,
by some
anthers reduced to Gastrodia
R. Br.
1. D.
pailens
Griff.
A
slender,
white or brown,
leafless
saprophyte growing
about
clumps
of
bamboo,
6 to 20 cm high,
the tuberous roots 1 to 3 cm long,
up
to 1 cm
in diameter. Flowers white or flesh-colored,few,
in lax
racemes,
the
bracts much shorter than the
pedicels. Ovary
about as long as
the
pedicel
which becomes
greatly elongated
in fruit.
Lip
fan-shaped,
cuneate
at the base.
Sepals
and
petals adherent, forming a tubular
perianth,
6 to
7 mm long.
Column about 4 mm long,
half-rounded
below, narrowly
winged
above.
About
clumps
of
bamboo, occasional,
fl.
June-July;-
of local
occurrence
in the
Philippines.
India to Formosa, southward to
Malaya.
166
A
FLORA OF MANILA
2. GEODORUM Jackson
Terrestrial herbs from
underground
tuberous
rootstocks,
the leaves
elliptic
to
lanceolate,plicate. Scapes erect,
from the
rootstock,stout, sheathed,
shorter than the leaves. Flowers
few,
crowded in
nodding
racemes,
the
bracts
narrow,
thin.
Sepals
and the broader
petalsconniving or
spreading.
Lip
sessile on the short
column-foot, boat-shaped,
with
a forked basal
callus. Column
short,
stout. Anthers
2, appendaged
after
opening by
the
persistent
detached
covering
of the cells.
Species
about
9, tropical
Asia
through Malaya
to
Australia,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. G. nutans
(Presl)
Ames.
(G.
semicrlstatum
Lindl.).
A
glabrous plant
from somewhat
fleshy underground roots, reaching
a height
of 70 cm. Leaves 2 to
4, large,
variable in
size,elliptic-oblong
to
lanceolate,plicate,acuminate,
up
to 35
cm long
and 7 cm wide, petioled.
Scapes
20 to 50 cm high, leafless,
from the base of the
leaf-shoot,
brac-
teate. Racemes
nodding,
about 3 cm long
in
flower, longer
in fruit.
Flowers
pale-pink to
purplish,
about 1 cm
long, numerous,
the
lip retuse
or
bilobed at the
apex. Capsule nodding,
about 3.5
cm long. (Fil.Filip.
pi 429.)
In thickets and
open
places,scattered,
fl.
July-Aug.
;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
Formosa.
3. HABENARIA Willdenow
Erect, simple,leafy,
terrestrial
herbs,
the leaves
sheathing
at the
base,
usually
broad. Flowers in terminal
spikes
or
racemes,
small to
large.
Sepals subequal,
or the dorsal
one
shorter than the
others,
the lateral ones
ascending
to reflexed. Petals shorter or
longer
than the
sepals,
entire or
cleft.
Lip
continuous with the base of the
column, entire,3-lobed,or
3-partite,spurred
at the base. Anther adnate to the
very
short
column,
the cells
parallel
or
divergent below,
the base often
produced
into a tube.
Stigma a single
or double viscid area on
the column below the
anthers,or
globose or
clavate
processes.
(Latin "thong" or "rein,"
from the
shape
of the
lip
in
some species.)
Species more than 400,
in most
temperate
and
tropicalregions,
about 20
in the
Philippines.
1. Leaves 2 to 5 cm
wide.
2.
Sepals
about 5
mm long
1. H.
goodyeroides
2.
Sepals
12 to 14 mm
long
2. H.
pelorioides
1. Leaves
linear,
less than 1 cm wide 3. H.
congesta
1. H.
goodyeroides
Don.
An erect
glabrous plant
30 to 50 cm high.
Leaves
alternate,
near the
middle of the
stem, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
5 to 11 cm
long. Spike dense,
up
to 10 cm
long,cylindric,
about 1.5 cm thick. Flowers
small,yellowish-
green,
the
sepals
5 mm
long.
Petals
oblong,obtuse,
4 mm long. Lip
trifid,
about as long
as the
sepals. Spur short,
about 1 mm long.
In
open grass
lands, along streams, Masambong,
fl.July-Aug.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to China and Formosa, through
Malaya
to New Guinea.
2. H.
pelorioides
Parish " Reichb. f.
An
erect,glabrous,leafyplant
30 to 70 cm high,
from oblong,
2 to 4 cm
long,fleshy
rootstocks. Leaves
elliptic-oblong, acute,
5 to 12
cm long,
the
168
A FLORA OF MANILA
and showy,
white or variously
colored.
Sepals subequal,
the lateral
ones
obliquely
adnate to the foot of the
column,
and
forming
with it
a sac. Lip
contracted at the
base,rarely clawed,
adnate to the foot of the
column,
the
side-lobes embracing
the
column,
or
spreading,
or
none,
the terminal lobe
flat to saccate. Column
short,
the foot
long
or short. Anther
2-celled;
pollinia4,
in
pairs
in each cell.
(Greek
"tree" and
"life,"
from the
epiphytic
habit of the
species.)
Species nearly 600, tropical
Asia
through Malaya
to
Australia,
and
Polynesia,
about 50 in the
Philippines.
1. D. crumenatum Sw. White Dove Orchid.
Stems
fascicled,glabrous, elongated,
up
to 1 m in
length, slender,
the
basal bulbs 8 to 12 cm
long,
about 2 cm thick. Leaves
scattered,distichous,
oblong,obtuse,
5 to 8 cm
long
and 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide. Flowers
fugacious,
appearing on the
upper
parts
of the stems at the
nodes, white,
the center
pale-yellow,
very
fragrant, solitary
or somewhat
fascicled,
2.5 to 3 cm
long,
lastinga day or less.
Occasional on
trees,
Santa Mesa to San Juan del
Monte,
also
commonly
cultivated,
fl.at
intervals,
all the
plants
in the same
region flowering
the
same
day; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Indo-China to
Malaya.
6. OBERONIA Lindley
Tufted, usuallysmall,epiphyticplants
with
distichous,equitant,
flattened
leaves. Flowers
very numerous, minute,
in
dense,
often
cylindric,solitary
spikes or racemes
terminating
the
leafy
stems.
Sepals broadly
ovate or
oblong, subequal,
the
petals
smaller.
Lip sessile,concave,
entire or 2- to
4-lobed. Column
very
short;
anther
terminal,incumbent; pollinia4,
waxy,
cohering. (After Oberon, king
of the
fairies.)
Species
about
90, tropical
Asia to the Mascarene Islands
through Malaya
to Australia and
Polynesia,
about 13 in the
Philippines.
1. 0. merrillii Ames.
A
small, tufted,glabrous plant
9 cm high or less,
with
many
fibrous
roots,stemless, or with
very
short stems. Leaves
fleshy,flattened, ensiform,
acute,
2.7 to 7 cm long,
about 5 mm wide,
shorter than the inflorescence.
Peduncle
slender,
7 to 12 cm long,
the
spike
4 to 9 cm
long,
about 4 mm in
diameter,
with numerous small bracts below the
flower-bearing part.
Flowers
minute, reddish,
verticillate or subverticillate,
the verticels 2 to 3
mm apart, short-pedicelled.Sepals
1 mm
long
or less. Petals
suborbicular,
about 0.75 mm in
diameter,
the
lip3-lobed,
as long as
the
petals,
the lateral
lobes minute, smaller than the middle one.
On santol
trees, Masambong
and
along
the Novaliches
Road,
fl.
Nov.;
of
very
local occurrence in Luzon. Endemic.
Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE: Plants
producing
seeds with two cotyledons.
33. CASUARINACEAE
(Casuarina OR
Agoho Family)
Leafless
trees,
the branchlets cylindric,grooved, jointed,
the internodes
terminating
in short sheaths of connate subulate scales (reduced leaves).
Flowers unisexual. Staminate flowers in terminal
spikes
formed of
short,
superposed,
toothed
cups;
sepals
1 or 2,
concave,
circumsciss at the
base;
stamen
1,
inflexed in bud. Pistillate flowers in ovoid or globose heads,
bracteate and
2-bracteolate;
ovary
minute, 1-celled;style 2-fid;
the arms
stigmatose
to the
base;
ovules 2,
collateral. Fruit an ovoid or oblong
cone
PIPERACEAE
169
formed of the
enlarged
hardened bracts and bracteoles
together forming
2-valved cavities
enclosinji:the
compressed, winged achenes,
the
wing
terminal.
A
single
genus,
speciesmostly Australian,a few
Malayan
and
Polynesian.
1. CASUARINA Forster
Characters of the
Family. (From
the Latin name
of the
cassowary,
on
account of the resemblance of the branches to the feathers of that
bird.)
Species
about
25,
3 in the
Philippines,one cultivated in our area.
1. C.
equisetifolia
Forst.
Agoho (Tag.).
A dioecious
tree,
15 m
high or less,
the crown
narrowly pyramidal,
resembling some of the conifers in
appearance.
Branchlets
very
slender 20
cm long or less,deciduous, composed
of
many
joints,
the internodes 1 cm
long or
less. Somewhat 6- to
8-angled,
sulcate. Staminate
spikes slender,
1 to 3 cm long.
Cones
usually ellipsoid,
1 to 2 cm long,composed
of about
12
rows of achenes enclosed in the hardened bracts.
purposes,
fl. most of the
year; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines along
the seashore and some
rivers,
the wood
very
hard. India to Australia and
Polynesia;
cultivated in other
tropical
countries.
34. PIPERACEAE
'
(Pepper
or Icmo
Family)
Succulent herbs or climbing woody
or subherbaceous
vines, usually
aromatic. Leaves
simple, entire, alternate,rarely opposite
or
whorled,
fi'equentlyinequilateral;stipulesnone or 2 and
connate, or adnate to the
petiole.
Flowers
minute,
1- or 2-sexual, rarely perfect,
in
axillary
or
terminal, usually slender,
catkin-like
spikes.
Perianth none.
Stamens 2
to 6.
Ovary 1-celled;stigma sessile,simple or penicillate;
ovules
solitary.
Fruit a small,
ovoid or globose drupe,
often in
dense, fleshy,cylindricspikes.
Genera
9, species 1,200 or more in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
2
genera
and about 125
species
in the
Philippines.
Low succulent herbs with minute
fruits,
the
stigmas usually penicillate.
1.
Peperomia
Climbing
sufl'rutescent or somewhat
woody vines,
the fruits not minute,
the
stigmas
not
penicillate
2.
Piper
1. PEPEROMIA Ruiz " Paivon
Annual
or perennial,small, simple
or branched,
succulent herbs. Leaves
alternate,opposite,
or
whorled, entire,
without
stipules. Spikes
terminal
or
leaf-opposed, solitary
or fascicled,rarely axillary.
Flowers minute,
perfect,
sessile or
sunk in the rachis of the slender
spikes,
bracteate.
Stamens 2.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; stigma usually penicillate.
Fruit
minute,
indehiscent.
(Greek "pepper-like.")
Species
400 or
more,
in all
tropicalcountries,chieflyAmerican,
22 in the
Philippines.
Leaves 1 to 3 cm
long,pale-green,
base
cordate,
not
peltate.
...1.P.
pcllucida
Leaves
up
to 15 cm
long,
green,
longitudinallystriped
with
gray,
base
rounded, peltate;
cultivated
only
2. P.
argyreia
^
Philippine speciessee De Candolle, C,
"A
Revision of
Philippine Piperaceae." Philip.
Journ. Sci. 5
(1910)
Bot.
405-463.
1. P.
PELLUCIDA HBK.
An
annual,
very succulent,erect,
branched
herb,
5 to 40 cm
high,
the
stems round,
often 5 mm
thick,pale-green. Leaves
ovate,
acute or obtuse,
base
broad, cordate,pale-green,pellucid,shining,
1 to 3 cm
long. Spikes
green,
erect, slender,
1 to 6 cm long,
the fruits
globose,brownish,
less than
1 mm thick.
Very common in
damp
shaded
places,on
damp
walls
etc.,
fl.all the
year.
A native of
tropical America,
now
widely
distributed in most
tropical
countries.
*2. P.
ARGYREIA Morren.
A
glabrous plant
with
large peltate
leaves
longitudinallystriped or
blotched with
gray
between the
nerves,
the stems and
petiolespurplish.
Petioles
up
to 15 cm long. Leaves
broadly ovate,
8 to 15
cm long,
apex
shortly and
broadly acuminate,
base
rounded,
the
nerves
8 to
10,
the
flowering
stalk sometimes
bearing
much smaller reduced leaves which are
often not
peltate. Spikes
very slender,
up
to 10 cm in
length.
Cultivated,Singalon,
fl. at intervals all the
year.
Of recent introduction
here, a native of
ti-opical
America.
2. PIPER Linnaeus
More or less
climbing
shrubs with swollen
nodes,
aromatic when crushed.
Leaves
entire, usually unequally sided, pointed, usually longitudinally
nerved. Flowers
small, dioecious,rarely perfect,
in short
or
elongated
spikes,
each flower subtended
by a small bract, frequently
also with lateral,
bracteoles, the former
peltate or cupular
and adnate to the rachis.
Perianth none. Stamens 1 to
4;
filaments
short;
anthers 2-celled.
Ovary
1-celled,1-ovuled; stigmas
2 to 5. Fruit ovoid or globose,usually yellow
or red.
(The
ancient Latin
name.)
Species
about
650,
in all
tropicalcountries,over 100 in the
Philippines.
1. Fruit imbedded in the
pulp
of the mature
spike.
2. Leaf
multiplinerved,
that is some of the nerves basal,
others
leaving
the midrib above the base 1. P. betle
2. Leaf
penninerved,
all the nerves
leaving
the
midrib, none basal.
2. P.
retrofractum
1. Fruit
free,
not imbedded in
pulp ;
leaves 7-nerved from the base.
3. P.loheri
1. P. BETLE L. Icmo
(Tag.) ;
Betel
Pepper.
A
glabrous climbing
vine
reaching a height
of 2 to 4 m. Upper
leaves
ovate,
10 to 13 cm
long, mostly
7-nerved from
near
the
base,
the outer
pair
of nerves free to the
base,
apex
acuminate,
base somewhat
inequi-
laterally
rounded or
cordate,
the
petioles
1.5 to 2.5 cm long, sheathing.
Male
spikes
about as long as the
leaves,
about 2
mm
in
diameter,
the
rachis hirsute. Female
spikes,
when
mature, red, fleshy,
2 to 4 cm long,
0.5 to 1 cm
thick.
(Fl.Filip.pi.12.)
Cultivated
extensively
in
Pasay,
fl.
occasionally;throughout
the
Philip- pines,
wild and
cultivated,probably
introduced. Cultivated in all
tropical
countries.
2. P. retrofractum Vahl. Sabia
(Tag.).
Climbing, reaching
a
height
of 2 to 4
m, glabrous.
Leaves
short-petioled,
pale
when
dry, oblong-
to
ovate-elliptic,
8.5 to 16 cm long,
base
acute.
ULMACEAE 171
obtuse or
slightly
cordate, subequilateralor
somewhat
inequilateral,
apex
acuminate, penninerved,
the lateral
nerves 3 to 5 on each side, ascending.
Male
spikes
shorter than the leaves, slender. Female
spikes,
when
mature,
red, fleshy,cylindric,
2 to 5 cm long,
In thickets Masambong etc.,
fl. Jan.-
Apr.; widely
distributed in the
of the Old World,
introduced in the West Indies.
3. P. loheri C. DC. Litlit
(Tag.).
A dioecious
glabrous
vine
reaching a length
of several meters. Leaves
thin when
dry, ovate to
ovate-lanceolate,
9 to 10 cm long, 7-nerved from
the acute to
broadly rounded,
very
slightlyinequilateralbase,
apex
sharply
acuminate, petiolesup
to 2 cm in
length.
Male
spikes filiform,as long as
the leaves. Female
spikes
leaves,slender,
the fruits
scattered, not imbedded in the
pulpy spike,yellow,
about 4 mm
long.
In
thickets,Singalon, Paco, Pasig, etc.,
fl.
Aug.-Dec; widely
distributed
in Luzon. Endemic.
35. ULMACEAE
(Elm
of Hanagdong Family)
Shrubs or trees with
alternate,simple or toothed, usually distichous,
frequently inequilateralleaves,
and
watery
sap,
the
stipulessmall, falling
early.
Flowers
small,perfect,polygamous, or dioecious,
in
axillarycymes,
racemes,
or sometimes
solitary
or fascicled.
Calyx
of 4 or 5, rarely
fewer
or more, usually imbricate,
sometimes
induplicate-valvatesepals
which
are more or less united at the base or
free. Corolla none. Stamens as
many
as
the
calyx-segment opposite
the lobes.
Ovary superior,free, 1-,
rarely 2-celled;stigmas 2; ovule 1, pendulous, anatropous,
or amphitropous.
Fruit (in our
genera) drupaceous
or nut-like,mostly
small.
Genera 14, species
about 140,
in the warmer
parts
of both
hemispheres,
5
genera
and about 11
species
in the
Philippines.
1. TREMA Loureiro
Trees or shrubs with ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, usually pubescent
and
scabrid,distichous,finely
toothed leaves which are 3- to 5-nerved at
the base. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, small,
in rather
dense, short,
axillary cymes.
Male flowers with 4 or 5
induplicate-valvatesepals.
Stamens erect.
Rudimentary
ovary
none or
very
small. Female flowers
with
induplicate-valvatesepals,
those of the
perfect
flowers somewhat
valvate.
Ovary sessile;styleterminal; stigmas 2;
ovule
pendulous.
Fruit
a small ovoid to
globose drupe. (Greek "hole,"
from the small
pits
in the
endocarp
of
some species.)
Species
about 30 in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
2 or 3 in the
Philippines.
1. T. amboinensis Blume.
Hanagdong (Tag., Vis.); Hagod (Tag.).
A small tree 5 to 8 m
high
with
elongated branches,
the leaves distichous,
the
upper
surface
scabrid,
the lower one
usually pale
and rather
softly
and
densely pubescent.
Leaves
oblong-ovate
to lanceolate,
8 to 15
cm
long,
base
broad, cordate, usually
somewhat
inequilateral,prominently
3-nerved, apex long
and
slenderly acuminate, margins finely
toothed.
Cymes dense, pubescent,
1 to 2.5 cm long.
Flowers
very numerous,
about
3 mm long,
white.
Drupes ovoid,
about 3.5 mm long.
Not
common in our
area,
in thickets and
open places,
fl.
Jan.-Apr. ;
throughout
the
Philippines
at low altitudes. India to southern China and
Malaya.
172
A FLORA OP MANILA
36. MORACEAE
(Mulberry, Fig, or
Balete
Family)
Shrubs or trees,
sometimes
vines, usually
with
milky
sap,
rarely
herbaceous,
with alternate or
opposite, entire,toothed,
or lobed
leaves,
the
stipulespresent,
often
early
deciduous. Flowers
small, unisexual,
often
monoecious, densely
crowed on the outside of small or large,fleshy,globose
to
elongated,
thick or slender
receptacles,or covering
the inside of
a
closed
receptacle.
Male flowers with from 2 to
6, usually 4, perianth-segments,
which are imbricate or valvate,
free or more
or less united below. Stamens
as
many
as the
segments,
sometimes only
1. Female flowers with
usually
4,rarely
fewer or more segments,
often more or less
enlarged
and
enveloping
the achene at
maturity. Ovary 1-,rarely 2-celled,superior,half-superior,
or inferior;styles
or stigmas
2
or 1, simple or branched;
ovules
solitary,
pendulous.
Fruit
various, composed
of
numerous more or less united
carpels,
each surrounded
by
its accrescent
fleshy perianth, rarely dry,
sometimes
(Ficus)
the individual fruits borne on
the inside of a
fleshy,
closed
receptacle.
Genera
67, species
about
1,000,chiefly
in the
tropicalregions
of both
hemisphers,
few in
subtemperate regions,
13
genera
and about 150
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Flowers and mature fruits borne
on
the inside of
a
closed
receptacle.
1. Ficus
1. Flowers on the outside of the
receptacle.
2. Erect shrubs or trees.
3. Trees with
large fleshyfruits,
each
composed
of
numerous ripened
carpels
with their
fleshypericarps,forming
a variously tubercled,
echinate,
or roughened
syncarp
2.
Artocarpus
3. Fruits small,
4. Female flowers
solitary
or few
together,pedicelled;
fruit
usually
a solitarycarpel
3. Streblus
4. Female flowers
numerous,
crowded;
fruit
composed
of
many
carpels.
5. Trees with
distichous,pinnately
nerved
leaves,
the flowers in
bracteate,usually
lobed
receptacles
4. Castilloa
5. Shrubs with
palmately
3- or .5-nerved
leaves,
the flowers in
dense short
spikes
5. Morus
2.
Climbing
shrubs or vines.
3. Unarmed 6. Malaisia
3. Armed with
stout,
often
elongated spines
,
7. Ctidrania
2. A small suffrutescent
herb,
the male and female flowers
intermixed,
in
small,axillary,peduncled
heads 8. Fatoua
1. FICUS Linnaeus
Trees or shrubs,
often
climbing,
with
milky juice.
Leaves alternate or
opposite,entire,toothed,or
lobed,
smooth or
rough.
Flowers
minute, very
numerous,
on the inner wall of
a closed,usually
ovoid or globose,fleshy
receptacle,
the
receptacles axillary
or
variously arranged
on
the trunk
and
larger
branches. Male flowers with a 2- to 6-fid
perianth.
Stamens
1 or 2, rarely more. Female flowers with a perianth as
in the
male,
or
imperfect or none.
Ovary usually oblique.
Achenes
small,
crustaceous.
(The
ancient Latin
name.)
MORACEAE
178
Species
800 or more
in all
tropicalcountries, few in
warm
temperate
regions,
about 100 in the
Philippines.
A
very large
and
polymorphous
genus, many speciesbeing erect shrubs
or
trees,
a few
unbranched,
others
being vines,
and
very many having a
'strangling"habit,startingon some other
tree,
with a vine.-like
habit,eventually
killing
the
supporting
host and
assuming a tree-like habit.
The
receptacles
are sometimes
unisexual,but more often bear both male
and female
flowers,
the former
usually
among
or near the scales at the
orifice. In addition to the male and female
flowers,gall-flowers
similar
to the
latter,
but with the
ovary occupied by
the
pupa
of
an
Hymenopteroua
insect,are usually present.
1. Erect unbranched shrubs with
large
leaves
up
to 80 cm long crowded at
the ends of the trunk 1, F.
pseudopabna
1. Branched shrubs or trees with leaves less than 40 cm long.
2.
Receptacles
borne on the trunk and
larger
branches on
special,
branched,
leafless inflorencences
2. F. nota
2.
Receptacles
in the
leaf-axils,or in the axils or
fallen
leaves,solitary,
in
pairs,
or fascicled.
3. Leaves harsh and
rough to the
touch,
often
variously toothed or
lobed,
sometimes entire or
nearly so.
4. Leaves
very strongly obliquely cordate, fragrant
in
drying; receptacles
densely
hirsute 3. F. odorata
4. Leaves not
obliquely cordate; receptacles glabrous or somewhat
hispid.
5. Leaves alternate
4. F.
ulmifolia
5. Leaves
opposite 5. F.
cumingii
S. Leaves
smooth,
not at all
roughened, always
entire.
5. An erect shrub or small tree with more or less
angled
or ridged
receptacles
6. F, hauili
5. Trees or shrubs
starting as epiplytes
and
eventually strangling
their
host,assuming a tree-like
form; receptaclesglobose or
ovoid,
not
ridged or angled.
6.
Receptacles numerous,
borne
on the branchlets below the
leaves in the axils of fallen
leaves;
leaves 12 to 20 cm
long,long-petioled
7. F.
stipulosa
6.
Receptacles solitaryor in
pairs
in the leaf-axils.
7. Leaves
very
densely nerved,
the
nerves parallel,close,
the
secondary
ones as
prominent as the
primary ones.
8. Leaves 15 to 25 cm long; stipules
very large, thin, red,
deciduous;
cultivated
only
8. F. elastica
8. Leaves less than 15
cm
long; stipules small, inconspi-
'
cuous 9. F.
henjamina
7.
Primary nerves
distant,
much
more prominent
than the
secondary ones.
8. Petioles 6 to 12 mm
long;
leaves
very
coriaceous;
i-ecep-
tacles sessile 10. F. indica
8. Petioles
up
to 3.5 cm
long;
leaves
chartaceous; receptacles
shortly peduncled
11. F. concinna
1. Ficus
pseudopalma
Blanco.
Niog-niog, Niog-niogan (Tag.) ; Lamiog,
Sulamiog (Viz.).
An
erect, glabrous,
unbranched shrub 2 to 6
high,
the trunk 4 to 6
cm
in
diameter,
with
prominent
leaf-scars. Leaves crowded at the end of
174
A FLORA OP MANILA
the
trunk, giving
the
plant
the
appearance
of
a small
palm, oblanceolate,
acute or acuminate, coriaceous,
up
to 80 cm in
length,
narrowed to the
slightly
cordate
base,
subsessile or shortly petioled,
the
margins coarsely
and
irregularly sinuate-toothed;stipuleslanceolate, persistent,
5 to 7 cm
long. Receptacles dark-green, ovoid, obscurely angular,
3 to 4 cm long,
usually
in
pairs
on short
peduncles
in the axils of the leaves.
(Fl. Filip.
pi.S56.)
In thickets near San Pedro
Macati,
also cultivated in the old Botanic
Garden,
fl.all the
year; wîdely
distributed in the
Philippines
at low altitudes.
Endemic.
2. F. nota (Blanco)
Merr.
Tibig (Tag.).
An
erect tree 4 to 8 m high, more or less
pubescent.
Leaves
oblong
to
oblong-obovate,
15 to 35 cm
long,acuminate,
base somewhat
inequilateral,
cordate, margins distantly
and
irregularly toothed,
the teeth
small,
more
or
less
pubescent,
not or slightlyroughened. Receptacles
borne in
large
masses on special,
branched inflorescences
springing directly
from the
trunk and from the
larger branches,
10 to 25 cm
in
length, frequently
very dense,
the
receptacles
themselves
subglobose,
green
or when mature
yelloAvish, fleshy,
Occasional in thickets and not uncommon in
yards etc.,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines
at low and medium altitudes. Endemic.
3. F. odorata
(Blanco)
Merr.
Paquiling (Tag.).
A tree 6 to 9 m high, very fragrant
in
drying,
the leaves
harsh,
the
upper
surface with numerous hard
papillae,
the lower surface also
rough
and more or less
pubescent,very
stronglyinequilateral
and
obliquelycordate,
one basal lobe broad and
rounded,
the other
usually acute,
15 to 25 cm
long, acuminate, margins obscurely
toothed.
Receptacles axillary,solitary,
sessile,subglobose,densely hirsute, yellowish
when
mature,
1.5 to 2.5 cm in
diameter.
(Fl. Filip.pi.358.)
Occasionally
cultivated in
our
area,
fl.all the
year,
the
rough
leaves being
used for
scouring
purposes;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
4.
F. ulmifolia Lam.
(F.
sinuosa
Miq.). Isis,
Asis
(Tag.) ;
Hagupit (Vis.);
Uplas (XL).
A shrub
usually
from 3 to 5 m high.
Leaves
alternate,variable,very
harsh, oblong, sub-entire or undulately
lobed or coarsely toothed,
sometimes
deeply
and
narrowly lobed, acuminate,
base
rounded, 3-nei'ved,
often inequilateral,
9 to 17 cm long,
4 to 8 cm wide. Fruits
axillary,solitaryor
in
pairs,
soft and
fleshy
when
matui'e, orange-red
to purplish,
ovoid to ellipsoid,
about 1.5 cm long,
the
peduncles
about 5 mm long.
Rather common
in
thickets,etc.,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philip- pines,
very
variableÊndemic.
5. F. cumingii Miq. Isis,
Isis na puti (Tag.).
An erect shrub or
small tree 2 to 8 m high, glabrous,or
the
young
branch-
lets somewhat
pubescent.
Leaves
opposite,
linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate,
slightly
or decidedly scabrid,rough
to the touch or
sometimes
nearly
smooth,
8 to 20
cm long, acuminate,
base
usually
acute and somewhat
3-nerved,margins
entire or irregularlytoothed,
the
nerves distant,distinct,
spreading, interarching near the
margins. Receptacles axillary,solitary
or more often in
pairs,peduncled, subglobose,
1 to 1.3 cm in
diameter,
smooth
or
somewhat
roughened,
brownish or reddish when mature.
176
A FLORA OF MANILA
axillary,solitary
or
in
pairs, sessile,dark-purple
and
fleshy
when
mature,
glabrous,
1 cm
in diameter or less,
the base with three small ovate bracts.
In
dry
thickets
opposite
Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Nov.-Jan.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya.
11. F. concinna
Miq.
Balete
(Tag.).
A
strangling fig, assuming a tree-like
form,
5 to 10 m high, quite
glabrous.
Leaves
entire,oblong
to
elliptic-oblong, smooth,
green,
shining,
6 to 11 cm long, acuminate,
the
petioles
1.5 to 3.5 cm
long. Receptacles
axillary,
in
pairs or solitary,globose,
subsessile or
shortly peduncled, pink,
when mature becoming
soft and
fleshy,dark-purple,
7 to 8 mm in diameter,
smaller when
dry. (Fl. Filip.pi.382.)
In
thickets,Masambong
to
Pasig, occasional,
fl.
March-Apr.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines
at low altitudes. Endemic.
2. ARTOCARPUS Forster
Trees with
milky juice,
the leaves
alternate,coriaceous,
entire
or pin-
nately lobed,
often
large.
Flowers monoecious, small, densely
crowded
on globose
to
oblong, solitary,lateral,axillary,or terminal
receptacles.
Male flowers: Perianth 2- to
4-lobed,
the lobes
obtuse,
valvate or imbricate.
Stamen
1, erect. Female flowers: Perianth
tubular, connate,
confluent below with the
receptacle. Ovary straight; style
central or
lateral. Fruit
large, globose
to
oblong, composed
of
numerous,
greatly
enlarged, fleshy perianths
and
carpels (anthocarps),
their
tips hardened,
truncate, pyramidal, or spinous.
Achenes
deeply
sunk in the
fleshy
mass,
1-seeded.
(Greek
"bread" and
"fruit.")
Species
50 or
more,
tropical
Asia to
Polynesia,
Leaves
usually
less than 15 cm long, mostly entire;
fruit
very
large,
borne
on the trunk and
larger branches, oblong,
25 to 60 cm
long.
1. A.
integrifolia
Leaves
very
large, deeply pinnately lobed;
fruit
globose
to ovoid,
borne on
the
twigs
2. A. communis
1, A.
INTEGRIFOLIA
L. f.
Lanca,
Nanca
(Tag.) ;
Jak -fruit.
A tree
reaching a height
of from 8 to 15 m. Leaves
elliptic-oblong
to
obovate,
entire or sometimes
3-lobed, shining,
very
shortly
acuminate,
base
acute,
7 to 15 cm
long,
the
stipules spathe-like,
deciduous. Female
heads from the trunk or
large
branches the males terminal or axillary,
cylindric,
5 to 8 cm long,
about 2.5 cm
in
diameter,
when
young
enclosed
by spathe-like, stipular
sheaths.
Sepals
2. Fruit
green,
oblong,
very
large,fleshy,edible,
25 to 60 cm long,
the
tips
of the
anthocarps pyramidal.
fl. at all
seasons;
throughout
the
Philippines,
cultivated and
spontaneous.
India to
Malaya,
but
frequently only
cultivated;
certainly an introduced
species
in the
Philippines.
"2. A.
COMMUNIS
Forst.
{A.
incisa L.
f.,
A. camansi
Blanco,
A. rima
Blanco). Rimas,
Camansi
(Tag.);
Colo
(Vis.);
Pacac
(H.)
;
Bread- fruit.
A tree reaching a height
of 15 m.
Leaves
very
large,
ovate to
oblong,
coriaceous,
40 to 50 cm long, or frequently
much
larger on
young
plants,
some
much smaller leaves
frequently
also
present,
somewhat
pubescent
MORACEAE
177
or nearly glabrous, acuminate, deeply pinnately
3- to
8-Iobed,
the lobes
lanceolate, acuminate; stipuleslarge,
deciduous. Male
receptaclenarrowly
oblong-obovoid, cylindric,
up
to 15 cm long, yollowish.
Fruit
globose
to
ellipsoid,
up
to 20 cm
in
length,green,
covered with the
slightlyprojecting,
rounded to conical
tips
of the
anthocarps,
the individual
ones usually
5
mm
in diameter or less,
seedless
(^-1.rima,
Fl.
Filip.pi. 267), or with
ovoid to
subglobose
seeds about 2.5 cm in diameter
(^4.camansi,
Fl.
.Filip.
7;/.IfST.)
Not
uncommon
in
cultivation,
fl.all the
year; throughout
the
Philippines,
but neither form
indigenous. Widely
distributed in various forms in Ma- laya
and
Polynesia,
variable in its fruit characters.
3. STREBLUS Loureiro
Trees with somewhat
milky juice.
Leaves
alternate,harsh,
rather
finely
toothed. Flowers
axillary,small, dioecious or
monoecious. Male flowers
in
small, short-peduncled
heads.
Sepals 4,
imbricate. Stamens
4,
in-
flexed in bud.
Rudimentary
ovary
somewhat dilated above. Female
flowers bracteate, solitary,
or 2 to 4
together, pedicelled. Ovary straight,
the
style-arms elongated.
Fruit
fleshy,
surrounded
by
the accrescent
sepals,
1-seeded.
(Greek
"crooked" in reference to the often crooked
branches.)
Species 2,
India to
Malaya,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. S.
asper
Lour. Calios
(Tag.); Alodig (II.).
A
rigid,densely
branched tree 4 to 15 m high.
Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
subrhomboid,
very
scabi-id,
4 to 12 cm
long, finelytoothed,
obtuse to
acuminate,
base narrowed. Male heads
solitaryor
in
pairs,
4 to 7 mm in
diameter, short-peduncled, globose, greenish-yellow or nearly
white.
Female flowers
peduncled, usually
in
pairs,
green,
the
sepals
accrescent
and
nearly enclosing
the fruit. Fruit
ovoid, pale-yellow,
8 to 10 mm long,
the
pericarp soft,fleshy,
the seed 5 to 6 mm long, ovoid.
(Fl.Filip.pZ.171.)
Very common,
fl. most of the
j'êar;
throughout
the
Philippines.
India
to China and
Malaya.
4. CASTILLOA Cervantes
Trees with abundant
latex,
and alternate, shortly petioled,large,
entire
or minutely toothed,
distichous leaves. Male flowers: Perianth none.
Stamen's
numerous,
scattered
among
the numerous
bractlets. Female
flowers:
perianth
3- to 6-lobulate.
Ovary
adnate to the
perianth, stigma
2- to
5-branched;
ovule
solitary. Fruiting perianth enlarged, dry or fleshy,
more or
less
adhering
to the
receptacle
and to each other,
and
enclosing
the rounded to
oblong
nutlets
(achenes). (In
honor of J. del Castillo, a
Mexican
pharmacist
and
explorer.)
Species 10,
western America from Mexico to Peru and
Bolivia,a single
introduced one
in the
Philippines.
"
1. C. ELASTICA Cerv. Castilloa Rubber Tree.
A tree
reaching
a
height
of 15
m,
the branches
spreading or depressed,
the
young
one densely hairy.
Leaves
distichous,oblong,
20 to 45 cm long,
8 to 15 cm wide, acuminate, base cordate," rough, pubescent,
entire,-
the
nerves
17 to 20
pairs, prominent.
Male
receptacles shortly stalked,
1 to
1.5 cm
long,
2 to 2.5 cm thick,lobed,
the
imbricating
involucre-scales nu-
111555 " 12
178
A FLORA OF MANILA
merous,
small,
in about 6
rows. Fruiting receptacles large,
about 4
cm
in
diameter,
each with
many
red, fleshy
fruits 1.5 to 2 cm long.
fl. all the
year.
A native of
Mexico, now cultivated
in
many
other
tropicalcountries,
of recent introduction here.
5. MORUS Linnaeus
Trees or shrubs with
alternate,entire,toothed, or lobed leaves which
are 3- or 5-nerved at the
base,
the
stipules lateral,small, soon falling.
Flowers monoecious or
dioecious,spicate.
Male flowers with 4 imbricate
sepals;
stamens
4,
inflexed in
bud;
the
rudimentary
ovary
turbinate.
Female flowers with 4
sepals,
which
are imbricate,
accrescent and
fleshy
in fruit.
Ovary included, 1-celled; style 2-partite. Fruiting spikes or
heads
composed
of
many
achenes enclosed in the succulent
perianths.
(The
Latin
name.)
Species
few in
tropical
and
temperate regions,
1 introduced in the
Philippines.
1. M. ALBA L.
Moral,
Morera (Sp.-Fil.)
;
Mulberry.
A dioecious or monoecious shrub or small tree 3 to 6 m high.
Leaves
ovate, acuminate,
base
cordate, 3-nerved, margins toothed,
sometimes
deeply 3-lobed,
5 to 20 cm long, slightlyhairy along
the nerves on
the
lower surface or nearly glabrous.
Fruit
axillary,peduncled, dark-purple
or
nearly
black when
mature, fleshy,edible,
1.5 to 2 cm long. (Fl. Filip.
pi. 206.)
Not
uncommon in Manila in
cultivation,
fl. all the
year;
found in
many
towns in the
Philippines
and naturalized in northern Luzon. Introduced
from China at an early
date for the
purpose
of
feeding
silkworms. India
to China and
Japan,
cultivated in
many
other countries.
6. MALAISIA Blanco
A
dioecious,climbing, nearly glabrous
shrub. Leaves
alternate,
entire
or toothed, penninerved.
Male
spikes dense, shortly peduncled, simple or
slightlybranched, short, axillary.
Perianth 3- or 4-parted,
the
segments
valvate. Stamens 3 or 4,
the filaments inflexed in
bud; rudimentary ovary
small. Female flowers in
small, axillary, solitary or fascicled,shortly
peduncled heads,
the flowers surrounded
by bracteoles,
1 or 2
fertile,
the others
usually
sterile. Perianth
urceolate,
mouth contracted.
Ovary
straight, included; style 2-fid,
the branches filiform. Fruit 1 oT* 2 to
each
head, small, red,
the
pericarp thin, fleshy. (From
the
Tagalog
name,
malaisis.)
A
monotypic
genus.
1. M. scandens
(Lour.)
K. Sch.
(M.
tortuosa Blanco),
Malaisis
(Tag.).
A
climbing
shrub
reaching a height
of 4 to 8
m, glabrous except young
branchlets and inflorescence. Leaves
oblong-ovate
to elliptic-oblong,
smooth
or
somewhat
rough,
4 to 10 cm long,
entire or obscurely toothed, acute or
acuminate,
base rounded or
acute,
often
slightlyinequilateral,
the
nerves
small, greenish,
the female inflorescence
densely pubescent.
Fruit
oval,
6 to 7 mm long',bright-red,sessile,
1 or 2 to each
receptacle.
In
dry thickets, Balintauac, near
Fort
McKinley, etc.,
fl.
May-June;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Southern China
through Malaya
to Australia and
Polynesia.
URTICACEAE
179
7. CUDRANIA Trecul
Erect or climbing, dioecious,spiny
shrubs with
alternate,
entire
leaves,
and small lateral
stipules.
Flowers in
small, axillary,globose, peduncled
heads. Male flowers:
Sepals 3 to 5, oblong, obtuse,
adnate to the bracts.
Stamens
4, more or less adnate to the
sepals.
Female flowers:
Sepals
surrounding
the
ovary;
style simple or 2-parted.
Achenes enclosed
by
the
fleshy
bracts and
perianth, forming a globose,fleshy
head.
(From
its
Malayan name.)
Species
3 or 4,
India to
Australia,
1 or 2 in the
Philippines.
1. C.
javanensis
Tree.
A scandent or straggling glabrous
shrub 2 to 4
m in
length,
the branches
armed with
stout, sharp, straight
or somewhat recurved
spines,
1 to 1.5
cm long.
Leaves
elliptic-ovate
to
oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, shortly
acuminate,
base
rounded,
3 to 8 cm
long, shining.
Heads
solitary or in
pairs, globose, short-peduncled,
the female ones 7 to 8 mm in
diameter,
yellowish, dense, in fruit
fleshy
and
up
to 5 cm in diameter.
(Fl. Filip.
pi.418.)
In thickets
Pasay,
La
Loma, etc.,occasional,
fl.
Feb.-Aug.
;
widely
distributed
in the
Asia to eastern
Africa, Malaya,
and
Australia.
8. FATOUA Gaudichaud
An
erect, branched,
often suffrutescent herb with
alternate,
toothed
leaves. Flowers
monoecious,
in
axillary,peduncled heads,
the male and
female ones intermixed,
the outer bracts
forming an irregular
involucre.
Perianth of the male flowers
deeply
4-lobed. Stamens
4,
inflexed. Rudi- mentary
ovary very
small. Perianth of the female flowers similar to that
of the
male,
but the lobes narrower. Style lateral,tapering
into a long,
slender,papillose stigma
with
a tooth-like branch at the
base;
ovule
pendulous.
Fruit
small,
surrounded
by
the
persistent perianth, slightlycompressed,
the
pericarp thinly
crustaceous.
A
monotypic
genus.
1. F.
Japonica (Thunb.)
Blume
(F. pilosa Gaudich.).
An
ascending or erect, slightlybranched,
suffrutescent
herb,
the branches
slender, terete,
50 cm high
"
or less,slightlypubescent.
Leaves ovate to
ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate,
base
broad,
truncate or somewhat
cordate, 3-nerved, margins crenate-dentate,
2 to 6 cm
long,
1 to 4 cm wide,
widest at the base. Heads
axillary,globose,solitaryor
in
pairs, greenish-
yellow,
about 5 mm
in diameter.
In rather
dry places
on
cliffs,talus-slopes,etc., opposite
San Pedro
Macati,
fl. all the
year; widely
distributed in the
Philippines. Japan
and
China
through Malaya
to Australia and
Polynesia,
37. URTICACEAE
'
(Nettle
or Lipay
Family)
Herbs, shrubs, or trees,
sometimes with
stinging hairs,
with alternate,
rarely opposite,
often
oblique
leaves. Inflorescence
cymose,
clustei-ed,spi-
cate,
or
panicled, axillary
or terminal. Flowers
small, unisexual,
monoe-
*
For
a
consideration of all the known
Philippine species
of this
family
see Robinson,
C.
B., "Philippine
Urticaceae."
Philip.
Journ. Sci. 5
(1910)
Bot.
465-543;
6
(1911)
Bot. 1-31.
180
A FLORA OF MANILA
cious or dioecious. Male flowers:
Calyx equally or
unequally
toothed
or
divided. Petals none. Stamens as
many
as the
calyx-lobesor fewer,
in-
flexed in bud. Female flowers: Perianth much as in the male flowers.
Ovary superior,1-celled;style or stigma solitary;
ovule
one,
erect. Fruit
an achene.
Genera
44, species
about
500,
of wide
distribution,but
chieflytropical,
21
genera,
and about 130
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Erect shrubs
or
trees.
2. Flowers in
axillary
fascicles
1.
Pipturus
2. Flowers
paniculate or
cymose.
3.
Vegetative parts
with
stinging hairs;
fruit
fleshy
2.
Ldportea
3. No
stinging hairs;
fruit
dry
*
3. Boehmeria
1.
Spreading or erect herbs.
2. Flowers
cymose.
3. A
coarse,
erect,
branched herb with
large leaves,
the
vegetativeparts
with
stinging
hairs 4.
Fleurya
3. A
very
small herb with small leaves and no stinging
hairs....5. Pilea
2. Flowers in
axillary fascicles,or on sessile or
peduncled fleshy receptacles.
3. Flowers on a fleshy
sessile or
peduncled receptacle,involucrate;
leaves
strongly inequilateral 6. Elatostema
3. Flowers in
axillaryfascicles,
not
involucrate;
leaves
equilateralor
nearly so 7. Pouzolzia
1. PIPTURUS Weddell
Erect dioecious shrubs or trees. Leaves
alternate,
3- or 5-nerved,
the
stipules
bifid. Flowers
small,
in
axillary
clusters or the clusters
spicately
arranged.
Male flowers: Perianth 4- or 5-fid,
lobes valvate. Stamens
4 or 5. Female flowers on a somewhat
fleshyreceptacle.
Perianth
ovoid,
narrowed to a minute mouth.
Ovary
adherent to the
perianth; stigma
elongated.
Achenes
small,
surrounded
by
the accrescent
fleshy pei'ianths,
forming a soft and
fleshy
fruit.
(Greek
"to fall" and
"tail,"
in allusion to
the inflorescence of some species.)
Species
about
12,
Mascarene Islands to
Malaya, Australia,
and
Polynesia,
6 in the
Philippines,
1. P. arborescens
(Link)
C. B. Rob.
(P.
asper
Wedd.).
Dalunot
(Tag.).
A dioecious shrub or
small tree 3 to 5 m high.
Leaves ovate,
7 to 18
cm
long, 3 to 10 cm wide, sharply acuminate,
base rounded or
somewhat
cordate,
the
margins toothed,
the
upper
surface
green,
only slightlypubescent,
a little
scabrid,
the lower surface
pale,
rather
densely
and
softly
pubescent.
Male flowers in
dense, axillary fascicles,
the
styles greenish-
white,
exserted. Female flowers
small, greenish,
in
dense, axillary,
hemispheric
heads 5 to 6 mm
in
diameter,
the
styleslong-exserted.
Fruit
white,
very
soft and
fleshy,depressed-globose,
1 cm
in diameter or
less,
of
many
small achenes immersed in the
fleshyperianths. (Fl. Fiiip.pi.S71.)
Common in
thickets,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
Borneo.
2. LAPORTEA Gaudichaud
Trees or shrubs with few to
many,
often
minute, stinging
hairs. Leaves
ample,
entire or toothed. Flowers
small,
monoecious or dioecious,glomerate,
in
axillary panicles.
Male flowers:
Sepals
4 or 5. Stamens 5,-
in-
URTICACEAE
Igl
flexed in
bud,
the
rudimentary pistil
clavate or
subplobose. Female flowers:
Perianth
segments 4, subequal. Ovary
at length
oblique.
Achene
oblique,
flattened or
compressed,
seated on the
perianth, usually fleshy. (In
honor
of F, L. de
Laporte, a French
entomologist.)
Species
about
50, tropicalAsia, Africa, and
Australia, a few in North
America,
16 in the
Philippines,a
single one in
our area.
1. L.
meyeniana (Walp.)
Warb.
Lipay, Xipang-calabao (Tag.).
A dioecious shrub or small tree 3 to 5 m
high,
with
numerous, minute,
very
irritating,stinging
hairs. Leaves ovate to
broadly elliptic-ovate,
20
to 40
cm long,
10 to 22 cm wide, entire,shortly acuminate,
base somewhat
cordate,
the
upper
surface
green, glabrous,
the lower surface
paler,
rather
densely
and
softly pubescent; petioles
20
cm
long or
less. Male inflorescence
axillary,paniculate,
up
to 20 cm long. Flowers
very numerous,
crowded in small
glomerules on the
branches,
the
perianth-segments
about
2
mm long,
the stamens about 3 mm long,
somewhat
spirally
recurved.
Female flowers at the ends of the branchlets of the
inflorescence,8 to
12,
flabellatelyarranged,
the individual inflorescences 5 to 7 mm in diameter,
greenish.
Fruit
small, fleshy,pale-violetor white,
5 to 7 mm in diameter.
In
thickets,
San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
Aug.-Nov.
;
widely
distributed in Luzon
and Mindoro. Endemic.
One of the worst of our nettle-like
plants.
The
stinging
hairs
appear
to be
mostly along
the
margins
of the
leaves,
and cause
very painful blisters;
the best
remedy seems to be ammonia rubbed on the effected
parts.
3. BOEHMERIA Jacquin
Shrubs,
often with herbaceous
branches, or
small
trees,
with
opposite or
alternate, toothed,
3-nerved
leaves,
the
stipules usually
free. Flowers
unisexual,
in
axillary,spiked,racemed, or panicled
clusters. Male flowers:
Perianth 3- to 5-lobed or parted.
Stamens 3 to 5,
inflexed in bud. Female
flowers: Perianth
tubular,
2- to
4-toothed,
in fruit sometimes
angled,
winged, or swollen.
Ovary included; stigma slender, persistent.
Achene
closely
surrounded
by
the
perianth, crustaceous, finally
free.
(In
honor
of G. R.
Boehmer, a German
botanist.)
Species
about
50, chieflytropical,
9 in the
Philippines,
a single
introduced
one
in
our area.
*
1. B. NIVEA (L.)
Gaudich. Ramie.
An
erect, branched,
monoecious
shrub,
1 to 2 m high,
the branches and
petioleshairy. Leayes all
equal, long-petioled,broadly ovate, acuminate,
coarsely toothed,
the
upper
surface
green,
scabrid,
with few scattered
hairs,
the lower surface
very
white, except
the
nerves,
densely
covered with
ap-
pressed
matted white hairs. Flowers
small,clustered,
the clusters arranged
in
axillarypanicles
shorter than the
petioles. (Fl. Filip.pi.385.)
Rarely
cultivated in
Manila,
fl.in Nov. and
probably
in other
months;
occasional in Luzon and
certainly
introduced.
China,
now found in
many
tropical
and
subtropical
countries in cultivation.
4. FLEURYA Gaudichaud
Annual erect herbs
usually
with few or
many
stinging
hairs. Leaves
alternate,toothed,
3-nerved. Flowers monoecious or dioecious,clustered,
the clusters
arranged
in
cymes
or spikes.
Male flowers:
Sepals
4
or 5,
ovate-lanceolate. Stamens 4 or 5,
inflexed in bud.
Rudimentary ovary
182
A FLORA OP MANILA
globose
or clavate. Female flowers:
Calyx cupular, 4-lobed,
or
sepals 4,
equal
or
very
unequal. Ovary oblique; style
ovoid or linear. Achene
oblique,compressed, exserted,
membranaceous.
(In
honor of J. F.
Fleury,
a French
botanist.)
Species 8,
of wide
tropicaldistribution,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. F. INTERRUPTA
(L.)
Gaudich.
Lipang-aso, Lipang-castila (Tag.).
An
erect,
somewhat branched or simple,
rather
stout,
annual herb 0.4 to
1.3 m high,
the stems
green,
succulent,
the
vegetativeparts
with
scattered,
somewhat
stinging,spreading
hairs. Leaves
ovate, acuminate, crenate or
serrate,
base
broad,
rounded or
faintly cordate,
5 to 15 cm long,
with
scattered hairs on
both
surfaces,
the
petioleslong.
Inflorescence
narrow,
axillary,slender,
up
to 20
cm
in
length,
of
numerous, short,paniculately
arranged cymes.
Flowers
crowded, greenish, small,
intermixed with
numerous pedicels
of fallen
flowers,
the
perianth
of the
pistillateones
1
to 1.5 mm long;
achenes
straw-colored,compressed,
1.5 to 1.8 mm long.
Occasional in waste
places,scattered,
fl.all the
year,
but
mostly
in the
rainy
season,
almost
certainlyintroduced; widely
India to
China, Malaya,
and
Polynesia.
5. PI LEA
Lindley
Herbs,
the leaves
opposite,
in
equal or unequal pairs,
entire or serrate,
usually 3-nerved,
the
stipules
connate into an intra-petiolar
one. Flowers
monoecious
or dioecious,
in
axillary
short- or long-peduncled,
dense or
dichotomously
branched
cymes.
Male- flowers:
Sepals
2 to
4,
free or
connate at the
base,
often swollen or
spurred
at the back. Stamens 2 to 4.
Rudimentary
ovary
conic
or oblong.
Female flowers:
Sepals 3, rarely 4,
very
small, unequal,
the dorsal one longest
and sometimes swollen or
hooded. Staminodes minute or none.
Ovary straight; stigma sessile,
penicillate.
Achene ovoid or oblong, compressed,
membranaceous or crus-
taceous.
(Latin
"felt
cap"
from
a flower character in the
originalspecies.)
Species
170 or
more,
of wide
13 in the
Philippines,
a single
introduced
species
in
our area.
1. P. MICROPHYLLA
(L.)
Liebm.
(P. muscosa
Lindl
). Gunpowder
Plant.
An erect
or ascending, simple, glabrous, annual,
somewhat
succulent,
usually gregarious
herb 10 cm
high
or
less,
stems slender,
green
or tinged
with
purple, angular.
Leaves
2-ranked, petioled,
the blades
green,
sub-
elliptic,
2 to 5 mm
long.
Flowers in
small, congested, subcapitate,nearly
sessile,axillary
cymes,
the individual flowers
greenish
or tinged
with
red,
less than 1 mm
long.
Abundant on damp walls,etc.,
fl.
throughout
the
year,
but
mostly
in the
rainy season; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
A native of South
America, now
introduced in various other
tropical
countries.
The common English
name is derived from the fact that a clowd of
pollen
is discharged
when the
plant
is shaken.
6. ELATOSTEMA Forster
Prostrate or erect, simple
or branched
herbs,
sometimes suffrutescent.
Leaves alternate, or a
minute
one often
opposite
the normal
ones,
distichous,
sessile
or subsessile,usually oblique or unequal-sided,mostly
3-nerved at
the base or above it. Flowers
very
small,
monoecious or dioecious,
crowded
on sessile or peduncled, axillary,unisexual,
involucrate
receptacles,
the
bracts rounded or oblong,
the outer ones sometimes spurred.
Female
184
A FLORA OF MANILA
as
many
as the
petals
and
opposite them, usually
inserted
on the
petals.
Ovary inferior,
1-celled; style long or short;
ovule
1,
adnate to the walls
of the
ovary.
Fruit
a 1-seeded
berry or drupe.
Genera 25 or
more, species
about 1,000, in all
tropical countries,a
few in
temperate regions,
5
genera
and about 60
species
in the
Philippines.
1. LORANTHUS Linnaeus
Branched, glabrous or
pubescent, parasitic
shrubs with
opposite,whorled,
or alternate,entire,leathery
leaves. Flowers
perfect,
small to
large,
often
colored and showy.
Petals free
or more or
less connate into
a cylindricor
inflated tube,
the
tips
above the insertion of the anthers
spreading or
reflexed. Stamens inserted on the
corolla-lobes,
the anthers
erect,
adnate.
(Greek "thong"
and
"flower,"
in reference to the
long petals
of some
species.)
Species
about
500, mostly tropical,
about 50 in the
Philippines.
Leaves
alternate;
flowers in
peduncled compound
umbels.... 1. L. haenkeanus
Leaves
whorled;
flowers in fascicles 2. L. merrittii
1. L. haenkeanus Presl
(L. vialifoliusPresl). Cansasayao (Tag.).
A
nearly glabrous, coarsely
branched
parasitic
shrub 0.5 to 1.5
m high.
Leaves
alternate, thickly coriaceous,
lanceolate to
oblong-ovate or ovate-
lanceolate,
6 to 15 cm long, acuminate, acute,
or obtuse, base acute or
rounded. Flowers
very
numerous
in
dense, peduncled, lateral,compound,
somewhat
pubescent umbels,
each branch of the umbel
carrying one
sessile,
and two lateral
short-pedicelled
flowers. Flowers
red,
the corolla
tubular,
about 3 cm long, split
about
half-way
to the base into 5 or 6 linear
segments,
the
parts
above the insertion of the stamens
sharply
reflexed.
Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid,nearly
1 cm long. (Fl. Filip.pi.^59,
L.
malifolius.)
Parasitic on
mango trees, Masambong,
Santa
Mesa, etc.,
fl. Dec.-Feb.
;
widely
distributed on various trees in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
2. L. merrittii Merr.
Dapo
sa bacauan
(Tag.).
A
branched, glabrous shrub,
1 m high or less. Leaves
coriaceous,
oblong-obovate
to
broadly oblanceolate, rounded,
3 to 7
cm long.
Flowers
few,
fascicled in the
axils, shortly pedicelled or sessile,red,
12 to 13 mm
long.
Fruit
ovoid,
about 8 mm long.
On
mangrove
trees, occasional,
fl.
Apr.-June;
occasional in the
Philip- pines
on various trees. Endemic.
39. OPILIACEAE
(Opilia Family)
Shrubs or
trees,
sometimes
woody vines,
with
alternate, simple,
entire
leaves,
and
small, regular, usually perfect
flowers in
simple or compound,
axillary
or terminal
panicles,spikes,or racemes. Calyx small,
not
enlarged
in
fruit,
4- or 5-toothed or lobed. Petals 4 or 5,
free
or united,
or none.
Stamens as
many
as the
petals
or calyx-lobes. Ovary
free
or
half-
immersed in the
disk, 1-celled,
1-ovuled. Fruit
a drupe,
the
pericarp
thin
fleshy,
the
endocarp usually
hard.
Genera
7, species
about
20, mostly
in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
few
in
America,
2
genera
and 2 or 3
species
in the
Philippines.
OLACACEAE
185
1. CHAMPEREIA Griffith
Erect
glabrous
shrubs or small trees with
alternate,
entire leaves.
Flowers
minute,
in
few-flowered
cymes
which are arranged
in
axillary
panicles,
the bracts minute.
Calyx-lobes 5, valvate. Petals none. Stamens
5, perigynous, opposite
the lobes.
Ovary superior,
half immersed in the
disk; stigma sessile,broad;
ovule
solitary,
erect. Fruit an ellipsoiddrupe.
Species
2 or 3, Tenasserim to
Malaya,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. C. manillana
(Blume)
Merr. Malalucban
(Tag.).
An erect
glabrous
shrub 2 to 4 m high.
Leaves
shining, oblong
to
oblong-ovate, shortly petioled,
7 to 14 cm
long,
base acute or rounded,
apex
acute or somewhat acuminate. Panicles
pale-green, slender, 4 to 10 cm
long.
Flowers
pale-green or yellowish-green,
about 2
mm long,
the
calyx-
lobes
oblong-ovate, acute,
1.5 mm long, spreading.
Fruit
glabrous, fleshy,
ellipsoid,yellow or red,
about 12 mm long, pericarp thin,
seed
large.
In
thickets,occasional,
fl.
Jan.-March; widely
Burma to the
Malay Peninsula;
Formosa.
40. OLACACEAE
(Olax Family)
Erect or climbing shrubs, or
trees,
with
alternate, simple,
entire leaves.
Flowers
small, regular, perfect,
in
axillaiy racemes or
cymes.
Calyx small,
truncate,
or 4- to
6-toothed,
accrescent and
enclosing
the fruit. Petals 3
to
6,
free
or coherent, valvate,
sometimes cleft. Stamens 3
or
more, opposite
the
petals, or alternate with
them;
staminodes twice as
many
as the
stamens,
often
bifid,or none.
Ovary superior, free,
1- to
5-celled,
cells
1-ovuled; style simple.
Fruit a drupe or nut-like,
surrounded
by
the
enlarged,
often
fleshy calyx.
Genera
26, species
about 150 in the
ti'opics
of both
hemispheres,
5
genera
and 5 or 6
species
in the
Philippines.
OLAX Linnaeus
Climbing
shrubs
or trees with
alternate, entire,simple
leaves. Flowers
in
axillary, simple or branched
racemes,
the bracts small.
Calyx small,
cup-shaped,
truncate or slightly toothed,
accrescent and
surrounding
the
fruit. Petals 3 to 6, hypogynous, valvate,
somewhat coherent or free.
Fertile stamens
3,
the filaments attached near the base of the
petals;
staminodes
usually 6,
attached near the
edges
of the
petals,
bifid.
Ovary
superior, free, more or
less 3-celled
below,
1-celled
above; style simple;
stigma 3-lobed;
ovules
3, pendulous.
Fruit
nearly
covered
by
the
fleshy
accrescent
calyx,
the stone
1-celled,
1-seeded.
(Latin "smelling"
in allusion
to the rank-scented wood of
some species.)
Species
about
30, tropics
of the Old
World,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. O. imbricata Roxb.
Malabaguio (Tag.).
A scandent shrub
reaching a height
of 10 m or
more,
or a small tree
with
pendulous branches, nearly glabrous.
Leaves
distichous,oblong-ovate,
obtuse to
acuminate,
base rounded or acute,
6 to 15 cm long.
Racemes
puberulent, many-flowered, dichotomous,
1.5 to 3 cm long.
Flowers
white,
the
calyx truncate. Petals
3,
fi'ee or nearly so,
about 1 cm long, entire,
or cleft at the
apex.
Stamens 3. Staminodes
6, bifid,nearly as long as
186
A FLORA OF MANILA
the
petals.
Fruit
orange
to red when
mature, ovoid,
1.5 to 2
cm long,
quite
surrounded
by
the
fleshycalyx
except
at the
apex. (Fl. Filip.pi.311.)
In
dry
thickets near Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Feb.-Apr.; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines. Chittagong
to Java.
41. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
(Aristolochia Family)
Herbs or shrubs,
erect
or climbing. Leaves
alternate, entire, or 3-
to
5-lobed; stipules none. Flowers
perfect,
small or large, regular or
very
irregular, terminal, axillary, or lateral, solitary,
racemose, or
cympse,
bracteate
or ebracteate.
Calyx superior, regular
and
3-lobed, or tubular
and
very
irregular. Petals none or
very rudimentary.
Stamens 6
or
more,
inserted in
a ring
around the base of the
style,
anther-cells
opening
by
dorsal slits.
Ovary inferior,
4- to
6-celled;
ovules
numerous. Fruit
capsular.
Genera
6, species over 200,
in most
tropical
and in
some
temperate
countries,
2
genera
and 6
or 7
species
in the
Philippines.
1. ARISTOLOCHIA Linnaeus
Usually twining perennial
herbs
or
sometimes
shrubby. Leaves
entire;
petiole usually
dilated at the base. Perianth
variously colored,
the tube
inflated at the base then
contracted, hairy within,
the limb
dilated,obliquely
1-
or 2-lipped.
Anthers
6, rarely 5, or more.
Style short,
3- to 6-lobed.
Capsule septicidally 6-valved or
splitting through
the
placentas. (Greek
"best" and
"child-birth,"from
reputed
medicinal
properties
of
some species.)
Species
about
4 or 5 in the
Philippines.
Leaves
ovate;
flowers
racemose,
small, narrow 1. A.
tagala
Leaves
reniform;
flowers
solitary,large, broad;
cultivated
only.
2. A.
elegans
1. A.
tagala
Cham.
Timbangan,
Mala-ube
(Tag.).
A
twining, suffrutescent,nearly glabrous
vine. Leaves ovate to
oblong-
ovate,
8 to 20
cm long, acuminate,
base
deeply cordate, the sinus broad.
Flowers in
axillary
racemes,
the
perianth purplish,
rather
slender,
3 to 3.5
cm long,
the base
inflated,globose,
the tube somewhat
curved,
the mouth
oblique. Capsule pendulous, ovoid, obovoid, or oblong-obovoid,
2 to 4
cm
long, with
a long stipe. (Fl. Filip. pi.
10
A.)
In
thickets, Masambong
to Fort
McKinley,
fl.
March-October; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India and
Malaya.
*2. A.
ELEGANS Mast.
A vine
reaching a height
of several meters. Leaves reniform,
or
trian-
gular-reniform,
up
to 7 cm long
and 10
cm wide, obtuse,
base
broadly
cordate! Flowers
solitary,
the tube
sharply curved,
the
lip expanded,
concave, ovate-cordate,
6 to 7 cm
in
diameter, pale,
with
numerous purple
spots. Capsule oblong-cylindric, longitudinally ribbed, 5 to 6
cm long,
about 1.5
cm thick.
Occasionally
purposes,
fl.
Jan.-May.
A native
of
Brazil,
POLYGONACEAE
187
42. POLYGONACEAE
(Smartweed Family)
Herbs,
sometimes
undershrubs, or somewhat
woody
vines. Leaves
simple,
alternate,
entire
(much
reduced
or wanting
in
Muehclenbcckia)
,
the
stipules
usually
scarious and
sheathing
the stems. Flowers
usually perfect, sometimes
dioecious, jointed on
their
pedicels.
Perianth of 3 to
6,
free
or
connate, persistent,usually
accrescent and
persistent sepals,
often
petaloid.
Petals none. Stamens 5 to
8, rarely more or less, opposite
the
sepals.
Ovary free, usually
2- to
4-angled, 1-celled,
1-ovuled. Fruit
a small,
1-seeded
nut, usually 3-angled
and enclosed
by
the
sepals.
Genera
30, species
about 750 in all
parts
of the
world,
3 or 4
genera
and about 20
species
in the
Philippines.
Herbs with lanceolate
leaves,
the
stipules sheathing the stems.
1.
Polygonum
Tendril-bearing
vines with cordate leaves 2.
Antigonoyi
Leafless shrubs with
flattened, striate, jointed
branches
bearing
small
fascicled flowers at the nodes 3. Muehelenbeckia
1. POLYGONUM Linnaeus
Glabrous or pubescent
herbs with
alternate,
entire
leaves,
and
membranaceous,
tubular, sheathing stipules.
Flowers
perfect, small, clustered,
the clusters
arranged
in
cylindric or slender, spike-like,usually solitary,
peduncled racemes; pedicels usually jointed;
bracts and bracteoles tubular.
Perianth 3- to
5-cleft,
the outer 2
sepals usually
smallest. Stamens
usually
5 to
8, perigynous. Ovary usually 3-angled.
Fruit
usually 3-angled,
included in the
more or less
enlarged calyx.' (Greek "many"
and
"knee,"
from the
numerous joints.)
Species
about 200 in all warm regions, about
15 in the
Philippines.
Nearly glabrous
1. P. barbatum
Densely pubescent
2. P. tomentosum
1. P. barbatum L.
An
ascending, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous plant
30 to 60 cm
high,
the stems often
prostrate
below.
Stipules sheathing,
cut into
long,
filiform cilia which
are longer
than the tube. Leaves
10 to 15 cm long, glabrous or nearly so
except
the ciliate
margins
and
midrib. Inflorescence terminal and in the
upper
axils,sparingly branched,
the
racemes erect, peduncled,
2 to 6 cm long,
5 to 7
mm
in
diameter,
the bracts
close,
ciliate. Perianth
white, or purplish,
about 2
mm long.
Along
the river
near
Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Mar.-Apr.,
and
probably
in
other
months; throughout
the
and
Malaya.
2. P. tomentosum Willd.
An erect or
ascending pubescent plant,
the stems
stout,
about 1
cm
in
diameter, simple or
sparingly
branched,
usually
less than 1 m high.
Leaves
lanceolate, long-acuminate, softly pubescent,
12 to 20 cm long,
the
stipules thin, strigose,truncate,
ciliate,surrounding
the stems,
1.5 to 2
cm
long.
Racemes
few, panicled,
erect or slightlynodding, peduncled,
2 to 10
cm
long, dense, cylindric,
about 1 cm in
diameter,
each bract
subtending
several flowers. Flowers
white,
4 mm long.
In
open
wet or
damp places,occasional,
fl.most of the
year; throughout
the
Asia and
Africa, Malaya.
2. ANTIGONON Endlicher
Climbing,
somewhat
woody
vines from thickened
roots,
with
alternate,
cordate leaves and somewhat
stem-clasping petioles.
Panicles
axillaryor
terminal,
the rachis extended as a
tendril. Flowers
perfect,
white to
deep-
pink.
Perianth
5-parted, persistent
and somewhat
enlarged
in
fruit,
the
outer 3 lobes
larger
than the inner 2. Stamens 7
or 8,
filaments
connate
at the base.
Ovary 3-angled.
Nut
3-angled, smooth, enclosed
by
the
persistentcalyx-lobes.
Species
3 or 4 in Mexico and Central
America,
1 now widely
cultivated in
tropicalcountries,
introduced and
extensivelycultivated here.
*1. A. LEJ^TOPUSHook " Arn. Cadena de
amor (Sp.).
A
scandent,
somewhat
woody, perennial
vine from thickened tuberous
roots, reaching a height
of 10 m. Leaves ovate to
pblong-ovate,
6 to
14 cm
long, prominently reticulate,
base
deeply cordate,
the lobes
usually
overlapping. Inflorescence terminal and in the
upper
axils,
of
paniculate
racemes,
the rachises of the racemes
produced as tendrils. Flowers numerous,
pale-
to
deep-pink, sometimes
white,
about 1 cm
long, fascicled,
secund,
the
perianth
lobes somewhat
enlarged,persistent,loosely
surrounding
the ovoid 1 cm long
fruit.
(Fl.Filip.pi.^62,
A.
cordatum.)
Very commonly
purposes,
fl.all the
year.
A
native of
Mexico, now cultivated in
many tropical
countries.
3. MUEHELENBECKIA Meissner
Erect shrubs with flattened striate branches and much-reduced leaves
(inour species)
,
the sheaths reduced to transverse
lines,making
the branches
appear
jointed.
Flowers
small,
dioecious or
polygamo-dioecious,fascicled
at the
joints.
Perianth
deeply subequally
5-lobed. Stamens
usually
8.
Ovary 3-angled. Nut
obtusely or
acutely 3-angled,small,
enclosed
by
the
perianth. (In
honor of H. G.
Muehelenbeck,
an Alsatian
botanist.)
Species 15, Australia,Polynesia,
South America and
Mexico,
1 introduced
in the
Philippines.
1. M. PLATYCLADA Meissn.
An erect
glabrous
Branches
green,
flattened,
striate,
5 to 15 mm wide,
the
joints
5 to 20 mm
long,bearing
at the nodes
few, reduced,
lanceolate leaves 4 to 20 mm long,
or the leaves
nearly
or
quite wanting.
Flowers
whitish,small,
about 2 mm
long, fascicled,rarely
solitary,alternatingat the nodes.
(Fl.Filip.pi.317, Exocarpus ceramica.)
fl.all the
year.
A native of the Solomon
Islands,
now widely
distributed in
cultivation,
introduced here and now
naturalized
in some localities.
43. CHENOPODIACEAE
(GoosEFOOT OR
Aposotis Family)
Herbs
or shrubs with
simple
alternate leaves. Flowers perfect
or
unisexual,small,usually regular. Calyx
of 3 to 5 free or connate sepals.
Petals
none.
Stamens
usually 5, opposite
the
sepals,perigynous
or hypogy-
nous.
Ovary superior, 1-celled,1-ovuled; stigmas
2 to 4. Fruit
usually
a utricle enclosed
by
the
calyx.
AMARANTHACEAE
189
Genera about
75, species
about 560 in most
parts
of the
world,
represented
in the
Philippinesby
introduced forms
only.
1. CHENOPODIUM Linnaeus
Erect,
sometimes
aromatic,
branched
herbs,
with
anjrledstems and alternate,
entire,lobed,
or toothed leaves. Flowers
small, regular, perfect
in
axillary
and
terminal, simple or
panicled,spikes. Calyx inferior,
the
sepals
5 or
fewer, persistent.
Stamens as
many
as the
sepals,hypogynous
or
somewhat
perigynous;
filaments
distinct,
anthers introrse.
Ovary
1-
celled,free,
usually depressed; styles
2 or 3. Fruit
a membranaceous
utricle enclosed
by
the
calyx. (Greek "goose"
and
"foot,"
in allusion to
the
shape
of the leaves of some
species.)
Species
about
50,
of wide
distribution,
2 introduced in the
Philippines.
1. C.
AMBROSIOIDES L.
Aposotis (Sp.-Fil.).
An erect or
ascending
branched herb often
nearly
1 m high,
with
angled
stems, glabrous or glandular-pubescent,
with a rank aromatic odor when
crushed. Leaves
oblong
to
oblong-lanceolate,
3 to 10 cm long, repand-
dentate or undulate. Flowers
small, spicate. Sepals 5,
sometimes
only
3.
Utricle less than 1 mm long. (Fl. Filip.pi.69.)
Quite frequently
cultivated
by
the natives and
occasionallyspontaneous,
fl.
March-Apr.,
and
probably
in other
months; widely
distributed in the
Philippines
and in
tropical
and
temperate
countries
generally, a native
of
tropical
America.
In addition to the
above,
the
common beet.
Beta
vulgaris L., (Sp.,
remolacha)
,
a native of
Europe,
also
belonging
to this
family,
is cultivated
by
Chinese
gardeners
for the Manila markets.
44. AMARANTHACEAE
(Amaranthus OR
Colites
Family)
Herbs,
sometimes
climbing, rarely shrubby (Dceringia).
Leaves
opposite
or
alternate,exstipulate.
Flowers in
axillary
clusters or in
simple
or panicled spikes,
racemes,
or heads,
the bracts and 2 bracteoles scarious.
Sepals 5,
sometimes 1 to
3, rigid or scarious,persistent,
imbricate in bud.
5, opposite
the
sepals,
free or connate
below,
often with
intervening
membranaceous
staminodes,
all united into a
cup;
anthers 1- or 2-celled.
Ovary 1-celled;styles
1 to 3;
ovules 1 or
more,
basal. Fruit a
utricle,rarely a
berry {Deeringia)
or
capsular,
indehiscent
or circumsciss. Seed orbicular or ovate, usually compressed.
Genera
54, species
about 450,
in all
temperate
and
tropical countries,
10
genera
and about 20
species
in the
Philippines.
1.
Climbing shrubs;
ovules 2 or
more;
fruit
fleshy,berry-like..
1.
Deeringia
1. Herbs.
2. Ovules 2 or
more;
fruit membranaceous 2. Celosia
2. Ovules 1.
3. Anthers
1-celled;
flowers in sessile or peduncled
heads.
4. Heads
peduncled,
subtended
by
2
leafy bracts; stylelong; stigma
2-fid 3.
Gomphrena
4. Heads sessile
or subsessile,solitary
or
clustered; stigma subses-
sile,capitate
4. Alternanthera
3. Anthers
2-celled;
inflorescence various.
4. Staminodes none.
190
A FLORA OF MANILA
5. Leaves alternate 5. Amaranthua
5. Leaves
opposite
6.
Pupalia
4. Staminodes
present.
5. Perfect flowers 1 to 3 in each
cluster,
surrounded
by
several
to
many
deformed ones 7.
Cyathula
5. Flowers all
perfect,no deformed ones.
6.
Sepals short, hyaline, woolly
8. Aerua
6.
Sepals subulate-lanceolate,awned, shining, finally
hardened.
^
9.
Achyranthes
1. DEERINGIA R. Brown
Rambling
or climbing
shrubs with alternate
petioled
leaves. Flowers
small,
1-
or 2-sexual,
in
simple or panicled spikes. Sepals 5, oblong,
spreading
in fruit. Stamens 4 or 5;
staminodes none. Ovary
ovoid or
subglobose;
ovules few to
many;
stigmas
2 or 4. Fruit
a globose or
ovoid,fleshy,
red or white
berry. (In
honor of Dr. Charles
Deering.)
Species
5
or 6, tropical
Polynesia,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. D. baccata
(Retz.) Moq.
A
scandent, slightly pubescent
or nearly glabrous vine, reaching a
length
of 5 to 6
m,
the branches
drooping.
Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate,
entire,
7 to 14 cm long,
acute or acuminate,
base subtruncate. Racemes
slender,elongated,
20 to 40 cm long,
in the
upper
axils,forming drooping,
leafy panicles.
Flowers
numerous, shortly pedicelled,greenish-white,
the
perianth-segments
about 1.5 mm long,
reflexed. Stamens white,
erect.
Fruit
ovoid, fleshy,red,
about 4 mm
long. (Fl. Filip.pi.236.)
In
fl. Oct.-Jan.
;
widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
India to China,
2. CELOSIA Linnaeus
Erect, simple or branched
herbs,
with alternate leaves. Flowers clustered
or spicate,white, pink, purple,
or yellowish, shining. Sepals dry,
striate or ribbed. Stamens
5,
united below into a
cup;
anthers 2-celled;
staminodes none. Utricle circumsciss.
(Greek
"a burning,"
in allusion
to the seared look of the
flowers.)
Species
about 30 in most tropical countries,
2 introduced in the
Philip- pines.
1. C. ARGENTEA L.
An
erect, coarse,
simple or branched, glabrous,
annual herb 0.5 to 1.5
m high.
Leaves linear to lanceolate,
4 to 14 cm long. Spikes solitary,
erect, stout, dense,
white or pink,
ovoid to
oblong-linear,
3 to 30 cm long,
about 1.5 cm thick, usually numerous,
the flowers white or pale-pink,
shining. Sepals
about 6 mm long,
acute or acuminate,
the bracts shorter;
style elongated
after
flowering.
Seeds
shining,
about 1.5 mm
in diameter.
In fallow lands,
cultivated
ground, etc.,
fl. Aug.-Feb.; widely
distributed
in the Philippines
but certainly
introduced. All tropical
countries,
probably
a
native of
tropical
America.
In addition to the above the Cock's Comb
(Celosia
cristata L.)
is not
uncommonly
purposes
(Fl. Filip.pi. 6i) ;
it is
exceedingly
variable with
usually
broader leaves than C.
argentea,
and
*2. A. VERSICOLOR
Kegel.
Cucharitas
(Sp.-Fil.).
A
slender,
erect or ascending, much-branched, nearly glabrous herb,
the stems
reddish,
often
prostrate below,
20 to 60 cm long.
Leaves
oblong-
obovate to
spatulate,
acute or obtuse, long-petioled,
the blades 1 to 6 cm
long,
green
and red or purplish.
Heads
axillary, sessile,solitary,ovoid
to
subglobose,
5 to 7 mm long,
somewhat
hairy.
fl.all the
year;
now found in cultivation in most
large towns in the
Philippines. Probably a
native of Brazil.
3. A. FRUTESCENS
(L'Her.)
R. Br.
A
wide-spreading, branched, prostrate, perennial herb,
the stems
rooting
at the lower
nodes,
the branches
up
to 60 cm
in
length,
the
flowering ones
ascending,
the
younger
ones clothed with
long, appressed, weak,
white
hairs. Leaves
opposite, or the
upper
ones somewhat
whorled, oblong
to
oblong-oblanceolate or spatulate,petioled,
1 to 2.5 cm
long,
acute or
obtuse,
entire,
base
gradually
narrowed. Heads
axillary, solitary or clustered,
white, globose
to
ovoid,
5 to 10 mm long.
Anthers 5.
Sepal"?lanceolate,
acuminate,
about 5 mm long.
Utricle
compressed, obovoid,
about 2 mm
long.
In
open
waste
places,
fl. all the
year,
common about Manila. A
native of
tropical America, now thoroughly
naturalized
here,
but not
reported
from
any
other
part
of the Orient.
5. AMARANTH US Linnaeus
Erect, branched,
annual herbs with alternate leaves. Flowers
small,
unisexual,
in dense
axillary
clusters or in erect or drooping, densely or
laxly panicled, spike-like
clusters.
Sepals 5, or 1 to
3,
ovate to
linear,
often aristate. Stamens 1 to
5, free; staminodes none. Ovary
compressed;
style
short or
none;
ovule 1. Fruit
a compressed,
indehiscent
or
circumsciss utricle. Seed orbicular.
(Greek "unfading.")
Species
many
in all warm and
tropical countries,
5 or 6 in the
Philip- pines.
1.
Spiny
in the leaf-axils 1. A.
spinosus
1.
Spineless.
2.
Sepals
and stamens 5;
bracts setaceous or awned 2. A. caudatns
2.
Sepals
and stamens 2 or 3;
bracts subulate.
3. Plant
dull-purpleor reddish,
1 to 1.5 m high;
leaves acuminate.
B. A.
gangeticus
3. Plant
green,
0.3 to 0.6 m high;
leaves obtuse,
often notched.
4. A. viridia
1. A. SPINOSUS L.
A
stout, erect, glabrous,
branched annual 0.4 to 1 m high,
armed with
slender, axillary spines.
Leaves
long-petioled,oblong
to
oblong-ovate
or
elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse,
4 to 10 cm long.
Flowers about 1 mm long,
in
axillary
clusters and in
elongated
terminal and
axillary,usually
densely
flowered
spikes,
green
or greenish-white,
the setaceous bracts as long as
or exceeding
the five
sepals.
In waste
places,gardens etc.,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the Philippines,
but
certainly
introduced. Most
tropical
countries.
AMARANTHACEAE
193
2. A. CAUDATUS
L.
An
erect, stout, branched, unarmed,
annual herb 1 to 2
m high, sparingly
pubescent
or nearly glabrous,
all
parts usually reddish-purple.
Lower
leaves
long-petioled,oblong-ovate
to
ovate-lanceolate,acuminate,
up
to 25
cm long,
the
upper
ones similar but smaller. Inflorescence terminal and
in the
upper
axils,paniculate,
the
panicles
15 to 30 cm.
long,
the
primary
branches
very numerous,
10 to 15 cm long, densely
flowrered. Flowers
about 1.5 cm long. Sepals oblong
to
oblong-obovate, apiculate,
shorter
than the caudate-acuminate bracts. Stamens 5. Utricle 3-toothed at
the
apex,
circumsciss,exceeding
the
calyx.
Seed brown
or black, shining,
about 1 mm in
diameter,
the
margins
round.
(Fl. Filip.pi.^30,
A.
panic-
nlatus.)
Cultivated for its ornamental
foliage,
fl.all the
year.
In various
tropical
and
subtropical
countries in both
hemispheres,
wild and
cultivated;
introduced
in the
Philippines.
3. A. GANGETICUS L.
A
coarse, erect, unarmed, glabrous,
much-branched herb 1 to 1.5 m high,
the
vegetative parts
often
dull-purpUsh or reddish. Leaves
long-petioled,
broadly ovate,
acute or shortly acuminate,
base
long-decurrent-acuminate,
5 to 12 cm long.
Clusters of flowers in the lower
axils,
and
forming
elongated spikes
which are cylindric,
somewhat
interrupted,
up
to 10 cm
long
and 1 cm
in diameter. Bracts about 4 mm long, lanceolate,
awned-
acuminate.
Sepals lanceolate,
acuminate. Stamens 3. Utricle circumsciss,
shorter than the
sepals.
Seed
black, shining,
about 1.2 mm
in
diameter.
(Fl. Filip.pi.289,
A.
cruentus.)
fl.
July-Dec,
and
probably
in other
months;
not
spontaneous
in our
area, although so found in
some
parts
of the
introduced.
Tropics generally,
cultivated and in
cultivated
ground.
4. A. viRiDis
L. Colites
(Tag.).
An
erect, glabrous,branched,
unarmed annual 30 to 60 cm
high.
Leaves
long-petioled,
4 to 10 cm long, ovate, obtuse, tip usually notched,
base
truncate or
decurrent. Inflorescence of terminal and
axillary,simple or
panicled,interrupted spikes.
Flowers
very
small, densely disposed,
green,
about 1 mm long.
Seed brown or black.
(Fl. Filip. pi. 262,
Euxolus
caudatus.)
In
open
waste
places,
cultivated
grounds etc.,
common, fl.,
all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines,
but
probably
introduced. All
tropical
and
warm countries.
6. PUPALIA Jussieu
Herbs or undershrubs with
opposite
leaves. Flowers
perfect or imperfect,
in
spicate clusters,
the
imperfect ones
reduced to awns bearing
stellatelyspreading
hooked bristles.
Sepals 5, acuminate,
3- to 5-nerved.
Stamens
5, nearly
free
below;
anthers
2-celled;
staminodes
none. Ovary
ovoid; style
slender. Fruit
an ovoid, compressed,
Species
3 in
tropical
Asia and
Africa,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. P.
ATROPURPUREA (Lam.) Moq.
A
slender, erect, straggling, glabrous or sparingly pubescent
annual
herb 0.5 to 1.5 m high.
Leaves
opposite oblong-ovate, acuminate,
base
111555 " 18
194
A FLORA OF MANILA
narrowed, petioled. Spikes terminal,
5 to 30 cm long, slender,
the clusters
of flowers
remote, bracteate, woolly.
Bristles of the
imperfect
flowers
brown or purplish, stellatelyarranged, slender,
hooked at the ends.
In thickets
along
roads and
trails,
San Pedro
Macati, Pasay, etc.,
fl.
Aug.-Nov.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,surely
introduced.
Trop- ical
Asia, Africa,
and
Malaya.
7. CYATHULA Loureiro
Prostrate or ascending
herbs with
opposite
leaves. Flowers
clustered,
the clusters
spicate,
reflexed in fruit. Perfect flowers 1 or 2 in each
cluster,
surrounded
by imperfect ones reduced to
sepals
and with
rigid
hooked awns. Sepals 5, 1-nerved,
acuminate. Stamens
5, connate,
united
below with the retuse or 2-fid staminodes.
Ovary obovoid,
ovules
1,
pendulous.
Fruit a small, ovoid,
(Diminutive
of Greek
"cup.")
Species
about 10, of wide
tropical distribution,
the
following
in the
Philippines.
1. C. PROSTRATA
(L.)
Bl.
Dayang (Tag.).
An annual branched
herb,
the stems
prostrate
and
creeping below,
reaching a length
of 1 m or
more,
the branches erect or ascending.
Leaves
rhomboid-oblong,
2 to 8 cm long,
acute or obtuse, gradually
narrowed from the middle to the acute
base, nearly
sessile.
Spikes
terminal
and
axillary,slender, peduncled,
5 to 20 cm long.
Clusters of flowers
numerous,
ovoid,
about 3 mm long, greenish. Sepals pubescent.
In
fl.
Nov.-Feb.; common and
widely
distributed in
the
8. AERUA Forskal
Woolly
herbs or undershrubs,
sometimes
climbing.
Leaves alternate or
opposite.
Flowers small in
solitary or panicled spikes or
in sessile
axillary
heads.
Sepals
4
or 5, short, thin,
all or only
the inner
ones
woolly.
Stamens 4 or 5,
connate
below,
with
interposed
linear
staminodes;
anthers 2-celled. Fruit an indehiscent or circumsciss utricle.
Species
about 10 in
tropical Asia, Malaya,
and
Africa,
1. A. LANATA
(L.)
Juss.
An
ascending or prostrate densely grayish-pubescent herb,
the stems
0.2 to 0.8 m
in
length, simple or
branched. Leaves
alternate, petioled,
elliptic
to orbicular or obovate, obtuse,
1 to 3.5 cm
long. Spikes numerous,
white, axillary,solitary or crowded in the
axils,densely
flowered, 1 cm
long or less,
the flowers
green
and
white,
2 mm
in diameter.
(FL Filip.
pi.S5Jf.)
In
open
dry lands, common locally,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines
at low
altitudes,undoubtedly
introduced.
Africa, India,
and
Malaya.
9. ACHYRANTHES Linnaeus
Coarse herbs with
opposite leaves, the flowers in
simple
or panicled
spikes,
deflexed
immediately
after
opening,
the bracts and bracteoles
spinescent. Sepals
4 or 5,
the filaments connate at the base,
the stami-
NYCTAGINACEAE
195
nodes
square,
toothed or fimbriate.
Ovary oblong,
1-ovuled. Utricle
oblong or ovoid,
indehiscent.
(Greek
"chaff" and
"flower.")
Species
12 in
tropical
and
subtropical countries,
1 or 2 in the Phil- ippines.
1. A. ASPERA L.
A
coarse, rambling or
erect, distantly branched,
annual
herb, 0.5 to 2
m high.
Leaves
oblong-obovate to
ellipticor obovate,
6 to 15 cm long,
acuminate,
base
narrowed, more
jar
less
pubescent or
nearly glabrous.
Spikes rigid, elongated,
10 to 50 cm long.
Flowers
green,
5 mm long,
the stamens and staminodes
pale-purplish,
the staminodes fimbriate. Buds
ascending,
flowers
spreading, immediately
after
flowering
reflexed and
closelyappressed
to the rachis.
In
waste
places,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
introduced. Most
tropical
countries.
45. NYCTAGINACEAE
(PisoNiA OR
Maluco
Family)
Herbs, shrubs, or
trees,
or sometimes
woody spiny
vines. Leaves
simple,
opposite or alternate,entire, exstipulate.
Inflorescence
various, usually
of
terminal or axillary corymbs or
cymes,
the flowers often involucrate.
Flowers
perfect or unisexual.
Calyx-tube long or short,cylindricor funnel-
shaped, persistent
and
enveloping
the
fruit,
the limb 3- to 10-toothed
or
lobed,
sometimes
petal-like.
many, hypogynous,
the filaments
usually unequal. Ovary superior, free, 1-celled;
ovule
1;
stigma simple or multifid. Fruit
usually membranaceous,
sometimes
hard,
usually
enclosed in the
more or less
hardened,
coriaceous or fleshyperianth-
tube.
Genera
19, species
about
175, chiefly
in
tropical America,
4
genera
and
about 10
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Glabrous unarmed shrubs or trees or more or
less
spiny woody
vines.
2. Flowers
small,
without
involucres,
the bracts minute 1. Pisonia
2. Flowers
medium,
inserted on
the midribs of the
large, colored,
persistent,
showy
bracts 2.
Bougainvillea
1. Herbs.
2. Flowers
large, showy,
involucrate 3. Mirabilis
2. Flowers
very
small,
bracteolate
4. Boerhaavia
1. PISONIA Linnaeus
Erect unarmed shrubs or trees or
scandent and armed with curved
spines.
Leaves
entire. Flowers in
corymbose
axillary
and terminal
cymes, usually dioecious,
bracteolate. Perianth 5-
to 10-toothed,
of the male flowers
funnel-shaped,
of the female ones
tubular.
Stamens 6 to
10,
exserted.
Ovary
sessile,oblique.
Fruit
oblong,
muricate
or angled, glandular. (In
honor of W.
Piso, an early
writer on
the
medicinal
plants
of
Brazil.)
Species
about 60, tropical,
few in
Africa,
about G in the
Philippines.
A scandent
shrub,
armed with curved
spines;
leaves 6 to 10 cm long.
1. P. aculeata
An erect unarmed
tree,
the leaves
very
pale-green,
12 to 25
cm long.
2. P. alba
196
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. P. aculeata L.
A
large
scandent shrub, glabrous
or sparingly pubescent,
the branches
pendulous,
armed with
solitary,axillary,
recurved
spines
which are 1 cm
long or
less. Leaves
ovate-oblong
to
elliptic,shining,
6 to 10
cm long,
obtuse or obscurely acuminate,
base acute. Inflorescence
axillary
and
terminal, peduncled,
of
densely
flowered
corymbose cymes.
Flowers
yellowish-white,
the males 4 to 5 mm
in diameter. Fniit
narrowly oblong
or clavate, 5-ribbed,
7 to 14 mm long,viscid,
the ribs muricate with several
rows of
glands. (Fl.Filip.pi.39^.)
In
thickets,Masambong,
fl.
Jan.-Feb.; widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
Tropics generally.
*2. P.
ALBA Spanoghe. Coles-maluco;
Maluco
(Tag.).
An
erect, unarmed, glabrous
or nearly glabrous
tree
reaching
a
height
of 10 m. Leaves
thin,very
pale-green
or
often
nearly
white when
young,
oblong-ovate,acuminate,
base
rounded,
12 to 25 cm long. Cymes terminal,
dense, corymbose,
the male flowers white
or greenish-white,
about 6
mm
long,
the female ones smaller. Fruit
long-pedicelled, club-shaped,5-angled,
the
angles
with one row of
prickles. (Fl.Filip.pi.H,
Cordia ?
olitoria.)
Frequently
cultivated for its
ornamental, pale foliage,
but
rarely
or
never producing
flowers in Manila. A native of
Malaya,
now cultivated in
Jndia
and
Ceylon.
2. BOUGAINVILLEA
Commerson
Climbing spiny
vines with alternate leaves. Inflorescence
axillary
or
terminal, showy,
the flowers inserted below the middle of the
large
colored
bracts which are borne in threes. Perianth
tubular, slightlycurved,
the
lobes 5 or 6, short, spreading.
Stamens 7 or 8, equal,
included.
Ovary
stipitate,narrowly
fusiform. Utricle
stipitate,cylindricor
clavate.
(In
honor of A. de Bougainville,a
French
navigator.)
Species 7,
in
tropical America,
1 now cultivated in all
tropical
and
subtropical
countries.
*1. B. SPECTABILIS Willd.
A
stout, climbing, spiny, slightlypubescent
or
nearly glabrous woody
vine, reaching a height
of 15
m,
with
long drooping
branches. Leaves
ovate,
base
usually rounded,
each axil with a
stout, slightlycurved, sharp spine
5 to 8 mm long.
Flowers in the
upper
axils,forming a
terminal
leafy
inflorescence.
Cymes peduncled,
tricho-
tomous,
the flowers in
groups
of threes on
the ultimate
branches,
each
group
of flowers subtended
by three,large,thin,persistent,colored,oblong-
ovate,
acuminate 2.5 to 4 cm long
bracts. Flowers
salver-shaped,
inserted
on
the midrib of the
bracts,
the tube
slender,
about 2 cm long, greenish,
angled,
inflated
below,
the limb
white,
5 to 7 mm
in diameter.
but not
spontaneous,
fl. Oct.-March. A most
striking ornamental,
a native of
Brazil, now
cultivated in
many
other
tropical
countries.
3. MIRABILIS Linnaeus
Glabrous or glandular herbs,
the branches forked. Leaves opposite,
the
lower ones petioled,
the
upper
often sessile. Involucres 1- to many-flowered,
calyx-like,
the 6 lobes imbricate,
not
enlarged
after
flowering, usually
arranged
in dense
cymes.
Perianth-tube
elongated,
white or colored,
constricted above the
ovary,
the limb
5-lobed,petal-like.
Stamens 5 or 6,
unequal
in
length,
exserted.
Ovary ellipsoidor ovoid; style filiform.
AIZOACEAE
197
exserted; stigma capitellate.
Utricle obovoid,
coriaceous.
(Adapted
from
the Latin "wonderful.")
Species
about 25,
in
tropicalAmerica,
1 now cultivated in
many
warm
countries.
1. M. JALAPA
L. A las
cuatro,
Oraciones (Sp.-Fil.);
Four-o'clock,
Marvel of
Peru.
An
erect, nearly or
quite glabrous,
branched
plant
20 to 80 cm hij?h.
Leaves 4 to 10 cm
long,narrowly ovate, acuminate,
base often subtruncate
and somewhat
inequilateral.
Involucres
crowded, calyx-like,
1 cm long or
less,
1-flowered. Perianth
white, purple, or
yellow,
the tube
cylindric,
slightly enlarged
upward,
3 to 4 cm long,
the limb
spreading.
Fruit
narrowly ovoid,
about 8 mm long, black,finely
ribbed.
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines,
in
and about
towns,
cultivated and naturalized. A native of
tropicalAmerica,
now cultivated in
many
warm countries.
4. BOERHAAVIA Linnaeus
Diffuse
spreading
herbs with divaricate branches and
opposite
leaves.
Flowers
small, jointed on their
pedicels,panicled or umbellate, bracteolate.
Perianth-tube
funnel-shaped, short, 5-lobed. Stamens 1 to
5, unequal
exserted.
Ovary oblique,stipitate.
Fruit
small, glandular, 5-ribbed,
the
utricle
oblong. (In
honor of H.
Boerhaave,
an
early
Dutch
botanist.)
Species
25 or
more,
in
tropical
and
subtropical regions
of both hemispheres,
a single
variable one in the
Philippines.
1. B. DIFFUSA
L.
A
diffuse,spreading, laxly branched, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent
herb,
the branches sometimes 2 m in
length.
Leaves
scattered, ovate,
elliptic,
or
oblong,
sometimes
undulate, pale beneath,
1 to 4 cm long,
apex
rounded or acute,
base
usually rounded.
Cymes
very
lax, panicled,
the
branches
slender,
flowers
usually
fascicled or subumbellate on the ultimate
branchlets,pink,
about 1.5 mm
long.
Fruit
glandular, narrowly oblong-
obovoid,
about 3 mm long. (Fl. Filip.pi. 93.)
In waste
places, occasional, surely introduced,
fl.
Sept.-May; widely
distributed in the
Asia to
Polynesia.
46. AIZOACEAE
(Mollugo
OR Toston
Family)
Herbs with
entire,simple, alternate, opposite,or whorled leaves. Flow- ers
in
axillary
or terminal clusters or
cymes,
small, regular,perfect.
Calyx
of 4 or 5
nearly
free
or more or less united
segments, usually persistent.
Petals none. Stamens
perigynous
or
hypogynous,
few or
many.
Ovary
free,
2- to
5-celled,
of 2 to 5 united
carpels; stylesas
many
as
the
carpels;
ovules
usually
many,
rarely
few
or one
in each
cell,
axile. Fruit
capsular,
circumsciss or dorsally
dehiscent. Seeds
numerous,
small.
Genera 7, species52, chiefly
in
Africa, a
few in most tropical
and subtropical
countries,
3
genera,
and 5
species
in the
Philippines.
1.
Capsule circumsciss;
stamens inserted on the
calyx-tube.
2.
Ovary
and
capsule
3- to 5-celled '.. 1. Sesuvium
2.
Ovary
and
capsule
1- or
2-celled 2. Trianthema
1.
Capsule dehiscing dorsally;
stamens inserted on the
receptacle.
3.
Mollugo
1. SESUVIUM Linnaeus
Prostrate or spreading,succulent,
branched herbs. Leaves
opposite,very
fleshy,
entire. Flowers
small, axillary,solitary. Calyx-tube short,
the
lobes
5, persistent.
Stamens few or
many,
inserted near the
top
of the
calyx-tube. Ovary free,
3- to
5-celled;styles
3 to 5; ovules
many.
Fruit
an
ovate-oblong,membranaceous,
3- to
5-celled,circumscissly
dehiscent
capsule.
(An unexplained name.)
Species 4, along
the seashores of
warm
countries,
1 in the
Philippines.
1.
S.
portulacastrum L.
Dampalit (Tag.).
A
fleshy,prostrate, spreading,
branched
herb,
the stems
rooting
at the
nodes,
often
reddish,
20 to 50 cm
in
length,
with short
asCending
branches.
Leaves
oblong-linear
to
linear,
green,
fleshy,
very thick,
2 to 4 cm
long,
the
petiolesshort,
dilated below and
clasping
the stems
by
their thin margins.
Flowers
small,shortly pedicelled. Calyx pink or red
within,
the
segments
5 to 6
mm long,cuspidate. Capsule
about 5 mm
long.
Along
the banks of tidal
streams, etc.,Maypajo,
fl.
May
and
probably
in
other
months; along
the seashore
throughout
the
Philippines.
Most
tropical
and
subtropical
seashores.
2. TRIANTHEMA Linnaeus
Prosti-ate,glabrous or
slightlyhairy, succulent,branched,
annual herbs.
Leaves
petioled,opposite,
in
unequal pairs,entire,
ovate to
obovate,
their
petioles
dilated at the base and connected
by
their thin
margins.
Flowers
axillary,small, solitary,
sessile or
pedicelled. Calyx-tube
short
or long,
5-lobed,
often colored within. Stamens 5 or
more,
inserted near the
top
of the
calyx-tube. Ovary free,
1- or
2-celled;styles
1 or
2;
ovules 1 to
many. Capsule
thin or coriaceous,
clavate to
obovate,
circumsciss.
(Greek
"three" and
"flower,"
from the
arrangement
of the flowers in
some
species.)
Species
about
10, tropical
and
subtropical,
a
singleone in the
Philippines.
1. T.
PORTULACASTRUM
L,
(T.
monogyna
L.).
Toston
(Tag.) ; Ayam (Vis.).
Glabrous or nearly so,
the branches
up
to 60 cm or more in
length.
Leaves
obovate,
1 to 5 cm long.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,sessile,
the
calyx-lobesoblong, mucronate,
4 to 5 mm
long, pink,
imbricate. Stamens
about 15.
Style simple. Capsule
5 to 6 mm long,truncate;
seeds about 10,
small.
(Fl. Filip.pi.165,
T.
obcordata.)
In
open
waste
places,
cultivated lands
etc.,
fl.
Aug.-Mar. ;
in and about
towns in the
Philippines.
All
tropical
countries.
8. MOLLUGO Linnaeus
Spreading or ascending
branched
herbs,
the leaves
entire, alternate,
opposite,or whorled, fleshy.
Flowers
small, axillary,
sessile or pedicelled,
in
clusters,
cymes,
or racemes. Sepals 5, persistent.
Stamens 3 to 5,
rarely many,
the staminodes small or none.
Ovary
free, 3- to 5-celled;
ovules
many, axillary; styles
3 to 5.
Capsule
enclosed
by
the
sepals,
membranaceous, loculicidally
3- to 5-valved.
(Old
Latin name
for
some
soft
plant.)
Species
about 12 in
tropical
and
subtropicalcountries,
3 in the
Philip- pines.
Densely pubescent
1. M. lotoides
Glabrous
2. M.
oppositifolia
200
A FLORA OF MANILA
2.
P. oleracea L. Golasiman
(Tag.)
;
Purslane.
An
annual, prostrate or
spreading, succulent, branched
herb, quite
glabrous,
10 to 50 cm
long,
the stems often
purplish.
Leaves
fleshy,flat,
obtuse, oblong-obovate,
base
cuneate,
1 to 2.5 cm
long.
Flowers in
sessile,
axillary
and
terminal,
few-flowered
heads,
the heads
solitary or
cymose,
the buds
compressed.
Petals
5, yellow,
about
as long as the
sepals. Sta- mens
8 to 12.
(Fl. Filip pi.I6i.)
In
open
waste
places,
very common,
fl. all the
year; throughout
the
Philippines.
All
temperate
and
tropical countries.
3. P.
QUADRIFIDA
L.
A
slender, prostrate, annual,
succulent
plant,
the stems often
rooting
at the
nodes,
the nodal
appendages pilose.
Leaves
ovate-elliptic,
about 5
mm long,
subsessile. Flowers
small, terminal, solitary,surrounded
by
a
4-leaved involucre and
copious
white hairs. Petals
4, yellow.
Cementerio del
Norte, Pasay, etc.,
in waste
places,
fl.all the
year ;
of local
occurrence
in the
Philippines
and
apparently
introduced.
Tropical
Asia and
Africa.
48. BASELLACEAE
(Basella or Libato
Family)
Twining, glabrous,
herbaceous
vines, more or less succulent. Leaves
alternate,
entire. Inflorescence
axillary, spicate or racemose.
Flowers
small, perfect,
2-bracteolate.
Sepals 2, more or less adnate to the corolla.
Corolla-lobes 5, nearly
free or more or less united. Stamens
5; anthers
versatile.
Ovary free, 1-celled,
1-ovuled. Fi-uit
indehiscent,dry
or
fleshy
surrounded
by
the
perianth.
Genera
5, species
about
14, mostly
in
tropicalAmerica,
2
genera
and 2
species
in the
Philippines,
both introduced.
Sepals not
winged;
filaments erect in bud 1. Basella
Sepalsbroadly winged
down the
back;
filaments recurved in bud.
2. Anredera
1. BASELLA Linnaeus
A
succulent,glabrous, twining
vine. Leaves
alternate,
entire. Flowers
in
axillary spikes,
white or red,
small. Bracteoles
minute,
caducous. Se- pals
2, connate,
not keeled. Corolla
5-fid,
somewhat
fleshy,
the lobes
erect,
obtuse. Stamens
5,
inserted
on the corolla-tube. Filaments
straight
in
bud.
Ovary globose; styles3,
connate at the
base; stigmas
linear-clavate.
Fruit a
globose
utricle enclosed in and adnate to the
perianth. (A
Malabar
name.)
A
single
variable
species
found in most
tropical countries,
its
original
home
uncertain, possiblytropical
Asia.
1. B. RUBRA L. Libato
(Tag.).
A
succulent, branched, glabrous, twining,
herbaceous
vine, reaching a
length
of several
meters,
the stems
green
or purplish.
Leaves somewhat
fleshy,ovate, petioled,acuminate,
base cordate to decurrent,
5 to 12 cm
long. Spikes axillary,solitary,
5 to 20 cm
long.
Flowers
pink,
about 4
mm long.
Fruit ovoid or
globose,
5 to 6 mm long. (Fl. Filip.pi. 74-)
Occasional in waste
places, escaped
from
cultivation,
fl. most of the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines
but
certainly
introduced here. In most
tropicalcountries,
wild or cultivated,possibly a native of India.
NYMPHAEACEAE 201
2. ANDREDERA Jussieu
A scandent, glabrous,
annual vine from
fleshy
tuberous roots. Leaves
somewhat
fleshy,
entire. Racemes axillary.
Flowers
small, perfect,
the
bracteoles small.
Sepals 2, boat-shaped, enclosinj?
the corolla, broadly
keeled down the back. Corolla
deeply 5-parted,
thin. Stamens 5,
the
filaments reflexed in bud.
Ovary small, rounded; styles 3,
somewhat connate
at the base. Utricle ovoid or globose,
included in the
perianth.
A
monotypic
genus
of
tropicalAmerica,
introduced in the
Philippines.
1. A. SCANDENS
(L.) Moq.
A
glabrous,
somewhat
succulent, herbaceous,
annual vine from
large,
fleshy,
tuberous roots. Stems
green
or
purplish,
slender. Leaves
shining,
somewhat
fleshy,
ovate to
oblong-ovate,
obtuse to
shortly acuminate,
5 to
10 cm long.
Racemes
axillary,solitary,erect, usually simple,
12 to 20
cm long.
Flowers
numerous,
pale-greenish,
3 mm. long,
the
sepals broadly
winged
do'svn the back.
Common in thickets
along roadsides,etc.,
fl.
Aug.-Nov.
A native of tropical
America, now thoroughly
naturalized in and about
Manila,
but not
reported
from
any
other
part
of the Orient.
49. NYMPHAEACEAE
(Waterlily or Lauas
Family)
Aquatic perennial herbs,
often from stout
rootstocks,
the leaves
usually
floating,
often
peltate.
Flowers
solitary,
often
showy, on elongated
scapes,
floatingon the surface of the water or raised above the surface.
Sepals
3 to
5, free. Petals 3 to
many,
free, hypogynous or adnate to the
fleshy
disk. Stamens
many.
Carpels
3 or
more,
free or connate,
or irregularly
sunk in
pits
in the
fleshy disk; ovules few or
many.
Fruit of free and
indehiscent
carpels,
or the
carpels
more or less
united,or sometimes of the
enlarged fleshy
disk
bearing
the nut-like
carpels
sunk in its crown. Seeds
naked or arillate.
Genera
8, species
about
50,
in all
temperate
and
tropica! regions,
2
genera
and 3
or
4
species
in the
Philippines.
1. CASTALIA Salisbury
Herbs of fresh
water,
the rootstocks
large, creeping.
Flowers on elongated
scapes,
usually floating,rarely
borne above the surface of the water.
Sepals
4. Petals white or colored,
in several to
many
series,
the inner
ones gradually
smaller and transformed into stamens. Filaments
petal- like;
anthers linear.
Carpels many,
in one series,
sunk in the
fleshy disk,
crowned
by
the
radiating stigmas;
ovules
many.
Fruit a
spongy
berry
ripening
under water. (A
fountain of Greek
mythology.)
Species
about 25 in all warm countries,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. C. STELLATA (Willd.)
Blume {Nymphaea
stellata
Willd.). Waterlily.
Leaves ovate to suborbicular, entire, rounded, slightly peltate,
base
deeply cordate,
15 to 25 cm long,
often
purplish beneath, glabrous.
Flowers
fragrant, white,
about 8
cm
in diameter.
Sepals green,
with few purplp
dashes,
acuminate. Petals
linear-oblong
to lanceolate.
In
stagnant pools
of fresh
water,
Malate,
rare,
fl. Sept.-Nov.
;
in the
Philippines
known
only
from
Manila, certainly
introduced. Tropical
Asia
and Africa.
202
A FLORA OF MANILA
C.
pubescens (Willd.)
Blume
(Lauas, Tag.)j
is of wide distribution in
the
Philippines,differing-
in
many
characters from the
above,
but
especially
in its leaves
being pubescent beneath;
it does not occur in
our
area.
The lotus
{Neluvihium speciosum Willd.) {Baino, Tag.) occurs
in
Laguna
de
Bay,
and its flowers are
occasionally
sold in Manila.
50. CERATOPHYLLACEAE
(Ceratophyllum or
Inata
Family)
Submerged, slender,
monoecious herbs
growing
in fresh
water,
the
leaves
whorled,
cleft into
slender,
toothed lobes. Flowers
minute, axillary,
sessile,
the
perianth or involucre of 6 to 12,
narrow,
2-fid
segments.
Male
flowers with 20 to 30 stamens. Female flowers with a
sessile,ovoid,
1-celled
ovary;
style subulate;
ovule
solitaiy.
Fruit
a small, coriaceous,
ovoid
or ellipsoid, compressed nut,
terminated
by
the
style.
A
single
genus
with 3
species
of wide distribution in fresh water in
temperate
and
tropical regions
of the
world,
a
single species
in the
Philippines.
1. CERATOPHYLLUM Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family. (From
the Greek "horn" and
"leaf.")
1. C. demersum L. Inata
(Tag.).
Stems
long, branched, slender, submerged, densely leafy.
Leaves 1.5
to 2.5 cm long, whorled,
the
segments spreading
when
submerged, linear,
toothed.
Segments
of the
perianth
subulate. Fruit
variable,
with two
horns at the base.
Pasig River,
not uncommon floating
down from Lake
Bay; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Most
temperate
and
tropicalregions.
51. RANUNCULACEAE
(Clematis Family)
Annual or perennial
often suffrutescent
herbs,
sometimes
climbing.
Leaves
opposite
or
alternate,simple or compound, entire,toothed,
or lobed.
Flowers
regular
in our
genera, perfect
or 1-sexual.
Sepals
5 or more.
Rarely fewer,
valvate or imbricate,deciduous,
sometimes petaloid.
Petals
none,
or 3 to 5 or
more, hypogynous,
sometimes small. Stamens
hypogy-
nous,
usually
many.
Carpels usually
many,
free, 1-celled,
each with 1
or more ovules. Fruit of numerous 1-seeded achenes, often tailed or
otherwise
appendaged.
Genera
30, species
about
1,100,
in all
parts
of the
world,
5
genera
and
10
species
in the
Philippines,mostly
at medium or higher
altitudes.
1. NARAVELIA
DeCandolle
Climbing,
herbaceous or shrubby plants.
Leaves
opposite,
3-foliolate or
2-foliolate,
the terminal leaflet
usually
transformed into
a
tendril. Flowers
axillary,solitary
or
racemose,
long-peduncled. Sepals
4 or 5. Petals 6
to
12, longer
than the
sepals.
Achenes
narrow, stipitate,
beaked or
crowned with the
long
bearded
styles. (Named
from the "ancient city
of Gour" in
Bengal.)
Species 3,
India to
Malaya,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. N. loheri Merr. " Rolfe.
A
slender, herbaceous, slightly pubescent
vine, becoming nearly
or
quite glabrous.
Leaves
with
2,
ovate to
oblong-ovate,5-nerved,
somewhat
MENISPERMACEAE
203
acuminate,
entire or sometimes
coarsely
1- or 2-toothed leaflets 5 to 8
cm
long,
the
tip minutely mucronate,
base
rounded,
the tendril
taking
the
place
of the third leaflet
slender,
3-partite
at the
apex.
Flowers white or
greenish-white,
their
pedicels
up
to 4 cm
in
length.
Sepals 4,
about 9 mm
long.
Petals about
12, linear-spatulate,
2 cm
long
or
less,
1 to 2 mm wide.
Achenes 10 to 15, about 2 cm long,hirsute,
narrowed above into a slender
beak,
not tailed.
In thickets near the
Pasay cemetery,
fl.
April-May;
of
very
local
occurrence
in Luzon. Endemic.
52. MENISPERMACEAE
(Moonseed or Macabuhay
Family)
Twining or
climbing,
slender or stout, subherbaceous or
woody
vines.
Leaves
alternate,
entire or lobed,usually palmately, rarely penninerved;
stipules none. Flowers
small, dioecious,solitary,fascicled,racemose or
panicled. Sepals 6, rarely
fewer or more
numerous,
imbricate in 2 to 4
series. Petals
usually 6, rarely
fewer or
none,
free or connate. Male
flowers: Stamens
hypogynous, usually
one
opposite
each
petal;
anthers
free or connate.
Rudimentary ovary
small or none. Female flowers:
Staminodes 6 or 0. Ovaries
3, rarely
1 to 6 or
more; style terminal,
simple or divided;
ovules
solitary. Ripe carpels drupaceous.
Seed
usually
hooked or reniform.
Genera
63, species
about
360,
in all
tropicalcountries,
few in
some temperate
regions,
15
genera
and 26
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Leaves
penninerved 1.
Pycnarrhena
1. Leaves
palmately
3- to 7-nerved.
2.
Sepals
and
petals6; bracts
very
small or none 2.
Tinospora
2.
Sepals
and
petals 4; bracts on the female inflorescence
prominent.
3.
Cissampelos
1. PYCNARRHENA Miers
Climbing woody
vines or suberect shrubs. Leaves
oblong, coriaceous,
entire, penninerved. Cymes axillary, short, usually
fascicled. Male
flowers:
Sepals
6 to 9,
the outer ones
small, bract-like,
the interior
ones
gradually larger,
the innermost
suborbicular, concave. Petals 2 to
6,
smaller than the inner
sepals.
Stamens 2 to 10;
filaments
very
short or
none.
Female flowers:
Sepals
and
petals as
in the males.
Carpels
2 to
4,
glabrous or pilose. Drupes 3, or fewer
by abortion,subglobose; style-scar
lateral.
(Greek
"dense" and "male" from the dense
inflorescence.)
Species 17,
south-eastern Asia
through Malaya
to
Australia,
3 or 4 in
the
Philippines.
1. P. manillensis Vid. Ambal
(Tag.).
A suberect or
climbing
shrub 1 m high or more.
Leaves
subcoriaceous,
shining,elliptic-ovate,
to
oblong-elliptic,
the
nerves
5 to 7
pairs,very prominent on
the lower surface. Male inflorescences
axillary,short,pilo.se.
The flowers
crowded, yellowish,
the
sepals 7,
the outer ones small,
the 5 inner ones 1.5 to 2 mm
in diameter. Petals
about 3,
obovate. Stamens 8 to 10.
Drupes ellipsoid-globose,
10 to 15 mm
long.
San Juan del Monte
(Vidal),
fl.June. Of local occurrence
in the Phil- ippines.
Endemic.
204
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. TINOSPORA Miers
Climbing
vines with
very
bitter
sap
and
warty
stems. Leaves
deciduous,
thin, entire, palmately
3- to 5-nerved. Racemes
lateral,
slender. Male
flowers:
Sepals
6. Petals
6, rarely3,
cuneate-ovate to subcordate. Stamens
6;
filaments flattened. Female flowers:
Sepals
about
as in the males.
Petals
minute, spatulate-oblong.
Staminodes 6. Ovaries
3, free, erect;
styles
short.
Drupes 3, or fewer
by abortion,compressed, stipitate, globose
or ellipsoid,
the
endocarp dorsally
convex,
ventrally
flat or slightly
concave.
(From
the old Latin
name of Viburnum tinus and the Greek
"seed.")
Asia and to
Malaya
and
Australia,
1. T, reticulata Miers.
Macabuhay (Tag.).
A
very bitter,climbing,
dioecious vine
reaching a
height
of 4 to 10
m,
the branches
pendulous,
all
parts glabrous,
the stems
up
to 1 cm
thick,
somewhat
fleshy,
with scattered
protuberances.
Leaves
thin, ovate, acuminate,
base truncate or somewhat
cordate,glabrous, shining,
6 to 12
cm
long,
base
5-nerved; petioles
3.5 to 6 cm
long.
Racemes
solitaryor in
pairs
from the axils of fallen
leaves,pale-green,slender,
10 to 20 cm
long.
Male flowers
pale-green,short-pedicelled.Outer three
sepals
1.5
mm
long,
the inner three 4 to 5
mm long. Drupes
7 to 8 mm
long.
In
dry thickets,
common,
Balintauac to Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Mar.-May;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
3. CISSAMPELOS Linnaeus
Scandent, slender,
suffrutescent or
woody vines,
the leaves
ovate,
sometimes
peltate.
Male flowers in
axillary
cymes,
small.
Sepals usually 4,
erose.
Petals
4,
connate. Stamens
4, connate, surrounding
the
apex
of
the staminal-column. Female flowers
racemed,
fasciculate in the axils of
leafy
bracts.
Sepals 2, or sepal
1 and
petal 1, 2-nerved.
Ovary 1; style
short. Fruit
globose,fleshy,
1-seeded.
(Greek "ivy"
and
"grape vine.")
Species 21,
in all
tropicalcountries,a
single
variable one in the
Philip- pines.
1. C.
pareira
L. Sinsao-sinsaoan
(Tag.).
Scandent, slender,more
or
less
pubescent
or
nearly glabrous,
3 to 4 m
high, or of indefinite
length.
Leaves ovate to
orbicular-ovate,
often broader
than
long,
2 to 7 cm
long, acute, usually apiculate,
base
broad,
somewhat
cordate or subtruncate, usually slightlypeltate.
Male
panicles slender,
3
to 6 cm
long,hairy,usuallydiffuse,
the flowers
very
small,greenish.
Female
racemes 2 to 6 cm
long,
the bracts
green,
reniform,
1 to 1.5 cm
long,
broader
than
long.
Fruit
fleshy,globose,red,
5 to 7 mm
in
diameter,
somewhat
pubescent. (Fl.Filip.pi.432.)
In
thickets,flowering
at intervals
throughout
the
year;
common and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
All
tropical
countries.
53. MAGNOLIACEAE
(Magnolia or Champaca
Family)
Trees or
shrubs,
sometimes
scandent,
with
alternate, simple,
entire
or
toothed leaves.
Stipules large, small, or wanting.
Flowers
yellow
or white, fragrant, axillary
and
terminal, solitary,perfect. Sepals
and
petals similar,deciduous, thin, arranged
in whorls of threes. Stamen.s
numerous, many-seriate, hypogynous;
anthers
adnate,
introrse.
Carpels
many,
free or
partly cohering
in one whorl or on an elongated axis;
ANONACEAE
205
ovules 2 or more.
Fruit of several to
many
follicles,
or
berry-like,
arranged
in
a
whorl or on an elongated cone. Seeds
solitaryor
few, sometimes
pendulous
from a
long
funicle.
Genera 9, species
about
80, chiefly
natives of the mountains of
tropical
and
temperate
Asia and of the eastern United
States, a few in
Malaya
and
Australia, 5
genera
and about 15
species
in the
Philippines.
1. MICHELIA Linnaeus
Tress with
alternate,simple,
entire leaves,
the
stipuleslarge,sheathing
the
buds,
deciduous. Flowers
axillary,solitary,yellow or white,
very
fragrant. Sepals
and
petals similar,
9 to 15 or
more,
3- or more-seriate,
deciduous. Stamens
numerous,
many-seriate;
filaments
flat;
anthers
adnate.
Carpels
many,
on an elongated axis; stigma decurrent;
ovules
2
or more. Fruit a lax or dense
elongated spike
of
coriaceous,dorsally
dehiscing carpels.
Seeds
pendulous
from the
carpels by
a long
cord.
(In
honor of P. A.
Micheli,an early
Italian
botanist.)
Species
about 15, India to China and
Malaya,
2 introduced and one or
two indigenous species
in the
Philippines.
Flowers deep-yellow
1. M.
champaca
Flowers white 2. M.
longifolia
*1. M. CHAMPACA L.
Sampaca
or
champaca (Sp.-Fil.).
A small
tree,
the
young
branchlets
appressed-pubescent.
Leaves ovate-
lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate,gradually
narrowed
upward
to the
long-
acuminate
apex,
12 to 20 cm
long
2.5 to 6 cm wide. Flowers
yellowish-
brovni,very fragrant,
4 to 5 cm long; perianth segments usually
15 to
20. Ovaries
pubescent. (Fl.Filip.pi.191.)
Introduced from India or
Malaya
and
only
cultivated in the
Philippines,
not
spontaneous;
occasional in
Manila,
fl.
June-Dec,
and
probably
in
other months.
*2. M. LONGIFLORA Blume.
Champacang-puti (Tag.).
A small tree with
elliptic-ovate to elliptic-oblongleaves,
up
to 20 cm
long
and 9 cm wide. Flowers white.
Introduced and
occasionally
cultivated in
Manila,
fl.
Sept.,
and other
months; a native of Java.
The fruits of Illicium anisatum
L.,
the
star-anise,locally
known
as
sanki, are
imported
from China in considerable
quantities
and are sold
in the local markets. The
species however,
does not
grow
54. ANONACEAE
(CusTARD
Apple or Lanutan
Family)
Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent. Leaves
alternate, exstipulate,
simple,
entire. Flowers
perfect. Sepals 3,
free or
connate, usually
val-
vate. Petals 6, hypogynous, 2-seriate,
or the inner absent. Stamens
many,
hypogynous, closelypacked
on the
torus;
filaments short or
none;
anthers
adnate,
the connective
produced
into an
oblong or truncate head. Ovaries
one or
more,
free
or united; stigmas distinct;style
none or
very
short;
ovules 1 or more.
Fruit of 1 or
more,
sessile or stalked,
1- to
many-
seeded, fleshy,
indehiscent
carpels,rarely dry
and dehiscent.
Genera about
45, species 500, chiefly
in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
about 20
genera
and 80
species
known from the
Philippines.
206
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. Scandent shrubs.
2. Petals
spreading, broad, flat,
not
covering
the anthers 1. Uvaria
2. Petals inflated at the
base, conniving
and
covering
the anthers.
2.
Artabotrys
2. Inner
petals
very
different from the outer
ones;
ovules
solitary
in
each
carpel;
fruit
large, fleshy,
of
many
connate
carpels,
edible.
3. Anona
2. Inner
petals
similar to the outer
ones,
or wanting.
3. Ovules
many,
2-seriate;petals long,
lanceolate 4.
Canangium
3. Ovules 2 to 6,
1-seriate on the ventral suture 5. Unona
3, Ovules
2,
basal 6.
Polyalthia
1. UVARIA Linnaeus
Scandent shrubs
usually more or less
stellate-pubescent.
Flowers terminal,
leaf
-opposed,or extra-axillary,cymosely
fascicled or solitary. Sepals
3, densely pubescent.
Petals
6, orbicular,
imbricate in 2
rows,
spreading.
Stamens
indefinite;top
of the connectives truncate. Ovaries
many,
linear-
oblong;
ovules
many,
2-seriate,rarely
few
or 1-seriate.
Ripe carpels
fleshy,usually many-seeded. (Latin "grape,"
from the resemblance of the
fruit of
some species.)
A
large genus,
chiefly
of
tropical
Asia and
Malaya,
about 12 known to
occur
in the
Philippines,a single one in our area.
1. U. rufa Blume.
Susong-calabao (Tag.).
A scandent shrub often 5 to 6 m
in
length,
the
younger
parts
and lower
surfaces of the leaves rather
densely
and
softly pubescent
with
stellately
arranged, rusty,
short hairs. Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
oblong-lanceolate,
8
to 16 cm long,
apex
acuminate,
base rounded or cordate,
the
petioles
very
short.
Flowers
extra-axillary,solitary or 2 or 3 in
depauperate
cymes,
usually
about 1.5 to 2 cm
in diameter. Fruits
fleshy,
red when mature.
(Fl. Filip.pi.195,
U.
purpurea.)
In
thickets,
La Loma to Guadalupe,
fl.
May-July;
rather
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
at low
altitudes;Malay Archipelago.
2. ARTABOTRYS R. Brown
Scandent shrubs with
shining
leaves. Flowers
mostly solitary,usually
on woody, mostly hooked,
recurved
peduncles. Sepals 3,
valvate. Petals
6 in 2
series,
their bases
concave,
connivent,
the limbs
spreading,
flat or
terete. Stamens
many,
oblong
or cuneate,
the connectives truncate or
produced.
Torus flat or convex.
Ovaries few or
many;
style oblong;
ovules
2,
erect.
Ripe carpels fleshy. (Greek "joint"
and
"panicle,"
in allusion
to the
peculiar inflorescence.)
Species
about
25, tropical
Africa, Asia,
and
Malaya,
about 4 in the
Philippines,
a single
introduced one
in
our area.
*
1. A. UNCINATUS (Lam.)
Merr. {A.
odoratissimus R.
Br.). Ilang-ilang
de China
(Sp.-Fil.).
A scandent
woody shrub, glabrous
or nearly
so,
3 to 4 m in
length.
Leaves oblong-elliptic
to oblong-lanceolate,acuminate,
base acute,
9 to 16
cm long.
Flowers
yellow, fragrant, solitary or in
pairs. Sepals green,
b-hort,ovate,
connate below. Petals elliptic-oblong
to ovate-lanceolate above
208
A FLORA OF MANILA
I
*
3. A.
SQUAMOSA
L. Ates
(Sp.-Fil.)
;
Sugar Apple,
A small tree 3 to 5 m high.
Leaves somewhat
pubescent
when
young,
oblong, obtuse, acute,
or obscurely acuminate,
8 to 15
cm long; petioles
1
to 1.5 cm long.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,
about 2.5
cm
long; pendulous,
pubescent, 3-angled, greenish-white or
yellowish.
Fruit somewhat heart-
shaped
or ovoid, large, fleshy,pale or
glaucous
when
mature, edible,
6 to
9 cm long,
the outside
roughened by
the ends of the
carpels. (Fl. Filip.
pi 192.)
fl. most of the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
and
subspontaneous.
A native of
tropical America,
introduced
in the
Philippines
at an early
date
by
the
Spaniards; now found in most
tropical
countries.
4. CANANGIUM Baillon
Trees with rather
large leaves,
somewhat
drooping
branches and
large
axillary,
fascicled flowers.
Sepals 3, ovate,
valvate. Petals
6, 2-seriate,
subequal, long,
flat. Stamens
linear,
anther-cells
approximate, extrorse;
connective
produced
into a lanceolate,
acute
process.
Ovaries
many;
ovules
numerous,
2-seriate. Fruit
fleshy, cylindric-oblong,stalked;
seeds
many,
the testa crustaceous, pitted. (From
the
Malay name of one species.)
Two or three
species
confined to
Malaya, a single one in the
Philippines.
1. C. odoratum (Lam.)
Baill.
(Cananga
odorata Hk. f. "
Th.), Ilang-
ilang (Tag.).
A medium-sized to rather
large tree,
drooping.
Leaves
oblong-ovate, apex
acuminate,
base
usually
rounded 12 to 20
cm
long, usually slightlypubescent
beneath. Flowers
very
fragrant, greenish,
soon turning yellowish,pendulous,
their
pedicels
1 to 2,5
cm long, elongated,
in fruit.
Sepals ovate, pubescent.
Petals somewhat
pubescent, lanceolate,
4 to 6
cm long,
0.5 to 1 cm wide. Fruit
fleshy,oblong-cylindric,
green
or
olivaceous,
2
cm long. (Fl. Filip. pi. 221, Cananga odorata.)
Very commonly
cultivated in
Manila,
fl. all the
year,
the flowers
being
distilled in
large quantities
for the valuable
perfume-oil
known as ilang-
ilang; throughout
the
Philippines,
cultivated and
indigenous, ascending
to at least 700
m
in forests.
Ava, Tenasserim,
and
Java; planted
in
many
other
tropical
countries.
5. UNONA Linnaeus
Erect
or scandent shrubs or trees. Flowers
usually solitary,axillary,
extra-axillary, or leaf-opposed. Sepals
3. Petals 6,
2-seriate, Stamens
cuneate;
anther cells
linear,extrorse, top
of the connective
subglobose or
truncate. Ovaries
numerous;
style
ovoid or oblong, recurved, grooved;
ovules
usually
5
or 6,
1-seriate.
Ripe carpels
many,
elongated
and
constricted
between the seeds.
(Altered
from
Anona,
another
genus
of the
family.)
Species
about
50, tropical
Asia and
Africa,
about 7 known from the
Philippines; one
introduced in our area,
*
1. U, CHiNENSis
(Lour,)
DC,
(U.
discolor Vahl).
An erect shrub
or a small tree. Leaves 8 to 15 cm long, oblong
to
oblong-ovate,
apex
acuminate,
base
rounded, nearly glabrous,
the lower
surface,
when
dry,
somewhat
glaucous.
Peduncles
extra-axillary,
about
LAURACEAE 209
5 cm long, 1-flowered,
with a lanceolate,
2 cm long
bract below the middle.
Sepals ovate-lanceolate,acuminate, about 1.3 cm long.
Petals somewhat
pubescent,yellow,fragrant, 4 to 5 cm long. Carpels numerous, moniliform,
2 to 5 cm
long, stalked,
each
joint
with
a single
seed.
I have seen a singlespecimen
of this collected in
Manila,
but have never
seen
the
living plant;
introduced
here, although apparently indigenous
in
Palawan. India to
Malaya.
6. POLYALTHA Blume
Erect
shrujosor trees.
Flowers
leaf-opposed,solitary. Sepals
3. Petals
6, 2-seriate,ovate or elongated,
flat. Stamens
cuneate;
anther-cells ex-
trorse,
remote. Ovaries
many;
ovules 1 or 2,
basal and erect or subbasal
and
ascending. (Greek "many"
and "to
heal,"
from
supposed
medicinal
properties
of
some species.)
Species
about 50, mostly tropical
Asia and
Malaya, a
few in Africa and
Australia,
about
15 in the
Philippines.
1. P. tuberosa (Roxb.)
Benth. " Hook. f.
Tagputagpuan,
Duhatduhatan
(Tag.).
A shrub or small tree 2 to 4 m high,
the branchlets
slightlypubescent.
Leaves
oblong
to narrowly obovate-oblong, subacute,
blunt or somewhat
rounded at the
apex,
5 to 11 cm
long, slightlypubescent beneath,
the
petioles
very
short. Flowers
pale-yellow,solitary,
1
cm long or less,
their
pedicelsleaf-opposed,slender,
1 to 2 cm long,
the
sepals
and
petals slightly
pubescent.
Fruits
numerous,
ovoid or
globose,purple, fleshy,edible,
4 to
5 mm long. (Fl.Filip.pi.193,
Phaeanthus
malabaricus.)
Occasional in thickets
etc.,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
at low altitudes. India.
55. LAURACEAE
(Laurel
or Baticuling Family)
Trees or
shrubs with
opposite, alternate, or somewhat
whorled, ex-
stipulateleaves,or {Cassytha)
leafless,parasitic,
herbaceous, vines. Flow- ers
small, regular, perfect, or
uninsexual and monoecious or dioecious,
axillary,usually paniculate,
sometimes spicate.
Perianth with a short
tube,
the
segments
3 to 8, usually 6,
often deciduous. Stamens 6 to 30,
usually 9,
in 3 or more
rows,
inserted on
the
perianth-tube;
filaments flattened,
sometimes with
glands
near
the
base;
anthers 2- or 4-celled,opening
by up-curving
lids.
Ovary superior, 1-celled,
with a solitary
ovule
pendulous
from the
top.
Fruit
dry or fleshy,
often surrounded at the base
by
the
persistent perianth-tube.
Seed
solitary,pendulous, embryo large,
cotyledons plano-convex, endosperm none.
Genera 47, species
more than 1,000, warmer
parts
of both
hemispheres,
chieflytropical,
about 12
genera
and 75
species
in the Philippines.
1. Shrubs or trees.
2. Perianth
persistent
in
fruit;
fruits small.
3. Leaves and bark
very
aromatic;
leaves
mostly
3-
or 5-nerved;
flowers not involucrate
1. Cinnamomum
3. Leaves and bark not or
but slightlyaromatic;
leaves penninerved;
flowers involucrate
2. Litsea
2. Perianth deciduous; fruit
large,fleshy
edible
3. Persea
1.
Twining, leafless, yellow-brown, parasitic,
slender vines 4. Cassytha
111555 14
210
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. CINNAMOMUM
Blume
Trees with
opposite,
coriaceous, 3-nerved
leaves,
and
very
aromatic bark
and
twigs.
Flowers
small,
often
unisexual,
in
axillary
or subterminal
panicles
or racemes.
Perianth-tube short, cup-shaped
or
campanulate,
the
segments 6,
either deciduous or persistent
and
enlarging
in fruit. Sta- mens
9,
in 3
rows;
anthers
4-celled,
of the first two rows introrse,
of the
third row extrorse, a
fourth row represented by
3
sagittate
staminodes.
Fruit small, ovoid,
surrounded at the base
by
the
enlarged, persistent
perianth. (From
the Arabic name
of
cinnamon.)
Species
about 50,
4 to 5 in the
Philippines,
a single
introduced one in
our area.
*
1. C. ZEYLANICUM
(L.)
Bl. Canela
(Sp.);
Cinnamon.
A small
tree, glabrous except
the
finelysilky-pubescent
buds. Leaves
coriaceous,shining,
8 to 15 cm long,
oval or
oval-lanceolate,
base
acute,
apex
acuminate, strongly
3- or 5-nerved. Panicles
usually
about as
long
as the
leaves, mostly
clustered in the
upper
axils. Flowers
numerous,
pale-yellow,small, pubescent
outside with
grayish
hairs. Fruit about 1
cm long, oblong-ovoid,dry
or slightlyfleshy,
surrounded
by
the
enlarged
perianth,
the
perianth-segments persistent.
Occasionally
cultivated in
Manila,
fl.
May-Aug.,
and
probably
in other
months;
introduced from India or Ceylon.
In addition to the above the
camphor
tree [C camphora (L.) Nees],
a
native of China and Formosa,
is
represented
in
our area by young
specimens
cultivated in
"ingalon.
2. LITSEA Lamarck
Trees with
penninerved,
alternate leaves and rather
small,
dioecious
flowers crowded in small
glomerules or umbels,
each umbel subtended
by
4
concave
imbricate bracts which look like
sepals,forming an involucre,
the
glomerules
or umbels
umbellately
or racemosely arranged, axillary.
Per- ianth-tube
long
or short. Stamens
in several
rows,
the innermost ones more
or less
imperfect;
anthers all
introrse,
4-celled. Fruit
globose
or ovoid,
often
fleshy,
seated
on
the
cup-shaped, enlarged perianth-tube. (From
the
Chinese name of one species.)
Species
more than
100,
in the
Indo-Malayan region,
25
or more in the
Philippines,
two in
our area.
Heads or umbels of flowers
solitary
or umbellate;
leaves
very
densely
and
softlypubescent
1. L.
glutinosa
Heads or umbels racemosely disposed;
leaves glabrous
or
only slightly
pubescent
2. L.
perrottetii
1. LItsea
glutinosa (Lour.)
C. B. Rob.
Puso-puso (Tag.).
A tree 10 m high
or
less,
the
young
parts usually more or less softly
pubescent.
Leaves
elliptic
to oblong-elliptic, usually softly pubescent,
9
to 20 cm
long.
Umbels in the
upper
axils,solitaryor umbellate,
1 to 1.5
cm in
diameter,
their
peduncles
about 1 cm long, containing many,
small
crowded, yellowish
flowers. Fruit
globbose,
8 mm
in diameter or less.
(Fl.Filip.pi.360, Sebifera glutinosa.)
Occasional, Malate, Pasay, Masambong etc.,
fl.
Mar.-May; widely
distributed
in the Philippines
at low altitudes and in the Indo-Malayan region
generally.
2. L.
perrottetii (Blume)
F.-Vill. Bacan
(Vis.,Tag.); Maguilic,
Bati-
culing (Tag.);
Cubilan
(II.).
LAURACEAE 211
A tree 5 to 15
m high, glabrous, or
the
branchlets,inflorescence,
and
lower surfaces of the leaves
slightly pubescent.
Leaves
subcoriaceous,
ovate to
oblong-ovate,
brown and
shining
when dry, 8 to 14 cm
long,
base
usually
rounded
or somewhat
cordate,
apex
acuminate, the
nerves
and reticulations
prominent on
the lower surface. Inflorescence
axillary,
the flowers
small,greenish-white,or yellowish,
in
dense, subcapitate,
bract-
eate umbels which are
arranged
in 2 to 8 cm long, usually pubescent
racemes,
the individual umbels in flower 6 to 10 mm
in diameter. Fruit
subellipsoid,
8 to 10 mm
long.
In
thickets,Pasig,
fl.
Jan.-Feb.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
3. PERSE A Gaertner
Small or medium trees with
alternate, penninerved
leaves. Flowers
small,perfect,yellowish-green,
cymose
or panicled,
the inflorescence
axillary.
Perianth-segments 6,
those of the outer series shorter than the others.
Stamens
12,
in 4
series,
those of the inner
one or two series reduced to
staminodes;
anthers
erect, 4-celled,
those of the third row
extrorse,
in-
trorse in the outer row. Fruit
a large fleshy drupe. (A name applied
by Theophrastus
to an
Egyptian tree.)
Species
10 or
more,
of wide
several in the
Philip- pines,
a
single
introduced one in
our area.
*
1. P. AMERICANA Mill.
(P. gratissima Gaertn.). AlligatorPear,
Avocado.
A tree 10 m high or less. Leaves
oblong
to oval
or obovate,
about 20
cm long.
Flowers in
naked, panicled, pubescent cymes.
Flowers
small,
the
perianth-segments 4 to 5 mm
long.
Fruit
large,fleshy,elongated,
often
somewhat
pear-shaped,
8 to 18 cm
long,
the flesh
soft,edible,
the
single
seed
large.
Singalon, cultivated,
fl. March. A native of
tropical
America and
a
highly prized
fruit
worthy
of extended culture in the
Philippines.
The
only specimens
at
present
known are those introduced from Honolulu in
1903;
it
was, however,
introduced
by
the
Spaniards
before 1700 and a few
trees persisted
until recent times,
but
apparently
it
was never widely
distributed in the
Archipelago.
4. CASSYTHA Linnaeus
Leafless,parasitic,twining,
brown
vines,
the branches
filiform,provided
with suckers. Flowers
minute, usually perfect,bracteate,
in short
spikes.
Perianth-tube
short, enlarged
and
fleshy
in fruit, the
segments 6,
in 2
rows. Stamens
9,
in 3
rows;
anthers all
2-celled,
the 2 outer rows in-
trorse,
the inner
row extrorse. Fruit inclosed in but free from the enlarged,
succulent,perianth-tube. (Greek name
for dodder
{Ciiscuta),
a
plant having a similar
appearance.)
Species
about 15 in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
1. C. filiformis L.
Stems
very long, slender,brown, yellowish-brown, or greenish, t\vining
and matted
together, branched, glabrous
or
pubescent.
Flowers small,
sessile,
in short spikes.
Fruit
globose
about 7 mm in diameter, fleshy.
In thickets
along
the
beach, Paranaque, Malabon, etc.,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in the littoral districts of the
Philippines
and in the
tropicsgenerally.
It has
quite
the
aspect
and habit of dodder (Cuscuta) .
212
A FLORA OF MANILA
56. HERNANDIACEAE (Hernandia Family)
Trees, shrubs, or woody vines,
with
alternate, entire,simple
or 3-foliolate,
exstipulate
cymose
or paniculate,
axillary or terminal,
flowers regular, perfect,
or through
abortion monoecious,
the
perianth-
segments
3 to
10, valvate,
in two series,or the corolla
wanting.
Stamens
few,
inserted
in
a single row,
the filaments with
glands
or
staminodes at
their base; anthers introrse, 2-celled,opening by
recurved valves. Ovary
inferior,1-celled,
with a single pendulous
ovule. Fruit various,
inde-
hiscent,
sometimes
winged.
Genera 4, species27,
in all
tropicalcountries,
3
genera
and 4
species
in
the
Philippines.
1. ILLIGERA Blume
Climbing
shrubs with alternate,
3-foliolate
leaves,
the leaflets entire.
Inflorescence
axillary,elongated, lax, cymose.
Flowers
5-merous,
brac-
teolate,
the
calyx
tube
shortly
constricted above the
ovary,
the limb 5-lobed.
Petals
5, valvate,oblong,
alternate with the
calyx-lobes
and about as long.
Stamens
5, epigynous,
the filaments with
a pair
of staminodes on each side
near the base. Ovary 1-celled,inferior,1-ovuled; style simple, filiform;
stigma
dilated. Fruit
indehiscent,
v^dth 2 broad lateral
wings,
and frequently
with two additional keels or narrow wings. (In
honor of J. K. W.
IHiger,a German naturalist.)
Species 13,
1 in
Africa,
the
remaining
12 India to southern China and
Formosa southward to the Malay
Peninsula and
Archipelago,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. I. luzonensis (Presl)
Merr.
(/.meyeniana Kth.).
A vine
reaching a height
of 4 to 5
m, nearly glabrous except
the
somewhat
pubescent younger
parts
and infloi-escence. Leaflets
broadly ovate,
"somewhat
acuminate,
base rounded or slightlycordate,
5 to 10 cm long.
Cymes axillary,lax,
up
to 20 cm
in
length.
Flowers
pinkish
to
purplish-
red,
8 to 10 mm long.
Fruits somewhat
4-angled, including
the lateral
wings
2 to 3 cm
long,
4 to 5 cm wide,
the
wings
rather
thin,rounded,
the
two additional keels or narrow wings
between the broad ones 5 mm wide
or less.
In
thickets,Masambong
to
Diliman,
fl.
Sept.-Oct.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
Formosa.
57. PAPAVERACEAE
(Poppy Family)
Annual herbs with
yellow juice.
Leaves
alternate,sessile,sinuate-lobed,
spiny.
Flowers
large, yellow, perfect,regular. Sepals
2 or 3. Petals 4
to 6. Stamens indefinite.
Ovary 1-celled;styleshort; stigma
4- to 7-lobed;
ovules
very many
on
4 to 7
parietalplacentas. Capsule dehiscing
at the
top by
short
valves;
seeds
many.
Genera 30, species
about 300. Represented
in the
Philippines by
a
single
introduced
genus
and
species.
1. ARGEMONE
Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family
as
given
above.
(From
a Greek name signify-
iag a desease of the
eye,
for which the
juice
of
a plant
so called was
considered to be a remedy.)
Species
6 in
tropicalAmerica,
1 now
found in
many
other countries.
CRUCIFERAE
213
1. A.
MEXICANA
L.
An
erect, rather
stout, branched,
annual herb 1 m high or less,
with
yellowish
sap.
Leaves 5 to 15 cm
long,
more or less
variegated
with
green
and
white, glaucous,
the base
broad, half-clasping
the
stem,
prominently
sinuate-lobed,spiny.
Flowers
terminal, yellow,
4 to 5 cm ii)
diameter.
Capsule spiny,
about 3 cm
long. (Fl. Filip.pi.187.)
Waste
places,
roadsides
etc.,
fl.most of the
year.
A native of
tropical
America,
introduced into the
Philippines
at an
early
date and now
widely
distributed;tropics
of the wôrld.
58. CRUCIFERAE
(Mustard or Mostaza
Family)
Herbs with
watery,
often
pungent juice.
Basal leaves in a rosette,
those on the stem
alternate,variously
toothed or
lobed,
or entire. Flowers
racemose. Sepals 4, free, the two lateral
ones often
large
and saccate at
the base. Petals
4, free, imbricate. Stamens
usually 6,
the two outer
opposite
the lateral
sepals,
the 4 inner
longer,
in
opposite pairs.
Disk
usually
with 4
glands opposite
the
sepals. Ovary
2- or
1-celled;styles
short or
none;
ovules usually
many
and 2-seriate. Fruit
usually a 2-celled,
2-valved
pod,
the valves diciduous and
leaving
the seeds on the
placentas,
or indehiscent,
or jointed.
Seeds small.
Genera
218, species
about 2,000, mostly
in the
temperate regions
of the
Old
World,
4
genera
and about 6
species
in the
Philippines,mostly
introduced.
1. Pods dehiscent.
2. Seed
2-seriate;cotyledons plane,
accumbent 1. Nasturtium
2. Seeds
1-seriate;cotyledons conduplicate
2. Brassies,
1. Pods indehiscent 3.
Raphanus
1. NASTURTIUM R. Brown
Erect, simple
or branched, glabrous
or
hairy
herbs. Leaves
entire,
lobed
or pinnatifid.
Flowers
small, yellow,
racemose.
Sepals short, spreading,
equal
at the base. Petals short, narrowed
below, or wanting.
Stamens
2, 4, or
6. Pod
slender,cylindric,
short or
long.
Seeds
small, 1-seriate,
the
cotyledons
accumbent. (Latin name
of
a
strongly
scented
cress,
from
"nose" and "to
twist.")
Species
about 20 in
temperate
and
tropical countries, 1 in the Phil- ippines.
1. N. INDICUM DC.
An
erect, usually
branched
nearly glabrous
herb 20 to 40 cm high.
Leaves
oblong, variously
lobed and
toothed,
5 to 10
cm long,
often
lyrate,
petioled,
the
upper
ones sessile
or nearly so. Racemes
long,many-flowered,
flowering
at the
tip.
Flowers small, yellow,
2.5 to 3 mm long, the
sepals
as
long
as
the
petals.
Pods
spreading, slender,cylindric,
1 to 2 cm
long.
Damp
ditches
along roadsides,etc.,
fl. all the
year, widely
distributed
in
the
Philippines,
and
undoubtedly
Japan,
southward
to
Malaya.
2. BRASSICA Linnaeus
Erect, simple
or
branched, glabrous
or
hairy
herbs. Leaves
large,lyrate
or pinnatifid,
sometimes entire. Racemes
long, many-flowered.
Flowers
small, yellow. Sepals
erect
or spreading,
the lateral
ones usually
sacc'ate
at the base.' Pods
slender,dehiscent,cylindricor angular, often with an
214
A FLORA OF MANILA
indehiscent beak. Seeds
l-seriate;cotyledonsusually conduplicate. (Latin
name
of the cabbage.)
Species
about 80 in the
temperate parts
of the Old
World, a
few introduced
in the
Philippines.
1. B. JUNCEA (L.)
Coss. Mostaza
(Sp.-Fil.).
An
erect,branched, glabrous
annual 0.4 to 1 m high.
Leaves 5 to 15 cm
long,
or
in
some cultivated forms much
larger,thin,oblong-obovate
to
oblong-
lanceolate,irregularly
toothed or subentire,or the lower ones lobed or pinna-
tifid. Flowers
yellow,
6 to 8 mm
long.
Pods
ascending, linear-lanceolate,
1.5 to 3 cm
long,
somewhat contracted between the
seeds,
the beak seedless.
also occasional in waste
places,
fl. all the
year;
plant
in the
Philippines. Europe
to India and
China,
introduced in other
regions.
The form
commonly
cultivated
by
Chinese
gardeners,
known as "pechai,"
seems to be a form of B.
juncea (L.)
Coss.
Cabbage (Sp.,repollo^Brassica
oleracea
L.)
is also
commonly
cultivated in and about Manila and in
many
of the
provinces;
it is a native of
Europe.
3. RAPHANUS Linnaeus
Coarse, erect, glabrous or hairy herbs, usually
with
fleshy tap
roots.
Leaves
lyrately
or pinnately
lobed. Flowers
large,
white to pale-purplish,
in
elongated
racemes.
Sepals erect,
the lateral ones saccate at the base.
Pod
indehiscent,elongated,
constricted between the
seeds,
and with a long
beak.
(The
ancient Greek
name.)
Species
about
6,
in
Europe
and
Asia,
1 introduced and cultivated in the
Philippines.
*1. R. SATivus L. Rabano
(Sp.);
Radish.
A
coarse,
erect,
branched
plant
0.5 to 1.5 m high,
from
a fleshytap root,
the leaves
up
to 20 cm long, lyratelylobed,rough
and somewhat
hairy or
nearly glabrous.
Flowers white to
pale-purple,
about 1.5 cm long.
Pods
lanceolate,long-beaked, acuminate,
few
seeded,
2 to 6 cm long.
Commonly cultivated,occasionallyflowering.
A native of
Europe
or Asia,
introduced here and
veiy
generally
cultivated.
59. CAPPARIDACEAE
(Caper
or
Dauag
Family)
erect or climbing.
Leaves
simple
or palmately
compound, alternate,
the
stipules
2 or
none,
sometimes
represented by sharp
spines.
Flowers
regular
or
irregular,perfect,solitary,racemed,
umbelled
or corymbose,
terminal or axillary. Sepals 4,
free
or connate. Petals 4,
hypogynous
or inserted on the disk. Stamens 4 to
many,
sometimes inserted
on a long
or
short
gynophore. Ovary
stalked
or sessile,1-celled;style
short
or
none;
ovules
many,
on 2 to 4
parietal placentae.
Fruit a capsule or
berry-like.
..
Genera 40, speciesover 400,
in the
warmer part
of both
hemispheres,
5
genera
and 20
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Erect or climbing spiny
shrubs with
simple
leaves 1.
Capparis
1. Herbs with
digitatelycompound
leaves.
2. Stamens inserted on the
disk; petals
imbricate in bud 2. Cleome
2. Stamens inserted
on
the
gynophore; petalsspreading
in bud.
3.
Gynandropsis
216
A FLORA OF MANILA
*4. C. CORDIFOLIA Lam.
{C .
mariana J
acq.). Alcaparro (Sp.-Fil.).
A shrub about 2 m high, unarmed,
the
younger parts
somewhat
pubescent.
Leaves
broadly
ovate to
suborbicular,soft,
base
cordate,
apex
broad
and
retuse,
4 to 7 cm long.
Flowers
large, axillary,solitary,long-pedi-
celled,
the
sepals
green,
unequal,
concave,
the
petals
very
oblique,
3 to 5
cm long,white, turning purplish.
Fruit somewhat
club-shaped, large. (Fl.
Filip.pi.
179,
C.
mariana.)
Paraiiaque, occasionallycultivated,
fl.
Sept.-Oct.,and
probably
in other
months;
introduced from the Marianne Islands.
Marianne, Caroline,
and
Marshalls
Islands;
Timor.
2. CLEOME Linnaeus
Erect,
often rank-scented herbs with
digitately
3- to 9-foliolate leaves.
Flowers
yellow, racemose. Sepals
and
petals
4 each. Stamens 4 or
more,
inserted on the disk.
Ovary
sessile or on a
short
gynophore;
ovules on
2
parietalplacentas.
Fruit an oblong or linear,2-valved
capsule,
the valves
separating
from the
seed-bearing placentas.
Seeds
small,
numerous,
reni-
form.
(A
Latin
plant name of uncertain
origin.)
Species
about
2 in the
Philippines,
both introduced.
1. C. VISCOSA L.
An
erect, branched, annual, glandular-pubescent,
somewhat
rank-smelling
herb 0.3 to 1 m high.
Leaves 3- to
5-foliolate,
the leaflets 1 to 3 em long,
oblong
to
obovate-oblong.
Flowers in
leafy
terminal
racemes,
the
pedicels
1
cm long
or less. Petals
yellow,narrowly obovate,
7 to 8 mm long.
Stamens
12 to 20.
Capsules cylindric,striate,glandular-pubescent, 4 to 7 cm
long,
3 to 4 mm in
diameter,
narrowed above.
In
open
waste
places,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines
but
certainly
not
indigenous.
In all
tropical
countries.
3. GYNANDROPSIS DeCandolle
An
erect, annual, glandular-pubescent or glabrous
herb. Leaves
digitately
5-foliolate, long-petioled.
Flowers in
racemes.
Sepals
and
petals
4
each,
the latter
long-clawed, spreading
in bud. Stamens
6,
the filaments
adnate below to the slender
gynophore, spreading
above.
Ovary long-
stalked.
Capsule cylindric,elongated, 2-valved,
the valves
separating
from
the
placentas.
Seeds
many, small,
reniform.
(Greek
"woman" and
"man,"
in reference to the filaments
being
adnate to the stalk of the
ovary.)
A
monotypic
genus,
found in all
tropical countries,
but
probably
introduced
here.
1. G. PENTAPHYLLA
(L.)
DC.
An
erect, branched,
somewhat
pubescent
herb 0.4 to 1 m high,
the stems
usually purplish.
Leaflets
5,
sessile or nearly so,
obovate or oblong-obovate,
acute or obtuse,
entire
or slightlyserrulate, 2 to 5 cm long.
Racemes terminal,
elongated, glandular-pubescent, flowering
at the
tip,
the
pedicels
about 1.5 cm long,
each subtended
by a 3-foliolate bract.
Sepals lanceolate,
green,
about 4 mm long.
Petals white or tinged
with
purple,
1 to 1.2 cm
long,
the blades
elliptic
to obovate.
Gynophore purplish,
1.5 cm
long,
the
filaments 1.5 to 1.8 cm long. Capsules cylindric,
4 to 10 cm long,
about 5
mm
in diameter. Seeds
very numerous,
small.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 223.)
In
open
dry
grass
lands, especiallynear
the
sea, Pasay,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in the
CRASSULACEAE
217
60. MORINGACEAE
(MoRiNGA or Malungay
Family)
Deciduous trees with soft wood. Leaves
alternate, 3-pinnate;
leaflets
opposite,entire,
the
pinnules jointed to the
rachis, usually pflandular at the
base. Panicles
axillary.
Flowers
perfect, slij^htlyirreprular. Calyx
cup-
shaped, 5-cleft,
the
segments unequal, petaloid,
deciduous from above the
base. Petals
5, unequal, the
upper
one
smaller,erect,
the lateral
ones ascending,
anterior one
larger,
reflexed. Stamens inserted on the edge
of the
disk,
declinate,
5
perfect opposite
the
petals,alternating
with
5, reduced,
antherless
filaments;
anthers
dorsifixed,
1-celled. Disk
lining
the
calyx-tube. Ovaiy
stipitate,1-celled;style slender, tubular; stigma
perforated;
ovules
numerous
in 2 series on 3
parietal placentae. Capsule elongated, beaked,
3-angled, loculicidally3-valved, corky
within. Seeds
many,
in
pits on the
valves, corky-winged.
A
single
genus, containing
3
species,
natives of western Asia and northern
Africa.
1. MORINGA Jussieu
Characters of the
Family. (From
the
Singalese name.)
*
1. M. OLEIFERA Lam.
(.1/.pterygosperma Gaertn.). Malungay (Tag.);
Horse-radish Tree.
A small tree 8
m high or less,
bark
corky,
roots with a pungent
taste.
Leaves 25 to 50 cm
long, usually 3-pinnate; pinnae
4 to 6
pairs;
leaflets
3 to 9 on the ultimate
pinnules, pale beneath, thin, ovat" to
elliptic,
1 to 2
cm long.
Panicles
spreading.
Flowers
white, L5 to 2 cm
long.
Fertile
filaments villous at the base.
Ovary hairy.
Pod 15 to 30 cm
long,
pendulous,
3-angled,
9-ribbed. Seeds
3-angled, winged on the
angles. (Fl,
Filip.pi 125.)
Occasional in
our
area,
but cultivated
only,
fl.
Jan.-May; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
A native of
India, now widely
distributed in the
tropics
and
probably
introduced into the
Philippines
in
prehistoric
times.
The leaves are cooked for food.
61. CRASSULACEAE
(Stonecrop or Siemfreviva
Family)
Succulent, usually perennial
herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite,simple
or pinnately compound, extipulate.
Flowers small to
large,
cymose,
sometimes
spicate-racemose or paniculate, regular, perfect or unisexual.
Calyx
4- or 5-fid,
free. Petals as
many
as the
sepals,
free
or connate.
Stamens
hypogynous or
upon
the
petals,
as
many
or twice as
many
as the
petals. Carpels usually as
many
as the
petals,
with a hypogynous gland or
scale at the base of
each,
free or connate
below;
ovules
many
on
the
edges
of the
carpels.
Fruit a many-seeded
follicle
dehiscing
down the inner face.
Seeds
albuminous; embryo terete; cotyledons
short.
CJenera 13, species
about
400, widely distributed,
but few in
Australia,
Polynesia,
and South
America,
3
genera
and 3 or 4
species
known from
the
Philippines.
Calyx-lobes
short 1.
Bryophyllum
Calyx-lobes
free
nearly
to the base 2. Kalanchoe
218
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. BRYOPHYLLUM Salisbury
Erect, perennial
herbs. Leaves
opposite, thick, succulent, crenate,
simple
or
3-foliolate. Flowers
large, pendulous,
in
spreading panicles. Calyx
with
a long,
inflated
tube;
lobes
4, short,
valvate. Corolla with
a
campanu-
iate tube and a shortly
4-fid limb. Stamens
8,
in 2
series,
inserted
on the
middle of the corolla-tube.
Hypogynous
scales
4,
obtuse.
Carpels 4,
free
or connate at the
base,
attenuated into
long styles;
ovules
very many.
Follicles
4, many-seeded. (Greek
"swell"'
or "full" and "leaf in reference
to
the thick
fleshy leaves.)
Species
4 in
tropical Africa,
the
following throughout
the
tropics.
1. B. piNNATUM (Lam.)
Kurz
{B. calycinum SaUsh.)
.
Catacataca
(Tag.);
Siempre
viva
(Sp.).
An
erect, more or
less
branched, glabrous,
succulent herb 0.4 to 1.4
m
high.
Leaves
simple or pinnately compound,
the
leaflets,elliptic,crenate,
usually
about 10 cm long,
thick and succulent. Flowers
paniculate,
pendulous.
Calyx
brownish
or purplish,
3.5 to 4 cm long, cylindric.
Corolla
about 5 cm long
inflated at the
base,
then
constricted,
the exserted
parts
reddish
or purplish,
the lobes acuminate.
(Fl. Filip. pi.H.7.)
In thickets and
open
places,
also
cultivated,
fl.Dec-March
;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
and
probably
of
prehistoric
introduction.
Tropics
of the
world, probably originating
in Africa.
2. KALANCHOE Adanson
Stout, erect, succulent, perennial êrbs,
often
unbranched,
the leaves
opposite,
or
the
upper
ones alternate,
entire or laciniately
2-
or
3-fid. Flowers
erect, yellow,
in
many-flowered, subpaniculate
cymes.
Calyx deeply
4-
parted.
Corolla
salver-shaped,
the tube
flask-like,
narrowed
above,
the
limb
spreading, 4-lobed, longer
than the
calyx, persistent.
Stamens
8,
in
two series,
adnate to the corolla-tube.
Hypogynous
scales
4,
linear or
oblong. Carpels 4,
adnate to the base of the
corolla-tube,
narrowed into
long styles;
ovules
many.
Follicles 4. Seeds
very many,
oblong,
small.
(From
the Chinese
name.)
Species
about 60, chiefly
in
tropical Africa,
few in Asia and in
tropical
America,
2 in the
Philippines.
*
1. K. LACINIATA (L.)
Pers.
An
erect, simple,
robust
plant
less than 1
m
in
height, quite glabrous.
Leaves
opposite, fleshy, pinnatisect,
8 to 15
cm long,
the lobes
distant,
spreading, subentire, toothed, or
somewhat
lobed, lanceolate, distant,
few.
Inflorescence
terminal, peduncled.
Flowers about 1.5 cm long,
the
sepals
green,
the limb of the corolla
spreading,
about 2
cm
in diameter.
Rare in
cultivation, Singalon,
fl.
Jan.,
and
probably
In other months,
introduced.
Tropical
Africa
through
India to China and
Formosa,
southward
to
Malaya.
ROSACEAE
219
62. PITTOSPORACEAE
(Pitchseed or
Mamalis
Family)
Trees
or shrubs, mostly glabrous.
Leaves
alternate, simple, entire,
exstipulate.
Flowers
5-merous, perfect,
in terminal or axillary corymbose
cymes,
rarely
fascicled.
Sepals
free or connate
below,
imbricate. Petals
narrow,
hypogynous, imbricate,
their claws
usually connate. Staments
5,
opposite
the
sepals. Ovary incompletely
2-
or 3-celled,
sessile
or shortly
stalked;
ovules 2 to
many
on each
placenta.
Fruit a fleshy, coriaceous, or
woody, 1-celled,
2-
or 3-valved
capsule,
the valves
bearing placentae
in
the
middle,
the seeds few to
many,
embedded in
a
resinous
or oily pulp.
Genera
9, species
about
110, chiefly Australian,
1
genus
in the Philip- pines.
1. PITTOSPORUM Banks
Characters of the
Family as given
above.
(Greek "pitch"
and
"seed.")
Species
about
75,
India to Australia and
Polynesia,
1. P.
pentandrum (Blanco)
Merr. Mamalis
(Tag.).
A small tree 4 to 8
m high, glabrous except
the inflorescence. Leaves
lanceolate, gradually
narrowed at both
ends,
rather
6 to 15 cm long.
Panicles 5 to 8 cm long, rusty-pubescent,
rather
dense,
many-flowered.
Flowers
white, fragrant,
about 6
mm long. Fruit sub-
globose
when
fresh, pale-yellow,
6 to 8
mm
in
diameter,
resinous inside and
with a strong,
somewhat
turpentine-like odor. Seeds
brown, flattened,
about 8 in each
capsule.
Cementei-io del
Norte,
fl.
June-July; widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
Endemic.
63. ROSACEAE
(Rose Family)
Herbs, shrubs, or trees with
alternate, simple or compound leaves,
usually stipulate.
Flowers
perfect, regular, rarely irregular. Calyx-tube
free or adnate to the
ovary,
the limb 5-lobed. Petals
5, deciduous,
imbricate.
Disk
lining the
calyx-tube or forming a ring
at its base. Stamens
pe-
rigj'nous, numerous, rarely
5 or 10,
in one or
many
series.
Ovary
of
one or more free or connate
carpels,
with free
or
connate, basal, lateral,
or terminal
styles;
ovules 1 or more
in each cell. Fruit
drupaceous,
baccate, or
of
many
achenes on a dry or fleshy receptacle, rarely capsular.
Genera
100, species
about
1,500,
in all
parts
of the
world,
but
chiefly
in
temperate regions,
6
genera
and 30
species
in the
Philippines.
Family description
included here as various horticultural forms of the
rose
(genus Rosa) are cultivated in
Manila; however,
it has been found
to be
impossible
to
classify
these with
any
degree
of
accuracy,
hence
no descriptions are included. A
single indigenous species
of the
genus
occurs in the Mountain
Province,
Luzon
{Rosa multiflora Thunb.).
Of
other
representatives
of the
family occasionally found in
Manila,
the
strawberry, Sp. fresa (Fragaria vesca L.),
is sometimes cultivated. I have
seen a single plant
of
one species
of
raspberry (Rubus rosaefolius Sm.),
cultivated, but as it
persisted
for
a
few
months
only
it has not been included;
the
species
is
widely distributed in the
Philippines.
220
A FLORA OF MANILA
64. CONNARACEAE
'
(CoNNARUS OR Palo Santo
Family)
Erect or climbing
shrubs
or
small trees. Leaves
alternate,exstipulate,
1- to 3-foliolate or
odd-pinnate;
leaflets entire. Flowers
racemose or pani-
cled,regular, perfect. Calyx 5-lobed,persistent.
Petals
5,
free or
nearly
so.
Stamens 5 or
10,
those
opposite
the
petals
often shorter or
imperfect?:
Disk
none or
small.
Carpels usually 5, rarely more or less,
free or
nearly
so,
1-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit of
1, rarely
2 or 3,
sessile or
stalked,
1- or
2-seeded
follicles,
the testa
usually
arilliform.
Genera 17, species
about
175,
all
tropical;
6
genera
and 17
species
in
the
Philippines.
Fruit sessile /
1. Rourea
Fruit stalked 2. Connarus
'
1. ROUREA Aublet
odd-pinnate leaves,
the leaflets entire. Panicles
axillary.
Flowers small.
Sepals
5,
orbicular,
somewhat
enlarged
and
clasping
the base of the
ripe capsules.
Petals
5, usually linear-oblong.
Stamens
10;
filaments connate below. Ovaries 5, 4
usually imperfect.
Capsules sessile,
curved. Seeds arillate.
(A
name for one or some of
the
species
in French
Guiana.)
Species
about
50,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. R. erecta (Blanco)
Merr.
(R. multiflora Planch). Camagsa (Tag.);
Palo Santo
(Sp.-Fil.).
A suberect or
scandent, woody, glabrous
Leaves
15 to 25
cm long,
the leaflets 12 to 20, oblong-ovate
to
oblong-lanceolate,
4 to 8 cm long.
Panicles
axillary,many-flowered,
5 to 15 cm long.
Flowers
white or pink,
5 to 7 mm long,
very
numerous.
Pods
red,
about 1 cm
long, sessile,
somewhat
curved, split
down
one side,
surrounded at the
base
by
the
calyx. (Fl. Filip.pi. HO.)
In
thickets,
San Juan del
Monte,
fl.
April-June; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
Endemic.
2. CONNARUS Linnaeus
odd-pinnate leaves,
the leaflets 3 to 5 or
more,
entire. Panicles
axillary
and terminal. Flowers small.
Sepals clasping
the
pedicles
of the
capsules.
Petals
5, slightlyenlarged upward.
Stamens
10,
5
alternating ones
shorter than the others. Ovaries 5, pubescent,
one
perfect,
the other 4
imperfect. Capsules oblique, inflated,
broader
upward,
the valves
glabrous
or pubescent
within. Seeds arillate.
Species
about 70,
all
tropical;
10 in the
Philippines, a single one
in
our area.
1. C. neurocalyx
Planch. Sandaleno
(Tag.).
A scandent
woody
vine 2 to 6 m high, nearly glabrous except
the
inflorescence. Leaves 25 to 30 cm long.
Leaflets 5 to 7, oblong,
blunt-
*
For a consideration
of the known Philippine
genera
and
species
see
Merrill,
E. D.,
"A Revision of
Philippine
Connaraceae." Philip.
Journ.
Sci.
4
(1909)
Bot. 117-128.
LEGUMINOSAE
221
acuminate,
8 to 15 cm long,
subcoriaceous. Panicles in the
upper
axils,
rusty-pubescent, many-flowered,
10 to 20 cm long.
Flowers
yellowish-
white, fragrant,
about 7 mm long.
Pods red, 2 to 3 cm long, obovoid,
somewhat curved and
compressed,
short-stalked.
In thickets, Masambong,
fl. Feb.
-March; widely
Endemic.
65. LEGUMINOSAE
'
(Bean or
Narra
Family)
Annual or perennial
herbs or vines, shrubs, or trees. Leaves
usually
alternate, stipulate,simple, digitate,or pinnate.
Flowers in
axillary or
terminal racemes or panicles,
sometimes
solitary,
bracts and bracteoles
usually present.
Flowers
regular (MiDiosoideae)
or irregular, usually
perfect. Calyx
truncate or toothed,
sometimes
2-lipped,
the lobes sometimes
free or nearly
so.
Petals
usually 5,
sometimes reduced to 1 or 3,
equal (Mijuosoideae) or
very
unequal.
Stamens
normally
10,
fewer
in
some
genera,
or indefinite in some
Mimosoideae
;
filaments free or variously
combined.
Ovary free, superioi",
1- to many-ovuled; style simple; stigma
capitate,
terminal or oblique.
Fruit a usually dry or sometimes
fleshy pod,
splitting
down one or both sutures or sometimes
indehiscent,or separating
into
1-seeded,
indehiscent
joints.
Seeds
usually
exalbuminous.
One of the
largest families, consisting
of about 500
genera,
and
12,000
species,
in all
parts
of the
world,
91
genera
and about 290
species
in
the
Philippines.
This vast
family
is divided into three
very
natural
subfamilies,
treated
by
some authorities as distinct families.
They are
the
Mimosoideae,
with
regular flowers,
the
petals valvate,
free or united above the
base,
the
stamens definite or indefinite;
the
Caesalpinioideae,
with
irregular
flowers,
the
petals imbricate,
the
upper
one
innermost in
bud,
sometimes reduced
to 1 or 3,
the stamens definite;
and the
Papilionatae,
with
very
irregular
petals,
the corolla
papilionaceous,
that
is,butterfly-like,consisting
of the
upper
outer petal,
the
standard,
the four others in two
opposite pairs
called the keel and the
wings,
the stamens definite,
their filaments variously
united.
All have in common the characteristic fruit known as a pod or
legume,
which
may
be dehiscent or indehiscent, dry
or fleshy,
and 1- to
many-seeded.
1. Petals
valvate;
flowers
regular
A. Mimosoideae
1. Petals
imbricate;
flowers
irregular.
2. Flowers not
papilionaceous,
the
upper
petal
interior.
B.
Caesalpinioideae
2. Flowers
papilionaceous,
the
upper
petal (standard)
exterior.
C.
Papilionatae
A. Mimosoideae
1.
Calyx-lobes
valvate.
2. Stamens
usually numerous,
at least more than twice as
many
as
the
petals.
'
For a consideration of the known Philippine species see Merrill,
E.
D.,
"An Enumeration of
Philippine Leguminosae,
with
Keys
to the Genera
and
Species." Philip.
Journ. ScL 5
(1910)
Bat. 1-136.
222
A FLORA OF MANILA
3. Filaments more or
less connate.
4. Pods
indehiscent,septate
between the seeds 1. Enter olohium
4. Pods dehiscent or
indehiscent,not
septate
between the seeds.
5. Pods
strongly spirally
twisted 2. Pithecolobium
5. Pods
straight,
thin 3. Albizzia
3. Filaments free
'.
4. Acacia
2. Stamens as
many,
or twice as
many,
as the
petals.
3. Anthers not
gland-tipped.
4. An erect shrub or small
tree; pods straight,flat,smooth.
5. Leucaena
4. A
suffrutescent,spreading, spiny
herb with
very
sensitive leaves.
6. Mimosa
3. Anthers
gland-tipped.
4. Pods
indehiscent; shrubs or small trees armed with
long spines.
7.
Prosopis
4. Pods
dehiscent;unarmed trees 8. Adenanthera
1.
Calyx-lobes imbricate; large unarmed trees with
bipinnate leaves and
very
numerous small
leaflets,
the flowers
very numerous,
in dense
obovoid heads
9. Parkia
B. Caesalpinioideae
1.
Calyx entire,or the
segments
above the
receptacle more or less united
into
a toothed or lobed tube.
2. Leaves
2-pinnate; spiny climbing
shrubs 10. Mezoneunim
2. Leaves
simple, 2-cleft or
lobed;
unarmed
shrubs, vines,or trees.
11. Bauhinia
1.
Calyx-segments free or
nearly
free above the
receptacle.
2. Leaves
2-pinnate.
3.
Calyx-segments valvate; large
trees with
very
showy
red and
yellow
flowers and numerous small leaflets 12. Delonix
3.
Calyx-segments
imbricate.
4. Pods not
winged; erect, slightlyspiny
shrubs 13.
Caesalpinia
4. Pods
winged on one or both sutures.
5.
Climbing,
very
spiny shrubs; pods winged along one suture.
10. Mezoneurum
5.
Erect,
unarmed trees with
large panicles
of
showy yellow
flowers; pods winged along
both sutures 14.
Peltophorum
2. Leaves
1-pinnate or reduced to
single
leaflets.
3. Anthers
basified,opening by
terminal
pores;
herbs, shrubs, or trees.
15. Cassia
3. Anthers
versatile,opening by longitudinal
slits.
4.
Ovary or its
stipe more or less adherent to the
calyx-tube.
5. Petals
3; pods fleshy
16. Tamarindus
5. Petal 1.
6. Perfect stamens
3;
seeds not arillate 17. Intsia
6. Perfect stamens
usually 7;
seeds arillate 18. Pahudia
4.
Ovary quite
free from
calyx;
ovules 1 or 2.
rarely 3; petals
5.
19.
Cynometra
C. Papilionatae
1. Fruit
composed
of 1-seeded
joints
which are usually
indehiscent.
2. Leaves
pinnate.
224
A FLORA OF MANILA
4. Pods dehiscent.
5. Leaves not
gland-dotted
beneath 43. Pueraria
5. Leaves gland-dotted
beneath.
6. Herbaceous vines.
7.
Pods
acuminate, scarcely depressed
between the seeds.
44. Dunbaria
7. Pods obtuse or apiculate, deeply depressed
between the
seeds
45.
Cantharospermum
6.
Erect, shrubby;
cultivated
46.
Cajanus
3. Leaflets not
stipellate,
the
stipelsreplaced by large glands;
trees
with
large
red flowers
47.
Erythrina
3. Leaflets
stipellate;
herbaceous or woody
vines.
4.
Style
not bearded below the
stigma.
5. Stamens monadelphous,
the
vexillary
filament
more or
less
united with the others.
6. Nodes of the racemes not swollen 46. Teramnus
6. Nodes of the racemes swollen.
7.
Upper lip
of the
calyx projecting, distinctlylonger
than
the lower
one;
pods large,
keeled
along
each side of the
dorsal suture 49. Canavalia
7.
Upper lip
of the
calyx
not
exceeding
the lower
one; pods
small,
not keeled 43. Pueraria
5. Stamens
diadelphous,
the
vexillary one free from the others.
6. Nodes of the receme not
swollen; pods longitudinallyridged,
glabrous
51. Centrosema
6. Nodes of the racemes swollen.
7. Flowers
large; petals
very
unequal; pods large, densely
pubescent or covered with
stinging
hairs 52. Mucuna
8. Flowers
small, petals neai'lyequal; pods
small.
53. Galactia
4.
Style
bearded below the
stigma.
5. Stigma oblique.
6. Keel
spirally
twisted 54. Phaseolus
6. Keel not
spiral.
7.
Style filiform;
leaflets entire
55.
Vigna
7.
Style
flattened
upward;
flowers
blue;
leaflets toothed;
roots
large, fleshy,turnip-shaped
56.
Pachyrrhizus
5.
Stigma
not
oblique.
6. Pod
flattened,
not winged
57. Dolichos
6. Pod
square,
4-winged
58.
Psophocarpus
MIMOSOIDEAE
1. ENTEROLOBIUM Martius
Erect, unarmed, large
trees. Leaves evenly bipinnate.
Flowers in
globose heads, 5-merous, usually perfect. Calyx campanulate,
toothed.
Corolla funnel-shaped, petals
connate to the middle. Stamens monadelphous,
much
exserted;
anthers not gland-crested. Ovary sessile,many-
o.vuled. Pod
strap-shaped, straight,
somewhat thickened and
fleshy,
the
mesocarp
pulpy
and
soft,
the
endocarp firm,
the sutures
thickened. (Greek
"intestine" and "pod.")
Species
5 or 6 in
tropicalAmerica,
the
following
introduced here.
LEGUMINOSAE
225
1. E. SAMAN (Jacq.)
Prain
(Pithecolobium saman Benth.)-
Acacia
(Sp.-
Fil.)
;
Rain-tree.
A
large
tree
reaching a height
of 20 to 25
m,
the branches
wide-spreading.
Leaves
evenly 2-pinnate, pinnae
8 to
12,
15 cm long or less;
leaflets 12
to 16 in the
upper
pinnae,
6 to 10 in the lower
ones, decreasing
in size downward,
pubescent beneath, oblong-rhomboid,
base and
apex
more or less
oblique,
the midnerve
diagonal,
1.5 to 4
cm long. Flowers
pink,
in
dense,
peduncled, axillary solitary or fascicled heads. Pod
straight,
somewhat
fleshy,indehiscent,
15 to 20
cm long,
2
cm wide, the
mesocarp
pulpy,
sweet.
Very commonly
cultivated as a
shade
tree,
decidous in
February,
fl.
March-Sept.; quite generally
cultivated in the
larger
towns in the Phil- ippines.
A native of the West
Indies, now widely
distributed in the
tropics
in cultivation.
2. PITHECOLOBIUM Martius
Erect trees with
2-pinnate
leaves sometimes with
spinose stipules.
Flowers small, perfect, 5-merous,
in
globose
heads which
are solitary,
fascicled,
or paniculate. Calyx campanulate or funnel-shaped, shortly
toothed.
Corolla
narrowly funnel-shaped,
the
petals
united below the middle.
Stamens
exserted, monadelphous;
anthers not
gland-crested. Ovary
many-
ovuled; style filiform; stigma capitate.
Pod
strap-shaped, variously
falcate, or circinate, usually
much twisted at
maturity,
dehiscent. Seeds
arillate or
not.
(Greek "monkey"
and
"pod.")
Species
about
100, tropical, mostly American,
9 in the
Philippines.
1. P. DULCE (Roxb.)
Benth.
Camanchiles,
Camonsil
(Sp.-Fil.).
A
tree 5 to 18
m high,
the ultimate branches often
pendulous,
armed
with
short, sharp, stipular spines.
Leaves
evenly 2-pinnate,
4 to 8
cm
long; pinnae a single pair,
each
pinna bearing a single pair of oblique,
ovate-oblong, obtuse,
1 to 4 cm long
leaflets. Flowers
white,
in dense
heads about 1 cm
in
diameter,
their
peduncles solitary or fascicled in the
axils of small
bracts, along
the slender branchlets. Pod
turgid, twisted,
often
spiral,
10 to 18
cm long,
about 1
cm wide,
dehiscent
along
the lower
suture,
the valves red when
ripe.
Seeds 6 to
8,
surrounded
by an edible,
whitish, pulpy
arillus.
Common and
widely distributed,
fl.
Oct.-April.
A native of
tropical
America, now throughly
naturalized in the
Philippines,
and also found in
India and
Malaya.
The local names are corruptions
of its old Mexican name
Quamochitl.
3. ALBIZZIA Durazz
Unarmed trees with
2-pinnate
leaves. Flowers
small,
5
merous,
perfect,
pedicelled or sessile in
globose
heads which
are usually paniculate. Calyx
campanulate or funnel-shaped,
toothed. Corolla
funnel-shaped, the
petals
united below the middle. Stamens
many,
monadelphous
at the
base, long-
exserted;
anthers not
gland-crested. Ovary many-ovuled.
Pod
thin, flat,
strap-shaped, straight,
not curved
or twisted,
indehiscent
or
very
tardily so.
(In
honor of the noble Italian
family
of
Albizzi.)
Species
about 30 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
8 in the
Philippines.
111666 " 16
226
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. Leaflets
small, never more than 5 cm
long.
2. Flowers
sessile;
upper
half of the leaflets broader than the lower.
1. A.
procera
2. Flowers
pedicelled;
lower half of the leaflets broader than the
upper.
2. A. lebbeck
1. Leaflets
large,
the
upper
ones 10 to 18 cm
long.
2. Pinnae Avith 2
pairs
of leaflets which are pubescent
beneath.
3. A.
saponaHa
2. Pinnae with 1
pair
of
glabrous
leaflets 4. A. acle
1. A.
procera (Roxb.)
Benth.
Aninapla; Acleng-parang (Tag.).
An
erect, slightlypubescent or nearly glabrous
tree 10 to 25 m high.
Leaves about 40 cm long; pinnae
6 to
10,
15 to 20
cm long;
leaflets 12 to
20, oblong-elliptic,
rounded or
retuse,
2 to 5 cm long,
somewhat
oblique.
Panicles terminal or in the
upper
axils,
up
to 20 cm long,
diffuse.
.Flowers
yellowish-white,
in
globose
heads at the ends of the
branchlets,
the heads
in flower 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter. Pods
oblong, thin, smooth, flattened,
10 to 15 cm long,
2 to 2.4 cm
wide, containing
8 to 10 seeds.
In
open
dry lands, Masambong,
fl.
Sept.; widely
India to
Malaya.
*2. A. LEBBECK
(L.)
Benth.
Languil (Tag.).
A
nearly glabrous or
somewhat
pubescent
tree 8 to 12
m high.
Leaves
about 25 cm
long; pinnae
about
6,
15 cm
long;
leaflets 6 to
8, oblong, obtuse,
somewhat
oblique,
2 to 5 cm long,
coriaceous. Flowers in
long-peduncled,
axillary,
fascicled
heads,
the
peduncles
up
to 6 cm
in
length.
Heads in
bud,
about 2 cm in
diameter,
in
flower,including
the
anthers,
3 to 4 cm
in diameter. Corolla
greenish-yellow.
Stamens white and
green.
Pods
oblong, coriaceous,
15 to 20 cm long,
2 to 3 cm wide, flat,shining,reticulate,
swollen or impressed opposite
the seeds.
Occasionally
cultivated as
shade-tree,
fl.
March-June;
not common in
the
Philippines,apparently
only.
A native of
tropical
Africa and
Asia, now in most
tropical
countries.
3. A.
saponaria (Lour.)
Bl.
Gogon-toco,
Malatoco
(Tag.).
Leaves 30 to 40 cm long; pinnae 4,
the
upper
pair usually longer
than the
lower;
leaflets 4 to
8, gradually larger
toward the ends of the
pinnae,
5 to 15 cm long,
ovate to
elliptic-ovate,
acuminate,
often
inequilateral,
more or less
pubescent.
Panicles
terminal,
pubescent, spreading,
15 to 30 cm long.
Flowers
white,
crowded in heads
at the ends of the ultimate
branchlets,
heads in flower 1.5 to 2 cm
in
diameter.
Calyx pubescent.
Pods
thin, flat,
7 to 18 cm long,
2.5 to 3 cm
wide, containing
7 to 12 seeds.
In
thickets,Masambong,
fl.
Sept.-Oct.;widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines;
Malaya.
4. A. acle (Blanco)
Merr.
(Pithecolobiuvi
acle
Vid.).
Acle
(Tag.).
A tree
reaching
a
height
of 20
m or
more, glabrous except
the inflorescence.
Leaves
bipinnate,
the
petiole
2 to 5 cm
long; pinnae
a singlepair;
leaflets 4 to
8,
the
upper
ones of each
pinna
the
largest,
8 to 18 cm long.
Inflorescence axillary, pubescent,
of several short
panicles.
Flowers 10 to
15 in each
head, greenish-white,
the
calyx
3 mm
long,
the corolla 7 mm
long.
Pods 20 to 40
cm long,
3.5 to 5 cm wide, indehiscent,
inflated
opposite
the seeds. Seeds 10 to 12 in each
pod,
about 2 cm
long.
LEGUMINOSAE
227
Rarely cultivated,Singalon,
fl.
April-May.
A
widely
distributed endemic
speciesyielding
a valuable timber.
4. ACACIA Willdenow
Spinose or prickly,rarely unarmed,
erect or climbing
shrubs or small
trees. Leaves
bipinnate,
the leaflets
numerous, small,
or in one
Philip- pine
speciesrepresentedby phyllodiaonly.
Flowers 5-merous, usually
perfect,
in
globose,axillary,solitaryor panicled
heads.
Calyx toothed,cam-
panulate
or funnel-shaped.
Petals
exserted,
united below. Stamens
many,
free,
exserted.
Ovary many-ovuled.
Pod
ligulateor oblong,
not
jointed,
flat or swollen,
dehiscent or indehiscent.
(Ancient
Greek name of a spiny
Egyptian tree.)
Species
about 450 in all
tropicalcountries,
5 in the
Philippines.
Erect
shrubs; pods turgid
1. A.
famesiana
Climbing shrubs; pods
flat 2. A.
rugata
1. A. FARNESIANA
(L.)
WiUd. Aroma
(Sp.-Fil.).
A much branched
spiny
shrub 2 to 4 m high,
the branches more or less
zig-zag,lenticellate,
the
spines stipular,sharp,
1 to 4 cm
long,
those on the
branchlets smaller. Leaves 5 to 8 cm
long; pinnae usually
10 to
12;
leaflets
linear-oblong,
15 to
40,
4 to 7 mm long.
Heads
axillary,solitary
or fascicled,
globose,densely many-flowered,
about 1 cm
in
diameter,
the
peduncles
slender,
pubescent,
2 to 3.5 cm long.
Flowers
yellow,fragrant.
Pods
turgid,
5 to 7 cm
long,
1 to 1.5 cm
wide, straight
or curved.
In waste
places,common,
fl.
Oct.-May; widely
distributed and abundant
in the
Philippines,thoroughly
naturalized.
tropical
America, now found in most
tropical
countries.
2. A.
rugata (Lam.)
Ham.
(^4.
co7icinna
DC).
A
scandent, prickly
shrub
reaching a
height
of 4 to 5 m. Branches
gray,
armed with
short, sharp prickles.
Leaves 15 to 25 cm
long; pinnae
8 to 10
pairs,
the rachis with
one gland near the base and one or two
near the
apex;
leaflets 20 to 32
pairs,linear-oblong,
8 to 10 mm long,acute,
base
subtruncate,
midrib
oblique.
Panicles terminal and in the
upper
axils,
ample,
the heads
yellow,
about 1 cm
in diameter. Pod
straight,
somewhat
fleshy,
wrinkled when
dry, flat,7 to 10 cm
long,
about 2 cm wide.
In thickets on dry
bluffs
opposite
Fort
McKinley,
fl.
March;
of local
occurrence
in Luzon. India to China and
Malaya.
5. LEUCAENA Bentham
Small, erect,
unarmed trees. Leaves
evenly bipinnate,
the leaflets small.
Flowers
sessile,
in
dense, globose heads, 5-merous, usually perfect. Calyx
cylindric-campanulate,shortly
toothed. Petals
valvate,
free. Stamens
10,
free,
much
exserted;
anthers
not
stalked. Pod
flat,
coriaceous,strap-shaped,thin,
dehiscent.
(Greek "white.")
Species 8, mostly American,
the
following
introduced in the
Philippines.
1. L. GLAUCA
(L.)
Benth.
Malaganit, Ipel
or
Ipel-ipel(Tag.).
A shrub or small tree 2 to 6
m high.
rachises
pubescent; pinnae
8 to
16,
5 to 9 cm
long;
leaflets 20 to
30, linear-oblong,
acute, inequilateral,
7 to 12 mm
long.
Heads
solitary,axillary,long-pedun-
cled,globose,densely many-flowered,
2 to 5 cm in diameter. Flowers white.
Pod
thin,flat,strap-shaped,acuminate, 12 to 18 cm
long,
1.4 to 2 cm
wide,
usually
many developing
from each head of
flowers,
each
containing
from
15 to
25, elliptic, compressed, shining,
brown seeds.
228
A FLORA OF MANILA
In
thickets,common,
fl. all the
year; very
widely
distributed in the
naturalized. A native of
tropical America, now
found all over the
tropics.
6. MIMOSA Linnaeus
Herbaceous prickly plants
with
bipinnate,
sensitive
leaves, the leaflets
small. Flowers
small,
in
dense,globoseheads,polygamous, mostly
4-merous.
Calyx campanulate,
short-toothed. Petals connate below. Stamens as
many as,
or twice the number
of,
the
petals,
much
exserted;
anthers not
stalked. Pod
flat,membranaceous,
made
up
of 1-
seeded
joints
that
on maturity separate
from the sutures. (From the
Greek
"mimic,"
the sensitive leaves
mimicing living animals.)
A
very
large genus
mostly
confined to tropicalAmerica, a single
introduced
one in the
Philippines.
1. M. PUDICA L. Macahia
(Tag.) ;
Sensitive Plant.
A
diffuselyspreading,
suffrutescent
herb,
the stems branched,
up
to 1
m
in
length, sparingly prickly
and with
numerous
deflexed
bristly
hairs.
Leaves
very
sensitive,
both the
pinnae
and the leaflets
falling
when
touched;
pinnae usually 4, digitatelyarranged
at the end of each
petiole,
4 to 9 cm
long;
leaflets
narrowly oblong,inequilateral, acute,
1 to 1.5 cm long,
sessile,
sparingly bristly.
Heads long-peduncled,solitaryor 2 or 3 in each
axil,
nearly
1 cm
pink,
very
numerous. Stamens 4. Pods
flat,slightlyrecurved, numerous,
1 to 2 cm
long,
made
up
of from 3 to 5,
1-seeded
joints
that at
maturity
fall
away
from the
persistent,armed,
sutures which bear
numerous, weak, spreading, yellowish-white
bristles.
(Fl. Filip.pi 253.)
In
open
waste
places,very common,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the Phil- ippines.
A native of
tropicalAmerica,
now found in all
tropical
countries.
7. PROSOPIS Linnaeus
Erect shrubs or trees with stout
spines.
Leaves
2-pinnate,
the leaflets
numerous,
small. Flowers
polygamous, small,
in
spikes
or spike-likeracemes.
Calyx small, campanulate,
entire or slightly
5-toothed. Petals 5,
ligulate,
somewhat coherent at the base. Stamens 10, free, somewhat exserted;
anthers crowned with
a gland. Ovary many-ovuled.
Pod
turgid,
narrowly oblong,
somewhat
curved,
the
mesocarp
fleshy,septate
between the
seeds.
(An
ancient Greek
plant
name of uncertain
application.)
Species
25 or more
in most tropicalcountries,
1 introduced in the
Philip- pines.
1. P. VIDALIANA Naves. Aroma
(Sp.-Fil.).
A shrub or a small tree 2 to 6 m high, glabrous throughout,
the branches
armed with
numerous, long, sharp spines.
Leaves
bipinnate,
solitary or
somewhat fascicled,
each leaf
or fascicle subtended
by a pair
of 1.'5to 4
cm
long spines,mostly
with 2
pairs
of 5 to 10 cm long pinnae.
Leaflets numerous,
linear-oblong,
about 1.5 cm long,
obtuse.
Spikes axillary,
8 to 10
cm long.
Flowers
numerous, yellowish
or straw-colored,spreading,
including
the stamens about 7 mm long.
Pods 15 to 20 cm long, nearly
1
cm wide,
somewhat compressed,
rather
strongly curved, containing
about
20 seeds.
(Fl.Filip.pi.392.)
Abundant along
the
Pasay beach,
and
along
and near some tidal streams,
fl.
Sept.-March; very
abundant about Manila
Bay,
and in a
few other localities
in the Philippines,undoubtedly
introduced from Mexico.
LEGUMINOSAE
229
8. ADENANTHERA Linnaeus
Erect unarmed trees with
2-pinnate
leaves. Flowers
small, perfect,
5-merous,
in
spike-like
racemes.
Calyx campanulate,
toothed. Petals val-
vate, cohering
at the base, lanceolate. Stamens
10, free;
anthers
gland-
tipped. Ovary sessile,many-ovuled.
Pod
strap-shaped,
falcate,
the valves
coriaceous, twisted after dehiscence. Seeds 2-colored.
(Greek "gland"
and
''anther" from the
gland-tippedanthers.)
Species
5 or 6 in most
tropicalcountries,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. A. intermedia Merr.
Malasagad, Tanglin (Tag.).
An erect
glabrous tree 10 to 15 m high. Leaves 25 to 40 cm
long;
pinnae
4 to G, 10 to 20 cm long;
leaflets 5 to
9,
elliptic,
truncate or slightly
retuse,
when
dry
dark
above, pale beneath,
2 to 4 cm long.
Racemes in
the
upper
axils,solitaryor paniculate,
12 to 20 cm
long,
slender. Flowers
numerous, brownish,
about 3 mm long,
their
pedicles
slender. Pods narrowly
oblong,
about 15 cm long
1 to 1.3 cm
wide, containing
8 to
12, somewhat
compressed,
8 mm
long shining seeds,
half red and half black.
Cementerio del
Norte,
fl.
Aug.-Oct. ; widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
Endemic.
9. PARKIA R. Brown
Tall,
unai-med trees with
evenly bipinnate leaves,
the leaflets
very
numerous,
small. Flowers in
dense, long-peduncled,
obovoid heads.
Calyx
tubular, shortly 5-cleft,
the lobes imbricate. Corolla
tubular,
somewhat
cleft. Stamens
10, exserted,
the filiform filaments in the lower
part
united
with each other and with the
corolla-tube;
anthers
gland-tipped. Ovary
stalked. Pod
large, flat,strap-shaped coriaceous,very tardily
dehiscent.
(In
honor of M.
Park,
an
African
traveler.)
A
genus
of about 10
species,
in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
2
in the
Philippines.
1. P. timoriana
(DC.)
Merr.
Cupang (Tag.).
A
very large
tree 25 to 40 m
high.
Leaves
evenly bipinnate,
30 to 80
cm
long; pinnae
40 to
60,
8 to 20 cm long;
leaflets 60 to
140, linear-oblong,
falcate,
6 to 12 mm long,
close
set, shining above,
acute. Heads
dense,
obovoid or
pyriform, axillary,long-peduncled,
up
to 6 cm
in
length.
Flowers white and
yellow,
about 1 cm
long.
Pods 25 to 30 cm
long,
about
3.5 cm wide, rather thick, pendulous,
black and
shining
when
mature, containing
from 15 to 20 seeds.
A
single
tree in the old botanic
garden,
fl.
Nov.; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines. Timor,
its other
range
uncertain.
CAESALPINIOIDEAE
10. MEZONEURUM Desfontaines
Woody, prickly
climbers with
abruptly 2-pinnate
leaves. Flowers in
panicled racemes. Calyx
very
oblique,usually deeply cleft,
the disk
mostly
basal,
the lobes
imbricate,
the lowest
one hooded, larger
than the others.
Petals obovate, spreading, subequal.
Stamens
free, declinate,
exserted.
Ovary many-ovuled; style filiform,
incurved. Pod
oblong, flat,thin,
in-
dehiscent,
with
a
broad
wing extending
down the
upper
suture.
(Greek
"middle" and
"nerve,"
in allusion to the nerved
pods.)
Species
10 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
3 in the
Philippines.
230
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. M.
pubescens
Desf.
Camat-cabag, Dauag (Tag.)-
A
scandent, woody,
very
spiny
vine
reaching a length
of from 3 to 5
m. Leaves 30 to 50 cm long,
the rachis
softlypubescent,
armed with
stout,
sharp,
recurved
spines; pinnae
24 to
30;
leaflets 12 to 20, oblong, thin,
pubescent,
1 to 2 cm long.
Panicles
terminal, many-flowered, pubescent,
15 to 25 m long.
Flowers
yellow,
about 3 cm
in diameter. Pods
oblong,
thin, indehiscent,
11 to 13 cm
long,
about 3.5 cm wide
including
the
thin,
8
mm
wide
wing along
the dorsal suture.
In
open
dry
lands and
thickets,
La Loma to San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
Sept;-
Nov.;
of
very
local occurrence
in the
Philippines.
Timor.
11. BAUHINIA Linnaeus
Erect shrubs
or
trees or climbing vines,
sometimes with circinate tendrils.
Leaves
simple, usually deeply
cleft from the
tip, rarely
entire.
Flowers
usually showy,
in
simple or panicled racemes. Calyx-tube
short
or
long,
the limb entire and
spathe-likeor 2- to 5-cleft. Petals 5, subequal,
usually
clawed. Stamens
10, or reduced to
5, 3, or 1,
when fewer than 10
usually
with sterile filaments.
Ovary many-ovuled; style
short
or long;
stigma
often
peltate.
Pod linear to
oblong, flat,
dehiscent or
indehiscent.
(In
honor of K.
Bauhin, an early
Swiss botanist.)
Species
about 150 in all
tropicalcountries,
18 in the
Philippines.
1. Fertile stamens
10;
shrubs.
2.
Tips
of leaf -lobes
rounded;
flowers
yellowish, solitary
or in
pairs;
pods pubescent
1. B. tomentosa
2.
Tips
of leaf -lobes
acute;
flowers
white, racemose; pods glabrous.
2. B. acuminata
1. Fertile stamen
1; a tree 3. B. monandra
*
1. B. TOMENTOSA L.
An
erect,
branched shrub 1.5 to 3 m
high,
the
branchlets,
lower surfaces
of the
leaves,
and the
pods
somewhat
pubescent.
about as wide, split
about one-third to the base into two, ovate,
rounded
lobes. Flowers
pale-lemon-yellow, usually
in
pairs on axillary peduncles.
Calyx-limb spathaceous, split
down one side. Petals about 5 cm long,
4
cm
wide. Stamens
10,
all
fertile,unequal
in
length,
the filaments 1 to
2 cm long.
Pod 9 to 11 cm long,
about 1.5 cm wide, flattened,acuminate,
containing
6 to 10 seeds.
(Fl. Filip.pi.119,
B.
binata.)
purposes,
fl.
most of the
year.
A native of
India, now rather
widely
distributed in the
tropics
in cultivation and as
an
escape,
2. B. ACUMINATA L.
An erect shrub 2 to 4 m
high,
somewhat
pubescent.
Leaves 7 to 13
cm long,
6 to 12 cm wide,
base somewhat cordate,
9- to
11-nerved,
the lobes
acute or slightlyacuminate,
about one-third the length
of the leaf. Ra- cemes
axillary,short,
few-flowered.
Calyx
green,
about 3 cm long, split
down one side, acuminate,
the
apex
with
5, short,
slender teeth. Corolla
white,
about 8 cm
in diameter. Stamens 10,
shorter than the
petals,
all
acuminate, glabrous, containing
7 to 9 seeds.
(Fl. Filip.pi.111.)
In
dry
thickets
opposite
San Pedro Macati,
also
cultivated,
fl.
Aug.-Oct,;
of local
occurrence
in the
Philippines,
and
surely
China and
Malaya.
232
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. Shrubs or trees;
leaflets
many,
7 or more
pairs
on each
pinna.
3. Stamens several times as long as the
petals;pods
about 2 cm wide.
3. C.
pulcherrima
3. Stamens not or but little
longer
than the
petals;pods
3 to 4 cm wide.
4. C.
sappan
1. C. crista L.
(C.
bonducella
Flem.).
Calumbibit
(Tag.).
A scandent
woody
vine
reaching a length
of 10 m or
more,
the stems
very
spiny.
Leaves
bipinnate,
often
nearly
1 m long,
the rachis armed
with
stout, sharp,
recurved
spines; pinnae usually
about 10
pairs,
about
20 cm long,
with a pair
of short
sharp spines
at the attachment of each
pair
of leaflets. Leaflets about 10
pairs,oblong,
obtuse or acute,
somewhat
pubescent,
2 to 5 cm
long.
Racemes
axillary,simple
or
panicled,
dense
at the
top.
Flowers
yellow,
about 1 cm long.
Pods 5 to 7 cm
long,oblong,
inflated,
covered with slender
spines.
Seeds
large,
one or
two, subglobose,
hard,
gray,
shining.
In thickets
especially
near the
sea,
fl.
Sept.-Jan.;throughout
the
Philip- pines
near the seashore.
Cosmopolitan
in the
tropics.
2. C.
nuga (L.)
Ait.
Sapinit (Tag.).
A
glabrous,
scandent shrub
reaching a length
of 10 m or
more,
the
branches armed with
short, stout, hard,
hooked
prickles.
Leaves
bipinnate,
20 to 30 cm long,
the rachis armed with recurved
spines beneath;
pinnae
6 to
8,
rather
distant;
leaflets 4 to 6 on each
pinna, coriaceous,
shining,
ovate to
elliptic-ovate, acute,
2 to 5 cm
long.
Panicles
terminal,
ample, many-flowered.
Flowers
yellow, racemosely arranged,
about 1 cm
in diameter. Stamens
woolly
at the
base, slightly
exserted. Pods 4 to 5
cm
long,
2.5 to 3 cm wide, beaked, hard, indehiscent,containing
a single
seed.
(Fl. Filip.pi 150.)
In thickets near
the seashore or within the influence of brackish
water,
Pasay,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippinesnear the sea. Tropics
of the world.
3. C. PULCHERRIMA
(L.)
Sw. Caballero
(Sp.-Fil.).
An
erect, glabrous, sparingly spiny
shrub or small tree 1.5 to 8 m high.
Leaves bipinnate; pinnae
4 to 8
pairs,
6 to 12 cm
long;
leaflets sessile,
7
to 11
pairs,obtuse, elliptic,
1 to 2 cm
long.
Racemes
terminal, lax,
the
pedicelslong,
slender. Flowers red and
yellow,
or
yellow,
about 4 cm in
diameter,
the
petals crisped,clawed;
stamens long-exserted.
Pods 5 to 9
cm
long,
1.5 cm
wide.
(Fl.Filip.pi.112.)
Commonly
purposes,
fl. all the
year.
A
native of
tropicalAmerica,
introduced here at an early date, and naturalized.
Now
everywhere
in the tropics.
4. C. SAPPAN L.
Sappang,
Sibucao
(Tag., Vis.).
A small tree 3 to 5 m high,
with scattered
prickles.
Leaves
up
to 50
cm long; pinnae
about
20, opposite,
10 to 20 cm long;
leaflets 20 to
30,
oblong
to
oblong-rhomboid,
very
oblique,
attached at the lower
corner,
apex
usually
retuse. Panicles often as long as the
leaves,
terminal. Flow- ers
yellow,
2 to 2.5 cm
in
diameter,
the filaments
densely woolly
in the
lower one-half. Pods
oblong
to oblong-obovate,hard, indehiscent,shining,
about 7 cm long,
3.5 to 4 cm
wide,
with
a hard recurved beak at the
upper
angle. (Fl. Filip.pi.121.)
In
thickets, San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
Aug.-Sept. ;
common
and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
but
probably
introduced. India and
Malaya.
LEGUMINOSAE
233
14. PELTOPHORUM
Vogel
Unarmed trees with
abruptly bipinnate
leaves and
showy yellow
flowers
in
ample
terminal and
axillary panicles. Calyx deeply cleft,
the lobes
imbricate. Petals
oblong or roundish, spreading.
Stamens
10, free,
decli-
nate,
the filaments with a dense tuft of hairs at the base;
anthers uniform.
Ovary sessile,free, few-ovuled; stigma large, peltate.
Pod
oblong, flat,
indehiscent, winged along
both sutures. (Greek
"shield" and "to
bear,"
from the
peltatestigma.)
Species
about 6 in most tropicalcountries,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. P. inerme
(Roxb.)
Naves (P. ferrugineum Benth.).
A tree
usually
8 to 15 m
high
with a dense crownn
of
spreading branches,
the
younger
parts
and inflorescence brown-tomentose. Leaves 25 to 40 cm
long; pinnae opposite,
10 to 15
pairs,
5 to 12 cm long; leaflets
oblong,
10
to.
15
pairs,
somewhat
oblique,
obtuse or retuse 10 to 18 mm long.
Panicles 10 to 20 cm long. Calyx
brown-tomentose. Petals
yellow,obovate,
about 2 cm long.
Pods
oblong,
5 to 8 cm
long, glabrous, closelylong- itudinally
veined, 1- to 4-seeded.
(Fl. Filip.pi.335.)
Commonly
cultivated as a shade-tree,
fl.
March-April;
of local occurrence
along
the seashore in the
Philippines. Ceylon, through Malaya
to
northern Australia.
15. CASSIA Linnaeus
Erect trees, shrubs, or
herbs. Leaves
abruptly pinnate.
Flowers
usually large
and
showy,
in
axillary
and terminal racemes or panicles.
Calyx-tube short,
the
sepals
imbricate. Petals
5, subequal.
Stamens 10,
rarely
all
perfect,
3 to 5
being
reduced to staminodes or sometimes absent;
anthers mostly basifixed,opening by
terminal
pores
or with the slit more
or
less continued downward.
Ovaiy
sessile or
stalked. Pod
very
variable,
terete or flat,
dehiscent or indehiscent,usually septate
between the .-eeds.
(An
ancient
name,
derivation
obscure.)
A
very
large
genus
in all
tropicalregions,
and
a
few
species
in
temperate
countries, about 12 in
the Philippines.
1. Trees 1. C. siamea
1. Undershrubs, shrubs, or
suffrutescent herbs.
2. Leaves with
glands on the common rachis;
suffrutescent herbs or
undershrubs.
3. Leaflets
obtuse;
seeds rhombohedral 2. C. tora
3. Leaflets
acuminate,
seeds
compressed.
4. Plant
glabrous
or
nearly
so 3. C. occidentalis
4. Plant
pubescent
4. C. hirsuta
2. Leaves without
glands on
the
rachis;
a coarse branched shrub with
large leaves,
racemose bracteate
flowers,
and
winged pods.
5 C. alata
1. C. SIAMEA Lam.
(C. floridaVahl).
Acacia
(Sp.-Fil.).
A tree 8 to 12 m high,
the branches
spreading.
Leaves equally pinnate,
15 to 25 cm long;
leaflets 8 to
14, opposite,oblong,
obtuse or retuse,
2 to 5
cm long.
Panicle
large,erect, terminal, 15 to 30 cm long, extending
into
the
upper
axils,composed
of alternate
corymbs.
Flowers
yellow,
about
2.5 cm
7,
the other 3
upper
ones reduced to staminodes;
the lower 3
larger
than the lateral ones. Pods
nearly straight,thin,
flat,
15 to 20
cm long,
1.2 to 1.4 cm wide, containing
15 to 25 seeds.
(Fl,
Filip,pi.426.)
234
A FLORA OF MANILA
Commonly
cultivated
as a shade
tree,
not
spontaneous,
fl.
June-Dec;
introduced from India
or Malaya.
India to Cochin
China,
the
Malay
Penin- sula
and
Archipelago.
2. C. TORA L.
Stout, erect, glabrous, rank-smelling,
suffrutescent annual 1 m high
or
less. Leaves 8 to 12
cm long,
the
stipules linear-subulate;
leaflets
6,
obovate to
oblong-obovate, obtuse, apiculate,
2 to 5 cm long.
Flowers
axillary,
in
pairs,
the
peduncle
very short,
the
pedicels
2.5 cm long or
less. Corolla
yellow,
1.5 cm
in diameter. Pod
slender,
up
to 1~) cm long,
3 to 4 mm thick.
In
open
waste
places,
very common,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
A native of
in most
tropical
countries.
3. C. OCCIDENTALIS L.
An
erect,
somewhat
branched, glabrous,
suffrutescent herb or a shrubby
plant
0.8 to 1.5 m high.
Leaves
pinnate,
about 20
cm long,
the rachis with
a large gland
at the base. Leaflets
rank-smelling,
5
pairs, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate,
4 to 9 cm long.
Racemes
few-flowered, axillary
and terminal,
corymbose.
Flowers
yellow,
2 cm long.
Pods about 10 cm long,
9
mm wide, thickened, containing
about 40 seeds.
(Fl, Filip. pi. 73.)
In
open
waste
places,
fl. all the
year.
Widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
A native of
ti'opicalAmerica, now
in most
tropical
countries.
4. C. HIRSUTA L.
An
erect, branched, annual,
suffrutescent herb or undershrub 0.6 to 1.4
m high.
Leaves
equally pinnate,
15 to 30
cm long;
leaflets 8 to
12,
ovate
to
oblong-ovate, acuminate, more or less
pubescent,
4 to 10
cm long.
Flowers
yellow,
about 2 cm
in
diameter,
in
pairs
in the axils of the leaves
or in terminal,
somewhat crowded
panicles.
Pods 15 to 25 cm long,
about
5
mm wide, pubescent,
the seeds
very
numerous.
Occasional in
open
waste
places,
fl. Nov.-Jan. Of local
occurrence
in
the
Philippines.
A native of
tropical America, now pantropic.
5. C. ALATA
L.
Acapulco, Capulco, Capurco (Tag.).
A
coarse,
erect,
branched shrub 1.5 to 3 m. high,
the branches
stout,
green.
Leaves
equally pinnate,
40 to 60
cm long;
leaflets 16 to 28, oblong,
apex
broad, rounded, apiculate,
5 to 15
cm
long, gradually increasing
in
size
upward.
Inflorescence of terminal and
axillary, simple or panioled
spike-like,peduncled racemes,
10 to 50 cm long.
Flowers
yellow,
about
4 cm in
diameter,
the buds subtended
by thin,yellow, oblong, concave bracts,
2.5 to 3 cm
long,
which are
imbricate and conceal the
buds, falling as
the
flowers
open.
Upper
3 stamens
reduced to staminodes,
the lower two with
large anthers,
the lateral
pairs
small. Pods
straight, spreading,
about
15
cm long,
1.5 cm wide,
valves with a crenulated,
chartaceous wing
running
from end to end. Seeds 50 to
60, flattened,triangular. (Fl. Filip.
pi.12Jf.)
In
open
waste
places,
fl.
Oct.-Jan.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines
in and about towns. Tropics
of the
World, a
native of tropical
America.
Cassia
glauca Lam., a
native of south-eastern
Asia,
was
introduced and
cultivated in the old Botanic Garden in
Spanish
times.
It
seems
not to
have
persisted.
It is a tree,
the flowers with 10
perfect
stamens.
LEGUMINOSAE
235
16. TAMARINDUS Linnaeus
A
large,
unarmed tree with
abruptly pinnate
leaves. Flowers in axil-
lai*y
racemes. Calyx-tube turbinate,
the teeth
lanceolate,
much imbricated,
the lower two connate.
Only
the three
upper
petals developed,
the
two lateral ones ovate,
the
upper
hooded,
the two lower
ones
reduced to
scales. Stamens
monadelphous, only
3
developed, the others reduced to
mere
bristles at the
top
of the sheath.
Ovary many-ovuled,
the stalk ad-
nate to the
calyx-tube.
Pod
oblong, indehiscent, thick,
the
mesocarp
fleshy,
containing
several seeds. (Latinization
of the Arabic "date" and "Indian,"
literally
"Indian
date.")
A
single species now planted
in all
tropical
countries.
*
1. T. INDICA L.
Sampaloc (Tag.);
Tamarindo
(Sp.) ;
Sambac
(Vis.);
Salomague (II.);
Tamarind.
A
large
tree 12 to 20
m high, nearly glabrous. Leaves
even-pinnate,
6 to 10
cm long;
leaflets 20 to
40,
rather
close,oblong, obtuse,
1 to 2
cm
long.
Racemes
mostly axillary,
sometimes
panicled,
5 to 10 cm long.
Calyx
about 1
cm long.
Petals
yellowish
with
pink stripes,obovate-oblong,
less than 1 cm long.
Pods
oblong, thickened,
6 to 15
cm long,
2 to 3 cm wide,
slightlycompressed,
the
epicarp thin, crustaceous,
the
mesocarp
pulpy, acid,
edible.
(Fl. Filip. pi. 1^.)
fl.
April-Oct.
;
widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines,
introduced in
prehistoric
times.
Probably a
native of
tropical Africa,
but now cultivated in all
tropical
countries.
17. INTS IA Thouars
Erect, unarmed trees with
even-pinnate
leaves of few
large opposite
leaflets. Flowers in terminal
panicles. Calyx
with the disk
produced
to
the
top
of the
elongated tube,
the lobes
slightlyunequal,
imbricated. Petals
one only developed, orbicular, with a distinct
claw,
the others absent
or
rudimentary.
Stamens 3
perfect, imperfect ones usually present,
the
filaments
long, pilose.
Pods
large, flat,oblong,
somewhat
woody,
3- to
6-seeded. Seeds not arillate.
(From
the native
Madagascar name
of one
species.I
Species 6, tropics
of the Old World,
2 or 3 in the
Philippines.
1. I.
bijuga (Colebr.)
0. Kuntze
(Afzelia bijuga
A.
Gray). Ipil (Tag.,
Vis.).
An
erect, nearly glabrous tree,
5 to 25
m high.
Leaves
even-pinnate,
the leaflets
4, rarely only 2, opposite, glabrous,
base somewhat
oblique,
apex
retuse or
rounded,
5 to 10
cm
long.
Panicles terminal
or leaf-opposed,
pubescent, corymbose,
6 to 10
cm long. Calyx pubescent,
the lobes about
8 mm long.
Petal somewhat
exceeding
1 cm
in
length,
the limb about 1
cm wide, white or
pink.
Fertile stamens 3.
Ovary stalked, pubescent on
both
sutures,
exserted. Pod 10 to 25
cm long,
4 to 6.5
cm wide, thickly
coriaceous, containing
from 3 to 6 orbicular seeds.
Singalon
and Cementerio del
Norte, cultivated,
fl. in June and
probably
in other
months; throughout
the
Philippines near
the seashore.
Tropical
shores from
Madagascar, through Malaya
to the Caroline Islands and
Fiji.
236
A FLORA OP MANILA
18. PAHUDIA
Miquel
Unarmed trees with
even-pinnate
leaves. Flowers in terminal
panicles.
Calyx pubescent,
the tube
elongated,
the limb
4-lobed,
the lobes imbricate.
Petal
1, shortly clawed, broadly orbicular,
the others
rudimentary or none.
Stamens 9 with 7
perfect, rarely
7 with 5
perfect,
filaments more or
less
united, or
free.
Ovary stalked,
stalk adnate to the
calyx-tube.
Pod
oblong
to
rhomboid, thick, woody, 2-valved, dehiscent,^septate
between the
seeds. Seeds ovate to
oblong,
base arillate.
(In
honor of C. F. Pahud."
Species 8,
British India to
Malaya
and
tropical Africa,
1. P. rhomboidea
(Blanco)
Prain
(Afzelia
rhomboidea Vid ""
.
Tindalo
(Tag.); Balayong (Vis.).
A tree
reaching a height
of 25
m,
glabrous except
the inflorescence.
Leaves
simply pinnate,
up
to 25 cm long;
leaflets
usually 8, opposite, oblong-
ovate to
elliptic-ovate,acuminate, shining,
5 to 8
cm long.
Panicles terminal
and
axillary, pubescent, equaling or shorter than the leaves.
Calyx
green,
pubescent.
Petal
yellowish-red.
Pod
woody, thick, somewhat
rhomboid,
about 20
cm long,
8 to 10
cm wide,
about
8-seeded, the
seeds
black, more than one-half enclosed
by
the
orange-red
aril.
(Fl. Filip.
pi.281.)
Immature
specimens
in
Singalon
in cultivation. A
widely distributed,
endemic,
valuable timber
tree,
in
regions near Manila fl.
Aug.-Sept.
19. CYNOMETRA Linnaeus
Erect, usually glabrous
shrubs
or trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate,
the
leaflets
coriaceous, entire, opposite, few, unequal, or the leaves sometimes
simple.
Flowers
numerous, small, bracteate,
in
axillary fascicles,
short
racemes,
or corymbs. Calyx-tube
very
short,
disk
subbasal,
the lobes
4 or 5, oblong,
imbricate. Petals
5, oblanceolate, equal.
Stamens
10,
the
filaments
free,
exserted.
Ovary
sessile or short-stalked,
2-ovuled. Pod
turgid or flat,indehiscent,
often
very
thick and
usually
rugose.
(Greek
"dog"
and "womb" from the
shape
of the
pod
of
some species.)
Species
25
or
more,
in all
tropical countries,
about 7 in the
Philippines.
1.
C.
simplicifolia
Harms.
A
tree, reaching a height
of 15
m or
more,
glabrous.
Leaves simple,
coriaceous, short-petioled, oblong-ovate
to
elliptic-ovate,
apex
obscurely
acuminate,
the base
usually
rounded, 5 to 9 cm long, green
and
shining
on the
upper
surface,
the lower surface somewhat
glaucous
when fi-esh.
Flowers
small, white,
in 5 to 10
mm long, many-flowered, axillary racemes.
Petals narrowed below. Pods 2 to 3 cm long, obliquely oblong,
flattened.
In thickets
near
San Francisco del
Monte;
rather
widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
Endemic.
Cynometra cauliflora L., a Malayan species, was formerly
cultivated in
Manila,
but
appears
no longer
to be found
here;
it is characterized
by
its
leaves
having one pair
of
leaflets,
and its flowers
being
borne in racemes
that
spring
from the trunk and
larger
branches.
LEGUMINOSAE
,
237
PAPILIONATAE
20. AESCHYNOMENE
Linnaeus
Erect branched
herbs,
the leaves
with
very numerous,
close,
sensitive,
odd-pinnate, small,
linear leaflets. Flowers
small,
in few-flowered racemes.
Calyx deeply 2-lipped,
the
lips
somewhat toothed. Standard
orbicular;
keel not beaked. Stamens in 2 bundles of 5 each. Pod
linear, stalked, flat,
4- to 8-seeded, ultimately separating
into 1-seeded
points. (Greek "being
ashamed," from the sensitive
leaflets.)
Species
about 30 in all tropical countries, 1, probably
introduced,
in
the
Philippines.
1. A INDICA
L.
An
erect,
branched, suffrutescent,
annual herb 0.3 to 1.2
m high, glabrous,
the branches
green,
cylindric.
Leaf-rachis 3 to 5
cm long,
the
leaflets shiall,
linear or oblong, numerous,
obtuse, l-nerved, close,
about
5 mm long; stipules lanceolate,
1 cm long,
deciduous, produced
below the
point
of attachment. Racemes
axillary, short,
1- to 4-flowered. Flowers
about 8 mm long, yellow
and purplish.
Pod linear-oblong, straight or
curved, 1 to 3 cm long,
about 3
mm wide, composed
of from 4 to 8
joints.
In
open
wet
grass
lands,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the Philippines,
but
probably
introduced. Tropics
of the Old
World, extending
to
Japan.
21. ARACHIS Linnaeus
Low, usually prostrate
herbs with
even-pinnate leaves, the leaflets 2
or 3 pairs,
not
stipellate.
Flowers
yellow,
crowded in short, axillary
spikes, or pedicelled
in the axils of the leaves. Calyx-tube slender,
the
4
upper
wings oblong;
keel
incurved,
beaked. Filaments united in a
closed
tube, some
anthers
versatile,
the
alternating ones
subbasifixed. Pod
oblong-cylindric,
reticulate, indehiscent,
torulose but not
jointed, maturing
under the surface of the ground. (Ancient
Greek name for some legumi- nous
plant.)
Species 7,
all
tropical American,
1 now cultivated in all warm
countries.
*1. A.
HYPOGAEA L. Mani (Sp.)
;
Peanut.
An
annual, spreading, hairy,
branched herb,
the stems 30 to 80 cm long.
the base of the
petiole clasping,
the sheath
produced
in 2 linear-lanceolate
stipules.
Leaflets oblong
to obovate,
2 to
5 cm long.
Flowers
axillary, few, fascicled, yellow,
about 8 mm long.
Pods
ripening
under
ground, oblong, leathery, reticulate,
1 to 5
cm long,
containing
from 1 to 3 seeds.
fl. Dec-March. A native of tropical
America
now
widely
distributed in cultivation in most tropical
and subtropical
countries.
22. ZORNIA Gmelin
Slender annual herbs, gland-dotted,
the leaves
compound,
leaflets
in 1
or
2
opposite pairs.
Flowers
small,
in lax
racemes,
enclosed
by
lanceolate,
paired
bracts.
Calyx small,
the
upper
teeth
short,
connate. Corolla ex-
serted. Stamens monadelphous,
the anthers
dimorphous. Ovary many-
238
A FLORA OF MANILA
ovuled. Pod of
several, rounded, flattened,finely prickly, indehiscent,
1-seeded
joints. (In
honor of J.
Zorn, an early
German
physician
and
botanist.)
Species 10,
all of
tropical America, except 2; 1, probably introduced,
in the
Philippines.
1. Z. DiPHYLLA (L.)
Pers.
Glabrous,
the stems
slender,wiry, branched, spreading or ascending
from
the rather stout root,
up
to 40 cm in
length.
Leaflets
2, lanceolate,
acute
or acuminate,
1 to 2.5 cm long; stipules lanceolate,produced
below the
point
of insertion. Racemes 2 to 6 cm long, slender,
3- to 15-flowered.
Flowers
small, yellow, quite
hidden
by
the
paired, lanceolate,acuminate,
persistent
bracts which are 8 to 10 mm
long
and tailed at the base. Pod
of 2 to
6, round, prickly joints
about 2 mm wide.
In
open dry grass
lands,
San Pedro
Macati,
fl. Nov.-Jan.
;
of local
occurrence
in the
introduced. Most
tropicalcountries,
possibly originating
in
tropical
America.
23. DESMODIUM Desvaux
Herbs, shrubs,
or
small trees with
simple or 3-foliolate
stipulate
leaves.
Flowers
small, white, pink, red,
or
purplish,
in few- to many-flowered
axillaryor
terminal
racemes or
umbels,
sometimes
panicled. Calyx-teeth
longer
or shorter than the
tube,
the
upper
two often subconnate. Corolla
exserted;
standard
broad; wings more or less
adhering
to the
usually
obtuse keel.
Upper
stamen free
or partly so,
the other 9 united. Ovary
few- to
many-ovuled.
Pod
usually composed
of few to
many,
1-seeded,
indehiscent,compressed joints,
smooth or covered with minute hooked hairs.
(Greek
"bond" or "chain,"
allusion to the
jointed pods.)
Species
130 or
more,
in all
tropicalcountries,a
few in
temperate regions,
30 in the
Philippines.
1. Leaves 3-foliolate.
2. Bracts
large, orbicular,persistent, leaf-like,enclosing
and
concealing
the flowers 1. D.
pulchellum
2. Bracts
very
small or none.
3. Flowers
umbellate,
umbels
arranged
in terminal or axillary panicles;
erect shrubs 2. D.
quinquepetalum
3. Flowers not
umbellate;
herbs or undershrubs.
4. Pods not
sinuate,
the segments
much
longer
than broad.
3. D.
scorpiurus
4. Pods
deeply sinuate, spirally twisted,
the
segments
as broad
as long
4. D.
procumhens
4. Pods not
deeply
sinuate nor spirally
twisted.
5. Prostrate or spreading, suffrutescent;
leaves
silvery-pubescent
beneath;
flowers numerous
5. D.
capitatum
5. Slender
spreading
herbs with 1 to 3 flowers in the leaf-axils.
6. Pedicels
usually
shorter than the
petioles;
leaflets obovate-
cuneate,
truncate or emarginate;
bi'anches
nearly glabrous.
6. D.
triflorum
6. Pedicels
longer
than the
petioles;
leaflets usually oblong,
rounded at the
apex;
branches
pubescent
with
spreading
hairs
7. D.
heterophylla
240
A FLORA OF MANILA
In
thickets,
open
waste
lands, etc.,
San Pedro
Macati, Tondo, etc.,
fl.
Sept.-May;
local in the
Philippines
and
certainly introduced; undoubtedly
a native of
tropical America, now in
many
tropical
countries.
5. D.
capitatum (Burm.)
DC.
Manimani,
Manimanihan
(Tag.).
A somewhat
woody plant,
the branches
prostrate
and
spreading or
somewhat
ascending,
up
to 1 m in
length,
all
parts more or less white-
pubescent,
at least when
young.
Leaves
3-foliolate;
leaflets
broadly
obo-
vate,
base
wedge-shaped,
apex
rounded,
truncate or retuse,
1.5 to 4 cm
long, silky-pubescent
with white hairs beneath. Racemes
numerous,
axillary
and
terminal, dense, many-flowered,
2 to 5 cm long.
Flowers
pale-
purple,
about 6 mm long.
Pods
numerous,
1 to 2 cm long, veined,
somewhat
pubescent, consisting
of from 3 to 6
joints.
In
open grass
lands Caloocan to Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Nov.-Jan.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,possibly
Malaya.
6. D. TRIFLORUM (L.)
DC.
A
slender,prostrate,branched,
somewhat
hairy herb,
the stems 10 to 30
cm long.
Leaves
3-foliolate,small,
the
stipulesbrown,
acuminate. Leaf- lets
oblong-elliptic
to
obovate, usually retuse,
7 to 15 mm long.
Flowers
purplish,
about 6 mm long, axillary,solitaryor 2
or 3
together,
the
pedicels
slender,
about 1 cm long.
Pod 5 to 12 mm long,
of 2 to 6
joints.
In
open
dry
grass
lands,lawns, waste
places,etc.,common,
fl.most of the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines, undoubtedly
introduced.
Cosmopolitan
in the
tropics.
7. D. HETEROPHYLLUM (Willd.)
DC.
A
prostrate, spreading,
slender
plant,
the stems clothed with
long,
spreading hairs, branched,
10 to 40 cm long.
Leaves
3-foliolate;
leaflets
oblong, elliptic,
or obovate-oblong,
apex
rounded,
1 to 2 cm long, hairy
beneath. Pedicels
axillary,slender,
much
longer
than the
petioles,
1- or
purple,
5 to 6 mm long.
Pods about 1.5 cm long,
of 4 or 5
joints,
the
jointsas broad as long,
the
upper
suture
continuous,
the
lower indented.
In
open grass
lands Santa
Mesa, Masambong, etc.,
fl. Oct.-Jan.
;
of
very
local occurrence
in the
Philippines,undoubtedly
introduced. India to the
Mascarene
Islands,China,
and
Malaya.
8. D.
TRIQUETRUM (L.)
DC.
An
erect, branched,
suffrutescent herb or a shrub 1 to 2 m high.
Leaves
simple, oblong
to lanceolate, acuminate,
10 to 25 cm long; petiole
2 to 3
cm long, prominently winged.
Racemes terminal and
axillary,
up
to 30
cm
in
length.
Flowers
numerous,
purplish,
about 5 mm long.
Pods 2 to
5
cm
long,
the
joints
6 to
8, nearly
square.
Cementerio del
Norte,
fl.Oct.-Dec.
;
of local
occurrence
in the
Philippines.
Indir. to the Mascarene
Islands,China, Malaya,
and northern Australia.
9. D. virgatum
Zoll.
A
slender, erect, simple or somewhat branched undershrub less than 1
m high, more or
less
pubescent.
Leaves
simple,
ovate to
oblong-ovate,
acute to
acuminate,
7 to 14
cm long, appressed-pubescent
beneath,
the
petiolesshort,pubescent,
about 6
mm long.
Racemes terminal and
axillary,
erect, many-flowered, slender,
6 to 20 cm
long.
Flowers
white, usually
LEGUMINOSAE
241
tinged
with
pink,
4 to 5 mm
long.
Pod
pubescent, slightly
curved or
falcate,
1 to
nearly
2
cm long,consisting
of from 3 to 7
joints. (Fl. Filip.
pi.SS7,
D.
gangeticum.)
In
thickets,Masambong,
fl.
Nov.-Jan.; of
local
occurrence
in Luzon and
Palawan.
Burma,
the
Malay Peninsula,
and Java.
10. D.
GANGETICUM (L.)
DC.
An erect or ascending, suffrutescent,
somewhat branched
plant usually
about 1 m high,
the stems
slender,
somewhat
angular
and
grayish-pubescent.
Leaves
simple,
the
petiole
1.5 to 2 cm long,
the blades
oblong-ovate,acute,
base
rounded, grayish-pubescentbeneath,
6 to 13 cm long,
3.5 to 7 cm wide.
Racemes lateral and
terminal, ascending, slender,
up
to 30
cm long.
Flowers numerous pale-greenish,
about 4 mm long.
Pods
numerous,
somewhat
curved, crowded,
1.5 to 3 cm long,
about 3 mm wide, consisting
of
from 4 to 10
joints,pubescent.
In
open,
rather
dry lands,
San Pedro
Macati, etc.,
fl. most of the
year;
widely
distributed
in the Philippines,undoubtedly
introduced.
Tropical
Africa,
and
Asia, extending
to Australia and
Polynesia.
11. D. LASIOCARPUM (Beauv.)
DC.
{D. latifoliumDC).
An
erect,
somewhat
branched,
suffrutescent herb or
undershrub 1 m
high or less,densely
and
softlypubescent.
Leaves
simple,rarely
3-foliolate
with a pair
of much reduced lateral
leaflets,coriaceous,broadly ovate,
rounded or obtuse,
base
broadly
rounded or subcordate,
4 to 8 cm long.
Racemes
axillary
and
tei-minal,erect, solitary,densely many-flowered,
5 to
10 cm long.
Flowers pink-purple,
4 to 5 mm long.
Pods 1.5 to 2 cm
long,
linear,
about
5-jointed,slightlycurved, densely
covered with spreading,
hooked hairs.
In
open
di-yplaces
near
Fort McKinley,
fl.
Nov.-Dec; widely
distributed
in the
introduced.
Tropical Africa,Asia,
and
Malaya;
introduced in the West Indies.
24. ALYSICARPUS Necker
Erect or
spreading, branched,
annual herbs. Leaves simple, stipellate,
suborbicular to linear. Flowers
small,
in
axillary
or terminal racemes.
Calyx deeply toothed,
the
upper
2 teeth often connate. Corolla not
exserted;
standard
broad;
keel
obtuse, adhering
to the
wings.
Stamens
diadelphous. Ovary
sessile or subsessile,many-ovuled.
Pod
cylindricor
turgid, composed
of
several,indehiscent,
1-seeded
joints. (Greek
"chain"
and
"fruit,"
in allusion to the
jointed pods.)
Species
about 15 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
3 in the
Philippines,
possibly
all introduced.
1. Leaves linear to
lanceolate-linear;pods smooth; calyx equaling
several
joints
of the
pod
1. A.
bupleurifolius
1. Leaves suborbicular to
oblong
or oblong-lanceolate;calyx as long as
the
first or the first two
joints
of the
pod.
2. Erect or suberect often 1 m high; pods quiteglabrous..
2. A. vaginalis
2. Prostrate or spreading; pods pubescent
3. A. nummular
if
olius
1. A.
buplurifolius (L.)
DC.
An
erect, slender, branched,
somewhat
wiry
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate,
2 to 5 cm
long; stipules
lanceolate-
acuminate, brown,
8 mm long
or less.
Racemes
terminal,
slender, inter-
111666 " 16
rupted,
10 to 15
cm long,
the flowers in
pairs,
6 mm
long,
the
pedicels
very
short.
Calyx
teeth twice as
long as the tube. Pods 1 cm
long or less,
composed
of 4 to
6, glabrous,
smooth
joints.
In
open grass lands,
San Pedro
Macati, common,
fl.
Oct.-Feb.;
of local
occurrence
in the
Philippines.
and
Polynesia.
2. A.
vaginalis (L.)
DC.
An erect
or
ascending,
branched herb
reaching a length
of 1 to
1.5
m,
sparingly pubescent
and hirsute. Leaves
elliptic,
retuse or rounded, 1.5
to 5 cm
long.
Flowers
as
in the next
species.
Pods
cylindric,glabrous,
rugose,
1.5 to 2
cm long, composed
of from 4 to 7
joints.
In
open grass
lands
near
Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Aug.-Feb.;
of local occurrence
in the
Philippines. Range
of the next
species
to which it is
very
closelyallied,differing
in its much
larger
size and
glabrous pods.
3. A. nummularifoiius
(L.)
DC.
Malacalisquis, Banig-usa,
Manimanihan
(Tag.).
A
usually spreading or
prostrate, rarely ascending, branched, nearly
glabrous herb,
the stems sometimes
nearly
1
m long,
often much
shorter,
the branchlets
pubescent.
Leaves
exceedingly variable, elliptic
to
oblong
or lanceolate,obtuse, rounded, or acute,
1 to 4
cm long,
0.5 to 1.5 cm wide.
Racemes
terminal,
2 to 3
cm long.
Flowers
pink-purple,
6
mm long,
usually
rather
densely arranged.
Pods
mostly crowded,
1 to 2 cm long,
2.5
mm thick,composed
of from 3 to
6,
somewhat
rugose, pubescent joints.
In
open
waste
places,
grass
lands,
etc.
common,
fl.
more or less all the
year; throughout
the
of the Old
World;
introduced in
America.
25. URARIA Desvaux
Herbaceous
or suffrutescent
perennial herbs,
erect or spreading.
Leaves
1- to
3-foliolate,
leaflets
stipellate.
Flowers
numerous,
small,
in dense
cylindric or spike-likeracemes. Calyx-tube short,
the
upper
2 teeth
short,
the lower 3
usually elongated,
setaceous. Standard
broad; wings adhering
to the keel. Stamens
diadelphous;
anthers uniform.
Ovary few-ovuled;
style slender,
inflexed. Pod
small,
of 2 to
6, swolien,* 1-seeded,
indehiscent
joints. (Greek "tail.")
Species 8,
India to
China,
southward to Australia,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. U.
iagopodioides (L.)
Don.
A
pubescent, spreading or trailing plant,
the stems
branched,
up
to
60
cm
in
length,
the
flowering
branches erect or ascending.
Leaves 1- and
3-foliolate,
often
intermixed,
the
stipules
linear or setaceous;
leaflets
orbicular to
ellipticor elliptic-lanceolate,
rounded or subacute, apiculate,
1 to 6
cm long.
Inflorescence
terminal,
the flowers
pale-purple,
in
very
dense, cylindric,
ovoid to
oblong, pubescent racemes,
3 to 8
cm long, usually
about 2
cm thick,
the bracts
ciliate,
ovate to
lanceolate, long-acuminate,
8 to 12 mm long.
Lower
calyx-teeth elongate, ciliate,
the
pedicels densely
ciliate. Corolla about 6
mm long.
Pod with 1 or
2
ellipsoid,swollen,
shining,
3
mm long joints.
In
open
dry grass lands, Masambong,
San Pedro
Macati, etc.,
fl.
Apr.-
Dec.
; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
China,
southward
to Australia and
Polynesia.
LEGUMINOSAE
243
26. LOUREA Necker
Erect or spreading
herbs with
thin, stipellate,
Flowers in
terminal, simple or panicled racemes. Calyx thin,campanulate,
enlarged
in
fruit,
the teeth
lanceolate,as
long
as the tube. Corolla
equaling
or longer
than the
calyx;
standard
broad; keel obtuse. Stamens diadel-
phous. Ovary few-ovuled; style
*
inflexed, slender. Pod of
few, small,
distinct,1-seeded,smooth,
veined
joints,
included in the
calyx.
Species 4,
and
Australia,
2 in the
Philippines,
the
following
introduced.
*
1. L. VESPERTILIONIS
(L.)
Desv.
Erect, slender,
about 60 cm high,
the
upper
parts finely pubescent.
Leaves with
1, rarely
3
leaflets,green,
mottled or clowded with
white,
the
end
one
several times broader than
long,
4 to 7 cm wide, usually
less
than 1 cm long,
the halves linear to
lanceolate,spreading,
apex
broadly
marginate.
Racemes slender 3 to 12 cm long.
Flowers small.
Calyx
in
fruit about 1 cm long.
Pod of 4 or 5
joints. (Fl. Filip.pi.201.)
Occasionally
cultivated in
Singalon
for ornamental
purposes.
A native
of India, now widely
distributed in the
tropics,
wild
or cultivated.
27. INDIGOFERA Linnaeus
Erect branched
herbs, shrubs,
or small
trees, more or less
pubescent.
Leaves
pinnate,
sometimes
simple or 3-foliolate. Flowers
small,
in
many-
flowered, axillary racemes. Calyx small, campanulate, 5-toothed, the teeth
subequal or the lowest one longest. Standard obovate,
the keel
straight,
spurred on each side near the base. Stamens
diadelphous. Ovary
few-
to many-ovuled; style short; stigma capitate, usually penicillate.
Pod
usually linear-cylindric,
often curved.
(So
named because some
species
yield indigo.)
Species
about 300 in all
tropicalregions,
8 in the
Philippines.
1. Pods
densely
hirsute with
spreading hairs; densely pubescent plants.
1. /. hirsuta
1. Pods
glabrous or nearly so,
not
hirsute; nearly glabrous plants.
2. Pods much curved, 1 to 1.5 cm
long,
6- to 8-seeded." 2. /.
siiffruticosa
2. Pods
straight
or curved
only
at the
apex,
2 to 3 cm
long,
8- to 12-seeded.
3. /. tinctoria
1. I. HIRSUTA L.
Tayom-tayoman (Tag.).
An
erect, branched, annual,
suffrutescent herb 0.4 to 1 m high,
the
stems reddish-brown, covered with
spreading
brown or purplish
hairs.
the
stipules linear,hirsute,
1 cm long; leaflets
5 to 11, obovate, pubescent, pale, beneath,
1.5 to 3 cm long.
Racemes
axillary,dense,
6 to 20 cm long,
hirsute. Flowers about 6 mm long,
the
calyx hirsute,
the corolla
reddi.sh-purple,slightly
exserted. Pods
straight,
reflexed,
1.5 to 2.5 cm long,
about 2.5 mm wide,
covered with
brown,
spreading
hairs.
In
open grass
lands,
waste
places,
etc. fl. most of the
year; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
but
surely
introduced here.
Tropics generally.
2. I. SUFFRUTICOSA
Mill. (/. ujiil
L.). Tayom (Tag.); Indigo.
An
erect, branched,
suffrutescent
plant
1 m high or less,slightlypubescent
with
short, appressed
hairs. Leaves 5 to 8 cm long;
leaflets 9 to
11,
244
A FLORA OF MANILA
oblong
to
elliptic-oblong, apiculate,
1 to 2 cm long, pale
and
appressed-
pubescent
beneath. Racemes
axillary,solitary,
2 to 3 cm long.
Flowers
red,
about 5 mm
long,
corolla
long-exserted.
Pods
numerous, crowded,
reflexed,strongly curved,
1 to 1.5 cm long,
6- to
8-seeded,slightlyappressed-
pubescent
with
very
short hairs.
In
open
waste
places,
San Pedro
Macati, etc.,
fl. most of the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
A native of
tropicalAmerica, now
found in
many
other
tropical
countries.
3. I.
TINCTORIA
L.
Tayom (Tag.)
;
Indigo.
An
erect, slightlypubescent shrub,
1 to 1.5 m high.
Leaves 6 to 10
cm long;
leaflets 9 to
13, obovate-oblong,
1.5 to 2.5 cm long.
Racemes
rather
lax, sessile,
2 to 6 cm
long.
Flowers reddish or reddish-yelow,
small. Pods
spreading or reflexed,straight or nearly so,
2 to 3 cm
long,
8- to 12-seeded.
(Fl. Filip.pi 163.)
In thickets and waste
places,Pasig,
fl.
Aug.-Dec.
and
probably
in other
months; widely
distributed in the
Philippines
but
certainly intrpduced.
Formerly,
like the
preceding species, extensively
cultivated for
indigo.
Tropics generally.
27. TEPHROSIA Persoon
Herbs or undershrubs, erect or spreading,
with
odd-pinnate leaves,
the leaflets
opposite, usually pubescent.
Racemes
leaf-opposed.
Flowers
usually small, numerous. Calyx-tube campanulate,
the teeth
subequal.
Petals
clawed;
standard
suborbicular;
keel incurved. Stamens diadel-
phous;
anthers obtuse.
Ovary linear,many-ovuled; styleincurved; stigma
capitate,
often
penicillate.
Pod
linear,flat,2-valved,many-seeded. (Greek
"ash-colored,"
from the
gray
pubescence
of
many
species.)
Species
about 100 in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
4 in the
Philip- pines.
1. T. dichotoma
Desv.
Balabalatungan (Tag.).
An erect or ascending, branched, shrubby or suffi'utescent
plant
1 m high
or less,
all
parts pubescent.
Leaves 5 to 10 cm long, odd-pinnate;
leaflets
5 to 21, narrowly oblong-oblanceolate,mucronate,
base
cuneate,
1 to 2.7
cm long,
the lower surface
pubescent
with
appressed pale
hairs. Racemes
short, dense, axillary,many-flowered.
Flowers
pink-purple,
about 7 mm
long.
Pods
many,
straight or slightlycurved, narrowly oblong, pubescent,
2.5 to 3.0 cm long,
about 4
mm wide, containing
7 to 12 seeds.
(Fl. Filip.
pi.162,
T.
luzoniensis.)
In
open
waste
places,occasional,
fl. most of the
year;
widely
distributed
in Luzon. Endemic.
29. MILLETTIA
Wight
" Arnott
Trees or shrubs,
sometimes
climbing.
Leaves
odd-pinnate.
Flowers
showy,
in
axillary,simple,
often fascicled racemes or
in terminal
panicles.
Calyx campanulate,
truncate or with short teeth. Corolla
exserted,
the
petals clawed;
standard
broad;
keel not beaked. Stamens
monadelphous
or diadelphous. Ovary linear,few-ovuled; styleincurved; stigma capitate.
Pod linear to
oblong, usually flat,few-seeded,
indehiscent or tardily
so.
(In
honor of Doctor
Millet, an English physician.)
Species
60 or more
in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
6 or more
in the
Philippines.
.
LEGUMINOSAE
245
1. M. merrillii Perk.
A
glabrous
shrub or small tree
reaching a- height
of 8 to 10 m. Leaves
15 to 22 cm long.
Leaflets ovate to
oblong-ovate, acuminate,
4 to 8 cm
long.
Racemes
axillary,
about as
long as the leaves. Flowers
pink
to
purple,
about 12 mm long,
the
calyx cup-shaped, truncate. Pod
oblong
to oblong-oblanceolate, flat,
9 to 13 cm long,
about 1 cm wide,
acuminate.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 79,
M.
xylocarpa.)
In
thickets,Masambong, near San Pedro
Macati, etc.,
fl.
Feb.-Apr.
;
of
local
occurrence
in the
Philippines,
Endemic.
30. GLIRICIDIA
Humbolt, Bonpland,
" Kunth
Trees with
odd-pinnate leaves,
the leaflets
entire,
often mottled when
dry,
not
stipellate.
Flowers in
axillaiy racemes,
often from the branches
below the leaves.
Calyx-teeth short, the
upper
2 subconnate. Standard
broad, reflexed;wings falcate-oblong,free;
keel
incurved,
obtuse.
Vexillary
stamen
free,
the others united in
a sheath.
Ovary many-ovuled.
Pods
stipitate,flat,2-valved,
the valves coriaceous.
Species
3 or 4 in
tropical America,
1 introduced in the
Philippines
at
an
early
date and now widely
distributed here.
1. G. SEPIUM (Jacq.)
Steud.
(G.
maculata
HBK.).
Madre
cacao;
Cacauate
(Sp.-FiL).
A
glabrous
deciduous tree 3 to 10 m high.
Leaves 15 to 25
cm long;
leaflets about
13, opposite, oblong-ovate, slightly acuminate, blunt,
base
usually rounded,
4 to 6 cm
long,
rather
pale beneath,
green
and
shining on
the
upper
surface. Racemes numerous on the leafless
branches, densely
many-flowered, solitaiy
in the axils of fallen
leaves, 4 to 8 cm
long.
Flowers 2 cm long, pink,
the
calyx
truncate. Standard
reflexed,retuse,
pale-yellow
in the median
part.
Pods
narrowly oblong to
oblanceolate,
10 to 14 cm long,
about 2 cm wide, flat,
6- to
8-seeded, tardily
dehiscent.
(FL Filip.pi.250, Galedupa pungam.)
In
thickets,hedge
rows,
etc.,
very common,
fl. Dec-
Apr.; throughout
the
Philippines
in and about towns. A native of
Mexico,
introduced here
at
early
date and
thoroughly naturalized;
not
reported
from
any
other
part
of the Orient.
31. CLITOREA Linnaeus
Scandent, somewhat
woody
vines with
showy white or blue flowers and
pinnately
5- to 7-foliolate
leaves,
the leaflets
stipellate.
Flowers
solitary,
axillary,
the
peduncles
with 2 small bracts and 2
large
bracteoles.
Calyx
thin,tubular,
5-lobed. Corolla
exserted,
the standard
shaped
like the bowl
of a
spoon, very
much
larger
than the
wings
and incurved keel. Stamens
monadelphous or diadelphous;
anthers uniform.
Ovary stalked,
many-
ovuled. Pod
linear,
flattened.
Species
about 30, mostly
in the
tropics
of the New
World, one
in the
Philippines.
1. C. TERNATEA L.
A scandent
vine,
the stems sometimes 1 cm in diameter. Leaflets 5 to
7, elliptic
to
oblong, obtuse,
3 to 7 cm long,
the
stipels small,
acicular.
Flowers
solitary,
the bracts
oblong,
about 2 mm long,
the bracteoles
green,
roundish,
5 to 8 mm long. Calyx
green,
1.5 cm long.
Corolla 3.5 to 4
cm
long, the standard
deep-blue
with
a white or yellowish center, pale-blue,or
246
A FLORA OF MANILA
nearly
white. Pod 5 to 10 cm lonp, flat,
6- to 10-seeded.
(Fl. Filip.
pi.301.)
Quite
common
in
thickets,
often
cultivated;throughout the
Philippines,
but
certainly
introduced.
Cosmopolitan
in the
tropics.
32. PA ROSE LA Cavanilles
Erect, branched, glandular-punctate
herbs with
alternate,odd-pinnate
leaves,
the leaflets
small, numerous. Flowers blue or
purplish,
in
dense,
terminal, peduncled, or subsessile,
head-like
spikes. Calyx-teeth subequal.
Standard
broad, clawed,
base of the limb cordate or
auricled; wings
and
keel
usually longer
than the
standard,
their claws
usually
adnate to the
staminal tube. Stamens 10 or 9, monadelphous.
Pods
membranaceous,
included in the
calyx, usually
1-seeded and indehiscent.
(Anagram
of
Psoralea, an allied
genus.)
Species
100 or more mostly
in
North
America,
few in South
America,
1 Mexican
species
introduced and
thoroughly
naturalized here.
1. P. GLANDULOSA
(Blanco)
Merr,
(Psoralia nigra
Mart. "
Gal.). Dura
(Tag.).
An
erect, branched, nearly
or
quite glabrous
herb 30 to 60 cm high,
the
stems reddish or purplish.
Leaves about 3 cm
long;
leaflets linear to
narrowly oblong, obtuse,
4 to 10 mm long, prominently glandular-punctate
beneath.
Spikes dense, capitate
ovoid to
oblong,
1 to 2 cm long.
Flowers
very numerous,
each substended
by
a
lanceolate,long-acuminate, pubescent,
glandular,
6 to 7 mm
long
bract.
Calyx greenish,
hirsute.
Corolla,
including
the slender white
tube,
about 7 mm
long,
the limb
blue, exserted. Pod
small,pubescent.
Very
common in
open
dry lands,
San Pedro Macati, etc.,
fl.
Sept.-Feb.;
locally
common in Luzon. A native of Mexico
thoroughly
naturalized
here,
but not
reported
from
any
other
part
of the Orient.
33. PTEROCARPUS Linnaeus
Trees with
odd-pinnate leaves,
the leaflets
ovate, entire,
alternate.
Flowers
yellow,
in
axillary panicled racemes,
the
pedicels jointed
at the
apex.
Calyx
turbinate, curved in
bud,
the teeth short. Petals
exserted,
long-clawed,
the standard and
wings crisped.
Staminal sheath slit above
and below or only above,
the
upper
stamen often
nearly
or
quite
free.
Ovary 2-ovuled; style
incurved. Pod orbicular, usually 1-seeded,
indehiscent,
surrounded
by
a broad
wing. (Greek "wing"
and
"fruit.")
Species
15 or
more,
cosmopolitan
in the
tropics,
3 in the
Philippines.
Pods smooth
1- P- indicus
Pods covered with slender
spreading spines
2. P. echinatus
1. P. indicus
Willd. Narra
(Tag.); Naga (Vis.).
A tree reaching
a height
of 25 m or more.
Leaves 15 to 30 cm long;
leaflets 7 to
11,
ovate to
oblong-ovate,
blunt-acuminate,
5 to 10 cm long,
alternate,shining.
Panicles
axillary,
branched. Flowers
numerous, yellow,
about 1.5 cm long. Young pods pubescent, glabrous
or
nearly
so when
mature,
orbicular to
obovate,including
the
wing
4 to 5.5 cm
long,
the
wing
1 to 1.5 cm wide,
more or less reticulate and undulate,
very
shortly
beaked.
(Fl.Filipj)l.205.)
A
single
tree in the old Botanical
Garden,
fl.
Apr.-May; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
and Polynesia.
248
A FLORA OF MANILA
Pods rather
rigid,flat,indehiscent,oblong or
strap-shaped,
with a distinct
wing
down one or both sutures.
(Greek
"membrane'' from the thin
pods
of some
species.)
Species
about 40, in most
tropicalcountries,
about 12 in the
Philippines.
1.
Vexillary
filament free
throughout;
flowers
solitary
on the nodes of the
inflorescence 1. D.
diadelpha
1.
Vexillary
filament more or
less united with the
others;
flowers fascicled
on the
usually
thickened nodes of the inflorescence.
2, Leaflets 9 to 13; pods
4 to 6
cm long,
about 1 cm wide.... 2. D. scandena
2. Leaflets 3 to
7; pods
2.5 to 5 cm long,
2 to 3 cm wide.... 3. D.
trifoliata
1. D.
diadelpha (Blanco)
Merr.
(D.
sinuata
Thwaites). Tibalao,Baga-
rilao
(Tag.).
A scandent shrub 2 to 8
m high.
leaflets
large,
7 to
11, oblong
to
oblong-ovate,broadly acuminate,
6 to 15 cm long.
Panicles about as long as the
leaves,pubescent.
Flowers
numerous, white,
about 1.5 cm
long,
the
calyx pubescent. Vexillary
filament
entirely
free
from the others. Pods 4 to 12 cm
long,
about 2 cm
wide,
rather
hard,
narrowly winged
down one suture, containing
from 1 to 4 seeds.
(Fl.Filip.
pi.336,
D.
floribimda.)
In thickets near Caloocan, occasional,
fl.
Apr.-June; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines. Ceylon
and India to Indo-China and
Malaya.
2. D. scandens (Roxb.)
Benth.
A scandent shrub 3 to 6 m high,
somewhat
ferruginous-pubescent
or
nearly glabrous.
Leaves
odd-pinnate,
about 15 cm long.
Leaflets 9 to
13, oblong-ovate
to
elliptic-lanceolate,
2 to 6 cm long,
1 to 2.5 cm wide,
apex
broadly acuminate, usually
retuse. Racemes
axillary,
few- to
many-
flowered, longer
than the
leaves,
the flowers
usually
fasciculate on the
very
short lateral branches.
Calyx dull-purple,
somewhat
oblique,
3 mm
long.
Corolla
white,
about 1 cm long.
Pods
flattened,
lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate,
narrowed at both
ends,
4 to 6 cm long,
about 1 cm wide,
with
a narrow wing along
the dorsal
suture, containing
from 1 to 3 seeds.
(Fl.
Filip.pi. 232, Galedupa frutescens.)
In
thickets,Malate, Malinta, etc.,
fl.
June-Sept.
;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
China, Malaya,
3. D. trifoliata Lour.
{D. uliginosaRoxb.).
A scandent
glabrous
shrub
reaching a length
of 8 m or less. Leaves
10 to 20 cm long;
leaflets
shining, oblong-ovate, acuminate,
3 to 7, very
variable in
size,
4 to 13 cm long.
Inflorescence of
simple, axillaryracemes
or narrow panicles,
5 to 10 cm
long.
Flowers
white,
often
tinged
with
violet,
8 to 10 mm long.
Pods subrhomboid to
broadly oblong,
2.5 to
5
cm long,
2 to 3 cm
wide, glabrous,
1- or 2-seeded, prominently veined,
with a narrow wing along
the
upper
suture.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 161,
D.
for-
steniana.)
In thickets
along
the tidal
streams,
fl.
year; along
the seashore and tidal streams throughout
the
Africa
and
Asia, through Malaya
to Australia and
Polynesia.
37. PI SUM Linnaeus
Annual herbs with
equally pinnate leaves,ending
in
a branched
tendril,
the
stipuleslarge,
leaf-like. Flowers
white, axillary,solitary,pedicelled.
LEGUMINOSAE
249
Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped,subequally
5-toothed. Corolla
exserted,
the
standard
very
broad,
the keel shorter than the
wings.
Stamens diadel-
phous,
the mouth of the tube truncate.
Ovary many-ovuled; style thick,
compressed.
Pods
strongly inflated,
the valves rather thin. Seeds
several,
globose. (From
the ancient Greek
name.)
Species
6 in
Europe
and
Asia, a single
cultivated one
in the
Philippines.
*
1. P. SATIVUM L. Chicharo
(Sp.);
Pea.
An
ascending,
somewhat
glaucous, glabrous,
annual
plant
0.5 m high or
less. Leaves
alternate,ending
in branched
tendrils;
leaflets 4
or 6, oblong
or elliptic-oblong,
blunt or
apiculate,
1.5 to 2.5 cm long,
the
stipuleslarger
than the
leaflets, obliquelyoblong or
ovate,
up
to 3 cm long,
base
denticulate,
rounded and
half-clasping
the stem. Flowers
white, 1.5 to 2 cm long.
Pods
inflated,
4 to 8 cm long.
Grown from
imported
seed for the local
market,
fl.
Dec-Apr.
A native
of
Europe, now cultivated in all
temperate
and some
tropical
countries.
38. A BR US Linnaeus
Slender,climbing,
somewhat
woody
vines with
odd-pinnate leaves. Leaf- lets
small,
numerous. Racemes rather
dense, peduncled, axillary,
many-
flowered. Flowers
small, pink or purplish. Calyx-teeth short. Standard
ovate,
below
adhering
to the
staminal-tube; wings
narrow;
keel arched.
Stamens
9,
the filaments united in
a
tube which is slit
above,
the 10th
wanting. Ovary many-ovuled, style
short. Pod
oblong,
flat
or turgid;
seeds black or black and red.
(Greek "elegant,"
in allusion to the
shining
red and black
seeds.)
Species
about 5, cosmopolitan
in the
tropics,
2 in the
Philippines.
Pods
oblong,turgid,
2.5 to 5 cm long,
3- to 6-seeded, the seeds red and black.
1. A.
precatorius
Pod
narrowly-oblong, thin,flat,
6 to 8 cm long,
6- to
12-seeded,
the seeds black.
2. A.
laevigatus
1. A.
precatorius
L.
Saga, Saga-saga (Tag.).
A
slender,scandent, branched,
annual vine
reaching a length
of 9 m or
less,sparingly pubescent or
nearly glabrous.
Leaves 5 to 10 cm long.
Leaflets 20 to 40, oblong,mucronate, thin,
1 to 3 cm
long.
Racemes
axillary,
usually
numerous,
often
crowded, pink
to
pale-purple
or
salmon,
about 1 cm
long.
Pods
oblong, turgid,
2.5
to 5 cm
long,
about 1.5 cm wide. Seeds 3 to
5, shining,
6 mm long,
half
black,
half scarlet.
(Fl. Filip.pi.156.)
In
fl.
Aug.- Apr. ;
common and
widely
distributed
in the
introduced.
Tropics generally.
2. A.
laevigatus
E.
Mey. (A. pulchellusWall.).
A slender
twining
vine
reaching a height
of 1.5 to 3 m. Leaves 5 to 10
cm long,
the leaflets 8 to 16
pairs,oblong, rounded, apiculate,
1 to 2.5 cm
long, slightlypubescent
beneath. Flowers
numerous,
pink,
7 to 8 mm long.
Pod
thin, flat,smooth,
somewhat
curved,
G to 8 cm long.
Seeds 6 to 12,-
black.
In
thickets,San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
Oct.-Dec; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to Africa and
Malaya.
250
A FLORA OF MANILA
39. SESBANIA
Scopoli
Erect, branched,
suflfrutescent
herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves
long,
narrow,
evenly pinnate,
with
numerous, oblong or
linear-oblong, small,
obtuse,
mucronate leaflets. Flowers in
few-flowered, axillary
racemes,
small to
very large. Calyx campanulate, shallowly 2-lipped or 5-toothed.
Corolla much
exserted,
white or
yellow; petals long-clawed; standard
broad;
keel
straight or recurved. Stamens
diadelphous. Ovary linear,
many-
ovuled; style
incurved. Pods
very
long
and
narrow, septate
between the
seeds, dehiscent,
the seeds
very
numerous. (From
the Arabic
name
of
one
species.)
Species
about 20 in all
tropicalcountries,
3 in the
Philippines.
1. Trees with
very
large
flowers 7 to 8 cm long,
Vhite
or
tinged
with
pink
or
red 1, S.
grandiflora
1. Suffrutescent herbs or shinib-like;flowers
small, yellow.
2. Flowers about 1 cm
long,
with
numerous purplish spots
and
dashes;
pods
erect or spreading ;
2. S. cannabina
2. Flowers about 1.5 cm long, uniformly yellow; pods pendulous.
3. S. sesban
1. S. GRANDIFLORA
(L.)
Pers.
Caturay (Tag.); Gauay-gauay (Vis.).
A
glabrous
Leaves 20 to 30 cm
long.
Leaflets 20
to 40
pairs, oblong, obtuse, pale-green,
2.5 to 3.5
cm long.
Racemes
short,
axillary.
Flowers
few,
very
large, white,
7 to 9 cm long. Calyx
green,
subtruncate or
very
shallowly 2-lipped.
Pods
pendulous, linear,
20 to 60
cm long,
7 to 8 mm wide,
somewhat
curved, many-seeded. (Fl. Filip.
pi. 291.)
Not
uncommon
in cultivation and half
-wild,
fl.
Oct.-Apr. ; throughout
the
Philippines
in settled
regions
and
certainly not
indigenous,
but of
prehistoric
introduction. India to Mauritius, Malaya,
and
Australia,
often
only
cultivated.
2. S. CANNABINA
(Retz.)
Pers. Balacbac
(Tag.).
A
coarse,
erect, branched, suffrutescent,
annual herbaceous
plant reaching
a height
of 3
m,
with
few, scattered,appressei
hairs
or nearly glabrous.
Leaves 20 to 30 cm
long, abruptly pinnate,
the leaflets 30 to
40, narrowly
oblong,
obtuse or
retuse, apiculate,
1 to 3 cm long,
3 to 5 mm wide.
Racemes
axillary,
3 to 5 cm long, elongated
in
fruit,
3- to 6-flowered.
Flowers
nearly
1.5 cm long,
the
calyx
green,
tinged
with
purple.
Petals
yellow,
the standard with
numerous
dots and
splashes
of
dark-purple
on
the
back, retuse, reflexed, nearly
1.5 cm
wide. Pods
pendulous, straight
or somewhat
curved,
15 to 20 cm long,
about 3 mm wide, sharply pointed,
containing
from 25 to 35 seeds.
(Fl. Filip.pi.UOo,
S.
aegyptiaca.)
In
open,
usually
rather wet
lands, scattered,
fl. more or
less
throughout
the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines,surely
the
Malay
Peninsula and Java.
3. S. SESBAN
(L.)
Merr.
(S. aegyptiaca Pers.).
An
erect, branched, stout, shrubby plant
2 to 3 m
high, slightly ap-
pressed-pubescent.
leaflets oblong,
rounded,
apiculate or mucronate, 2 to 3
cm long,
10 to 20
pairs.
Racemes
axillary,
about 10 cm long,
few-flowered above the middle. Flowers
uniformly
yellow,
not
spotted
with
purple, slenderly pedicelled,
about 1.5 cm long.
LEGUMINOSAE
251
Pods
subcylindricor somewhat
flattened,slightlytwisted, pendulous, about
20 cm long,
3 mm wide, depressed
between the seeds.
In waste
places,
rare,
fl.
Aug.-Oct. ;
known in the
Philippines only
from
the
vi"?inity
of
Manila,
introduced.
Widely
distributed in the
tropics.
40. CROTALARIA Linnaeus
Herbs or shrubs,
various in
habit,
with
simple or palmately
3- to 7-folio-
late leaves. Flowers racemose.
Calyx-tube short,
the teeth linear or lanceolate.
Corolla as long as or exceeding
the
calyx,
the standard
usually
round, longer
than the
wings
and keel. Stamens
diadelphous. Ovary
sessile
or stalked,
ovules few
or
many;
style
bearded
upward.
Pod
inflated,
sessile
or stipitate.straight or
curved.
(Greek "rattle.")
A
very
large
genus
in all
tropical
and
subtropical regions,
15
species
in
the
Philippines.
1. Leaves
simple.
2. Pod about as
long
as the
calyx
1. C.
linifolia
2. Pod much
longer
than the
calyx.
3. Flowers
yellow;
leaves linear to
oblong
2. C.
juncea
3. Flowêrs
blue;
leaves
ovate;
stems
ang-ular;stipuleslarge,persistent.
3. C. verrucosa
3. Inflorescence
terminal;
leaflets broad at the
apex
4. C. incana
3. Inflorescence
axillary;
leaflets narrowed to the
apex..
5. C. bracteata
1. Leaves 5- to 7-foliolate 6. C.
quinquefolia
1.
C. linifolia L. f.
A
slender, erect, simple or branched,
annual herb 10 to 80 cm high,
pubescent.
Leaves linear to
narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
1 to 3 cm
long,
2 to 5 mm wide. Racemes
terminal, elongated,
the flowers less than 1
cm
long, scattered, yellow. Calyx
green,
tinged
with brown, 2-Iipped,
the
upper
lip
with 2 short
teeth,
the lower
lip
with 3 linear ones. Corolla
yellow,
the standard 6 to 7 mm wide. Pod
glabrous, black, ovoid-oblong,
obtuse, about 7 mm
long,
4 mm thick, inflated,containing
8 to 10 seeds.
(Fl. Filip.pi 268,
C.
stenophylla.)
Common in
open,
rather
dry
grass
lands,
fl. all the
year,
but
mostly
in
the
rainy season;
widely
distributed in the
India to China,'Malaya,
2. C. JUNCEA L. Sunn
Hemp.
An erect, stiff,branched,
suffrutescent herb
usually
about 1 m high,
all
parts finelypubescent.
Leaves
simple, linear-oblong
to
oblong,
sessile or
shortly petioled,obtuse,
4 to 10 cm long.
Racemes
terminal,
8 to 20
cm
long.
Flowers
scattered,
about 2.5 cm long. Calyx densely brown-pubescent,
the lobes
long.
Corolla
yellow.
Pods
oblong, sessile,brovm-pubes-
cent,
about 3 cm long.
fl.
Apr.-June.
A native of
India,
of recent introduction
in the
Philippines
and
apparently spontaneous
in some provinces,
3. C. VERRUCOSA L. Bulailaua
(Tag.).
An
erect, branched,
somewhat
pubescent or nearly glabrous
hei'b 40
to
80 cm high,
the stems angled.
Leaves
simple, ovate, obtuse,
5 to 11
cm
long,
base
acute, short-petioled,
the
stipulesprominent, leaf-like,semilunate.
252
A FLORA OF MANILA
5 to 20 cm long.
Racemes terminal and lateral. Flowers about 12 mm
long,
the corolla blue and white. Pods 2.5 to 3.5 cm
long, somewhat
hairy.
Occasional in
open
places, Paraiiaque,
fl.
Dec-Apr.; widely
distributed
in the Philippines,
but
certainly
not an indigenous plant.
Most
tropical
countries.
4. C. INCANA L.
Latuc-latucan, Patoc-patocan,
Bulailaua
(Tag.).
An
erect, branched,
suffrutescent
plant usually
about 1 m
high,
rather
softlygray-pubescent,
the stems and branches
cylindric. Leaflets
3, elliptic
to
obovate,
obtuse or
very
slightlyacuminate,
2 to 5
cm long,
1.5 to 3
cm
wide. Racemes
terminal,
5 to 20
cm long. Calyx
about 1 cm
long,
the
lobes
lanceolate,acuminate, much
longer
than the tube. Corolla
yellow,
the
standard 10 to 13 mm wide. Pods
deflexed,inflated,hirsute,
3 to 4 cm
long,
1 cm thick or
less,containing
20 to 30 seeds.
(Fl. Filip.pi.160.)
In waste
places,
fl. all the
year;
common about towns
throughout
the
Philippines.
A native of
tropicalAmerica, now widely
distributed in the
tropics
of the woi'ld.
5. C. bracteata Roxb.
An
erect, branched,
suffrutescent
herb, or
somewhat
shrubby plant
about
1 m high, sparingly pubescent.
Leaves
3-foliolate,
the leaflets
nearly
sessile,
ovate to
oblong-ovate,
narrowed at both
ends,
5 to 10
cm long.
Racemes
axillary
and
terminal,peduncled,
4 to 10 cm
long, densely
flowered.
Flowers
yellow,
about 1 cm long.
Pods
oblong-cylindric,densely pubescent.
Near Fort
McKinley,
fl.Jan.-Feb.
;
of local occurrence
in Luzon. India
and the
Malay Archipelago.
6. C.
QUINQUEFOLIA
L.
Patocan, Patoc-patocan,
Bulailaua
(Tag.).
An
erect, branched,
rather
coarse,
annual herb 1.5 to 1.3 m high
the
stems
green,
striate. Leaflets
5, rarely 7,
linear to
linear-lanceolate,
4 to
12 cm long,
0.5 to 2 cm
wide, pubescent beneath,
apex
blunt, apiculate.
Racemes
terminal,
the bracteoles
1 to 1.5
cm long. Calyx glabrous,green,
about 1 cm long,
the lobes ovate or ovate-
lanceolate. Petals
yellow,
the standard more or less
brownish-purple on
the
back,
about 2.5 cm wide. Pod
inflated,boat-shaped
5 to 6 cm long,
about 2 cm wide, stalked,containing
30 to 40 seeds.
In
waste-places,
old
rice-fields, etc.,
fl.
the Phil- ippines,
but
certainly
Malaya.
41. FLEMINGIA
Roxburgh
Shrubs or
suffrutescent
herbs,
the leaves
digitately
3-foliolate or simple.
Flowers
racemose,
the racemes solitary
or panicled,or in small
cymes,
each
cyme
hidden
by
a
large
folded
bract,
the bracts
distichouslyarranged
in
zig-zag racemes. Calyx-tube short,
the lobes
narrow,
acuminate,
the lowest
one
often the
longest.
Corolla littleor not at all
exserted,
the
petals equal
in
length.
Stamens
diadelphous. Ovary
2-ovuled. Pod
oblong, swollen,
small,usually
2-seeded.
(In
honor of J.
Fleming.)
Species
about 20, tropicalAsia, Africa, Malaya,
and Australia,
5 in the
Philippines.
Leaves
3-foliolate;
flowers in
dense, solitary
racemes
1. F.
cumingiana
Leaves
simple; cymes
hidden
by large,folded,persistent,
distichous
bracts,
arranged
in
simple
or branched racemes
2. F. strohilifera
LEGUMINOSAE
253
1. F.
cumingiana
Benth.
An erect or
spreading slightlybranched, pubescent, shrubby
or suffrutes-
cent
plant
1 to 2 m
high
or less. Stems
3-angled,densely pubescent.
Leaves
3-foliolate;leaflets ovate to
rhomboid-ovate, acute,
5 to 12 cm long,
rather
densely pubescent beneath,
the lateral ones
inequilateral.
Racemes in the.
upper
axils,dense, pubescent,
2 to 5 cm long.
Flowers about 8 mm
long.
Calyx densely silky-pubescent,as
long
as the corolla. Standard rather
dark-purple,
the
wings
and keel
greenish.
Pod
inflated,
about 1 cm
long.
In
thickets,Pasay,
Caloocan to
Masambong, etc.,
fl. Dec.-Feb.
;
of local
occurrence
in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
2. F. STROBILIFERA
(L.)
R. Br.
Payang-payang; Paraparanahan (Tag.).
An erect branched shrub 0.5 to 2 m high,
the branchlets
velvety,
the
leaves
slightlypubescent
or
nearly glabrous,
ovate to
oblong, simple,
acute
or bluntly acuminate,
base rounded or subcordate,
6 to 14 cm
long,
the
nerves ascending.
Racemes
axillary
and
terminal,
5 to 15 cm long,
composed
of
numerous, thin,
rounded or reniform, folded, imbricated,
green
bracts which enclose
the fascicles or dwarfed
cymes
of small flowers;
bracts
very
shortly petioled,cordate,
1.5 to 2.5 cm long.
Rachis of
th^
racemes zig-zag.
Corolla
yellowish-green,tinged
with
purplish,
about 8 mm
long.
Pods
oblong,
1 cm long or less, swollen,
2-seeded.
In thickets and
open
dry places,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.; widely
distributed in the
introduced. India to China and
Malaya;
introduced
in Mauritius and in the West Indies.
42. MEDICAGO
Linnaeus
Erect or trailing
hei'bs with
pinnately
3-foliolate leaves,
the leaflets
toothed.
Calyx-tube campanulate, subequally
5-toothed. Corolla exserted,
free from the staminal-tube
;
standard and
wings oblong;
keel
straight,
obtuse. Stamens
diadelphous;
filaments slender.
Ovary
many-ovuled;
styleshort,slightlyincurved; stigma oblique.
Pod
spirallytwisted,many-
seeded,
indehiscent.
(Greek name for alfalfa or lucerne,
which came from
Media.
"
Species
about 40, chiefly
in the Mediterranean region;
2 introduced in the
Philippines.
1. M. DENTICULATA
Willd.
An
annual, prostrate or spreading, branched, nearly glabrous herb, the
stems 20 to 40 cm long.
Leaflets
obovate-cuneate,
1 to 2 cm long, toothed;
stipules
laciniate. Peduncles
axillary, short, closely
2- to 6-flowei"ed.
Flowers
yellow,
about 5 mm long. Calyx-teeth as long as
the tube. Pod
with 2 to 4
spirals,
the
margins pectinate
with
spreading spines.
A casual
plant
in
recently
disturbed soil,adventitious from
Europe
or
America,
fl.
Apr.
and
probably
in other months.
Europe
and Asia to
Japan;
introduced in North America.
43. PUERARIA DeCandoUe
Slender or
coarse, twining,
herbaceous or suffrutescent vines with 3-
foliolate
leaves,
the leaflets
stipellate.
Flowers small to
large,
in few- to
many-flowered, simple or compound racemes. Calyx-teeth long or short,
the
upper
2 connate. Corolla
exserted;
standard
as long
as the
wings
and keel. Stamens
monadelphous. Ovary many-ovuled.
Pod linear, compressed.
254
A FLORA OF MANILA
Species
about
15,
India to
Japan,
southward to
Malaya,
Stipulespeltate;pods densely hirsute,
about 8 mm wide.
1. P.
thunbergiana
Stipules
not
peltate;pods nearly
or
quite glabrous,
less than 5 mm wide.
2. P.
phaseoloides
1. P.
thunbergiana (Sieb.
"
Zucc.)
Benth.
A rather
coarse,
scandent, pubescent, annual,
herbaceous vine
reaching
a
length
of at least 8 m. Leaflets
ovate, acuminate,
entire or slightlyrepand,
10 to 20 cm
long,
the
upper
surface
glabrous
or
nearly so,
the lower surface
rather
densely pubescent
with
soft, grayish
hairs. Racemes
axillary,
15
to 30 cm long.
Flowers about 2 cm
long. Calyx pubescent,
the lobes acuminate.
Corolla rather
bright-purple,
the standard 2 cm broad,
with a
rather
large yellow spot
near the base. Pod 5 to 8 cm long,
about 1 cm
wide,
hirsute with
spreading
brown hairs.
In
thickets,dry hillsides,
Pateros.
opposite Guadalupe, etc.,
fl.
July-Oct.;
4ocal in the
Philippines. Japan
to China and Formosa.
2. P.
PHASEOLOIDES
(Roxb.)
Benth.
A
slender, scandent, hairy,
herbaceous vine 2 to 4 m
in
length,
the
stipulessmall,
basifixed. Leaflets
ovate, irregularly
3-lobed and somewhat
sinuate,
6 to 12 cm
long,
the
upper
surface
green,
the lower surface
pale,
and covered with
long, appressed,
white hairs. Racemes
axillary,solitary,
8 to 25 cm long, or
longer.
Flowers
pale-blue
or
purplish,
about 12
mm
long,
fasciculate
along
the
rachis,
the
calyx appressed-hirsute.
Pod 5 to
8 cm
long,
4 mm wide, slightlyappressed-hirsute.
In
open grass
lands and
thickets,
fl. all the
year;
common
and
widely
distributed in the
introduced. India to China
and
Malaya.
44. DUN BAR IA
"Wight
" Arnott
Slender,
herbaceous or woody, climbing
vines. Leaves
3-foliolate,
distinctly
gland-dottedon the lower
surface, stipelsusually wanting.
Flowers
solitary,axillary,or racemose. Calyx-teeth long
and
narrow,
the lower
one longer
than the others. Corolla more or
less
exserted, soon falling
or
drying
up
and
subpersistent,
the keel
usually
not beaked. Stamens
diadelphous,
anthers uniform.
Ovary
sessile
or stalked, many-ovuled;
style inflexed,glabrous.
Pod
linear,
flat not marked with
depressed
lines
between the seeds.
(In
honor of Professor
Dunbar.)
Species
about 15,
India to
Japan,
southward to Australia, 3 in the Phil- ippines.
1. D.
punctata (W.
"
A.)
Benth.
(D. conspersa
Benth.).
A
slender,twining,
herbaceous vine,
the stems filiform,
somew^hat
pubescent.
Leaflets
thin, subrhomboid, obtuse, 2 to 3.5 cm long,
the lower
surface
gland-dotted
with
small,
reddish
glands.
Flowers
yellow,axillary,
solitary,short-petioled,
about 9 mm
long,
the
calyx gland-dotted
and
pubescent.
Pod
linear,recurved,
3 to 5 cm long.
In thickets near Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Sept.-Oct.;
known in the
Philippines
only
from the
vicinity
of Manila. India to China southward to northern
Australia.
256
A FLORA OF MANILA
47. ERYTHRINA Linnaeus
Trees, usually
with
prickly branches,
the leaves
3-foliolate,
the
petio-
lules with
prominent glands
at their
tips.
Flowers
large, red,
in dense
racemes. Calyx oblique,spathe-like,finallysplitting
to the
base,
or cam-
panulate
and
2-lipped.
Petals
very unequal,
the standard
longer
than the
keel and
wings. Upper
filament free
nearly
to the
base, or more or less
connate with others.
Ovary many-ovuled; style
incurved. Pod
linear,
swollen,
contracted between the seeds or flattened at one end.
(Greek
"red" in allusion to the
large
red flowers.)
Species
30 or
more,
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
4 in the
Philippines.
1. Pods
turgid
and
seed-bearing throughout.
2.
Calyx spathe-like,oblique,splitting
to the base down the
back;
flowers
bright-
red
1. E. indica
2.
Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped,
not
splitting
to the
base;
flowers dull-
brownish-red
2. E.
fusca
1. Pods flattened and seedless in the lower one-half 3. E- subumbrans
1. E. indica Lam.
Dap-dap (Tag., Vis.).
A diciduous tree reaching a height
of 15
m,
the branches and branchlets
stout,
armed with
short,
few to
many,
sharp prickles.
Leaflets
broadly
ovate,
8 to 18 cm long,
somewhat
acuminate,
base broad or subrhomboid.
Racemes
terminal, pubescent, dense,
up
to 25 cm long.
Flowers
large,
numerous. Calyx
about 4 cm long, minutely
5-toothed at the
tip,
mouth
very
oblique.
Petals
bright-red,
the standard 7 to 9 cm
long,
the
wings
and keel
subequal,
shorter than the
calyx.
Pod 10 to 25
cm long,
1.5 to 2
cm in
diahieter, distinctly
constricted between the seeds.
(Fl. Filip.
pi. 217.)
Common,
-fl.
Jan.-Apr., quite or partly
leafless at time of
flowering;
throughout
the
Philippines,especiallynear the sea. India,through Malaya
to
Polynesia.
2. E. fusca
Lour.
("".ovalifoliaRoxb.).
A tree reaching
a height
of 10
m,
the trunk with
large,
conical
protuberances,
the branchlets and sometimes the
petioles
with small scattered
prickles.
Leaflets
oblong or elliptic-oblong,
8 to 15 cm long,
acute or
obtuse,
base acute or rounded. Racemes 10 to 20 cm. long. Calyx pubescent,
2-lipped,
about 1 cm long.
Petals dull-purplish-red,
the standard
about 4 cm long,
rounded or emarginate,
the keel about one-half
as long,
the
wings
somewhat shorter than the keel. Pods
subcylindric,
10 to 25 cm
long,
about 1.5 mm wide,
6- to 11-seeded,apiculate. (Fl. Filip.pi.326.)
In
open
wet
lands,
fl.
Jan.-Feb.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India, through Malaya
to Polynesia.
3. E. subumbrans (Hassk.)
Merr. Dap-dap (Tag.).
A tree reaching a height
of 15
m,
unarmed or
with few
prickles.
Leaflets
ovate, acuminate,
base rounded or subacute,
7 to 14 cm long.
Racemes
pubescent,
in the
upper
axils;
about 10 cm long. Calyx pubescent,
about 8 mm long, 2-lipped.
Petals
red,
the standard about 3 cm long,
the
keel and
wings subequal,
less than one-half
as long.
Pod flat,
indehiscent
and seedless in the lower
one-half,bearing
1 to 3 seeds at the
tip,
10 to 12
cm long,
with
a elongated
slender stalk.
(Fl.Filip.pi.3^5,
E. lithosperma.)
A
single specimen
in the old botanical
garden
fl.Oct.-Feb.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
Burma to Indo-China and Malaya.
LEGUMINOSAE
257
48. TERAMNUS Swartz
Slender, twining,
herbaceous vines. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers
small,
in
axillarypanicled
racemes.
Calyx campanulate,
the teeth distinct. Co- rolla
little
exserted,
the
petals equal
in
length;
standard not
spurred.
Stamens
monadelphous;
alternate anthers
small,
abortive.
Ovary
many-
ovuled; style
short. Pods
linear,
somewhat
compressed, septate
between
the
seeds,
curved
or hooked at the
apex.
Species 4,
in all
tropicalcountries,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. T. labialis
(L. f.) Spreng.
A slender,
twining,
more or less
pubescent,
annual vine
reaching a length
of 4 m. Leaflets
oblong-elliptic
to
oblong-ovate,
obtuse or
acute, green
and
shining on
the
upper
surface,pale
and
appressed-pubescent beneath,
2.5 to 5
cm long.
Inflorescence of
axillary,panicled,pubescent racemes 5 to 8 cm
long.
Flowers 5 mm long. Calyx appressed-pubescent.
Corolla
purple,
only slightly
exserted. Pod
linear,flat,
curved at the
apex,
slightlypubescent,
about 4 cm long,
3 mm wide, containing
about 10 seeds.
In
thickets,
San Pedro
Macati, etc.,common,
fl.Oct.-June; widely
distributed
in the Philippines,possibly
introduced.
Cosmopolitan
in the
tropics.
49. CANAVALIA DeCandoUe
Coarse, twining,
annual
or perennial
vines with 3-foliolate
leaves,
the
leaflets
stipellate.
Flowers rather
large. Calyx-limb 2-lipped,
the
upper
lip projecting,
entire or
emarginate,
the lower
one shortly
3-toothed.
Corolla much
exserted,
standard
large,roundish; wings
somewhat
shorter,
equaling
the incurved keel. Stamens
monadelphous. Ovary many-ovuled.
Pod
large, linear,
to
oblong, flat,
sometimes
swollen,
with a rib
on
each
valve near the
upper
suture.
(From
the Malabar name
of one species.)
Species
about
15, mostly
in
tropicalAmerica,
4 in the
Philippines.
1. Pod
swollen,
10 cm long or less,
about 4.5 cm wide 1. C.
turgida
1. Pod
flat,
or
if swollen then less than 3 cm wide.
2. Leaflets broad and rounded at the
apex;
a species growing along
sandy
seashores
2. C. lineata
2. Leaflets acuminate.
3. Pod less than 20 cm
long
and 3 cm wide 3. C.
ensiformis
3. Pod 25 to 30 cm
long,
4 to 5 cm wide 4. C.
gladiata
1. C. turgida
Grab.
A
coarse, scandent,
herbaceous vine in thickets near the seashore.
Leaflets
ovate, acuminate,
8 to 15 cm long,
base-
usually
rounded. Flowers
in
pairs
at the ends of the
scapes,
reflexed,
about 4 cm long, pink-purple,
quite as
in the next species.
Pods
thick, broad, swollen,
often
nearly
flat
along
the
back,
10 to 14 cm long,
5 cm wide, apiculate-acuminate,
containing
about 6, brown, ellipsoid,
somewhat
compressed, hard,
smooth
seeds.
(Fl.Filip.pi.319,
C.
virosa.)
In thickets near
the
seashore,
but not on the
sandy beach, Navotas,
Pasay, etc.,
fl.
July-March; throughout
the
Philipppines
near the sea.
India to Formosa and
Malaya.
2. C. lineata (Thunb.)
DC.
Pataning-dagat (Tag.).
A
coarse, prostrate,
herbaceous
vine, growing on the
sandy beach,
sending
up
large
3-foliolate leaves and
long-peduncled
racemes
of
pink-
111566 " 17
258
A FLORA OF MANILA
purple
flowers. Petioles 8 to 12 cm
long.
Leaflets
subcoriaceous,broadly
obovate-elliptic,
8 to 15 cm
long, nearly as wide,
the base
usually acute,
apex
broad and rounded or retuse.
Scapes erect,
20 to 40 cm
high,
bearing
near
the
apex
few, paired, racemosly arranged
flowers about 4 cm
long. Calyx 2-lipped,
the
upper
lip large, broadly 2-lobed,
the lower one
small, subtruncate,
3-toothed. Standard 3 cm wide,
retuse. Pod 8 to 12
cm long,
2.3 to 3
cm wide,
somewhat
turgid
when mature.
Pasay beach,
fl.
Aug.-March; throughout the
Philippines along
the
seashore.
Tropics
of the world.
3. C. ensiformis
(L.)
DC.
A scandent herbaceous or suffrutescent vine
reaching a length
of from
2 to 5
m,
nearly glabrous, or some parts more or less
pubescent.
Leaflets
narrowly
ovate to
oblong-ovate,
acuminate or
acute,
base
usually rounded,
8 to 16 cm long.
Racemes
axillary,solitary,
up
to 40 cm long, flowering
only
near the
apex,
only
2 or 3 flowers
open
at a time. Flowers
nearly
sessile,
reflexed.
Calyx
green,
about 1.5 cm long,
the
upper lip
cleft into
2 broad
lobes,
the lower reduced to 3 small teeth. Corolla
pink,
about
3.5 cm long.
Pod 14 to 17 cm
long,
2 to 2.5 cm wide, flattened,not
turgid,
8 to 10
mm thick
along
the
upper
suture, containing
about 15 seeds.
In
thickets,Masambong,
fl.
Nov.-March; widely
distributed in the Phil- ippines,
some
forms cultivated.
Tropics generally,
wild and cultivated.
*4. C. GLADIATA
(Jacq.)
DC. Haba
(Sp.-Fil.).
A
glabrous
vine
reaching a length
of several meters. Leaflets
ovate,
somewhat
acuminate,
8 to 15 cm long.
Racemes
axillary,long-peduncled,
few-flowered. Flov/ers
white, turning pink,
about 3 cm
long.
Pods
large,
narrowly-oblong,
somewhat
curved,
25 to 35 cm long,
4 to 5 cm wide.
Sêds
red.
(Fl. Filipi.pi U9.)
Occasionally
cultivated. Not common
in the
Philippines
and
only
cultivated;
undoubtedly
native of
tropicalAmerica, now wild or cultivated in
many
hot countries.
50. CENTROSEMA DeCandolle
Scandent herbaceous vines with 3-foliolate
leaves,
the
stipulespersistent,
basifixed. Flowers rather
large
and
showy,
in
axillary
racemes,
the bracts
and bracteoles
persistent. Calyx shortly campanulate,
the lobes
or teeth
subequal,or the
upper
2 connate. Corolla much exserted. Standard
broadly
orbicular,longer
than the
wings.
Stamens
usually diadelphous. Ovary
subsessile,many-ovuled; style
somewhat
enlarged upward,
incurved. Pods
linear,
the valves
longitudinally
2-ribbed.
(Greek "spur"
and
"standard.")
Species
about 26,
all
American,
1 introduced here.
1. C. PLUMiERi (Turp.)
Benth.
A
twining,
herbaceous
vine,
from a
woody base, reaching a length
of
5 m or
more, glabrous
or
nearly
so. Leaflets
ovate, shortly acuminate,
5
to 15 cm
long,
entire. Racemes
axillary,solitary,
4 to 5 cm
long, white,
the center magenta.
about
1 cm wide, long-acuminate, prominently longitudinally
2-ribbed
along
each
valve.
(Fl. Filip.pi.^55,
Clitorea plumieri.)
In thickets
near
the Balicbalic
cemetery;
not common
in the
Philippines
and
doubtfully spontaneous.
A native of South America,
introduced and
now spontaneous
in
Malaya.
LEGUMINOSAE
259
51. MUCUNA Adanson
Annual or
perennial,usually coarse vines. Leaves
3-foliolate,
the leaflets
ample, stipellate.Flowers
racemose, large, showy, dark-purple or
pale-
greenish. Calyx-tube campanulate,
the 2
upper
teeth
quite connate,
the
lowest
longer
than the middle ones. Corolla much
exserted;
standard
not more
than one-half
as long as
the beaked
keel,
the
wings usually a
little
longer
than the keel. Stamens
diadelphous;
anthers
dimorphous.
Pod linear to
oblong, compressed,
smooth
or
transversely ridged,
keeled
along
the sutures or
not, softlypubescent
or often covered with
very
irritating,
brown,
bristle-like hairs.
(A
Brazilian
name.)
Species
25 or more
in all
tropicalcountries,
about 10 in the
Philippines.
Pods covered with
stiff,brown, stinging
hairs 1. M.
pruriens
Pods
velvety-pubescent,no stinging
hairs 2. M.
lyonii
1. M.
pruriens (L.)
DC.
Lipai, Nipai (Tag.).
A
climbing or
spreading
annual vine
reaching a length
of several
meters,
more or less
pubescent.
Leaves
thin, ovate to
oblong-ovate,
rounded
or
subacute, apiculate,
5 to 12 cm long,
the lateral ones oblique.
Racemes
pendulous, many-flowered,
10 to 25 cm
long, Calyx gray-pubescent
and
with
intermixed, brown, stinging
hairs. Corolla
dark-purple,
almost
black,
4 cm
long.
Pod
stout, compressed, slightly
curved near the
apex,
6 to 11
cm
long,
2
cm wide, densely
covered with
stiff,somewhat
appressed,
brown,
very
irritatingstinging
hairs.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 331,
M.
hirsuta.)
In thickets
etc., occasional near Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Sept.-March; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya,
introduced in
tropical
America.
*2. M.
lyonii
Merr.
A
stout, herbaceous, twining
vine
reaching
a length
of 4 m or more.
Leaflets thin, broadly ovate,
the lateral ones
oblique,
5 to 18 cm long,
slightlyhairy
beneath. Racemes
up
to 40 cm in
length.
Flowers numerous,
about 4 cm
long,
the
calyx grayish-pubescent,
the corolla
dark-purple.
1.5 to 1.8
cm wide,
the valves with 2
longitudinal
ribs,
rather
velvety-pubescent
with short
gray hairs,
and with no stinging
hairs.
Cultivated, Singalon,
fl.
May-July,
and
probably
in other
months;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
in cultivation. This has been reduced
to the
Indo-Malayan
M. nivea W. "
A.,
but that
species
has
greenish-white
flowers.
52. GALACTIA P. Browne
Slender, twining,
herbaceous vines with 3-foliolate
leaves,
the leaflets
stipellate.
Flowers
racemose, small,
the nodes of the inflorescence
usually
enlarged. Calyx
tube
short,
the teeth
narrow,
the
upper
2 fused in one.
Corolla little
exserted,
the
petals nearly equal
in
length;
keel
obtuse,
nearly straight.
Stamens
diadelphous. Ovary many-ovuled; style
slender.
Pod
linear,
flattened.
(From
the Greek
"milk," some species formerly
thought
to yield milky sap.)
Species
about
45, mostly
in
tropicalAmerica,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. G. tenuiflora
(Klein)
W. " A.
A
slender,pubescent, twining,
annual vine
reaching a length
of 2 to 3
m. Leaflets
thin, oblong
to
elliptic-oblong,
rounded at the
apex,
2 to 3.5
260
A
FLORA OF MANILA
cm long,
green
and
shining above, paler and
slightlypubescent
beneath.
Racemes
axillary,solitary,
5 to 8 cm
long,
slender. Flowers in distant
pairs,
the nodes
slightlyor distinctlythickened.
Calyx
about 6
mm long,
pubescent,
the teeth
longer
than the tube. Corolla
pink-purple, nearly
1
cm
long.
Pods
flat,thin, sparingly pubescent,
3 to 5 cm
long,
5 to 6 mm
wide.
In
thickets,
San Pedro
Macati,
fl.Oct.-Jan.
;
not
common
and
very
local
in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya
and Australia.
53. PHASEOLUS Linnaeus
Twining or erect herbs with 3-foliolate
leaves,
the leaflets
stipellate.
Flowers in
axillary racemes. Calyx campanulate,
the lower tooth
usually
longer
than the
others,
the
upper
2 subconnate. Corolla much
exserted,
the keel
prolonged, spirally
twisted. Stamens
diadelphous. Ovary
many-
ovuled; style filiform,
twisted with the
keel,
bearded
along one
side below
the
stigma.
Pod linear to
oblong, compressed
or swollen.
(The
ancient
name of the
kidney bean.)
Species
about
many
cultivated,
1.
Stipules small, basifixed;
flowers
usually pink or purple.
2. Erect herbs with
appressed-pubescent narrow pods
and
dark-purple
flowers 1. P.
lathyroides
2.
Twining
vines with broader
glabrous pods,
and
greenish-yellow or
pale-purple
flowers.
3. Flowers less than 2 cm long.
4. Pods
broad, flat,
1.5 to 2 cm
wide;
flowers
greenish-yellow,
less
than 1 cm long
2. P. luriatus
4. Pods
swollen,
less than 1.5
wide;
flowers 1,5 to 2
cm long, pale-
purple
or
pink
and
white;
cultivated
plants
3. P.
vulgaris
3, Flowers about 2.5 cm long
4, P. adenanthus
1,
Stipules produced
below the
point
of
insertion;
flowers
usually yellow,
2, Leaflets
oblong
to lanceolate or linear,usually
less than 1 cm wide,
5. P. minimus
2, Leaflets ovate to
oblong-ovate,
2 to 3 cm or more in width.
3. Pods with
slightlyappressed
hairs or glabrous;
leaflets often somewhat
lobed 6. P. calcaratus
3. Pods hirsute with
spreading hairs;
leaves entire 7, P. radiatus
1. P, LATHYROIDES L.
(P.
semierectus
L.).
An
erect, suffrutescent,
somewhat branched
plant
1 to 1.5
m high,
the
branches often
flexuous,rarely twining,
clothed with deflexed hairs. Leaf- lets
oblong
to
oblong-ovate,
4 to 7 cm
long; stipuleslanceolate,acuminate,
6 to 8 mm long.
Racemes
the racemes 20 cm
long or less, the
peduncles as long or longer,
the flowers about 2 cm
long. Calyx green,
6 to 7 mm long.
Standard about 1 cm wide, greenish,
the keel and
wings dark-purple.
Pods
reflexed, 8 to 10 cm long,
about 4
mm wide,
somewhat
compressed, appressed pubescent.
Seeds
numerous,
about 3 mm long.
In
open grass
lands,
common,
fl. all the
year;
apparently
not
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
A native of
tropical America,
introduced
in the
tropics
of the Old World.
LEGUMINOSAE 261
2. P. LUNATUS L. Patani (Tap:.)'; Lima Bean.
A scandent, slender, annual, glabrous
or sparingly pubescent,
herbaceous
vine
reaching a length
of 4 m or
more,
the
stipulessmall,
basifixed.
Leaflets ovate, acuminate, thin,
6 to 12 cm
long.
Racemes
axillary,
solitary,
peduncled,
8 to 20 cm long.
Flowers
long-pedicelled,
about 13 mm
long,
the
calyx pale-greenish,
the corolla much
longer
than the
calyx,
greenish
or
pale-yellowish.
Pods
oblong,
somewhat
curved,
6 to 12
cm
long,
about 2 cm wide, containing
from 1 to 4
large, variously
colored or
white seeds.
(Fl. Filip.pi.S52, 369.)
Frequently
cultivated for its edible beans, fl.
Sept.-Apr.
Cultivated
in all
tropical
and
warm countries,a native of
tropical
America.
*3. P. VULGARIS L. Habichuela
(Sp.)
;
Common Bean.
An annual
nearly glabrous
or slightlyhairy, erect,
branched
plant, or
a
slender
twining
vine. Leaves
3-foliolate,
the leaflets
ovate, acuminate,
base
rounded,
7 to 11 cm long,
the lateral ones inequilateral.
Racemes
axillary,few-flowered,
shorter than the leaves, the
pedicels longer
than
the
calyx.
Flowers
white, turning
straw-colored or
somewhat
pink-purplish,
1.5 to 2 cm
long.
Bracteoles
ovate,
green,
persistent.
Pods
linear,
somewhat
curved,
10 to 15 cm long,
about 1 cm wide.
Commonly
cultivated
by
Chinese
gardeners
for the Manila
market,
fl.
Nov.-May.
Cultivated in all warm countries,
where native uncertain.
4. P. adenanthus G. F. W.
Meyer.
A rather
slender,glabrous, twining,
herbaceous vine 2 to 5 m or more
in
length.
Leaflets
firm,
8 to 14 cm long, oblong-ovate, entire,
acute or
acuminate,
base
rounded,
3-nerved. Racemes
tho
flowers
few,
crowded at the ends. Flowers 2.5 to 3
cm long. Calyx
green
or purplish,
the three lower teeth
the two
upper
shorter, wholly or partly
connate. Standard 3 to 3.5 cm wide, retuse,
white, tinged
with
purple; wings
with more purple
than the standard;
keel
white,
all the
petals turning brownish-yellow
before falling.
Pods
linear, recurved, flat,many-seeded,
8 to 10 cm long,
about 1 cm wide,
acuminate.
In
thickets,especially
in low wet
lands,
fl. Nov
.-Apr.; widely
distributed
in the
5. P. minimus Roxb.
A
slender, twining, nearly glabrous
annual
reaching a length
of 1 to
2 m. Leaflets
oblong-ovate
to
oblong-lanceolate,
acute or obtuse,
3 to 7
cm long, entire,
the
stipules small, peltate.
Racemes
slender, axillai'y,
long-peduncled,
the flowers
few, usually
2 or 3, only one opening
at a
time. Corolla
yellow,
about 1.3 cm long,
the standard 1.5 cm wide, strongly
recurved. Pods 4 to 5 cm long,
3 mm wide,
nearly cylindric.
In thickets and
among
coarse
grasses,
Masambong,
fl.
Nov.-Apr. ;
of
Philippines.
Southern China.
6. P.
CALCARATUS
Roxb.
A
slender,herbaceous, nearly glabrous
or somewhat
pubescent
vine,
the
stipulespeltate.
Leaflets ovate to
oblong-ovate,
acute or acuminate,
entire
and
shallowly-lobed
ones
commonly
found on the same plant,
5 to 10 cm
long.
Racemes
long-peduncled,
flowers few at the
apex,
yellow,
about 1.5 cm
long.
Pods
slender,slightlyappi-essed-hairyor glabrous,
6 to 10 cm long,
about 5 mm wide,
the valves twisted when
dry.
262
A FLORA OF MANILA
In
open grassy
places opposite Guadalupe,
fl.most of the
year;
widely
distributed in the
tropical
Asia, now found in most warm
countries,
wild or
cultivated.
*7. P. RADIATUS L.
Mungos (Tag.) ;
Green Gram.
An erect or climbing
annual
herb,
branched from the base, or more or
less clothed with
spreading,
brownish hairs. Leaflets
ovate, entire,acuminate,
8 to 15 cm
long,
the lateral ones
inequilateral.
Flowers about 1
cm
long, yellow,racemosely arranged near the ends of the short
peduncles,
the
pedicelsvery
short. Pods
linear,spreading,
6 to 8 cm
long,
about 6
mm wide,
hirsute with
scattered,long,
brownish hairs. Seeds 4 to 6 mm
long.
Rarely
cultivated in
our
area,
fl.
Nov.-Jan.,
and
probably
in other
months
; extensively
cultivated in
many parts
of the
Philippines,
but scarcely
spontaneous.
A native of the Old
World,
now cultivated in most warm
countries.
54. VIGNA SaA-i
Twining or spreading
herbaceous vines similar to the
preceding genus,
differingchiefly
in
having
the keel not or but
slightly
curved and not
twisted.
Calyx campanulate,
the teeth
long or short,
the
upper
2 often
connate. Corolla much-exserted
;
keel truncate or
with
an ascending or
slightly
recurved beak. Stamens
diadelphous. Ovary many-o-viiled;style
bearded
along
one side below the
stigma.
Pods linear. (In honor of D.
Vigna, an early
Italian
botanist.)
Species
40 to
4 in the
Philippines.
1. Pods
glabrous;
keel not
produced
into a beak.
2. Pods
very
long,
up
to 60 cm
in
length;
cultivated... 1. V.
sesquipedalis
2. Pods less than 7 cm long; a
littoral
species
with
yellow
flowers.
2. V. luteola
1. Pods
densely pilose;
keel
prolonged
into a beak
_
3. V.
pilosa
*1. V.
SESQUIPEDALIS
L. Sitao
(Tag.).
An
annual, scandent, herbaceous, nearly glabrous vine,
the
stipules
about
1 cm long,
attached above the middle. Leaflets
ovate-rhomboid, acute,
entire or nearly so,
6 to 15 cm
long,
the nerves often
purplish.
Racemes
few, axillary,long-peduncled.
Flowers 3 to
6,
peduncles. Calyx greenish,
1 cm long,
the teeth
lanceolate,long-acuminate.
Corolla
pale-purplish, usually
about 2
cm long.
Pods slender, usually
purplish,
less than 1 cm wide,
20 to 40 cm long,
many-
seeded. (Fl. Filip.
pi.286, 285,
V.
siiiensis.)
Commonly
cultivated for its edible
pods
and
beans,
fl. all the
year;
widely
cultivated in the
Philippines,
but
scarcely spontaneous,
probably
a
native of China. Cultivated in most warm and
tropical
countries.
2. V. lutea (Sw.)
A.
Gray.
A
prostrate
or
climbing
herbaceous annual vine, glabrous throughout.
Leaves
3-foliolate,
their
petioles
5 to 10 cm long.
Leaflets broadly
ovate
to
oblong-ovate,
or suborbicular-ovate, shining,
acute or rounded,
5 to 10
cm
long, stipellate.Scapes axillary,erect,
10 to 20 cm long, bearing
numerous,
racemosely arranged
flowers at the
apex,
but 2 or 3 flowers
opening
at one
time. Flowers
yellow,
1.5 cm long,
the standard suborbicular,
retuse,
1.8 cm wide. Pods
subcylindric,
4 to 5 cm long,
6 to 7 mm vride,
reflexed,
each
containing
from 3 to 6
ellipsoid
seeds 5 to 6 mm long.
264
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. D. LABLAB L. Batao
(Tag.)-
A
glabrous, twining,
annual vine
reaching a length of 6 m or
more,
the
stems often
purplish.
Leaves
3-foliolate,
the
stipules small, basifixed;
leaflets
ovate,
acute or acuminate, entire,
7 to 15
cm long.
Racemes
erect,
long-peduncled,
15 to 25 cm long.
Flowers few to
many,
pink-purple or
nearly white,
about 2 cm long.
Pods
oblong, flattened,
7 to 12 cm long,
about 2 cm wide, acuminate, containing
3 to 5 seeds.
(Fl. Filip. pi. 292,
Lablab
cultratus.)
Commonly
cultivated for its edible beans,
frequent
in thickets
etc.,
fl.
Oct.-May; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
wild and
cultivated,
but
certainly
introduced.
Tropics
of the Old World.
2. D. falcatus Klein.
A
slender, twining, glabrous or nearly glabrous
annual vine
reaching
a length
of 3 to 4 m. Leaflets ovate to
oblong-ovate,
2 to 6
cm long,
subentire to somewhat
3-lobed,
acute or acuminate,
base broad. Peduncles
solitary,axillary,slender, equaling or exceeding
the
petioles,
each
bearing
from 1 to 3
or
4 flowers at the
apex.
Flowers
pink
and white or purplish,
1 cm long.
Pods
oblong,
somewhat
curved,
5 to 7 cm
long,
about 8 mm wide.
In
dry thickets,Guadalupe etc.,
common,
fl.
Oct.-March; widely
distributed
in Luzon. India.
57. PSOPHOCARPUS Necker
Twining
herbaceous or suffrutescent vines from tuberous roots. Leaves
3-foliolate,
the
stipules produced
below the
point
of
attachment;
leaflets
stipellate.
Flowers rather
large, pale-blue or purplish. Calyx-teeth
shorter than the
tube,
the
upper
2 connate. Corolla
much-exserted, petals
equal,
the keel incurved. Stamens
monadelphous,
the
upper
one free below.
Ovary many-ovuled; style long,
bearded around the
stigma.
Pod
square,
oblong, distinctlylongitudinally winged along
each
angle, septate
between
the seeds.
Species
3 or 4 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. P. TETRAGONOLOBUS
(L.)
DC.
Segidilla (Sp.-Fil.)
;
Calamismis
(Tag.)
;
Asparagus
Bean.
A
glabrous, twining,
annual vine
reaching a length
of 6 m or more.
Leaves
3-foliolate,
leaflets
ovate, entire, acuminate,
8 to 14 cm long,
base
deltoid. Racemes few-flowered
up
to 15 cm in
length.
Flowers light-blue,
3 to 3.5 cm long.
Pod
square,
10 to 20 cm long,
about 2 cm thick,4-winged,
the
wings
about 5
mm wide, crisped. (Fl. Filip.pi.293.)
Commonly
pods, occasionally spontaneous,
fl.
Oct.-Dec, certainly
Malaya.
66. OXALIDACEAE
(OxALis OR Balimbing Family)
Herbs or trees, glabrous or pubescent.
Leaves opposite or alternate,
usually 2-stipulate.
Inflorescence
axillary or
cauline. Flowers umbellate
or
cymose,
perfect,regular,
small.
Sepals 5,
imbricate. Petals 5. Stamens
10,
in 2
series;
filaments somewhat united below.
Ovary 5-celled;
ovules
one
to
many
in each
cell;styles
free. Fruit
capsular
or fleshy,
dehiscent or
indehiscent.
Genera 7, species
about
250, chiefly
in
temperate
regions,
3
genera
and 6
species
in the
Philippines.
OXALIDACEAE
265
1.
Herbs;
fruit a capsule.
2. Leaves
3-foliolate;
valves of the
capsule cohering;
with the axis.
1. Oxalis
2. Leaves pinnate;
valves of the
capsule separating
from the axis to the
base
2.
Biophytum
1. Trees or shrubs with
pinnate
leaves and
fleshy
fruits 3. Averrhoa
1. OXALIS Linnaeus
Small herbs acid
in
taste, usually postrate
and
creeping,
the leaves
alternate,3-foliolate;stipules
small. Flowers on axillary
1 to few-flowered
peduncles, regular, yellow. Sepals 5,
imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous.
Stamens 10, free, or
united at the base, all anther-
taaring. Ovary 5-lobed,
5-celled;styles 5,
distinct. Fruit a capsule dehiscing loculicidally. (From
the Greek
"sour.")
Species
about 200, chiefly
in
tropical
and
temperate
South America and
South
Africa,
2 in the
Philippines.
Leaflets less than 1.5 cm long;
flowers
yellow
1. 0.
repens
Leaflets exceeding
1.5 cm
in
length;
flowers purplish;
cultivated
only.
2. 0 martiana
1. O.
repens
Thunb.
Taingandaga, Susocoyili (Tag.).
A
small, variable, prostrate
herb,
somewhat
pubescent
with
long,
scattered
hairs,
the stems creeping, up
to 50 cm
in
length, usually rooting
at
the nodes. Leaves 3'-foliolate, their
petioles
5 cm long or less;
leaflets
obcordate,
0.5 to 1.5 cm long,
sessile. Flowers
yellow,
one to several on
each
peduncle, subumbellately disposed, nearly
1 cm long,
the
petals
obcordate.
Capsules tomentose, subcylindric,
1 to 1.8
cm long.
In waste
places, along
old
walls, etc.,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed
in the Philippines,ascending
to an altitude of
2,300 m. Widely
distributed
in
temperate
and
tropical parts
of the world, often confused with O. corni-
culata L.
*2. O. MARTIANA
ZuCC.
Erect,
from tuberous rootstocks or small
bulbs,
the leaves all
radical,
their
petioles
up
to 25 cm long, ciliate-pubescent.
Leaflets
broadly
obcordate
or suborbicular-obcordate,
about 3 cm long,
often wider than
long,
minutely
glandular
on the lower
surface, slightly pilose-ciliate.
Flowers
umbellate,
few to
many,
the
peduncles
about as long as
the
leaves,
the
corolla lilac or pink-purple,
about 12 mm long.
Not uncommon in
cultivation,Singalon,
fl.most of the
year;
introduced
from
tropical
America.
2. BIOPHYTUM
DeCandolle
Annukl, erect, small,
unbranched herbs. Leaves
abruptly pinnate,
crowded at the
top
of the
stem,
the leaflets
opposite; petiole
swollen at
.the base. Peduncles terminal. Flowers
unbellate, small, yellow. Sepals
5,
lanceolate, acuminate. Petals 5. Stamens
10,
filaments free,
the outer
5 smaller.
Capsule
ovoid to
oblong, loculicidally
dehiscent. (Greek
"life"
and
"plant"
from the sensitive
leaves).
Species
about 20 in
tropical Asia,
Africa, and
America,
266
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. B. sensitivum ^L.)
DC. Macahia
(Tag.).
Stems
up
to 30 cm high, usually
shorter. Leaves
numerous,
crowded at
the
apex
of the
stem,
5 to 12
long,
the leaflets 8 to 14
pairs,
the
upper
ones
gradually increasing
in
size,
1.5 cm long or less,oblong
to
oblong-obovate,
often somewhat
curved,
apex
rounded or apiculate.
Peduncles
numerous,
usually
about as
long
as
the leaves. Flowers
many,
crowded at the
apices
of the
peduncles, shortly pedicelled. Sepals subulate-lanceolate,striate,
about 7 mm long.
Petals
yellow. Capsules
shorter than the
persistent
calyx.
San Pedro
Macati, Pasay, etc.,
in
dry places,
fl,
Aug.-Oct.,
and
probably
in other
months; widely
distributed in the
Philippines
at low and medium
altitudes.
and America.
3. AVERRHOA Linnaeus
Small trees. Leaves
alternate, odd-pinnate,
the leaflets
opposite or
nearly
so;
stipules
none. Flowers small, regular,
in
panicled
cymes,
either
axillary or
from the trunk and
larger
branches.
Sepals 5,
imbricate.
Petals
5,
contorted. Stamens
10,
united at the
base,
all
perfect
or 5 without
anthers.
Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled;styles 5, distinct; stigmas capitate;
ovules numerous. Fruit
fleshy,oblong, cylindricor longitudinally
5-lobed.
Seeds naked or
arillate,
albumen
scanty, fleshy; embryo straight. (In
honor of
Averrhoes,
latinized form of
Ibn-Roshd,
an Arabian
philosopher.)
Three or four
species
in
tropicalAmerica,
two now widely
distributed in
the
tropics
in
cultivation,
both found in the
Philippines.
Inflorescence
mostly axillary;
leaflets
usually
5
pairs,glabrous;
fruit with
5
sharp lobes,star-shaped
in cross-section 1. A. carambola
Inflorescence on the trunk and
larger branches;
leaflets 10 to 17
pairs,
pubescent;
fruit
cylindric
or with 5 obscure rounded lobes....2. A. bilimbi
1. A. CARAMBOLA L.
Bilimbing (Sp.-Fil.).
A shrub or small tree 6 m high or less. Leaves
pinnate,
about 15
cm.
long;
leaflets
quite glabrous, usually
about 5
pairs,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate,
the
upper
ones about 5 cm long,
the lower ones
smaller.
Panicles
small, axillary,usually
about 3 cm
long.
Flowers 5 to 6 mm
long,
somewhat
campanulate. Calyx reddish-purple.
Petals
pale-purple
to rather
bright-purple,
often
margined
with white. Stamens 10, the 5
shorter
ones usually
without anthers. Fruit
fleshy,green,
or greenish-
yellow usually
about 6 cm
long,
with 5
longitudinal,sharp, angular lobes,
acid,
edible. Seeds arillate.
(Fl.Filip.pi.139.)
Rather common
in
cultivation,
fl. most of the
year. Widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
and
throughout
the
tropics,
a native of
tropical
America.
Curiously
when this
specieswas
introduced into the
Philippines
it
appears
to have received the common name used for A. bilimbi L. in most other
countries,
which
error
has
persisted.
2. A. BILIMBI L.
Camias,
Iba
(Tag.).
Leaves
pinnate,
20 to 60 cm long,
the
rachis and leaflets
pubescent;
leaflets 10 to 17
pairs, oblong,
acuminate,
5 to 10 cm
long.
Panicles from the trunk and
larger branches, usually
fascicled,pubescent,
15 cm long
or
less. Flowers about 1.5 cm long, somewhat
fragrant. Calyx pubescent.
Corolla
purple,
often marked with white.
Fruit
subcylindricor with
5, obscure, broad, rounded, longitudinallobes,
green,
acid,edible,
about 4 cm long.
Seeds not arillate.
(Fl.Filip.pi.138.)
ZYGOPUYLLACEAE 267
Cultivated,
not
uncommon,
fl. most of the
year;
widely
distributed in
the
Philippines. Throughout
the
tropics,a
native of
tropical
America.
The
closely
allied
family
Gcraniaceae is
represented
in the
Philippines
only by
forms,
a
few
species
of
Pelargonium
("geranium"
of
gardeners)
which do
not,
as rule,
thrive in Manila. A
single species.Pelargonium graveolens Ait.,a native of South
Africa,
the
"rose
geranium"
of America and "malva rosa" of
Spaniards,
is extensively
cultivated here
as a
pot-plant,
but it
very rarely
or never flowers
in Manila.
67. ERYTHROXYLACEAE
(CocA
FAMILY)
Glabrous slender shrubs or trees with
alternate, entire
leaves,
involute
in
bud,
the
stipulessolitary,intrapetiolar.
Flowers
axillary,solitaryor
fascicled,5-merous, perfect. Calyx persistent,
5-lobed. Petals
5, free,
clawed, ligulate
at the base inside. Stamens
10,
the filaments connate
into
a shallow
cup.
Ovary superior,3-celled,
2 cells
usually sterile,
the
third with 1 or 2
ovules; styles3,
free or connate. Fruit
drupaceous,
the
pulp scanty.
Genera 2, species
about
195, of wide
but mostly
in
tropical
America.
1. ERYTHROXYLUM P. Browne
Characters of the
Family
as given
above.
(From
the Greek "red" and
"wood.")
Species 194, 3 in the
Philippines,
the
following
introduced.
*1. E. COCA
Lam, Cocaine Plant.
An
erect, branched, glabrous
Leaves
thin,elliptic-
oblong
or
narrowly obovate-elliptic,
2 to 7 cm long, obtuse, mucronulate,
base
acute, longitudinal
nerves or
lines 2 or 4, slender, more distinct
in
young
leaves. Flowers white, axillary,
several in each axil,their
pedicels
3
to 4
long.
Petals about 4.5 mm long,
the blade
elliptic.
Fruit
oblong, red,
the
pulp thin,
7 to 10
mm long, cylindric,
when
dry 3-angled.
Cementerio del Norte, etc.,
fl. most of the
year.
A native of South America, now cultivated in
many
tropical
countries
and of
very
recent introduction in the
Philippines.
68. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
(Tribulus
Family)
Herbs with
opposite,stipulate,abruptly pinnate
leaves. Peduncles axillary,
solitary,
1-flowered. Flowers
perfect,regular,
rather
showy, yellow.
Sepals 5, imbricate,
deciduous. Petals
5, spreading,
imbricate. Disk annular,
10-lobed. Stamens
10,
inserted on the base of the
disk,
the 5
longer ones opposite
the
petals,
the 5 shorter ones with a
gland
at the
base.
Ovary sessile,lobed, usually
of 4 or 5
carpels.
Fruit of
several,
spinous,
indehiscent cocci. Seeds
obliquelypendulous.
Genera about
20, species
more than 100, chieflytropical
and
subtropical,
one
genus
and
species
known from the
Philippines.
1. TRIBULUS Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family as given
above.
(Greek "caltrop,"literally
3-pointed.)
About 15
species,
in most warm countries,
1 introduced in the
Philip- pines.
268
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. T. CISTOIDES L.
A
perennial, prostrate or
spreading, more or less
pubescent plant
with
elongated
stems
up
to 1 m
in
length.
Leaves 4 to 6 cm
long;
leaflets
about 6
pairs, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,apiculate,
0.7 to 1.5 cm
long,
gray-pubescent
beneath. Peduncles 2 to 4 cm
long.
Flowers
yellow,
about 3 cm in diameter. Fruits
subglobose,
about 1 cm in
diameter, hairy,
each coccus with about 2 stout
sharp spines.
Abundant about the
Paranaque church,
fl. most of the
year;
known from
several towns in
Luzon,
local and
plant
Tropics generally.
69. RUTACEAE
(Orange or Lucban
Family)
Trees
or shrubs,
sometimes
climbing,
often
spiny,
the leaves with numerous
or few, pellucid,oil-glands. Leaves alternate or
opposite,simple or
compound.
Flowers
regular, perfect, axillary or terminal, solitary,or in
fascicles,
racemes, cymes,
or panicles. Calyx
4- or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or
5 or
more,
valvate or imbricate,
free. Stamens 4 to
10, or
in
some
genera
up
to
60, hypogynous,
the filaments free
or connate into
a tube,
inserted
around the disk.
Ovary
of 4 or 5, free or connate
carpels,or simple
and
many-celled; styles
free or
vaiiously united;
ovules 1 or 2 to
many
in each
cell. Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe, or capsular, or of 1 to 4
capsule- like
cocci.
Genera
121, speciesmore than
700,
in most
tropical
and
many
temperate
countries,
18
genera
and about 50
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell.
2. Unarmed shrubs.
3.
Style
very
short, persistent 1.
Ghjcosmis
3.
Style jointed on
the
ovary,
deciduous;
shrubs or trees with
pinnate
leaves.
4. Filaments linear-subulate 2.
Murraya
4. Filaments dilated below 3. Clausena
2.
Spiny
shrubs with 3-foliolate leaves 4.
Triphasia
1. Ovules 4 to
many
in each cell.
2. Leaves 1-foliolate .' 5. Citrus
2. Leaves 3-foliolate 6.
Aegle
1. GLYCOSMIS Correa
Spineless
shrubs or trees,
vdth 1- to 5-foliolate
leaves,
the leaflets
entire,
alternate. Flowers
small,
in
short,narrow, axillarypanicles. Calyx
4- or
5-toothed,
the
segments
imbricate. Petals 4 or 5,
imbricate. Stamens 8
to
10, free,
the filaments dilated below.
Ovary
2- to
5-celled,
the
stylevery
short,
not
jointed,persistent.
Ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit
a globose,fleshy,
1 to 3-seeded
berry. (From
the Greek
"sweet.")
Species
5 or
more,
tropical
Asia to
Australia,
the
following exceeding
variable
one,
and
perhaps
one other in the
Philippines.
1.
Glycosmis
cochinchinensis
(Lour.)
Pierre
{G. pentaphylla
Correa).
Guing-guing (Tag.).
A shrub 1 to 5 m high,
the leaves
usually
with from 3 to 5
pinnately
arranged leaflets,
sometimes reduced to one or two,
all often found on
the
same plant.
Leaflets
oblong-lanceolate
to lanceolate, acuminate,
5 to 18
RUTACEAE
269
cm long,
2 to 7 cm wide. Flowers
small, white,
about 6 mm in
diameter,
borne in
axillary,solitaryor paired, interrupted,
narrow, cymose
panicles,
5 cm long or less.
Calyx-teeth 5,
short. Petals
oblong-ovate,
5 mm long,
white. Stamens 10. Fruit
fleshy, globose, pink or reddish,
1 cm in
diameter, containing a single globose
seed 5 mm
in diameter. (Fl. Filip.
pi.IS?,
G.
trifoUata.)
Occasional in thickets and
hedges,
fl.most of the
year;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
at low and medium altitudes. India to southern
China,
Malaya,
and
tropical
Australia.
2. MURRAYA Linnaeus
Small trees or shrubs with
odd-pinnate
leaves. Flowers in
axillary
or terminal small
cymes.
Calyx small, deeply
5-cleft. Petals 5, imbricate,
free. Stamens
10,
inserted around an elongated disk,
the filaments
slender,
the
alternating ones shorter.
Ovary
2- to
5-celled,
narrowed above into
the
style;
ovules 1
or
2 in each cell. Fruit
small, fleshy,1-,
sometimes
2-seeded. (In
honor of J. A.
Murray, a
Danish
botanist.)
Species
4 or 5 in
tropical
Asia and
Malaya,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. M. exotica L.
Camuning (Tag., Vis.).
A shrub or
small
glabrous
tree with
very
hard
wood,
3 to 8 m high.
the leaflets
usually
3 to 7, sometimes reduced to
1;
leaflets
oblong
to
ovate, ellipticor subrhomboid, blunt-acuminate, entire,
2 to 7 cm long, or
in
one form
up
to 14 cm in
length. Cymes short,
terminal
or
in the
upper
axils,usually
white,
very
fragrant,
1.5 to 2 cm long.
Fruit
ovoid, fleshy,red,
1 to 1.5 cm long.
(Fl. Filip.pi.155,
M.
sumatrana.)
Frequently
cultivated and also abundant in
dry
thickets about
Manila,
fl.
July-Sept.,
and
probably
in other
months; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to China southward to Australia and
Polynesia.
3. CLAUSENA
Burmann
Erect, spineless
shrubs or small
trees,
aromatic when crushed. Leaves
odd-pinnate.
Flowers
small,
in terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx
4-
or 5-lobed. Petals 4
or 5, free,
imbricate. Stamens 8 to
10,
inserted
around an elongated disk,
the filaments
enlarged below,
subulate at the
tips,
the alternating ones shorter.
Ovary stipitate,usually
4- or 5-celled;
ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit
a fleshy,globose or ovoid,
2- to 5-celled
berry.
(After
P.
Clausen, a Danish
botanist.)
Species
about
20, tropical Asia, Africa,
and
Australia,
4 or 5 in the
Philippines.
1. C. anisum-olens (Blanco)
Merr. Cayomanis,
Calomata
(Tag.).
A small tree 3 to 6 m high, nearly or quite glabrous.
Leaves 20 to 30
cm long;
leaflets 7 to 11,
ovate-lanceolate to
lanceolate,
5 to 11 cm long,
very
aromatic when
crushed, acuminate, crenate,
base
inequilateral.
Pan- icles
15 to 20 cm long,
terminal and in the
upper
axils, narrowly
pyramidal.
Flowers greenish-white, fragrant,
about 8 mm
in
diameter,
5-merous. Fruit
globose
or ovoid, nearly
1 cm
in
diameter,
whitish when
mature.
Occasionally cultivated,Singalon,
fl.
May-June;
rather
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
270
A FLORA OF MANILA
4. TRIPHASIA Loureiro
An
erect, branched, spiny
shrub with 3-foliolate leaves. Flowers axillary,
solitary,
or
in 3-flowered
cymes.
Calyx
3-lobed. Petals
3, free,
imbricate. Stamens 6.
Ovary ovoid, 3-celled,
narrowed
above,
the
style
deciduous;
a small, ovoid,
1- to
3-celled,
1-
to 3-seeded
berry. (Greek, "three-fold.")
A
monotypic genus,
probably a
native of southeastern Asia.
1. T. TRIFOLIA (Burm.)
P. Wils.
{T. trifoliataDC).
Limoncito
(Sp.-Fil.).
A
glabrous
the
spines
in
pairs,slender,straight.
Leaflets ovate to
oblong-ovate,
obtuse or
retuse, crenate,
the terminal one
2 to 4 cm long,
the lateral ones smaller,
the
petioles
very
short. Flowers
very shortly pedicelled,white, fragrant,
about 1 cm long.
Fruit
ovoid,
fleshy,red, edible,gland-dotted,
about 12 mm long. (Fl. Filip.pi.129.)
In
thickets,
sometimes
cultivated,
fl.most of the
year; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines,certainly introduced,
but now naturalized.
Generally
cultivated in the
tropics
of the East and in other
tropical countries;
probably
a
native of
tropical
Asia.
5. CITRUS Linnaeus.
Shrubs or
trees, usually spiny.
Leaves
alternate,1-foliolate,
the
petiole
often
winged.
Flowers
axillary,solitary
or
in short racemes or
cymes,
fragrant. Calyx mostly cup-shaped,
3- to 5-toothed. Petals 4 to 8, thick,
60,
inserted around the
disk,
the filaments
more
or less connate or nearly
free.
Ovary usually many-celled;
ovules 4 to
8 in each
cell,
2-seriate. Fruit a
medium to
very
large,oblong
or
globose,
fleshyberry,
5- to many-celled,
the
pericarp leathery. (The
Latin
name.)
Species
6 or
more, very
variable,
India to
Japan
south to Australia,
some
cultivated in most subtropical
and
tropical countries,
most of the
species
in the Philippines.
In addition to the
species
considered
below, imported
oranges
are commonly
sold in the Manila markets. A common native form is a tight-
skinned sour
orange locally
known
as
"cahel"
(Citrus
aurantium
L.) ;
a
more common
loose-skinned form is known as "narangita" or
"sintones"
{Citrus
nobilis
Lour). Imported
lemons
(C.
medica
L.)
are to be had at
all seasons.
1. Flowers axillary,usually solitary,rarely
in
pairs
1. C. mitis
1. Flowers in short racemes.
2. Petioles
narrowly winged;
flowers less than 1.5 cm long;
fruit small.
2. C. lima
2. Petioles
very
broadly winged;
flowers about 2 cm long;
fruit
very
large.
3. C. decumana
*1. C. mitis Blanco.
Calamondin,
Calamansi
(Tag.).
A
glabrous,
somewhat
spiny
tree 4 to 5 m high.
Leaflets elliptic
to
oblong-elliptic,
4 to 8 cm long, apex
usually retuse,
base acute, margins
slightlycrenulate,
the
petiolesvery narrowly
or scarcely winged,
about 1
cm long.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,rarely
in
pairs,
white, short-pedicelled.
Calyx
5-toothed. Petals
elliptic-oblong,
about 12 m long.
Stamens about
20,
the filaments more or
less united into a
tube. Fruit
globose,yellow,
2 to 2.5
cm
in
diameter,
6- or 7-celled,
the skin thin.
(Fl. Filip.pi.185.)
272
A FLORA OF MANILA
70. SIMARUBACEAE
(Quassia Family)
Trees or shrubs,
sometimes
climbing,
with
usually
bitter
bark,
and alternate,
pinnate,
racemose,
cymose,
or paniculate.
Flowers
regular. Calyx
3- to 5-lobed. Petals 3
to
5, hypogynous.
Disk annular or elongated, rarely none. Stamens as
many as,
or
twice as
many as,
the
petals,
free.
Ovary superior, free,
1- to 6-celled,
entire or deeply lobed;
ovules 1 or few in each
cell; styles
free or more or less united. Fruit
drupaceous
or capsular;
seeds
usually
solitary.
Genera 32, species
about
130, tropical
and
subtropical regions
in both
hemispheres,
8
genera
and about 12
species
in the
Philippines.
Somewhat
climbing,
armed with short
spines; petioles
not
winged;
flowers
small,
white
1. Harrisonia
Erect, unarmed; petioles
and leaf-rachis
winged;
flowers
large,
red.
2.
Quassia
1. HARRISONIA R. Brown
Erect
or
somewhat
climbing, spiny, glabrous
or pubescent
shrubs.
Leaves odd-pinnate.
Flowers
perfect,
racemose or
cymose.
Calyx small,
4- or
5-fid. Petals 4 to
5, longer
than the
calyx.
Stamens twice as
many
as
the
petals,
the filaments with small scales at the
base;
ovary
globose,
4- or 5-lobed,
4-
or 5-celled;
ovules solitary.
Fruit
berry-like,fleshy,globose.
(In
honor of J.
Harrison,
an English horticulturist.)
Species
3
or 4, tropical
Africa and Asia
through Malaya
to
Australia,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. H.
perforata
(Blanco)
Merr.
(H. paucijuga Benn.). Asimao, Laiya,
Mamiquil (Tag.).
Somewhat
climbing
or nearly erect,
2 to 4 m high,
the branches armed
with short
sharp spines.
Leaves 5 to
10
cm long, slightly pubescent
or
nearly glabrous;
leaflets
oblong-ovate,
1.5 to 3.5
cm long,
entire or crenate,
acute or
obtuse. Racemes 3 to 5
cm long,
terminal. Flowers
white; petals
about 6
mm long;
filaments villous at the base. Fruit
globose, fleshy,
glabrous,
1 to 1.5
cm
in diameter.
(Fl. Filip.pi
23
Fagara piperita.)
In
dry
thickets near
Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Apr.-June;
of local occurrence
in the
Philippines.
India to China and
Malaya.
2. QUASSIA
Linnaeus
A
glabrous
erect
shrub, intensely
bitter. Leaves alternate,odd-pinnate,
the
petiole
and rachis
winged.
Flowers
large, perfect,
in terminal
simple
racemes or panicles. Calyx small, 5-partite.
Petals
5, elongated, erect,
not spreading.
Stamens
10,
inserted at the base of the
large
columnar
torus.
Ovary
5-lobed.
Drupes
5
or fewer, spreading. (Named
after
Quassi,
or
Coissi,
a
negro
slave in Surinam who used the
plant
for
medicine.)
A monotypic
genus
of tropical
America.
1.
Q.
AMARA
L. Corales
(Sp.-Fil.) ;
Quassia.
A
glabrous
shrub 2 to 3.5 m high.
Leaves
alternate,
about 20 cm long,
the
petiole
and rachis
broadly winged;
leaflets
5,
sessile,elliptic-oblong.
MELIACEAE
273
or the terminal
one oblong-obovate, acuminate,
7 to 12 cm long.
Racemes 8
to 20 cm long.
Flowers
bright-red,
the corolla about 2.5 cm long.
Cultivated only,
fl.Nov.-March. A native of
tropical America,
of
comparatively
71. BURSERACEAE
(Canarium or
Pili
Family)
Trees or
shrubs,
resiniferous,
with alternate or opposite, odd-pinnate
axillary or terminal, paniculate or racemose. Flow- ers
small, regular, perfect or polygamous. Calyx
3- to 6-lobed. Petals
3 to
6, free, rarely connate,
imbricate or valvate. Disk annular or
cup-
shaped.
Stamens 3 to 12, equal or unequal,
inserted at the base
of, or on
the
margin
of the
disk,free, or sometimes united at the base.
Ovary free,
1- to
5-celled;
ovules 1 or 2 in each
cell;style simple.
Fruit
drupe-like,
indehiscent,
the
pulp usually thin,
the
endocarp bony,
often
3-angled,
1- to 3-seeded.
Genera
19, species
about 400 in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
4
genera
and about 40
species
in the
Philippines.
1. CANARIUM Linnaeus
Usually large
trees with
fragrant sticky
resin. Leaves
alternate,
odd-
pinnate.
Flowers
small,
in terminal or axillary,
often narrow panicles,
perfect or polygamous. Calyx short,
3-lobed. Petals
3,
free. Stamens
6,
inserted on the
margin
of the
disk,or outside of it.
Ovary
2- or 3-celled;
ovules 2 in each cell.
Drupe
ovoid to
ellipsoid,
often
distinctly
3-angled,
the
pulp thin,
the stone 1- to
3-celled,
1- to 3-seeded.
(From
the
Malay
name of
one species.)
Species
about 100 in
tropical
Asia and
Malaya,
about 35 in the
Philip- pines.
1.
C. villosum
(Blume)
F.-Vill.
Pagsairtguin (Tag.).
A tree
reaching a height
of 20
m,
the
young
branches, leaves,
and inflorescence
more or
less covered with soft brown
hairs,
in
age
becoming
nearly glabrous.
leaflets 7 to
15, ovate to
oblong-
ovate,
6 to 18 cm
long, entire, acuminate,
base rounded or
subcordate,
oblique,
the nerves
prominent
beneath. Inflorescence
10 to 30 cm long,
the
primary
branches
distant,
very
short, or sometimes
none.
Flowers
pubescent, greenish-white, 4 to 5 mm
long,
sessile,
fasciculate.
Fruit ovoid to
ellipsoid,terete,
not
3-angled,
about 1 cm
long. (Fl.
Filip.pi.343,
C.
pimela.)
In
thickets,Masambong, occasional,
fl. Mar
.-Apr.; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
Endemic.
72. MELIACEAE
(Santol Family)
Trees
or shrubs, rarely
small undershrubs or herbs,
with
alternate,
usually pinnate,
sometimes 2- or
3-pinnate, rarely simple
leaves. Flowers
perfect
or
polygamo-dioecious, regular,
in
axillary or terminal
panicles,
racemes,
spikes,or fascicles.
Calyx
3- to
6-lobed,rarely
entire or of free
sepals.
Petals 3 to
6,
free or connate at the
base,
sometimes
cohering
with
the staminal tube below. Anthers 4 to 12, sessile,usually
borne inside
of,
or on the
margin
of a staminal tube. Disk
tubular, annular, or none.
111555 18
274
A FLORA OF MANILA
Ovary usually free,
2- to
5-celled; style simple; stigma capitate or
disk- like;
ovules
usually
2 in each cell. Fruit
capsular, drupe-like, or berry- like,
dehiscent or
indehiscent. Seeds various.
Genera 47, species
about
800,
in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
18
genera,
and about 90
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Leaves
simple; a
very
low undershrub or
herb 1. Turraea
1. Leaves
3-foliolate;
trees with baccate edible fruits 2. Sandoricum
1. Leaves
simply pinnate.
2, Flowers
globose,
small.
3. Stamens 5 or 6, rarely more,
in 1
series;
ovary
1-
or
2-celled.
3.
Aglaia
3. Stamens
10,
in 2
series;
ovary
3- to 5-celled 4. Lansium
2. Flowers
elongated, cylindric
5.
Dysoxylum
1. Leaves 2- or 3-pinnate
6. Melia
1. TURRAEA Linnaeus
Trees, shrubs, or in our representative a
low subherbaceous undershrub.
Leaves
simple,
entire or toothed. Inflorescence
axillary,
racemose,
few-
flowered. Flowers white or yellow, elongated. Calyx
4- or 5-fid. Petals
4 or 5, elongated, imbricate, spatulate.
Staminal-tube
elongated,
toothed
at the
apex;
anthers 8
or 10, alternating
with the
teeth,
inserted
just
within the mouth; Disk annular
or none. Ovary
4- or more-celled;
cells
2-ovuled. Fruit
a
4-
or
more-celled loculicidal
capsule. (In
honor of
G.'
Turre,
an early
Italian
botanist.)
Species
25 in
tropical
Asia and
Africa, through Malaya,
to
Australia,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. T. humilis
(Blanco)
Merr.
An
erect, usually
unbranched undershrub or suffrutescent herb 20
cm
high or less, slightly pubescent.
Leaves
simple, elliptic-ovate,
2.5 to 8
cm long, margins
sinuate-toothed. Racemes
axillary, usually 3-flowered,
short,
erect. Flowers
white,
about 3.5 cm long.
Corolla-tube
slender,
the
lobes 5.
(Fl. Filip.pi 181,
T.
pumila.)
On banks about rocks and
ledges, Guadalupe,
San Juan del
Monte, etc.,
fl.
June;
known in the
Philippines only
from the
vicinity
of Manila. Java.
2. SANDORICUM Cavanilles
Trees with 3-foliolate leaves and 5-merous flowers in
axillary panicles.
Calyx cup-shaped.
Petals imbricate in
bud, spreading.
Staminal-tube
cylindric,nearly as long as
the
petals,
toothed. Stamens 10 or
8,
included.
Disk
surrounding
the
ovary,
laciniate.
Ovary 5-celled,
cells 2-ovuled.
Fruit a large, fleshy,
3- to 5-celled
berry,
seeds 1 in each cell surrounded
by a translucent, fleshy pulp. (From
its
Malay name,
santoor.)
Species
about
7,
India and
Malaya,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. S. KOETJAPE (Burm. f.)
Merr.
(S.
indicum
Cav.).
Santol
(Tag.).
A
tree reaching a height
of 15
m,
the
young
branches and leaves
softly pubescent.
Leaflets 10 to 25 cm long, acuminate,
base rounded or
obtuse, elliptic
to
oblong-ovate.
Panicles 10 to 20 cm long,
the flowers
numerous,
somewhat fascicled on the
branchlets, greenish-yellow or
straw-
MELIACEAE
275
colored,
about 1
cm lony-.
Fruit
globose or depressed-globose, yellowish,
4 to 6 cm
in
diameter,
the
pericarp thick, the seeds
large
and surrounded
by a soft,
translucent
or pale, edible, acid
pulp. (Fl. Filip.pi. 127.)
fl. Feb.-March
;
throughout
the
Philippines,
wild
and
cultivated,
undoubtedly
Malaya.
3. AGLAIA Loureiro
4
pinnate, rarely
3-foliolate
or simple leaves, glabrous,
lepidote, or
stellate-pubescent;
leaflets entire. Flowers
small, globose,
polygamo-dioecious,
numerous,
in
panicles.
Calyx
5-lobed or toothed. Petals
5,
concave,
imbricate. Staminal-tube
urceolate, subglobose, or obovoid,
entire or 5-toothed. Anthers
5,
included
or half-exserted,or in
one
section inserted
on the rim of the tube.
Ovary
1- to
3-celled,
small. Fruit
berry-like,
1- or 2-celled and
-seeded,
the seeds
usually
surrounded
by a gelatinous,fleshy integument. (Greek "splendor,"
from the
beauty
of the
original species.)
Species
100 or
more,
India to China
through Malaya
to Australia and
Polynesia,
about 40 in the
Philippines.
*
1. A.
ODORATA
Lour. Cinnamomo de China
(Sp.-Fil.).
A
small, much-branched, glabrous
tree 4 to 7 m high. Leaves 5 to 12
cm long,
the rachis
slightlywinged,
leaflets
5, obovate to
oblong, obtuse,
2
to 7
cm long,
the lower ones smaller than the
upper.
Panicles
axillary,
5 to 10
cm
long,
rather lax. Flowers
numerous, yellow,
very
fragrant,
about 3
mm
in
diameter, racemosely arranged.
Fruit ovoid or subglobose,
about 12 mm long. (Fl. Filip.pi.UO.)
Commonly
cultivated for its
fragrant flowers,
but not
spontaneous,
fl.
Aug.-Dec.
A native of southeastern
Asia, now more or less cultivated in
many
tropical
countries.
4. LANSIUM Jack
Trees with
odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers
small, subglobose, polygamo-
dioecious,
the males often
panicled,
the females in
axillary or
cauHne
spikes or racemes. Sepals
and
petals 5, rounded,
imbricate. Stamens
united in
a tube;
anthers
10, included, mostly
in 2 series.
Ovary
3- to
5-celled;
cells 2-ovuled. Fruit
fleshy,
3- to
5-celled,
with 1 or 2 seeds surrounded
by a
soft, fleshy pulp. (From
its
Malay name.)
Species
5
or 6, India to
Malaya,
2 in the
Philippines.
*1. L.
DOMESTICUM Jack.
Lansones
(Tag.).
A tree 4 to 8
m high or
more, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous.
Leaves
alternate,
20 to 40
cm long;
leaflets 5 to
7, oblong or elliptic-
oblong, acuminate,
7 to 18 cm long,
the
nerves
prominent on
the lower
surface. Perfect flowers in
spikes
which are solitary or fasicled on the
trunk and
larger branches,
much shorter than the leaves. Flowers
sessile,
small. Fruit
edible,oblong-ovate or ellipsoid,pubescent, usually
about 3
cm long,
the
pericarp tough.
Seeds 1
or 2, surrounded
by
translucent
pulp,
as are the
remaining
3 or 4 aborted seeds.
(Fl. Filip.pi.117.)
Rarely
cultivated in our
area,
fl. June; widely
distributed in the
Philippines
in
cultivation, certainly
introduced.
Malay
Peninsula and
Archipelago.
276
A FLORA OF MANILA
5. DYSOXYLUM Blume
Trees with
pinnate,
often much
elongated leaves, the leaflets
entire,
often
oblique
at the base. Flowers
elongated, perfect, paniculate. Calyx
4- or 5-fid,dentate, or subentire. Petals 4 or 5, oblong,
valvate
or only
slightly
cylindric;
anthers
short,
6 to 10, usually
included. Disk
tubular, equaling or longer
than the
ovary. Ovary
.3- or 4-
celled;style
about as long as the staminal-tube.
Capsule usually globose,
the
pericarp coriaceous,
1- to
4-celled,
loculicidal.
(Greek
"bad" and
"wood,"
from the
ill-smelling
wood of some species.)
Species
100 or
more,
India to
Malaya,
few in Australia and New
Zealand,
17 in the
Philippines.
1. D. decandrum
(Blanco)
Merr.
Iguio (Tag.).
A tree 10 to 20 m
in
height.
Leaves crowded at the ends of the
branches,
60 to 90 cm long.
Leaflets 10 or more
pairs,
thin when
dry,
the lower ones usually
ovate and less than 10
cm long,
the median and
upper
ones
oblong,
20 cm long or
more,
base
inequilateral.
Panicles axillary,
drooping,
about 40 cm long.
Flowers
sessile,pale-yellowish,pubescent,
about 1 cm long,
5-merous.
Capsule depressed-globose,
1.5 to 2 cm
in
diameter, pericarp yellow, pubescent.
Seeds red.
fl.
May-July; widely
Java to New Guinea.
6. MELIA Linnaeus
Trees with
pinnate or 2- or 3-pinnate leaves,
the leaflets toothed.
Panicles
axillary. Calyx short,
5- or 6-lobed. Petals 5 or 6, free, spreading.
Staminal-tube
cylindric
10- or 12-striate and
toothed;
anthers 10 or
12,
inserted near the
apex.
Disk annular.
Ovary
3- to
6-celled; style
nearly as long
as the tube. Fruit
drupe-like. (Greek
name of the
ash,
applied
here on account of the resemblance of the
leaves.)
A small
genus
of the
2
species
in the
Philippines,
the
following
introduced.
Leaflets
prominently
toothed
1. M. azedarach
Leaflets entire or only slightly
crenate
2. M. candollei
*
1. M. AZEDARACH
L. Paraiso
(Sp.-Fil.).
A shrub
or
small
tree, usually
not more
than 3 or 4 m
in
height.
Leaves
bipinnate, occasionally tripinnate,
20 to 40 cm long;
leaflets
numerous,
oblong-ovate, toothed, acuminate,
4 to 7 cm long.
Panicles 10 to 20 cm
long.
Flowers
fragrant, 5-merous,
the
petals
about 1 cm long, oblong-
spatulate, pale-lilac,
the staminal-tube
usually dark-purple,
about 7 mm
long.
Fruit ovoid
or subglobose,
about 1 cni"
long.
Frequently
cultivated for its
fragrant
and ornamental flowers, fl.all the
year.
A native of
tropicalAsia, now
countries.
2. M. candollei Juss.
Gango (Tag.); Bagalnga (Vis.).
A tree 6 to 15 m high, glabrous
when mature,
the
younger
parts
tomentose-farinose. Leaves
long-petioled,
about 50 cm long, usually
bipinnate.
Leaflets
numerous,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
entire
or obscurely crenate,
4 to 8 cm long.
Panicles in the
upper
axils, shorter
MALPIGHIACEAE
277
than the
leaves,many-flowered.
Flowers violet and
white, fraf?rant,
about
8 mm long:,the
petals pubescent.
Fruit
drupaceous, ellipsoid,
about 1.5
cm long. (Fl. Filip.pi. 1,20.)
Occasionally cultivated, Sinpralon,etc.,
fl.
March; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
Timor.
73. MALPIGHIACEAE
(Malpighia Family)
Shrubs, trees, or
woody
vines. Leaves
opposite,entire,glandular at the
base or
on
the
petioles.
Inflorescence
axillary or
terminal,
racemose,
the
pedicels jointed.
Flowers
perfect, regular or
irregular. Calyx 5-partite,
one or more lobes furnished with a large gland, or eglandular.
Petals
5,
clawed or not. Stamens
10, equal, or one much
larger
than the
others;
filaments free or connate below.
Ovary 3-celled; styles
1 to
3; ovules
solitary
in each cell. Fruit
capsular or of
variously winged samaras.
Genera
55, species
about 650, widely
distributed in the
tropics,
but
chieflyAmerican,
5
genera
and about 15
species
in the
Philippines.
An
erect shrub;
fruit not
winged;
cultivated
only
1.
Galphimia
A scandent
woody vine;
fruit
radiately several-winged
2. Tristellateia
1. GALPHIMIA Cavanilles
Shrubs with
small, opposite, mostly
entire
leaves, usually more or less
glaucous beneath, glandular on the margins near the base
or at the
apex
of the
petioles.
Inflorescence
terminal,
racemose,
the
pedicels
2-bracteo-
late. Flowers
yellow. Calyx 5-partite, usually eglandular.
Petals sub-
equal, glabrous,
clawed. Stamens
10,
all
perfect,
the filaments distinct or
united at the base.
Ovary S-celled;styles
3.
Capsule
of 3 indehiscent cocci.
(Anagram
of
Malpighia,
another
genus
of the
family.)
Species 11,
all in
tropical America, a single
one
in the
Philippines.
1. G. GLAUCA Cav. Cuisia
(Tag.).
A shrub 1 to 3 m high, glabrous,
the branches
slender,
brownish.
Leaves
opposite, oblong or elliptic-oblong,petioled,
1.5 to 5 cm long,
0.8
ô
1.8 cm wide,
acute. Flowers in terminal
racemes, yellow,
about 1.5
cm in
diameter,
their
pedicels
1 cm long or
less.
Carpels
small.
Occasionally
purposes,
not
spontaneous,
fl.
all the
year.
A native of
tropical
America.
2. tristellateia Thouars
Scandent
woody
shrubs. Leaves
opposite or whorled,
the
petioles
with
1
or
2
glands
at the
top.
Flowers
yellow,
in terminal or lateral racemes.
Calyx 5-partite.
Petals
5,
clawed. Stamens
10, all
perfect.
Filaments
truncate and
jointed
at the
top. Ovary 3-lobed; styles
1 to
3, slender,
one or more reduced to small
papillae. Ripe carpels ^0
each with 3 or
more wings,
more or less
united,
the whole forming a stellate
fruit.
(Latin
"three" and
"star," referring
to the star-like
wings
of the 3
carpels.)
Species
about
16,
almost all in
Madagascar,
the following widely
distributed
in
Malaya
and the
only Philippine representative.
278
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. T. australasiae Rich.
Bagnit (Tag.).
A
glabrous, scandent, woody
vine several meters in
length.
Leaves
base
rounded,
5 to 14 cm
long,
the
petioles
with
1 or 2
glands
at the
apex.
Racemes
terminal,
5 to 15
long.
Flowers
yellow,
about 2 cm
in
diameter,
the
pedicels
1.5 to 3 cm long, opposite,
with 2 small bracteoles below the middle. Petals
oblong or oblong-ovate,
base cordate,
the claw slender. Fruit
subglobose,
about 12 mm
in diameter,
the
carpel-wings
6 or
7, vertically compressed, spreading
and
recurved, linear-oblong. (Fl. Filip.pi.435.)
In thickets near the seashore and
along
tidal
streams,
Tondo to
Caloocan,
fl.most of the
year; widely
distributed in the
Philippines along the seashore.
Malay
Peninsula and
Archipelago
to Australia.
74. POLYGALACEAE
(Milkwort Family)
Annual or
perennial herbs,
scandent
shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate,
entire, simple.
Flowers
perfect, irregular,
3-bracteate.
Sepals 5,
unequal,
the inner 2 often
petal-like.
Petals 5 or 3, distinct,unequal,
the
lower
one usually boat-shaped or keeled. Stamens 4 to
8, hypogynous,
the filaments united into a sheath, rarely
free.
Ovary free,
1- to
3-celled;
ovules 1 or more
in each cell. Fruit
generally a 2-celled,
2-seeded
capsule,
dehiscent
or
indehiscent.
Genera
11, species
about 720 of
very
wide
distribution, 5
genera,
and
19
species
in the
Philippines.
Inner
sepals larger
than the outer ones and
petal-like;
anthers 8
1.
Polygala
Sepals nearly equal;
anthers 4
or 5;
flowers
minute,
in terminal
spikes.
2. Salonionia
1. POLYGALA Linnaeus
Erect, simple or
branched,
often slender
herbs, rarely
under-shrubs.
Leaves
alternate,rarely whoi'led,simple, entire,exstipulate.
Flowers in
terminal or axillary,
short or
elongated spikes or racemes.
Sepals usually
persistent,
unequal,
the 2 inner
ones large
and
petal-like.
Petals
3,
united
below with the staminal
sheath,
the lower one keel-shaped
and
usually
crested. Stamens
8,
the filaments united for the lower one-half into
^
sheath that is
split
down one side.
Ovary 2-celled;
ovules
solitary.
Capsule 2-celled,2-seeded, small,
loculicidal.
(Greek
"much" and
"milk,"
the name
applied by
Dioscorides to a plant
that was
supposed
to increase
the secretion of
milk.)
Species more
than 400 in all
parts
of the
world,
about 7 in the
Philip- pines.
1. P. CHINENSIS L.
A
slender,
erect, simple or sparingly branched, slightlypubescent, annual
Leaves
alternate,
linear-oblong
to
oblong-
lanceofete,apex
lHute, apiculate,
base
1 to 3 cm long.
Racemes
axillary,solitary,few-flowered,
much shorter than the leaves.
Flowers horizontal or
pendulous,
about 5 mm long,
the outer 3
sepals
oblong-ovate,
about 1.5 min long,
the inner two as
long
as the
corolla,
falcate,
much
longer
than the
compressed, oblong-ovate,
retuse
capsule.
In
open grass
lands,
near La
Loma;
Philip- pines,
undoubtedly
China, through Malaya
to
tropical
Australia.
280
A FLORA OF MANILA
6. Fruit a berry
3.
Phyllanthiis
6. Fruit of 3 to 6 cocci enclosed in
a fleshypericarp.
7.
Calyx
truncate or minutely toothed, enlarged
in fruit.
5.
Breynia
7.
Calyx deeply 5-lobed,
not
enlai-ged
in fruit 6.
Fluggea
5. Flowers in
axillary or
terminal
spikes;
fruit a small
drupe,
endocarp
1-celled 7. Antidesma
5. Flowers in
elongated racemes
which
are
fascicled on the branches
below the
leaves;
fruit a drupe,
the
endocarp
3- or
4-celled.
8. Cicca
4. Leaves
digitatelycompound, 3-foliolate;
flowers
panicled.
9.
Bischofia
1. Cells of the
ovary
1-ovuled.
2. Petals
present.
3. Flowers in terminal or
axillary cymes
or panicles.
4. Shrubs or suffrutescent
herbs;
monoecious 10.
Jatropha
4.
Trees;
dioecious 11. Aleurites
3.
Flowers in
axillary racemes.
4.
Glabrous; calyx-lobes
imbricate 12. Codiaeum
4.
Stellate-tomentose;calyx-lobes
valvate 13. Sumbavia
2. Petals
wanting.
3.
Styles
very
long-fimbriate
or lacerate;
flowers in
long spikes,
the
females often with numerous large
bracts 14.
Acalypha
3.
Styles
not fimbriate.
4. Leaves 3-foliolate
15. Hevea
4. Leaves
simple.
5. Stamens numerous.
6. Filaments free.
7. Anthers 2-celled 16. Mallotus
7. Anthers 3- or 4-celled 17.
Macaranga
6. Filaments
variously
united in bundles.
7. Flowers in
axillaryspikes;
leaves
narrow,
entire.
18. Homonoia
7. Flowers in terminal
panicles
or
racemes;
leaves
large,
deeply palmately
lobed 19. Ricinus
5. Stamens 10,
in 2
rows;
flowers racemose or paniculate;
leaves
deeply
lobed
20. Manihot
5. Stamens 8;
flowers
small;
the males in dense
spikes;
leaves
toothed
21. Alchornea
5. Stamens
3;
flowers
small;
leaves
entire;
shrubs with abundant
milky sap
22. Excoecaria
1. EUPHORBIA
Linnaeus
Annual or perennial spreading or erect herbs or shrubs,
with
milky
juice,
sometimes
fleshy
and cactus-like. Inflorescence of
many
male and
one female flower in
a small, 4- or 5-lobed,
turbinate or campanulate,
perianth-like involucre,
the lobes with thick
glands
at the
sinuses,
the
glands
often with a petal-like,spreading,
white or colored
limb,
the involucres
fascicled or
cymose.
Male flower a pedicelled
stamen without floral
envelopes.
Female flowers a pedicelled,3-celled,
3-ovuled
ovary
in the
center of the involucre,
also without floral
envelopes; styles 3,
free or
united, simple or 2-fid.
Capsule
of
3, 2-valved,
dehiscent cocci,separating
EUPHORBIACEAE 281
elastically
from the columella.
(Named
after
Euphorbus, physician
to
King Juba.)
Species
about GOO,
in all
parts
of the
world,
about 10 in the
Philippines.
1. Erect branched shrubs or undershrubs with
stout,
often
fleshybranches,
armed with
stipular spines.
2.
Very coarse,
the branches
very
stout,
4- or 5-angled,
the
spines
less
than 4 mm long,
from thickened bases;
leaves 5 to 30
cm long.
1. E.
trigona
2. Branches less than 1 cm thick,
the
spines
4 to 12 mm
long;
lobes of
the involucre red, showy
2. E.
splendens
1. Erect unarmed shrubs with slender
cylindric
branches which are
green
and
nearly
leafless
3. E. tirucalli
1. Erect, unarmed, leafy
shrubs or herbs,
with terminal
cymes
subtended
by showy
colored bracts or
bract-like leaves.
2. Herbaceous or
suff rutescent
;
leaves 3 to 10 cm long, irregularly
lobed,
the bracts
green
and red 4. E.
heterophylla
2. An erect shrub;
leaves 10 to 18 cm
long,
the bracts
large, uniformly
bright-red
5. E.
pulcherrima
1. Erect, spreading,
or
prostrate,
unarmed
herbs,
the flowers in
axillary
cymes
or
fascicles.
2. Erect
glabrous
herbs with rather lax
cymes,
the limb of the involu-
cral-gland white,
small but
conspicuous.
3. Leaves
linear,
1.5 to 6 cm long,
serrulate 6. E. serrulata
3. Leaves
elliptic
to
oblong,
somewhat
oblique,
1 to 1.5 cm long,
very
minutely
toothed
7. E. hypericifolia
2. Prostrate or spreading plants
with short, densely
flowered
cymes
or
fascicles,
the limb of the involucral
gland none or inconspicuous.
3. Leaves 1 to 2 cm
long; plants prominently
hirsute or hispid-
pubescent
8. E. hirta
3.- Leaves less than 1 cm long; slender, nearly glabrous or only slightly
pubescent plants.
4. Capsules pubescent
9. E.
thymifolia
4. Capsules hispid-ciliate-on
the keels of the cocci,otherwise
glabrous.
10. E.
prostrata
1. E.
trigona
Haw. Sorog-sorog (Tag.);
Suda-suda
(Vis.).
A
shrubby, erect, branched, fleshy,
cactus-like
plant
2 to 4 m high,
the
trunk and older branches
grayish, cylindric,
the medium branches slightly
twisted, stout, fleshy,
4- or 5-angled
or winged,
the
younger
ones usually
3-winged,
the
wings lobulate,
with a pair
of
stout,sharp,
2 to 4 mm long
spines
from thickened bases at each leaf or petiole-scar.
Leaves from the
sides of
wings
toward the ends of the
branches, fleshy,oblong-obovate,
obtuse or acute,
5 to 15 cm long, or
in
young
plants
somewhat
longer.
Cymes short,solitary
in the
sinuses,usually
of 3
involucres,
the involucres
green
or pale-yellow,
about 6 mm
in diameter, the lobes fimbriate.
Occasionally
purposes,
fl.
March; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
in
cultivation,
and in
some provinces apparently
indigenous.
India to
Malaya.
*
2. E. SPLENDENS
Boj.
Corona de
espinas (Sp.);
Crown of Thorns.
An erect branched shrub 1 m high
or less,
the branches grayish, cylindric
or obscurely angled,
armed with
slender, sharp, spreading,
4 to 12
mm long spines.
Leaves few, alternate,oblong-obovate,
obtuse or apiculate-
282
A FLORA OF MANILA
acuminate, entire,
1.5 to 5 cm long.
Inflorescence from the
uppermost
axils,peduncled,
forked or twice
forked,
each
peduncle
with 2 to 4 involucres,
each involucre with
2, spreading, red,
reniform lobes about 8 mm
long
and 10 to 12 mm wide.
(Fl. Filip.pi.167,
left hand
figure.)
Not uncommon
in
cultivation,
fl. all the
year.
A native of
Madagascar,
now widely
cultivated
as an ornamental
plant.
3. E. TIRUCALLI
L. Consuelda
(Sp.-Fil.).
An
erect, glabrous,
unarmed shrub or small tree 2 to 5 m
high,
the
branches
green,
somewhat
fleshy,cylindric,
clustered or
scattered,
the
ultimate
ones
about 5 mm thick. Leaves
none,
or
few and
scattered,
linear-
oblong,
1 cm
long
or
less. Involucres
shortly pedicelled,
clustered in the
forks of the smaller
branches, small,
turbinate.
(Fl.Filip.pi.210.)
In thickets and
hedges, Malabon;
of rather wide distribution in the
Philippines,
but
certainly
Africa, now naturalized
in
many
parts
of India.
4. E. HETEROPHYLLA L. Painted Leaf.
An
or
nearly glabrous,
suffrutescent herb or
shrubby plant
0.5 to 1.5 m high.
Leaves
alternate,
very
variable,mostly
3 to 10 cm long,
the lower ones usually entire,
the
upper
ones variously lobed, sinuate, dentate,
or
subentire,
the
uppermost
ones
often blotched with red at the
base,
similar to the bracts. Bracts
leaf-like,
but much smaller than the
leaves,
the lower
part red,
the
upper
part
green.
Involucres clustered at the ends of the
branches,
about 3
mm long,
green,
one
sinus
bearing
an
unappendaged gland. Capsules
nodding,
about 5 mm wide.
Frequently
purposes,
also
spontaneous
in
vacant
lots,etc.,
fl. all the
year.
A native of
temperate
and
tropical
America,
of
comparatively
*5. E. PULCHERRIMA Willd. Pascuas
(Sp.-Fil.)
;
Poinsettia.
An
erect, sparingly
and
laxly
branched shrub 2 to 4 m high.
Leaves
elliptic
to
oblong-elliptic
or the
upper
ones lanceolate,
acute or
acuminate,
10 to 18 cin
long,
the lower
ones
all
green, obscurely repand or slightly
lobed,long-petioled,slightlypubescent beneath,
the
upper ones,
at time of
flowering,uniformly bright-red.
Inflorescence terminal. Involucres
ovoid,
about 1 cm
long,
the
margins toothed,
each with
one or two
large,yellow
glands.
Flowers
crowded,
red.
(Fl.Filip.pi.167, right
hand
figure.)
purposes,
fl.
Oct.-Feb.,
very
showy
at time of
flowering,
the
upper
leaves then
being bright-red.
A native of
tropical
America,
now cultivated
in most
tropical
and
subtropical
countries.
6. E. serrulata Reinw.
A
slender,erect, glabrous, simple or branched,
somewhat suffrutescent
and
wiry plant
25 to 70 cm high,
the stems terete. Leaves
opposite,
linear
to
oblong-linear,
1.5 to 6 cm long,
obtuse or
apiculate,
base
rounded,
margins
remotely
serrulate.
Cymes small, axillary
and
terminal,
the heads
small, pedicelled,
5 to 9 in each
cyme,
the involucre
purplish, ovoid,
nearly
2 mm
long,
each with about
4, white, petal-like,
orbicular or reniform
appendages,
1 to 1.5 mm wide.
Styles short,
bifid.
Capsules ovoid,
about
2 mm long.
In
open grass lands,
Macati,
fl.
Aug.-Dec.
;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Southern China and Formosa to Celebes
and Timor.
EUPHORBIACEAE
283
7. E. HYPERICIFOUA L.
An
annual, erect, branched, glabrous, plant
20 to 60 m hip:h,
the
branches slender,
often
purplish.
Leaves
shortly petioled,thin,oblong,
1
to 2.5
cm lonp:,
somewhat
oblique,obtuse,
base
broad, rounded or
cordate,
margins
serrulate. Involucres about 1 mm long,
in
axillary
and
terminal,
leafy, many-flowered
cymes, greenish,
the
glands small,
the lobes white
or pink,
very
small.
Capsule trigonous, ovoid, about 1.5 mm long,
nodding.
In
open grass lands, Caloocan,
La
Loma, etc.,
fl.
Dec-Apr.;
of local
occurrence
in the
Philippines
and
undoubtedly
introduced here.
Tropics
generally.
8. E. HIRTA L.
("".piluliferaL.). Batobatonis,
Bucasbucas
(Tag.);
Go-
landrina
(Sp.-Fil.).
An
annual, hispid-pubescent
herb
usually
much-branched from the
base,
the branches
ascending
or
spreading,
up
to 40 cm long, simple or
forked,
often reddish or purplish.
Leaves
opposite,distichous,elliptic-oblong
to
oblong-lanceolate,oblique, serrulate,acute, usually
blotched with
purple
in the
middle,
1 to 2.5 cm
long.
Involucres
greenish or
pui'plish,
about
1 mm long,very numerous,
in
dense, axillary,
sessile or short-stalked clusters
or
crowded
cymes.
Capsules broadly ovoid,
1.5 mm long or
less,
hairy,3-angled.
In
open
waste
places, abundant,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the Phil- ippines,
but
certainly
introduced.
Tropics generally.
9. E. THYMIFOLIA Burm.
An
annual, spreading or
prostrate, much-branched, slender, glabrous
or
somewhat
pubescent herb,
the stems
usually reddish,
up
to 20 cm
in
length.
Leaves
opposite, distichous,
somewhat
oblique,elliptic
to
oblong, obtuse,
obscurely crenulate,
4 to 7 mm long.
Involucres about 1 mm
long,purplish,
in the axils of much reduced leaves or bracts on crowded short branchlets
from the leaf-axils.
Capsules pubescent, 3-angled,
about 1.5
mm long.
In
open
waste
places,roadsides,etc.,
fl.all the
year;
common and
widely
distributed in and about towns in the
Philippines
and
certainly
introduced.
Tropics generally.
10. E. PROSTRATA Ait.
A
slender, prostrate or spreading, branched, nearly glabrous annual
herb,
the stems
usually
less than 15 cm
in
length,usually pubescent along
one side. Leaves
small, short-petioled,elliptic
to
obovate, rounded,
base
inequilateral,margins sharply toothed,
5 to 8 mm
long.
Involucres axillary,
pedicelled,
intermixed with reduced leaves.
Capsules glabrous except
for the
hispid-ciliate
keels of the cocci. Similar in
appearance
to the
preceding species.
In waste
places,
not
common,
fl. all the
year.
A native of
tropical
America,
now
widely
distributed in the
tropics.
2. BR IDELIA Willdenow
alternate,
entire leaves. Flowers
small,
monoecious
or dioecious,
in
axillary fascicles,
sessile
or
shortly pedicelled,
bracteate.
Calyx usually5-cleft,
the lobes valvate. Petals much smaller than the
calyx-
lobes. Disk
broad,
in the male flowers cushion-like or adnate to the
caljrx-
tube,
in the female flowers often
enclosing
the
ovary.
Stamens
5;
filaments
united below in
a
column which bears the
rudimentary
ovary,
free
above.
284
A FLORA OF MANILA
spreading. Ovary
2- or 3-celled; styles usually 2, forked;
ovules 2 in
each cell. Fruit
drupe-like,
with often
scanty
flesh and 1 or 2 1-seeded
cocci or
pyrenes.
(In
honor of S. E.
Bridel,a bryologist.)
Asia and Africa
through Malaya
to
Australia,
2
or 3 in the
Philippines.
1. B.
stipularis (L.)
Blume. Lubalub
(Tag.).
A scandent
shrub, or suberect with scandent or
dropping branches,
reaching
a height
of 6
m,
rather
densely pubescent.
Leaves
elliptic
to
elliptic-
ovate,
acute or obtuse,
4 to 10 cm long, pale
beneath. Flowers
axillary,clustered,pale-green,
about 1 cm in
diameter,
with
few, scattered, purplish dots,
the males
sessile,
the females
pedi-
celled. Fruits about 1 cm
long, oblong,
seated on the
enlarged calyx.
In
thickets,
San Pedro
Macati, etc.,
fl.Oct.-Nov.
; widely
distributed and
common
in the
and
Malaya.
3. PHYLLANTH US Linnaeus'
Herbs or shrubs with
2-ranked, alternate,"ntire,
often small leaves.
Flowers
small, monoecious, apetalous,
in
axillary
clusters. Disk
various,
rarely none.
Male flowers:
Sepals
4 to 6,
imbricate in 2 series. Disk-
glands
various. Stamens 3 to 5 in the center of the
flower,
the filaments
free or united;
anthers
oblong,
the cells
parallel or diverging,
the slits
vertical
or
transverse. Female flowers:
Sepals as
in the male.
Ovary
3-
celled or
more;
styles
free or connate, usually 2-fid;
Fruit of 3 or
more, crustaceous,
2-valved
cocci,or fleshy
and
berry-like.
(Greek
"leaf" and "flower" from the fact that in the
typical
American
forms the flowers
are
borne on the
leaves.)
Species
about
400,
20 in the
Philippines.
1. Shrubs with
fleshyberry-like
fruit 1. P. reticulatus
1. Herbs with dehiscent
capsules.
2. Anthers
dehiscing vertically;
flowers sessile or nearly so; capsules
often muricate 2. P. urinaria
2. Anthers
dehiscing horizontally;
flowers
distinctlypedicelled;capsules
smooth.
3. Leaves 2 to 5 mm wide; usually
much-branched
plants; pedicels
1 to 2 mm long
3. P. niruri
3. Leaves 6 to 9 mm
wide; slightlyor not at all branched
plants;
pedicels
about 5 mm long
4. P.
simplex
1. P. reticulatus Poir. Tintatintahan
(from Sp. tinta=ink) .
An erect or somewhat scandent shrub 1.5 to 5 m high,
the branches
elongated,
often
pendulous,
somewhat
pubescent
or glabrous.
Leaves distichous,
oblong
to
elliptic-oblong,
1.5 to 4 cm long,
obtuse or acute,
rather
pale beneath, short-petioled,
base rounded or
obtuse. Flowers axillary,
solitaryor
few in each
axil,slenderly pedicelled,
2 to 3 mm long, green
tinged
with
purple.
Fruit depressed-globose,
soft and
fleshy,smooth,
black
when
mature,
5 to 7 mm
in diameter.
^
For the Philippines species
of this and allied
genera
{Agyneia, Flug-
gea,
Glochidion, Phyllanthus, Cicca, Sauropus,
and Securinega)
see
Ro- binson,
C.
B.,"Philippine Phyllanthinae." Philip.
Journ.
Sci. 4
(1909)
Bot
71-105.
EUPHORBIACEAE 285
Very
common
in
thickets,hedges, etc.,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed
in the Philippines. Tropical Africa, Asia,
and
Malaya.
2. P. URINARIA
L.
An
erect, branched, slender, glabrous or nearly glabrous
herb 10 to 40
cm high, the branches angled.
Leaves distichous, imbricate, alternate,
pale beneath, sessile,elliptic-oblong
to
oblong, thin,
5 to 10 mm long,
obtuse
or apiculate,
base
slightlyoblique; stipules
lanceolate.
Flowers
very
small, 5-merous, axillary,
about 1 mm
in
diameter,
sessile or
very
shortly
pedicelled. Sepals greenish.
Stamens
3;
filaments united
below;
anthers
erect,
the slits vertical.
Capsules
about 2 mm
in
diameter,
muricate or
smooth,
of 3 dehiscent cocci.
In waste
places, occasional,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in the
introduced.
Tropics generally.
3. P.
NIRURI L.
An
erect, slender,branched, glabrous herb,
10 to 60 cm
high,
the branch-
lets distichous. Leaves
distichous,
often
imbricate, oblong
to
elliptic-
oblong,
obtuse or rounded,
very shortly petioled,
rather
pale beneath,
5
to 8 mm long,
the
stipulessmall,
subulate. Flowers
axillary,shortly pedicelled,
whitish or pale-green,
about 0.5 mm long,
the
sepals 5, oblong,
green,
max-gined
with
white,
the
pedicelsdistinct,
1 to 2 mrrt
long.
Anthers
3, opening by
transverse
slits.
Capsules depressed-globose or globose,
smooth,
1.5 to 2 mm in diameter.
In waste
places,roadsides,etc., occasional,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed
in the
introduced.
Tropics generally.
4. P.
simplex
Retz.
A
slender,erect, simple or slightlybranched, glabrous,
annual herb 20
to 50 cm high,
the stems
compressed, usually purplish.
Leaves two-
ranked,
subsessile or shortly petioled,oblong-linear,acute, or obtuse, 1.5
to 3 cm
long,
6 to 9 mm wide,
the
stipules small,
acuminate. Flowers
axillary,solitary,
the males
very
small, on
short
pedicels,
the females with
pedicels
8 mm long or less.
Capsules depressed-globose,
3 to 3.5 mm in
diameter,
smooth.
In
open grass
lands, scattered,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philip- pines
in the cultivated
areas,
possibly
introduced. India to China, Malaya,
and
Polynesia.
4. GLOCHIDION Forster
Erect shrubs or trees, glabrous
or hairy,
monoecious or dioecious. Leaves
alternate, 2-ranked,
entire. Flowers
small,
in
axillary clusters,apetalous,
without disk-glands or scales. Male flowers:
Sepals 6, rarely 5,
imbricate
in 2 series. Anthers 3 to
8,
connate in
an oblong
column.
Rudimentary
ovary
none.
Female flowers:
Calyx
about as in the
males,
sometimes
toothed.
Ovary
3- to
many-celled; styles
connate in
a column which is
toothed or
lobed at the
tip;
Capsule globose
or
depressed-globose,dry
or fleshy,
of 3 to
many
2-valved
cocci,
which
are
longitudinally
lobed or ridged. (Greek
"an
angular end,"
from the
style-
characters.)
Species
about
175, tropical
Asia to
Polynesia
and Australia,
29 in the
Philippines.
286
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. G. rubrum Blume.
A shrub
or
small tree 3 to 6 m high, glabrous except
the sometimes
slightlypubescent twigs.
Leaves coriaceous, 5 to 10 cm
long, shining,
elliptic-ovate
to
oblong,
base
acute,
apex
acuminate. Flowers
small,
about
2.5 mm long, greenish, short-pedicelled,
in
axillary
fascicles. Stamens ;^.
Ovary pubescent, globose,
3- to 5-celled,
the
styles
united in
a column about
as long
as the
ovary.
Capsule depressed-globose,glabrous, pink or
red,
7 to 10 mm in diameter, crustaceous, longitudinally
about 6-sulcate.
In
dry
thickets near Fort
McKinley,
La
Loma, etc.,
fl.
June-July,
and
probably
in other
months; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Malaya.
5. BREYNIA Forster
Erect shrubs or small trees with
alternate,
often
distichous,entire,
simple leaves. Flowers
very
small, axillary,
monoecious. Petals and disk
none. Male flowers:
Calyx
turbinate or hemispheric, truncate,
the rim
sometimes much thickened and lobulate. Stamens
3;
filaments united in
a column.
Rudimentary
ovary
none. Female flowers:
Calyx hemispheric
to
rotate, shortly or shallowly 6-lobed,enlarged
in fruit and disk-like or
cupular.
Staminodes none.
Ovary globose, 3-celled;
ovules 2 in each
cell;styles3,
2-fid or 2-lobed. Fruit
fleshy,globose,indehiscent,
seated
on
the
enlarged persistent calyx.
Seeds few.
(In
honor of J.
Breyne,
an
early
German
botanist.)
Species about 15, tropical
Africa
through
Asia and
Malaya
to Polynesia,
3 in the
Philippines.
Leaves
usually ovate; calyx distinctlyincreasing
in size in fruit.
1. B.
cernua
Leaves
subelliptic
to oval
; calyx not or
but
very
slightlyincreasing
in .size.
2. B. rhamnoides
1. B. cernua
(Poir.) Muell.-Arg. Matang-olang (Tag.).
An erect
glabrous
the branchlets and leaves distichous.
Leaves ovate
or subovate, thin,pale beneath,
2 to 5 cm long,
acute
or
obtuse. Flowers
small, axillary.
Fruit
globose, pink or red,
about
5 mm in
diameter,
somewhat
fleshy,
seated on the
green,
enlarged,
disk- like
or saucer-shaped calyx
which is often as wide or nearly as wide
as
the fruit.
In
thickets,Pandacan,
fl. most of the
year;
common and
widely
distributed
in the Philippines. Timor to northern Australia.
2. B. rhamnoides
(Retz.) Muell.-Arg. Matang-olang (Tag.).
An
erect, monoecious, slender, glabrous
shrub 1.5 to 4
m high,
the
branchlets distichous. Leaves
elliptic
to
elliptic-ovate, distichous,
obtuse
or rounded, green above, pale beneath,
1 to 3 cm
long.
Flowers
very
small,greenish,axillary,short-pedicelled, about 1 mm in diameter.
Fruit
globose,pink,
about 5 mm in diameter,
somewhat
fleshy,
seated on the
very
slightly
accrescent
calyx.
In
thickets,Pasay,
San Pedro
Macati, etc.,
fl.
June-July; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
India to China and
Malaya.
6. FLUGGEA Willdenow
Erect shrubs or small trees with
small, alternate, entire,
distichous
leaves. Flowers
small, pedicelled,dioecious, apetalous, axillary.
Male
flowers numerous. Sepals 5,
imbricate. Stamens 3 to 5, alternating
with
288
A FLORA OF MANILA
about 8 mm long,
wrinkled when
dry,
the seed somewhat
compressed,
rugose.
(Fl. Filip.pi 361.)
Common,
fl.
March-Aug.; throughout
the
Philippines,
introduced. India
to Malaya.
3. A.
leptocladum
Tul.
Bignay, Bignay-pogo (Tag.).
the branchlets and lower
surface,
of the leaves
pubescent
with short hairs. Leaves
shining on
the
upper
surface, oblong-
ovate to
elliptic-ovate,
5 to 10 cm long,
2 to 4 cm wide,
base acute or rounded,
apex
shortlyacuminate; petioles
2 to 3 mm long.
Racemes
slender,axillary,
pubescent,
3 to 7 cm long.
Flowers
greenish, small,
4-merous. Fruit in
rather dense
cylindricracemes about 5 cm long,
1.5 cm
in
diameter,
when
fresh
globose, purple, glabrous, acid,
5 mm
in
diameter,
when
dry
compressed
and wrinkled.
Common in
thickets,
fl.
June-July throughout
the
Philippines.
Endemic.
8.
CICC^
Linnaeus
A dioecious tree with
distichous,alternate,odd-pinnate
leaves crowded
at the ends of the stout
branches,
the flowers fascicled
along elongated
racemes
which are in turn fascicled on nodules
along
the branches below
the leaves. Flowers
small,
numerous. Sepals 4, rarely
5 or 6,
in both
sexes. Stamens 4,
filaments
free;
anthers
oblong, erect, opening vertically.
Styles
3 or
4,
free. Fruit
fleshy,
with a 3- or 4-celled
bony endocarp.
(Apparently
from one of its Indian
names.)
A
single Indo-Malayan species.
*
1. C. DISTICHA L.
{Phyllanthus
distichus
Muell.-Arg.).
Iba
(Tag.).
A
small, glabrous,
deciduous tree 4 to 9 m high,
the branches
thickened,
bearing
nodules in the axils of the fallen leaves. Leaves
unequally pinnate,
branches,
20 to 40 cm long;
leaflets
alternate,
entire,oblong-ovate,pointed,
2 to 7 cm long, usually
about 20. Racemes
fascicled,
10 to 15 cm
long,
fascicled on protuberances
on the branches
below the leaves. Flowers
pink, small,
crowded in
many-flowered
fascicles
along
the
racemes,
male and female,
usually
on separate plants.
Fruit
globose,fleshy,acid, edible,greenish-white,
1 to 1.5 cm in
diameter, containing
a hai'd,bony,
6- or
8-grooved,
3- or 4-celled
stone,
each cell with a
single
seed.
(Fl. Filip.pi.SOS,
C.
acidissima.)
Occasionally
fruits,
fl. at intervals throughout
the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
in and about
towns,
of
prehistoric
introduction. India to
Madagascar, Malaya,
and
Polynesia;
introduced in
tropical
America.
9. BISCHOFIA Blume
A
glabrous
tree with
alternate,
3-foliolate
leaves,
the leaflets usually
crenate. Flowers
small, dioecious,apetalous,
in
axillarypanicled racemes.
Male flowers scattered or clustered.
Sepals 5, concave,
imbricate, concealing
the anthers. Disk
none. Stamens 5.
Rudimentary ovary
short,
broad.
Female flowers:
Sepals
caducous. Staminodes 5, small,
or none. Ovary
3- or 4-celled
;
globose, fleshy,
with 3 or 4 cells.
Seeds
oblong. (In
honor of G. W. Bischoff,a German botanist.)
A
monotypic genus.
1. B.
javanica
Blume
(B. trifoliata
Hook.
f.). Toog (Tag.).
A
glabrous
of 25 m.
Leaves 3- foliolate,
ovate to
EUPHORBIACEAE
289
elliptic-ovate, acuminate, crenate-dentate,
8 to 15 cm long.
Panicles in
the
upper
axils,
many-flowered,
small,
greenish.
Fruit
fleshy,prlobose,
brown or
reddish,
1 to 1.5 cm
in diameter.
Seeds brown, oblong,
5 mm long.
Cementerio del
Norte, Malate, etc.,
immature
specimens; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines. India,through Malaya
to
Polynesia.
10. JATROPHA Linnaeus
Herbs
or shrubs, often
glandular.
Leaves
alternate,entire,angled, or
digitately
lobed. Flowers
monoecious,
in terminal
cymes,
the central flowers
of the
cyme usually
female. Male flowers with 5 imbricate
sepals
and 5
free or connate petals.
Stamens
usually
8 or 10, sometimes
more;
filaments
all
connate, or outer ones free. Female flowers with
calyx
as in the
males,
the
petals
often absent.
Carpels connate
in
a 2- to 4-ceIled
ovary;
ovules
solitary;styles
connate below,
2-fid above. Fruit a dehiscent
capsule
of
two to four 2-valved cocci. Seed ovoid or oblong,
albumen
fleshy. (Greek
"physician"
and
"food,"
from medicinal
qualities.)
Species
about 160 in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres, chiefly
in Africa and
America,
4 introduced in the
Philippines.
1. Leaves
peltate
;
stems much swollen and thickened at the base.
"
1. J.
podagrica
1. Leaves not
peltate.
2. Leaves palmately
divided into about 10 lanceolate lobes.. 2. J.
multifida
2. Leaves 3- to 5-lobed or angled, or
subentire.
3. Plant
glabrous _
3. J.
curcas
3. Plant with
numerous capitate-glandular
hairs 4. /.
gossypifolia
*1. J. PODAGRICA Hook.
Stems
erect, simple
or
sparingly branched,
much thickened and
fleshy
below,
0.5 to 1.5 m high,
the
petiole-scarslarge,
the
stipulesdissected,
glandular.
Leaves
peltate,orbicular-ovate,
10 to 25 cm long,
3- to
5-lobed,
base truncate or
rounded,
the lower surface
glaucous,
the
petiolesas
long
as
the leaves.
Cymes terminal, long-peduncled,
the branches
short,thick,
the branchlets and flowers red.
Sepals
about 2 mm long,
connate to about
the middle. Petals about 7 mm long, oblong-obovate. Capsules ellipsoid,
1.3 to 1.8 cm long.
Rarely
cultivated and of
very
recent
introduction,
fl. all the
year.
A
native of Central America.
"2. J.
MULTIFIDA
L. Mana (Sp.-Fil.).
A
glabrous
the
petioles
leaves. Leaves
glaucous beneath,
15 to 30 cm in
diameter,
cleft
nearly
to the base into about 10
entire or pinnately
incised
lobes,
the lobes 1 to 4 cm wide; stipules
1 to 2
cm long,
setaceous-dissected.
Cymes long-peduncled,
3 to 6 cm broad. Flowers
red,
5 to 6 mm long.
Capsule
obovoid somewhat
3-angled,
the
angles rounded,
about 2 cm long.
(Fl. Filip.pi SU2.)
fl. most of the
year.
A native of
tropical
America,
introduced here at an early date,
but not
spontaneous.
3. J. CURCAS L. Tuba
(Tag.) ;
Physic
Nut.
A
glabrous, erect,
branched shrub 2 to 5 m high.
Branches stout,
cylindric,
green.
Leaves
orbicular-ovate,angular
or somewhat 3- or 6-lobed,
111655 " 19
290
A FLORA OF MANILA
10 to 18
cm long,acuminate,
base
cordate,
the
petioleslong. Cymes axillary,
peduncled,
the flowers
greenish or greenish-white,
7 to 8 mm in
diameter,
the staminate ones
villous
inside,
the
petals
reflexed. Stamens
10,
the
filaments of the inner
5, connate.
Capsule
at first
fleshy,becoming dry,
of
3 or
2
cocci,
3 to 4
cm long. (Fl.Filip.pi.S8U.)
In thickets and
hedges along
roadsides
etc.,
common,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
tropical
America,
now
widely
distributed in the
tropics.
4. J. GOSSYPIFOLIA L.
Tubang-morado (Tag.).
An
erect, branched, shrubby plant usually
less than 1 m high,
the
petioles,margins
of the
leaves,
and the inflorescence with
numerous, capitate-
glandular
hairs. Leaves
palmately
3- or 5-lobed,shining, glabrous,
7 to
12 cm
long,
the lobes
oblong-ovate,
the
younger
leaves
purplish,
the
petioles
about as long as
the leaf-blades.
Cymes peduncled.
Flowers
purple,
small.
Capsules usually 3-lobed,
about 1 cm
long.
In
gardens etc.,occasionallyspontaneous,
fl.
July-Sept.,
and
probably
in
other months. A native of
tropical America,
of
comparatively
recent
introduction here.
11. ALEURITES Forster
Trees with
simple,
entire or lobed,alternate,long-petioled,ample leaves,
the
petioles2-glandular
at the
top.
Flower
monoecious,
in
lax, terminal,
panicled
cymes.
Male flowers:
Calyx subglobose, bursting
into 2 or 3
valvate lobes. Petals 5. Stamens 8 to 20 on a conical
receptacle,
the
5 outer ones opposite
the
petals, alternating
with small
glands.
Rudi- mentary
ovary
none. Female flowers: Perianth as
in the male. Disk
obscure or
of
glands. Ovary
2- to
5-celled;styles 2-armed;
ovules 1 in
each cell. Fruit rather
large, drupaceous
or
capsular,
the
pericarp
hard
or
crustaceous,
1- to
3-celled,
seeds 1 to
3, large. (Greek "meal,"
from
indumentum of one species.)
Species 4,
southern Asia to
Polynesia,
2 in the
Philippines.
Stamens 15 to
20,
inserted in 4
rows; ovary
2-celled;
fruit 1-
or
2-seeded.
1. A. moluccana
Stamens 7 to
10,
in 2
rows; ovary
3-
or 4-celled;
fruit
usually
3-seeded.
2. A.
trisperma
1. A. moluccana
(L.)
Willd.
Lumbang, Lumbang-bato (Tag.) ;
Biao
(Vis.);
Candle Nut.
A
large tree,
the
younger parts
and inflorescence
pubescent.
Leaves
long-petioled,
ovate to lanceolate,
base
acute, truncate,
or cordate,
the
margins
entire or 3- to 5-lobed. Panicles
10 to 15 cm long, pubescent, many-flowered.
Flowers 6 to 8 mm long,
the
petals
obovate-lanceolate. Fruit
fleshy,ovoid,
5 to 6 cm long,glabrous,
olivaceous,containing
1 or 2, hard-shelled,oily
seeds.
(Fl.Filip.pi.220.)
Cementerio del
Norte,
immature
specimens.
Common and
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines,a native of
Malaya
and
Polynesia,
now planted
in most tropical
countries.
2. A.
trisperma
Blanco.
Banucalad, Baguilumbang (Tag.).
A tree 10 to 15 m high or
more,
glabrous except
the inflorescence.
Leaves suborbicular to
broadly ovate,
10 to 20 cm long,entire,
base
broadly
cordate. Panicles about 15 cm long, densely pubescent.
Flowers 10 to
12
mm
in
diameter,
the
petalsobovate,
outside
densely pubescent.
Stamens
EUPHORBIACEAE
291
about 8,
inserted in 2 rows.
Ovary
3-
or
4-celled. Fruit 5 to 6 cm
in
diameter, subglobose, tardily dehiscing, usually 3-celled,
3-seeded.
(Fl.
Filip.pi.
296.)
Immature
specimens,
Cementerio del
Norte,
fl. in
regions near Manila
Jan.-March; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
12. CODIAEUM Jussieu
Erect, branched, glabrous
shrubs with
alternate,
entire
or lobed,
often
variegated
leaves. Flowers monoecious,
in
unisexual, axillary racemes,
sometimes a female flower at the base of the male racemes. Male flowers
white, fascicled,pedicelled. Calyx-lobes
3 to 6, thin,
imbricate. Petals
much smaller than the
sepals,
alternate with the
disk-glands.
Stamens 15
to
30,
free. Female flowers
solitary,
the
calyx
5-lobed. Petals none.
Ovary 3-celled,pells1-ovuled; styles slender,
entire.
Capsule globose,
of
three 2-valved cocci.
(From
the
Malayan name.)
Species
about 7 in
Malaya, Australia,
and
Polynesia,
4 in the
Philippines.
"
1. C. VARIEGATUM (L.)
Blume. San Francisco,
Buenavista
(Sp.-Fil.);
Saguilala (Tag.) ;
Croton.
An
the leaves
exceedingly
variable in
shape
and color, linear to
oblong,
entire or sparingly lobed,
flat or variously crisped,undulate,
or even
spiral,
sometimes interrupted,
8 to 25 cm
long,
6 to 10 cm wide, pale-green,green
to
purple, some
forms
spotted or mottled with
yellow,
others with the midrib and nerves
red or
purple,
etc. Racemes
axillary,solitary,lax,
15 to 25 cm
long,
the
pedicels
slender. Male flowers
white,
about 6 mm in
diameter,
the
sepals
reflexed.
(Fl.Filip.pi.390.)
Very common
in cultivation but not
spontaneous,
fl.at intervals
throughout
the
year;
in towns throughout
the
Philippines. Probably
a native
of the
Moluccas, now cultivated in most tropical
countries. The leaves are
infinitely
variable in form and
color,
in these
respects by
far the most
variable
plant
in the
Archipelago.
13. SUMBAVIA Baillon
pale,dense,
stellate
pubescence.
Leaves alternate,
broad,
3-
or 5-nerved,
entire or slightly
toothed. Flowers monoecious,
in
axillary,spike-likeracemes,
the males
subsessile,clustered,
the females
solitary,pedicelled,
below the males. Male flowers: Calyx globose, thin,
splitting
into valvate lobes. Petals 4 or 5,
short. Stamens
many,
on a
convex, eglandular receptacle,
filaments free.
Rudimentary ovary
none.
Female flowers:
Calyx
5- or
6-fid,
the lobes narrow.
Petals small or none.
Ovary 3-celled;stylesrecurved;
Capsule
of two or
three 2-valved cocci.
(From
the Island of
Sumbava.)
Species 3,
Burma to
Malaya,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. S. rottleroides Baill.
Quilap or Quirap (Tag.).
the
young
branches, petioles,inflorescence,
and
lower surfaces
of the leaves
densely
white- or
gray-stellate-pubescent.
Leaves
broadly
ovate to
orbicular-ovate,
5 to 9
cm lorlg,the
upper
surface
glabrous,
base broad, rounded or truncate,
3- or 5-nerved,
apex
obtuse
or
very
broadly
blunt-acuminate, margins slightly
undulate or subentire.
Racemes in the
upper
axils,solitary,
5 to 7 cm
long,
the lower flowers
female,
the
upper
ones male,
both
sexes densely
stellate-tomentose. Fe- male
flowers with a 6-cleft
calyx. Capsule depressed-globose,3-sulcate,
292
A FLORA OF MANILA
10 to 12 mm wide, densely stellate-pubescent. (Fl. Filip.pi.i6S,
Mercadoa
mandalojonensis.)
In
thickets,Masambong,
fl.
May.
Of local
occurrence in the
Philippines.
Malaya.
14. ACALYPHA Linnaeus
with
alternate,
toothed or
crenate,
3- to 5-pli-
nerved or penninerved
leaves. Flowers
very
small in
axillaryspikes,monoecious,
rarely dioecious,
without
petals.
Male flowers
very small,
ebracteate.
Calyx thin,splitting
into 4 valvate
sepals.
Disk none. Stamens 8 or
many,
on a convex receptacle;
filaments free.
Rudimentary
ovary
none. Female
flowers at the base of the male
spike or more often in
separate ones,
often
with
large, accrescent
leafy
bracts.
Sepals
3 or 4,
very
small.
Ovary
3-
celled;stylesslender,
often
very
long
and laciniate
or fimbriate;
ovules 1 in
each cell.
Capsule
of
3, small, crustaceous,
2-valved cocci.
(From
an
ancient Greek name of the
nettle.)
Species
about 300 in
tropical
and
subtropicalregions
of both
hemispheres,
8
or more
in the
Philippines.
1. Herbs.
2. Spikes
5 to 6
cm long;
bracts
distant,glabrous or nearly so.
1. A. indica
2.
Spikes
1 to 2 cm long,
dense
;
bracts
close,
somewhat
imbricate,densely
pubescent
2. A. boehmeroides
1. Shrubs or undershrubs.
2.
Spikes pendulous, purple, dense,
about 1
cm
in
diameter,
up
to 40 cm
in
length "
3. A.
hispida
2.
Spikes slender,
10 to 20
cm long
less than 5 mm in diameter.
4. Leaves broadly ovate, variously
mottled with red and
purple.
4. A. wilkesiana
4. Leaves
oblong-ovate
to ovate-lanceolate,
green
5. A.
stipulacea
1. A. INDICA L.
An
er^ct, simple or branched,
somewhat
appressed-pubescent,
annual
herb,
30 to 80 cm high.
Leaves
long-petioled,ovate, crenate-serrate,
acute
or obtuse,
base
acute, entire,
3 to 6
cm long,
shorter than the
petioles.
Spikes axillary,solitary,erect,
4 to 8 cm long.
Male flowers few, small,
terminal. Bracts few to
many,
distant,
green,
5
to 6 mm long, crenate,
reniform when spread,
each with 1 or more
female
flowers. Capsules
about 2 mm long, slightlyhispid. (Fl. Filip.pi. 266,)
In waste
places,
fl.all the
year;
widely
distributed in the Philippines,
undoubtedly
introduced.
Tropical
Africa, through tropical
Asia to Ma- laya.
2. A. BOEHMEROIDES Miq.
An
erect, simple, rarely
branched, annual, appressed-pubescent
herb 20
to 80 cm high.
Leaves 2 to 7 cm long, long-petioled,
ovate to oblong-
ovate, acuminate,
base
acute,
entire, margins
dentate.
Spikes axillary,
usually solitary,dense,
1 to 2
cm long.
Male flowers few, at the
apices
of
the
spikes.
Bracts
numerous,
crowded,
somewhat
imbricate,
rather densely
pubescent,
4 to 5 mm long, toothed,
reniform when spread. Capsules
much shorter than the bracts,
hirsute.
In waste places,
fl.all the
year;
of local occurrence
in and about towns
in the
Philippines, probably
introduced.
Malaya.
EUPHORBIACEAE
293
*
3. A. HISPIDA Burm.
A shrub 0.5 to 3 m high.
Leaves
broadly ovate,
10 to 20 cm long, 6 to
16 cm wide, acuminate,
base
rounded, slightly cordate, margins
rather
coarsely
toothed.
Spikes unisexual,
the
pistillateones dense, cylindric,
pendulous, purple,
up
to 40 cm long,
Ovary densely
villous;styles
divided into
many,
filiform,slender,elongated
branches.
Frequently
purposes,
fl. all the
year,
introduced;
probably a native of
Malaya or of
Polynesia.
A
striking
ornamental
on account of its
dense, cylindric,pendulous purple spikes;
cultivated in
all
tropical
countries.
"4. A.
WILKESIANA Muell.-Arg. {A.
tricolor
Seem.).
An erect branched shrub 2 to 5
m high.
Leaves
broadly ovate,
10 to 18
cm long,
6 to 12
cm wide, acuminate,
not
cordate,
very
sparingly hairy on the
nerves or quite glabrous, variously
mottled
with shades of
red, purple,
and
olive,
the
margins distinctly
and
regularly
toothed.
Spikes purplish, slender,
the staminate
ones
up
to 20
cm long,
less than 5 mm in
diameter, interrupted,
the flowers
glomerate.
An introduced and cultivated
species,very
ornamental on account of its
variously
colored
leaves,
fl,all the
year.
A native of the
Fiji Islands,now
cultivated in most
tropical
countries.
5. A.
stipulacea
Klotz.
An
erect,
monoecious or
dioecious shrub
or
small tree 2 to 6 m high,
glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
ovate-lanceolate,
10 to 20
cm long,
5 to 9 cm wide, shining, long-acuminate,
base
usually rounded,
8-nerved, margins
crenulate.
Spikes axillary,solitary,
the staminate ones
slender,greenish, dense,
2 to 2.5 mm in
diameter,
10 to 20 cm long,
the
pistillateones stouter,
somewhat
interrupted,
the ovate bracts
subtending
the flowers
greenish, toothed,
3 to 4 mm
long; pistilspurplish.
In
thickets,
San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
Sept.,
and
probably
in other
months;
throughout
the
Philippines. Malaya
to New Guinea and Samoa.
15. HEVEA Aublet
Trees with abundant
milky
sap
and
long-petioled,
3-foliolate
leaves,
the
petiolesglandular
at the
apex;
leaflets
entire,thin,penninerved.
Flowers
apetalous, monoecious, small, cymose,
the
cymes
paniculate,
the central
flowers of each
cyme
usually female,
the others male.
Calyx
5-toothed
or
lobed. Male flowers: Stamens 5 to
10;
filaments
united;
anthers 1- or
2-verticillate.
Disk-glands 5, small,
free
or
united. Female flowers with
a
3-celled
ovary;
ovules 1 in each
cell;stigma thick,
sessile
or nearly so.
Seeds
large,subglobose
to
oblong. (From
the Carib name of some species.)
Species
about
7,
in the Amazon
region, Guiana, etc.,
1
now
cultivated in
many
tropical
countries.
"
1. H. BRASiLiENSis
(HBK.) Muell.-Arg.
Para Rubber Tree.
A
nearly glabrous
tree
reaching
a height
of 20 m. Leaflets 10 to 20
cm long,elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblong-obovate,
narrowed to the
base,
acuminate,
petioles.
Panicles about one-half as long
as
the
leaves, pyramidal.
Flowers white-tomentose. Stamens 10, 2-
seriate,
the staminal-column
long-produced
above the anthers.
Capsule
large.
Seeds
oblong, spotted,
2.5 to 3 cm long.
Immature
specimens
cultivated in
Singalon;
of recent introduction in
the
Philippines.
294
A FLORA OF MANILA
16. MALLOTUS Loureiro
entire,
toothed, or lobed,
8- to 7-plinerved
or penninerved leaves, sometimes
peltate,
often
gland-
dotted on the lower surface and with
glandular areas near the base on
the
uppei
surface. Flowers
small, apetalous,
monoecious
or dioecious,
in
simple or panicled spikes or
racemes,
the males
clustered,
the females
solitary.
Male flowers: Calyx globose
or ovoid, valvately
3- to 5-cleft.
Stamens 20 to
many,
on a central
receptacle;
filaments
free;
anthers
small,
2-celled. Female flowers:
Calyx spathe-like or valvately
3- to 6-lobed.
Ovary
2- to
4-celled;styles various;
Capsule
of
two or three, 2-valved, smooth, tubercled, or spinous
cocci.
(Greek
"woolly,"
from the soft
pubescence
of some species.)
Species
about 80 in the
tropics
of the Old World,
about 20 in the
Philippines.
1.
Capsules unarmed;
leaves alternate.
2. Leaves orbicular-ovate,angularly repand
or toothed,
the
younger
ones deeply
3- to 5-lobed; capsules brown-pubescent.
1. M. moluccanus
2. Leaves oblong-ovate,
entire or subentire; capsules
covered with a
red
powder
2. M.
philippensis
1.
Capsules pubescent
and armed with
scattered,short,spine-likeprocesses ;
leaves opposite -
3. M.
papillaris
1. M. moluccanus (L.) Muell.-Arg.
Alim
(Tag.).
A shrub or
small tree 4 to 10 m
high,
more or less
finely
stellate-
pubescent
and furfuraceous. Leaves
large, orbicular-ovate,
10 to 25
cm
long, acuminate,
base cordate, some
often
deeply
3- to 5-lobed,
others
coarsely angular-toothed
or repand.
Panicles in the
upper
axils,
up
to
to 20 cm long.
Flowers
greenish-yellow,
the males fascicled
along
the
branches of the inflorescence,
the sepals
reflexed at flowering time, elliptic-
lanceolate,
about 7 mm long. Capsule
about 7 mm long
and
wide,
smooth,
stellate-pubescent
at least when
young,
of 2 or 3 dehiscent cocci.
(Fl.
Filip.pi.218.)
In thickets and waste
places,
occasionally
also in
gardens,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the Philippines. Malaya.
2. M.
philippensis
(Lam.) Muell.-Arg.
Banato (Tag.).
A tree 4 to 10 m
high,
the branchlets,young
leaves,
and inflorescence
brown-pubescent.
Leaves alternate, oblong-ovate,
entire or sinuate-
toothed,acuminate,
7 to 16 cm
long,
base rounded, 3-nerved,
with 2
glands
on
the
upper
surface which is
glabrous,
the lower surface somewhat
glaucous,
puberulent,
with numerous small,scattered,
crimson
glands.
In- florescence
axillary.
Male
spikes solitaryor
fascicled,
5 to 8
cm long,
densely many-flowered,
the flowers about 3 mm in
diameter,
the anthers
with crimson glands.
Female racemes solitary,
3 to 7 cm long. Ovary
and
styles
with crimson glands.
Fruit
subglobose,
6 to 8 mm in
diameter,
unarmed, densely
covered a red or crimson powder.
In thickets San Juan del Monte,
fl.
March-April; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
India to southern China, through Malaya
to Australia.
3. M. papillaris
(Blanco)
Merr.
An erect shrub 2 to 3 m high,
all
parts
more or
less
densely
and
softly pubescent
with short stellate hairs. Leaves opposite,
orbicular-
296
A FLORA OP MANILA
18. HOMONOIA
Louijeiro
Dioecious shrubs with
alternate,
narrow,
entire
leaves, glandular-
lepidote
beneath. Flowers
small,
in
axillary,many-flowered spikes,apet-
alous. Male flowers:
Calyx globose, splitting
into 3 valvate
segments.
Stamens
numerous, crowded,
in
globose
heads of branched filaments and
anthers.
Rudimentary
ovary
none. Female- flowers:
Sepals
5 to
8,
narrow,
unequal, imbricate,
deciduous.
Ovary 3-celled;styles spreading.
Fruit a small
capsule
of three 2-valved 1-seeded cocci.
(Greek "harmony,"
reference to the
more or less united
stamens.)
Species
3 or 4,
India and
Malaya,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. H.
riparia
Lour.
Lumanaya (Tag.); Miagos (Vis.).
A shrub 1 to 3 m high.
Leaves
12 to
20 cm long,
green
and
shining on the
upper surface,
the lower surface
pale
and
brown-lepidote. Spikes axillary,solitary,5 to 12 cm
long,
pubescent.
Capsules
about 8 mm
in
diameter, pubescent. (Fl.Filip.pi.338.)
In stream-bed San Juan River at San Francisco del
Monte,
fl. Mar.-
Apr.; throughout the
Philippines
in similar habitats. India to
Malaya.
19. RICIN US Linnaeus
A
coarse, erect,
branched annual
herb, or shrubby
and
perennial.
Leaves
large, alternate,orbicular-ovate,peltate,palmately
lobed. Flowers
ape-
talous,monoecious,
in
axillary,subpaniculate
racemes,
the lower ones
male,
in scattered
fascicles,
the
upper
ones
female,
crowded. Male flowers:
Calyx thin, splitting
into 3 to 5
segments.
Stamens
very numerous,
the
filaments
variously connate in
branching
clusters. Female flowers:
Calyx
spathe-like,
caducous.
Ovary
3-celled.
Styles
short
or long, spreading,
entire or 2-fid.
Capsule
of three 2-valved 1-seeded cocci.
(The
ancient
Latin
name.)
A
monotyplc
genus.
1. R. COMMUNIS L.
Tangan-tangan (Tag.)
;
Castor Oil Plant.
Coarse, erect, branched,
1 to 4
high, glabrous,
the
younger parts
glaucous,
the
vegetativepaints
and inflorescence
green
or purplish.
Leaves
thin,
20 to 60
cm in
diameter,
the lobes
oblong, acuminate, serrate; petioles
long,
with a gland
at the
apex.
Racemes
stout,
erect. Male flowers
Capsule ovoid,
1 to 1.5
cm long,
green
or
purplish,
covered with soft
spine-like
processes.
In
open
waste
places,
fl. all the
year;
common
in and about towns
throughout
the
Philippines,
and of
prehistoric
introduction.
Probably a
native of
Africa, now
in all
tropical
and
many temperate
countries,
wild
or
cultivated.
20. MAN IHOT Adanson
Glabrous trees
or shrubs,
often somewhat
glaucous,
with
milky sap,
sometimes from
fleshy roots. Leaves
alternate,usually deeply
3- to 11-
lobed. Flowers
medium, apetalous, monoecious,
in
racemes, cymes,
or
panicles.
Male flowers:
Calyx usually colored,campanulate, 5-lobed,
the
lobes imbricate. Stamens
10,
inserted in 2
rows
between the lobes
or
glands
of the
disk;
filaments free. Female flowers:
Calyx
as in the male.
Disk lobed or entire.
Ovary 3-celled,
cells 1-ovuled. Capsule
of three
2-valved cocci.
(From
the Brazilian name of some species.)
Species
128 in
tropicalAmerica, mostly
in
Brazil,
2 introduced in the
Philippines.
EUPHORBIACEAE
297
Shrubs from
fleshyroots,
the leaf-lobes 3 to 7, lanceolate to
oblong-oblan-
ceolate;
fruit
longitudinally
6
ridged
1. M. utilissima
Trees with 3- to 5-lobed
leaves;
the lobes obovate to
elliptic;
fruit not
ridged
_
2. M.
glaziovii
1. M. UTILISSIMA Pohl.
Camoteng-cahoy (Tag.)
; Cassava, Manioc, Tapioca
Plant.
An
erect, glabrous
suffrutescent or shruby plant
1.5 to 3 m high
from
stout
fleshy
roots. Leaves 10 to 20
cm long, pale beneath, palmately
divided
nearly
to the base into 3 to
7,
lanceolate to
oblong-oblanceolate,
entire,
acuminate
segments, some
of the
upper
leaves often entire. In- florescence
axillary,lax,
few-flowered. Flowers about 1 cm
long. Capsules
ovoid,
about 1.5 cm long,longitudinallynarrowly 6-winged.
Common
in
hedge-rows along streets, etc.,rarely flowering
in
Manila;
common and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
in cultivation. A native
of
tropicalAmerica,
now
planted
in all warm countries.
*2. M. GLAZIOVII Muell.-Arg,
Ceara Rubber Tree.
A
glabrous
tree
reaching
a
height
of 12 m or
more,
with
thin, somewhat
papery
baz-k. Leaves
long-petioled,
8 to 20 cm
long,
somewhat
peltate
at the cordate base, glaucous beneath, palmately
3- to
5-lobed,
the lobes obovate to
broadly elliptic,
entire.
Panicles in the
uppermost axils,
shorter than the leaves. Flowers about 1
cm long. Capsule ellipsoid,
2 to 2.3 cm long,
not
longitudinallyridged.
fl.
Sept.;
of recent introduction here. One of
the commercial rubber
trees, a native of Brazil.
21. ALCHORNEA Swartz
Trees or shrubs,
dioecious or monoecious,
with
simple,
entire
or
toothed
leaves, usually glandular
at the base and often 3-
or
5-nerved. Male
flowers
small,
clustered
on axillary
or
terminal,solitary
or
panicled spikes,
the bracts small.
Calyx small,globose,
2- to 4-valved. Petals
none.
Sta- mens
6 to 8 or
more,
the filaments free or connate below.
Rudimentary
ovary
none.
Female flowers in
axillary or
terminal
spikes. Sepals
3 to
6,
imbricate. Petals none.
Ovary
2- to
4-celled;styles distinct,
often
long;
Capsule
of two
or three,2-valved,
crustaceous
cocci.
Species
about 30 of wide
2 in the
Philippines.
1. A. sicca (Blanco) Merr. Balanti
(Tag.).*
An erect dioecious shrub
usually
1 to 2 m high, glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves
ovate, 3 to 12 cm
long, crenulate, acuminate,
base
glandular,
rounded,
3-nerved. Male
spikes axillary,catkin-like,
green
and
purplish,
"
1 to 5 cm
long,
about 3 mm
thick,
flowers
numerous, densely arranged.
Stamens 8. Female flowers
small,
scattered in
slender,erect,few-flowered,
2 to 10 cm
long spikes,
each flower with 3 acuminate bracts
longer
than
the
calyx,
the
stylessimple, purple. Capsules ovoid,
rugose,
about 8 mm
in diameter.
(Fl. Filip.pi.307,
Excoecaria
sicca.)
In thickets
Pasay
to San
Felipe Neri, Pasig, etc.,
fl. Mar
.-June;
of
Philippines.
Endemic.
*
This
name
is
usually applied to
species
of HomalanthxLS that do not
occur in
our area.
298
A FLORA OF MANILA
22. EXCOECARIA Linnaeus
Glabrous shrubs or trees with
abundant, acrid,milky juice,
and alternate
or opposite,
entire
or
nearly
apctalous, small,
in
dense, axillary spikes
or
racemes,
dioecious or
monoecious,
the rachis
glandular
beneath or at the sides of the bracts. Male flowers 1 to 3 in
each
bract,
2-bracteolate.
Sepals 3, small. Stamens
3;
filaments free.
Rudimentary
ovary
none. Female flowers at the base of the male
spikes
or
racemes,
or on
separate
ones.
Calyx
3-fid.
Ovary 3-celled;
cells 1-
ovuled; styles spreading
or recurved.
Capsules
of 3
cocci,
the valves
elasticallytwisting
and
separating
from the columella.
(Greek
"blind- ness,"
from
reputed blinding
effect of the
milky juice.)
Species
30 or more in
tropical Asia, Africa,
and
Australia, 2 or 3 in
the
Philippines.
1. E.
agallocha
L.
Buta,
Buta-buta
(Tag.); Alipata, Lipata (Vis.).
A
glabrous
shrub
or
small tree 1 to 8 m high.
Leaves
alternate,elliptic-ovate,
oblong-ovate,
or
ovate, shining,
apex
acuminate,
6 to 12 cm long,
entire or nearly so. Male
spikes axillary,
solitary,
5 to 10 cm long, many-flowered.
Female flowers in 2 to 3 cm
long
racemes,
the
sepals
with a basal
gland
within.
Capsules usually
about 5 mm
in
diameter, subglobose,
smooth.
Along
tidal
estuaries,
fl.
May-July,
and
probably
in other
months;
throughout
the
Philippines along
the seashore. India to southern China
Polynesia.
76. ANACARDIACEAE
(Cashew
or Mango
Family)
Trees or shrubs,
often with acrid and sometimes
milky juice.
Leaves
alternate,exstipulate,simple or pinnate.
Inflorescence
mostly paniculate.
Flowers
small, regular, unisexual, polygamous, or perfect. Calyx
3- to
6-partite.
Petals 3 to 6,
alternate with the
sepals, free,
imbricate or
valvate in bud. Disk
flat,cup-shaped or annular,
entire or lobed. Sta- mens
as
many
as or twice as
many
as the
petals,rarely
fewer or only one,
inserted
under, rarely.
on
the
disk;
filaments
usually subulate;
anthers 2-
celled,
basi- or dorsifixed.
Ovary superior,
1- to
5-celled,or in Buchanania
of 5
or
6 free
carpels,
often
rudimentary
in the staminate
flowers; style
1
to
6, or stigmas subsessile;
ovules
solitary
in the cells. Fruit a 1- to 5-
celled,
1- to 5-seeded
drupe.
Genera about 60, species
about 500, chieflytropical,
11
genera
and 35
species
known from the
Philippines.
1. Leaves
simple;
ovary
1-celled,or of several 1-celled
carpels.
2. Fruits seated on a much
enlarged fleshypeduncle.
3. Stamens twice as
many
as
the
petals, some
of them
imperfect;
fleshypeduncle large,
5 to 7 cm long
1. Anacardium
3. Stamens as
many
as the
petals; fleshypeduncle sftiall,
1 to 1.^ cm
long
2.
Semecarpus
2. Peduncles not at all
enlarged.
3. Stamens 1 to
5; carpels 1;
fruit a large fleshy
edible
drupe.
3.
Mangifera
3. Stamens 8 or 10; carpels 5;
fruit a small
drupe
1
cm long or less,
the flesh
scanty
4. Buchanania
1. Leaves
pinnate;
ovary
several-celled;
fruit
ovoid,
the stone several-
celled ^."
5.
Spondias
ANACARDIACEAE
299
1. ANACARDIUM Linnaeus
Small trees with
alternate,petioled,simple,
entire leaves. Panicles terminal.
Flowers
small, polygamous. Calyx 5-partite,segments erect,
imbricate.
Petals
5, linear-lanceolate, recurved. Disk
filling
the base of the
calyx.
Stamens
usually 9, all
fertile,one larger than the
rest,
filaments
connate and adnate to the disk.
Ovary obovoid; style filiform,excentric;
stigma minute;
ovule
1, ascending.
Fruit
kidney-shaped, seated on a large,
fleshy,pyriform body
formed of the
enlarged
disk and
top
of the
peduncle;
pericarp
cellular and full of oil. Seed
kidney-shaped. (Greek
"resembling"
and
"heart," from the
shape
of the
fruit.)
A
genus
of about 8
species,
of
tropical America, one now cultivated,
and often
naturalized,
in
many
other
tropical
countries.
*1. A. OCCIDENTALE L.
Casoy (Sp.-Fil.)
;
Cashew,
A small
tree,
the trunk
usually small,
crooked. Leaves
obovate,
rounded
or retuse at the
apex,
10 to 20 cm long.
Panicles as long as or
exceeding
the
leaves,pubescent.
Flowers
small,
crowded at the
tips
of the
branches,
yellow
to
yellowish-white,
the
petals usually
with
pink stripes.
Fruit
about 2 cm long, kidney-shaped,
the
pyriform, fleshy,
edible
receptacle
yellowish,
5 to 7 cm long. (Fl. Filip.pi.116.)
Cultivated for its edible
fruit,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.; common throughout
the
Philippines,
introduced from
tropical
America at
an early
date. Cul- tivated
in all
tropicalcountries.
2. SEMECARPUS Linnaeus filius
Shrubs
or trees with
simple, entire,
coriaceous
leaves, usually pale
beneath. Flowers
small, polygamous or dioecious,
in terminal
panicles.
Calyx
5-
or 6-parted.
Petals 5 or 6,
imbricate. Disk
broad,
annular.
Stamens 5 or 6,
inserted at the base of the
disk, imperfect
in the
pistillate
flowers.
Ovary 1-celled;styles 3; ovules
pendulous
from
a basal
funicle.
Drupe fleshy,oblong or subglobose, oblique,
seated on a fleshy
receptacle
formed of the thickened disk and
calyx-base; pericarp
with
an
acrid resin.
(Greek
"mark" and
"fruit,"
the
juice
of
some species
used to
mark
clothes.)
Species
about
40, tropicalAsia, Malaya,
and
Australia, about 10 known
from the
Philippines,one
in
our area.
1. S. cuneiformis Blanco
{S. perrottetiiMarch.). Ligas (Tag.).
A shrub or small tree 3 to 8 m high. Leaves somewhat crowded at
the
apices
of the
branches,
lanceolate-obovate to
oblong-obovate, sub-
coriaceous, pubescent
and whitish
beneath,
10 to 25 cm long,
the
apex
rounded, acute, or
slightly
acuminate. Panicles
usually longer
than the
leaves,
diffuse. Flowers
whitish, glomerate,
2 to 2.5
mm long. Drupe
small, ovoid, somewhat
oblique,
about 1 cm
long,
the
fleshy receptacle
pyriform, purplish,
about as
long as
the
drupe,
edible.
(Fl. Filip.pi 75.)
In
thickets,
not
uncommon,
fl.
Jan.-March; widely
distributed in the
Philippines
at low
altitudes,
and also
reported
from Celebes.
This
species,
like the
poison-oak (Rhus)
of the United States is
a
violent
contact-poison
to
many persons,
while others
are
immune. The
rash caused
by
it is
very
irritating,is similar to that
produced by poison-
oak,
and is
probably
caused
by
similar
agencies.
300
A FLORA OF MANILA
3. MANGIFERA Linnaeus
Large
trees with
entire,
coriaceous leaves. Flowers
small, polygamous,
in terminal
panicles,
the
pedicels articulate,
the bracts
small,
deciduous.
Calyx
4- or 5-partite.
Petals 4
or 5, free from the disk. Stamens
5,
one perfect
and
larger
than the
others,
the other 4
smaller, imperfect.
Ovary sessile,1-celled,oblique; style lateral;
ovule
pendulous.
Fruit
a
large fleshy drupe;
seed
large, compressed,
fibrous
or smooth.
(Malay
name
of the fruit and the Latin "to
bear.")
A
tropical Asiatic, chieflyMalayan
genus,
of about 30
species,4 or 5
known from the
Philippines,a single
cultivated
one
in
our area.
*1. M, INDICA L.
Manga (Sp.-Fil.)
;
Mango.
A
large tree,
the
crown dense, spreading.
Leaves
oblong
to
oblong-
10 to 30
cm long.
Panicles often as long as or
exceeding
the
leaves, pubescent.
Flowers
yellow, small,
3 to 4 mm long.
Disk 5-lobed. Perfect stamen
1,
the other 4 much reduced.
Ovary glabrous.
Drupe yellow, fleshy,
10 to 15
cm long, oblong-ovoid,
somewhat
compressed.
Seed
large,flattened,
fibrous.
(Fl. Filip.pi.62,
M.
rostrata.)
The well known
mango,
fl.
Nov.-May, common in Manila and
throughout
the
Philippines,
introduced. A native of India or Malaya, now cultivated
throughout
the
tropics.
4. BUCHANAN IA
Roxburgh
Trees with
alternate, simple,
entire
leaves,
the
panicles
terminal and
axillary.
Flowers
small, perfect. Calyx short, persistent,
3- to 5-lobed.
Petals
as
many
as
the
calyx-lobes,
recurved. Stamens 8 or
10,
free. Car- pels
5
or 6, free, one
fertile,
the others
imperfect; style short;
ovule
solitary. Drupe small, compressed,
with
scanty flesh,
the stone
bony.
(In
honor of Dr. F.
Buchanan-Hamilton, a Scotch
physician
and
naturalist.)
Species
about
20, tropical
Polynesia,
4
or 5 in the
Philippines,one
in our area.
1. B.
arborescens Blume
{B. floridaSchauer). Balinhasay (Tag.).
A tree 5 to 10 m high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves
oblong-obovate,
acute or rounded,
base
narrowed,
8 to 25 cm
long,
somewhat crowded toward
the ends of the branches. Panicles in the
uppermost axils,
many
on each
branch, 6 to 20
cm long,
rather narrow. Flowers
very numerous,
white,
3 to 4 mm long,
the
petals
reflexed. Fruit
red, compressed,
suborbicular
to
ovoid,
7 to 10
mm long,
the
pulp
very
thin and
scanty. (Fl. Filip.pi.
63, Fagara decandra.)
In
thickets,Masambong,
San Pedro
Macati, etc.,
fl.
Feb.-June;
very
common and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya.
5. SPONDIAS Linnaeus
Deciduous
glabrous trees. Leaves pinnate, alternate, more or less
crowded at the
tips
of the branchlets. Leaflets
subopposite.
Panicles
terminal, spreading.
Flowers
small,polygamous. Calyx small,
4- or 5-fid.
Petals 4 or 5. Disk
cupular, broad,
crenate. Stamens 8 or 10 inserted
beneath the disk.
Ovary sessile,free,
4- or
5-celled;styles
4
or 5, conniving;
ovules
solitary,pendulous. Drupe fleshy;
stone
hard, thick,
1- to 5-celled,
the cells
opening by
canals
through
the
top
of the stone.
(Greek name
of
a tree.)
CELASTRACEAE
301
Species
about
5,
all
tropical,
2 in the
Philippines
of which the
following
is introduced.
*
1. S, PURPUREA L. Sirihuelas
(Tag.)- (Corruption
of
Sp.
Ciruela=
"Plum.")
A deciduous tree
usually
about 8 m high
with stout trunks and stout
spreading
branches. Leaves
pinnate,
15 to 25 cm long.
Leaflets 5 to 9
pairs, oblong-ovate, inequilateral,acuminate, thin,
5 to 7 cm long,
entire
or slightly
crenate. Flowers
solitary
or fascicled in the axils of fallen
leaves, reddish,
3 to 3.5 mm long, pedicels jointed.
Stamens
10,
5 alternating
ones longer
than the others. Fruit
subglobose,
.about 2.5 cm long,
the
pericarp fleshy,purplishoutside,
the stone
large,very
hard.
(Fl. Filip.
pi.132.)
Common
along
the
Paranaque road,
and occasional in other
places,
deciduous
and fl.
Feb.-Apr. ; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
A native
of
tropical America,
introduced into the
Philippines
at
an early
date.
77. CELASTRACEAE
(Celastrus Family)
Trees or shrubs,
often
climbing.
Leaves
opposite or alternate,simple,
petioled.
Flowers
perfect or polygamous, small,
cymose
or panicled. Calyx
small,
4-
or 5-lobed,imbricate, persistent.
Petals 4
or 5, free,
imbricate.
Stamens usually
the
same
number
as
the
petals.
Disk
prominent,
lobed
or
entire.
Ovary sessile,
free or confluent with the
disk,
3- to
5-celled,
cells
2-ovuled; style
short or none.
Fruit
a
dehiscent
capsule
with arillate
seeds, or
hard and indehiscent with
many
scattered seeds.
Genera about
38, species
450
or
more,
in most
temperate
and
tropical
regions,
8
genera
and about 12
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Inflorescence of terminal and
axillarypanicles
1. Celastrus
1. Inflorescence of
short, dichotomous, axillary cymes.
2. Fruit a dehiscent,
few-seeded
capsule
_
2. Gymnosporia
2. Fruit
many-seeded,
indehiscent 3.
Siphonodon
1. CELASTRUS Linnaeus
alternate,petioled
leaves and terminal and
axillary
panicles.
Flowers small.
Calyx
5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading.
Stamens
5,on
the
margin
of the broad disk.
Ovary
2- to
4-celled,
cells
2-ovuled,
not
immersed in the
disk; style short,
the
stigma
3-lobed. Fruit a globose or
obovoid,
1- to 3-celled,
1- to 6-seeded,
dehiscent
capsule,
the seeds
enveloped
in
a fleshy
aril.
(An
ancient Greek
name.)
Species
about
15, tropical
Asia to
Japan, Malaya
and
Australia,
and in
North
America,
1 in the
Philippines.
,
1. C.
panlculata
Willd.
A scandent shrub
reaching a length
of from 4 to 10
m,
glabrous,
the
branches
lenticellate, pendulous.
Leaves ovate to
elliptic-ovate,
5 to 12
cm
long, shortly
and
abruptly acuminate, crenate,
thin. Panicles 7 to 18 cm
long,
rather
narrow, lax,pendulous.
Flowers
numerous, greenishor
greenish-white,
Capsules
ovoid
or subglobose,
7 to 9
mm long, yellow, 3-celled,usually 3-seeded,
the
fleshy
aril
surrounding
the
seeds red.
In thickets
near Pasig,
fl.
Apr.-March; widely
India to Malaya.
302
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. GYMNOSPORIA Wight
" Arnott
Shrubs or small
trees,
often
subscandent,
branches
usually spiny.
Leaves
alternate. Flowers in
axillary cymes. Calyx
4- or 5-cleft. Petals 4 or
5, spreading.
Stamens 4 or 5,
inserted underneath the disk.
Ovary
immersed
in the
disk, usually 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled.
Capsules dehiscent,
seeds 1 or 2 in each
cell,
arillate.
(Greek
"naked" and
"seed.")
Species
60
or
more,
widely
distributed in
warm countries,a single
variable
one
in the
Philippines.
1. G.
spinosa (Blanco)
Merr. " Rolfe.
A somewhat
scandent, glabrous
the axils
usually
"with
very
small,
short
spines.
Leaves obovate to
oblong-obovate, apex
rounded,
base wedge-shaped, margins finely toothed,
5 to 10 cm
long.
Cymes small, axillary,
rather
few-flowered, slender,subumbellate,
1 to 2
cm
long.
Flowers
small, greenish-white,5-merous, the
calyx-teeth
small.
Petals
oblong,
obtuse,
3 mm long. Capsules red, subglobose,
5 to 8
mm
long,
somewhat
3-angled.
In
thickets,Masambong
to
Pasay,
fl.
Oct.-Dec; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines..
Endemic.
3. SIPHONODON Griffith
Small
glabrous
trees with
alernate, shortly petioled,slightly
crenate
axillary,subcymose,
small,
5-merous, Calyx
5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading.
Disk not distinct. Sta- mens
5,
connivent around the
pistil,
the filaments flattened.
Ovary
half-
immersed, conical,
the summit hollowed
out, stigmatose
in the
cavity;
cells
numerous
in 2 to 4
series,
each 1-ovuled. Fruit ovoid or globose,hard,
of uniform texture
throughout,
the
pulp
brittle when
dry,
the numerous
seeds scattered irregularlythrough
the
dry pulp.
Species 3,
India to
Australia,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. S. celastrineus Griff.
Matang-olang (Tag.).
Leaves
pale
when
dry, oblong, shining,
coriaceous,
base
acute,
the
petiole
less than
1
cm long.
Flowers
small,greenish,
the
petals
about 1.5 mm
long.
Fruit
globose
or ovoid,pale
when
dry, glabrous,
1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter.
In
dry
thickets
Masambong,
San Francisco del
Monte, etc.,
fl.
May;
of wide distribution in the
Philippines
at low
altitudes,
India to
Malaya.
76.
HIPPOCRATEACEAE
(Hippocratea Family)
^candent,
unarmed, usually glabrous
shrubs with
opposite,rarely
alternate,
simple,
entire or slightly
toothed leaves. Flowers
small, regular,
perfect,
in
axillaryor
terminal fascicles or
cymes.
Calyx-tube short,
the
lobes 5,
imbricate. Petals
5, free,
inserted under the
disk,imbricate,rarely
valvate. Disk
strongly developed,usually
thick and
fleshy,
lobed
or
entire.
Stamens 3, rarely 2, 4, or 5,
inserted on the
disk;
filaments
short,flattened,
free, or somewhat adnate to the
ovary,
recurved.
Ovary
surrounded
by
the
disk,3-celled;
ovules 2 to 10 in each cell. Fruit
subglobose,
baccate or
drupaceous,
1- to
3-celled,fleshy,indehiscent,or
of 3
elongated
flattened
carpels
which
are connate below,
and
usually
dehiscent. Seeds
winged or
not.
Genera
2, species
about 150 in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
2
genera
and 5 or 6 species
in the
Philippines.
304
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. CARDIOSPERMUM Linnaeus
Climbing, tendril-bearing,slender,
herbaceous vines. Leaves
alternate,
exstipulate,biternate,
the leaflets
very
coarsely
toothed
or
lobed. Inflores- cence
of
axillary,solitary,few-flowered, long-peduncled
cymes
or
racemes,
the lowest pair
of
pedicels developed
into
spiral
tendrils. Flowers
small,
irregular,polygamo-dioecious. Sepals 4, concave,
the two outer ones
small.
Petals
4,
the two
larger ones usually adhering
to the
sepals,
and with
an
emarginate
scale above the
base,
the two smaller
ones
distant from the
stamens. Stamens
8, excentric;
filaments free
or connate at the base.
Ovary 3-celled;style trifid;
ovules
solitary. Capsule inflated,loculicidal,
3-celled,3-valved,
the valves
thin, veiny.
Seeds
globose,
arillate at the
base.
(Greek
"heart" and
"seed.")
Species 11, mostly
in
tropical
America and
Africa,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. C. HALICACABUM L. Balloon Vine.
A slender herbaceous vine 1 to 3 m
in
length, more or
less
pubescent,
the stems prominently
furrowed. Leaves 5 to 9 cm long,
deltoid in
outline,
the leaflets ovate to
lanceolate,acuminate, coarsely
dentate or lobed,
1 to 5
cm long,
membranaceous. Flowers
small,white,
about 2.5 mm long.
Fruit
obovoid,
1.5 to 2.5 cm long,
somewhat
triangular
and
3-keeled,
apex
sub-
truncate. Seeds
globose,black,
with a prominent, white, heart-shaped
aril
at the base.
also sometimes found in
thickets,
fl.
Aug.-Jan.;
widely
distributed in the
introduced. Most
tropical
countries, probably a
native of India.
2. ALLOPHYLUS Linnaeus
Shrubs
or
small trees with 1- to
5-foliolate, exstipulateleaves,
the leaflets
entire or toothed. Inflorescence
axillary,
of
simple or
branched
racemes.
Flowers
small,4-merous, polygamo-dioecious, globose,greenish or yellowish-
white,
their
pedicels
short.
Sepals 4,
in
opposite pairs, hooded, thin,
imbricate,
the two outer ones
smaller than the inner
pair.
Petals 5,
the
place
of the fifth
vacant, small,
sometimes
declinate,rarely obsolete,
naked or supplied
with a shaggy
scale above the claw. Disk one-sided,
usually
with four
glands opposite
the petals.
Stamens 8, on
the
receptacle
inside the disk.
Ovary usually 2-lobed, 2-celled;
ovules
solitary.
Fruit
indehiscent,usually fleshy,
of 2
or
3
globose or obovoid, indehiscent,cocci,
the cocci
drupe-like,
seeds with
a
short thin or fleshy
aril (Greek
"another"
and
"tribe.") ^
Species 156,
in all
tropicalcountries,
about 17 in the Philippines.
1. A.
dimorphus
Hadlk.
An erect shrub 2 to 5 m high
the
younger
parts
and leaves
softlypubescent.
Leaves 3- and 5-foliolate
on
the same plants, ellipticor oblong-lanceolate
to ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate,acuminate,
base narrowed, margins
coarsely
and
irregularly serrate,
the
larger ones
up
to 12
cm
in
length,
stalked,
the lower
two,
when
present,
sessile
or subsessile,very
much
smaller than the other three. Racemes
slender, axillary,solitary,pedun-
cled,
5 to 18 cm long, many-flowered, pubescent.
Flowers about 3 mm in
diameter, greenish-white.
Fruit a single,
obovoid to subglobose
indehiscent
coccus
about 5 mm long, red,
with
scanty pulp. (Fl. Filip.pi. 260,
A.
blancoi.)
SAPINDACEAE
305
In
dry
thickets La Loma to Fort
McKinley,
fl.
June-July; widely
distributed
in Luzon and Mindoro. Endemic.
3. OTOPHORA Blume
Erect shrubs
or trees with alternate
pinnate leaves,
the basal leaflets
stipule-like.
Inflorescence
axillary
and
terminal, paniculate,
the flowers
regular, polygamous,
the
sepals
4 or 5,
concave,
imbricate. Petals 5 or 4,
smaller than the
sepals,
subauriculate at the base. Disk
complete, annulate,
crenate or entire. Stamens
usually 8,
sometimes
fewer,
inserted within
the disk.
Ovary
2- to
4-celled;
ovules 1 in each
cell;stijpna
sessile. Fruit
fleshy,
1- to
4-celled,indehiscent,
the seeds arillate.
(Greek
"ear" and "to
bear,"
allusion to the two lower
stipule-likeleaflets.)
Species
about
15, Malay
Peninsula and
Archipelago,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. O. fruticosa Blume. Balinaunau
(Tag.)-
An erect
glabrous
the
leaflets
oblong
to
oblong-lanceolate,acute or
acuminate, entire,
8 to 25
cm
long,
the basal 2 ovate to
orbicular,stipule-like,
1 to 4 cm in diameter.
Panicles
purple, lax,
15 to 40
cm long,
the flowers
racemosely arranged,
male and
perfect
flowers in the
same panicle.
Flowers
dark-purple,
about
7 mm
in
diameter,
the anthers
yellow.
Fruit
red, subglobose to ellipsoid
or obovoid,
8 to 13 mm long. (Fl. Filip.pi.110, Otolepis nigrescens.)
In
thickets, Singalon, Pasay, etc., occasional,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.; widely
distributed in the
4. EUPHORIA Commerson
Trees with
alternate, exstipulate,simply pinnate leaves,
the leaflets
entire,usually glaucous
beneath. Inflorescence terminal and
axillary,paniculate.
Flowers
reg-ular,polygamous. Calyx deeply 5-cleft,pubescent,
lobes imbricate. Petals
5, spatulate
to
lanceolate,hairy
within. Disk
pubescent.
Stamens
usually 8, about as long as the
petals,
inserted within
the disk.
Ovary 2-,rarely 3-lobed,
2- or
3-celled,verrucose;
ovules
solitary;
style
2- or 3-lobed,
erect. Fruit
ellipsoid
to
globose,
of a single
indehiscent
coccus,
verrucose or echinate,
the
pericarp
crustaceous. Seed surrounded
by a fleshy,usually
edible aril.
(Greek
"well" and "to
bear.")
Species
about
6, tropical
Asia to
Malaya,
3 in the
Philippines.
*
1. E. LONGANA Lam.
{Nephelium longana Camb.). Guin-guin (Tag.).
A
tree 8 to 12 m high,
the
young
branchlets
rusty-pubescent.
Leaves 17
to 25 cm long;
leaflets
subopposite, or alternate,
6 to
10, oblong
to lanceolate,
coriaceous,glabrous or nearly so, usually obtuse,
base somewhat
inequilateral,acute or obtuse,
6 to 15 cm long.
Panicles terminal and
axillary,rusty pubescent,many-flowered,
up
to*
15
cm long.
Flowers
yellowish-white,
4 to 5
mm
in diameter. Fruit reddish or purple
when
mature,
globose,
1 to 2 cm
in
diameter,
the tubercles
rugose
or smooth. Aril
pulpy,
edible.
Rarely cultivated,Malate, opposite
San Pedro Macati
etc.,
said to flower
very rarely, Feb.-Apr. Extensively cultivated,
India to southern China.
The
very common, endemic. Euphoria
cinerea
(Turcz.) Radlk., widely
known
as alupag,
is found
throughout
the
Philippines,
but does not occur
in our area.
111555 " 20
306
A FLORA OF MANILA
5. GUIOA Cavanilles
Shrubs or trees with alternate
pinnate leaves;
leaflets not
exceeding 10,
entire,mostly abruptly pinnate, opposite,subopposite,or alternate. Pani- cles
axillary
and
subterminal, ample, many-flowered.
Flowers
nearly
regular,
polygamo-dioecious. Sepals
4 or
5,
free or somewhat united at the
base,
rounded,
concave, imbricate,
in two rows. Petals
as
many
as
the
sepals,
with 2 scales at the base inside. Disk
annular,
entire
or interrupted.
Stamens
8,
inserted within the disk.
Ovary 3-angled, 3-celled,
obovoid to
obcordate;
ovules
solitary.
Fruit
capsular, obovoid, 3-celled,3-winged,
loculicidally
3-valved. Seeds more or less
compressed,
arillate.
(In
honor
of J. Guio
y Sanchez, an artist
on the
Malaspina Expedition.)
Species
about
35,
India to southern
China,
Polynesia,
10 in the
Philippines.
1. G.
perrottetii (Blume)
Radlk. Salab
(Tag.).
A small tree 5 to 10 m
high, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 14 to
25 cm
long,
alternate. Leaflets 4 to 8, subalternate,lanceolate,
to
oblong-
lanceolate,straight or somewhat
falcate,
6 to 12 cm
long,
apex
somewhat
7 to 12 cm long,
the flowers
numei'ous, subracemosely disposed on the
elongated
branches. Flowers
white,
about 5 mm in
diameter, sepals
and
petals
ciliate on the
margins.
Capsules red, stipitate,broadly obovate,
apex
retuse,
about 1.5
cm wide,
consisting
of three
spreading,
rounded lobes.
In thickets
Masambong,
fl.
Dec-Jan.; widely
Endemic.
6. ARYTERA Blume
Shrubs
or trees with alternate
pinnate leaves,
the leaflets
few, entire,
the axils of the
nerves
beneath
usually glandular.
Panicles
axillary
and
terminal,many-flowered.
Flowers small. Petals
5, usually
with two scales
at the base inside. Disk annular. Stamens
8,
exserted.
Ovary
2- or 3-
celled,usually
lobed.
Capsules dehiscent,
of 1 to 3
ellipsoidlobes, or
angled.
Seeds
entirely
or
nearly
sorrounded
by
the aril.
(Greek
"a small
bowl.")
Species
about
20,
India to
China,
Polynesia,
2
or
1. A. litoralis Blume. Alasan
(Tag,).
A shrub or
tree,
4 to 10
m high, glabrous except
the
younger parts
and
inflorescence. Leaves 20 to 30 cm long;
leaflets 3 to 6, subopposite or
alternate;oblong-ovate
to
broadly lanceolate,entire,acuminate,
base
acute,
8 to 18 cm long,
with
prominent glands
in the axils on the lower surface.
Panicles
axillary
and
terminal, rusty-pubescent,
10 to 14
cm long, many-
flowered. Flowers
yellowish-white,
somewhat
fragrant,
2 to 3 mm in
diameter.
Capsule usually
of 2,
sometimes
only 1, orange-yellow, ellipsoid
to
oblong
lobes about 1.5
cm long, ultimately splitting
down one side;
seed
nearly
covered
by
the aril.
In
dry
thickets
opposite Guadalupe,
fl.
Apr.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
China,
southward to
Malaya.
80. BALSAMINACEAE
(Balsam
or Camantigui Family)
Erect, succulent,
more or less branched herbs. Leaves
opposite,
alternate,
or
somewhat
whorled, simple, exstipulate.
Flowers irregular,
per-
RHAMNACEAE
307
feet,
rather
large
and
showy, on axillaryor terminal,
1- to several-flowered
peduncles. Sepals 3, imbricate,
the
posterior
one
lai'ge,petaloid,produced
into a
hollow sack
or
spur,
the 2 anterior ones small,
green.
Petals 3
or
5,
the lateral ones 2-lobed. Stamens
5;
filaments
short, broad;
anthers
cohering.
Disk none.
Ovary oblong, 5-celled;stigma sessile,5-toothed;
ovules
many.
Fruit
a loculicidal
capsule,
valves
springing elastically
away
from the axis. Seeds smooth or tubercled,
small.
A
singlegenus
of over
350
species,very
numerous in the mountains of
tropical
Asia and
Africa,
few in
temperate Europe,
North America, etc.,
about 25
species
known from the
Philippines,a single
introduced one in
our area.
1. IM RATI ENS Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family. (Latin "impatient"
because of the elastically
dehiscent
capsules.)
1. L BALSAMINA L. Camantigui (Tag.)
;
Balsamina
(Sp.)
;
Balsam.
An
erect, succulent,
branched herb 1 m
high
or less. Leaves
glabrous
or
somewhat
pubescent,
3 to 5 cm
long,narrowly lanceolate, or oblanceolate,
acuminate, deeply serrate, alternate;petiolesglandular.
Flowers
axillary,
showy,
2 to 3 cm long,usually pink,
but forms with
white, red,purple,
and
variegated petals
found in
cultivation,
the
spur
long,
slender. Fruit
pubescent. (Fl.Filip.pi.i24.)
A
common and variable
garden plant,
purposes,
fl.
year,
extensively
cultivated in the
Philippines,occasionally
subspontaneous.
A native of British
India,now
found in cultivation
in most warm
and
tropical
countries.
81. RHAMNACEAE
(Buckthorn or Ligaa Family)
Erect trees or
shrubs or scandent shrubs
(in
Gouania tendril-bearing),
often
spiny.
Leaves
simple, alternate, mostly
3- to 5-nerved,
the
stipules
small,
often transformed into
prickles.
Flowers
perfect
or polygamous,
small,
in
axillaryor
terminal
cymes,
fascicles,racemes,
or panicles. Calyx
4- or 5-fid,
the lobes
triangular,
erect
or recurved, usually
keeled on the
inside. Petals 4 or 5, rarely none,
hooded or involute, usually
shorter than
the
calyx-lobes,
inserted on the throat of the
calyx.
Stamens 4 or
5,
inserted with the petals
and
opposite
them. Disk
fleshy,filling
the calyx-
tube or thin and
lining it,
entire or
lobed.
Ovary sessile,
free
or
immersed
in the disk,
2- to 4-celled. Fruit a capsule
or a dry or fleshy
drupe,
1- to 4-celled,
free or
by
the
calyx-tube.
Genera
51, speciesnearly 500,
of wide
temperate
and
tropical
distribution,
8
genera
and 20
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Trees or shrubs;
fruit
an
indehiscent
dry or fleshydrupe,
the stone 1- to
4-celled
1.
Zizyphus
1. Scandent
shrubs;
fruit a
dehiscent,
3-celled,
3-seeded
capsule.
2. Fruit inferior,
crov?ned
by
the
calyx, 3-angled or 3-winged;
flowers
fascicled,
on elongated simple
or paniculatespikes or racemes.
2. Gouania
2. Fruit
superior,
globose;
flowers in short axillary
cymes....
3. Colubrina
1. ZIZYPHUS Adanson
Trees or shrubs,
sometimes with
pendulous branches, or scandent,
frequently
armed with
stout, large
or small
spines.
Leaves somewhat 2-
308
A
FLORA OF MANILA
ranked, alternate, prominently 3-nerved, nerves sometimes
more
numerous,
entire or
toothed.
Cymes axillary, peduncled.
Flowers
small, perfect.
Calyx 5-fid,
the lobes
spreading or reflexed. Disk
lobed, flat,or pitted,
the margin
free. Stamens 5.
Ovary
2- or 4-celled, sunk in the disk
and confluent with it at the base.
Styles
2
or 4, free or more or less
united. Fruit
drupe-like, pulp fleshy or dry, the stone 1 to
4-celled,
1- to
4-seeded. (From Sisyphus, a fabulous
king
of
Corinth.)
Species
about 45 in
temperate
and
tropical regions
of both
hemispheres,
about 8 in the
Philippines.
1.
Cymes
sessile
or subsessile,
leaves
pale beneath;
fruit
fleshy,
edible.
1. Z. jujuba
1.
Cymes peduncled.
2. Leaves
very
strongly inequilateralat the base
;
drupe glabrous,
the stone
4-celled 2. Z. trinervia
2. Leaves
equilateral or slightly inequilateral
at the
base; drupe rusty-
pubescent,
the stone 2-celled 3. Z. zonulata
1. Z.
JUJUBA Mill.
Manzanas,
Manzanitas
(Sp.-Fil.).
A small tree 5 to 19
m high,
the branches armed with short sharp
spines.
Leaves
elliptic-ovate,rounded,
green
and
glabrous on the
upper
surface,
beneath
densely woolly-tomentoSe
with
pale hairs,
5 to 8
cm long,
3 to 5 cm wide.
Cymes
sessile or subsessile,axillary,pubescent,
3 cm in
diameter or less. Flowers greenish-white, about 7 mm in diameter. Petals
subspatulate,
concave,
reflexed.
Ovary
2-celled. Fruit
fleshy,
ovoid or
subglobose,
1.5 to 2
cm
in
diameter,
edible.
(Fl. Filip. pi. 57.)
Occasional in
gardens
and
along roadsides, introduced,
fl.
July-Sept.
Asia
now distributed from
Affghanistan
to
China,
through Malaya
to
Australia,
often in cultivation
only.
2. Z. trinervia
(Cav.)
Poir.
Duclap (Tag.).
An erect shrub or small
tree, frequently
with
pendudous branches, rusty-
pubescent,
the trunk with
large pyramidal spines. Leaves densely pubescent,
ovate,
5 to 10
cm long,
acute or acuminate,
base
very
strongly inequilateral.
Cymes short, axillary, solitary, peduncled, pubescent.
Flowers
greenish-white or greenish-yellow,
about 4 mm
in diameter. Fruit
globose,
glabrous,
1 to 1.5
cm
in
diameter,
green,
the
pulp
rather
hard,
the stone
bony,
4-celled.
(Fl. Filip.pi. US3,
Z.
lotus.)
In
thickets, dry
hills near the
city,
fl. June-Nov.
;
common and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
3. Z. zonulata Blanco.
Ligaa (Tag.).
A
tree,
sometimes
reaching a height of 25
m, more or less
rusty-pubescent,
the trunk with
large pyramidal spines.
Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate,
acuminate,
base rounded or subcordate, equilateral or slightlyinequilateral,
pubescent,
in
age
often
becoming glabrous or nearly so,
8 to 15
cm long.
Cymes axillary,peduncled, pubescent,
up
to 5 cm long.
Flowers greenish-
yellow, fragrant,
5 to 6
mm
in diameter. Fruit
globose,
1.5 to 2 cm
in
diameter, rusty-pubescent,
the
pericarp
much wrinkled when
dry,
the
bony
stone 2-celled.
Old botanical
garden,
fl.
Sept.-Nov.
;
widely
distributed in the Philippines.
Endemic.
VITACEAE
309
2. GOUANIA Linnaeus
Unarmed
climbing shrubs with alternate leaves. Flowers
polygamous
in
spikes or spike-likeracemes,
the rachis often tendril-
bearing
at or near the base. Flowers small.
Calyx superior, 5-fid,
the tube
short,
obconic. Petals
5,
inserted below the
margin
of the
disk,
hooded.
Stamens
5,
enfolded
by
the
petals.
Disk
filling
the
calyx-tube, 5-angled.
Ovary
sunk in the
disk, 3-celled;style
3-cleft. Fruit
an inferior,
coriaceous,
dehiscent
capsule,
crowned
by
the
persistent calyx-limb, 3-angled or
3-winged. (In
honor of A.
Gouan, a
French
botanist.)
Species between 30 and
40, chiefly
in
tropical America,
few in
Africa,
Asia,
and
Malaya,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. G.
microcarpa
DC. Litiran
(Tag.).
A scandent
shrub,
the
younger
parts
and inflorescence
pubescent.
Stems
slender. Leaves
ovate, acuminate,
base broad and rounded or subcordate,
margins nearly
entire or
crenate-serrate,
terminal
and
axillary,slender, pubescent,
up
to 20 cm in
length,
the rachis
usually
cirrhose near the
base,
the flowers crowded in
scattered,
often short-
peduncled
heads or clusters. Flowers
white,
about 2
mm long, pubescent
outside. Fruit about 5 mm long, 3-angled, angles slightlywinged, glabrous
or nearly so.
In
fl. Dec.-Feb.
;
widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
India to
Malaya.
3. COLUBRINA
L. C. Richard
Erect or climbing
shrubs with
alternate,toothed,
3-nerved leaves.
Cymes
axillary,
short. Flowers
small, perfect, regular. Calyx
5-toothed
or lobed,
the tube
short,
broad. Petals
5, clawed, hooded,
inserted on
the
margin
of the disk. Stamens 5. Disk
fleshy,filling
the
calyx-tube. Ovary 3-celled,
sunk in the disk and confluent with
it; style
3-cleft. Fruit
a tardily
dehiscent, globose, 3-celled,
3-seeded
capsule,
surrounded below with the
accrescent
calyx-tube. (Latin
"snake" from the fancied resemblance of
the
twining
stems of some species.)
Species
about
15, chiefly
in
tropicalAmerica,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. C. asiatica
(L.) Brongn.
Cabatiti
(Tag.).
A scandent
glabrous
shrub
reaching a height
of 6 m. Leaves
shining,
ovate, acuminate,
base
rounded, margins crenate-serrate,
5 to 9 cm long,
2 to 6
cm wide,
3-nerved from the base.
Cymes axillary,short,
1
cm long
or less,
shorter than the
petioles.
Flowers
pedicelled, yellowish-green,
about 4
mm in diameter. Fruit
subglobose,
7 to 9 mm in
diameter,
by
the
calyx, tardily dehiscent,crustaceous,
3-seeded.
In thickets
along
the
beach, Pasay,
fl.
May- Aug.; throughout
the
Philip- pines
near the seashore. India to
Malaya
and
Australia,
and in southern
Africa.
82. VITACEAE
(Grafe OR
Ayo
FAMILY)
Erect
shrubs, or vines
climbing by means of
tendrils,
the stems
cylindric,
angled, or compressed.
Leaves
alternate, simple
and toothed
or lobed,
digitatelyor pedately
3- to
9-foliolate,or
1- to
3-pinnate.
Flowers
regular.
310
A FLORA OP MANILA
perfect or unisexual,
cymose,
the
cymes umbellately,paniculately,or race-
mosely arranged. Calyx small, entire,or 4- or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or
5,
free or
cohering,
valvate. Stamens 4
or 5, opposite
the
petals,
inserted
at the base of the disk
or between its
lobes;
anthers free or
connate,
extrorse. Disk free or connate with the stamens or
ovary. Ovary
2- to
6-celled;style
short
or
none;
ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit a 1- to
6-celled
berry.
Genera 12 or
more, species more than
500,
in all
parts
of the
world,
6
genera
and about 40
species
in the
Philippines.
1.
Tendril-bearing
vines with
simple, pedately, or palmately compound
leaves.
2.
Stigma 4-lobed;
leaves
(in our species)
5-foliolate 1.
Tetrastigma
2.
Stigma entire,small;
leaves
(in our species) simple or
3-foliolate.
2. Cissus
1. Erect shrubs
or
small trees without
tendrils,
the leaves
large,pinnately
compound
"
3. Leea
1.
TETRASTIGMA Planchon
Climbing, more or
less
woody vines,tendril-bearing,
the leaves
usually
pedately5-foliolate,
sometimes 3- or 1-foliolate. Flowers
small, 4-merous,
polygamo-dioecious,
in
axillarycorymbose
cymes,
usuallypuberulent.
Petals
4, usually
mucronate near
the
apex,
spreading
in flower. Disk adnate to
the base of the
ovary. Ovary 2-celled,
the cells
2-ovuled; style
very
short;
stigma usually
4-lobed. Fruit a fleshy,
2- to 4-seeded
berry. (Greek
"four" and "stigma.")
Species
about 45 in the
Indo-Malayan region,5 or 6 in the
Philippines.
1. T. harmandii Planch.
Ayo (Tag.).
A vine reaching
a length
of 10
m,
the stems somewhat
compressed, woody,
rough,
1 to 2.5 cm
in diameter. Tendrils
simple.
Leaves
mostly pedately
5-foliolate,
some 3-foliolate and
some rarely
7-foliolate on the same
plant.
Leaflets
elliptic-oblong, acuminate, distantly toothed, shining, glabrous,
5
to 12 cm long.
Inflorescence
cymose
axillary,solitary,short-peduncled,
puberulent,
4 to 10 cm long
and wide. Flowers
pale-green,faintlyfragrant,
numerous,
umbellately disposed on
the ultimate
branchlets,short-pedicelled.
Calyx
very
small. Petals
4, oblong,
about 3.5 mm long, puberulent
on the
back. Fruit
globose,fleshy,glabrous. (Fl. Filip.pi.
89
8,
Cissus
pedata.)
In
dry
thickets La Loma to
Pasay,
sometimes
cultivated,
fl.
Feb.-Apr.;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Indo-China.
2. CISSUS Linnaeus
Climbing, suffrutescent,herbaceous,
or somewhat
woody, tendril-bearing
vines,
with
simple, or
Cymes corymbose, usually
leaf-opposed.
Flowers
perfect,
4-merous. Petals
4, spreading
in
flower,
rarely
adnate and
falling
as a
whole. Disk
4-lobed,
adnate to the base of
the
ovary.
Ovary 2-celled,
the cells
usually 2-ovuled; style subulate;
stigma entire;
fruit a fleshy
1- to 4-seeded
berry. (The
Greek name
for
the
ivy.)
Species
about 220 in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
about 15 in the
Philippines.
1. Leaves simple.
2. Stems
thick,fleshy,sharply 4-angled
1. C.
guadrangularia
2. Stems terete.
312
A FLORA OF MANILA
LEEA Linnaeus
Shrubs or small trees with
alternate,large,
1- to
4-pinnate rarely simple
leaves,
the
petiole
dilated and
sheathing at the
base;
leaflets ovate to
oblong-lanceolate,
toothed. Inflorescence
opposite
the
upper leaves,corym-
bosely cymose,
often
very
large.
Flowers
red,yellow,or
green. Calyx 5-,
rarely
4-toothed. Petals as
many
as
the
calyx-teeth,connate below and
adhering
to the
staminal-tube,
free
parts
revolute. Stamens united at the
base into
a 5-toothed
tube,
the filaments inserted between the
teeth,
inflexed;
anthers free and
exserted, or connate and included.
Ovary
3-
to
6-celled;
cells 1-ovuled. Fruit a 3- to 6-celled and
seeded,
succulent or
rather
dry, subglobose berry. (In
honor of J. Lee, a Scotch
horticulturist.)
Species
about 50, tropicalAsia, Africa,
and
Malaya,
few in
Australia,
about 14 in the
Philippines.
1. Leea maniilensis
Walp.
Caliantan
(Tag.);
Amamali
(Vis.).
A shrub or small tree 3 to 6 m high, glabi'ousor
nearly
so. Leaves
50 to 80 cm long,
3- or
4-pinnately compound,
the rachis and branches
somewhat
jointed;
leaflets
elliptic-ovateto
6 to 15 cm long, sharply serrate. Inflorescence
large,red,
of dichotomous
corymbose
cymes, many-flowered,
up
to 50 cm in diameter. Flowers 5-
merous,
about 3 mm
long,
few
opening
at a time,
the
pedicels
and
calyx
red,
the
petalspale-yellow.
Fruit
dark-red, depressed-globose,
about 8 mm
in diameter.'
(Fl.Filip.pi.60,
L.
scunbucina.)
In
thickets,Pasay, Guadalupe, etc.,
fl.
Apr.-June; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
Endemic.
83. TILIACEAE
(Linden or Anilao
Family)
Herbs,
erect or scandent
shrubs, or trees. Leaves
alternate, simple,
entire,toothed, or lobed. Inflorescence
axillary
or terminal,
the flowers
solitary,fascicled,umbellate,
cymose,
or panicled.
Flowers
regular,perfect.
Sepals
3 to
5, free,
valvate. Petals as
many
as the
sepals,rarely
absent.
Stamens
mostly
numerous, springing
from a dilated torus or disk.
Ovary
superior,free,
2- to 10-celled. Fruit
fleshy
or
dry,
dehiscent or indehiscent,
1- to
many-seeded.
Genera about
36, species
about 400,
in most parts
of the
world,
but
chiefly
tropical,
11
genera
and about 45
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Shrubs or
trees,
sometimes
climbing;
fruit indehiscent.
2. Flowers
fascicled,umbellate, or paniculate;
fruit a fleshy or fibrous
drupe
1. Grewia
2. Flowers
paniculate;
fruit a 3- to
5-winged capsule
2. Columbia
2. Flowers
solitaryor in
pairs;
fruit a fleshy,many-seeded berry.
3. Hunting
ia
1. Suffrutescent herbs or undershrubs;
fruit
dry,
dehiscent.
2.
Capsules prickly
4.
Triumfetta
2.
Capsules
not
prickly
5. Corchorus
1. GREWIA Linnaeus
Erect or scandent shrubs or trees, more or
less
stellate-pubescent.
Leaves toothed or entire,
base 3-nerved or nerves
often more numerous.
Flowers
axillary,
fascicled or umbelled, or sometimes in terminal
panicles.
Sepals 5,
free. Petals
'5,glandular
at the
base, sometimes wanting.
Sta- mens
many,
on a raised torus.
Ovary
2- to 4-celled.
Drupe fleshy or
TILIACEAE
313
fibrous,
entire or 2- to 4-lobed.
(In
honor of Dr. N. Grew, an English
physician
and botanists
Species
70 or
more, tropics
of the Old
World,
about 20 in the
Philippines,
one in our area.
1. G. multiflora Juss.
Danglin (Tag.)-
A shrub
or
small tree 3 to 8 m high, glabrous
or
nearly so.
Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
elliptic-ovate,
4 to 14 cm long,
2.5 to 5 cm wide,
often
somewhat
inequilateral,
base
usually rounded, 3-nerved,
apex
acuminate,
margins
crenate-serrate.
Inflorescence of
small, axillary,solitaryumbels,
the
peduncles longer
then the
petioles,
each with from 2 to 7 flowers.
Buds
globose
or ovoid. Flowers about 1 cm in
diameter, greenish-yellow.
Sepals pubescent outside,
much
longer
than the
petals.
Fruit
obovoid,
about 6 mm
long.
In
thickets,
San Juan, Guadalupe, etc.,
fl.
Sept.-Dec; throughout
the
Philippines.
India to Africa,
and
Malaya.
2. COLUMBIA Persoon
simple,usually oblique
leaves. Flowers in terminal
panicles. Sepals 5, distinct. Petals 5, glandular
at the base. Stamens
many, free,
inserted on a raised torus.
Ovary
3- to
5-celled,
the cells 2-
to 4-ovuled; style subulate,
entire.
Capsule
rounded to
obovoid,
3- to 5-
winged, ultimately splitting
into 3 to 5
1-seeded,
indehiscent cocci.
(In
honor of
Christopher Columbus,
discoverer of
America.)
Species
about
18, tropical
Asia and
Malaya,
about 10 in the
Philippines.
1. C. serratifolia
(Cav.)
Pers. Anilao
(Tag.).
the branches and inflorescence
hirsute. Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
10 to 20 cm
long,
base
very
oblique,margins coarsely
or
finelyserrate,
the
upper
surface
becoming nearly glabrous,
the lower surface
pale,
rather
densely
pubescent
and hirsute. Panicles terminal and in the
upper
axils,many-
flowered,
10 to 30 cm long.
Flowers
clustered,
6 to 7 mm long. Sepals
pubescent.
Petals
pink
and
yellowish or
reddish.
Capsules
about 1
cm
long,
broader than
long,
3- or 4-winged. (Fl. Filip.pi.272,
C.
anilao.)
In thickets near San Francisco del
Monte,
fl.
May-July; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
3. MUNTINGIA
Linnaeus'
A
stellate-pubescent
tree with
alternate,toothed,inequilateral,
distichous
leaves. Flowers
white, solitary
or in
pairs,
their
pedicels
inserted
just
above the leaf-axils.
Sepals 5, lanceolate,
valvate. Petals
entire,
obovate.
Stamens
indefinite, free,
inserted on an annular
subperigynous
disk.
Ovary
5- to 7-celled, ovoid,
surrounded
by a dense
ring
of white hairs.
Stigma
sub-
sessile, thick,
sulcate-lobed. Fruit a fleshy,globose,many-seeded berry. (In
honor of A.
Munting, a Dutch
botanist.)
A
singlespecies
in Mexico and South America.
1. M. CALABURA L.
Datiles,
Ratiles
(Tag., corruption
of
Sp.
datil=z
da.te.)
A tree 5 to 10 m high, viscid-pubescent
with stellate
hairs,
the branches
spreading.
Leaves
alternate,distichous,oblong-ovate
to
broadly oblong-
lanceolate,
8 to 13 cm long, acuminate, toothed,
base
inequilateral,one side
*
Placed in the
Elaeocarpaceae
in the "Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien."
314
A
FLORA OF MANILA
rounded,
the other
acute; stipulesslender,hairy, short,
deciduous. Flowers
2 cm
in
diameter, white, extra-axillary,solitaryor in
pairs,
their
pedicels
erect,
1.5 to 2.5 cm long. Sepals 5,
green,
reflexed,lanceolate,long-acuminate,
1 cm
long.
Petals
obovate, deciduous, 1 cm long, spreading.
Stamens
many.
Fruit a globose, red, smooth,
very
fleshy,sweet
berry,
about 1.5
cm in
diameter,
filledwith
very numerous,
small seeds.
(Fl. Filip.pi.U25.S
Common in and about
Manila,
fl. all the
year.
America,
introduced here and
naturalized;
also introduced in Slam. The
very
sweet fruits are much eaten
by
children.
4. TRIUMFETTA Linnaeus
Erect
or
prostrate
branched herbs or undershrubs, more or less stellate-
pubescent.
Leaves
toothed, simple or lobed. Flowers
yellow,
in dense
axillary
cymes
or fascicles.
Sepals
and
petals 5,
free. Stamens 5 to
35,
springing
from a lobed torus.
Ovary
2- to
5-celled,
cells 2-ovuled.
Cap- sule
globose,
covered with short
or long,
often hooked
spines,
dehiscent or
indehiscent.
(In
honor of G. B.
Trionfetti,
and Italian
botanist.)
A
genus
of about 40
species
of wide
about 6 in the
Philippines,
two in
our area.
Inflorescence rather
dense; spines
of the fruits
glabrous
....
1. T. bartramia
Inflorescence rather
lax; spines
of the fruits with reflexed hairs.
2. T. semitriloba
1. T. BARTRAMIA L.
(T.
rhomboidea
Jacq.).
Calot-calotan
(Tag.).
An
erect, more or less
hairy, branched, annual,
often suffrutescent
herb,
0.5 to 1.5 m high.
Leaves
variable,usually
orbicular
or rhomboid-ovate,
base
rounded,
apex
3-lobed,denticulate,
the
upper
ones much
reduced, oblong
to
ovate-lanceolate,
not lobed.
"
Flowers
yellow,
about 6
mm long,
numerous,
in rather dense
axillary
fascicles. Fruit
small, globose,pubescent,
covered
with hooked
spines,
the
spines glabrous.
In waste lands,
fl.
Oct.-Feb.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
but
undoubtedly
introduced here.
and
Malaya.
2. T. SEMITRILOBA
Jacq.
Calot-calotan
(Tag.).
An
erect, branched,
suffrutescent or
shrubby plant,
1 to 2 m high, more
or
less
stellate-pubescent.
Leaves 3 to 10 cm
long, broadly
ovate to
ovate,
or the
upper
ones oblong,
base
usually broad, rounded, or
of the
upper
ones
acute, subentire,
or slightly
3-lobed in the
upper
part, margins
toothed.
Flowers
yellow,
in rather lax
axillary clusters,
the buds
oblong,
up
to 9
mm long. Sepals apiculate.
Fruits
globose,
7 to 8 mm in
diameter,
pubescent,
covered with hooked
spines,
the
spines
with
scattered,
reflexed
hairs.
In
open dry lands, thickets,etc.,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
but
undoubtedly
introduced here.
Tropics generally.
5. CORCHORUS
Linnaeus
Erect or spreading, branched,
often suffrutescent
herbs, nearly glabrous
or more or
less
stellate-pubescent.
Leaves simple,
with
usually
2
short,
tail-like
appendages
at the base. Flowers
small, yellow, axillary. Sepals
and
petals
4 or 5. Stamens
usually many,
springing
from a short torus.
Ovary
2- to 6-celled.
Capsule elongated or subglobose,
loculicidally
2- to
5-valved.
(An
old Greek
name
for some
bitter
plant.)
MALVACEAE
315
Species
about
35, mostly widely
distributed in the
tropics,
1.
Capsule globose,not beaked
_ ^
1. C.
capsularia
1.
Capsule elongated,
beaked.
2.
Capsule
6- to 8-ribbed or winged,
beak 3-fid 2. C.
acutangulus
2.
Capsule cylindric,10-ribbed,
beak entire 3. C. olitorius
1. C. CAPSULARis L.
Pasao,
Pasao na bilog (Tag.) ;
Jute.
An
erect, branched, glabrous,
annual
herb,
1 to 2
m high,
the stems
usually purplish.
Leaves
ovate-lanceolate,
5 to 12 cm long, slenderly
acuminate,
base
rounded, tailed,margins sharply serrate; stipules linear,
5 to 8
mm long.
Flowers
axillary,
few in each
axil,
about 4 mm long,
the
sepals
often
purplish,
the
petals yellow. Capsules globose
to
globose-
obovoid,
about 1 cm in
diameter, longitudinallyridged, prominently
rugose,
muricate,
5-valved.
In
open,
low
grass
lands and waste
places,
fl.
Oct.-Jan.,
but never cultivated
here; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
but
probably
introduced.
A native of
India,now
wild
or
cultivated in
many
other
tropical
countries.
2. C.
ACUTANGULUS
Lam.
A
low, diffuselybranched, suffrutescent
annual, usually
less than 0.5
m
high,
the branches
elongated,
often
spreading along
the surface of the
ground,
the stems
reddish-brown,
somewhat
hairy.
Leaves
oblong-ovate,
finely toothed, acute,
base rounded or slightly cordate, usually
2-tailed.
Flowers
axillary,yellow,
about 5 mm long. Capsule
2 to 3 cm
long,
4 to 6
mm thick, narrowly oblong, prominently longitudinally
6- to
8-ridged
or
winged,
apex
with 3 or
4,
erect or
divergent
beaks.
(Fl. Filip.pi. HI.)
In
open
waste
places,
fl.
the
Philippines,
but
probably
introduced.
Tropical
Asia to
Malaya
and
Africa;
also in the West
Indies.
3. C. OLITORIUS L.
Tagabang,
Pasao
(Tag.) ;
Jute.
An
erect, branched, glabrous or nearly glabrous
suffrutescent
annual, 1
to 1.5 m high.
Leaves
ovate-lanceolate,
5 to 12 cm
long, acuminate,
base
tailed, margins
toothed. Flowers
axillary,
about 6 mm
long,
the
petals
yellow. Capsules elongated, cylindric,10-ribbed,
3 to 3.5 cm
long,
3-
or
6-valved,
valves with transverse
partitions
between the
seeds,
beaked.
In
open,
usually damp or wet
lands,
fl.
Oct.-Jan.; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines,
but
probably
India, now
found in
most
tropical
countries.
84. MALVACEAE
(Hibiscus or Gomamela
Family)
Herbs, shrubs, or
trees, rarely
scandent. Leaves
simple, alternate,
and
with the herbaceous
parts
often
stellate-pubescent;stipulesfree,
sometimes
caducous. Bracteoles 3 or
more,
whorled at the base of the
calyx, or
wanting.
Flowers
axillaryor terminal,solitaryor panicled,regular,perfect.
Sepals 5,
free
or connate. Petals 5. Stamens
many, rarely few,
the
filaments connate into a staminal-tube which is
more or less adnate to the
base of the
petals,
the anthers' various.
Ovary
2- to
many-celled,
entire
or lobed,
of 2 to 5 or more
carpels arranged
in a whorl around a central
axis. Fruit of
dry
cocci
separating
from the
axis, or capsular
and locu-
licidal.
316
A FLORA OF MANILA
Genera 33, species
about 725 of wide
tropical
and
temperate distribution,
11
genera
and 40
species
in the
Philippines,
1. Fruit
composed
of
carpelsseparating
from the central axis when mature.
2.
Styles
as
many
as the
carpels.
3. Ovules
solitary;
corolla less than 1.5 cm in diameter.
4.
Carpels
with 3 short
spines;
ovules
ascending
1. Malvastrum
4.
Carpels
with 2 awns or awnless;
ovules
pendulous
2. Sida
3. Ovules 2 or more
_
3. Abutil'on
2.
Styles
or branches of the
stigmas
twice as
many
as
the
carpels.
3. Flowers
fascicled,axillary;coarse erect herbs 4. Malachra
3. Flowers
solitary.
4. Bracteoles
5; fruit of 5
spiny carpels
5. Urena
4. Bracteoles
more than
5;
flowers
red; carpels
connate into a somewhat
fleshyfruit;
cultivated
only
6. Malvaviscus
1. Fruit
capsular,dehiscent,or subindehiscent.
2.
Stigmas spreading.
3. Cells of
ovary
1-ovuled; spreading
herbs. 7.
Kosteletzkya
3. Cells of the
ovary
2- to
many-ovuled
;
erect
herbs,or shrubs
or
trees.
4.
Calyx spathe-like,splitting
down
one side and
circumscissly
deciduous
8. Abelmoschus
4.
Calyx regularly lobed,persistent
9. Hibiscus
2.
Stigmas
coherent in
a club-shaped mass.
3. Bracteoles 3 to
5,
small 10.
Thespesia
3. Bracteoles
3,
very
large
11.
Gossypium
1. MALVASTRUM A.
Gray
Herbs or undershrubs,
the leaves toothed. Flowers
yellow,axillary
and
terminal.
Calyx cup-shaped, 5-parted.
Petals
longer
than the
sepals.
Staminal-tube
anther-bearing
at the
summit,
with no sterile
teeth;
anthers
numerous.
Ovary
5-celled or
more;
styles
as
many
as
the
carpels. Ripe
carpels separating
from the short
torus, indehiscent,1-seeded,
beaked or
not
(From
Malva another
genus
of the
family.)
Species
about
60,
all American and South
African,
2 widely
distributed
as weeds,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. M. COROMANDELINUM
(L.)
Garcke
(M. tricuspidatum
A.
Gray). Quina-
lumpang (Tag.).
An
erect,
somewhat
hairy, branched, suffrutescent,perennial plant
1
m
high or
less. Leaves
oblong
to ovate-lanceolate,obtuse,
base
usually
rounded, irregularlytoothed,
2 to 5 cm long.
Flowers
axillary
and terminal.
Calyx
green,
about 7 mm
long,
the lobes
lanceolate,
acuminate. Corolla
yellow,
the
petals
about 8 mm long.
Fruit
consisting
of from 8 to 12,
reniform, compressed,
hirsute
carpels
2 to 3 mm
long,
each
carpel
with
3 short
straightawns. (Fl. Filip.pi.251,
M.
ruderale.)
Abundant in waste
places,
fl. all the
year,
introduced; throughout
the
Philippines,
A native of
tropicalAmerica, now widely
distributed in the
tropics.
2. SIDA Linnaeus
Erect, branched,
suffrutescent herbs or undershrubs, or trailingherbs,
more or
less
stellate-pubescent
or nearly glabrous.
Leaves
simple or somewhat
lobed,
toothed. Flowers
axillary. Calyx-lobes 5,
valvate. Petals
yellow,
free
above, connate below and adnate to the staminal-tube. Stamens
MALVACEAE
317
numerous,
free above.
Carpels
5 or
more,
the
ripe ones
separating
from
the axis and
pointed,or more usually
2-awned at the summit.
(A
Greek
plant name.)
Species
80 or
more,
of wide
most of them
weeds,
about 9 in the
Philippines.
1. A
slender,prostrate, spreading
herbaceous
plant
1. S.
javensia
1. Erect branched undershrubs or
suffrutescent herbs.
2. Leaves cordate at the base; plant glutinous-pubescent or velvety-
pubescent
with
long
hairs intermixed.
3.
Carpels smooth,
awnless or nearly
so;
a rank-smelling, glutinous-
pubescent
herb 2. S.
mysorensis
3.
Carpels prominently
rugose,
long-awned, velvety-pubescent
with
intermixed
long
hairs 3. S.
cordifolia
2. Leaves not
cordate; plants stellate-pubescentor nearly glabrous.
3. Leaves
lanceolate,acuminate, green
on both surfaces, nearly glabrous;
pedicels
not or but little
longer
than the flowers.. 4. S. acuta
3. Leaves not
lanceolate,obtuse,retuse,
or
acute, pale
beneath.
4. Leaves
oblong
to
rhomboid,
acute or rounded; pedicelselongated;
carpels usually
not beaked 5. S.
rhombifolia
4. Leaves
obovate-oblong
to
obovate,
base
cuneate,
apex
retuse,
truncate,
or rounded; pedicelsshort; carpels
beaked 6. S. retusa
1. S. JAVENSIS Cav.
Colotang-baguing (Tag.).
A
trailing
herbaceous
plant,
the stems
up
to 60 cm in
length,
with
scattered stellate hairs or nearly glabrous.
Leaves
orbicular-ovate,
2 to
7 cm long,acute or
slightlyacuminate,
base
prominently cordate,margins
coarsely toothed,
sometimes
obscurely
lobed. Peduncles
axillary,solitary,
elongated, jointed
in the middle.
Calyx
green,
about 5 mm long,
the
segments triangular,
acute or acuminate. Corolla
yellow,
about 7 mm
in
diameter.
Carpels 5,
each 2-awned at the
apex,
the awns slender,nearly
as
long
as the
carpels.
In
thickets,
roadsides
etc.,
fl.
Oct.-March; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
and
certainly
not
indigenous.
India and
Malaya, perhaps
in
other
tropical
countries.
2. S. MYSORENSIS
Wight.
" Am.
Marbas, Marabas, Marbas-gubat (Tag.,
corr. Sp.
ma7t'as=
mallow).
An
erect, branched, rank-smelling,glutinous-pubescent
herb 0.3 to 1 m
high.
Leaves
broadly ovate, cordate, acuminate, crenate,
5 to 8 cm long,
the
upper
ones usually
much reduced and
oblong
to
oblong-ovate.
Flowers
axillary,solitaryor
in
pairs,slenderlypedicelled. Calyx
green,
pubescent.
Corolla
yellow,
Carpels 5,
about 2.5 mm long,
not
reticulate, obtuse,scarcelyor not at all awned.
In thickets and fallow
lands,
La
Loma,
San Pedro
Macati, etc.,
fl.Oct.-
Mar.
; widely
distributed in
Luzon,
and
certainly
not indigenous.
India and
Ceylon.
3. S. CORDIFOLIA L.
An erect suffrutescent herb 0.4 to 1 m high, densely pubescent
and with
intermixed,long,spreading
hairs. Leaves
ovate,
1.5 to 4.5 cm long,obtuse,
cordate at the
base, prominently dentate-serrate,densely pubescent on
both
surfaces. Flowers
yellow,axillary,
often crowded on the
younger
branches
forming leafy racemes,
the
calyx densely pubescent. Carpels prominently
rugose,
the awns about
as long as the
carpels.
318
A FLORA OF MANILA
In
open
waste
places,
fl.most of the
year;
common and
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines,
but
certainly
introduced here.
Tropics generally.
4. S. ACUTA Burm.
(S. carpinifoliaL.). Ualisualisan, Escobang-haba
(Tag.).
An
erect, branched, slightlypubescent
or
nearly glabrous,
suflfrutescent
herb or undershrub less than 1 m high.
Leaves
lanceolate,acute or acuminate,
serrate,
base rounded or obtuse, 3 to 5 cm long, pale-green,
of the
same
color on both
surfaces,
the
stipuleslinear-lanceolate, longer
than the
petioles.
Flowers
axillary,solitaryor
in
pairs,
the
pedicelsshort,
pointed
near the middle.
Calyx
green.
Corolla
yellow,
about 1.3 cm in diameter.
Carpels
4 to
9,
enclosed
by
the
calyx,
about 3.5 mm long,
rugose,
2-awned.
(Fl.Filip.pi.366.)
In
open
waste
places,
very common,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines
about
towns, undoubtedly
introduced.
Tropics generally.
5. S. RHOMBIFOLIA L. Ualisualisan
(Tag.).
An
erect, branched, shrubby plant
0.5 to 1.3 m high..
Leaves
oblong
to
rhomboid,
1 to 4 cm long, acute or rounded, serrate, pale
and stellate-
puberulent beneath,
the
stipulessetaceous, as long as the
petiole.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,
their
pedicelsslender,elongated,jointed
above the
middle,
in fruit about 1.5 cm long. Calyx
green.
Corolla
yellow,
1.5 to 1.8 cm in
diameter.
Carpels
8 to 10, nearly
smooth or somewhat
rugose,
about 2.5
mm long,
not
awned,
enclosed
by
the
calyx. (Fl.Filip.pi.248,
S.
philippica.)
In
open
waste
places,common,
fl.all the
year; throughout
the Philippines
in and about
towns, certainly
introduced.
Tropics generally.
6. S,
RETUSA
L.
An
erect,stiff,
branched undershrub
usually
less than 0.5 m high.
Leaves
oblong-obovate
to
obovate,
apex
retuse, truncate,
or rounded, usually broad,
base
cuneate,
1 to 2
cm long, toothed, pale
and
densely stellate-pubescent
on the lower surface. Flowers
axillary,solitary,usually short-pedicelled,
yellow,
Carpels beaked,
smooth
or only slightly
rugose.
In
open
dry
grass
lands,
fl.all the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines,
but
certainly
introduced here.
Tropics generally.
3. ABUTILON Gaertner
Erect,
suffrutescent herbs or undershrubs
more or less
downy-pubescent,
grayish.
Leaves
cordate, ovate,
or somewhat lobed. Flowers
axillary
or
terminal,
the bracteoles none. Calyx
tubular
below,
cleft into 5 valvate
sepals.
Petals
5,
connate below and adnate to the staminal-tube. Staminal
tube divided above into
many
filaments.
Carpels
5 to
many;
stylesas
many
as the
carpels. Ripe carpelsseparating
from the
axis,
awned or
not. (Said
to be from an Arabian
name alluding
to the
yellow flowers.)
Species
about 70,
in most tropical
and
subtropicalcountries,
2 or 3 in
the
Philippines.
1. A. INDICUM (L.)
G. Don.
Guiling-guilingan (Tag.) ;
Malvas,
Marbas
(Sp.-Fil.).
An annual or perennial, suffrutescent, erect,
branched
plant
0.5 to 2.5
m high.
Leaves orbicular-ovate to broadly ovate,
5 to 12 cm
long,nearly as
wide,
base
prominantly cordate,apex
shortlyacuminate, margins
entire
or
irregularlytoothed,
both surfaces
softlyashy-puberulent.
Flowers
axillary,
solitary,
the
peduncles long, jointed near the
tip. Calyx green.
Corolla
320
A FLORA OF MANILA
lobes not extending beyond
the middle of the
leaf,
the sinuses
usually broad,
acute. Flowers
axillary,solitaryor somewhat
fascicled,pink,
about 1.7
mm
in diameter. Fruit
depressed-globose,
about 7 mm in
diameter,
the 5
carpels
covered with
short,retrorsely
barbed
spines. (Fl. Filip.pi.24S,
U. multi-
fida.)
In waste
places,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
generally,
but
plant
in the
Philippines.
Var. SINUATA (L.) Gagnepain. (C7.
sinuata
L.).
Very
similar to the
preceding
and
certainly
not
specificallydistinct,
differing
in most of its leaves
being deeply
and often
narrowly subpalmately
lobed,
the sinuses
extending beyond
the middle of the
leaf,rounded,
often
narrow.
Flowers and fruits as
in the
species.
All
intergrading
leaf -forms
are often found on the same plant.
More abundant in the
vicinity
of Manila than is U. lobata and with the
same habitat,and
Philippine
and
extra-Philippine
range.
Var.
SCABRIUSCULA (DC.)
A.
Gray.
Similar to the
species,
but the leaves with
very
broad and shallow lobes,
both surfaces rather
densely hirsute,
the lower surface much
paler
than
the
upper,
the branchlets and inflorescence
ferruginous pubescent.
In waste
places near Fort
McKinley,
fl.all the
year.
Less common than
the other forms in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya.
6. MALVAVISCUS Dillenius
Shrubs or small
trees,
more or less
hispid or pilose.
Leaves
variously
toothed
or
lobed. Flowers
red, peduncled, axillary,
bracteolate.
Calyx
5-lobed. Corolla
exserted, campanulate.
Staminal-column
long-exserted,
antheriferous near the
apex.
Ovary 5-celled,
cells
1-ovuled; style-branches
10. Fruit
subglobose,
somewhat
fleshy,tardily separating
into 5 inde-
hiscent
carpels. (From Malva,
another
genus
of the
family,
and the Latin
"offspring.")
Species
about 6 in
tropical America,
a single one introduced and cultivated
in the
Philippines.
*1. M. PILOSUS (Sw.)
DC. Gomamela de China
(Sp.-Fil.).
A shrub 1.5 to 2
m high,
all
parts
with scattered, stellate-hispid
hairs.
Leaves
ovate,
6 to 10
cm long, irregularlytoothed, acuminate,
base
broad,
5- to 7-nerved. Flowers in the
upper
axils,erect,
red. Bracteoles about
7, linear-oblong,
as
long
as the
calyx. Calyx green,
5-lobed,
1 cm long.
Corolla about 2.5 cm
long,
the lobes
strongly
imbricate. Staminal-column
long-exserted,
slender. Fruit surrounded
by
the
persistentcalyx
and bracteoles,
about 6
mm
in diameter.
Occasionally
purposes,
fl.
Oct.-Mar.,
and
probably
in other months.
A native of the West Indies.
7. KOSTELETZKYA Presl
Herbs,
often
sulfrutescent,usually more or
less
hispid.
Leaves orbicular
to
ovate,
more or less toothed
or
lobed. Flowers
axillary,solitary,
peduncled,
the bracteoles 7 to
10,
linear.
Calyx
5-lobed. Staminal-column
entire or 5-lobed,slightly
exserted.
Ovary 5-celled,
cells 1-ovuled; style
branches 5.
Capsule 5-angled, loculicidally
dehiscent.
(In
honor of V. F,
Kosteletzky, a Bohemian
botanist.)
MALVACEAE
321
Species
6 or 7 of wide
tropical
and
subtropical distribution,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. K. batacensis
(Blanco)
F.-Vill. Calot-calotan
(Tag.).
A
spreading or somewhat erect branched
herb,
1 m high or less,
all
parts more or less
stellate-pubescent
and with scattered
stellate-hispid
hairs. Leaves
suborbicular,
2 to 5 cm long, shallowly 3-lobed,toothed,
base
cordate,
5- to 7-nerved. Flowers
axillary,long-peduncled, solitary,
about
1.5 cm
long,
the bracteoles
linear,
7 to
10, as
long as the
pubescent
and
hispid calyx.
Corolla
pinkish-red.
Fruit about 1 cm in
diameter,
depressed,
prominently 5-angled or winged, loculicidally
dehiscent.
In
open
waste
places, Pasay,
fl. Jan.-Feb. Known
only
from Luzon
and
apparently
of
very
local
occurrence;
possiblyan introduced
plant.
8. ABELMOSCHUS Medikus
.
Coarse, erect, branched, usually
annual
herbs, more or less
hairy,
with
subentire or variously
lobed leaves and
large, alternate,axillary
flowers.
Bracteoles 5 or more. Calyx spathe-like,split
down
one side and
falling
after
flowering.
Petals
5,
connate at the base with the staminal-tube.
Staminal-tube toothed at the
apex
and
bearing
many
anthers.
Ovary
5-celled,
cells
many-ovuled. Styles 5,
connate below.
Capsule loculicidally
5-valved.
(From an Arabian name signifying
"father of musk" in reference
to the
musky
odor of the seeds of some species.)
Species
15 or more of wide
Peduncles about as long as
the
petioles;capsules
7
cm long
or less;
seeds
with a musky
odor 1. A. moschatus
Peduncles
very
petioles;capsules
10 to 20 cm long;
cultivated
only
2. A. esculentus
1. A. MOSCHATUS
Medik.
(Hibiscus
ahelmoschus
L.). Castuli, Calupi
(Tag.).
An
annual, erect, branched, hispid-hairy
herb 1 m high or
less. Leaves
orbicular-ovate to ovate in
outline,
6 to 15 cm long, variously angled or
lobed,
the
angles or lobes
usually
3 or 5, rarely more,
usually broad,
base
cordate,apex
acuminate, margins
toothed. Peduncles about as long as
the
petioles.
Bracteoles
linear,usually
about
8,
1.5 cm
long. Calyx
2 to 3
cm long, split
down one side,
toothed at the
apex.
Corolla
yellow, purple
at the base
inside,
Capsule oblong-ovoid,
5 to 7
cm long, hispid-hairy.
Seeds
musky. (Fl. Filip.pi.2Jt5.)
In waste places,occasional,
fl. most of the
year;
widely
distributed in
the
Philippines,
and
probably
of
prehistoric
introduction here. India to
Malaya,
cultivated in
many
other
tropical
countries.
*2. A. ESCULENTUS (L.)
Moench.
(Hibiscus
esculentus
h.). Okra,
Gumbo.
A
coarse,
erect, branched,
annual herb 0.6 to 1.5 m high,
more or less
hairy.
Leaves orbicular or orbicular-ovate,
25 cm long or less,
base cordate,
margins
3- or 5-lobed,
the lobes broadly
ovate to
oblong, coarsely toothed,
the
petiolesequaling
or longer
than the leaves. Flowers
axillary,solitary,
their
pedicels
about 2 cm
long.
Bracteoles 8 or 10, linear,
deciduous.
Calyx
hairy,
about 3 cm
long.
Corolla
large, yellow, deep-purple
at the base
inside.
Capsule
10 to 20 cm long,narrowly oblong.
111555 21
322
A FLORA OF MANILA
fruits,
fl. most of the
year.
The culture of
this
species
is
by
no means general
in the
Philippines,and it seems to
have been of comparatively
recent introduction,at least after 1845. Prob- ably
a native of India, now cultivated in most
tropical
and
subtropical
countries.
9. HIBISCUS Linnaeus
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, glabrous
or
hairy,
sometimes
spiny.
Leaves
entire or more or
less
palmately lobed, stipulate.
Bracteoles 5 or
mere,
rarely wanting,
free or connate at the base.
Calyx
5-toothed
or 5-lobed.
Petals
5,
connate at the base with the staminal-tube. Staminal-tube truncate
or
5-toothed at the summit.
Ovary 5-celled;styles5, connate beiow.
5-valved.
(An
ancient Greek and Latin name of the
mallow.)
Species
about
190, mostly tropical,
10 in the
Philippines.
1. An annual
herb,
cultivated
only
1. H.
sabdariffa
1. Shrubs or trees.
2. Leaves
5-angled
or
5-lobed;
a shrub with
large pink flowers,
most
parts densely grayish-stellate-pubescent;
cultivated
only.
2. H. mutabilis
2. Leaves not
angled or
lobed.
3. A tree with
yellow flowers,
the leaves
veiy
prominently
cordate at
the base 3. H. tiliacetis
3.
Shrubs,
cultivated
only,
the flowers
red;
leaves not cordate.
4. Flowers
very
large,petals
entire 4. H. rosa-sinensis
4. Flowers medium, pendulous,
the
petals
very
deeply
fimbriate-
divided 5. H.
schizopetahis
*1. H. SABDARIFFA L. Rozelle.
An
erect, branched, glabrous or nearly glabrous,
annual herb 1 to 2 m
high,
the stems
purplish.
Leaves 8 to 12 cm long, polymorphous,
entire
to
deeply
3- or 5-lobed,
the lobes
oblong
to
oblong-lanceolate,
often free
nearly
to the base of the
leaf,
toothed. Peduncles
axillary,solitary,
much
shorter than the
petioles.
Bracteoles 8 to
12, linear,
adnate to the base
of the
calyx,
about 1 cm
long. Calyx
somewhat
hirsute,
the lobes acuminate,
connate below the middle into
a fleshy
cup.
Coi'olla
pink
with a
dark center about 5 cm
long.
Fruit
ovoid, pointed, villous,
about 2.5
cm long,
enclosed
by
the
fleshy,acid,
accrescent
calyx.
fl. Nov.-Jan.
A native of
India,
now cultivated
in
many
tropical
and warm countries for its edible
fruits;
of
very
recent
introduction in the
Philippines.
*2. H. MUTABILIS
L.
Mapola (Tag.).
An
erect,
branched shrub 2 to 4 m high, more or less
densely
covered
with
short,grayish,
stellate hairs. Leaves
broadly
ovate to orbicular-ovate,
5-lobed or 5-angled, crenate,
7 to 20 cm
long,
acuminate,
base cordate.
Pedicels
axillary,solitai-y,
8 to 14 cm long.
Bracteoles
10, linear,
stellate-
pubescent,
1.5 to 2.5 cm
long, nearly
or quite
free.
Calyx
3 to 4 cm long,
densely stellate-pubescent,
the lobes 5, oblong-ovate,
acuminate, connate
below. Corolla 10 to 12 cm
in
diameter, single
or double, opening pale-
pink,
or
nearly white, growing
darker in color as the
day
advances. (Fl.
Filip.pi.175.)
purposes,
fl. most of the
year;
a
native of
China,
now cultivated
in most
tropical
countries. Not
spontaneous
in the
Philippines,
but of
early
introduction.
MALVACEAE 323
3. H. tiliaceus L.
Balibago (Tag.)-
A much-branched tree 4 to 12 m high.
sub-
orbicular,
green,
glabrous
and shining on the
upper
surface,
the lower
surface grayish, pubescent, apex
shortly acuminate,
base
prominently
cordate,
the sinus
narrow,
the basal lobes
rounded, margins minutely
crenulate.
Peduncles terminal,
few-flowered. Bracteoles connate into a persistent,
9- or 10- toothed, persistentcup.
Sepals 5, oblong, acuminate, pubescent,
2 cm long, persistent.
Petals yellow, dark-purple
at the base inside, or-
bicular-obovate, rounded,
about 5 cm
long
and wide. Capsule ovoid,pubescent,
1.5 cm long,
surrounded
by
the
persistent sepals,
and at the base
by
the bracteolar
cup,
falsely
10-celled,5-valved. (Fl. Filip.pi.
27
Jt.)
Common near the
sea,
fl.
Aug.-Feb.; throughout
the Philippines near
the
sea. Tropics generally.
"4. H. ROSA-siNENSis
L. Gomamela
(Tag.).
An
erect,
much
branched, glabrous
Leaves ovate,
acuminate, coarsely toothed,
7 to 12 cm long.
Flowers
solitary,axillary,
very
large,
about 10 cm long,
12 cm
in diameter. Bracteoles
6, lanceolate,
green,
8 mm long or
less.
Calyx green,
2 cm long,
the lobes ovate. Petals
red, obovate, rounded,
slender,longer
than the
corolla.
fl.all the
year.
Probably a native of south-eastern
Asia,
tropical
and
subtropical
countries.
Several cultural forms
or varieties occur
in
Manila, chieflyone
with
double red
flowers,
and one with double
yellowish flowers,
the flowers of
both somewhat smaller than in the
typical
form.
(Fl. Filip.pi.270.)
*5. H. SCHIZOPETALUS Hook. f. Gomamela
(Tag.);
Araiia
(Sp.-Fil.).
An
erect, glabrous
shrub 1 to 4 m
high,
the branches often
elongated,
drooping
or subscandent. Leaves
oblong-ovate
or
elliptic-ovate, acuminate,
5 to 7 cm
long,
dentate. Flowers
axillary,solitary,
about 8 cm
in
diameter,
pendulous,
the
peduncles
up
to 15 cm in lenth. Bracteoles minute.
Calyx
green,
1.5 cm long,
the lobes
short,
the tube often
split
down one
side.
Petals
red, or red and
yellowish-white,recurved, finelysplit
into numerous
slender lobes and laciniae. Staminal tube
very
slender, long-exserted,
pendulous.
Common in
cultivation,
fl. all the
year;
in towns
throughout
the Phil- ippines,
but not
spontaneous. Probably a native of
tropicalAfrica, now
cultivated in most
tropical
countries.
10. THESPESIA Correa
Shrubs or trees,pubescent or glabrous.
Leaves entire or lobed. Flowers
large,axillary,solitary,
or on few-flowei*ed
peduncles,
the bracteoles deciduous.
Calyx truncate,
5-toothed or 5-parted.
Corolla
campanulate,
the
petals convolute,yellow,
with a large purple spot
at the base. Staminal-
tube 5-toothed.
Ovary
4- or
5-celled;style club-shaped,
5-furrowed
or
5-toothed.
Capsule
loculicidal or scarcely
dehiscent. Seeds
glabrous or
tomentose.
(From
the Greek
"divine,"
on account of its
showy flowers.)
Species few,
Madagascar to
tropicalAsia, Malaya
and
Polynesia,
2 in
the
Philippines.
Shrub;
leaves
pubescent beneath,usually
somewhat 3-lobed 1. T.
lavipas
Tree;
leaves
glabrous,entire,
acuminate 2. T.
populnea
324
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. T.
lampas (Cav.)
Dalz. " Gibs. Bulacbulacan
(Tag.).
An erect slightly
branched shrub 2 to 3 m
high.
Leaves
ovate,
10 to
20 cm long,
somewhat 3-lobed or
nearly entire,
green
and
nearly glabrous
on the
upper surface,
somewhat
stellate-pubescentbeneath, base
broad,
cordate,
apex
acute or acuminate. Peduncles
3-flowered, axillary
and
terminal, forming a
somewhat
leafy panicle. Calyx
green,
of 5 subulate
lobes connate below the middle. Corolla
campanulate,
6 to 8 cm long,
yellow,
the center
dark-purple. Capsule ovoid,
about 3 cm long, 4-,
somewhat
5-valved.
(Fl, Filip.pi. 355.)
In
dry
open places,
San Juan del
Monte,
near Fort
McKinley, etc.,
fl.
Oct.-Jan.;
scattered in the
introduced. India to Ma- laya
and eastern Africa,
2. T.
populnea (L.)
Corr.
Banago (Tag.).
A tree
reaching a
height
of about 10
m,
the
branchlets,
under surface
of the leaves
etc.,
covered with small brownish scales. Leaves
glossy,
broadly ovate, sharply acuminate, entire,
base
very
broad, slightlycordate,
7-nerved,
8 to 15 cm long.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,long-peduncled.
Calyx truncate,
about 1.5 cm in diameter. Corolla
yellow, dark-purple
inside at the
base,
about 5 cm
long,
the lobes
strongly imbricate,turning
purplish
in
age. Capsule depressed-globose,
2 to 3 cm
in diameter.
(Fl.
Filip.pi.2U7.)
Occasional near the
sea,
fl.most of the
year;
along
the strand
throughout
the
Asia and Africa
through Malaya
to
Poly- nesia.
11. GOSSYPIUM Linnaeus
Annual or perennial
herbs or shrubs, mostly erect,
branched. Leaves
mostly palmate,
3- to several-lobed. Flowers
large,axillary,mostly yellow,
often purple
at the base inside. Bracteoles
3, large,leafy,cordate,
lobed-
laciniate.
Calyx cup-shaped,
truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla
campanulate,
the
petals
convolute or
spreading. Ovary
5-celled.
3- to 5-valved. Seeds
densely
clothed with a fuzz or with
woolly hairs,
or
both.
(Said
to be derived from
an
Arabian word
signifying"softness.")
Species
about 42, tropics
of both
hemispheres,
many
cultivated,
about 4
species
in the
Philippines,
all
manifestly
introduced.
Leaves 3-lobed,
up
to 12 cm long;
corolla about 4 cm long;
seeds free,
covered with
a
dense fuzz in addition to the wool 1. G. hirsiitum
Leaves 3- to
5-lobed,
up
to 25
cm long;
corolla 6 to 8
cm long;
seeds
conglomerate,
glabrous,woolly
but with no fuzz 2. G. brasiliense
*1. G. HIRSUTUM
L. Bulac
(Tag.)
;
Algodon (Sp.)
;
Cotton.
An
erect, branched,
suffrutescent herb 0.5 to 1.5 m high,
the
younger
parts sparingly
villous or stellate-villous. Leaves
broadly ovate,
5 to 12
cm long
the
upper
ones usually entire,
the lower
ones
3-lobed in the
upper
one-half,
the lobes
broadly ovate, triangular-acuminate,
base
cordate,
the
lower surface
conspicuously black-punctate.
Flowers
yellow,
in
age
turning
pinkish.
Bracteoles
three, free,
green,
base
deeply cordate, margins
fimbriate-cleft.
Calyx
5-toothed. Corolla about 4 cm
long.
Fruit
ovoid,
about 3.5 cm long, beaked,
3- or 4-celled. Seeds free from each
other,
densely
covered with a
fine fuzz in addition to the floss.
Singalon,cultivated,probably
raised from American
seeds,
fl.
May-June.
Widely
distributed in
tropical
and warm countries,
but of
very
recent
introduction in the
Philippines.
BOMBACACEAE
325
*2. C, BRASILIENSE Macfad. Bulac-castila
(Tag.); Algodon (Sp.);
Cotton.
An erect branched shrub 1 to 3 m high,
the .stems purplish,glandular.
stellate-tomentose beneath when
young,
becoming
3- to
5-lobed,
the lobes ovate to
oblong, acuminate,
base cordate. Flowers large, yellow.
Bracteoles
green,
glabrous, ovate,
cordate,deeply laciniate,
5 to 7 cm long.
Corolla
pale-yellow,campanulate,
scarlet or
purple
at the base
inside,exceeding the bracts in
length. Cap- sule
oblong-ovoid,
4 to 5 cm long,
acuminate. Seeds
conglomerate,
with
abundant wool but no fuzz.
Occasionally
purposes
in
Manila,
fl. most of
the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
cultivated and as an
escape.
A native of
Brazil,now cultivated and wild in
many
tropical
countries.
85. BOMBACACEAE
(BoMBAX
OR Boboy
Family)
Trees with
alternate,stipulate,digitatelycompound,
deciduous leaves.
Inflorescence
axillary or terminal. Flowers
regular, perfect,
medium or
large. Calyx cup-shaped,
truncate or
irregularly
3- to 5-lobed. Petals 5,
imbricate. Stamens
pentadelphous, opposite
the
petals,
divided above into
few or numerous filaments.
Ovary
5-celled, superior, free; stigmas 5,
or
1 and
obscurely 5-lobed;
ovules
many
in each cell. Fruit
a
loculicidally
5-valved
capsule.
Seeds with
woolly or silky
hairs.
Genera about
20, speciesmore than
100, widely
distributed in the
tropics,
4
genera
and 4
species
known from the
Philippines.
Ultimate filaments
very many,
each with a
single
reniform
anther;
flowers
very
large,red;
very
large
trees 1. Bombax
Ultimate filaments
few,
each with 2
or
3 linear or sinuate
anthers;
flowers
of medium
size,
white or yellowish;
small trees 2. Ceiba
1. BOMBAX Linnaeus
Large
trees with
digitate,
deciduous leaves. Peduncles
axillaryor sub-
terminal, solitaryor clustered,
1-flowered. Flowers
large, red, appearing
before the leaves.
Calyx leathery, cup-shaped, truncate or irregularly
lobed. Petals obovate. Stamens
pentadelphous,
the bundles
opposite
the
petals,
divided above into numerous
filaments;
anthers
reniform,
1-celled.
Ovary 5-celled;styleclavate; stigmas 5; ovules
many
in each cell.
Cap- sule
loculicidally5-valved,
the valves
leathery, woolly
within. Seeds
woolly. (From
the Greek name
for silkworm or silk.)
Species
about
50, chiefly
in
tropicalAmerica, one
in the
Philippines.
1. B. ceiba L. (B. vialabarica
DC). Buboy-gubat,
Malabulac
(Tag.).
A
large tree,
25 m high or
more,
the trunk with few or
many, very
large,pyramidal spines.
Leaves deciduous; leaflets 5 to
7, oblong
to oblong-
10 to 20 cm
long, glabrous,
the
petioleslonger
than
the leaflets. Flowers
large, red,
8 to 10 cm long, appearing
before the
leaves,
fascicled at or near the ends of the branches. Petals more or less
stellate-pubescent
on both surfaces.
Capsule
about 15 cm long,
the valves
silky
within. Seeds
numerous,
obovate.
(Fl.Filip.pi.226.)
A
single tree known to me in our
area,
and that in the old Botanical
Garden,
fl.
Feb.-March;
rather
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
at
low altitudes. India to
Malaya.
326
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. CEIBA Gaertner
Trees,
with us
of medium size. Leaves digitatelycompound,
deciduous.
Flowers appearing
with or before the
leaves,
fascicled in the
upper
axils,
white. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate,
or obscurely
5-lobed. Petals
oblong.
Staminal bundles 5,
connate at the
base,
each
bearing
2
or
3 sinuous or
linear anthers.
Ovary ovoid, 5-celled;style cylindric,dilated; stigma
obscurely
5-lobed.
Capsule oblong,
coriaceous or woody, 5-celled,5-valved,
valves
silky
within. Seeds
globose, smooth,
with
silky
hairs.
(A
native
American
name.)
Species 9,probably
all
originally
of
tropicalAmerica, one now
distributed
throughout
the
tropics.
1. C. PENTANDRA (L.)
Gaertn.
Boboy (Tag.) ;
Silk Cotton
Tree, Kapoc.
Usually a slender erect tree 15 m or
less in
height,
the trunk
cylindric
usually
with scattered
large spines,
the branches in distant
worls, spreading
horizontally.
Leaflets 5 to
8, lanceolate,acuminate, entire,
6 to 15 cm long,
the
petiolesas long as or longer
than the leaflets. Flowers
numerous,
whitish,
about 3 cm long.
Petals
densely silky
outside.
Capsules oblong,
pendulous,
about 15 cm long
and 5 cm thick.
(Fl, Filip.pi.238.)
Scattered
throughout our
area,
fl.
Jan.-March; widely
distributed in the
Philippines, although
not found
truly wild; undoubtedly
with
us an
introduced
tree,
and
probably originating
in
tropical
America. All
tropical
countries.
86. STERCULIACEAE
(Cacao or
Calumping
Family)
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, usually pubescent.
Leaves
alternate, simple
or digitately compound,
often
lobed, stipulate.
Inflorescence
axillary or
terminal, cymose,
panicled,or fascicled. Flowers
regular,
1-sexual or
perfect.
Sepals 5, more or less connate. Petals 5 or none. Stamens
numerous,
united in a tube, rarely
few and
free;
anthers
variously disposed on the
staminal-tube.
Ovary free,
2- to 5-celled,rarely
of 1
carpel,
sessile or
stalked; stylesconnate;
ovules few or
many,
attached in the inner
angles
of
the
carpels.
Fruit
dry or fleshy,
dehiscent or indehiscent.
Genera 51, species
about 900,
in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
15
genera
and about 40
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Petals
none;
trees.
2. Anthers
numei-ous;
fruit
follicular,
dehiscent 1. StercuUa
2. Anthers
5;
fruit
indehiscent,boat-shaped,
keeled 2. Heritiera
1. Petals
present.
2. Flowers in fascicles on the trunk and
branches;
fruit
large,fleshy.
3. Theohroma
2. Flowers panicled, cjhmose,
or
in
axillary
clusters.
3. Stamens about
15,
the filaments united below into
a column,
anthers
alternating
with staminodes.
4.
Capsule
membranaceous,
inflated
4. Kleinhofia
4.
Capsule more or less woody,
not inflated.
5. Seeds not winged;
anther-cells divaricate
;
shrubs.... 5. Helicteres
5. Seeds
winged;
anther-cells
parallel;
trees
6.
Pterospermum
3. Stamens
5,
the filaments united
only
at the base;
staminodes none.
4.
Ovary
5-celled
7. Melochia
4. Ovarv 1-celled
8. Waltheria
328
A FLORA OF MANILA
4. S. cuneata R. Br.
Malabunot, Calucalumpangan (Tag,).
A deciduous tree 4 to 15 m high, more or less
rusty-pubescent,
the
branchlets somewhat thickened. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branch-
lets
oblong-obovate
to
broadly oblong-lanceolate,
10 to 35 cm
long,
rather
abruptly short-acuminate,
base rather
broad, rounded-cordate,pubescent on
the
nerves,
especiallyon the lower surface. Panicles in the
upper
axils,
rather
narrow, usually
leaves, reddish-brown or
purplish,
hirsute. Flowers
greenish-brown or reddish,
ovoid to
obovoid,
10
to 12 mm long, hirsute,calyx-lobescohering by
their
apices,longer
than
the tube. Follicles
inflated,oblong
to
oblong-obovoid,
3 to 6 cm long,
brown
and
densely rusty-pubescent outside,
red
or purple
within. Seeds 7 or less,
ellipsoid, 10 to 12 mm long.
In
thickets,Masambong
to
Guadalupe
and
Pasay,
fl.
Nov.,
Feb.-Mar.
;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
2. HERITIERA Alton
Trees with
simple, coriacious,
entire leaves which are pale
and
densely
scaly
beneath. Flowers
small, unisexual,
in
axillary panicles. Calyx
4-
to 6-toothed. Petals
none.
Anthers in a ring
at the
top
of the column.
Ovaries 5 or 6,
almost
free,
ovules
solitary.
Fruits
indehiscent,woody,
keeled or winged. (In honor of C. L.
I'Heritier,a
French
botanist.)
A small
genus
of 7 or 8
species,tropical
Africa and Asia
through
Malaya
to
Australia,
1 or 2 in the
Philippines.
1. H. littoralia
Dryand. Dungon-late (Tag.).
A tree 5 to 15 m
high
or more. Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
elliptic-ovate,
10 to 20 cm long,
apex
obtuse or
acute,
base
usually rounded,
the
upper
surface
glabi'ous
and
shining,
the lower surface densely covered with
small,
round, pale
or silvery-white
scales. Panicles
pubescent,
7 to 15 cm long,
the flowers
numerous, yellowish-green,bell-shaped,
about 5 mm long,usually
5-toothed. Fruit hard and
shining,smooth,
4 to 6 cm long, broadly
boat-
shaped,
keeled.
(Fl.Filip.pi.3U-)
Near the
sea, Malabon, Malate, etc., rarely
also
cultivated,flowering
at intervals
throughout
the
year; along
the seashore
throughout
the Phil- ippines,
yielding
the valuable timber known as dungon
or
dungon
late.
Widely
distributed
along
the
tropical
seashores of the Old World.
3. THEOBROMA Linnaeus
Trees with
large, alternate, entire,oblong
leaves. Flowers small,
perfect,
regular, solitaryor fascicled
on l^he
trunk and branches, or axillary.
Calyx 5-fid,
the
sepals nearly
free. Petals
5, concave and hooded
below,
above inflexed and
narrowed, produced
into a flat or spathe-like
limb.
Staminal-tube with
5, linear,acuminate,
erect
lobes;
stamens 1 to 3 in
each sinus of the staminal tube. Ovary sessile,
5-celled, many-ovuled.
Fruit
ovoid,large.
Species
about 20 in
tropicalAmerica,
1 now
countries.
(Greek "god"
and
"food," literally
"food of the
gods.")
*1. T. CACAO L. Cacao, Chocolate.
A tree 3 to 5 m high.
acuminate,
base rounded
oblong-obovate
to
oblong,
base
shortly
3-nerved. Flowers solitary or
fascicled
on the trunk and
branches, yellowish or nearly white, pedicelled,
about 1 cm in
diameter,
the erect lobes of the staminal column purplish.
STERCULIACEAE
329
Fruit
oblong,
10 to 15 cm long, prominently wrinkled, yellow or
purplish.
Seeds numerous. (Fl. Filip.pi. 275.)
Occasionally
cultivated in
our area,
fl. all the
year; throughout
the
Philippines
in cultivation. A native of
tropicalAmerica,
introduced here
by
the
Spaniards
at an
early date, now cultivated in most
tropical
countries.
4. KLEINHOFIA Linnaeus
A tree with
simple, broadly ovate, acuminate, entire,palmately
nerved
leaves. Panicles terminal, ample, lax, many-flowered.
Flowers
small,
numerous.
Sepals 5,
deciduous. Petals
5, unequal,
the
upper
with
longer
claws, margins
involute. Staminal-column dilated above into a 5-fid
cup,
each lobe with 3 anthers. Ovary
inserted in the
staminal-cup, 5-lobed,
5-celled.
Capsule membranaceous, inflated,obovate, loculicidally
5-valved.
Seeds 1
or
2 in each cell.
(In
honor of M.
Kleinhof,
a Dutch
botanist.)
A
monotypic
genus.
1. K.
hospita
L.
Tanag (Tag., Vis.); Bitnong (II.).
somewhat
pubescent
or nearly glabrous.
Leaves
broadly ovate, acuminate,
base 5- or 7-
nerved,
cordate or
truncate,
10
to 20
cm long, long-petioled.
Panicles
ample,
20 to 40 cm long.
Flowers
pink,
about 8 mm
long,
the
sepals longer
than the
petals. Capsules
about
2 cm long. (Fl. Filip.pi.328.)
In
fl.
Sept.-Nov.;
common and
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
Eastern
Africa, tropical Asia,
to
Formosa,
southward to
Malaya.
5. HELICTERES Linnaeus
Shrubs, more or less
stellate-pubescent,
with
simple
leaves. Flowers
axillary,solitary,fascicled,or
in
spike-like
cjTnes. Calyx tubular, 5-fid,
often
irregular.
Petals
5, clawed, equal or unequal,
the claws often auri-
cled. Staminal-column adnate to the
gynophore,
5-toothed or lobed at
the
apex;
anthers in
groups
between the teeth of the
column, the cells
divergent. Ovary
at the
top
of the
column, 5-lobed,5-celled;styles
slender,
more or less united. Fruits follicular, oblong, usually shaggy-hairy.
(Greek
"twisted" or
"spiral"
in reference to the twisted
carpels
of some
species.)
Species
about 30 in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. H. hirsuta Lour.
{H. spicata Colebr.).
An
erect, somewhat branched shrub 1 or 3 m high,
all
parts
more or
less
pubescent.
Leaves
oblong
to
oblong-ovate,toothed,
beneath stellate-
pubescent,
10 to 20 cm long,
the base
obliquely cordate,
apex
long-acuminate.
Cymes axillary,spike-like,
5 to 8 cm long.
Flowers
purple, nearly
2 cm long. Calyx stellate-pubescent,
the lobes acuminate. Fruit
oblong,
3 to 4 cm
long, beaked, very shaggy. (Fl. Filip.pi.91.)
In
thickets,Masambong,
Fort
McKinley, etc.,
fl.
Sept.-Nov.,
and
probably
in other
months; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to China
and
Malaya.
6. PTEROSPERMUM Schreber
Trees, mostly scaly or stellate-tomentose. Leaves
coriaceous, large,
often
oblique,simple
or lobed. Peduncles 1 to 3, axillary
and
terminal,
the bracteoles entire or laciniate. P^lower
large. Calyx
of 5 or more
connate
sepals.
Petals 5, falling
with the
calyx.
Staminal-column
short,
330
A
FLORA OF MANILA
with 5
ligulate
staminodes
opposite
the
petals,
with 3 anthers between
each two staminodes.
Ovary
within the
tip
of the
staminal-column,
3-
to 5-celled; styles
entire.
Capsule woody or
coriaceous,
often
large,cylin-
dric
or angled, loculicidally
5-valved. Seeds
numerous, winged
at the
apex.
(Greek "wing"
and
"seed.")
Species
about
20, tropical
Asia and
Malaya,
G in the
Philippines.
1. P. diversifolium Blume.
Bayoc (Tag.).
Leaves
oblong
to
oblong-obovate,
somewhat
oblique,
base truncate or
cordate, apex very
abruptly short-acuminate,
15 to 25 cm
long, glabrous on the
upper
surface,
the lower surface
pale
and
densely stellate-pubescent,
the leaves on
young plants frequently deeply
palmately
lobed. Flowers
axillary,sessile,solitaryor
in
pairs,
12 to 14 cm
long,
the buds
cylindric. Calyx-lobes
narrow,
coriaceous,recurved, densely
brown-stellate-pubescentoutside,
inside
pubescent
and
scaly.
Petals
thin,
white,
as
long
as the
calyx-lobes. Capsule large,oblong, woody,
about 15
cm long, 5-angled,
narrowed at the base.
(Fl. Filip.pi.182.)
In thickets
Masambong,
San Juan del
Monte, etc.,
fl.
May-July; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya.
7. ME LOCH IA Linnaeus
Herbs, undershrubs, or
small
trees,
often
pubescent.
Leaves
simple.
Flowers
small,
in
axillary
heads
or clusters,or panicled. Sepals
connate
below. Petals
spathulate.
Stamens 5, opposite
the
petals,
connate below
into
a tube.
Ovary sessile,5-celled;styles5,
free or connate at the base.
Capsule small,loculicidally
5-valved.
Species
about 50, warmer
parts
of the
world,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. M. CORCHORIFOLIA L.
An erect or
spreading, branched,
suffrutescent herb
usually
less than
1 m high,
with scattered stellate hairs
or
nearly glabrous.
Leaves
oblong-
ovate,
2 to 6 cm long,
acute or acuminate,
base
broad,
rounded or cordate,
5-nerved. Flowers somewhat crowded in terminal or
axillary heads,
intermixed
with linear bracteoles. Petals
obovate, white, pink,
or
pale-
purple,
about 7 mm long. Capsule depressed-globose,
4 to 5 mm
in
diameter, slightly
hirsute.
In
open,
usually damp
grass
lands,
rather
common,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippine,undoubtedly
introduced. Most
tropical
countries.
8. WALTHERIA Linnaeus
Herbs or undershrubs, more or
less
pubescent.
Leaves
simple,
toothed.
Flowers
yellow,
in dense
axillary
clusters.
Sepals 5,
connate below.
Petals
5, oblong-spatulate.
Stamens
5,
the filaments united into
a tube.
Ovaiy
sessile,
1-celled,
2-ovuled.
Capsule small, 2-valved,
1-seeded.
(In
honor of
Walther.)
Species
about
15, mostly
in
tropicalAmerica,
one a widely
distributed
tropical
weed.
1. W. AMERICANA L.
{W .
indica
L.).
An
erect,
more or less
branched,
pubescent, shrubby
or suffrutescent
plant
0.5 to 1.5 m
high.
Leaves
oblong-ovate
or oblong,
3.5 to 9 cm long,
rounded
or obtuse,
base rounded
or subcordate, prominently
nerved. Flow- ers
about 5 mm long,
in
dense, axillary,
sessile or shortly peduncled
fascicles.
Sepals
and bracts
green
or pale,
villous. Corolla somewhat
exserted,yellow.
DILLENIACEAE
331
In
open
waste
places,
fl.most of the
year,
common and
widely
distributed
in the
introduced.
Tropics generally,
but
probably
of American
origin.
87. DILLENIACEAE
(DiLLEKiA OR Catmon
Family)
Shrubs or
trees,
sometimes
climbing.
Leaves
alternate,simple,
entire
or toothed,
the
petioles
often
sheathing, exstipulate.
Flowers small or
large,regular, perfect. Sepals 5, persistent.
Petals
5, rarely less,
deciduous.
Stamens
many,
hypogynous. Carpels
1 or
more,
free or
cohering;
styles distinct;
ovules 1 to
many.
Fruit
fleshy,indehiscent,or
dry
and
follicular. Seeds
solitary
or
many,
arillate.
Genera
13, species
about 325 in
tropical
and
subtropicalregions,3
genera
and about 30
species
in the
Philippines.
Scandent shrubs with small flowers 1. Tetracera
Trees with
large
flowers 2. Dillenia
1. TETRACERA Linnaeus
Climbing shrubs,
the leaves scabrid or
smooth,
the veins
parallel,
prominent.
Flowers
white, perfect,
many,
in terminal
or
lateral
panicles.
Sepals
4 to 6. Petals 2 to 6. Filaments dilated
upward. Ovary
of from
1 to 5
carpels,
ovules 2 to
many
in each. Fruit a small, ovoid,
coriaceous
follicle. Seeds 1 to 5,
the aril toothed or fimbriate.
(Greek
"four" and
"horn" from
supposed
resemblance of the fruit.)
Species
about
25,
2 or 3 in the
Philippines.
1. T. sarmentosa
(L.)
Vahl. Malacatmon
(Tag.).
A
climbing
vine 3 to 5 m or more in
length.
Leaves
oblong-obovate
to
oblong-elliptic, coriaceous,harsh, acute or
obtuse,
6 to 12 cm
long,
the
nerves
very
prominent,
toothed. Panicles terminal and
axillary,
10 to 25
cm long.
Flowers
numerous, white,
about 8
mm
in diameter.
Carpel
solitary.
Follicle
oblong-ovoid,pointed, nearly
1 cm long, 1-seeded,hirsute,
the aril
cupular,
toothed.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 100,
Delima
sarmentosa.).
In
thickets.
La Loma to
Masambong,
fl.
May-June; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya.
2. DILLENIA Linnaeus
Trees with
large,
ovate to
oblong, alternate, prominently pinnately
nerved,
toothed
leaves,
the
petiolesusually
with
broad, adherent, deciduous,
wing-like stipules.
Flowers
large, solitary,
or
in
few-flowered,
terminal,
spicate or
racemose, simple or sparingly
branched infloi'escences.
Sepals
5, spreading.
Petals
5, thin,
white or yellow,
much
larger
than the
sepals.
Stamens
very numerous,
in several
series,
free or
nearly
so. Carpels
5 to
20, cohering
in the axils or
nearly free;
ovules few to
many.
Fruit
globose,
fleshy,spirallyridged,
enclosed in the thickened
sepals,
or
of indehiscent
or dehiscent follicle-like
carpels.
Seeds arillate or not.
(In
honor of J. J.
Dillenius,an
early English botanist.)
Species
about
25, tropical
Asia and
Malaya,
few in
Madagascar,
about
6 in the
Philippines.
1. D.
philippinensis
Rolfe. Catmon
(Tag., Vis.,Eic.)
;
Palali
(II.).
A tree 6 to 15 m high,glabrous or nearly
so. Leaves
coriaceous,shining,
ovate, elliptic, or oblong-ovate,
12 to 25 cm long, carsely
toothed. Flowers
large, showy,
about 15 cm
in
diameter,
the
petals
white, stamens and
332
A FLORA OF MANILA
styles purplish.
Fruit
globose, entirely
enclosed
by
the
sepals,
5 to 6
cm in diameter,
the
pulp soft,fleshy,acid,
edible.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 199,
D.
speciosa.)
A
singletree, Nactajan,
fl.most of the
year; thi'oughout
the
Philippines
88. GUTTIFERAE
(Garcinia or Palomaria
Family)
often with
yellowish juice.
Leaves
opposite,
entire,
thin
or thick,
often
shining.
Flowers
solitary,
cymose, racemed, or
panicled,axillaryor terminal, regular, perfect,polygamous, or
dioecious.
Sepals
2 to
6,
imbricate. Petals
as
many
as the
sepals,rarely
fewer or more.
Stamens
many,
filaments free or
monadelphous, or united in bundles.
Ovary superior
1- to
many-celled; styles
one,
or as
many
as the
cells,
free
or united;
ovules 1 to
many.
Fruit
capsular, dehiscent,or baccate and
indehiscent.
Genera
49, species
about
850,
in most
parts
of the
world,
5
genera
and
about 50
species
in the
Philippines.
1. CALOPHYLLUM Linnaeus
Trees with
opposite, coriaceous, shining leaves,
with
very numerous,
close, parallel,spreading
veins. Flowers
polygamous,
in
axillary
and
terminal racemes or
panicles. Sepals 4, imbricate. Petals
4,
sometimes
more. Stamens
very numerous,
the filaments free
or connate below.
Ovary 1-celled,1-ovuled. Fruit
a globose or ovoid
drupe,
the
pericarp
th'w.
(Greek
"beautiful" and
"leaf.")
Species
about
60, chiefly
in
tropical
Asia and
Malaya,
few in
America,
about 12 in the
Philippines.
1. C.
inophyllum
L. Palomaria
(Sp.-Fil.);
Dancalan
(Tag.).
A medium-sized or large tree, reaching a height
of 20 m. Leaves coriaceous,
shining,elliptic
to
obovate-elliptic, rounded,
9 to 18 cm long.
Racemes
axillary,
5 to 10 cm long,
white,
2 to 2.5 cm
in
diameter, fragrant,
the inner 2
sepals
like the
petals.
Fruit
globose,
3 to
4 cm in diameter.
(Fl.Filip.pi.256.)
Pasay beach,
also
occasionallycultivated,
fl.all the
year; throughout
the
Philippines along
the seashore. India to
Madagascar, Malaya,
and
Poly- nesia.
89. ELATINACEAE
(BERGIA Family)
Annual herbs or low
undershrubs,
erect or spreading,branched, glabrous
or pubescent.
Leaves
opposite,
serrate or entire. Flowers
small,axillary,
solitaryor fascicled,pedicelled. Sepals 5, free,
imbricate. Petals
5, free,
10, hypogynous,
free.
Ovary superior,free,ovoid,
5-celled;styles5, short,
or
stig-massessile;
ovules
numerous,
on the inner
angles
of the cells. Fruit
a small, 5-celled,5-valved,septicidalcapsule.
Genera
2, species
about
20, warmer parts
of the
world, a single
genus
and
species
in the
Philippines.
BERGIA Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family
as
given
above.
(In
honor of P. J.
Bergius,
a Danish
botanist.)
Species
about
14,
1 in
the
Philippines.
VIOLACEAE
333
1. B. serrata Blanco
(B. glandulosa Turcz.).
An erect or
ascending, branched,
annual herb 10 to 30 cm
high,
often
decumbent below. Stems and branches
reddish, glandular-pubescent.
Leaves
oblong-ellipticto
oblong-lanceolate,
1 to 2 cm
long, acute,
base
narrowed, shortly petioled,
the
pedicels
and
sepals glandular-pubescent.
Sepals
green,
about 3 mm long.
Petals
pink, as
long
as the
sepals.
Stamens
slender,10,
sometimes less.
Capsule ovoid,
2 to 2.5 mm
long.
In dried out rice
paddies,occasional,
fl.
Jan.-Mar.; widely
distributed in
Luzon. Formosa.
90. BIXACEAE
(Bixa or
Achuete
Family)
Trees with
simple
alternate leaves and minute
stipules.
Flowers in
terminal
panicles,perfect,regular. Sepals 5, imbricate,
deciduous. Petals
5, free,
contorted in bud. Stamens
indefinite;
anthers
opening by
terminal
pores. Ovary superior, 1-celled;style slender, curved; stigma notched;
ovules
many,
on 2
parietal placentas.
Fruit a softly prickly
loculicidal
capsule,
2-valved. Seeds
many.
A
single
genus
and
species,
native of
tropical
America.
BIXA Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family as given
above.
1. B. ORELLANA Linn. Achuete
(Sp.-Fil.)
;
Anatto.
Leaves
ovate, entire,
8 to 20
cm long,
5 to 12
cm ^^^de,base
broad, more or less
cordate,
apex
acuminate. Flowers white
to
pinkish,
Capsules
ovoid or subglobose,
green
or
reddish-purple,
about 4 cm long,
covered with
long, slender,
rather
soft
spines,
and
containing many small,
dark-red seeds.
(Fl,Filip.pi.231.)
Common in
gardens,
fl.
Aug.-Dec.
;
cultivated
throughout
the
Philippines.
A native of
tropicalAmerica,
but now widely
distributed in the
tropics
of
the world. The seeds
yield
the anatto
dye
of commerce.
91. VIOLACEAE
(Violet Family)
Herbs or shrubs with
alternate,mostly entire,stipulate
leaves. Flowers
regular or irregular,
bracteolate.
Sepals 5, equal or unequal.
Petals
5,
one frequently spurred
at the
base, hypogynous.
Stamens
5, hypogynous,
the filaments
broad,
the anthers
introrse,
free or
connate,
the connective
produced
above the anther-cells.
Ovary superior, 1-celled,placentas
parietal,many-ovuled. Capsule
3-valved or
berry-like.
Genera
15, species
about
350,
of wide
temperate
and
tropical
distribution,
2
genera
and about 10
species
in the
Philippines.
1. VIOLA Linnaeus
Herbs with alternate
leaves,frequently
stoloniferous. Flowers
axillary,
solitary,pedicelled,irregular. Sepals
5
persistent,produced
at the base.
Petals
5,
the lower one
largest,spurred
at the base. Stamens
5, hypogynous,
the anthers
introrse,surrounding
the
pistil,
the short broad filaments
continued
beyond
the
anther-cells,
the lower 2 often spurred
at the
base.
Ovary superior,1-celled;styleclub-shaped
or
ending
in a hook,
the
stigma simple,
often turned to
one
side.
Capsule
3-valved. Seeds
many.
(The
ancient Latin
name.)
334
'^ FLORA OF MANILA
Species
about 150, widely
distributed in
temperate regions,
few in the
tropics,
5 or 6 in the
Philippines,
at medium and
high altitudes,a single
introduced one
in our area.
"
1. V.
ODORATA
L. Violeta
(Sp.)
;
Violet.
Rootstock
stout,
the stems short or
none,
stolons slender. Leaves at the
ends of the
stems,
orbicular to subreniform, base
very
deeply cordate,
apex
rounded, crenate-serrate, slightlyhairy,
5 to 8 cm long, long-petioled.
Flowers
fragrant,
1.5 to 1.8 cm long. Sepals
green,
about 1 cm long,
acute or obtuse. Petals violet, throat marked with white
or
with white
lines.
Style ending
in
a
small hook.
fl. Nov.-Jan. A native of
Europe,
introduced
and cultivated
only,
not
spontaneous.
92. FLACOURTIACEAE
(Flacourtia or
Bitongol
Family)
alternate, entire or finely
toothed
leaves,
the
stipules small,
deciduous. Flowers
small, regular, perfect or 1-sexual,
mostly axillary,
fascicled or racemose. Calyx
of 4 or
5 free
or slightly
united
sepals.
Petals
small, as
many
as
the
sepals, or none. Stamens
definite or indefinite,often with
alternating staminodes,
the filaments free
or slightly
united.
Ovary superior or nearly so,
1- to several-celled;
ovules
1 to
many
in each
cell;style
and
stigmas
free or united. Fruit
usually
fleshy,loculicidally
2- to 5-valved or indehiscent and
drupaceous
or
berry- like.
Seeds arillated or not.
Genera 79, species
about .550,
in most
tropicalcountries, 10
genera
and
about 30 species
in the
Philippines.
Stamens
many; ovary
several-celled;
fruit
drupaceous,
indehiscent.
1. Flacourtia
Stamens about twice
as
many
as the
calyx-lobes;
ovary
1-celled;
fruit
dehiscent, the seeds arillate 2. Casearia
1. FLACOURTIA Commerson
Erect shrubs or trees,
oftftn
spiny.
Leaves toothed or crenate. Flowers
small, dioecious, rarely perfect. Sepals
4 or 5,
small. Petals
none.
Stamens
many.
Ovary
2- to
8-celled;
ovules
usually
in
pairs; styles
2 or
more. Fruit fleshy, the
endocarp hard, 2 to 8-celled,
each cell 1-seeded.
(Named after E. de
Flacourt, a French
traveller.)
Species
about 12 in the
tropics
of the Old
World, some cultivated,
2 or
3 in the
Philippines.
1. F.
sepiaria
Roxb.
Bitongol (Tag.).
An
erect, branched, more or less
spiny
shrub or small tree 1 to 3
high,
the
spines
rather
slender,scattered,
often 2 cm
long.
Leaves obovate to
oblong-obovate,crenate,
2.5 to 5 cm long, crenate,
apex
rounded
or retuse.
Flowers
white, axillary or terminating
short
branchlets, solitary
or
in
pairs, long-pedicelled,about 5 mm
in
diameter, the
sepals
very
much
shorter than the stamens. Fruit
globose
and
fleshy
when
fresh,purple or
nearly black, smooth,
about 1 cm in
diameter,
the
pulp fleshy,edible,
the
endocarp usually 6-celled,deeply 6-lobed,
the fruit
conforming
to the
endocarp
when
drj'.
In
drj-
open
places, Masambong
to San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
May" June;
widely distributed in the
Philippines.
India to Malaya.
SSG*
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. Stems
prominently 4-angled
and
narrowly 4-winged..
1. P.
quadrangularis
1. Stems terete.
2. Plants
nearly glabrous;
leaves
deeply palmately 3-lobed,
the involucral
bracts
nearly
entire 2, P. edulis
2. Plants hirsute and
ciliate;
leaves
very
shallowly
lobed or only sinuate,
the involucral bracts 1- to 3-pinnately
divided into fine
segments.
3. P.
foetida
*1. P.
QUADRANGULARIS
L. GranadiUa.
A
stout, glabrous,
herbaceous vine
reaching a height
of 10 to 15
m,
the stems
prominently 4-angled
and
narrowly winged.
Leaves ovate to
elliptic,entire, very
shortly acuminate,
base
broadly rounded,
10 to 15
cm long,
the
petioles
with scattered
glands,
the
stipules foliaceous,
1.5
to 2 cm long.
Flowers
large, solitary,fragrant.
Petals reddish. Corona-
filaments violet. Fruit
large, ellipsoid,fleshy,edible,
15 to 20
cm long.
fl.
Aug.,
and
probaly
in other
months,
not
spontaneous.
A native of
tropical America, now cultivated in
many
other
tropical
countries.
*2. P. EDULIS Sims. Pasion
(Sp.)
;
Passion Flower.
A
herbaceous, nearly glabrous vine, reaching a length
of several
meters,
the stems terete. Leaves ovate in
outline,
8 to 13 cm long, deeply palmately
3-lobed,
the lobes
oblong, acuminate, margins serrate,
the
petioles
2-glandular
at the
apex.
Flowers
fi*agrant,
about 4.5
cm
in diameter,
solitary,
the
pedicels
about 3
cm long.
Bracts
3, green,
elliptic
to
obovate, irregularly toothed, glandular on the
margins. Sepals oblong,
green,
about 2 cm long, spurred
at the
apex.
Petals
lanceolate,pale-
purplish,
about as long
as the
sepals.
Corona-filaments
very numerous,
in 3
series,
white at the
base, blue-purple above,
often with white
markings.
About
houses,
San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
June-July.
A native of
Brazil,
occasional in and about towns in the
Philippines,
but not
spontaneous.
3. Passiflora foetida L.
A herbaceous vine with slender terete
stems, prominently
villous with
spreading
hairs. Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate,
6 to 9 cm long, thin,
shallowly
3-lobed or
often
only sinuate, ciliate,
acute or acuminate,
base
cordate. Flowers
solitary,
w^hite or pinkish,
about 3 cm in
diameter,
subtended
by a prominent
involucre of 3 bracts which are 1- to
3-pinnately
divided into numerous segments,
the ultimate
segments glandular. Sepals
about 1.5 cm long, pale.
Petals about
as long
as the
sepals,
white or
pinkish.
Corona of
3-seriate,
slender
segments.
Fruit
ovoid, dry, inflated,
3 to 5 cm long.
In
thickets,Pasay,
occasional. A native of
tropicalAmerica,
introduced
here and
occasionally
found in and about
towns, spontaneous
or subspon-
taneous;
also now found in various other
tropical
countries.
2. ADEN IA Forskal
Twining, usually glabrous, tendril-bearing,
herbaceous or suffrutescent
vines. Leaves entire or palmately lobed, usually
with 1 or more
flat
circular
glands
on the imder surface and with similar ones at the
apex
of the petiole.
Flowers
small, unisexual,
in
axillary, peduncled,
few-
flowered
cymes.
Male flowers: Calyx
tubular or campanulate,
5-lobed.
Petals 5, free,thin,
1-nerved. Corona a ring
of threads
springing
from the
calyx-tube,
or wanting. Disk-glands 5, strap-shaped
or capitate.
An-
CARICACEAE
337
droecium
cup-shaped,
membranaceous
beneath;
filaments 5.
Ovary
rudimentary
or none. Female flower with
calyx
and corolla as
in the male.
Corona a membranaceous
fold, or none.
Staminodes
5, forming a membranaceous
cup
surrounding
the base of the
ovary,
dividing
above into
barren filaments.
Ovary
stalked or sessile. Fruit
capsular,
3-valved.
(Greek "gland"
from the
glandular
leaves and
petioles.)
Species about 60 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
2 or 3 in the
Philippines.
1. A. coccinea
(Blanco)
Merr.
A
glabrous,
suffrutescent
or woody
vine
reaching a height of 10 m or
sometimes more. Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate,
entire or sometimes
palm-
ately 3-lobed, acuminate,
base
cordate,
7 to 15 cm
long. Cymes long-
peduncled, few-flowei'ed,usually
tendril
bearing.
Flowers small. Fruit
ovoid,scarlet,smooth,
6 to 7 cm long,manj'-seeded.
In
fl.
Dec-Jan.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
94. CARICACEAE
(Papaya Family)
Erect, normally unbranched,
dioecious trees with
milky
sap.
Leaves
alternate,
crowded at the end of the
stem, long-petioled,large, palmately
7-
or
9-lobed. Male flowers in
axillary,
narrow,
pendulous, elongated
panicles. Calyx short,
5-toothed. Corolla
salver-shaped,
the tube
slender,
cylindric,
the lobes
5,
valvate or convolute. Stamens 10,
inserted in the
throat of the
corolla;
filaments
short;
anthers
basifixed,
exserted. Female
flowers rather
large, axillary. Calyx
with 5 short lobes. Petals
5,
fi-ee.
Ovary supei'ior,free, 1-celled;stigmas 5, lobed;
ovules
numerous,
in 2
or
many
series on parietal placentae.
Fruit
large, fleshy.
Seed
globose,
enclosed in
a gelatinous covering,
the testa variously roughened.
A
single
genus
of few
species,
natives of
tropical
America.
CARICA Linnaeus
-
Characters of the
Family. (Latin "fig,"probably
from its
supposed
leaf-resemblance. )
1. C. PAPAYA L.
Papaya (Sp.-Fil.).
A
small, erect, tree,
3 to 6 m high, unbranched, or sometimes when
injured becoming branched,
the trunk
soft, grayish,
marked with
large
petiole-scars.
Leaves suborbicular in
outline,
1
m broad or less,palmately
7-
or 9-lobed,
each lobe
pinnately
incised or lobed; petiolesstout, hollow,
about 1 m long.
Staminate inflorescence
axillary,pendulous, paniculate,
1 to 1.5 m
long,
the flowers in crowded
clusters,straw-colored,fragrant,
the corolla-tube
slender,
about 2 cm long.
Pistillate flowers in short
axillaryspikes or
racemes,
the
petals
7 cm long or less. Fruit
subglobose,
obovoid,or oblong-cylindric,
5 to 30 cm long,
green
or
yellow
when
mature,
fleshy.
Common in cultivation
throughout
the
Philippinesfrequently spontaneous,
fl.all the
year;
introduced from Mexico
by
the
Spaniards
at an early date,
now found in all
tropical
countries.
A form
occasionally occurs in Manila with a
few female or perfect
flowers
developed on the male inflorescence which become fertilized and
develop
small fruits.
"
111555 " 22
338
^ FLORA OF MANILA
95. BEGONACEAE
'
(Begonia or
LinSat
Family)
Succulent, creeping, climbing,
or erect herbs or
undershrubs,
the stem
often reduced to a root-stock. Leaves
alternate,entire,toothed,or lobed,
usually very
unequal-sided.
Inflorescence
axillary,
cymose,
usually
dichoto-
mous,
rarely fascicled. Flowers white or
pink, monoecious, small or
large.
Male flowers: Perianth of 2
outer, opposite segments,
and 2 inner smaller
ones or these
wanting;
stamens
usually many,
the filaments free or more
or less
united;
anthers
narrowly
obovate. Female flowers: Perianth of
2 to 5
segments. Ovary inferior,
2- to
4-celled;styles
2 to
4,
free or united
below,
the
stigmas
branched or twisted;
ovules
very
numerous.
Fruit
a
usually winged, angular, thin-walled,capsule,variously
dehiscent or irregularly
breaking
up.
Seeds
very
small,numerous.
Genera about
5, species
about 500 in most moist
tropical countries,
1
genus
in the
Philippines.
1. BEGONIA Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family. (In
honor of M.
Begon, a French
promoter
of
science.)
Speciesnearly 500,
in
most
tropicalcountries,
about 60 in the
Philippines.
1. B.
nigritarum
Steud.
{B. rhombicarpa
A.
DC). Lingat, Pingol-bato
(Tag.).
Root-stock
creeping,
with numerous brown
stipules
and scattered brown
hairs. Leaves
obliquely ovate,
acute or acuminate, irregularly angularly
or
undulately
lobed or
coarsely toothed, long-petioled,
base
cordate, fleshy
when fresh and with a distinct acid
taste,
thin when
dry,
often
purplish
beneath,
green
or somewhat mottled
above, slightlyhairy, at least on the
margins,
2.5 to 10
long. Scapes erect, equaling or longer
than the leaves,
dichotomous,
few-floAvered. Flowers
pink
or
neai'lywhite,
12 to 14 mm
in
diameter,
male and female flowers with 4
perianth-segments. Capsule
subequally broadly rhombic-ovoid, including
the
wings, triangular,
5 to 8
mm long, 3-winged,
the
wings
subacute.
(Fl. Filip.pi.A13.)
Occasionally cultivated,Singalon,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippineson
damp cliffs,
in
ravines,
etc. Endemic.
In addition to the above a number of
extra-Philippine garden
forms
and
hybrids are cultivated in
Manila, which have not been considered here.
96. CACTACEAE
(Cactus Family)
Fleshy,
erect or climbing plants,
with
much-thickened, usually green
stems, usually leafless, supplied
with few to
many sharp spines
which arise
from small areolae. Stems
various,
in
our
genera cylindric,flattened,or
triangular,jointedor continuous. Flowers
usually large
and
showy, perfect,
solitar3^ Calyx
of few to
many
imbricate
sepals.
Petals
numerous,
in
2 to
many
series. Stamens
numerous,
the filaments
slender,
sometimes
cohering
with the base of the
petals. Ovary inferior,1-celled;
ovules
numerous, parietal
;
stylessimple.
Fruit
a fleshy,
often
spiny berry.
Seeds
numerous.
Genera 20 or
more, species
over 1200, chiefly
in the
dryer parts
of warm
and
tropicalAmerica, a
few introduced in the
Philippines.
'
For the
Philippine representatives
of this
family,
see Merrill,
E.
D.,
"The
Philippine Species
of
Begonia." Philip.
.Jonryi. Sci. 6
(1911)
Bot.
369-406.
CACTACEAE
339
Joints
long,cylindric
or 3- to
5-angled or
-winged;
flowers
very
large.
1. Cereas
Joints
oblong-obovate,compressed;
flowers small 2.
Nopalca
1. CEREUS Miller
Succulent,climbing or erect
plants
with
distantlyjointed,3-angled stems,
bearing
short
sharp spines
in scattered
marginal areolae. Leaves none.
Flowers large, solitary. Calyx-tube long-produced
above the
ovary,
the
lobes
very numerous, many-seriate,
the outer ones much-reduced. Petals
many,
2- to
many-seriate,longer
than the
sepals.
Stamens
very numerous,
many-seriate,
the filaments adnate to the base of the
calyx-tube. Style
cylindric,elongated; stigma
radiate.
(Latin
"a
wax torch,"
from fancied
resemblance of the flowers of some
species.)
Species
about 120 in the warmer and
tropicalparts
of
America,
3 introduced
in the
Philippines.
Climbing;
stems and branches
3-angled
1. C.
triangularis
Erect;
stems and branches
5-winged
2. C.
lepidotus
*1. C. TRIANGULARIS
(L.)
Mill. Caliz
(Sp.-Fil.).
A
climbing,
branched
plant, rooting
at the
joints,reaching a height
of
8 m or
more,
the stems
triangular,3-winged,
the
joints
0.2 to 1 m long,
or
more,
4 to 6 cm thick,green,
the
wings thick,
with remote
areolae,
each
areola with 3 to
5, sharp, straight,
2 to 4 mm long spines.
Flowers about
30 cm long. Sepals greenish-yellow,thick,
lanceolate. Petals about
16,
2-seriate,
10 to 12 mm long,
4 to 5 cm wide, white,
thin. Fruit said to
be about 10 cm long, scarlet,
smooth.
(Fl. Filip.pi.32It.)
fl.
June-Sept. Widely
distributed in
tropical
America, an introdiced
plant
hei*e.
*2. C. LEPIDOTUS
Salm-Dyck.
Stout,erect,sparingly branched,
up
to 3.5 m high,
the branches
ascending,
10 to 12 cm
in
diameter, 5-winged,
the
margins
of the
wings
with areolae
1 to 1.5 cm
apart,
each areola with 5 to 8 slender, sharp, radiating,
brown
spines
5 to 20 mm long.
Flowers
solitary,
about 20 cm
long,
the tube about
1.5 cm
in
diameter,
broadened
above, narrowly funnel-shaped,
6 to 7 cm in
diameter above.
Sepals
in several
series,
green,
the lower ones
oblong,
short, gradually longer upward,
the
upper
ones lanceolate to
oblong-
lanceolate,
6 to 7 cm
long,
1.5 cm wide, apiculate.
Petals
white,
much
thinner than the
sepals,oblong-lanceolate,
7 to 8 cm long,
1.5 to 2 cm
wide. Stamens
very numerous. Style
green, cylindric,
the
radiating arms
of the
stigma
about 1.7 cm
long.
Rarelj' cultivated,
occasional also in
thickets,
San Juan del Monte,
Masambong, etc.,
fl.
Sept.; occasional in the
Provinces,
in thickets and
cultivated. A native of South America.
2. NOPALEA
Salm-Dyck
Erect, branched, fleshy shrubs,
the branches
jointed,
the
joints compressed,
oblong
to
obovate,
green,
with scattered cushion-like bodies which
usually
bear short
spines.
Flowers scattered, solitary
on the
margins
of
the
upper
joints,sessile,
red.
Calyx-tube
not
produced
above the
ovary,
the lobes 6 to
8,
.scale-like. Petals 12 to
18, 2-seriate,a.scending.
Stamens
very numerous, 2-.seriate, longer
than the
petals. Ovary exserted; style
340
A FLORA OF MANILA
elongated; stigma
5- to 7-lobed. Fruit
fleshy, pyriform, many-seeded.
(From
the Mexican
name nopalnochotzli.)
Species
about
3,
in
tropical America,
1 now introduced in most other
tropical
countries.
1. N.
COCHINELIFERA (Mill.) Salm-Dyck. Dilang-baca (Tag.) ;
Cochineal
Plant.
A
fleshy,erect, branched,
leafless
plant
1 to 3 m high,
the stems
stout. Joints
thick, oblong-obovate,
green,
fleshy,compressed,
15 to 25
cm long,
with
few, small, scattered,Avhite,
cushion-like bodies which are
unarmed or bear small
spines.
Flowers
scattered,solitary
on the
upper
margins
of the
uppermost joints. Calyx green,
oblong-ovoid,
3 to 3.5
cm long, fleshy,bearing areolae,
these
usually
with small bristles. Corolla
about 2.5
cm long.
Petals
several-seriate,red,
the inner series
gradually
longer,
but shorter than the
exserted,
red stamens. Fruit
ovoid,purplish,
fleshy,
about 3.5
cm long, top
much
depressed.
fl.
Nov.-May.
A native of
tropical America,
introduced
here,
cultivated and in
some localities
subspontaneous.
97. LYTHRACEAE
(Henna or Banaba
Family)
Herbs, shrubs,
or trees,
the branches often
4-angled.
Leaves
entire,
opposite, alternate,
or whorled. Inflorescence
the
flowers
solitary,fascicled,spicate,cymose,
or panicled.
Flowers
perfect,
regular. Calyx-tube free, persistent,
3- to
6-lobed,
lobes often
appendic-
ulate. Petals as
many
as the
calyx-lobes,rarely none. Stamens few or
many,
inserted on the
calyx-tube. Ovary
free in the bottom of the
calyx-
tube,
2- to
6-celled;
ovules
many.
Fruit coriaceous or membranaceous,
dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds
usually
many,
various.
Genera 22, species 450, widely
distributed in the
ti'opics,especially
in
America,
few in
temperate
or cold
countries,
5
genera
and about 14
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Trees or shrubs.
2. Flowers
small,
4-merous 1. Lawsonia
2. Flowers
large,
6-merous 2.
Lagerstroemia
1. Low herbs with minute flowers.
3. Walls of the
capsules densely horizontally
striate under a lens.
3. Rotala
3. Walls of the
capsules
not striate 4. Ammania
1. LAWSONIA Linnaeus
An erect shrub or small
tree,
the older branches sometimes
spinous.
Leaves
opposite,
entire. Inflorescence a terminal
panicle,
the bracts
small,
deciduous. Flowers rather
small, 4-merous, numerous.
Calyx-tube very
short,
the lobes
4,
ovate. Petals
4, obovate,
inserted at the
top
of the
calyx-tube.
Stamens
usually 8,
inserted in
pairs
between the
petals,
sometimes fewer
or more and not
paired. Ovary free, sessile,
2- to
4-celled;style
very long. Capsule coriaceous,globose,irregularlybreaking
up.
Seeds
many, angular,
smooth.
(In
honor of Dr. J.
Lawson, a Scotch
friend of
Linnaeus.)
A
monotypic
genus.
1. L. iNERMis L. Cinamomo
(Sp.-Fil.);
Henna.
An
erect,
much-branched shrub 3 to 6 m high.
Leaves
oblong-elliptic.
LYTHRACEAE
341
apex
acute and
apiculate,
base
narrowed,
1.5 to 4 cm long.
Panicles
7 to 30 cm long,
the lower branches subtended
by
leaves. Flowers
fragrant. Calyx
about 4 mm long.
Petals
usually straw-yellow, a little
longêr
than the
calyx-lobes. Capsule depressed-globose,
5 to 7
mm
in
diameter.
Commonly
cultivated for its
fragrant flowers,occasionallyspontaneous;
in and about towns generally
in the
Philippines, chiefly cultivated,
and
certainly
introduced after the
Spanish occupation.
A native of
parts
of
Africa and
India, now cultivated or spontaneous
in most tropical
countries.
2. LAG ERST ROE Ml A Linnaeus
Trees
or
shrubs with
opposite, usually distichous, entire, oblong
to
ovate leaves. Panicles
axillary
and
terminal, ample.
Flowers
large,,
showy, regular. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, smooth, grooved, angular, or
narrowly winged,
lobes
usually
6. Petals
usually 6, large,clawed, margins
crisped
or undulate. Stamens
long, very numerous,
inserted
near the base
of the
calyx-tube. Ovary
sessile at the base of the
calyx-tube,
3- to 6-
celled,
ovules
many.
Capsule
ovoid to
ellipsoid,more or less adnate to
the
persistentcalyx-tube,
3- to
6-valved,
3- to 6-celled. Seeds
many,
winged
at the
apex.
(In
honor of M.
Lagerstroem, a correspondent
of
Linnaeus.)
Species
about
30, chiefly
Indian and
Malayan,
few in China and Aus- tralia,
4
in the
Philippines,
of which 1 is introduced.
Leaves 4 to 8 cm long, subsessile;
flowers about 4 cm
in
diameter; petals
beautifullycrisped
and
lobed,
with a long
slender claw 1. L. indica
Leaves 12 to 25 cm long, distinctlypetioled;
flowers 7 to 8
cm or more
in
diameter,
the
petals
with a short claw 2. L.
speciosa
*1. L. INDICA L. Melindres
(Sp.-Fil.); Crepe Myrtle.
A shrub or
small
tree,
4 m high or
less,
the branches
slender,4-angled,
narrowly winged.
Leaves
entire,elliptic-ovate
to
oblong-ovate,
or obovate,
sessile,
very
shortly
acuminate
or obtuse,
4 to 8 cm long.
Flowers about
4 cm
in
diameter,
in
small,
terminal
panicles. Calyx
green,
6-lobed. Petals
6, pink or purplish,
with
a long
slender
claw,
the limb 1.5 to 2 cm wide,
orbicular or
reniform in
outline,lobed, strongly crisped. Capsule globose-
ovoid,
1 cm long or
less.
Occasionally
purposes,
but not
spontaneous,
fl.
June-Sept.;
occasional in
larger
towns
throughout
the
Archipelago.
A
native of
China,
now
widely
distributed in
tropical
and warm countries,
2. L.
speciosa (L.)
Pers. Banaba
(Tag.).
A tree 4 to 20
m high, or sometimes
flowering
Avhen a mere shrub
coriaceous, oblong
to
elliptic-ovate,
obtuse
or shortly acuminate,
12 to 25 cm long.
Panicles
terminal, large, up
to 40 cm
in
length.
Flowers 6-merous.
Calyx pubescent,
ribbed. Petals
lilac-purple,oblong-obovate or obovate, shortly clawed,
3 to 3.5 cm long.
Capsule
obovoid or
ellipsoid,
2 to 3.5 cm
long. (Fl. Filip. pi. SlJf,
L.
rcginae.)
In
thickets,Malabon,
San Juan del
Monte, etc., occasional,
sometimes
also cultivated for its
very
ornamental flowers,
fl.
May-Aug.
;
common
and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines. India, through Malaya
to
Australia.
342
A FLORA OF MANILA
3. ROTALA Linnaeus
Erect, low, simple or branched,
annual herbs
growing
in wet
places,
glabrous or nearly so. Leaves decussate or verticillate, rarely alternate,
sessile
or subsessile. Flowers 3- to
6-merous, small,mostly sessile,axillary
and
solitary,
or in
axillaryspikes or
racemes, usually
2-bracteolate.
Calyx
campanulate
to
hemispheric,
3- to
6-lobed,
the lobes
usually
with a
setiform
appendage.
Petals small. Stamens 1 to 6.
Ovary
sessile or subsessile;
style
short or elongated. Capsules septicidally
2- to
4-valved,
cartilaginous,
the walls
densely
and
minutely horizontally
striate under a
lens.
(Probably
from Latin "wheel" in reference to the verticillate leaves
of most
species.)
Species 38, chiefly
in
tropical
Asia and Africa, a
few in
Australia,
Europe,
and
America,
4 in the
Philippines.
1. Leaves
verticillate; petalsnone 1. R. mexicana
1. Leaves
opposite; petals present.
2. Flowers
axillary,solitary
2. R. ramosior
2. Flowers in
axillary spikes
3. R. indica
1. R. mexicana C. " S.
subsp. pusilla (Tul.)
Koehne.
A
small, glabrous, erect,
annual
plant usually
less than 3 to 4 cm
in
height, generally
branched from the base. Leaves
linear-oblong,
in
threes or fours,
somewhat
close,
5
mm long or less,obtuse, truncate,
or
2-pointed.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,
less than 1 mm long,
4- or 5-merous,
the
calyx-teeth triangular.
Petals
none.
Stamens 2 or 3, rarely
4.
Cap- sule
subglobose,
about 1 mm
in diameter.
In old rice
paddies, Caloocan,
San Juan del
Monte, etc.,
fl.
Oct.-Nov.;
of
very
local occurrence
in the
Philippines.
The
subspecies
in
tropical
Asia and
Africa,
the
species
in
one
form or another in most
tropical
countries.
2. 4. R. RAMOSIOR
(L.)
Koehne.
An
erect, slender,simple or branched, glabrous plant
8 to 25 cm high,
the stems
somewhat
4-angled, usually purplish.
Leaves oblanceolate to
linear-lanceolate,
1.5 to 3 cm
long, obtuse,
base narrowed to the short
petiole.
Flowers
small, axillary, solitary, sessile,
the bracteoles about
as long
as the
calyx,
at time of
flowering
2.5 to 3 mm long,
the
appendages
longer
than the
lobes,spreading, lanceolate-acuminate,
the lobes
triangular-ovate,
acute or acuminate. Petals
ellipticor oblong-elliptic,
pale-pink,
about 1 mm
long. Capsule ovoid,
3 to 4 mm long.
In
open
wet
grass
lands,
fl. Oct.-Dec.
;
widely
A native of North and South
America,
introduced in the Phil- ippines,
now widely
distributed and
thoroughly
naturalized.
3. R. Indica (Willd.)
Koehne.
An
erect, simple or branched, glabrous,
the stems
obscurely 4-angled.
Leaves sessile or subsessile,oblong, elliptic,
or obovate,
8 to 15 mm long,
acute or obtuse and
mucronate, nerves
prominent
on the lower
surface, margins cartilaginous. Spikes axillary,
solitary,numerous,
8 to 15 mm long,
the flowers
numerous,
in the axils
of much-reduced
leaves,or
sometimes the
spikes wanting
and the flowers
strictlyaxillary
in the axils of normal leaves. Flowers subsessile.
Calyx
2 to 2.5 mm
long, subcampanulate,
green,
the lobes lanceolate,
acuminate.
344
A FLORA OF MANILA
capitate.
Fruit
large,
rather
hard, depressed-globose,many-seeded,
supported
by
the
calyx-tube,
the
calyx-lobespersistent,spreading. (In
honor
of P.
Sonnerat,
a
French naturalist and
explorer.)
Species
about 6
along
the seashore in the
2 in
tha
Philippines.
Leaves obovate, rounded 1. S.
pagatpat
Leaves
oblong
to
elliptic-oblong,
somewhat
pointed
2. S. caaeoUxris
1. S.
pagatpat
Blanco.
Pagatpat (Tag.).
A shrub or tree
reaching a height
of 20 m or
less. Leaves
very
thick,
leathery, obovate, rounded,
6 to 10
cm long,
often
nearly as
wide as
long. Calyx
green,
leathery,
3 to 4
cm long,
the
segments
6 to 9,
lanceolate
to
oblong-lanceolate,acuminate, equaling or longer
than the tube.
Petals
white, linear, early deciduous, nearly as long as the
calyx-
segments (sometimes wanting).
Stamens
very
numerous. Fruit
hard,
depressed-globose,
3 to 4 cm in
diameter,
surrounded
nearly
to the middle
by
the
calyx-tube,
the
persistent
lobes
spreading.
Along
tidal
estuaries,
fl. most of the
year;
throughout
the Philippines
along
the seashore. Endemic
(?),
or perhaps
not
specifically
distinct from
the
widely
distributed
Indo-Malayan
Sonneratia alba Sm.
2. S. caseolaris L.
Engl. {S.
acida L.
f.) Pagatpat (Tag.).
Similar to the
preceding,
but the leaves
oblong
to
elliptic-oblong,
somewhat
pointed, rarely obtuse,
4 to 10 cm long,
2 to 4 cm wide, tapering
to the base. Flowers
solitary,
the
calyx
green,
2.5 to 3 cm long,
the
segments 6, longer
than the tube. Petals
6, linear,pink or white, about as
long as the
calyx-segments.
Fruit about as in the
preceding species. (Fl.
Filip.pL 175,
S.
pagatpat.)
Along
tidal
estuaries,
but less abundant in the
Philippines
than the
preceding.
India to
Malaya.
99. PUNICACEAE
(Pomegranate or Granada
Family)
Shrubs or
small
trees,
the branches often
spiny,
the
young
ones
4-
angled.
Leaves
opposite, subopposite, or
clustered,
entire. Flowers solitary
or few at the ends of the
branches, large, perfect, regular. Calyx-
tube
funnel-shaped,
adnate to the
ovary
below, enlarged
above the
ovary,
the lobes 5 to
7, persistent
in fruit. Petals
as
many
as the
calyx-lobes,
alternate with
them,
wrinkled. Stamens
very numerous,
inserted around
the mouth of the
calyx tube,
bent inward in bud.
Ovary
united with
the
calyx-tube, many-celled,
the cells
arranged
in 1 to 3 whorls.
Style
slender, elongated; stigma capitate;
ovules
many
in each
cell, some
axillary, some parietal.
Fruit a globose berry
with a thick
pericarp,
crowned
by
the
calyx-segments. Seeds, angular, very
numerous.
A
single
genus
vnih. 2
species,
1 introduced in the
Philippines.
1. PUNICA Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family. (Latin
"Phoenician"
or "Carthaginian.")
1. P. GRANATUM L. Granada
(Sp.); Pomegranate.
A shrub 2 to 3 m
high,
the branchlets
slender, 4-angled,
often terminating
with a short
spine.
Leaves
oblong-lanceolate
to
oblong-elliptic,
4 to 6 cm long, short-petioled,acute or obtuse,
narrowed at both ends.
LECYTHIDACEAE
345
Flowers
red,
the
calyx
2.5 to 3
cm long,
the
segments usually
6. Petals
obovate, nearly
2 cm
long.
Fruit
globose,
reddish
or purplish,
about 5
cm
in
diameter, containing
many
seeds surrounded
by
a red
pulp. (Fil.
Filip.pi. 211.)
Occasionally cultivated,flowering
most of the
year;
in most towns in
the
Philippines
in
cultivation,
but not
spontaneous,
introduced
by
the
Spaniards
at an
early
date. A native of eastern
subtropical Asia, now
cultivated in most
tropical
and
subtropical
countries.
100. LECYTHIDACEAE
(Barringtonia OR Putat
Family)
Erect shrubs or trees with
alternate,simple, entire,or toothed leaves.
Flowers
regular, perfect,
often
large
and
showy,
in short or elongated,
terminal or axillaryspikes or
racemes,
the bracts small deciduous.
Caiyx-
tube
scarcely pi'oduced
above the
ovary,
the limb with 3 or 4,
valvate or
imbricate lobes. Petals 4 or 5,
imbricate. Stamens
very many,
the filaments
slightly
connate at the base.
Ovary inferior,
2- to
4-celled;
ovules
2 to 8 in each cell. Fruit small or
large,
ovoid to
oblong,
sometimes
quadrangular,
fibrous or fleshy,indehescent,
1- to
several-seeded,
crowned
by
the
calyx-lobes.
Genera 18, species
about
260,
in all
tropical countries,
2
genera
and
about 7
species
in the
Philippines.
1. BARRINGTONIA Forster
Small
or large trees, usually glabrous.
Leaves
generally
crowded at
the ends of the branches,
entire or toothed,
often
large.
Flowers small
or
large,
in short or long,
terminal or axillary,
erect or pendulous racemes.
Calyx
green,
the tube adnate to the
ovary,
not
produced
above
it,
the
segments
2 to 4. Petals
usually 4,
sometimes 5, imbricate, slightly
connate
at the
base,
adnate to the stamens. Stamens
very numerous,
in several
rows,
epigynous, falling
with the
corolla;
filaments
very
slender,elongated,
Ovary inferior,
2- to
4-celled,
ovules several in each
cell,pendulous.
Fruit small or large,
fibrous or leathery,
often
angled,
indehiscent, 1-celled,containing a single large
seed.
(In
honor of D.
Barrington.)
Species
about
60, eastern Africa, tropical Asia, Malaya, Australia,
and
Polynesia,
about 7 in the
Philippines.
^
1.
Calyx quite
closed in
bud, splittingirregularly
into 2 or 3 lobes.
2. Leaves
entire;racemes short,erect;
flowers and fruit
very
large.
1. B. asiatica
2. Leaves
finelytoothed; racemes pendulous,
up
to 60 cm in
length.
2. B.
racemosa
1.
Calyx
not closed in
bud,
with 4
equal segments;
flowers and fruit
small;
racemes pendulous
3. B. luzonensis
1. B. asiatica
(L.)
Kurz.
{B. speciosa Forst.). Botong (Tag.).
A tree 8 to 15
m high
with
large, sessile,
obovate or obovate-oblong,
entire,thick,shining
leaves 20 to 40 cm
long, apex
obtuse,
base narrowed.
Flowers
very large,
in
short, erect,
few-flowered racemes. Calyx-tube
1
cm long,
the lobes 2 or 3, oblong-ovate,
concave, green,
2.5 cm long.
Pe- tals
4, thin, white, becoming brownish, oblong,
7 to 8 cm long,
3 to 4
cm
wide,
deciduous. Stamens
very numerous,
slender,
united at the
base,
10
to 12 cm long,
white
below, shading to
purple above;
anthers
small, yellow.
346
A FLORA OF MANILA
Style slender,
13 cm long, purplish.
Fruit
obovoid, sharply 4-, rarely
5-
angled,
8 to 14 cm long,
8 to 12 cm thick,containing a single large
seed.
Along
the
seashore, Pasay beach,
also
occasionallycultivated,fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines along
the seashore.
Ceylon
to
Malaya,
Australia and
Polynesia.
2. B. racemosa (L.)
Blume. Putat
(Tag.).
A shrub or small tree
reaching a height
of 10
m, glabrous,
the branches
with
prominent
leaf -scars. Leaves at the ends of the
branches, subsessile,
oblong-obovate,
10 to 30 cm
long, acuminate,
base
narrowed, margins
crenate-serrate. Racemes terminal or from axils of fallen
leaves,solitary,
drooping,
20 to 60 cm
in
length.
Flowers white
or pink. Calyx
closed
in
bud, splittingirregularly
into 2 or 3, ovate, concave segments.
Petals
oblong-ovate
to
lanceolate,
2 to 2.5 cm
long, slightly
Stamens
very numerous,
3 to 4
cm long.
Fruit ovoid to
oblong-ovoid,
5 to 6 cm
long,
somewhat
4-angled,
crowned
by
the
persistent calyx,
the
pericarp leathery,
green
or purplish. (F. Filip.
-pi.
240.)
On
open
low l^nds and
thickets,
fl.
most of the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines near the seashore. India and
Ceylon, Malaya,
and
Polynesia.
3. B. luzonensis
(Presl)
Rolfe. Putat
(Tag.).
A
glabrous
Leaves somewhat crowded at the
ends of the
branches, oblong-obovate,
6 to 14 cm
long, acuminate,
base
narrowed, margins uniformly
and
finely
toothed. Racemes
axillary,
pendulous,
10 to 45 cm long,
slender. Flowers
numerous,
short-pedicelled,
pink
to red.
Calyx
lobes
4, short,
obtuse. Petals
narrowly oblong,
about
7 mm
long.
Fruit
oblong-ovoid,
somewhat
4-angled, pointed,
3 to 4 cm
long,
about 1.5 cm thick.
Along streams,
in thickets
etc.,Masambong, Singalon, Paco, Pasay, etc.,
fl.
June-Sept.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
101. RHIZOPHORACEAE
(Mangrove or Bacauan
Family)
Trees with
entire,simple, coriaceous, glabrous leaves,
the
stipules
inter-
petiolar,
caducous. Flowers
axillary,solitary,
fascicled
or
in
depauperate
cymes,
perfect. Calyx more or less adnate to the
ovary,
the limb
produced
above the
ovary,
4- to
14-lobed,
the lobes
valvate, persistent.
Petals as
many
as the
calyx-lobes, entire, notched, cleft, or lacerate. Stamens
usually
twice as
many
as the
petals,
in
pairs opposite
to and embraced
by
the
petals. Ovary
5- to
1-celled,styles connate;
ovules
usually
2 in each
cell,pendulous.
Fruit
coriaceous,indehiscent,1-celled,1-seeded,
the seed
in the
typical
mangrove genera
germinating
before the fruit
falls,
the
large
radicle
perforating
the
apex
of the
pericarp.
Genera
17, species
about
60,
in all
tropicalcountries,
7
genera
and about
11
species
in the
Philippines.
Calyx-lobes
and
petals 4; stamens 8 1.
Rhizophora
Calyx-lobes
and
petals
8 to
14;
stamens 16 to 28 2.
Bruguiera
1. RHIZOPHORA Linnaeus
Trees of the
mangrove swamps
with
prop-roots,
the branches marked
by
leaf-scars. Leaves
leathery, ovate to
elliptic,pointed.
Flowers 2 or
more,
on short
axillary peduncles. Calyx 4-lobed,
the bracteoles at the
RHIZOPHORACEAE
347
base connate. Petals 4, entire. Ovary
half-inferior. Fruit
ovoid, pendulous
the
calyx
lobes
persistent,
reflexed, the radicle
germinating on
the
tree, long-protruded, perforating
the
apex
of the fruit.
(Greek
"root" and
"to
bear.")
Species
about 5, tropics generally,
on
muddy seashores, along
tidal-
streams, etc.,
characteristic trees of the
mangrove swamps,
2 in the
Philippines.
Peduncles much shorter than the
petioles,
2-flowei'ed 1. R.
conjugata
Peduncles about
as long as
the
petioles,
3- to 7-flowered 2. R. mucronata
1. R.
conjugata
L.
Bacao,
Bacauan
(Tag.).
A tree of the
mangrove swamps, up
to 12 m high,
with
prop-roots.
Leaves
coriaceous, green
and
shining, oblong-elliptic,
10 to 16 cm long,
apex
acute or mucronate,
base acute. Penducles from the axils of fallen
leaves, shorter than the
petioles,
2-flowered. Flowers sessile. Fruit ovoid,
pendulous,
brown or olivaceous,
about 4 cm long,
the
persistentcalyx-lobes
reflexed,
the
protruded
radicle
green,
cylindric,
20 to 40 cm long. (Fl.
Filip.pi.135,
R. vmcronata.)
Along
tidal
streams, fish-ponds,etc., Malabon,
fl. most of the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines along
tidal
streams, one
of the characteristic
trees of the
mangrove swamps.
Tropical
shoi'es of Asia, Africa,
and
Malasia.
2. R. mucronata Lam.
Bacao,
Bacauan
(Tag.).
Very
similar to the
preceding species,
and with the
same
habit. Leaves
oblong-elliptic, coriaceous,shining,
up
to 16 cm long,
apex
with a slender
mucro. Peduncles
axillary,
2.5 to 4 cm long,
about as long
as the
petioles,
forked at the
apex,
bearing
from 3 to 7 flowers. Flowers and fruit about
as
in the
preceding species.
In
mangrove swamps,
along
tidal streams, etc.,
fl. most of the
year.
Range
about the same as for R.
conjugata.
2. BRUGUIERA Lamarck
Trees or
shrubs of the
mangrove swamps
with
prop-roots, glabrous.
Leaves entire. Flowers
axillary,solitaryor
cymose,
small or large. Calyx
split
into 8 to 14 narrow lobes,
obconical or campanulate.
Petals
oblong,
2-lobed or emarginate, appendiculate.
Stamens 16 to 28;
anthers
linear,
mucronate,
about
as long as the filaments.
Ovary
2- to 4-celled. Fruit
included in
or adnate to the
calyx-tube, 1-celled,1-seeded, germinating
on the tree.
(In
honor of J.
G.-Bruguieres.)
Species
about
7, along
the seashores and tidal streams in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
characteristic of the
mangrove swamns,
4 in the
Philip- pines.
Flowers about 3 cm long
1. B.
eriopetala
Flowers about 1 cm
long
2. B.
cylindrica
1. B.
eriopetala
W. " A.
Pototan, Busain,
Bacauan
(Tag.).
A small or large tree,
the
young
branches
usually
slender. Leaves
coriaceous, .shining,oblong-elliptic
to
oval-oblong,
acute at both
ends,
8
to 16 cm. long.
Flowers
yellow, axillary,solitary,
3 cm long,
the
pedicels
decurved.
Calyx-lobes usually
10. Petals shorter than the
calyx-lobes,
cleft at the
apex,
bearing a stout seta in the
sinus,
the
edges
clothed with
348
A
FLORA OF MANILA
long hairs,
each lobe
bearing a short,apical
bristle. Fruit
small,
the seed
germinating
on
the tree and
forming
a cylindric
radicle 30 cm long or
more prior
to its fall.
(Fl. Filip.pi.il5,
B.
polyandra.)
Along
tidal
estuaries, common
about
Malabon,
fl. all the
year;
along
tidal streams
throughout
the
Philippines. Malaya
to Australia.
The
very
closely
allied
Biruguiera gymnorrhiza Lam.,
also
occurs
in the
Philippines,
but I have
seen no specimens
from our area. It differs from
B.
eriopetala chiefly
in its
petals being nearly glabrous above,
and with 2
to 4 bristles
on
each lobe.
2. B.
cylindrica (L.)
Blume
(B. caryophylloides Blume). Bacauan,
Bu-
sain
(Tag.).
A
glabrous
tree 4 to 8 m high.
Leaves rather
thin,
7 to 12 cm long,
shining, elliptic-oblong,
narrowed at both
ends,
acute or acuminate. In- florescence
in the
upper
axils,
about as long
as the
petioles,
the
pedicels
umbellately
2- or 3-flowered. Flowers
greenish,
about 1 cm long,
the
calyx
7- or 8-cleft,
the lobes
linear,longer
than the bifid
petals,
the latter
bearing
3 or 4 bristles at the
tip
of each lobe and one
in the notch.
(Fl. Filip.
pl.136.)
In
mangrove swamps,
Malabon,
fl.most of the
year;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
in
mangrove swamps.
India to
Formosa,
southward to
Malaya.
102. COMBRETACEAE
^
(Teminalia
or Talisay Family)
Trees, shrubs,
or woody
vines. Leaves alternate or opposite,
entire.
Flowers spicate or
racemose,
the
spikes
or racemes sometimes
panicled.
Calyx-tube
adnate to the
ovary
and
produced
above
it,
the limb of 4
or
5
valvate lobes. Petals 4 or 5, or wanting.
Stamens as
many as,
or twice as
many
as the
calyx-lobes,
inserted on the
calyx. Ovary inferior,1-celled;
ovules
few, pendulous.
Fruit coriaceous or drupe-like,indehiscent,ovoid,
angular, or longitudinally winged or keeled.
Genera 15, species
about
250,
of wide
4
genera
and
18
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Petals
none;
large
trees with small flowers
1. Terminalia
1. Petals
present; trees, shrubs, or
vines.
2.
Calyx-tube slender,produced
4 to 7 cm beyond
the
ovary;
vines.
2.
Quisqualis
2.
Calyx-tube
short.
3. Erect shrubs
or trees; calyx persistent,
fruit not winged.
3. Lumnitzera
3. Vines with
winged fruits,
the
calyx
deciduous 4. Combretum
1. TERMINALIA Linnaeus
Large
trees with
opposite or subopposite
leaves more or less crowded at
the ends of the
branches,
often
glandular
at the base or on the
petioles.
Flowers
small, spicate or
racemose,
sometimes
panicled, perfect,
or
the
upper
ones
males.
Calyx-tube produced
above the
ovary,
the limb
cam-
*
For a
consideration of the known
Philippine species
of this
family see
Merrill,
E.
D.,
"A
Preliminary
Revision of Philippine
Combretaceae."
Philip.
Journ. Sci. 4
(1909)
Bot. 614-650.
COMBRETACEAE 349
panulate, 5-lobed,
deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 10.
Ovary 1-celled,
inferior. Fruit
ovoid,usually compressed
and keeled or win"2:ed, indehiscent,
1-seeded.
(From
the
Latin, on account of the crowded terminal leaves and
flowers of most
species.)
Species
about 100, tropics generally,
but
mostly
in
Africa, Asia,
and
Malaya,
about 11 in the
Philippines,a single one
in
our area.
1. T.
catappa
L.
Talisay (Tag.) ;
Almendras
(Sp.-Fil.)
; Lugo (II.)
;
Indian Almond.
A
large tree,
sometimes
reaching a height
of 25
m,
glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves
shining, obovate, tapering
below to the narrow and cordate
base,
10 to 25 cm long,
the
petioles
short. Flowers
white, small, spicate,
the
spikes axillary, simple,
6 to 18 cm long.
Fruit
compressed, ellipsoid
in
outline,prominently 2-ridged or keeled down the
sides,
3 to 6 cm long.
(Fl. Filip./)/.1U-)
Cultivated to some extent in Manila for
a shade
tree,
fl.most of the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines near
Malaya,
planted
in
many
other
tropical
countries.
2,
QUISQUALIS
Linnaeus
Scandent shrubs. Leaves
opposite,
entire. Flowers
long,
in short axillary
or
terminal
spikes. Calyx-tube
slender and much
prolonged
above
the
ovary,
deciduous,
its limb 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens
10,
short.
Ovary
1-celled
; style
filiform. Fruit
5-angled or 5-winged.
Seed
solitary. (Latin
"who" and "of what
kind," probably originally adopted on account of
uncertainty as to the
proper
alliances of the
genus.)
Species
4 or 5 in
tropical
Asia and
Africa,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. Q. indica L.
Niogniogan, Tangolon (Tag.).
A scandent shrub
reaching a length
of from 2 to 8
m,
the
younger
parts
rusty-pubescent.
Leaves
oblong
to
elliptic,
7 to 15 cm long,
acute or slightly
acuminate,
base rounded.
Spikes
shorter than the
leaves, many-flowered,
the bracts ovate to
lanceolate, persistent,
8 to 14 mm long.
Flowers
fragrant,
white to
pink or reddish-purple. Calyx-tube
very
slender,
produced
above the
ovary
for from 4 to 7
cm,
the lobes 5, short,
acute. Petals
oblong, obtuse,
10 to 15 cm long.
Fruit
narrowly ellipsoid,
2.5 to 3 cm
long, sharply longitudinally5-angled or 5-winged. (Fil.Filip.fl. 133.)
Occasional in thickets and often
cultivated,
fl. at intervals all the
year;
common and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Burma to
China,
through Malaya to New
Guinea,
cultivated in other
tropical
countries.
3. LUMNITZERA Willdenow
Glabrous shrubs or trees
growing along
the
sea
shore and tidal streams.
Leaves somewhat
fleshy
when
fresh, alternate,
the ends of the
branchlets, shortly petioled,shining,
obovate to oblong-
obovate,
entire. Flowers in
racemes. Calyx-tube
produced
above the
ovary,
the base with 2 small
bracteoles,
the teeth 5. Petals
5, oblong.
Stamens 10 or fewer.
Ovary inferior,
1
celled;
ovules 2 to 5,
pendulous.
Fruit
woody, elliptic-oblong,
smooth
or longitudinally striate,
1-seeded.
(In
honor of S.
Lumnitzer.)
Species
2
or 3,
seashores in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
2 in the
Philippines.
350
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. L. racemosa
Willd. Solasi
(Tag.,
in
Paranaque
and
Maricaban),
A shrub or a small
tree, flowering
when 1 m high or less. Leaves
fleshy,
green,
shining, narrowly obovate,
2.5 to 7 cm long, apex
rounded,
retuse, gradually
narrowed to the acute base, short-petioled.
Racemes
axillary,
2 to 6 cm long. Calyx oblong-cylindric,
green,
5 to 6 mm long,
the teeth short. Petals
white, oblong,
about 4 mm long.
Stamens
10,
as long as
the
petals.
Fixiit
green,
oblong,
about 1.5 cm long,
crowned
by
the
persistentcalyx-i'im. (Fl. Filip.pi.126.)
Along
tidal
streams, Maricaban, Parafiaque, etc.,
fl.
Dec-Mar.,
here
2 m high or less;
occasional in similar habitats in the
Philippines. Trop- ical
shores of Africa and
to Australia and
Polynesia.
The
one
other
species
found in the Philippines,
L. littorea
(Jack) Voigt
(L.
coccinea W. "
A.),
is
distinguished by
its terminal
inflorescence,
crimson
flowers,
and its stamens about twice as long as its
petals;
it has
not been found in
our
area,
but is much the commoner species
of the two in
the
Philippines.
4. COMBRETUM' Linnaeus
Scandent shrubs or suberect with
pendulous
branches. Leaves
opposite,
entire,petioled.
Flowers
usually
in
panicled spikes or
racemes, polygamo-
dioecious,
bracteoles small.
Calyx-tube
slender
below, slightly
contracted
above the
ovary,
then
expanded
and
ovoid, funnel-shaped,
or
tubular,
the
limb 4- or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5,
insei'ted on the
calyx-limb,
small.
Stamens twice as
many
as the
petals,
inserted in 2 series.
Ovary inferior,
1-celled;
ovules 2 to 5. Fruit
indehiscent,dry,
4- or 5-winged. (A
Latin
name of uncertain
application.)
Species
about
130, tropicsgenerally,
4 in the
Philippines.
1. C.
squamosum
Roxb.
A scandent shrub
reaching a length
of 5 m or more. Leaves
opposite,
elliptic-ovate, glabrous on
the
upper
surface,
beneath covered with small
round
scales,
apex
base
rounded,
8 to 16 cm
long.
Inflorescence 6 to 15 cm
long, axillary,
of
racemosely arranged scaly
spikes,
the
spikes
3 to 6 cm long.
Flowers
white,
the
calyx-tube
slender
below, expanded above,
the limb about 4 mm long, funnel-shaped.
Petals
small. Fruit 2 to 2.5 cm long, broadly 4-winged.
In
thickets,Masambong,
fl.
Dec-Jan.; widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
India to
Malaya.
103. MYRTACEAE
^
(Myrtle or
Duhat
Family)
opposite,rarely alternate,simple,
entire or toothed,
often
pellucid-dottedleaves,exstipulate,or stipules
very
small and deciduous.
Flowers
regular, perfect, solitary,
or in
spikes,corymbs,
or heads.
Calyx
4- or 5-toothed or lobed,
the limb
persistent or deciduous. Petals
free, or sometimes united into a
disk-like
operculum, alternating
with the
calyx-lobes,
or
rarely wanting.
Stamens
very many,
rarely few,
inserted on
the disk with the
petals. Ovary
inferior,
1- to many-celled;
ovules numerous;
style simple.
Fruit
fleshy
or capsulai",
indehiscent or dehiscent,
1-
to
many-seeded.
^
For the
Philippine species
of this
family see Robinson,
C.
B.,
"A Prelim- inary
Revision of
Philippine Myrtaceae." Philip.
.Journ.
Sci. 4
(1909)
Bot. 331-407.
352 -
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. Flowers 5 to 6 cm in
diameter,
in short racemes from the bi'anches
below the leaves 2. E. malaccensis
2. Flowers 3 to 4 cm in
diameter,
in
axillaryor terminal,
few- to
many-
flowered
recemes,
or
cymose
panicles.
3. Leaves
lanceolate,gradually
narrowed at both
ends, slenderly acuminate
3. E.
jambos
3. Leaves
elliptic,
to
ovate-oblong,
obtuse or blunt-acuminate,
base
rounded or subcordate.
4. Fruit
turbinate, pink or red,
crowned
by
the
inflexed,
much
thickened, fleshy calyx-lobes
4. E,
javanica
4, Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid,greenish-white,
the
persistentcalyx-lobes
thin,
not inflexed 5. E. calubcoh
1. E. JAMBOLANA Lam.
Duhat, Lumboy (Tag.).
A tree 4 to 15 m
high, quite glabrous.
Leaves
shining, leathery,
oval
to
ellipticor obovate-elliptic, shortly
and
broadly acuminate,
6 to 12 cm
long,
the nerves
numerous,
slender. Panicles
mostly
from the branchlets
below the
leaves,some
often
axillaryor terminal,
4 to 6 cm long.
Flowers
numerous, pink or nearly white,
sessile in crowded fascicles on the ends
of the branchlets.
Calyx funnel-shaped,
about 4 mm long,
4-toothed.
Petals
cohering
and
falling as a small disk. Stamens about as long as
the
calyx.
Fruit oval to
elliptic,dark-purple, or nearly black, fleshy,
edible,
1.5 to 2 cm
long containing a
single large
seed.
(Fl. Filip.pi.17U,
Syzygmm jambolanum.)
.
Common,
fl.Feb.-March
;
throughout
the
Philippines
cultivated and wild,
but
certainly
introduced.
India, through Malaya,
to
Australia, often,
perhaps,
only
cultivated.
*
2. E. MALACCENSIS L.
Macopa, Macopa-calabao (Tag.).
A tree
reaching a height
of about 10 m.
Leaves
elliptic-oblong
to
broadly oblong-lanceolate,
10 to 25 cm long,
narrowed at both
ends, apex
acuminate,
base acute. Racemes
short, few-flowered,
from the branches
below the
leaves,
6 cm long or less. Flowers
large, showy, deep
red-
purple,
5 to 6 cm in
diameter,
the
calyx-tube
2 cm long,
green,
the lobes
1 cm wide. Petals
obovoid, nearly
1.5 cm long.
Fruit
subglobose or
depressed-turbinate,
crowned
by
the incurved
calyx-lobes. (Fl. Filip.pi.
170.)
,
One tree known to me in our
area, opposite
San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
April-May; widely
distributed in the
Philippines
in cultivation and certainly
Malaya, frequently only planted,
and now introduced
in
many
other
tropical
countries.
*3. E. JAMBOS L.
Tampoi (Tag.).
A tree
reaching a height
of about 10 m.
Leaves
lanceolate,
10 to 20
cm long, acuminate,
base
acute, short-petioled.
Racemes
terminal,
few-
flowered,
4 to 6 cm long.
Flowers
white, pink,
or
red,
4 to 5 cm
in diameter.
Calyx obconic,
the lobes 4. Fruit ovoid or globbose, fleshy,pink
or red,
2.5 to 4 cm
in
diameter,
crowned
by
the
calyx-lobes.
fl. Jan.-
April; widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines,
but
undoubtedly
introduced. India to southern
China, Malaya,
and
Australia, often, perhaps, only planted.
*
4. E. JAVANICA L.
Macopa (Tag.) ;
Malay Apple.
A
of 12 m.
Leaves
subsessile,elliptic-oblong,
MELASTOMATACEAE
353
apex
rounded or
obtusely acuminate,
12 to
20
cm long.
Inflorescence
axillary,
sometimes
terminating
short
branches,
7 to 15 cm
long.
Flowers
white,
3 to 4
cm
in
diameter,
few to
many.
Fruit
pink, fleshy,edible, turbinate,
3 to 4 cm
long
and
thick,
apex
depressed,
crowned
by
the much
thickened,fleshy,
incurved
calyx-lobes.
fl.
Mar.-April; widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines
in
cultivation,certainly
introduced.
Malay
Peninsula and Archi- pelago.
5. E. calubcob C. B. Rob. Calubcob
(Tag.).
A shrub or tree 6 to 30 m
in
height.
Leaves subsessile or
short-petioled,
ellipticto ovate or oblong,
7 to 23 cm long,
apex
blunt-acuminate,
base
rounded or subcordate. Inflorescence terminal or lateral,
6 to 18 cm
long,
few- to
many-flowered.
Flowers
white,
Calyx-
tube about 1 cm long.
Petals 6 to 8 mm
in
diameter,
orbicular-ovate.
Fruit
ellipsoid
to ovoid,greenish-white,edible,fleshy,
4 to 5 cm long,
crowned
by
the
thin,
not
inflexed,persistent calyx-lobes. (Fl. Filip.pi. 1^5,
E.
montana.)
Old Botanic
Garden,
fl.
March-May; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
3. PSIDIUM Linnaeus
opposite
axillary,on 1-
to few-flowered
peduncles,
white.
Calyx urn-shaped or obovate,
the limb
4- or 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5,
free. Stamens
very many. Ovary 2-celled,
inferior;
ovules
many
in each cell. Fruit a globes
to
ellipsoidor obovoid,
fleshy,many-seeded berry,
crowned
by
the
calyx-lobes. (Greek name of
the
pomegranate.)
Species
about 100 in
tropical
and
subtropicalAmerica,
2 introduced in
the
Philippines.
1. P. GUAJAVA L.
Bayabas (Tag.); Guayaba (Sp.)
;
Guava.
A shrub or small tree
reaching a height
of 8
m,
somewhat
pubescent.
Young
branches
4-angled.
Leaves
oblong
to
elliptic,
5 to 12 cm
long,
acute
or somewhat
acuminate,
base
usually rounded,
the nerves
prominent.
Peduncles 1- to 3-flowered. Flowers white.
Sepals
green,
1 to 1.5
cm
long.
Petals broad 1.5 to 2 cm
long.
Fruit
globose
to ovoid or obovoid,
4 to 5 cm long,green,
turning yellowish
when
ripe,
somewhat
aromatic,
the
pulp pink or nearly white,
edible.
(Fl. Filip,
-pi.
48,
P.
pyriferum.)
Common in
our
area,
fl. most of the
year.
A native of
Mexico,
now found
throughout
the
Philippines
and
thoroughly
naturalized. Most
tropical
countries.
104. MELASTOMATACEAE
(Melastoma or
Culis
Family)
Herbs, shrubs, climbing vines, or trees. Leaves
opposite,
sometimes
whorled, entire, palmately
or
pinnately nerved; stipules none. Flowers
perfect,regular,
in lateral or terminal fascicles or panicles. Calyx-tube
united with the
ovary,
3- to 6-lobed or truncate. Petals as
many
as the
calyx-lobes.
Stamens as
many
as
the
petals,
twice as
many,
or more
numerous,
the alternate ones frequently shorter;
filaments bent inward in
bud;
anthers
opening by apical
pores,
rarely by
lateral
slits,
the connective
often
appendaged
or
spurred
below.
Ovary
4- to 6-celled,or
in
Memecyclon
1-celled;stylesimple;
ovules
very many.
Fruit included in the
calyx-tube,
berry-likeor capsular.
111555 " 28
354
A FLORA OF MANILA
Genera
170, species
about
3,000,
in all
tropicalcountries,
few in temperate
regions,
15
genera,
and over 100
species
in the
Philippines.
1. MEMECYLON Linnaeus
Glabrous shrubs or trees with
coriaceous,opposite,usually penninerved
leaves. Flowers in
small, axillary or terminal, simple
or
panicled
cymes
or umbels.'
Calyx-tube campanulate,
the limb truncate or 4-lobed. Petals
4, usually
blue or purple.
Stamens
8, equal;
anthers
short, opening by
slits,
the connective
ending
in a posterior
horn.
Ovary inferior,1-celled,
surmounted
by
a convex or
depressed, 8-grooved disk;
ovules 6 to
many
on a
free central
placenta.
Fruit a globose
1-seeded
berry or drupe,
crowned
by
the
calyx-rim. (A
name used
by
Dioscorides for
a strawberry-like
fruit.)
Species
about
100, tropical
Asia to
Africa, through Malaya to Australia
and
Polynesia,
10 in the
Philippines.
1. M. umbellatum Burm.
{M.
edule
Roxb.)
Culis
(Tag.).
A
glabrous
shrub or small tree
reaching a height
of 6 to 8 m. Leaves
coriaceous,
6 to 14 cm
long, oblong-ovate
to
oblong-elliptic,
green,
shining,
acuminate,
base
usually decurrent-acuminate,
sometimes acute or rounded.
Cymes axillary,solitary
or
fascicled,
2 to 4 cm
long,peduncled,
the flowers
numerous, subumbellately disposed
on the branchlets. Flowers
deep-blue
or
pui'ple. Calyx funnel-shaped.
Petals about 2 mm
long.
Fruit
globose,
fleshy,dark-purple,
5 to 8 mm
in diameter.
(Fl. Filip.pi.373,
M. tine to-
rium.)
In thickets
opposite Guadalupe,
San Francisco del
Monte, etc.,
fl. Nov.-
Jan. and
probably
in other
months; common and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
variable. India to Australia.
105. OENOTHERACEAE
(Evening
Primrose
Family)
{Onagraceae)
Herbs,
sometimes
suffrutescent,
often
growing
in wet
places,
sometimes
aquatic.
Leaves
opposite
or
alternate,simple,
entire or
toothed. Flowers
perfect, regular or nearly so, mostly axillary
and
solitary. Calyx-tube
adnate to the
ovary,
the limb 2- to 5-lobed. Petals
epigj'nous,free,as
many
as the
calyx-lobes.
Stamens as
many,
or twice
as
many,
as the
petals.
Ovary
inferior
usually 4-celled,
but from 1- to
6-celled;stylesimple;
ovules
many
in each
cell,
in our
genera.
Fruit in
our
genera
an elongated,cylin-
dric or
angular,
dehiscent
capsule.
Genera 38, species475,
in all
parts
of the
world,
3
genera
and 7
species
in the
Philippines.
Stamens as
many
as
the
calyx-lobes
1.
Ludwigia
Stamens twice
as
many
as
the
calyx-lobes
2. Jussiaea
1. LUDWIGIA Linnaeus
Erect, simple
or branched herbs with
alternate,nearly or quite
entire
leaves. Flowers
small, yellow, axillary,solitary,
sessile or nearly so,
the
pedicels
2-bracteolate.
Calyx-tube linear,
the teeth 3 to
5, persistent.
Petals 3 to 5. Stamens inserted with and
as
many
as
the
petals. Ovary
inferior,
4- or 5-celled;
ovules
very
numerous. Capsule oblong or linear,
opening by
terminal
pores
or breaking
up
irregularly. (In
honor of C. G.
Ludwig, a
German
botanist.)
OENOTHERACEAE 355
Species
about 20, mostly
in North
America,
2
widely
distributed in
the
tropics
of the Old
World,
both in the
Philippines.
Pods
stout,
6 to 8 mm long,
about 2.5 mm thick, seeds not
showing through
the
capsule
walls 1. L.
parviflora
Pods
slender,
1 to 1.5 cm long,
1 to 1.5 mm thick,4-angled,
seeds
distinctly
showing through
the
capsule
walls 2. L.
prostrata
1. L. PARVIFLORA Roxb.
An
annual herb 10 to 30 cm high or
more,
stems often
purplish,
terete. Leaves
lanceolate,acute,
2 to 6 cm long,
base narrowed. Flowers
axillary,solitary,4-merous, shortly pedicelled.
Calyx-lobes oblong, acuminate, green, reflexed,
about 2 mm long.
Petals
yellow, oblong-elliptic,
3 mm long, spreading. Capsules Qblong, subcylin-
dric,
with 4 rounded
angles,
green
or purplish,
6 to 8 mm long,
the seeds
in several rows
in each
cell,
not distinguishablethrough
the cell-walls.
In
open
wet
grass
lands and waste
places,
fl.
Oct.-Feb.,
and
probably
in other months; widely
distributed in the
introduced.
India,through Malaya
to northern Australia.
2. L. PROSTRATA Roxb.
An erect or ascending, branched, glabrous,
annual herb with angled
stems 20 to 60 cm high.
Leaves
oblong-lanceolate
to lanceolate,
narrowed
at both
ends, acuminate,
the
larger
ones 6 to 8 cm long,
few or
many
smaller ones intermixed. Flowers small,4-merous, axillary,solitary,sessile,
the
calyx-lobes
and
petals
about 2 mm long. Capsules linear,4-angled,
slender,
1 to 1.5 cm long,
1 to 1.5
mm thick,
the seeds in one row in each
cell,distinctlyshowing through
the cell walls.
Old rice
paddies, Caloocan, Masambong, etc.,
fl.
Oct.-Dec,
and
probably
in other months; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,probably an introduced
plant
here. India to
Japan
southward to
Malaya.
2. JUSSIAEA Linnaeus
Erect,
often
suffrutescent, or
prostrate
and
spreading
herbs
growing
in
wet or
marshy places.
Leaves
alternate,
entire or
nearly
so. Flowers
yellow or white,axillary,solitary,
the
pedicelsusually
2-bracteolate.
Calyx-
tube
linear,
the teeth 4 to
6, persistent,
linear. Petals 4 to 6, epigynous.
Stamens twice as
many
as the
petals,
inserted with them.
Ovary
4-
or
5-celled;
ovules
many,
in several axile rows
in each cell.
Capsule linear,
round, or angular,
4- or 5-celled,
8- or 10-ribbed, septicidal
or opening
irregularly. (In
honor of A. L. de
Jussieu, a French
botanist.)
Species
about
36,
in all
tropical countries,
most
numerous
in
America,
3 in the
Philippines.
1. A
spreading or floatingaquatic plant
with obovate leaves and 5-merous
white flowers 1. /.
repens
1.
Erect,
herbaceous or
suffrutescent,usually branched,
the leaves
lanceolate,
the flowers
4-merous, yellow.
2. Flowers
large; pods
about 5 mm thick 2. J.
auffruticosa
2. Flowers
small; pods
1 to 2 mm thick 3, J.
linifolia
1. J.
repens
L.
A
creeping
or floating,glabrous,
herbaceous
plant,
the leaves obovate to
oblong-obovate,
rounded or obtuse,
1.5 to 5 cm
long,
the
floating
stem
frequently
with
cylindric
white vescicles at the nodes. Flowers
axillary,
356
A FLORA OF MANILA
pedicelled,5-merous,
the
calyx-lobeslanceolate,
about 7 mm
long.
Petals
obovate,white, pale-yellow
at the
base,
about 12 mm
long. Capsule linear,
cylindric,
2 to 3 cm long,
about 3 mm in
diameter,
base
narrowed, somewhat
longitudinallyridged.
In
muddy places,pools
of
stagnant water,
slow streams
etc.,
fl. most
of the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
All
tropical
countries.
2. J. suffruticosa L.
A
stout,
coarse,
erect, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent, more or
less
branched,
often sufFrutescent herb 0.4 to 1.5 m
high.
Leaves
lanceolate,
acuminate,
6 to 15 cm long.
Flowers
axillary,
sessile or nearly so. Calyx
green.
Petals
4, yellow, orbicular-obovate,
about 1 cm long. Capsules
green
or
purplish,
3 to 5 cm
long,
5 mm thick or
less,8-ribbed,the
persistent
calyx-lobes,oblong-ovate,acute or
acuminate,
about 1 cm long.
In
open
damp or wet
lands,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
In most
tropical
countries.
3. J. LINIFOLIA Vahl. Silasila
(Tag.).
An
erect, branched, glabrous annual,
20 to 60 cm high,
with
green
or purplish,
3- or
4-angled
or
winged stems,
and
spreading, 3-angled
branches. Leaves
narrowly elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,acute,
base decurrent on the
petiole,
4 to 10 cm
long.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,
sessile,
the
calyx-tube slender,
about 8
mm long,
the
calyx-lobes4,
green,
lanceolate,acuminate, nearly
4 mm long.
Petals
4, narrowly oblong-elliptic,
as long as
the
sepals.
Stamens 8.
Stigma globose. Capsule
green
or
purplish,
about 3 cm long,
1 to 2 mm
in
diameter,
the seeds
faintly
or not
visible
through
the walls.
In
open
wet
places,
old rice
fields,etc.,
common,
fl.all the
year ;
throughout
the
Philippines.
A native
tropicalAmerica,
introduced and naturalized
here and
probably
also in the
Malay Archipelago.
106. ARALIACEAE
(GINSENG OR
Papua
Family.)
Herbs, shrubs,
or trees sometimes
climbing,
smooth or prickly.
Leaves
alternate,rarely subopposite,simple,
entire or variously lobed,digitate,or
1- to
3-pinnate.
Flowers
small, regular, perfect
or polygamo-dioecious,
in
umbels, racemes,
or panicled heads,
the
pedicels
continuous or jointed.
Calyx-tube
adnate to the
ovary,
the limb
none,
or truncate,
or toothed
Petals
5, rarely
more,
valvate or
imbricate, spreading, or coherent and
falling as a
whole. Stamens as
many
as the
petals,
alternate with
them,
inserted around the
disk, rarely more numerous. Ovary inferior,
1- to
6-celled,rarely
more;
styles as
many
as the
cells,
free or united;
ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit coriaceous or drupaceous, small,
cells 1 to 5
or
6
or
more,
the
endocarp usually ridged.
Genera 54, species 650,
in all
parts
of the
world, chieflytropical,
10
genera
and 50
species
in the
Philippines.
Leaves
simple,pinnate, or pinnately decompound
1.
Nothopanax
Leaves
palmately compound
2.
Schefflera
1. NOTHOPANAX Miquel
Glabrous unarmed shrubs with
alternate,simple, pinnate, or pinnately
decompound
leaves. Flowers
small, polygamous,
in
panicled umbels,
5-
merous. Calyx-tube obconical,
the limb with 5 minute teeth. Petals 5,
valvate,triangular-ovate,
base broad. Stamens
5,
inserted with the
petals
ARALIACEAE 357
and alternate with them.
Ovary inferior,
2- or 3-celIed;styles
2 or 3,
very
short. Fruit somewhat
drupe-like,compressed
or 3-angled. (Greek
"false" and
Panax,
an allied
genus.)
1. I,eaves
simple, rounded,
somewhat saucer-like 1. N. cochleatum
1. Leaves
pinnate.
2. Leaflets 11 to 17, frequently pinnately lobed,pale-green
or yellowish.
2. N. ornatum
2. Leaflets 5 to
7, margined
or mottled with white 3. N.
guilfoylei
1. Leaves
2-pinnate
or
3-pinnate.
2. Leaflets
broadly
obovate to oblong-obovate,
the leaves
ternately
decompound
V
4. N.
crispatum
2. Leaflets linear-lanceolate to narrowly ovate,
acuminate, the leaves
pinnately decompound
5. N.
friiticosum
*
1. N. COCHLEATUM (Lam.) Miq. {Panax
cochleatum
DC).
Platitos
(Sp.-
Fil.).
An erect shrub 1.5 to 3.5 m high
with
simple,
suborbicular, cordate,
somewhat
concave,
saucer-like leaves 6 to 12 cm in
diameter,
the
margins
distantlyspinulose-dentate.
Umbels
dense, paniculate.
but
rarely
or never flowering
here.
Cultivated
throughout Malaya
and
Polynesia,certainly
introduced in the
Philippines.
*
2. N. ORNATUM (Bull.)
Merr.
{Panax
ornatum
Bull.).
An
erect,slightly
branched
shrub,
1 to 3 m high.
Leaves
pale-green,
the
younger
ones yellowish,pinnate,
30 to 60 cm in
length.
Leaflets 11 to 17,
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,acuminate, irregular
in
shape
and
size,
8
to 20 cm long, deeply
and
narrowly pinnately
lobed to irregularlytoothed,
some
teeth
coarse,
others
fine,
all
sharply pointed.
Panicles
in the
upper
axils
or terminal,
up
to 40
cm long,
somewhat
pendulous,
diffuse. Flowers
greenish-white.
Fruit
dark-purplish,
somewhat
fleshy
when
fresh, ovoid,
5 mm long,
when
dry more or
less
3-sulcate,
3-celled.
Quite commonly cultivated,
fl.
Feb.-March,
and
probably
in other months.
Thought
to have
originated
in
Brazil,
but
apparently
now widely
distributed
in the tropics
in cultivation.
*
3. N. GUILFOYLEI (Cogn.
" Marche)
Merr.
{Aralia guilfoyleiCogn.
"
Marche).
An erect shrub 2 to 3 m high, slightly
branched. Leaves
pinnate,
20 to
50 cm long.
Leaflets 5 to
7,
ovate to
elliptic-ovate,
5 to 13 cm long,margins
distantly,prominently,
and
sharply serrate,
apex
obtuse,
base often slightly
inequilateral,
the
margins white,
the
upper
surface also
frequently
blotched
with white.
Commonly cultivated, rarely
or never flowering
here. Probably
a
native
of
Polynesia,
but now widely
cultivated in
Malaya
and in other regions.
A form
apparently exactly
the same except
that the leaves are uniformly
gree,
not margined or mottled with
white,
is also found in
cultivation,
which
may
be N.
pinnatum Miq.
*
4. N. CRISPATUM (Bull.)
Merr.
(Panax crispatum Bull.).
An erect shrub 1 to 2
m high.
Leaves
up
to 20 cm long,
ternately
decompound,
the leaflets
oblong-obovate
to broadly
obovate,
borne in
threes on the ultimate branchlets of the rachis, green,
2 to 4 cm long,
obtuse, base
usually acute, margins deeply,coarsely,
and irregularlytoothed,
the teeth
usually spinulose.
358
A
FLORA OF MANILA
Commonly cultivated,apparently never or
very
rarely producing
flowers
here.
Thought
to have
originated
in
Brazil,
but now widely
distributed in
cultivation.
This and the
preceding
two
species are
commonly
known in Manila
as
"Papua
de China
"
*
5. N. FRUTicosuM
(L.) Miq. {Panax fruticosum L.). Papua (Tag.).
An erect shrub 1 to 2.5
m high,
the leaves
up
to 30
cm long, decompound,
3-pinnate,
the
pinnae
6 to
10,
shorter
upward,
the leaflets and ultimate
segments
very
diverse in
form, mostly lanceolate,acuminate, sharply
and
irregularly spinulose-toothed,
often
lobed,
5 to 10 cm long,
the terminal
segments usually larger
than the others and more often lobed. Inflores- cence
terminal and in the
upper
axils,
up
to 15 cm long, many-flowered.
Flowers
umbellate, shortly pedicelled.
Fruits
compressed,
very
broadly
ovoid,
about 4 cm long. (Fl. Filip pi. 78.)
Very commonly
cultivated and
extremely
variable in
vegetative parts,
rarely flowering; certainly
not a native of the
Philippines,
but
probably
of
prehistoric
introduction. In cultivation India to
Malaya
and
Polynesia,
probably a native of one of the last two
regions.
*
Var. PLUMATUM (Hort.) {Panax plumatum Hort.).
Differing
from the
species
in its smaller
leaves,
up
to 20 cm
long,
the
ultimate
segments
much smaller and
finer, mostly
lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate,spinulose-toothed,acuminate,
1 to 5 cm long,
2 to 5 mm wide.
Leaves
green.
Cultivated
only.
*
Var. VICTOR! AE
(Hort.) {Panax
victoriae
Hort.).
Somewhat intermediate in leaflet-form between the
species
and the
preceding variety,
but leaflets somewhat
glaucous on the
upper
surface,
margined
with
white, pale
and
shining on the lower surface.
Cultivated
only.
2. SCHEFFLERA
Forster
Erect,
unarmed shrubs or trees, or vines,
the leaves
palmately compound,
the leaflets
usually
coriaceous and
entire,
sometimes toothed. Umbels in
racemes or panicles, usually terminal,
few to
many-flowered,
the
pedicels
not
jointed
under the flowers.
Calyx
truncate or toothed. Petals 5 or 6,
sometimes more
numerous,
valvate. Stamens
as
many
as the
petals,
the
disk small
or large.
Fruit
globose
to
obovoid,
sulcate or angled. (Named
for "
Scheffler.)
Species over 150 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
about 25 in the
Philippines.
1. S. odorata (Blanco)
Merr. " Rolfe. Galamai-amo
(Tag.).
A
glabrous vine, reaching a height
2 to 6 m or
more.
Petioles
longer
than the leaflets. Leaflets 5 or 6,
smooth and
shining, coriaceous, elliptic
to broadly ovate,
obtuse or
very
shortly acuminate,
6 to 12 cm long.
Pan- icles
terminal, lax,
10 to 20 cm long.
Flowers
greenish, 6-merous,
2 to 3
mm in diameter. Fruits
globose
and
fleshy
when fresh, 4 to 5 mm long,
prominently
and
sharply 6-angled
when
dry.
Occasionally cultivated, Singalon,
fl.
March-Apr.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
"
360
A FLORA OP MANILA
valvate.
Carpels laterally compressed, small,
the
secondary ridges none.
(Greek
"water" and "a flat
cup.")
Species
50 or 60,
in all
tropical
and some subtemperate countries,
3 or 4
in the Philippines.
1. H. ROTUNDIFOLIA
Roxb.
A
delicate,creeping, glabrous or nearly glabrous plant,
the stems
rooting
at the nodes. Leaves orbicular or subreniform, thin,
about 1 cm
in
diameter,
cordate, margins
somewhat
crenately lobed,
the lobes
short,
with 2
or
3
crenate teeth. Umbels
very
small, capitate, few-flowered,
the
peduncles
slender,
about one-half as long as the petioles.
Fruits
few,
sometimes
only
2
or
3 on a peduncle,
less than 1
mm long.
In
gardens,
and about houses
Singalon, Malate, etc.,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.,
and
probably
in other
months, certainly
introduced.
Widely
distributed in
tropical
Asia.
3. CENTELLA Linnaeus
Prostrate herbs
rooting
at the nodes. Leaves uniform or rounded, deeply
cordate, toothed, palmately nerved, long-petioled.
Umbels
simple, axillary,
few-flowered,
the flowers
sessile,
the bracts
small, embracing
the flowers.
Calyx
truncate. Petals 5,
imbricate.
Carpels laterally compressed
the
secondary ridges as prominent as
the
primary ones,
the
pericarp
thickened.
(Name
of obscure
origin.)
Species
about
20, mostly
in South
Africa, a single one
in the Philippines.
1. C. ASIATICA (L.) Urban. {Hydrocotyle
asiatica
L.). Taquip-cohol
(Tag.).
A
prostrate, sparingly pubescent or nearly glabrous,
stoloniferous
plant,
the stems
rooting
at the nodes. Leaves rounded to
reniform,
crenate-den-
tate, deeply cordate,
2 to 5
cm
in
diameter,
the
petioleselongated.
Pedun- cles
in
pairs or threes,
less than 1 cm long,
each with
usually
3 sessile
flowers at the
apex
enclosed
by a pair
of ovate bracts. Petals
dark-purple,
ovate,
about 1
mm long. Carpels cylindric-compressed, about 2.5
mm long,
white or
green,
reticulate,
each with 9 subsimilar
longitudinal ridges.
In
open
or shaded
damp places,
banks of rice
paddies, etc.,
fl. Oct.-
May; widely
distributed in the
introduced.
Trop- ical
and
subtropical regions generally.
108. MYRSINACEAE
(Ardisia Family)
Trees
or shrubs,
sometimes
climbing.
Leaves
alternate,
entire or toothed,
usually gland-dotted; stipulesnone. Flowers
regular, perfect
or polygamo-
dioecious.
Calyx inferior,
4- to 6-toothed. Corolla-tube short
or none,
the
segments
3 to 7, usually 5, mostly
contorted or imbricate, usually
united
below, rarely
free. Stamens as
many
as the
corolla-segments,
alternate
with
them,
free or adnate to the tube.
Ovary globose or oblong, 1-celled;
ovules few or
many,
inserted on a
free central
placenta.
Fruit small,
globose,
indehiscent
except
in the
following
genus,
where it is elongated
and
ultimately
dehiscent.
Genera
33, species nearly 1,100
in all
tropical
and
8
genera
and more than 75
species
in the
Philippine,a single representative
in
our area.
PLUMB AGINACEAE
361
1. AEGICERAS Gaertner
Small, erect, glabrous
trees. Leaves
obovate, coriaceous, entire,
the lateral
nerves obscure. Inflorescence a simple or compound, sessile,axillary
or terminal umbel. Flowers
5-merous, perfect, pedicelled. Calyx-lobes
imbricate.
Corolla-tube
short,
the lobes 5. Stamens
5,
inserted on
the tube.
Ovary oblong,
narrowed into
a slender
style;
ovules
many.
Fruit
cylindric,
curved, pointed, coriaceous, 1-seeded,at
length dehiscing longitudinally,
the
seed similar in
shape to the
fruit,germinating
within the
pericarp. (Greek
"goat"
and "horn" from the
shape
of the
fruit.)
Species 2, tropical seashores,
India to
Polynesia,
both in the
Philippines.
1. A. corniculatum
(L.)
Blanco
(A. majus Gaertn.) Tunduc-tunducan,
Pilapil (Tag.).
An erect shrub 1.5 to 6 m high.
Leaves
obovate,
rounded or
retuse,
5
to 10 cm long.
Flowers
numerous,
white, nearly
1 cm long,
in
simple
terminal
umbels,
their
pedicels
1 to 2 cm long.
Fruit
cylindric,curved,
sharply pointed,
3 to 5 cm long,
about 5 m
in
diameter,
surrounded at the
base
by
the
persistent calyx. (Fl. Filip,pi.38.)
Along
tidal
streams, Pasay,
fl. Oct.-Mar.
;
in similar habitats
throughout
the
Philippines.
India to
China,
The one other
species
of the
genus,
A.
floridum
R. " S.,
is not found in
our area and is less common
in the
Philippines
than A.
corniculatum;
it
differs
chiefly
in
having
its flowers in
a compound
umbel.
109. PLUMBAGINACEAE
(Leadwort Family)
Branched herbs or undershrubs with
alternate,
entire
leaves,
the flowers
in
terminal,
often
elongated spikes,
the bracts and bracteoles shorter than
the
calyx.
Flowers
regular, perfect. Calyx inferior, tubular, ribbed,
covered with stalked
glands,
the limb 5-fid. Corolla
white, blue, or red,
salver-shaped,
the tube
long, slender,
the lobes
spreading.
Stamens
5,
opposite
the
corolla-lobes,
free.
Ovary superior, 1-celled,
the
style slender,
with 5
branches;
ovule one. Fruit a membranaceous
capsule,
circumsciss
near
the base.
Genera
10, species
about
300,
in all
parts
of the
world, a single
introduced
genus
in the
Philippines.
1. PLUMBAGO Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family as given
above.
(Latin ''lead.")
Species 10,
of wide
distribution,
3 in the
Philippines,
all introduced.
Flowers
blue;
corolla-tube 3 to 3.5 cm long
1. P. auriculata
Flowers white or nearly so;
corolla-tube 2 cm long _
2. P.
zeylanica
Flowers
red;
corolla-tube about 2. 5 cm long
3. P. rosea
i
*
1. P. AURICULATA Lam.
(P. capensis Thunb.).
An
erect,
much branched, shrubby plant
oblong-
obovate,
1.5 to 5 cm long,
0.8 to 2 cm wide, thin, obtuse,
narrowed below.
Spikes terminal,
about 10 cm long. Calyx greenish,
1 to 1.3 cm long,
viscid-
glandular.
Corolla
pale-blue,
the tube
slender,
3 to 3.5 cm long,
the limb
spreading,
3 cm in diameter.
(Fl. Filip pi. 27.)
362
A FLORA OF MANILA
purposes,
but not
spontaneous,
fl.
throughout
the
year.
Native of South Africa, novv^ cultivated in
many tropical
and
subtropical countries,apparently
of
comparatively recent introduction in
the
Philippines.
2. P. ZEYLANICA L.
A
spreading or subscandent, herbaceous, suflfrutescent
plant
1 to 2
m in
length,glabrous except
the
glandular calyces. Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
ovate,
4 to 10
cm long,
acute or acuminate,
base decurrent on the short
petiole,
the base of the
petiole
dilated and
clasping
the stem.
Spikes 5 to 25
cm in
length. Calyx green,
about 1 cm
long,
covered with stalked
glands,
the
teeth
very
short. Corolla white or
very
pale-blue,
the tube
slender,
about
2 cm long,
the limb
spreading,
about 1.5 cm
in diameter.
In thickets and
along roadsides, Guadalupe, thoroughly naturalized,
fl.
Oct.-Dec;
of local occurrence
in the
Philippines
and
certainly
introduced.
Widely
distributed in the
tropics
of the Old
World, probably a native of
India.
*
3. P. ROSEA
L.
An
erect or ascending,more or less
branched,
herbaceous or suffrutescent
plant
1.5 m high or less,
the stems
green.
Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate,
8 to 13 cm long,
acute or
obtuse,
base
very
abruptly acuminate,
short-
petioled. Spikes
15 to 30 cm long. Calyx
8 to 10 mm
long,
covered with
stalked
glands.
Corolla
bright red,
the tube
slender,
about 2.5 cm long,
the
limb
spreading,
(Fl.Filip,pi.298,
P.
coccinea.)
but
scarcelyspontaneous,
fl. Oct.-Dec.
A native
of British
India,now cultivated in
many
tropical
countries.
110. SAPOTACEAE
(Guttapercha or
Chico
Family)
Tree or shrubs with
milky
sap,
the
young
parts
often
rusty-pubescent.
Leaves
alternate,entire,petioled."
Flowers
perfect,regular, axillary,
solitary
or
fascicled.
Calyx-lobes
4 to 8,
1-
or 2-seriate,imbricate, or
the
outer series valvate. Gorolla-tube
short,
the lobes as
many as,
or 2 to
4 times as
many as,
the
calyx-lobes.
Stamens inserted on the
corolla-tube,
as
many
as the lobes and
opposite them, or 2 to 3 times as
many
and
several-seriate;
staminodes often
present, alternating
with the stamens.
Ovary superior,
sessile 2- to 12-celled. Fruit
fleshy,
indehiscent. Seeds
usually few, solitary,
rather
large.
Genera 50, species
more than 400 in the
tropics
of the whole
world,
7
genera
and about 45
species
in the
Philippines.
Corolla-lobes 3 times as
many
as the
calyx-lobes;
fruit
small,
2 cm long or
less 1.
Mimusops
Corolla-lobes and
calyx-lobes
6
each;
fruit rather
large, fleshy,
edible.
2. Achras
1. MIMUSOPS Linnaeus
Trees with
elliptic
to
obovate, usually
coriaceous leaves,
the lateral
nerves slender,
numerous. Flowers
pedicelled,axillary,
clustered or solitary.
Calyx-segments
6 to 8, 2-seriate,
the outer series valvate,
the
inner imbricate. Corolla-tube short,
the lobes 18 to 24,
2- or 3-seriate.
Stamens 6 to
16,
inserted near the base of the
corolla;
staminodes as
many
as
the
stamens, entire, serrate,
or lobed.
Ovary hairy,
6- to
8-celled.
Fruit
ovoid,
6- to
1-seeded,
the
endocarp
crustaceous. (Greek "ape"
and
"face" the
application
of the name not apparent.)
EBENACEAE
363
Species
about
30, tropics
of both
hemispheres,
2 or 3 in the
Philippines,
a single
introduced
one
in our area.
*1. M. ELENGI L.
Bansalaguin (Tag.)-
A tree
up
to 15 m in
height.
Leaves
green,
shining, elliptic,shortly
blunt-acuminate, glabrous,
5 to 12 cm long,
the nerves slender,
numerous,
spreading.
Flowers
axillary, solitary,
in
pairs or fascicled,
about 1.5
cm in
diameter, fragrant,
the
pedicels
and
sepals brownish-pubescent.
Sepals 8, 2-seriate, ovate-lanceolate,
7 to 8 mm long.
Corolla-lobes lanceolate,
about
24, white, 2-seriate,
the outer series with about 16 lobes,
the inner with 8. Stamens 8, filaments
hairy,
the
alternating
staminodes
hairy. Ovary pubescent.
Fruit
ovoid,
about 2 cm
long, 1-, rarely
2-seeded.
Occasionally
cultivated for its
fragrant flowers,
introduced from
India;
fl. at intervals
throughout
the
year.
A
closely
allied form is common
especiallynear the seashore
throughout
the
Philippines,
to which the Ta-
galog name bansalaguin properly belongs.
2. ACHRAS Linnaeus
^
A
tree, nearly glabrous, except
the flowers. Leaves
petioled,
somewhat
crowded near the
apices
of the
branches, coriaceous, shining,
the nerves
slender. Flowers
axillary,pedicelled,mostly solitary
in the
uppermost
axils.
Calyx-segments 6,
in 2 series. Corolla-lobes
6,
imbricate. Stamens
6,
affixed near the base of the
corolla;
staminodes
6, petal-like,alternating
with the corolla-lobes. Ovary villous,
10- to
12-celled. Fruit
ovoid,brown,
fleshy,edible,
the seeds
few,
rather
large, black, shining. (Old
Greek
name
for
a kind of wild
pear.)
A
monotypic
genus
of Central America and the West Indies.
*1. A. SAPOTA L. Chico
(Sp.-Fil.).
A much-branched tree reaching a height
of 8 m.
Leaves
oblong
to
narrowly oblong-obovate,
base acute,
8 to 13
cm long.
Flowers
rusty-pubescent outside,
6 to 8 mm long.
Fruit ovoid
or
subglobose,brown, fleshy,
3 to 5 cm long,
the
soft,
rather sweet
pulp
edible.
(Fl. Filip.Tpl.85.)
Commonly
cultivated for its edible fruit,
fl.most of the
year.
Introduced
from Mexico
by
the
Spaniards
at an early
date and now found
in all
parts
of the
Archipelago. Tropics generally
in cultivation.
111. EBENACEAE
(Ebony
or Camagon
Family)
Trees or shrubs with alternate, exstipulate,
entire, usually
coriaceous
leaves. Flowers
usually dioecious, axillary,solitary,
fascicled or in short
cymes,
the
pedicels jointed
under the flower. Flowers 3- to 5-merous.
Calyx-lobes
united
below,
often
enlarged
in fruit. Corolla-tube cylindric,
usually pubescent outside,
the lobes
spreading
or
recurved. Stamens as
many
as the
corolla-lobes,or 2 or 3 times as
many,
hypogynous,
free or
the filaments
variously united,
the female flowers with or
without stamen- like
staminodes.
Ovary superior,free,sessile,3- to 10-celled; styles
1 to
8;
cells 1-
or
2-ovuled. Fruit
fleshyor coriaceous, globose
or
ovoid,^
indehiscent,
few- to several-seeded.
Genera
7, species 325,
in the
tropics
and some temperate
countries in
both
hemispheres,
2
genera
and about 40
species
in the
Philippines.
364
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. DIOSPYROS Linnaeus
Trees
or
shrubs. Flowers
dioecious, rarely polygamous, axillary,
4-
or 5-merous. Calyx usually deeply lobed,
sometimes
truncate,
that of
the female flowers often
larger
than in the
males, usually more or less
enlarged
in fruit. Corolla
tubular, salver-shaped or campanulate, shortly
or deeply lobed,
the lobes imbricate. Male flowers with from 4 to 60
stamens,
often
16,
the filaments often
paired or otherwise
united;
anthers
linear;
ovary
rudimentary.
Female flowers with 0 to 16
staminodes; ovary
4- to
10-celled,
cells
1-, rarely 2-ovuled; styles or stigmas
1 to 4. Fruit
globose
to
ovoid, fleshy,
often
large,frequently supported by
the much enlarged
calyx.
Seeds
oblong
to
ellipsoid, usually compressed. (Greek "zeus,"'
i.
e. God,
and
"grain.")
Species over 200,
in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
few in some temperate
countries,
about 38 in the
Philippines.
Leaves
glabrous;
fruit
green,
glabrous
"
1. Z". ebenaster
Leaves
softlypale-pubescent beneath;
fruit
brown, densely pubescent.
2. D. discolor
*1. D. EBENASTER Retz.
Sapote
negro
(Sp.-Fil.).
A
glabrous
tree 7 to 15
m high.
Leaves
oblong
to
elliptic-oblong,
10
to 20 cm long,
obtuse. Flowers
axillary,solitary,greenish-white,
1 to 1.5
cm
long,
the
calyx-lobes
broad. Fruit
globose, smooth,
green,
becoming
nearly black,edible,
about 10 cm
in
diameter,
the
pulp
very
soft,brownish;
seeds
usually 4,
about 2 cm long. (Fl.Filip.pi.372,
D.
nigra.)
Rarely cultivated,flowering
in
March;
Philip- pines.
Introduced from Mexico at an
early date,
and
apparently formerly
much more common here than
now.
2. D. discolor Willd.
Camagon,
Mabolo
(Tag.)
;
Amaga (Vis.)
;
Talang
(Pamp.).
Leaves
oblong,
10 to 25
cm long, coriaceous,
base
usually rounded,
the
upper
surf
ace
-^reen,
shining, glabrous,
the lower surface
softly pubescent
with
appressed, pale
hairs. Flowers 4-merous. Male flowers
pubescent,
in
short-peduncled,
congested,
about 7-flowered
cymes.
Calyx
about 1 cm long.
Corolla
slightly
larger
than the
calyx, nearly white,
the tube
cylindric,slightly
contracted
above,
the lobes
nearly as long as the tube. Stamens about 24,
the filaments
united in
pairs.
Female flowers
axillary,solitary,sessile,slightlylarger
than the males. Staminodes
usually
4.
Styles
4. Fruit
large, globose,
fleshy,
up
10 cm
in
diameter, edible,densely
covered with brown hairs.
(Fl.
Filip,pi.109.)
Common,
fl.
Feb.-Apr.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,indigenous;
cultivated in other
tropical
countries.
112. OLEACEAE
(Olive OR Sampaguita Family)
Erect or climbing
shrubs or trees,
the leaves
opposite,rarely alternate,
pinnate, 3-foliolate,
or reduced to a single
leaflet with a usually jointed
petiole.
Inflorescence terminal or axillary,
in
cymes
or panicles, or
in
reduced
racemes or clusters. Flowers
perfect,regular. Calyx free,usually
4- or 5-toothed,
teeth sometimes more
numerous,
or truncate. Corolla with
a short or long tube,
the lobes 4 to 9, spreading,
sometimes free
nearly
or quite
to the base. Stamens 2, included,
attached to the corolla.
Ovary
OLEACEAE 365
superior,2-celled,
ovules 1 to 3. Fruit
fleshyor capsular, globose or ovoid,
sometimes
winged.
Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.
Genera 21, species
about
400,
in most
tropical
and
temperate regions,
4
genera
and about 30
species
in the
Philippines.
1. JASMINUM Linnaeus
Erect or scandent shrubs, glabrous or pubescent.
Leaves
opposite
or
alternate, simple, 3-foliolate,
or odd-pinnate,
the
petiole usually jointed.
Inflorescence
cymose,
dichotomous or trichotomous, rarely simple or the
flowers
solitary. Calyx
4- to 9-fid,
the tube
usually funnel-shaped,
the
teeth, linear,
sometimes
very
short or
nearly wanting.
Corolla salver-
shaped,
the tube
slender, long or short,
the lobes 4 to
9, spreading.
Stamens
2,
included. Ovary
2-celled. Fruit
fleshy,
often in
pairs, or by suppres- sion
of one
of the
carpels simple. (From
the Arabian
name.)
Species
100 or
more,
warm and
tropicalpart
of the Old
World,
about 15
in the
Philippines.
1. Leaves
pinnate
1. J.
grandiflorwn
1. Leaves simple.
2.
Calyx-teeth
much shorter than the tube 2. J. aculeatum
2.
Calyx-teeth
much
longer
than the tube.
3.
Cymes few-flowered;
corolla
double;
leaves acute or rounded at the
base 3. J. sambac
3.
Cymes densely many-flowered;
corolla
single;
leaves cordate at the
base 4. J.
multifiorum
*
1. J. GRANDIFLORUM L.
A
glabrous woody
vine
reaching a length
of 8
m,
the branches often
pendulous.
Leaves
odd-pinnate,
6 to 9 cm
long.
Leaflets about 9,
the
lower ones shortly stalked,
the
upper
ones sessile,
often somewhat
fused,
ovate, sharply pointed,
1 to 2 cm long.
Inflorescence
terminal,cymose,
few-
flowered.
Calyx-teeth
very
slender,
about 7 mm long.
Corolla
white,
the
tube
slender,nearly
2 cm long,
the lobes
spreading,
1.5 cm long.
but not
spontaneous,
fl. most of the
year.
A
native of India.
2. J. aculeatum (Blanco) Walp.
A somewhat scandent
glabrous
Leaves
simple,
ovate to
base
usually rounded,
4 to 7 cm long,
2 to 3.5 cm wide, shining; petiolesjointed,
the
persistent
bases
simulating
short blunt
spines.
Inflorescence
axillary
and
terminating
the short lateral
branches, few-flowered,
often with
only
from 1 to 3 flowers.
Calyx
green,
with 4 to 6 short teeth. Corolla
white,
the tube
slender,
1.5 to 2.5
cm
long,
the lobes 6 to
8, narrowly lanceolate,acuminate, spreading,
about
1.5 cm long.
Fruit
globose or ovoid, glabrous, fleshy,black,
about 8 mm
in diameter.
(Fl.Filip.pL 4^5,
J.
marianum.)
In thickets,
San Pedro
fl.most of the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
*
3. J. SAMBAC (L.)
Ait.
Campopot (Tag.)
;
Sampaguita (Sp.-Fil.)
;
Jasmine.
A
spreading or subscandent, glabrous
shrub
usually
less than 2 m high.
Leaves ovate, obtuse, acute,
or
shortly acuminate, glossy,
6 to 12 cm
long,
short-petioled.
Inflorescence
axillary, solitary, peduncled, few-flowered,
366
A FLORA OF MANILA
racemose or
cymose.
Flowers
white, very
fragrant. Calyx-teeth
8 to
10,
very
slender,
5 to 8 mm long, mostly longer
than the tube. Corolla-tube
slender, 1 to 1.5
cm long,
the limb
usually double,
1.5 to 2
cm
in diameter.
(Fl.Filip.pi.6.)
Frequent
in
cultivation,
but not
spontaneous,
fl. all the
year.
A native
of
India,
now
much cultivated in all
tropical
countries.
4. J. MULTIFLORUM
(Burm.)
Roth.
Sampaguita
de China
(Sp.-Fil.);
Lagitic (Tag.).
An erect or somewhat
climbing
shrub 2 to 5 m high, more or less
pubescent.
Leaves
ovate,
4 to 9 cm long,
base
cordate,
apex
acuminate.
Cymes
terminal,
crowded, densely many-flowered,
7 to 10 cm
white, fragrant. Calyx pubescent,
the lobes
linear,
5 to 6 mm long.
Co- rolla-tube
about 1.5 cm long,
the lobes 7 to 9, spreading, oblong,
1.5 to
1.8
long.
purposes,
fl. most of the
year.
A native of
India;
introduced in the
Philippines
and cultivated
only.
113. SALVADORACEAE
(Salvadora Family)
Scandent or rambling
shrubs with
opposite
entire leaves and slender
axillary spines.
Flowers
small, dioecious, axillary, sessile,or in small
axillaryor terminal
panicles,clusters,or umbels.
Calyx free,campanulate,
4-fid
or irregularly
2- to 4-lobed. Petals
4, oblong,
imbricate. Stamens
4,
alternate with the
petals,hypogynous. Ovary superior,2-celled;stigma
nearly sessile,large,
2-fid. Ovules 2 or
1 in each cell. Fruit a small
globose or ovoid,
3- to 1-seeded
berry.
Genera 3, species
6 or 7, tropical
and
subtropical Asia, Africa,
and
Malaya, a single
genus
and
species
in the
Philippines.
AZIMA Lamarck
Characters of the
Family
as
given
above.
Species
2 or 3, tropical
Asia to Malaya
and South
Africa,
1. A. sarmentosa (Bl.)
Benth.
A scandent or rambling, glabrous
shrub 2 to 4 m
in
length,rank-smelling
when
crushed,
the branches
slender,terete,
green.
Leaves
shining,
ovate
to
elliptic-ovate, entire,acute, apiculate,
5 to 8 cm long, short-petioled,
the
spines usually
2 or 4 at each
node, slender, sharp,
5 to 10 mm long.
Panicles terminal and
axillary,
4 to 15 cm long,
the bracts small. Flowers
greenish,
about 3 mm long.
Fruit
fleshy
green
or nearly white,
sub-
globose,
about 6 mm
in
diameter,
with from 1 to 3 seeds.
In
hedges
and
thickets,Malabon, Pasay, Maypajo, etc.,
fl.
Feb.-Mar.;
in the
Philippines
of local
occurrence,
and
possiblyan introduced
plant only,
but if
so,
naturalized. India to Burma,
and
Malaya.
114. LOGANIACEAE
(Strychnine
or
Igasud
Family)
sometimes climbing,
with
opposite,simple,
entire
or slightly
toothed
leaves,
the
stipules
various or none. Flowers
regular,
in
simple or compound,
terminal or axillary cymes,
sometimes
subspicate,
or even solitary. Calyx
4- or 5-lobed,
inferior. Corolla 4- or 5-lobed,
small or large.
Stamens 4 or 5,
inserted on the
corolla-tube,
alternate
368 '
^ FLORA OF MANILA
slenderly peduncled,
about 1 cm
long. Calyx
green,
the teeth linear-
lanceolate. Corolla white
or
very
pale-pink,
two lobes somewhat
larger
than the
other two.
Capsule oblong, as long
as
the
calyx.
On
ledges along streams, Masambong, etc.,
fl. Oct.-Mar.
;
widely
distributed
in the
Africa and
to
Australia.
116. APOCYNACEAE
(Alstonia
or
Dita
Family)
Erect or twining vines, or trees, rarely
undershrubs. Leaves
opposite
or whorled,
sometimes
alternate, simple,
entire. Flowers in terminal or
axillary cymes,
perfect, regular. Calyx
5-
rarely 4-lobed,
often
glandular
within. Corolla rotate or salver-shaped,
the lobes
5, rarely 4, spreading,
imbricate and twisted in
bud, rarely valvate,
the throat sometimes
append-
aged.
Stamens
5, rarely 4,
on the tube or throat of the
corolla,
included
or exserted,
the anthers
conniving,
often
adhering
to the
stigma.
Disk
various or none. Ovary 1-celled,2-celled,or
of 2 free or more or
less
united
carpels,
often united
only by
the
styles;
ovules few to
many.
Fruit
a dry
or fleshy drupe or berry,
or a dry or fleshy follicle,solitary or
in
pairs
and more or less united at the base. Seeds
various,
often
winged or
with a
terminal coma of
long
soft hairs. Juice
milky.
Genera
162, species
about
1,300,
in all
tropicalcountries,
few in
temperate
regions,
32
genera
and about 50
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Anthers included or exserted,
free from the
stigma.
2. Leaves alternate.
3. Leaves
broad;
trees with
nearly
white flowers.
4. Ovules
many
in each cell 1. Plumiera
4. Ovules 4 in each cell 2. Cerbera
3. Leaves
linear;
shrubs with
large yellow
flowers 3. Thevetia
2. Leaves opposite.
3. Undershz'ubs with
showy pink or
white
flowers,
and small
dry
follicles
4. Lochnera
3. Shrubs with small or medium white flowers and
red, more or
less
fleshy,usually longitudinally ridged or
keeled follicles.
5. Tabemae^nontana
2. Leaves whorled.
3. Trees with small white flowers and
very
long
slender follicles.
6. Alstonia
3. Shrubs or
vines with
large yellow
flowers 7. Allamanda
1. Anthers
surrounding
and adnate to the
stigma.
2. Corolla-throat with 5 to 10 entire or
fimbriate scales or appendages.
3. Anthers
exserted;
trees
8.
Wrightia
3. Anthers included.
4. Shrubs with
narrow, densely
nerved
leaves,
the corolla-lobes not
elongated;
cultivated
only
9. Nerhan
4. Vines with broad
leaves,
the corolla-lobes
produced
into
very long,
pendulous
tails
10. Strophantus
2. Corolla-throat naked.
3. Anthers exserted,
their filaments
spirally
twisted
....
11. Parsonsia
3. Anthers included or half-exserted,
their filaments not twisted.
APOCYNACEAE
369
4. Flowers
medium,
the corolla-lobes
spreading, nearly straight,
1.5
to 2
cm lonier 12.
Aganoama
4. Flowers
small,
the corolla-lobes
short,
their
tips
deflexed.
13.
Ichnocarpus
1. PLUM IERA Linnaeus
Erect
glabrous trees with
very
stout branches. Leaves
scattered,
elongated.
Flowers
large,
in terminal
cymes. Calyx small, 5-lobed,
the lobes
obtuse. Corolla
funnel-shaped, the lobes
strongly overlapping.
Stamens
inserted
near the base of the
tube;
anthers
obtuse,
rounded at the
base,
free from the
stigma. Carpels 2, distinct;
ovules
many.
Fruit a linear-
oblong or
ellipsoid
follicle.
(In
honor of C.
Plumier, an
early
French
botanist.)
Species
about
40,
all of
tropicalAmerica,
the
following now cultivated in
tropical
countries.
*
1. P.
ACUTIFOLIA Poir. Calachuchi
(Sp.-Fil.)
;
Temple Flower, Grave- yard
Flower, Frangipangi.
the branchlets
swollen, leafy at their
tips.
Leaves
oblong,
narrowed at both
ends,
20 to 40
cm long.
Flowers
numerous, very
fragrant,
white and
pinkish outside,yellow within,
5 to 6 cm long. (Fl.
Filip.pi.39.)
Commonly
cultivated for the
fragrant flowers,
but not
spontaneous,
fl.
all the
year;
cultivated in all
tropicalcountries,a native of
tropical
America.
2. CERBERA Linnaeus
Glabrous trees with alternate leaves. Flowers rather
large,
in terminal
cymes.
Calyx 5-parted,
not
glandular.
Corolla
funnel-shaped or salver-
shaped,
the tube
slender,
the lobes broad. Stamens
included;
anthers
lanceolate,
cells rounded at the
base,
free from the
stigma.
Disk
none.
Carpels 2, distinct;
ovules 4 in each
carpel.
Fruit
large,
ovoid or ellipsoid,
the
pericarp thick,
fibrous and
woody. (After
the
dog
Cerberus of Greek
mythology.)
A small
genus
of 5 or 6
species
in the littoral districts from
Madagascar
to India and
Malaya,
at least 2 in the
Philippines.
1. C. odollam Gaertn.
Barabay, Lipata (Tag.).
the branches stout. Leaves lanceolate to
oblong-
lanceolate,narrowed at both
ends, acuminate,
about 20 cm
long, shining,
the nerves slender.
Cymes
often as long as the
leaves,peduncled. Calyx-
tube
short,
the lobes
spreading, pale-green, lanceolate, acuminate,
about
2 cm long.
Corolla-tube
slender, greenish-white, enlarged above, about 4
cm long,
the 5-lobed limb white with
a purple center, spreading,
about 5 cm
in diameter. Fruit
smooth, ellipsoidor ovoid,
about 6 cm long.
Occasional
along the
Pasay beach,
fl. all the
year; throughout
the Phil- ippines
along
China, Malaya, Australia,
and Pol- ynesia.
3. THEVETIA Linnaeus
Shrubs with elongated branches and
numerous, entire,narrow,
alternate
leaves. Flowers
large, yellow, solitary or
in
few-flowered
cymes.
Calyx-
lobes
5, lanceolate,
somewhat
spreading.
Corolla
funnel-shaped,
the lower
111555 " 24
370
A FLORA OP MANILA
part
of the tube
cylindric,
dilated
above,
the lobes
5, longer
than the
tube,
somewhat
inequilateral.
Stamens adnate to the bearded throat of the
corolla-tube,the anthers free from the
stigma.
Disk lobed.
Ovary
2-lobed
2-celled,
the cells 2-ovuled.
Drupe
broader than
long,
the
endocarp hard,
2-celled,
2- to 4-seeded.
(In
honor of A.
Thevet, a French
priest
who
worked in
Brazil.)
Species
about 7 in
tropicalAmerica, some now cultivated in other
warm
countries.
*
1. T. NERIIFOLIA Juss.
CampaniUa (Sp.-Fil.).
An
with
copious milky
sap.
Leaves
linear,
10 to 15 cm long, 7 to 10 mm wide, sessile,shining.
Calyx-teeth
acuminate 7 to 9 mm long,
green.
Corolla 7 cm long
about
5
cm broad, yellow. Drupe subglobose,glabrous, green, shining,
3 to 4 cm
in diameter
(Fl. Filip.pi.45.)
Cultivated
only,
fl.all the
year;
an ornamental shrub introduced from
tropical
America.
4. LOCHNERA Reichenbach
Low undershrubs or shrubby plants
with erect stems. Leaves
opposite,
entire. Flowers
axillary, solitary or in
pairs. Calyx-lobes 5,
slender.
Corolla
salver-shaped;
the tube
slender,
the limb of 5, broad, spreading
lobes. Stamens
included,
the anthers free from the
stigma.
Disk of 2
large glands alternating
with the
carpels. Carpels 2, distinct,
united
by
the
styles.
Follicles
2, several-seeded,
erect or
spreading.
Seeds not
ap-
pendaged. (In
honor of M. F.
Lochner, an early
German
botanist.)
Species 3, tropicalAmerica, India,
and
Madagascar, a single
introduced
one
in the
Philippines.
1. L. ROSEA
(L.)
Reichb.
(Vinca rosea L.).
Chichirica
(Sp.-Fil.).
An
erect, simple or slightly
branched
plant,
30 to 50 cm high, glabrous
or slightlypubescent,
the stems
woody
at least below. Leaves
oblong,
4
to 7 cm long,
apex
usually
rounded and
apiculate,
base often
inequilateral.
Calyx-lobes subulate,
about 4 mm long,
green.
Corolla-tube
slender,
2.5
to 3 cm
long, pale-green,
the limb
spreading,
3.5 to 5.5 cm
in
diameter,
white, pink, red, or white with a red or
pink center,
the lobes
obliquely
obovate,
1.7 to 2.5 cm wide. Follicles
cylindric,pubescent,
2 to 3 cm
long.
(Fl.Filip.pi.Jf2.)
fl. all the
year;
all
tropicalcountries,
cultivated
or
wild. A native of
tropical America,
now naturalized and
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
5. TABERNAEMONTANA Linnaeus
Erect shrubs or
small
trees, glabrous
or somewhat
pubescent.
Leaves
opposite,one
of each
pair
often smaller than the other. Flowers
white,
5-merous,
in few-flowered
axillary cymes,
in
pairs, or solitary. Calyx
5-lobed
or -parted, usually glandular
within. Corolla salver-shaped,
the
tube
cylindric,
somewhat inflated at or
above the middle,
the lobes
spreading,
often falcate. Stamens inserted at or above the middle of the
tube,
included,
the anthers free from the
stigma. Carpels 2, free;
ovules
many
in each
carpel.
Fruit of
2,
somewhat
fleshy,usually red, oblong
to
subglobose,
smooth or longitudinallyribbed,
few- to many-seeded follicles;
seeds
borne in the
pulp, grooved
down one side.
(In
honor of J. B. Tabernae-
montanus, an early
German
physician
and
botanist.)
APOCYNACEAE
371
Species more than 100 in all
tropicalregions,
about 10 in the
Philippines.
1.
Quite glabrous.
2. Flowers
double;
cultivated
only
1. T. divaricata
2. Flowers
single.
3. Follicles
oblong, prominently longitudinallyridged or keeled.
2. T.
pandacaqui
3.
Follicles,subglobose,
not or obscurely ridged 3. T.
subglobosa
1. Leaves
uniformly puberulent
4. T.
puberula
*
1. T.
DIVARICATA (L.)
R. Br.
(T.
coronaria R.
Br.).
An
erect, glabrous,
much-branched shrub 2 to 3 m high,
with abundant
milky
sap.
Leaves
opposite,
those of each
pair unequal, glossy, elliptic-
ovate to
elliptic-oblong, acuminate,
6 to 15 cm long.
Peduncles
axillary,
solitary or
in
pairs, shoi't,
usually double, white,
fragrant,
the corolla-tube about 2 cm long,
the limb
spreading,
about 5
cm in
diameter,
the center
yellow.
Occasional in
cultivation,
year.
Original
home
unknown,
but
tropicalcountries;
of recent introduction
in the
Philippines.
2. T.
pandacaqui
Poir.
Pandacaqui (Tag.).
An
Leaves
elliptic-lanceolate
to
oblong-elliptic,
narrowed at both
ends, acuminate,
5 to 12 cm
long,
green, shining, short-petioled. Cymes axillary
and
terminal, pedun-
cled,
rather few-flowered.
Calyx
green,
ovoid,
short. Corolla
white,
the
tube
slender,
about 1.7 cm long, tinged
with
green,
slightlyenlarged
upward,
the limb 2 to 2.5 cm
in
diameter,
of 5, spreading, falcate,
lanceolate
lobes. Follicles
oblong, usually acuminate, longitudinallyridged
or keeled,
2 to 4 cm long,
red or yellowish-red. (Fl. Filip.
p.
41.)
In thickets
etc.,
common,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in the Phil-
lippines.
Endemic.
8. T.
subglobosa
Merr.
Pandacaqui (Tag.).
A
glabrous
Leaves
oblong,
9 to 18 cm long, shortly
blunt-acuminate.
Cymes
in the
upper
axils,
5 cm long or less,
few-flowered.
Flowers
white,
the tube about 1.4
cm. long,
the lobes shorter. Follicles in
pairs,
ovoid to
subglobose, red, fleshy,
4 cm long or less,
not or but obscurely
keeled.
(Fl. Filip.pi.283,
T.
globosa.)
In
thickets,Malate, rare,
fl. in June and
probably
in other months;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
4. T.
puberula
Merr.
Pandacaqui (Tag.).
A shrub about 2 m high.
Leaves
oblong
to
elliptic-ovate, acuminate,
puberulent,
4 to 10 cm long. Cymes axillary,
few-flowered. Flowers slender,
white,
about 1
cm
long.
Follicles
red,
ovoid to
oblong,
somewhat curved,
ridged, acuminate,
1 to 2 cm long.
In
dry
thickets near Fort
McKinley,
fl.
May-June;
known
only
from
Rizal
Province,
Luzon.
6. ALSTON IA R. Brown
Trees with
opposite or whorled leaves. Inflorescence of terminal or
subterminal
corymbose cymes.
Calyx short,
5-lobed. Corolla salver-shaped,
tube
cylindric,
the throat
naked, annulate, or with reflexed hairs, the lobes
short. Stamens inserted near the
top
of the
tube, included,
the anthers
372
A FLORA OF MANILA
free from the
stigma. Ovary
of 2 distinct
carpels; style filiform;
ovules
very numerous,
in
many
series. Fruit of
2, long,
slender follicles. Seeds
linear, flattened, ciliate at both ends.
Species
about 35, tropical
Africa and Asia to Australia and
Polynesia,
about 4 in the
Philippines. (In
honor of Dr.
Alston, an English physician.)
1. A. scholaris
(L.)
R. Br. Dita
(Tag.).
A
glabrous
tree 6 to 20 m high
with abundant
milky
sap,
the branches
whorled. Leaves
verticillate,
4 to 7 in
a M^horl,coriaceous,
8 to 20 cm long,
oblong-obovate,i-ounded,
base
acute,
green
and
shining on
the
upper
surface,
the lower surface white
or grayish; nerves
very numerous, parallel,
horizontal.
Cymes peduncled,
often
umbellately branched,
the whole inflorescence
about 10 cm long.
Flowers
crowded, numerous,
somewhat
pubescent,
white,
about 1 cm long,
throat villous. Follicles
pendulous, slender, cyl-
indric,
20 to 40 cm long,
4 to 5 mm in diameter. Seeds about 4 mm long,
the brown ciliate hairs
on
the ends
longer
than the seeds.
(Fl. Filip.pi.
113.)
Old Botanic Garden, fl.
April; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Africa, tropical Asia, Malaya,
and Australia.
7. ALLAMANDA Linnaeus
Erect
or
somewhat
climbing shrubs, glabrous or pubescent.
Leaves
verticillate or
opposite,penninerved, usually glandular
in the axils of the
nerves on the lower surface. Flowers
large, yellow,
at the ends of the
branches in few-flowered
axillary racemes. Calyx 5-parted,
the
segments
lanceolate,
exterior ones usually
the
larger.
Corolla
broadly
funnel-
shaped,
the tube narrow at the
base, abruptly enlarged
and
campanulate
above,
the lobes broad. Stamens inserted in the
throat,
the anthers free
from the
stigma.
Disk
thick, fleshy. Ovary entire,
1-celled with 2
parietal
placentae.
Fruit
an ovate
compressed capsule. (In
honor of Dr.
Allamand,
a
Dutch
physician.)
Species
about 12 in
tropical America, some now cultivated in all warm
countries.
Corolla about 7 cm long
'.
1. A. cathartica
Corolla about 12 cm long
2. A. hendersonii
1. A. CATHARTICA
L.
Campanilla (Sp.-Fil.).
A
glabrous or somewhat
pubescent,
erect or subscandent
shrub,
2 to 4
m high.
Leaves in whorls of three or four, or
the
uppermost
ones scattered,
lanceolate or
oblanceolate,acuminate, sessile,
about 12 cm long,
2.5 to 4
cm v.'ide,
the
upper
surface
shining.
Flowers
shortly pedicelled,yellow,
calyx-teeth
green,
somewhat
spreading, lanceolate,acuminate,
1 to 1.5 cm
long.
Corolla about 7 cm long,
the slender
part
of the tube 3 cm long,
then inflated and about 2 cm
in
diameter,
the lobes ovate or
oblong-ovate,
spreading, rounded,
about 2 cm long. (Fl. Filip.
-pi.
30.)
A
commonly
cultivated
shrub,
fl.all the
year,
apparently subspontaneous
in some parts
of the
Philippines.
A native of
tropicalAmerica,
now widely
distributed in the
tropics.
*
2. A. HENDERSONII
Bull.
A
glabrous
sometimes subscandent. Leaves in
whorls of
fours, oblong-obovate
to
elliptic-oblong,
10 to 14 cm long, sharply
APOCYNACEAE
373
acuminate. Corolla
yellow,
about 12 cm lonjr,
the tube slender
below,
inflated
above, the limb about 8 cm
wide.
purposes,
fl. all the
year;
a native of
tropical
America,
of recent introduction here,
8. WRIGHTIA R. Brown
Pubescent
or plabrous
trees with abundant
milky
sap.
Leaves ovate to
oblong, opposite.
Flowers of medium
size,
in terminal and
axillary cymes.
Calyx short,5-parted,
with
glands or scales inside. Corolla
salver-shaped,
the tube
cylindric,
rather
short,
the throat with 1 or 2 series of
usually
fimbriate scales. Stamens inserted near the
top
of the
tube, exserted,
surrounding
and adhering to the
stigma. Ovary
of
2,
free or
connate, many-
ovuled
carpels; style
filiform. Follicles
stout,
connate or distinct. Seeds
linear,coma deciduous.
(In
honor of W.
Wright, an English physician.)
Species
about 12, tropical
Africa and Asia to Australia, 3 in the
Philip- pines.
1. W. laniti
(Blanco)
Merr.
(W.
ovata A.
DC.)
Laniti
(Tag.).
A tree 5 to 12 m high
with firm white wood. Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate,
acuminate,
6 to 12 cm long, pubescent,
distichous.
Cymes
5 to 8 cm long.
Corolla
pink
and white. The tube short,
the lobes ovate or oblong,
about
1.5 cm
long,
the scales
alternating
with the lobes. Stamens exserted. Folli- cles
cylindric,pointed,
10 to 30 cm long,
1 to 1.5 cm
in
diameter; coma of
the seeds
copious,
white.
(Fl. Filip pi.40.)
In
thickets,Pasay
to
Masambong
and
Caloocan,
fl.
May-Aug. ; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
9. NERIUM Linnaeus
Erect, branched, glabrous shrubs,
the leaves
narrow,
coriaceous,
whorled
or
rarely opposite,densely
nerved. Flowers
large,
in
terminal,racemose
cymes.
Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla
funnel-shaped,
the tube
cylindric,enlarged above,
the throat with
a row
of
appendages
cleft into linear
segments,
the lobes
broad, spreading.
Stamens inserted at the inflation of the
tube,
the anthers
included,hairy, surrounding
and
adhering
to the
stigma. Ovary
of 2 distinct
carpels, many-ovuled.
Follicles
elongated, cylindric.
Seeds villous,
with a
terminal coma. (The
ancient Greek name
of the
oleander.)
Species
2 or 3,
Mediterranean
region
to
Japan, a single
introduced one in
the
Philippines.
*
1. N. INDICUM
Mill.
(A^.
odorum
Soland.).
Adelfa
(Sp.-Fil.);
Oleander.
An erect shrub 1.5 to 3 m high.
Leaves
mostly
in whorls of 3 or 4,
linear-
11 to 15 cm long,
the numerous ner\'es
horizontal.
Flowers 4 to 5 cm
in
diameter, white, pink,
or red,fragrant.
Follicles
long.
(Fl. Filip.pi.37.)
Cultivated but not
spontaneous,
fl. all the
year;
in most towns in the
Philippines
in cultivation.
Affghanistan
to India and
Japan;
introduced in
the Philippines
at an early
date.
10. STROPHANTHUS
DeCandolle
Stout woody vines, shrubs, or trees. Leaves
opposite.
Flowers
large,
in
terminal
cymes.
Calyx 5-parted,glandular
within. Corolla
funnel-shaped,
the throat broader and
campanulate,
with 5 cleft,or 10 free
appendages,
the
374
A FLORA OF MANILA
lobes
5,produced
into
very
long,slender,pendulous
tails. Stamens
included,
the anthers surrounding
and
adhering
to the
stigma,
their
tips
filiform.
Disk none. Carpels 2, free, many-ovuled.
Follicles
large, woody, oblong,
seeds
beaked,
with a
feathery
tail or sessile
coma
of
long, soft,
white hairs.
(Greek
"a
turning"
and
"flower,")
Species 35, tropicalAsia, Africa,
and
Malaya,
1 or 2 in the
Philippines.
1. S.
cumingii
A. DC.
(S. erectus
Merr.).
A
stout, high-climbing woody
vine or at first erect and
shrub-like,glabrous.
Leaves
elliptic-ovate
to
oblong-ovate,
8 to 13 cm long, shortly acuminate.
Cymes terminal, glabrous,
few-flowered.
Calyx-lobes slender,
7
to 9
mm long.
Corolla-tube
white,
2
cm long,
the lobes 8 mm wide at the
base,
attenuate into
long, slender,drooping tips
about 13 cm
long,
the
appendages
cleft,
about 1
cm long. Apical awns
of the anthers
up
to 15
mm
in
length.
Follicles
woody, oblong-ovoid,
about 16 cm long
and 7 cm in
diameter.
Rare in
cultivation,Singalon,
fl.most of the
year;
widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
Endemic.
11. PARSONSIA R. Brown
Slender or stout, woody, climbing
vines. Leaves
opposite.
Flowers
small,
in
axillary
or terminal
corymbose
cymes.
Calyx 5-partite,
within
naked, glandular, or
with 5 scales. Corolla
salver-shaped,
the tube
short,
cylindricor globose,
the throat naked. Stamens inserted in the corolla-
tube;
filaments
twisted;
anthers
half-exserted,surrounding
and
adhering
to
the
stigma.
Disk of 5 lobes or scales.
Ovary
2-celled. Fruit of
2, nearly
free,lanceolate-cylindric
follicles. Seeds linear to
oblong,
the
tip
narrowed
and with a coma
of soft
silky
hairs at the summit.
(In
honor of J.
Parsons,
an English physician.)
Species
about
12, tropical
Asia to Australia and New
Zealand,
2 in the
Philippines.
1, P.
cumingiana
A. DC.
"
A
glabrous,scandent,woody vine,reaching a height
of about 5
m. Leaves
elliptic
to
elliptic-ovate, shortlyacuminate,
5 to 8 cm long. Cymes axillary,
trichotomous,
less than one-half as long as the leaves. Flowers
yellowish-
green,
7 mm long.
Follicles
lanceolate,
7 to 9 cm long,
about 1
cm
in
diameter. Seeds about 1 cm long,
the coma copious,soft,
1.5 cm long.
In thickets near the
beach, Pasay,
fl.
June-Sept.;
rather
widely
distributed
in Luzon. Endemic.
12, AGANOSMA G. Don
Climbing shrubs, glabrous or pubescent.
Leaves
oblong, acuminate,
opposite. Cymes
terminal and
axillary,
small or medium in size. Flowers
white.
Sepals
acuminate. Corolla
salver-shaped,
the tube short,
the lobes
lanceolate,
much
longer
than the tube. Stamens
included,
the anthers
meeting over
the
stigma
and adnate to it. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary
of
2,
distinct,many-ovuled carpels.
Follicles
cylindric,elongated, straight or
curved,
linear. Seeds ovate or oblong. (Greek "desirable.")
Species
about
5,
India to
Malaya,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. A. acuminata
(Roxb.)
G. Don
(^4.marginata
G.
Don).
A
woody
vine
reaching
a height
of 10 m or less,slightlypubescent or
nearly glabrous.
Leaves
oblong, acuminate,
base acute or
obtuse,
6 to 12
376
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. Filaments united; pollen-masses
waxy,
1 or 2 in each anther-cell.
2. Pollen-masses pendulous.
3. Erect herbs with
showy
red and
orange-yellow
flowers.... 3.
Asclepias
3. Twining
slender vines with small flowers 4. Ischnostemma
2. Pollen-masses erect.
3. Corolla-lobes imbricate.
4. Corona borne on the corolla-tube 5.
Gymnema
4. Corona borne
on
the staminal-tube.
5. Corolla rotate or somewhat
companulate
6.
Tylophora
5. Corolla somewhat
salver-shaped,
the tube swollen below.
7. Telosma
3. Corolla-lobes
valvate; mostly epiphytic
vines with abundant
milky
juice,
and
thick,fleshy
leaves.
4. Staminal-column not
appendaged on
the back.... 8.
Conchophyllum
4. Staminal-column
appendaged on
the back.
5. Corolla
rotate;
corona stellate,
the lower lobes erect or spreading,
the
upper
ones beaked 9.
Hoya
5. Corolla urceolate or cylindric;
corona-processes vary
thin.
10. Dischidia
11. CRYPTOSTEGIA
R. Brown.
Climbing woody
vines with
opposite shining
leaves. Flowers
large,
showy,
in
few-flowered, terminal,
dichotomous or trichotomous
cymes.
Se- pals
lanceolate. Corolla
funnel-shaped,
the tube
short,
the limb
campanu-
late,
with 5 broad lobes. Coronal-scales at the base of the throat, subulate,
entire or 2-cleft. Filaments
short;
anthers adnate to the
stigma, acute;
pollen-masses
in
pairs
in each cell. Follicles
thick, divaricate, hard,
3-
winged,
furrowed between the
wings.
Seeds comose. (Greek
"conceal"
and "cover.")
Species 2, tropical
Asia and
Africa,
1 introduced in the
Philippines.
*
1. C. GRANDIFLORA (Roxb.)
R. Br.
A stout
woody vine, glabrous
or nearly
so. Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
elliptic-ovate,acuminate,
6 to 10 cm long,
base rounded.
Cymes
short.
Sepals
green,
about 8 mm long.
Corolla
pale-purple,
about 4 cm long,
often
wider than
long.
Follicles 10 to 12
cm long, woody.
fl.
Aug.-Sept.,
and
probably
in other
months,
of
Supposed
to be a native of
Madagascar
or tropical
Airica,
cultivated in India and in
many
other
tropical
countries.
2. STREPTOCAULON Wight
" Arnott
Twining, pubescent,
somewhat
woody vines, usually
slender. Leaves
opposite.
Flowers
small,numerous,
in
axillary,lax,panicled
cymes.
Calyx
small, 5-partite,
with 5 scales within at the base. Corolla rotate,
the tube
very
short,
the lobes
ovate, slightly
imbricate.
Corona-processes filiform,
adnate to the backs of the filaments. Stamens inserted at the base of
the
corolla,alternating
with minute
glands;
anthers
oblong,
adherent to
the
style-apex; appendages
small, triangular,
connate over the
apex
of the
style;pollen-masses
2 in each cell.
Ovary
of 2 distinct
carpels; style
short.
Follicles in
pairs, divaricate,slender,pubescent.
Seeds
flattened,
keeled on
the lower surface; coma white, silky. (Greek
"to twist" and "stem.")
Species
about
7,
India to
Malaya,
2 in the
Philippines.
ASCLEPIADACEAE
377
1. S. baumii Decne.
A scandent
woody vine,
the stems rather slender. Leaves
ellipticto
elliptic-ovate,
rounded or
somewhat
acuminate, base
rounded,
7 to 15 cm
long,
4 to 8 cm wide, pubescent,
the lower surface rather
densely
so.
Cymes axillary,solitaryor
in
pairs,trichotomous, lax, 4 to 9 cm long. Calyx
small, greenish.
Corolla
purple, rotate,
5 mm
in
diameter,
the lobes ovate
or oblong-ovate.
Follicles
cylindric, slender, pubescent,
5 to 9
cm long.
(Fl. Filip.pi.138.)
In
thickets, occasional,
fl. Oct.-Dec.
;
widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
Endemic.
3. ASCLEPIAS Linnaeus
Erect
pei'ennial
herbs with
milky
sap.
Leaves
opposite or
whorled.
Flowers in
peduncled or sessile
umbels,
terminal or lateral,
in our species
red and
orange-yellow. Calyx deeply 5-parted,
with 5 to 10
glandular
scales
at the base within. Corolla
rotate, deeply 5-lobed,
the lobes valvate
or
slightly overlapping, usually
reflexed when
open.
Corona of 5
processes
arising
from the staminal-column and adnate to it
above,
the lobes
ovate,
concave-hooded,
with
usually a horn-like tooth
projecting
from within.
Stamens inserted on the base of the
corolla;
filaments connate into a tube;
anthers with
a
membranaceous
appendage
inflexed over
the
apex
of the
style; pollen-masses
1 in each cell. Follicles
variable,
the
pericarp usually
coriaceous. Seeds comose. (The
ancient Greek
name.)
Species 80, chiefly
in America and
Africa,
1 introduced in the
Philippines.
1. A.
CURASSAVICA
L. Milkweed.
An
erect, simple or slightlybranched, perennial, glabrous
herb 40 to 60
cm high.
Leaves
opposite, lanceolate,
to
base
narrowed,
7 to 13 cm long.
Umbels
axillary
and
terminal, peduncled,
few-
to
many-flowered. Sepals linear, green.
Corolla-lobes
red, reflexed,oblong,
about 8
mm long.
Column
stipitate,
the
corona yellow,
the
flower,including
the reflexed
corolla,
1.2 to 1.4 cm long.
Follicles
narrowed at both
ends,
6 to 8 cm long,
1 to 1.3
cm
in diameter in the middle.
(Fl. Filip.pi 71.)
In
open
waste
places,
fl.most of the
year ;
common
and
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
A native of
tropical America, now a weed in most
tropical
countries.
4. ISCHNOSTEMMA
King
" Gamble
Twining
slender vines with
opposite
leaves. Inflorescence of
slender;
few-flowered, lateral,peduncled umbels,
the
pedicels
slender.
Calyx
5-fid.
Corolla rotate,
the tube
short,
the lobes
long, slender,
imbricate. Corona of
5, membranaceous, lanceolate,
flattened
processes
attached to the base of the
staminal-column. Staminal-column attached to the base of the
corolla-tube,
the anthers
slender,
the
appendages short, thin, obtuse,
connivent over the
apex
of the
style; pollen-masses
1 in each cell,pendulous, ellipsoid. Ovary
of 2
carpels; styles
connate above. Follicles
slender, long-acuminate,
lanceolate
in outline. Seeds
small, flat, winged, comose. (Greek "vestige"
and "wreath" or "crown.")
A
monotypic
genus.
378
A FLORA OP MANILA
1. I. carnosum (R. Br.)
Merr. " Rolfe.
A
slender, perennial, twining, glabrous
vine 2 to 5 m high. Leaves
smooth and
shining,
when fresh somewhat
fleshy,elliptic-ovateto
oblong,
apex
apiculate,
2 to 5 cm
long,
1 to 3.5 cm wide, th"
petioles
5 to 10 mm long.
Peduncles
axillary,solitary,
5 to 10 mm long,
each
bearing
from 1 to 3 or
4, subumbellately disposed flowers,
the
pedicels
slender,
up
to 1.5 cm long.
B'lowers
straw-colored,
the corolla-tube
very
short,
the limb
spreading, radiate, nearly
1.5 cm in
diameter, the corolla-
lobes
curved.
In thickets
along
tidal
streams, Pasay,
fl.
Aug.-Sept.; rare in the
Philippines. Malay
Peninsula and Australia.
5. GYMNEMA R. Brown
Woody or herbaceous
twining
vines with
opposite
ovate leaves. Flov/ers
small in
axillary
umbels or umbelliform
cymes.
Calyx 5-parted.
Corolla
campanulate or subrotate, the lobes
thick,
twisted in
bud, imbricate or
subvalvate.
Corona-processes 5,
attached to the
corolla-tube,
of 5
fleshy
lobes,
adnate
up
to the mouth of the
corolla,
with more or
less free incurved
points,or of 5
pairs
of
fleshyridges on the lower
part
of the tube
alternating
with the lobes. Column short.
Anther-tips small,
thin.
Stigma large,
conical,clavate,or capitate,
exserted. Follicles
slender,terete, acuminate,
the seeds with a coma. (Greek
"naked" and
"filament.")
Species
about 25 in
Asia, Africa, Malaya,
and
Australia,
2 or 3 in the
Philippines.
1. G.
tingens (Roxb.)
W. " A.
A rather slender
woody
vine
reaching a height
of 10
m,
nearly glabrous.
Leaves thin,
ovate to
elliptic-ovate,acuminate,
base
broadly
rounded or
somewhat
cordate,
6 to 12 cm long,
the nerves prominent
beneath. Inflores- cence
axillary, many-flowered, solitary,
somewhat
pubescent, umbel-like,
the
pedicels equaling
or longer
than the
peduncles.
Flowers
straw-yellow
with
a
faint
odor,
about 5 mm long,slightlypubescent externally,
the corolla-
tube
short, broad,
the lobes ovate or oblong.
Follicles about 10 cm long,
lanceolate. Seeds
flattened,
about 1.3 cm long,
the coma soft,white, shining.
(Fl.Filip.pi.U02,
Bidaria
inodora.)
In
thickets,Pasay,
fl.
July-Aug.;
of local
occurrence
in the
Philippines.
India to southern China and the
Malay
Peninsula.
6. TYLOPHORA R. Brown
Twining,
sufFrutescent or
somewhat
woody
vines with
opposite
leaves.
Flowers
small,
in
simple or branched
axillary
cymes.
Calyx 5-parted,
with
6
glands
within. Corolla rotate or
somewhat
campanulate, deeply 5-lobed,
lobes
slightly
imbricate. Corona of
5, small, fleshy,
tubercular
processes,
adnate to the filament
part
of the staminal-column. .
Staminal-column attached
to the base of the
corolla;
anthers with
small,
membranaceous
appendages.
Ovary
of 2
carpels.
Fi-uit of 1 or 2
follicles, slender,
acuminate,
smooth,
sometimes inflated. Seeds comose. (Greek
"knot" and "to bear"
in allusion to the thickened
processes
of the
corona.)
Species
about 50, extending
from India to
Australia,
about 10 in the
Philippines.
ASCLEPIADACEAE
379
1. T. merrlllii Schltr.
A
slender,twining, glabrous,
herbaceous vine 2 to 5 m
in
length.
Leaves
green,
shining; oblong
to
oblong-ovate, 5 to 8 cm
long, shortly
and
sharply-
acuminate,
base
broad,
rounded or
slightlycordate. Inflorescence terminal
and
axillary,simple or slightlybranched, slender,
10 to 80 cm long,
the
flowers
numerous,
in
scattered,racemosely arranged fasicles,
their
pedicels
7 mm long or less,few in each fascicle. Flowers
dull-purple,4 to 5 mm
in
diameter. Follicles
lanceolate,
green,
about 5
cm long, 5 mm thick below
the
middle, narrowed
upward
to the acuminate
apex.
In
thickets,Caloocan, Pasay, etc.,
fl.
Oct.-Nov.;
known
only
from the
vicinity
of Manila.
7. TELOSMA Coville
Twining,
somdwhat
woody
vines. Leaves
opposite,
ovate or oblong, cordate,
acuminate, thin,glandular
at the base.
Cymes axillary,
umbelliform.
Flowers
greenish-yellow,
of medium
size,pedicellate. Calyx 5-parted.
Co- rolla
somewhat
salver-shaped,
the tube swollen
below,
sometimes constricted
at the throat, the lobes
oblong, overlapping
to the
right,spreading
in flower.
Column rather
large,
the coronal scales rather
large,
adnate to the back of
the
anthers, erect, flattened
laterally,
somewhat notched at the
apex;
pollen-
masses one in each
cell,
erect.
Stigma
umbonate or
capitate.
Fruit a
lanceolate,terete,
rather
turgid
follicle. Seeds
ovate,
concave;
coma
ample,
soft,
(Greek
"far" and
"odor,"
allusion to the
fragrant flowers.)
Species
about
12, tropical
Asia and
Malaya,
about 2 in the
Philippines.
Leaves
small, deeply
cordate at the base,
4 to 7 cm long,
flowers
fragrant;
corolla-lobes 4 to 5 mm wide; a cultivated
species
1. T. odoratissima
Leaves
ample,
base
truncate, rounded, or slightly cordate,
about 10 cm
long;
flowers odorless or nearly so,
the corolla-lobes less than 3 mm
wide 2. T.
procumbens
*
1. T. ODORATISSIMA
(Lour.)
Coville
{Pergularia
odoratissima
Sm.).
Mil
leguas (Sp.-Fil.).
A scandent
vine,
the branchlets
slender, terete,
somewhat
pubescent.
Leaves
opposite,broadly ovate, thin,
4 to 7 cm
long,
apex
sharply acuminate,
the base
prominently cordate,
the sinus and lobes
rounded, slightlypubescent
on the nerves and
margins. Cymes axillary, subumbellate,
many-
flowered,
somewhat
pubescent.
Flowers
fragrant, yellowish-green, more
deeply
colored
inside,
about 1,3 cm
long,
the throat villous
within,
not
or
but
slightly
contracted.
Occasionally
cultivated for its
fragrant flowers,
fl.
July-Aug.
;
introduced
from
tropical
Asia.
2. T.
procumbens (Blanco)
Merr. Mil
leguas (Sp.-Fil.).
A
woody vine, the branchlets
slender,terete, glabrous or
slightlypubescent.
Leaves
thin,ovate to
oblong-ovate,
8 to 13 cm long,
3 to 8 cm wide,
apex
sharply acuminate,
base
rounded, truncate, or
slightlycordate, slightly
pubescent on the nerves beneath.
Cymes axillary, umbelliform,
many-
flowered. Flowers
greenish-yellow, odorless,
about 1.5 cm long,
the throat
villous
within,
contracted. Follicles
lanceolate,
about 15 cm long.
Seed
flattened;coma white, soft,ample. (Fl. Filip,pi.397, Pergularia glabra.)
In
thickets,Masambong, Malinta, Pasay, etc.,
fl.
July-Sept.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
380
A FLORA OF MANILA
8. CONCHOPHYLLUM Blume
Epiphytic, twining or pendulous vines,
with abundant
milky
sap
and
fleshy
leaves. Leaves
oppositeor by
abortion
alternate,entire,thick,oblong
to lanceolate and
plane,or rounded and
closelyappressed
to the trunks and
branches of
trees, usually
with few to
many
axillaryor
extra-axillary
rootlets.
Flowers
small,
few to
many, subumbellately or racemosely disposed
near the
tips
of short or elongated,
thickened
peduncles
which
are marked
with numerous scars of fallen
pedicles. Calyx small,
5-toothed. Corolla
subglobose,or cylindric
and
globose
at the
base, 5-toothed, with 5 inflexed
scales at the contraction of the
tube,
the tube villous above the swollen
base. Staminal column
included, 5-angled,
not
appendaged
on
the
back,
the anthers
tipped
with
a
thin
appendage; pollen-masses
1 in each cell.
Ovary
of 2
carpels.
Follicles
slender,acuminate,
thin. Seeds
small, coma
white, silky. (Greek
"shell" and "leaf" in allusion to the
peculiar
hollow
leaves of some species.)
Species
about 8, Malay
Peninsula to New
Guinea,
4 or 5 in the
Philippines.
1. C. merrillii Schltr.
A
glabrous, fleshy,much-branched, epiphytic
vine with abundant
milky
sap,
growing
in small to large masses,
the stems grayish,
2 to 5
mm in diameter,
pendulous
or climbing,
often
twining, reaching
a length
of 2 to 3
meters. Leaves
oblong
to
narrowly oblong,
4 to 10 cm long,
1 to 2
cm wide,
apex
acute or
apiculate,
base
acute, fleshy,
3 to 4 -mm thick,
the nerves
none,
the midrib obsolete or nearly so.
Racemes
axillary,
the rachis short, thick,
marked with numerous
scars,
bearing but few flowers at one time. Flowers
rather
bright-purple,
their
pedicels
about 2 cm long,purple. Sepals oblong-
ovate, obtuse,
1 mm long.
Corolla swollen and
globose
at the base, about 3
mm
in
diameter,
contracted above into
a cylindric
tube about 3.5 mm long,
the tube with 5
appendages
inside at the constriction,
the reflexed
parts glabrous,
villous above the swollen base.
On various
trees, Masambong,
fl.
Feb.-Sept.;
known
only
from the vicinity
of Manila.
9. HOYA
R. Brown
Twining
or pendulous, epiphytic,fleshy
vines with abundant
milky
sap.
Leaves
opposite,fleshy,
thick. Flowers in
axillary racemes or
umbels on
thickened
pedicles,
or
cymose.
Calyx
small, 5-partite.
Corolla
rotate, fleshy
or
waxy,
the lobes
5,
often
convex,
spreading
or reflexed.
Corona-processes
5, large,
more or
less
fleshy,
adnate to the staminal-column,
the lower lobe
often concave on the
upper
surface,
the
upper
lobe
usually produced
into an erect tooth or
process.
Staminal-column short,
attached to the base of the
corolla;
anthers conniving
over
the
apex
of the
style,thin,
the
appendages
membranaceous,
erect or inflexed; pollen-masses
1 in each cell.
Ovary
of 2 distinct carpels.
Fruit of 1 or 2 follicles,
the
pericarp thin;
seeds
comose. (In
honor of T.
Hoy,
and
English gardener.)
Species
80 or more, tropical
Asia to Australia,
about 20 in the Philippines.
1. H. luzonica
Schltr.
A
climbing,
somewhat branched, glabrous
vine with abundant
milky sap,
3 to 4 m high.
Leaves
oblong,
fleshy,
acute or slightly
acuminate,
9 to 13
cm
long,
the lower surface
obscurely white-puncticulate,
the nerves
in fresh
leaves
scacely
visible; petiolesthickened,
1.5 to 2.5 cm long.
Umbels axillary,
solitary,
the peduncles
up
to 7 cm long,
the
pedicelsslender,
1 to 2.5
CONVOLVULACEAE
381
cm long.
Flowers
lilac-purple,
about 1
cm in
diameter,
10 to 12
or more
in each
umbel,
the corolla
rotate,
the lobes
broadly triangular-ovate,glabrous
outside,
inside
densely papillose-pubescent. Capsules
about 12 cm
long.
In
dry
ravines
opposite Guadalupe,
rare,
sometimes
cultivated, fl.June;
known
only
from Luzon and of
every
local
occurrence.
10. DISCHIDIA R. Brown
Slender, usually epiphytic, twining or
pendulous vines, climbing
and
rooting on trees. Leaves
usually opposite,
sometimes all
flat,
sometimes
some of them converted into
pitchers,or
in
some species
all leaves convex and
sessile,closelyappressed
to the surface
on which the
plant
grows.
Flowers
small,white, yellow,or red,
in
axillary
racemes,
umbels, cymes,
or fascicles,
the
peduncles usually
thickened and marked with numerous scars. Calyx
5-partite,glandular
within. Corolla
campanulate, tubular, or urceolate,
usually
contracted at the
mouth,
the lobes valvate. Corona of 5 membranaceous
processes
adnate to the back of the
staminal-column, erect, entire,
notched, or bifid at the
tips,or
with incurved or recurved arms. Filaments
connate into
a
very
short
tube;
anthers with membranaceous
appendages;
pollen-masses
1 in each cell.
Ovary
of 2
carpels.
Fruit of 1 or 2
small,
slender,
acuminate
follicles;
seeds comose.
(Greek
"two" and "cleft" in
allusion to the cleft
corona-segments.)
Species
60 or
more,
India to New Guinea and
Australia,
about 15 in the
Philippines.
1. D.
pectenoides
Pearson.
Dapo-boho (Tag.).
An
herbaceous, epiphytic,glabrous
vine
usually growing on dead
bamboo,
the branches
slender, pendulous,
often
twining.
Leaves of two kinds,
opposite,
normal ones
elliptic-ovate
to
lanceolate,acuminate, thick,fleshy,
1.5 to
2.5 cm
long,
one
of
some
pairs
hollow
inside,inflated,
4 to 6 cm long,
4 to 5
cm
wide, usually
about 2 cm thick,
the interior
more or less filledwith rootlets
from the leaf-axil and with a
much smaller interior ascidium
usually
the
domicil of
a colony
of small black ants. Inflorescence
axillary,solitary,umbellate,
the
peduncle
1 to 2 cm
long.
Flowers 3 to 8 in each
umbel,
the
calyx small,
green,
the corolla
cylindric,red,
apex
narrowed,
about 8 mm
long.
Follicles
slender,
5 to 7 cm long.
Not
infrequently brought
in from the
neighboring provinces
and cultivated
in
Manila; very
curious
on account of its
symbiosis
with
ants,
fl.
most
of the
year.
Known
only
from Luzon.
118. CONVOLVULACEAE
(MORNING
Glory
or
Camote
Family)
Slender, spreading
or
prostrate herbs, or twining
herbaceous or woody
vines,
sometimes with
milky
sap,
with
alternate,simple,
entire or lobed,
exstipulate
leaves. Flowers
axillary,solitaryor
cymose, regular, perfect,
often
large
and
showy,
bracteate.
Sepals 5, imbricate, usually persistent,
often accrescent. Corolla
campanulate, salver-shaped, or
urceolate,rarely
subrotate,
the limb with 5 short
or long lobes,
often
plicate
in bud. Sta- mens
5,
adnate to the corolla-tube. Ovary superior,
of 2
usually
connate
carpels,
often surrounded
by an
annular
or lobed disk;
ovules 2 in each
carpel; style 1, rarely
2. Fruit
an indehiscent,
often
dry berry, or a
2- to
4-valved, circumscissile,or irregularly
dehiscent
capsule.
Seeds 2
or 4.
382
A FLORA OF MANILA
Genera
44, species
about
1,000, in all
parts
of the
world,
but more
abundant in
tropical
and
subtropicalregions,
17
genera
and about 50
species
in the
Philippines.
1.
Styles 2, free,
each
2-branched;
slender
hairy
herbs with subrotate
flowers
1. Evolvulus
1.
Styles united,
the
stigmas
1 or
2;
flowers
campanulate, salver-shaped
or
urn-shaped.
2. Corolla
urn-shaped,
the flowers in
dense, axillary,subcapitate
cymes.
2.
Lepistemon
2. Corolla
salver-shaped.
3. Flowers small, bright-red,
the limb
narrow 3.
Quamoclit
3. Flowers
very large,v/hite,
the limb broad 4.
Calonyction
2. Corolla
campanulate or
funnel-shaped.
3.
Sepals
much
enlarged
in
fruit,
often
fleshy,quite enclosing
the
capsule.
4. Stems
4-winged or flowers
yellow; capsule
dehiscent.. 5.
Operculina
4. Stems
terete; capsule
indehiscent 6. Stictocardia
3.
Sepals
not or but
slightlyenlarged
in fruit.
4. Fruit indehiscent.
5. Leaves
densely silky-pubescent beneath,
with
white, shining
hairs 7.
Argyreia
5. Leaves
glabrous
or
pubescent,
not
white-silky-hairy....
8. Rivea
4. Fruit dehiscent or the walls
fragile
and soon breaking
up.
5.
Ovary
1-celled 9. Hewittia
5.
Ovary
2- to 4-ceIled.
6. Corolla-tube with 5 vertical bands of 5
parallel
lines each.
10. Merremia
6. Corolla-tube with 5 vertical bands of 2 lines each.. 11.
Ipomoea
1. EVOLVULUS Linnaeus
Slender, spreading
herbs with
small,
small,
axillary,
solitary,or
2 or 3 on each
peduncle. Sepals unequal.
Corolla funnel-
shaped,
the limb
5-parted.
Stamens included or
exserted.
Ovary
2- or
1-celled,4-ovuled; styles 2, separate
from the base,
each cleft into 2
stigmas. Capsules globose,
4- or 2-valved, usually
4-seeded.
Species
about
70,
in all
tropical
and
subtropicalregions,mostly
in
tropical
America,
1 in the
Philippines. (Latin
"to
unroll,"
in reference to their non-
twining habit.)
1. E. alsinoides L.
A
very
slender, more or less branched, spreading or ascending, usually
very
hairy herb,
the stems 20 to 70 cm long,
not
twining.
Leaves variable,
hary,
0.5 to cm
long,
ovate
elliptic,
or
oblong.
Peduncles
slender,longer
than the leaves. Flowers
pale-blue
or nearly white,
In
open
dry
grass
lands
near
Fort
McKinley,
La
Loma, etc.,
fl.
Sept.-Feb.;
widely
distributed and
possibly
introduced in the
Philippines. Cosmopolitan
in
tropical
and
subtropicalregions.
2. LEPISTEMON Blume
Twining
herbs with cordate, entire or slightlylobed, ovate, pubescent
leaves. Flowers in
very dense, axillary,subcapitate cymes,
the bracts
narrow,
deciduous.
Sepals 5, subequal, hairy,
acute or obtuse. Corolla
small, pale-yellowor
nearly white,
the tube narrowed and short-cylindric
384
A FLORA OF MANILA
Rather
commonly cultivated,frequently spontaneous,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
and
thoroughly naturalized. A native
of
tropicalAmerica,
now^ found in
many
other
tropical
and
warm countries,
cultivated or wild.
4. CALONYCTION
Choisy
Large, herbaceous, twining vines,
the stems
usually
muricate. Leaves
large,cordate,
entire or angled.
Flowers
solitaryor in few-flowered
cymes.
Sepals 5, smooth, usually prominently awned,
the outer ones sometimes
smaller than the inner. Corolla
large, salver-shaped, usually pure-white,
the tube
narrow-cylindric,
the limb
plicate. Ovary 2-celled,
cells
2-ovuled;
style
filiform. Stamens
5,
somewhat exserted.
Capsule 4-valved,
4-seeded.
(Greek
"beautiful" and
"night" alluding
to the
large
flowers which
open
at
night.)
Species
6 or 7 all
or mostly
in
tropicalAmerica,
2 or 3 now
wide-spread
in the
tropics
of the Old World.
Sepals prominently awned;
stems
usually
muricate 1. C. aculeatum
Sepals obtuse,
not awned or only slightly apiculate;
stems glabrous.
2. C. album
1. C. ACULEATUM
(L.)
House.
(C.
bona-nox
Boj.).
Moon Flower.
An
extensively climbing, twining, glabrous, vine, reaching a length
of
10
m or more. Stems
green,
more or less
muricate, or nearly
smooth.
Leaves
ovate,
entire or somewhat
angled or lobed,sharply acuminate,
base
cordate,
14 to 20 cm
long.
Peduncles
axillary,solitary,long,
1- to 5-flowered.
Sepals
in flower
green,
ovate, long-awned,
about 2 cm long.
Corolla-tube
greenish-white,
8 to 10 cm
long,
about 6 mm
in
diameter,
the limb
spreading,
about 15 cm
in
diameter, white,
the
plaitsgreenish.
Fruit
ovoid, pointed,
about 3 cm long,
by
the accrescent
sepals,
the
pedicels
much-thickened.
Occasional in
thickets,
fl.
Aug.-March; widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines,
throughly
tropical America,
now widely
distributed in the
tropics
in cultivation and as a nauralized
plant.
The
flowers
open
at
night only
and close
shortly
after dawn.
2. C. ALBUM
(L.)
House.
A
scandent,
somewhat
woody, twining
vine of indefinite
length,glabrous,
stems sm.ooth or sometimes muricate. Leaves orbicular-ovate, entire, acuminate,
base
9 to 18 cm long.
Peduncles
axillary,
short or
somewhat
elongated,
1- to 3-flowered.
Sepals green,
orbicular-
ovate, imbricate,
1.5 to 2 cm long, rounded,
sometimes
minutely apiculate,
enlarged
in fruit. Corolla
white,
the tube
cylindric,
about 6 cm long,
8
mm
in
diameter,
the limb
spreading. Capsule globose,
about 2 cm in
diameter.
In
thickets,Pasay, Tondo, etc.,occasional,
fl.
Oct.-Jan.;
not common
in
the
of both
hemispheres.
5. OPERCULINA Manso
Large
herbaceous
climbers,
the
stems, peduncles,
and
petiolesusually
winged.
Leaves
large,
entire or palmately
lobed. Flowers
large, axillary,
solitary or
in few-flowered
cymes. Sepals 5, large,
accrescent in fruit.
Corolla
campanulate,
the tube v.'ith 5
vertical,
smooth bands. Stamens 5;
filaments filiform. Ovary 2-celled,
4-ovuled. Fruit
a capsule
enclosed by
CONVOLVULACEAE
385
the
enlarged sepals,
the
epicarp
circumscissile above the
middle,
the endo-
carp
at
lenprthbreaking irregularly,
not
by regular
valves.
(From
Latin
"cover" in allusion to the
sepalscovering
the
fruit.)
Species
about 15 in all
tropicalcountries,
2 in the
Philippines.
Leaves
entire;
flowers
white; an
herbaceous vine with
4-winged stems.
1. 0.
turpethum
Leaves
deeply palmately 7-lobed;
flowers
yellow; a coarse woody
vine with
stout terete stems 2. O. tuberosum
1. O.
turpethum (L.)
Manso.
A
scandent,herbaceous,slightlypubescent or
nearly glabrous
vine reaching
a
length
of 5 m or
more,
the stems often
purplish,prominently
2- to 4-
angled
and
narrowly winged.
Leaves
ovate, entire,
5 to 15 cm
long,entire,
narrowed
upward
to the acute
or acuminate
apex,
base
broad,
subcordate
or
truncate.
Cymes axillary,peduncled, few-flowered,the bracts
oblong, thin,
caducous,
about 2.5
cm long. Sepals
green,
ovate to
oblong-ovate,
the outer
two 2 to 3
cm long, larger
than the inner
three, pubescent, persistent,
accrescent, and somewhat
fleshy,usually becoming purplish
in fruit. Co- rolla
white, campanulate,
4 cm
long,
the limb 4 cm wide.
Capsule globose,
In
thickets,
common,
fl.
Oct.-Apr.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
possibly
introduced.
Tropical
Asia to the Mascarene
Islands, Malaya,
Australia,
and
Polynesia.
*2. 0. TUBEROSUM
(L.) Choisy (Ipovioea
tiiberosa
L.).
A
coarse,
woody, perennial, glabrous
vine
reaching a length
of 15 m
and 10 cm or more in diameter. Leaves 12 to 20
cm
in
diameter,
very
deeply
palmately 7-parted,
the lobes
lanceolate,acuminate, entire,
base cordate.
Flowers about 5 cm long, axillary,solitary,or several on a peduncle,
long-peduncled, the
peduncle
thickened at the
apex. Sepals
green,
about
2.5 cm
long.
Corolla
campanulate, yellow,
about 5 cm
in diameter.
Cap- sule
globose,
2.5 to 3
cm
in
diameter, looselyenveloped by
the accrescent
calyx-lobes.
Seeds
large,
about 2 cm long.
fl.all the
year.
A native of
tropicalAmerica,
now
cultivated in
many
other
tropical
countries.
6. STICTOCARDIA Hallier fils
Coarse
twining
vines with ovate-cordate leaves and
axillary flowers,
the
peduncles
1- to 3-flowered. Flowers
large, pink or
purplish. Sepals
5, imbricate, subequal, accrescent and
completely enveloping
the
fruit,
strongly imbricate,mucilaginous
when fresh. Corolla
funnel-shaped,large,
showj',
the limb
shortly
lobed. Stamens included.
Ovary 4-celled,
4-
ovuled.
Capsule indehiscent,4-celled,4-seeded,entirely
enclosed
by
the
enlarged
sepals. (From
the Greek
"punctured"
and "heart"
alluding
to the
characters of the fruit and its
covering.)
Species
about
4,
in
Africa,Madagascar,
and
Asia,
1 introduced in
tropical
America,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. S. tlliaefolia
(Lam.)
Hallier f.
A
scandent, twining, herbaceous, glabrous or nearly glabrous plant
of
indefinite
length,
the stems terete. Leaves ovate or
orbicular,
acute or
shortly acuminate, entire,
base
6 to 15 cm long.
Flowers
axillary,short-pedicelled, usually solitary. Sepals green, obtuse,
111555 " 25
386
A FLORA OF MANILA
suborbicular,
about 1.5
cm long, enlarged
in fruit. Corolla
widely
funnel-
shaped, rose-purple,
7 to 8 cm long,
5 to 6 cm in diameter. Fruit
completely
surrounded
by
the
enlarged sepals, including
the
sepals
3.5 to 5
cm long,
the
capsule ovoid,
1.5 to 2 cm long.
In
thickets,Pasay,
fl. Oct.-Dec.
;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
Malaya,
elsewhere often cultivated.
7. ARGYREIA Loureiro
Large, twining, shrubby vines,
the leaves lanceolate to
cordate-ovite,
white-silky-pubescent,
at least on the lower surface. Flowers
axillary,
usually
in
many-flowered
cymes,
the bracts
large. Sepals 5,
thin in
flower,
in fruit
thickened,
often reddish inside. Corolla
funnel-shaped or cam-
panulate, pink
or pale-purple, usually
hirsute
externally,
the limb
plicate,
shortly
5-lobed. Stamens
5,
included.
Ovary 4-celled,4-ovuled; style
filiform.
Fruit
a
hard
dry berry or indehiscent
capsule. (Greek "silvery,"
from the white
hairs).
Species
about
30, mostly
in the
tropics
of the Old
World, 2 in the Phil- ippines.
Leaves
up
to 30 cm in
length, prominently
cordate 1. A.
nervosa
Leaves 15 cm long or less,
obtuse
or
acute at the base 2. A. mollis
*
1. A.
NERVOSA (Burm.) Boj. (A. speciosa Sweet).
A
coarse,
twining, perennial, woody vine,
the stems often 5 cm or more
in
diameter, reaching a length
of 15
m or more. Leaves
broadly ovate,
entire,acuminate,
base
12 to 30 cm long,
the
upper
surface
glabrous,
the lower surface
densely
and
softly pubescent
with
grayish or whitish
hairs, as are the
branchlets, petioles,
and inflorescence.
Peduncles
axillary,stout,
up
to 30 cm in
length,
the flowers crowded at the
ends,
subtended
by large, thin,
deciduous bracts.
Calyx ovoid,
about 1.5
cm long.
Corolla 6 to 7 cm long,
the tube at first
slender,
then
abruptly
inflated,
somewhat
tubular,
and 2 to 2.5 cm in
diameter,
the limb somewhat
spreading,
about 6
cm
in
diameter, externally pubescent
and
pale-lilac,
internally
rather
deep-purple.
Fruit
subglobose, brov^n,
about 1.5
cm
in
diameter.
Quite commonly cultivated,
fl.June-Dec. Introduced in about the
year
1903
;
a native of British India.
2. A. mollis
(Burm.) Choisy. {A.
nitida
Choisy).
A
scandent, twining,
somewhat
woody
vine
reaching a height
of at least
10
m,
all
parts pubescent.
Leaves ovate to
8 to 15
cm long, densely white-pubescent
and
shining
beneath. Peduncles
axillary
and
terminal, short,
1- to
4-flowered,
the outer 3
sepals pubescent,
green,
oblong,
1.5 cm long,
the inner 2 shorter. Corolla
campanulate, pubescent
and whitish
or pale-purplish externally,
the limb
purple,
about 6 cm long,
4 cm vdde. Fruit
depressed-globose,
about 1 cm in
diameter,
surrounded
by
the
enlarged sepals. (Fl. Filip.pi. 412,
A.
nitida.)
In
thickets,
Caloocan to
Masambong, occasional,
fl.
Oct.-Dec; widely
distributed in the
8. RIVE A Choisy
Twining
shrubs with
ovate-cordate,glabrous or pubescent,
entire leaves.
Peduncles
axillary,solitary,
1- to
5-flowered,
sometimes
arranged
in
leafy
CONVOLVULACEAE
387
racemes. Sepals ovate to
oblong, unequal or subequal.
Corolla
campanu-
late or widely funnel-shaped, plaited.
Stamens included.
Ovary 4-celled,
4-ovuled
; style
filiform. Fruit
subglobose, nearly dry,
indehiscent
or irregularly
breaking
up;
seeds 1 to
4, glabrous.
Species
about
2.'),
in most
tropical countries,
about 4 in the
Philippines.
1. R. CORYMBOSA
(L.)
Hallier f.
(Ipomoea sidaefoliaChoisy).
A
scandent,
somewhat
woody
vine
reaching a height
of at least 10
m,
glabrous throughout.
Leaves
ovate, entire,
acute or acuminate,
base
deeply
cordate,
6 to 10 cm long.
Peduncles
axillary,solitary,
in
leafy
racemes,
each
peduncle umbellately
about
5-flowered,or the terminal ones racemose.
Calyx
green,
10 to 12 mm long,
the lobes
oblong, unequal.
Corolla
campanu-
late,
2.5 cm long, pale-green
and
white, dark-purplish
at the base inside.
Capsule ellipsoid,glabrous.
In
thickets,Masambong,
fl. Oct.-Nov. A native of
tropical America,
introduced here as an ornamental and
now naturalized,
but at
present
known in the
Philippines only
from the
vicinity
of Manila.
9. HE WITT IA Wight
" Arnott
Herbaceous, twining, slender, more or
less
pubescent
vines. Leaves
ovate, cordate at the
base, angular,
entire
or obscurely
lobed. Peduncles
axillary,
the flowers
solitary,
or few and
subcapitate. Sepals acute,
the
outer ones enlarged
in fruit. Corolla
campanulate,
the limb
5-plaited.
Ovary hirsute,1-celled,
4-ovuled.
Capsule globose,4-valved,1-celled,usually
4-seeded.
(Named
for "
Hewitt.)
A
monotypic
genus.
1. H. SUBLOBATA
(L. f.)
O. Kuntze.
(//.
bicolor
Wight).
A slender vine
reaching a length
of from 2 to 4 m. Leaves 3 to 10
cm long,
acuminate or
acute,
base cordate. Peduncles
longer
than the
petioles. Calyx
green.
Corolla straw-colored or
nearly white,
the center
usually dark-purple or brownish-purple inside, hairy externally,
about 2
cm long,
the limb about 2.5 cm in diameter.
In thickets and
open grass
lands, occasional,
fl. more or less all the
year;
throughout
the
introduced.
Widely
distributed
in the
tropics.
10. MERREMIA Dennstaedt
Herbaceous or shrubby twining vines, sometimes
prostrate, the stems
mostly cylindric.
Leaves
entire,lobed, or divided. Flowers
axillary,
solitary,
or
in few- to
many-floWered
cymes,
the bracts small.
Sepals 5,
rounded
or acuminate, subequal.
Corolla
campanulate,
white to
yellow,
the tube with 5 vertical bands each
usually
marked
by
5
pale or violet
lines,
the limb
plicate,margins slightly
lobed. Stamens
5, unequal; anthers
usually
twisted.
Ovary
2- or 4-celled;
ovules 4. Fruit a
4-valved
capsule,
1- to 4-celled. (In honor of B.
Merrem, a German
botanist.)
Species
10 in the
Philippines.
1. Corolla
quite glabrous outside;
leaves
glabrous or only slightlypubescent.
2.
Sepals long-acuminate;
corolla with
a
pale-purple
center.. 1. M. hastata
2.
Sepals obtuse; flowers
uniformly yellow.
3. Leaves
narrow,
linear to
oblong, or the lower ones ovate-oblong
and
subcordate 2. M. hirta
3. Leaves
broadly ovate, deeply
cordate.
388
A FLORA OF MANILA
4. Peduncles
very
short are nearly wanting,
1- to
3-flowered,the
petioles
much
longer
than the inflorescence 3. M.
emarginata
4. Peduncles
elongated,usually many-flowered, the inflorescence
equaling
or longer
than the leaves.
5. Leaves
usually
crenate or
toothed,
often
lobed,
2 to 4
cm long.
4. M. hederacea
5. Leaves
entire,
4 to 9 cm long 5. M.
gemella
1. Corolla somewhat
hairy outside;
leaves
softly pubescent; flowers in
dense, peduncled
cymes,
white or yellow 6. M. iimbellata
1. M. hastata (Desr.)
Hallier f.
A
slender,glabrous, diffuse,branched,
annual vine
reaching a length
of
1 to 2 m or more.
Leaves sessile or shortly petioled,oblong-lanceolate
to
base
prominently hastate,
3 to 6 cm long.
Peduncles
axillary,solitary,long, usually 1-,rarely
2- or 3-flowered. Flow- ers
pale-yellowish or nearly white,
the center
purple,
about 1.5 cm
long,
funnel-shaped. Capsule
ovoid or subglobose,
1- or 2-seeded,
5 to 6
mm
long,
the
pericarp
thin.
In
open,
dry,
grass
lands,
San Pedro Macati
etc.,
fl.
Aug.-March; widely
distributed in the
introduced.
Tropical
Asia and
Africa
through Malaya
to Australia.
2. M. hlrta (L.)
Merr.
(M. caespitosa
Hallier
f.).
A
slender, twining or creeping, glabrous or slightlyhairy
annual herb
reaching a length
of 1 to 2 m. Leaves
narrowly oblong
to
lanceolate,
base rounded or obtuse,
apex
acute,
the lower ones often
ovate-oblong
and
subcordate,
2 to 3.5 cm long.
Flowers
axillary,
the
peduncles usually
1-
or
2-flowered.
Calyx
green,
about 5 mm long,
the lobes
oblong,
obtuse. Co- rolla
pale-yellow,
Capsule ovoid,
about 5 mm
long, papery,
1-celled.
In
open
wet grass-lands,
Novaliches
road,
fl. Oct.-Dec.
;
widely
distributed
in the
China,
southward
to Australia.
3.
M.
emarginata (Burm.)
Hallier f.
A
slender, prostrate,
creeping herb, glabrous or somewhat
hairy,
the
stems rooting
at the
nodes,
10 to 80 cm
in
length.
Leaves
small,
reniform
to ovate-cordate, irregularly toothed,
6 to 15 mm long,
often wider than
long.
Flowers 1 to 3 on the
very
short
peduncles. Sepals rounded,
about
4 mm long,
ciliate with few to
many
white weak hairs. Corolla yellow,
nearly
twice
as long as the
calyx. Capsule globose,
about 5 mm
in diameter.
In
open
dry
grass
lands, occasional,
fl.
Nov.-Jan.;
of local
occurrence
in
the Philippines, possibly
introduced.
Tropical
Asia and Africa.
4. M. hederacea (Burm.)
Hallier f.
(M.
convolvulacea
Dennst.).
A
slender, twining, glabrous
or nearly glabrous annual,
1 to 3 m in
length.
Leaves ovate,
2 to 4 cm long,
subentire or 3-lobed,
crenate
or
toothed, acuminate,
base prominently
cordate. Peduncles
axillary,
about
as long as
the petioles,
with 3 to 5 or more flowers.
Calyx green,
about 4
mm long.
Corolla
yellow,
about 1.5 cm in
diameter,
the lobes emarginate.
In
open
waste places,
fl.
Sept.-Jan.;
of local
occurrence
in the
Philippines,
possibly
introduced.
Tropical
Asia and Africa.
CONVOLVULACEAE 389
5, M.
gemella (Burm.)
Hallier f.
A
slender,twining, glabrous
vine
reaching a length
of 4 to 5 m. Leaves
ovate,
4 to 9 cm long, entire,sharply acuminate,
base prominently cordate,
the lobes rounded. Cymes axillary,solitary,peduncled,
8 to 15 cm long,
usually many-flowered. Sepals green,
elliptic,obtuse,
5 to 6
mm long.
Corolla
yellow,
about 2.5 cm long, funnel-shaped. Cap.suleovoid,
about
1 cm
in diameter.
In thickets and
open
places,
fl. Oct.-Feb.
; widely
distributed in the Phil- ippines,
possibly
introduced.
Tropical
Asia and
Africa, through Malaya
to Australia.
6. M. umbellata
(L.)
Hallier f. var. orientalis Hallier f.
A
twining
herbaceous vine, more or less
pubescent,
the stems slender.
Leaves
oblong
to oblong-ovate,
8 to 12 cm long,
acute or acuminate,
entire
or nearly so,
base
cordate, softly pubescent
on both surfaces. Peduncles
axillary, solitary,
shorter than or equaling
the
petioles,
the inflorescence
cymose,
dense, many-flowered. Sepals
about 6
mm long.
Corolla
white,
tubular-funnel-shaped
about 3 cm long,
the limb about 2.5 cm in diameter.
Capsule ovoid, glabrous,
about 1 cm long,
the .seeds covered with
spreading
black or brown hairs.
In
open places,
thickets,etc.,
fl.
Dec-March; widely
distributed in the
introduced.
Tropical Asia, Africa, Malaya,
and Aus- tralia.
Var. occiDENTALis
Hallier f.
Similar to the
above,
but flowers
yellow.
Rare in
Manila, apparently
introduced.
Tropical America,
introduced
in
Bengal
and in the
Malay
Peninsula.
11. IPOMOEA Linnaeus
Twining or
prostrate
herbaceous vines with alternate, entire,lohed, or
divided leaves. Flowers
axillary, solitary or
cymose.
Sepals
ovate to
linear, equal or unequal.
Corolla
usually campanulate,
the limb
plicate,
slightly
5-lobed. Stamens 5,
included or rarely exserted,
the filaments
sometimes
dilated at the base.
Ovary
2-
or 3-celled,rarely 4-celled;
ovules
usually
4. Fruit
a
4- to 6-valved
capsule, rarely
indehiscent.
(From
the
Gi:ee,k
"bind-weed" and
"like.")
Species
about 300,
in all
tropical countries,
about 15 in the
Philippines.
1.
Sepals
much
elongated,
the
tips oblong
to linear-lanceolate,
clothed with
long spreading
hairs at the base.
2. Leaves 3-lobed
1. /" nil
2. Leave entire
2. /.
purpurea
1.
Sepals
not much
elongated, glabrous
or hairy,
never
linear-lanceolate.
2. Leaves hairy on both surfaces, deeply
5- to 9-lobed
;
flowers white.
3. /.
pes-tigridis
2. Leaves glabrous or only slightlyhairy.
3. Leaves deeply
5- to 9-lobed.
4. Corolla
pink-purple,
the lobes of the leaves reaching
about two-
thirds to the base
4. /.
digitata
4. Corolla lavender-purple,
the lobes of the leaves extending quite
or
nearly to the base
5. /. cairica
390
A FLORA OF MANILA
3. Leaves entire or shallowly
3-lobed or angled.
4. Leaves suborbicular,prominently
retuse
or
2-lobed at the
apex.
6. /.
pes-caprae
4. Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate,
acute
or
acuminate.
5. Corolla less than 2.5 cm long.
6. Leaves
entire;
flowers
yellowish-white
with a
dark-purple
base,
the inflorescence 1- to
3-flowered,glabrous.
7. /. ohscura
6. Leaves
usually shallowly
lobed or angled;
flowers
pink or
purplish,
the
sepals
ciliate-hirsute 8. /. triloba
5. Corolla about 5 cm long.
6.
Sepals
acute or obtuse; aquatic or
swamp
herbs,
the stems
often thick and
spongy
9. /.
reptana
6.
Sepals prominently acuminate;
cultivated
plants
with thick
tuberous roots
-.
10. /. batatas
1. I.
NIL (L.)
Roth.
A
twining,
rather
slender,herbaceous, more or less hirsute annual
vine,
reaching a length
prominently 3-lobed,
8 to 15
cm long,
subovate in
outline,
base cordate. Peduncles
axillary, solitary,
shorter than the
petioles,
each 1- to 6-flowered.
Sepals densely
hirsute at
the
base,
about 3
cm long,
the
tips
linear. Corolla
pale-blue,or the tube
white
within, turning pink-purple,
about 5 cm long,
the limb shallowly
5-lobed.
Capsule
(Fl. Filip.pi. 66.)
In
open
waste
places, occasional,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
A native of
in most
tropical
and
subtropical
countries.
*
2. Ipomoea purpurea (L.)
Lam, Aurora
(Sp.-Fil.)
;
Morning Glory.
A
slender,twining, herbaceous,
somewhat hirsute vine
reaching a length
broadly ovate, entire,acuminate,
base
cordate,
5 to 12
cm long.
Peduncles 1- to 3-flowered.
Calyx
hirsute with
spreading
hairs,
green,
about 12 cm long,
the lobes
oblong.
Corolla
narrowly
campa-
nulate,
4 to 5
cm long,
the tube white
tinged
with
purple,
the limb
deep-
purple. Capsule globose, apiculate,
about 1 cm long,
shorter than the
persistent,
somewhat
enlarged sepals.
not
spontaneous,
fl. all the
year.
A native of
tropical America,
much cultivated in most warm countries.
3. L PES-TIGRIDIS L.
A
twining, herbaceous,
annual
vine,
all
parts
more or less hirsute with
rather
long, spreading, pale or
brownish hairs. Leaves 6 to 10 cm
in
diameter, palmately
5- to
9-lobed,
suborbicular in
outline,
base cordate,
both
surfaces somewhat
hirsute,
the lobes
elliptic,acuminate,
base narrowed,
sinuses rounded. Flowers in long-peduncled, axillary heads,
the outer
bracts hairy,oblong,
green, up
to 3 cm long,
the inner
ones
smaller. Flowers
few in each
head, usually only
one opening
at a time.
Calyx
green,
about
1 cm long.
Corolla
white,
4 cm long,
the limb about 3 cm
in diameter.
Fruit
globose,
In waste
places,fairly
common,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the Philip- pines,
but apparently
introduced here. Tropical
Africa
through
India to
China, Malaya,
and
Polynesia.
392
A FLORA OP MANILA
green,
about 8 mm long,
the
margins,
at least
below,
ciliate-hirsute. Corolla
pink or pink-purple,
1.5 cm
long. Capsule depressed-globose,apiculate,
about 6 mm
in
diameter,
somewhat hirsute.
(Fl.Filip.pi.31,1. commutata.)
Common
in
open
waste
places etc.,
fl.all the
year;
widely
distributed in
the Philippines.
Introduced from
tropical America,
now found also in
Singapore,
Java,
and Mauritius.
9. I.
reptans (L.)
Poir.
(/.aquatica Forsk.). Cancong (Tag.).
An
annual, glabrous, widely spreading
vine the stems trailingon
mud
or floatingon stagnant pools,
often thickened. Leaves
oblong-ovate,
acute
or obtuse, or slightlysinuate,angled,
or lobed,
base cordate or hastate,
7
to 14 cm long, long-petioled.
Pedicels
axillary,erect, usually
1- or 2-
flowered.
Sepals green,
8 mm long, oblong,
obtuse or acute. Corolla nar-
rowly-carapanulate,
about 5 cm long, purplish,
the limb
nearly
white or
pale-pink-purple,
about 5
cm
in
diameter,
the tube
deeper purple
inside.
Capsule ovoid,
about 1 cm
long. (Fl. Filip.pi.H9.)
In
stagnant pools,open
muddy places,etc.,
fl.all the
year;
widely
distributed
in the
Africa and Asia
through Malaya
to Australia.
*10. I. BATATAS (L.)
Poir. Camote (Sp.-Fil.);
Sweet Potato.
A
spreading, prostrate,
herbaceous, glabrous or somewhat
hairy
vine
from small or large,red,white, or yellow
tubers. Leaves ovate to oblong-
ovate,
6 to 14 cm long, subentire,angular
or
lobed, acuminate,
base cordate.
Peduncles axillary,
about as
long
as the
petioles,erect,
several-
flowered.
Sepals
about 1
cm long, greenish,
the lobes acuminate. Corolla
campanulate,
4 to 5 cm long,pink-purple
and whitish.
Occasionally
cultivated in
our area,
fl. most or all of the
year;
extensively
cultivated
throughout
the
Philippines.
A native of
tropicalAmerica,
now
cultivated in most warm countries.
119.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
(Hydrolea
Family)
Herbs with
alternate,
entire leaves and
regular,perfect,5-merous,
blue
flowers in
short,
terminal and
axillary,
often
leafy racemes. Calyx
divided
nearly
to the
base,
the
segments
lanceolate. Corolla
subrotate,
the
lobes imbricate. Stamens 5,
attached to the short
corolla-tube,
alternate
with its lobes.
Ovary 2-celled;styles2, distinct;
ovules numerous. Cap- sule
globose
or ovoid,septicidal
or irregularly
4-valved.
Genera 17, species
about
175, mostly American,
a
single representative
in the Philippines.
HYDROLEA Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family
as given
above.
(Greek
"water" and "oil"
from the habitat and nature of some species.)
Species 12, tropics
of both hemispheres,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. H.
zeylanica (L.)
Vahl.
An
annual, ascending or procumbent, sparingly
branched
nearly glabrous
plant a
few cm to 1.2 m
in
length.
Leaves
lanceolate,
4 to 10 mm long.
Inflorescence and
sepals
covei-ed with
spreading,
viscid hairs.
Sepals
green,
about 5 mm long.
Corolla
blue,
8 to 10 mm
in diameter.
Capsule ovoid,
surrounded
by
the
persistentcalyx-lobes.
In
open
wet
places,
rice
paddies etc.,
often in shallow
pools,Masambong,
Pasay, etc.,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
China southward to Queensland.
BORAGINACEAE 393
120. BORAGINACEAE
'
(Borage
or Anonang Family)
Herbs, shrubs, or
trees. Leaves alternate, mostly entire,simple,stipules
none.
Inflorescence mostly terminal,
of
forked, scorpoid cymes,
sometimes
spike-like,
or corymbose.
Flowers perfect. Calyx inferior,
subentire, or
5-, rarely
4- to 8-lobed or toothed, usually persistent.
Corolla tubular,
4- to
8-, mostly
5-lobed. Stamens as many
as the corolla-lobes,alternate
with the
lobes,
inserted on
the tube. Ovary superior, 2-celled,
2-ovuled,
or 4-celled, 1-ovuled; style
terminal or
from between the
ovary-lobes.
Fruit a small
drupe
or divided into 2 or 4 nutlets.
Genera
85, species
more
than
1,200
in most
parts
of the
world,
10
genera
and 21
species
in the Philippines.
1.
Shrubs, trees,
or climbing
vines.
3.
Styles single,
twice forked
1. Cordia
3. Styles 2, or single
and 2-lobed
2. Ehretia
2. Scandent
3.
Tournefortia
1. Herbs.
2. Inflorescence scorpoid
4. Heliotropiuvi
2. Inflorescence not scoi-poid.
8. Erect, branched,
the flowers of medium size in
open
leafy racemes
or panicles
5. Trichodesma
3.
Prostrate,spreading,
the flowers small,axillary,solitary
or
in
very
short
spikes
6. Coldenia
1. CORDIA Linnaeus
Trees or
shrubs. Leaves
alternate,petioled,
often repand
or
undulate.
Flowers in terminal dichotomous corymbs, ebracteate, polygamous,
those
with
perfect
flowers smaller than those with male ones. Calyx
tubular or
bell-shaped,
teeth
short,
often
irregular,
in fruit accrescent and
persistent.
Corolla funnel-shaped,
4- to
8-lobed,
the lobes
spreading,
white or yellow.
Stamens as
many
as the
corolla-lobes;
filaments often
hairy
at the base.
Ovary 4-celled, glabrous; stylebipartite,
the arms again
cleft.
Drupe
ovoid
or ellipsoid,
stone bony,
1- to 4-celled,usually only
1 cell with a seed.
(In
honor of E. Cordus, an early
German
botanist.)
Species
about
180,
in all
tropicalcountries,
1. C.
myxa
L.
(C.
blancoi
Vid.)). Anonang (Tag.)
A tree 5 to 10 m high, glabrous
or nearly
so.
Leaves ovate to
oblong-
ovate or elliptic-ovate,
6 to 15 cm
long,
entire or somewhat undulate-repand,
.shortlyblunt-acuminate,
base
acute,
or
subcordate-rounded. Inflorescence
corymbose, axillary
and
terminating short lateral branches, lax,
5 to 10
cm
long.
Flowers white
or yellowish-white,
sessile,
about 7 mm long.
Calyx
ovoid. Corolla-tube not
longer
than the
calyx,
the lobes spreading,
throat and stamens villous,
the lobes reflexed.
Drupe ovoid, yellowish-
white,
10 to 13 mm long, pulp
rather
scanty,
stone hard,
the
persistent
calyx broadly
funnel-shaped,enlarged,
about 8 mm
in diameter. (Fl.Filip.
pi.43,
C. sebestena.)
In thickets,
Pasay, etc.,
fl.
Apr.-June; widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
India to Malaya.
'
For a
consideration of all the known Philippinespecies
of this
family
see Robinson,
C. B., "Philippine Boraginaceae." Philip.
Journ. Sci.
4,
"(1909)
Bot. 687-698.
394
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. EHRETIA Linnaeus
Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves
alternate,
entire
or toothed. Inflores- cence
of terminal or axillary corymbs
or
panicles,or
flowers
solitary
and
axillary.
Flowers
small, white,
5-merous.
Calyx 5-partite.
Corolla-tube
cylindricor short,5-lobed,
lobes
spreading or reflexed. Stamens
5,
inserted
on
the corolla-tube.
Ovary 2-celled,
cells
2-ovuled; style terminal,
cleft
or 2-cleft. Fruit a small,
4- to 1-seeded
drupe. (In
honor of D. G.
Ehret,
a
Bavarian
botanist.)
Species50,mostly
in
tropics
of the Old
World,
4 in the
Philippines.
Leaves
ample,
8 to 18 cm
long; stylessingle,bifid;a tree.
1. E. navesii
Leaves
small,
1 to 6 cm long,
in alternate
fascicles;stylesusually 2, undivided;
a small shrub 2. E.
microphylla
1. E. navesii Vid.
the inflorescence and
leaves,
when
young,
somewhat
pubescent beneath, becoming glabrous or nearly
so. Leaves oblong-
ovate, elliptic-ovate, or ovate, entire,
8 to 18 cm long,acuminate,
base
usually
rounded.
Corymbs
terminal and
axillary,peduncled,
5 to 10 cm long,
few-
to
many-flowered.
Flowers
white,
about 8 mm long. Style simple,
bifid.
Fruit
ovoid,
somewhat
fleshy,
about 5 mm
long. (Fl. Filip.pi. 70,
E.
virgata.)
In
thickets,Masambong
to
Guadalupe, occasional,
fl.
May-June; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
2. E.
microphylla
Lam.
(E. buxifoliaRoxb.). Cha,
Chaa-bundoc
(Tag.).
An
erect,
much branched shrub 1 to 4 m high.
Leaves in alternate fascicles,
obovate to
oblong-obovate,scabrous,
1 to 6 cm long,
entire or somewhat
toothed or lobed near the
apex,
base
narrowed,
subsessile
or shortly
petioled.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,or
2 to 4 on a common peduncle,
the
inflorescence shorter than the
leaves,
somewhat
hairy. Calyx-lobes
green,
somewhat hairy, linear,
5 to 6 mm long.
Corolla
white,
5 mm long,
the
lobes
oblong,
obtuse. Fruit
drupaceous, globose,
somewhat
fleshy,yellow,
4 to 5 mm in
diameter,
the stone globose,
4-seeded.
(Fl. Filip.pi.72,
E.
heterophylla.)
In
dry
thickets and
open
places opposite Guadalupe, near
Fort McKinley,
etc.,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in the Philippines.
India to For- mosa
and
Malaya.
3. TOURNEFORTIA Linnaeus
Erect trees or shrubs
or climbing
vines. Leaves
alternate,
entire. In- florescence
terminal, forked, scorpoid.
Flowers
many,
small,
sessile or
subsessile,densely arranged,
white or greenish. Sepals
5
or
4. Corolla-
tube
cylindric,
the 5 or 4 small lobes
spreading.
Stamens 5
or 4,
included
in the corolla-tube.
Ovary 4-celled;styleterminal, short;
ovules 1 in each
cell. Fruit
small, ovoid,
somewhat
drupe-like,
not
distinctlyseparating
into 2
or 4,
2-
or
1-seeded
pyrenes.
(In
honor of J. D. de
Tournefort,
a
French
botanist.)
Species
about 100 of wide
1. T. sarmentosa Lam.
A
scandent,
somewhat
woody
vine of indefinite
length,
somewhat
pubescent.
Leaves oblong,
green,
shining,
somewhat
harsh,
8 to 15 cm long,
BORAGINACEAE
395
acute
or shortlyacuminate,
base
usually
rounded.
Cymes terminal,
dichoto-
mous, scorpoid,
10 cm
in diameter
or
less. Flowers
sessile,pale-green,
5-
merous. Calyx
1.5 mm long, pubescent.
Corolla 5 mm long,
the 5-lobed
limb 3.5 mm in diameter. Fruits
sessile,globose,
(Fl. Filip.pi.46.)
In
thickets,Pasay,
fl. most of the
year,
rare
in
our
area;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
and not uncommon. Mauritius to
Malaya
and
Australia.
4. HELIOTROPIUM Linnaeus
Annual, more or less villous hei'bs. Leaves alternate.
Cymes terminal,
spike-likeor forked, scorpoid.
Flowers
small, perfect,
white or pale-blue.
Calyx 5-lobed,
the
segments
lanceolate or linear. Corolla
tubular,
throat
not hairy,
lobes
short,spreading.
Stamens
5,
inserted on the
corolla-tube,
included.
Ovary completely or imperfectly 4-celled,4-ovuled; style
terminal,
ending
in a depressed-conicalor
flat disk. Fruit
dry,
2-
or 4-lobed,
of 2 or 4
nearly
free or more or
less united nutlets.
(Greek
"sun" and
"to
turn.")
Species
about 100, widely
distributed in warm countries,
3 or 4 in the
Philippines.
1. H. INDICUM L.
Hinlaloyon (Tag.); Trompa
elefante
(Sp.-Fil.).
An
annual, erect, branched,
hirsute
plant
15 to 50 cm high.
Leaves
ovate to
ovate-oblong,
somewhat haii-y,
acute
or
acuminate,
base decurrent
along
the
petiole,
terminal
or leaf-opposed,
3 to 10 cm
long, curved,
flowers all on one side the lower
ones opening
first.
Calyx
green.
Corolla
pale-lavender
to
nearly white,
about 5 mm long,
the limb 3 to 3.5 mm in diameter. Fruit 4 to 5 mm long,
composed
of 2, ovoid,
beaked cocci
or
nutlets.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 18U.)
A common weed in waste
places,
fl.all the
year;
undoubtedly
introduced
here,throughout
the
5. TRICHODESMA R. Brown
Annual, erect, hispid,
opposite,entire, the
upper
ones
alternate. Flowers
pedicelled,axillary,by
reduction of the leaves
forming
terminal
racemes,
5-nierous.
Calyx deeply cleft,
the lobes
enlarged
in fruit. Corolla-tube
cylindric-campanulate,
5,
the anthers convivent in
a
cone,
tips
at
length
twisted.
Ovary 4-celled;
style
terminal. Fruit somewhat
4-ribbed,composed
of 4 nutlets,finally
separating. (Greek
"hair" and
"band,"
in reference to the anthers being
bound
together by hairs.)
Species
about 10, warner parts
of Africa and
Asia,
to Australia,
2 introduced
in the
Philippines.
Calyx-lobes
in fruit cordate or hastate at the base 1. T. indiann
Calyx-lobes
in fniit rounded
or acute at the base 2. T.
zeylanicum
1. T. INDICUM (L.)
R. Br.
An erect or diffuse,branched,
annual
herb,
50 cm high,
villous and
bristly-hairy.
Leaves
sessile,lanceolate,
2 to 8 cm long, acute or obtuse,
base cordate. F'lowers
axillary,solitary,
or by
reduction of the
upper
leaves
becoming racemosely arranged. Calyx
1 to 1.3 cm long,
the lobes
acuminate,
hastate at the
base, green,
villous. Corolla
pale-blue,
the limb
about 1.5 cm
in
diameter,
the lobes acuminate. Staminal-cone
woolly on
398
A FLORA OF MANILA
the back. Fruit enclosed
by
the
calyx,
the nutlets about 5 mm long,
their
inner faces
rugose.
In waste
places,
cultivated
lands, etc.,occasional,
fl.
July-Jan.; Iqcal in
the
Philippines
and
undoubtedly
introduced. India to Persia and Mauritius.
2. T. ZEYLANICUM
(L.)
R. Br.
An
erect, branched, pubescent
and
hirsute,
annual herb 30 to 70 cm high.
Leaves
oblong
to
lanceolate,
5 to 12 cm
long, shortly petioled,
narrowed at
the acute
base,
obtuse to
slightlyacuminate,
the
upper
ones much reduced,
bristly-hairy,
the hairs
springing
fx-om tubercles on the
upper
surface,
the
lower surface
pubescent
and with
longer
hairs on the nerves. Flowers long-
pedicelled,
in
axillary
and terminal
racemes fox-minga leafy panicle. Calyx
densely pubescent,
about 1
cm long
in
flower,
the
sepals increasing
in size
and
surrounding fruit,
rounded or acute at the
base,
acuminate. Corolla
pale-blue,
Occasional in
open
waste
places,
fallow
lands,etc.,
fl.
March-June; widely
distributed in
Luzon,
but
certainly
introduced here. India to the Mas-
carene Islands
through Malaya
to Australia.
6. COLDENIA Linnaeus
Prostrate scabrous herbs with
alternate,crisped
leaves. Flowers
small,
axillary,sessile,solitaxy,or
the
upper
ones in a shox-t,one-sided,leafy
spike. Sepals
4 or 5. Corolla'tube
short,
the lobes 4 or 5, spreading,
imbricate in bud. Stamens as
many
as the
cox-oUa-lobes,
inserted
on
the
tube.
Ovary 2-celled,
cells
2-ovuled,
or
nearly
4-celled.
Style terminal,
bifid. Fruit
nearly dry,
of
4, subconnate,
1-seeded
pyrenes.
(In
honor of
G.
Colden, lieutenant-governor
of New
Yox-k,a corx-espondent
of
Linnaeus.)
Species
about 11,
all
tropical American, except
the
following widely
distributed one.
1. C. PROCUMBENS L.
An
annual, pubescent herb,
the branches
procumbent, spreading
flat on
the
ground,
up
to 25 cm in
length.
Leaves
elliptic
to oblong-obovate,
the
nerves deeply impressed, obtuse, coarsely crenate,
base
very
strongly
inequilateral,
1.5 to 2.5 cm
long.
Flowers
white,
small.
Pyrenes slightly
muricate,
subconnate into
an acute, 4-ribbed,
conical fruit 3 to 4 mm in
diameter.
In
open
dry
waste
places.
La
Loma,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines,
but of local occurx-ence
in and about
towns,
and
certainly
introduced. All
tropicalcountries;probably a
native of tropical
America.
121. VERBENACEAE
(VERBENA or
MoLAVE Family)
Herbs, vines,shrubs, or
trees,
with
opposite,simple or digitateleaves,
the
stipules
none. Inflorescence
axillai-yor terminal, spicate,
racemose or
cymose,
the
cymes
often arranged
in
panicles,
the bracts small to large.
Calyx
sometimes accrescent,
4- or
5-toothed or truncate,
teeth
rarely more
numerous. Corolla-tube
long
or short,usually cylindric,
the limb 2-lipped
or subequally
4- or 5-, rarely many-lobed.
Stamens 4,
in 2 unequal pairs,
sometimes
equal
and 5 or 6 or more. Ovary superior,free, usually
of 2
carpels,
2- to 8-celled or sub-1-celled,
entire or
4-lobed. Fruit
drupaceous
or capsular,
1- to
4-celled,
the cells 1-seeded.
Genera
77, species
about 900, chieflytropical,
in both hemispheres,
15
genera
and about 90
species
in the
Philippines.
\^RBENACEAE
397
1. Inflorescence
spicate,
the lower flowers
opening:first,spikes solitaryor
cymosely panicled.
2. Trees or shrubs of
muddy
seashores with
small, densely arranged
flowers and rather
larpe capsular fruits,
the valves
thick,leathery.
1. Avicennia
2.
Prickly
aromatic shrubs with
fleshy
fruits 2. Lantana
2. Prostrate
spreading
herbs with dense short
spikes
3.
Lippia
2. Erect branched herbs with much-elongated,
slender
spikes
of blue
flowers 4.
Stachytarpheta
1. Inflorescence
racemose,
the lower flowers
opening
first.
2.
Ovary 8-celled;calyx
not
enlarged;
fruit
fleshy
5. Duranta
2.
Ovary 2-celled;calyx
lobes
elongated, spreading
and
persistent
in
fruit;
fruit a capsule,
included in the
calyx-tube
6. Petraea
1. Inflorescence
cymose
or
panicled,
not
spicate
or racemose.
2. Flowers in C- to 9-flowered involucrate
heads,
the heads in terminal
"
panicles
7.
Symphorema
2. Flowers not involucrate.
3. Corolla
regular or subregular,
not
2-lipped.
4. Corolla
4-merous, regular;
flowers
small,
in
many-flowered
axillary
cymes
8.
Callicarpa
4. Corolla 5-merous, usually elongated,
often
large
and
showy,
in
terminal,rarely axillary,cymose
panicles
9. Clerodendron
3. Corolla
2-lipped.
4. Flowers
small,
in our speciesgreenish,white, or blue.
5. Leaves 3- to
5-foliolate;
flowers blue 10. Vitex
5. Leaves simple;
flowers greenish or white 11. Premna
4. Flowers
large,yellow,
subtended
by large bracts,
in
narrow,
sub-
racemose,
panicled
cymes
12. Gmelina
1. AVICENNIA
Linnaeus
Shrubs or trees of the
mangrove swamps
or along
tidal streams. Leaves
opposite,coriaceous, entire,pale.
or
in the
upper
axils,
of contracted
peduncled
cymes
or heads, or
these sometimes arranged
in
a
trichotomous corymb.
Flowers small.
Calyx 5-parted,
the
segments
imbricate. Corolla-tube
short,
the limb
spreading,
4-lobed. Stamens 4,
inserted on the corolla-throat.
Ovary imperfectly 4-celled,4-ovuled,
the
ovules pendulous.
Fruit a
somewhat
fleshy capsule, dehiscing by
2 thick
valves,
1-seeded.
(Latin
form of Abu Ben
Sina,
a
celebrated Arabian
physician.)
Species 3, tropical
seashores of both hemispheres,
1
or
1. A. officinalis L.
Apiapi, Bungalon, Pipisic (Tag.).
A shrub or tree
reaching
a
height
of 8
m,
often
flowering
when less
than 1 m high.
Leaves oblong-obovate
to
elliptic, apex
obtuse or rounded,
base narrowed, acute, coriaceous,
4 to 10
cm long,
the
upper
surface
shining,
the lower white or pale-grayish.
Flowers
yellow, densely crowded,
the
few-flowered heads 1 cm
in diameter or
less,
the heads
peduncled,solitary
to
cymosely arranged.
Corolla about 5 mm long, pubescent
or nearly
glabrous. Capsule ovoid,pointed,pubescent, up
to 2.5 cm
in
length. (Fl.
Filip.pi.73.)
Along
tidal
streams, common,
fl.
Apr.-Aug.; throughout
the
Philippines
along
the seashore. East Africa to tropical
Asia
through Malaya
to New
Zealand and Polynesia.
398
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. LAN TAN A Linnaeus
Erect or subscandent aromatic
shrubs, usually prickly, pubescent or
scabrous. Leaves
simple,
crenate. Inflorescence
axillary,
the flowers in
peduncled,
ovoid to
oblong,
short heads or
spike-like
heads.
Calyx small,
thin,
truncate or slightly
slender,cylindric,
the lobes
4
or 5, spreading.
Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,
included.
Ovary 2-celled,
2-
ovuled. Fruit
fleshy,containing 2, hard,
1-celled
pyrenes. (An
ancient
name for one of the
viburnums.)
Species
about
40, chiefly
in
tropicalAmerica, a single
introduced
one
in
the
Philippines.
1. L. CAMARA L.
An erect or subscandent,
somewhat
hairy, aromatic
shrub,
when erect
usually
1 to 2 m high,
when scandent twice as high.
Leaves
ovate, acuminate,
toothed,
5 to 9 cm long.
Flowers in
peduncled many-flowered
heads
including
the corollas 2 to 3.5 cm in diameter. Corollas
pink, red, or
yellow,
about 1 cm long,
the limb 6 to 7 mm wide. Fruits in an ovoid,
2 cm
long head, on a thickened, fleshyreceptacle,
the individual
ones ovoid,
purple or black, fleshy,
In waste
places,thickets,etc.,abundant,
fl.all the
year;
widely
distributed
and
thoroughly
naturalized in the
Philippines.
A native of
tropical
America, now
found in most
tropical
countries.
3. LIPPIA Linnaeus
Prostrate herbaceous
plants (in our species)
with
opposite
toothed leaves.
Flowers
small,
in
peduncled, solitary,axillary,dense,
ovoid or cylindric
spikes,
each subtended
by a broad,
ovate or obovate bract.
Calyx small,
2-fid. Corolla-tube
slender,
the limb
2-lipped,spreading.
Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,
included. Fruit
small, dry, separating
into two 1-seeded
pyrenes.
(in
honor of A.
Lippi, a French
traveler.)
Species
about
90, mostly American, single one
in the
Philippines,certainly
introduced.
1. L. NODIFLORA (L.)
Rich.
A
creeping,minutely strigoseplant,
the stems 15 to 90
cm long,
branched
and
rooting
nearly sessile, obovate,
base
wedge-shaped,
entire,
the
margins
in the
upper
one-half
sharply toothed,
apex
obtuse or
rounded,
1 to 2.5 cm long.
Peduncles
axillary,solitary,erect,
2 to 7
cm
long. Spikes
ovoid or cylindric,
very
dense,
1 to 2.5 cm long,
about 6 mm
in diameter. Corolla about 3 mm long, pink,
the tube
slender,
the limb 2.5
mm
wide or less,
the
spike flowering
at the
apex,
as it
lengthens.
Common in waste
places, lawns, etc.,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
introduced.
Tropics generally, probably originating
in
tropical
America.
4. STACHYTARPHETA Vahl
Erect, branched,
suffrutescent herbs. Leaves
opposite
or alternate,
toothed.
Spikes terminal, elongated, slender,
the bracts
long or short,
bracteoles none.
Flowers
solitary
in the axils of the
bracts,
half-immersed
in the rachis of the
spike. Calyx narrowly cylindric,
4- or 5-toothed.
Corolla
blue,
the tube slender, cylindric,
the limb
spreading, oblique,
5-lobed.
Stamens
2,
included in the
tube,
2 staminodes also
present.
Ovary 2-celled,
400
A FLORA OF MANILA
*
1. P. VOLUBILIS
Jacq.
A
climbing
shrub
reaching a length
of 6
m or
more,
the
younger
parts
and inflorescence
pubescent.
Leaves
shortly petioled,ovate-elliptic
to elliptic-oblong,scabrid,
acute or acuminate,
base
narrowed, slightly
cordate,
6 to 12 cm long.
Racemes
solitary,pendulous,
up
to 30 cm in
length,
the
pedicels usually
much
longer
than the
pubescent calyx-tube.
Flowers
blue,
the
calyx-lobes narrowly-oblong, spreading, obtuse,
about
2 cm long,
5 mm wide, persistent.
Somewhat
cultivated,
but not
spontaneous,
fl. Nov.-Mar. A native of
Central America and the West
Indies,
of
comparatively
recent introduction
in the
Philippines.
7. SYMPHOREMA Roxburgh
Climbing
shrubs with
opposite
entire leaves. Flowers in
peduncled
6- to 9-flowered involucrate
heads,
the heads
peduncled,
in terminal
panicles,
the involucral bracts about 6, colored, enlarged
and
persistent
in fruit.
Calyx oblong-obovoid or narrowly funnel-shaped,
4- to 8-toothed.
Corolla-tube a little
longer
than the
caly^, cylindric,usually
6-lobed.
Stamens as
many
or twice as
many
as the corolla-lobes.
Ovary 2-celled,
4-ovuled; style
filiform. Fruit
nearly dry,
included in the
calyx,
1-seeded.
(Greek
"to bear
together,"
from the crowded involucrate
flowers.)
Species 3,
2 in India and 1 in the
Philippines.
1. S. luzonicum (Blanco)
F.-Vill.
A
nearly glabrous woody
vine 3 to 12 m in
length.
Leaves
oblong
to
elliptic-oblong,
8 to 15 cm long, coriaceous, short-petioled,
base
usually
rounded,
apex
acute
or
obtuse. Panicles somewhat
pubescent,
8 to 30 cm
long,
the
peduncles bearing
the heads
opposite,
2 to 6 cm
long.
Bracts
pale-lavender or white,
2 to 4
cm long, spreading, oblong-elliptic, petioled.
Calyx
green,
about 8 mm long, 6-toothed, pubescent outside,
hirsute within.
Corolla
blue,
5- or 6-lobed,
the lobes about 3 mm
long.
Stamens about
twice as
many
as
the corolla-lobes.
In
dry
thickets
Masambong
to Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Apr.-May; widely
dis-
ti'ibuted in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
8. CALLICARPA Linnaeus
Shrubs or small
trees,
the
younger
parts,
the
leaves,
and the inflorescence
stellate-pubescent,
often
densely so. Leaves
opposite, toothed,
often
waxy-glandular
beneath.
Cymes axillary,
shorter than the leaves,
the bracts small.
Calyx
small, cup-shaped or campanulate, slightly
4-
toothed,
not
enlarged
in fruit. Corolla
purplish or lavender, tubular,
nearly sjTnmetrical,
the lobes 4, spreading.
Stamens
4,
exserted.
Ovary
imperfectly 2-celled,
cells 2-ovuled. Fruit a
small, globose, usually
purplish
or lavender
drupe. (Greek "beauty"
and
"fruit.")
Species
about 40, mostly
in south-eastern
Asia, Malaya,
and northern
Australia, a few in
Polynesia
and
tropical America,
about 25 in the
Philippines.
Leaves densely stellate-pubescentbeneath,
the indumentum pale
and
quite
covering
the
surface,
the
upper
surface dark-colored when
dry.
1. C.
cana
Indumentum scattered, not
entirelyobscuring
the lower surface,
both surfaces
of about the same
color when
dry
2. C. blancoi
VERBENACEAE 401
1. C. cana
L.
(C.
bicolor
Juss.). Tambabasi, Tubang-dalag (Tag.)-
the
young
branches, inflorescences,petioles,
and
lower surface of the leaves densely
covered with
short, grayish or whitish,
stellatelyarranged
hairs. Leaves
oblong-ovate,
acuminate, base acute
or
acuminate, margin sharply toothed,
6 to 14 cm long,
2.5 to 5 cm wide,
the lower surface
pale,
the
upper
glabrous, green,
dark-colored when
dry.
Cymes axillary,short-peduncled, dichotomous,
2 to 4 cm
long.
Flowers
pale-purplish
or lavender,
about 3 mm long.
Fruits
fleshy,globose,pale-
lavender, 4 to 5 mm in diameter
when fresh.
In
fl.
June-Oct.; widely
Malay
Peninsula and
Archipelago.
2,
C. blancoi Rolfe. Tambabasi, Tubang-dalag (Tag.).
the
younger
parts thinly or densely
covered
with
short, stellatelyari-anged,
brownish or
pale
hairs. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,slendeiiy long-acuminate,
base acute or
obtuse,
5 to 15 cm long,
of about the same
color on both surfaces when
dry,
the lower surface
thinly stellate-pubescent
and with
numerous,
small,
waxy,
yellow glands.
Inflorescence and flowers as
in the
preceding species.
(Fl. Filip.
PL
il7,
C.
americana.)
In
dry
thickets
Masambong
to Guadalupe,
fl.
March-Oct.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
Formosa.
9. CLERODENDRON Linnaeus
Shrubs or trees,
sometimes
climbing.
Leaves
opposite,simple,
entire
or toothed.
Cymes axillary
and
forming
terminal
panicles,
the bracts
small or large. Calyx campanulate, truncate, toothed,
or lobed,persistent,
often enlarged
and colored in fruit. Corolla-tube
slender,cylindric,
often
very
long,
the limb
spreading, 5-fid,more or
less
oblique.
Stamens
4,
exserted.
Ovary imperfectly 4-celled,
4-ovuled. Fruit a globose, fleshy
drupe, rarely nearly or quite dry, 4-grooved,
and
separating
into 4
pyrenes,
1 to 3 of which are often
suppressed. (Greek
"chance" and "tree,"
the
application
of the name not
evident.)
Species
about 100 in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres, mostly
in the Old
World,
about 25 in the
Philippines.
1. A slender
vine; calyx-lobeswhite;
corolla-lobes
red;
cultivated.
1. C. thomsonae
1. Erect undershrubs, shrubs, or
small trees.
2. Corolla-tube 5 cm long or more.
3.
Calyx
in flower about 2.5 cm long,
inflated 2. C. minahassae
3. Calyx
in flower about 1 cm
long,
not inflated....3. C.
quadriloculare
2. Corolla-tube 1 to 3.5 cm
long.
3. Inflorencesce
mostly
terminal.
4.
Cymes
very
dense;
flowers white or pink, double,
3 to 5
cm
in
diameter 4. C.
fragrans
4.
Cymes lax;
flowers
single,red,
slender 5. C. intermedium
3. Inflorescence
axillary.
4. Leaves
toothed; cultivated,sparingly pubescent plant,
not or
slightly
branched 6. C. calamatosum
4. Leaves
entire, glabrous; peduncles mostly 3-flowered;
fruit
dry,
splitting
into 4
pyrenes
7. C. comm^rsonii
111665 " 2i
402
A FLORA OP MANILA
*
1. C. THOMPSONAE
Balfour.
A slender
woody
vine 2 to 5 m in
length,
the stems
obscurely 4-angled.
Leaves oblong,
base
3-nerved,
rounded.
Cymes
terminal and in the
upper
axils,
8 to 12 cm
long,lax,
forked.
Calyx sharply
angled,
the tube
very
short,
green,
the lobes more or less
spreading, white,
broadly lanceolate,acuminate,
the limb about 3 cm in
diameter, persistent.
Corolla-tube
slender,greenish,
2 cm long,
the limb
spreading,
dark-red 1.5
cm in
diameter,
the lobes
elliptic.
Stamens
exserted,
curled.
Frequently
purposes,
fl.most of the
year.
A
native of
tropicalAfrica, now widely
distributed in cultivation.
2. C. minahassae T. " B.
Bagauac (Tag.).
A shrub 1.5 to 4 m high, glabrous throughout.
Leaves
oblong
to
elliptic-
oblong, shortly acuminate,
subentire or slightly toothed,
11 to 18 cm
long,
5 to 9 cm
wide,
base
rounded,
the
petioles
4 to 10 cm long.
Flowers in
terminal
cymose
panicles,fragrant. Calyx oblong-ovoid,inflated,
at time of
flowering
green,
about 2.5 cm long,
1 cm
in
diameter, enlarged
in fruit. Co- rolla-tube
slender,cylindric,
5 to 8 cm long,
straw-colored or whitish,
the
lobes
narrowly-oblong
or
linear-oblong,spreading,
about 2.5 cm
long.
Fila- ments
exserted, purple.
Fruit
fleshy,blue, subglobose,
about 1 cm in
diameter,
the
calyx thickened,
red or purple, split
into
five,2.5 to 3 cm long
lobes,spreading
when the fruit is mature.
(Fl. Filip.pL 223,
C.
blancoi.)
In
thickets,
San Pedro
rather
common,
fl.
July-
Sept.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Celebes.
3. C.
quadriloculare (Blanco)
Merr.
Bagauac (Tag.).
An
erect, glabrous
or
nearly glabrous
shrub or small tree 2 to 5 m
high.
Leaves
oblong,
15 to 20 cm
long,
apex
shortly acuminate,
base
rounded,
the
upper
surface
green,
the lower surface
usually uniformly
dark-purple. Cymes terminal,panicled,usually many-flowered. Calyx
ur-
ceolate,purple
about 1 cm long,
5-toothed. Corolla
white,
the tube
slender,
cylindric,
6 to 8 cm
long,
about 2 mm
in
diameter,
the limb
spreading,
the lobes
oblong-elliptic,
about 1.5 cm long.
Fruit
ellipsoid,
1 to 1.5 cm
long, purplish,
the
persistentcalyx
red and 1 to 1.5 cm
long. (Fl. Filip.
pi.225,
C.
longiflorum.)
Cultivated for its ornamental
foliage
and its
showy flowers,
fl.Nov.-Jan.
;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
in
forests,apparently
endemic.
*
4. C. FRAGRANS Vent.
An
erect, branched,
somewhat
pubescent shrub,
1 to 2 m high.
Leaves
broadly ovate, acute,
base
truncate,
up
to 25 cm in
length. Cymes
short-
peduncled, terminal,densely many-flowered,
6 to 12 cm
in diameter. Flow- ers
fragrant,
the
pedicels
1 to 2 cm long. Calyx-tube
rather slender
below,
enlarged above,
the lobes 5 or 6, reddish-purple,lanceolate, acuminate,
about 1.5 cm long.
Corolla
white,
3 to 3.5 cm in
diameter,
the tube 1 to 1.5
cm long. (Fl. Filip.pi.222.)
Frequently
purposes,
fl. most of the
year.
A native of
China, now cultivated in
many tropical
countries.
I have seen
only
the double-flowered
variety
in the
Philippnes.
5. C. intermedium Cham. Casopanguil (Tag.).
An
erect, branched, shrubby
or suffrutescent
plant
1 to 2 m high,
the
stems
green,
4-angled.
Leaves ovate,
9 to 20 cm long,
acuminate, base
prominently cordate, mai-gins shallowly toothed,
the lower surface
with
VERBENACEAE
403
numerous,
small but
prominent glands.
Panicles 25
cm long or less,
terminal
and in the
upper
axils,
the whole inflorescence
bright-red.
Flowers
odorless,slender,
the corolla-tube about 1 cm long,
the limb
spreading,
somewhat
oblique,subequally 5-lobed,
1.5 cm in
diameter, the lobes
oblong,
obtuse. Stamens deflexed or
ultimately recurved,
exsertcd about 2
cm,
red
or
purplish. Fruit
depressed-globose,fleshy,blue,
about 1 cm in
diameter,
containing
3 or 4
seeds,
the acci-escent
calyx red, spreading or reflexed,
about 2 cm
in diameter.
(Fl. Filip./;/.17;i.)
In
open
waste
places,
often in rather wet
soil,
fl.
July-Nov.
;
common and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines. Endemic,
but with
very closely
allied and
perhaps
identical forms in Formosa and Celebes.
6. C.
CALAMATOSUM L.
An
erect, shrubby
or suffrutescent
plant
1 to 2 m high, sparinglypu- bescent.
Leaves
elliptic
to
oblong-elliptic,
4 to 10 cm
long,
obtuse or
subacute,
base
acute, margins
rather
coarsely
toothed. Flowers in few-
flowei-ed
cymes,
in the
upper axils,fi-agrant,
white.
Calyx
5 to S mm
long,
5-cleft. Corolla
slender,pubescent,
about 3 cm long.
Occasionally
cultivated for its
fragrant flowers,
fl.Oct.-Dec. A native
of
Java,
introduced in the
Philippines,
and at least
subspontaneous
in
some
localities.
7. C. commersonii
(Lam.) Spreng. (C. neriifoliumWall.).
An erect or somewhat scandent shrub 1 to 4 m high.
Leaves
ovate,
oblong-ovate, or elliptic-ovate, shining, glabrous, entii-e,obtuse, acute, or
slightlyacuminate,
4 to 8 cm
long,
2 to 5 cm wide. Peduncles
axillary,
mostly
3-flowered.
Calyx
green,
narrowly funnel-shaped, truncate,
with
5
very
short teeth. Corolla about 3 cm long,
the tube
slender,white,
the
lobes
spreading,
about 7 mm
long, tinged
with
purple.
Stamens
long-ex-
serted,purple.
Fruit
obovoid,
about 1.5 cm long, splitting
into 4
pyrenes,
the
calyx
in fruit about 1 cm in diameter.
(Fl. Filip.pi.
22
Jf.
C.
inerme.)
In thickets
along
tidal streams
subject
to the influence of salt
water,
fl.
at intervals all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines
in similar habitats,
.southern China to
Malaya, Australia,
and
Polynesia.
10. VITEX Linnaeus
Shrubs or
trees, rarely prostrate, glabrous or
pubescent.
Leaves
opposite,
digitately
3- or
5-foliolate,rarely simple.
and
axillary,composed
of
paniculately arranged
cymes.
Flowers blue or
yellow. Calyx short,campanulate,
truncate or shortly 5-toothed. Corolla-
tube
cylindric,
the limb
2-lipped,
the central lobe of the lower
lip
much
larger
than the others. Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,
exserted.
Ovary
2- or 4-
celled,
4-ovuled. Fruit a small
globose or obovoid
drupe,
the
calyx somewhat
enlarged, persistent. (A name
used
by Pliny
for
one species,or
some similar
shrub.)
Species
about 60 in most
tropical
and warm
countries,
10 or less in the
Philippines.
1.
Trees;
leaves
3-foliolate,
the leaflets all
stalked,glabrous..
1. V.
parviflora
1.
Shrubs;
leaves 1- to
5-foliolate, densely pubescent beneath.
2. Leaflets
usually 5,rarely 3, petioled,
lanceolate to
narrowly
lanceolate.
2. V.
negundo
2. Leaflets 3 or 1, sessile,
very
pale beneath, oblong-ovate
to ovate
or
obovate 3. V.
trifolia
404
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. V.
parviflora
Juss.
(V.
littoralis
Dene.). Molauiri,
Molave
(Tag.).
A tree with
very
hard
wood, reaching a height
of from 8 to 15
m,
glabrous
or nearly so,
or the inflorescence
puberulent.
Leaflets
3, petioled,
ovate to
7 to 18 cm
long, shining, quite glabrous.
Inflorescence terminal, paniculate,ample,
up
to 20 cm long, usually somewhat
pyramidal, many-flowered.
Flowers
blue,
6 to 8 mm long,
the corolla
pubescent
outside. Fruit
globose or subglobose,
5 to 6 mm
in diameter.
(Fl. Filip.pi.227,
V.
altissima.)
In
dry
thickets
Masambong,
fl.
May-Oct.; common
and
widely
distributed
in the Philippines.
Timor.
2. V.
negundo
L.
Lagundi (Tag.).
An erect branched shrub 2 to 5 m high.
Leaves
usually 5-foliolate,
rarely
with 3 leaflets
only,
the middle leaflets
larger
than the others and
distinctlypetioled;
leaflets
lanceolate,acuminate, entire,
4 to 10 cm
long,
pubescent
beneath. Panicles
terminal, many-flowei'ed,pubescent,
10 to 20
cm long,
additional
axillary ones often
present.
Flowers
blue,
6 to 7 mm
long,
the
calyx pubescent.
Fruit
globose,
about 4 mm
in diameter.
(Fl.
Filip.
PL
228,
V. bicolor.)
In thickets
etc.,occai-ional,
fl.all the
year;
common and
widely
distributed
in the
Asia and
Malaya.
3. V. trifolia L.
Lagundi (Tag.).
A shrub 1 to 3 or 4 m high
with
simple
and 3-foliolate
leaves,
sometimes
prostrate
or ascending.
Leaflets all
3-foliolate,or some simple, or
in the
prostrate
form
(var. ovata)
all
simple, sessile,oblong, oblong-elliptic, acute,
4 to 7 cm long,
1.-5to 4 cm wide, glabrous
and
shining on the
upper
surface,
beneath
gray-puberulent.
Panicles
terminal, oblong,
5 to 10 cm long,
often
leafy
at the base. Corolla
pubescent,
lavender to
blue,
the tube
about 8 mm long,
the
larger
central lobe of the lower
lip
with a white
blotch at the
base,
the limb 12
mm
in
greatest
diameter. Fruit
globose,
(Fl. Filip.pi.226.)
In thickets
along
the
Pasay beach,
fl. most of the
year;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines along
Japan through
Malaya
to Australia.
11. PREMNA Linnaeus
Erect trees or shrubs,
sometimes
climbing, usually
with
a somewhat
rank or aromatic odor when crushed. Leaves
opposite,
entire or toothed.
Cymes corymbose or panicled,usually pubescent, ample,
terminal and axillary,
the bracts small. Flowers
small, usually
white or greenish, numerous,
often
polygamous. Calyx small, cup-shaped, subequal or obscurely
2-lipped, nearly entire,
or 4- or 5-toothed. Coi'olla
tubular, short,
the
throat
hairy,
the limb
2-lipped or 5- or 4-lobed. Stamens 4,
in 2
pairs.
Ovary
2- or 4-celIed,
cells 1-ovuled. Fruit a small
fleshy drupe,
the
endocarp hard, bony. (Greek "stump"
allusion to the short stems of
some
species.)
Species
about
50, tropics
of the Old
World,
15
or more
in the Philippines.
1. Erect shrubs or small trees.
2. Leaves
large,
10 to 20 cm long, uniformly
and
densely soft-pubescent
on the lower surface
1. P. odorata
2. Leaves of medium
size,glabrous, or pubescent only on
and near the
nerves.
VERBENACEAE 405
3. Leaves
glabrous, shininp:,
up
to 15 cm
Ion?; a sea coast
plant
2. P. integrifolia
3. Leaves moro or less
pubescent,
10 cm long or less,
base acute.
3. P. nauseosa
1. A
climbing
shrub
4. P. subacandena
1. P. odorata Blanco.
(P.
vestita
Schauer). Alagao (Tag.).
A shrub or small tree 3 to 8 m high, softlypubescent,
somewhat aromatic
when crushed. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate,
10 to 20 cm long,
base
broad,
rounded or somewhat cordate,
apex
acuminate,
the lower surface
densely pubescent.
Inflorescence terminal,
8 to 20 cm in diameter. Flow- ers
greenish-white
or nearly white,
4 to 5 mm
long.
Fruit
globose,
fleshy,dark-purple,
Common
in our
area,
fl. all the
year;
widely
Endemic.
2. P. integrifolia
L.
Alagao, Alagao-dagat (Tag.).
A
glabrous
Leaves
oblong
to
oblong-ovate,glossy,
coriaceous,
7 to 14 cm
long,
5 to 7 cm wide,
apex
acute or obtuse.
Cymes
10 cm in diameter or less,
flat. Flowers
greenish or greenish-white. Calyx obscurely 2-lipped,one lip 2-toothed,
the other 3-toothed. Corolla greenish-white.
Fruit
globose, dark-purple,
fleshy,
In thickets
along
the
Pasay beach,
fl.most of the
year;
along
the
seashore
throughout
the
to Australia.
3. P. nauseosa
Blanco. Molauin-aso
(Tag.).
A shrub or small
tree, reaching a height
of 10
m,
somewhat
pubescent,
ultimately
often
nearly glabrous,
the leaves with a rank odor when
crushed or in
drying.
Leaves
elliptic-ovateoblong-ovate, acuminate,
base
rounded or acute,
6 to 10 cm long,
3 to 6 mm wide.
Cymes terminal,
up
to 5 cm
long
and 6 cm wide,
rather dense.
Calyx green,
equally
4-
toothed,
1 to 1.5 mm long.
Corolla
pale-green,
4 mm long,
villous inside,
the stamens white,
exserted. Fruit
globose, fleshy,dark-purple,
4
to 5 mm
long. (Fl.Filip.pi.396,
P.
leucostoma.)
In
thickets,Pasay,
San Pedro
Macati, etc.,
fl.
May-Sept.;
common
and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endeinic.
4. P. subscandens Merr.
Alagao-baguing (Tag.).
A
climbing
shrub
reaching a length
of from 3 to 5
m,
the
leaves,
branchlets,
and inflorescence rather
softly pubescent,
rank-scented in
drying.
Leaves
ovate, thin,
6 to 10 cm long, entire,
acuminate, base rounded
or
cordate.
Cymes terminating
the branches,
5 to 14 cm in diamter,
rather
dense, many-flowered, densely
and
softly pubescent.
Flowers white or
greenish. Calyx softly pubescent,
3 mm long,
5-toothed, often obscurely
2-lipped.
Corolla about 5 mm long, one lip entire,
the other coarsely
S-lobed.
In
dry
thickets near Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Apr.-June;
of local occurrence
in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
12. GiVIELINA Linnaeus
Glabrous or pubescent, spiny or spineless
shrubs
or trees,
with
opposite,
entire,
toothed or lobed leaves. Inflorescence
terminal, usually small,
cymose
or
racemose,
the flowers bracteate. Flowers
large, yellow.
406
A FLORA OF MANILA
Calyx campanulate, shortly
5-toothed
or subtruncate. Corolla-tube
slender,
irregularly
inflated
upward,
the limb
oblique,
4-lobed. Stamens
4,
in
2
pairs;
anther-cells
oblong, pendulous. Ovary 4-celled,
4-ovuled. Fruit
a fleshy drupe,
the
endocarp hard,
4-
or 2-ce]led,
the
calyx persistent,
unaltered.
(In
honor of S.
Gmelin, an
early
German
naturalist.)
Species
about
8,
Asia to
Australia,
2
or
3 in the
Philippines.
1.
G.
philippensis
Cham.
An
erect, branched, nearly glabrous shrub or small tree 3 to 8 m high,
usually
with few stout
spines on the trunk and branches. Leaves
elliptic,
4 to 8 cm
long, entire,
apex usually
rounded or
obtuse,
base acute.
Flowers in
short,
terminal
racemes,
each subtended
by a large,pale-green
bract.
Calyx
green,
about 5 mm
long,
truncate or
obscurely
denticulate.
Corolla
yellow,
about 4 cm long.
Fruit
fleshy,yellow, pear-shaped,
about
2
cm long, glabrous. (Fl. Filip.pi.215,
G.
asiatica.)
In thickets
Pasay, Masambong, etc.,
fl.
Feb.-Oct.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines. Siam and Tenasserim.
122. LABIATAE
(Mint or
Cablin
Family)
Mostly herbs, rarely shrubs,
aromatic or not, usually
with
4-angled
stems or branches. Leaves
opposite or whorled. Flowers
irregular,
solitary,
in
pairs, or
fascicled and
axillary,or in lax
or
dense whorls
arranged
in
spicate
or racemose inflorescences,
sometimes
panicled or
in
dense heads.
Calyx
4-
or
5-cleft or -toothed or
2-lipped.
Corolla-tube
various,
the limb 4- or 5-lobed or 2-lipped.
Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,or
the
upper
2
imperfect,
inserted in the corolla-tube.
Ovary free, 4-lobed,
4-
celled,
the cells 1-ovuled. Fruit of four
dry or somewhat
fleshy
1-seeded
nutlets at the base of the
calyx.
Genera
164, species
about
3,200,chiefly
in the north
temperate regions;
22
genera
and about 50
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Fertile stamens 2;
under shrubs with linear sessile
leaves,
the
margins
strongly recurved;
cultivated
only
1. Rosmarinus
1. Stamens
4, rarely
2.
2. Stamens bent downward.
3. Lower corolla-lobe flat or
nearly so,
broad-based, spreading.
4. Stamens exserted;
very
aromatic herbs or undershrubs.. 2. Ocimun
4. Stamens included,a not or but
slightly
aromatic herb.
3. Moschosma
3. Lower corolla-lobe
boat-shaped or
concave,
base
narrow,
deflexed.
4. Calyx-limb subequally 5-toothed,
the lowest corolla-lobe not much
longer
than the others;
filaments
free;
inflorescence capitate,
spicate,
or paniculate
4.
Hyptis
4.
Calyx-limb
2
lipped;
lowest corolla-lobe
boat-shaped,
much
longer
than the
others;
filaments connate in
a
sheath
surrounding
the
style;
inflorescence lax 5. Coleics
2. Stamens not bent downward, spreading,
free.
3. Anthers 1-celled;
filaments bearded;
rather
coarse,
erect herbs.
6.
Pogostemon
3. Anthers 2-celled;
filaments not
boarded; prostrate
spreading
herbs.
7. Mentha
2. Stamens ascending
under the
upper
lip
of the corolla.
3.
Upper lip
of the corolla
short, nearly flat;
anthers dimorphous;
coarse
erect herbs
8. Anisomeles
408
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. O. SANCTUM L. Albahaca
(Sp.-Fil.);Solasi,
Balanoi
(Tag.); Colocogo,
Camange (Vis.); Biday (II.).
An
erect,
herlbaceous
or suffrutescent,
branched
plant
1 m high or less,
the stems and
younger
parts pubescent
with
spreading
hairs. Leaves
oblong-ovate,
obtuse or acute,
somewhat
toothed,
2 to 4.5 cm long.
Racemes
5 to 14 cm long,
sometimes
panicled.
Pedicels about
as long as
the
caljnc,
spreading,
curved.
Calyx
at time of
flowering
about 3
mm
long, somewhat
larger
in
fruit,
the two lower teeth
long-awned,
the
upper
one
broadly oblong,
the lateral ones
very
broad,
mucronate. Corolla
pink
or purplish,
but little
longer
than the
calyx. (Fl Filip.pi.257.)
Cultivated for its
very
fragrant leaves,occasionally
also
spontaneous
in waste
places,
fl. Dec.-Feb.
;
throughout
the
Philippines,
but
certainly
not a native of the
Archipelago.
Western Asia to
Malaya, Australia,
and
Polynesia.
3. MOSCHOSMA Bentham
Annual or perennial,erect,
petioled,
ovate to
oblong-ovate,thin,
toothed or entire. Inflorescence
axillary
and
terminal,
of rather
slender, panicled racemes,
the whorls few-flowered. Flowers
very
small.
Calyx ovoid,5-toothed,
the
upper
3 teeth the
largest,margins
not decurrent. Corolla-tube
very short,
the
upper
lipshortly
4-fid. Stamens
4, declinate,
the filaments free. Nutlets
compressed,
smooth.
(From
the
musk-like odor of some of the
species.)
Species
about
6,tropics
of the Old
World,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. M. TENUIFLORUM
(Burn.) Heynh. (M. polystachyum Benth.).
An
erect, much-branched, nearly glabrous
herb 40 to 90 cm high,
the
stems
prominently 4-angled.
Leaves
long-petioled,thin,
ovate to
oblong-
ovate, acuminate, toothed,
2 to 6
cm long,
the base acute. Racemes 3 to
10 cm long,
5 to 6 mm in
diameter, densely many-flowered.
Pedicels
shorter than the
calyx.
Flowers lilac or
pink,
about 2.5
mm long,
the
calyx
in fruit
spreading or somewhat
reflexed,
3 to 3.5 mm
long.
In
open
places,occasional,
fl.
Dec-June; widely
distributed in the Phil- ippines
about
towns,
but
certainly
not
indigenous. Tropical
Africa and
Asia
through Malaya
to Australia.
4. HYPTIS Jacquin
Erect, branched,
aromatic or not. Leaves
opposite,
toothed. Inflor- escence
various, capitate,
in dense
spikes, or
in
remote, few-flowered,
paniculate
clusters.
Calyx straightor oblique,5-lobed,
lobes acute or awn-
tipped.
Corolla
2-lipped,
the lower
lipabruptly deflexed,saccate. Stamens
4,
declinate. Nutlets various.
(From
the Greek "laid back" and
"under,"
in reference to the deflexed lower
corolla-lip.)
A
large
genus
of over 250
species,
all
American, a
few now distributed
as tropicalweeds,
4 in the
Philippines.
1.
Strongly
aromatic
herbs,
the flowers in
few-flowered,racemosely disposed
clusters 1. H. suaveolens
1. Not or but
slightlyaromatic;
heads
axillaryor tenninal,solitary,subglo-
bose to
oblong, densely many-flowered.
2. Heads
axillary,subglobose.
3. Heads
very shortly peduncled, peduncles
not
longer
than the heads.
2. H.
brevipes
3. Heads
long-peduncled,
the
peduncles many
times as long as
the heads.
3. H.
capitata
2. Heads
terminal,oblong
4. H.
spicigera
LABIATAE
409
1. H. SUAVEOLENS
(L.)
Poir.
Soob-cabayo (Tag.)-
A
coarse, erect, branched,
more or less
hairy,
aromatic annual 0.5 to 2
m high.
Leaves
ovate, acute, serrulate,
4 to 9 cm long,
variable. Flov^rers
in
axillary,peduncled,
3- to 4-flowered heads
or clusters,some
solitary
ones usually added, racemosely
or
subpaniculately disposed along
the
branches.
Caljrx
in flower about 4 mm long, soon
enlarged
and
nearly
1
cm long, striate,villous,
the teeth
erect,
subulate. Corolla
blue,
about 8
mm long,
limb 5
mm in diameter.
In waste
places,
very
abundant,
fl.all the
year.
A native of
tropical
America, now found
throughout
the
Philippines,
and in
some parts
of
India and
Malaya.
2. H. BREVIPES Poir.
An
erect, branched,
somewhat
hairy,
annual herb 0.6 to 1.5 m high.
Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
oblong-lanceolate,
acute or
acuminate, serrate,
3
to 7 cm long.
Heads
globose,axillary,solitary,
1 to 1.3 cm in
diameter,
the
peduncles as long
as the heads or shorter. Flowers
very numerous,
calyx
and bracts
green,
the teeth
erect, subulate,
corolla
slightlyexserted,
white.
(Fl. Filip.pi 204.)
In
open, usually damp or wet waste
places
and
grass
lands,
fl.
Oct.-Feb.;
common
and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
A native of
tropical
America, now naturalized in
Malaya, tropicalAfrica, etc.
3. H. CAPITATA
Jacq.
A
stout, erect, non-aromatic,
annual herb 0.5 to 1.5 m high, more or
less
hairy,
the stem
green
or purplish,4-angled.
Leaves
lanceolate,
toothed,
8 to 14 cm long.
Flowers
numerous,
crowded in
long-peduncled,axillary,
solitary,globose heads,
the
peduncles
up
to 10 cm in
length,
the heads
1 to 2 cm
in
diameter,
with a basal involucre of
hairy
bracts.
Calyx green,
4 mm long,
accrescent and
8.mm long
in fruit. Corolla
white,
6 mm long.
(Fl. Filip.pi.294.)
In
open
waste
places,
fl.
Oct.-Feb.;
common and
widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
A native of
tropicalAmerica, not as
yet reported
from
any
other
part
of the Orient.
4. H. SPiciGERA Lam.
An
erect, branched, nearly glabrous or slightlypubescent
annual herb
1 to 1.5 m high,
the stems
4-angled,
scabrous. Leaves
petioled,
lanceolate
to
oblong-lanceolate,acuminate, serrate,
2 to 6 cm long,
the base acuminate-
decurrent.
Spikes oblong
to
ovoid, dense, terminating
the
branches,
2 to
6 cm long, many-flowered.
Flowers
purplish,
3 to 4 mm
long. Calyx accrescent
and about 6
mm long
in
fruit,ribbed,reticulate,
the teeth subulate.
In
open
dry
grass
lands near Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Oct.-Jan.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
A native of
tropical
America.
5. COLE US Loureiro.
Erect or spreading
herbs or
undershrubs,
sometimes
aromatic,
often with
variegated
leaves. Leaves
petioled,ovate,
toothed. Flowers blue or
purple,
in
lax,
few- to many-flowered
cymes
(whorls)
which are arranged
in
simple
or
panicled
racemes.
Calyx 5-toothed, 2-lipped,enlarged
in fruit.
Corolla
exserted, decurved,
the limb
prominently 2-lipped,
the lower
lip
much
larger
than the
upper one, boat-shaped.
Stamens
declinate,
the
filaments united below into a sheath
surrounding
the
style. (Greek
"sheath,"
from the united
filaments.)
410
A FLORA OF MANILA
Species
50 or more
in
tropical Africa, Asia,
and
Malaya,
7
or more in
the Philippines.
1. Flowers
minute,
less than 5 mm
long;
a
very
aromatic
plant,
green
throughout,
cultivated
only
1. C. amboinicus
1. Flowers about 1 cm
long; plants slightly
aromatic or nearly odorless,
variously
colored.
2. Leaves 5 to 10
cm long, variously
and
prominently colored;
cultivated
only
2. C. blumei
2. Leaves 1.5 to 3.5 cm long, slightly
colored or nearly
green.
3. C.
pumilus
*1. C. AMBOINICUS Lour.
(C
aromaticus Benth.,
C.
suganda Blanco).
Su-
ganda (Tag.)
;
Oregano (Sp.-Fil.)
An erect or spreading, branched,
rather
coarse,
strongly
aromatic
herb,
green,
the stems fleshy.
Leaves
broadly ovate, crenate, fleshy,
rounded
or
obtuse,
base
decurrent,
often
cordate,
4 to 9 cm
long,
somewhat villous.
Flowers
small,
in
distant, many-flowered
whorls.
Calyx-throat glabrous
inside,
the
upper
lip ovate, acute, thin,
the lower acuminate. Corolla
pale-purplish,
with a short
tube,
the throat inflated,
the
lips
short.
Occasionally
cultivated for its
very
aromatic
leaves,very
rarely
flowering;
occasional in cultivation in the Philippines, introduced, origin
uncertain.
Cultivated,
India to Malaya,
and in various other tropical
countries.
*
2. C. BLUMEI Benth.
Mayana,
Maliana
(Tag., Vis.,Pamp.).
An
erect, branched,
somewhat succulent,
annual herb 1 m high or less,
the leaves
variously colored,usually more or less
pubescent.
Stems
usually
purplish, 4-angled.
Leaves ovate,
rather
coarsely toothed,
5 to 10 cm long,
in the most common
form uniformly velvety-purple.
Inflorescence
terminal,
simple or branched,
15 to 30 cm long.
Flowers
purplish, numerous,
in lax
verticils of
cymes
or
racemes,
the pedicels
about 4 mm long. Calyx green,
about 2.5 mm long,
the
upper
lip ovate, obtuse,
the lateral lobes
short,
ovate,
the lower
one
2-cleft. Corolla about 11 mm long. (Fl.Filip.pi.208.)
fl. Nov.-Mar. Generally
cultivated in the Phil- ippines
for its ornamental
foliage,
but
certainly
Malaya,
often only cultivated,
and in cultivation in most warm
countries.
3. C. pumilus
Blanco
(C. gaudichaudii
Briq.).
A
lax,
erect or spreading, simple or somewhat branched herb 30 to 90 cm
in length,
the stems
square, green,
fleshy,usually
decumbent below and
rooting
at the nodes. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate,
1.5 to 3.5 cm long,
with
scattered,long,
weak
hairs,
acute or obtuse,
base
truncate, acute,
or
decurrent, margins coarsely
dentate.
Inflorescence
a narrow
terminal
panicle,
8 to 20 cm long,
rather
lax,
few or
many
flowers in each verticil.
Flowers blue-purple,
about 1 cm long, slightlyglandular
and
hairy.
In
thickets,Masambong,
near
Fort
McKinley, etc.,rarely
also cultivated,
fl.Nov.-Jan.
Known
only
from Manila and
vicinity.
6. POGOSTEMON
Desfontaines
Erect, branched, mostly
aromatic herbs or
undershrubs. Leaves opposite,
petioled,large.
Flowers
small,
in
axillary
and terminal, simple or panicled
spikes or
contracted
racemes,
formed of
many
densely
flowered
cymes
or
whorls.
Calyx nearly equally
4- or
5-toothed. Corolla-tube exserted
or
included,
the limb somewhat 2-lipped,
4, exserted.
LABIATAE
411
the filaments bearded.
Style
2-fid. Nutlets ovoid or oblong,
smooth.
(Greek
"beard" and
"stamen.")
Species about
35, tropical
Asia and
Malaya,
about 7 in the
Philippines.
1. P. cablin
(Blanco)
Benth.
Cablin, Cadling,
Cadlom
(Tag.);
Patchouli.
An
erect, branched, pubescent
herb 0.5 to 1 m high,
aromatic when crushed.
Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate,
acute or
obtuse,
5 to 11 cm
long, usually
coarsely
and
doubly
toothed or crenate.
Spikes terminal and
axillary,
panicled,dense,
sometimes
interrupted,
2 to 8 cm long,
1 to 1.5
cm in diameter
pubescent. Calyx
about 6 mm
long.
Corolla
pink-purple,
8
mm long,
the
lobes obtuse. Bracts about as long as the
calyx.
Occasionally
cultivated for its
fragrant leaves,
fl. Jan.-Feb.
;
in and
about towns in Luzon and
probably
in other
islands,
India to
Malaya, chiefly
cultivated. This
species yields
the
patchouli
perfume
of commerce.
7. MENTHA Linnaeus
Very
aromatic
perennial plants
from
prostrate rootstocks. Leaves ovate
to
oblong-ovate.
Flowers
small,
in
many-flowered whorls in
axillary
and
terminal
spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed,
the throat
naked or villous. Corolla
subequally
4-lobed. Stamens
4, equal,
erect.
Nutlets smooth or reticulate.
(From a Greek
nymph
of that
name.)
Species
about 25 in the
north-temperate
zone,
introduced in
many
other
regions,
2 in the
Philippines.
*1. M. ARVENSIS L. Yerba buena
(Sp.)
;
Mint.
A
prostrate, glabrous,or slightlyhairy, strongly aromatic,
much branched
herb,
the stems
up
to 40 cm
long, usually purplish,
ascending.
Leaves
elliptic-
to
oblong-ovate, short-petioled,serrate,
rounded
or obtuse,
1.5 to 4 cm long.
Flowers in
axillary, capitate whorls,
the
calyx-teeth triangular or lanceolate,hairy,
the corolla also
hairy.
but not
spontaneous.
Introduced from
Europe
and
here
rarely or never flowering;
its natural
range
is from
Europe through
northern Asia to China.
8. ANISOMELES R. Brown
Coarse, erect,
branched herbs. Flowers in
axillarywhorls, or the whorls
arranged
in
stout, terminal, more or less
interrupted racemes.
Calyx
ovoid, equally 5-toothed,straight.
Corolla-tube
short,
the
upper
lip erect,
entire,
the lower
broad, spreading,
the middle lobe notched. Stamens ex-
serted,
the anthers
conniving. Style equally
2-fid. Nutlets smooth.
(Greek "unequal"
and
"members,"
in reference to the
unequal corolla-lips.)
Species
about
8, tropical
Asia to
Australia,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. A.
INDICA (L.)
O. Kuntze
(A.
ovata R.
Br.). Paling-harap (Tag.).
An
erect, branched, annual herb 1 to 2 m high, more or less tomentose.
Leaves ovate, long-petioled,thin,
crenate or
crenate-serrate. Whorls
many-flowered,
in dense or
interrupted, stout,
spike-like
racemes,
5 to 25 cm
long,
2 to 3 cm in
diameter,
the lower
whorls in the leaf-axils.
Calyx
about G mm
long,hairy,
the teeth acuminate.
Corolla
purplish,
10 to 12 mm long.
In
open
waste
places,
San Juan del
Monte,
fl. Dec.
-Feb.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines,
but
certainly
not
indigenous.
India to China
and
Malaya.
412
A FLORA OF MANILA
9. LEUCAS R. Brown
Glabrous or pubescent,
annual or perennial, simple or branched,
erect
or
ascending
herbs. Leaves
narrow. Whorls
axillary,usually
distant. Cal- yx
lO-nerved,
the mouth
oblique, equally or unequally
G- to 10-toothed.
Corolla-tube
included,
annulate or not
within,
the
upper
lip short, erect,
concave, villous,
the lower
spreading 3-fid,
the middle lobe
very large.
Stamens
4, ascending;
anthers
conniving,
cells
divaricate,
at
length confluent.
Style
subulate. Nutlets ovoid,triquetrous,
obtuse. (Greek "white,"
in reference to the white-pubescent
leaves of
some species.)
Species
about 50
Africa, Asia,
and
Malaya,
about 5 in the
Philippines.
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate 1. L.
lavendulifolia
Leaves ovate 2. L.
javanica
1. L. LAVENDULIFOLIA Smith
(L. linifoliaSpr.).
An
annual, erect,
branched herb 40 to 80 cm high, more or less
pubescent
with short hairs. Leaves linear to
linear-lanceolate,
5 to 9
cm long,
8
to 13
mm wide, acuminate,
base
narrowed,
somewhat
toothed; petiolesnone
or
short. Whorls
axillary
and
terminal, many-flowered,
the bracts
few,
short.
Calyx
about 1 cm long,
green, very
oblique,sharply
toothed. Corolla
white,
1.5
cm long,
the central lobe of the lower
lip obovate, truncate,
8 mm
wide.
In
open
dry grass
lands,
waste
places, etc.,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines,
but
certainly
not
a
native
species.
India to Mauritius
and
Malaya.
2. L. JAVANICA Benth.
An erect
or ascending, branched, pubescent
herb 20 to 50
cm high.
Leaves
ovate,
2 to 6 cm long,
up
to 4
cm
in
width, obtuse,
base sub-
truncate or rounded, margins coarsely
crenate. Flowers
axillary,crowded,
10 to 50 in each
verticil,
the bracts linear-setaceous.
Calyx
green,
pubescent,
8 to 9 mm long, striate,
with
10, slender, subequal,
linear-subulate
teeth. Corolla
white,
11 to 12
mm long,
the
upper
lobe
ciliate,
the lower
3-lobed, glabrous.
In thickets and
open
places opposite
Fort
McKinley,
fl.
Sept.-Jan.;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
but
probably
not
a
native
plant.
Java.
10. LEONURUS Linnaeus
Erect, branched, leafy
herbs with lobed leaves. Flowers in
axillary,
densely flowered,
scattered
whorls,
or the
upper
ones closer,
the bracts
subulate.
Calyx 5-nerved, turbinate,
the teeth
5, spreading, spine-like.
Corolla-tube naked
within,
the
upper
lip entire,erect,
the lower
3-fid,
the
middle lobe obcordate. Stamens 4. Nutlets
3-angled, truncate,
smooth.
(From
the Greek "lion" and
"tail.")
Species
10 in
Europe, Asia, and America, a single
introduced
one
in
the
Philipipnes.
1. L. SIBIRICUS L.
A rather
coarse,
erect, branched, usually
somewhat
pubescent,
annual
Leaves 5 to 10
cm long, pinnately
or palmately
3- to many-parted,
the lobes
narrow,
often
incised, or
the
upper
leaves
SOLANACEAE
413
entire,linear,pale
beneath. Whorls
numerous, densely-flowered,
the bracts
equaling
the
calyx. Calyx
about 7 mm long.
Corolla about 1 cm long,
red.
(Fl. Filip. pi. 259.)
Rare in
our
area,
fl.
Aug.-Jan.;
of local
occurrence
in the Philippines,
in waste
places
about
towns, etc.,undoubtedly an
introduced
plant
in the
Archipelago. Tropics generally.
123. SOLANACEAE
(Nightshade or Talong Family)
Herbs
or shrubs,
sometimes scandent,
with
alternate, simple or pinnate
leaves,
the leaves sometimes in
unequal pairs, never opposite,
the
stipules
none.
Inflorescence lateral or terminal, axillary or extra-axillary,
cymose,
or clustered,
the flowers sometimes
solitary.
Flowers
perfect, regular or
nearly so. Calyx inferior,
5-toothed or truncate, usually persistent
in
fruit,
often
enlarged.
Corolla
various,
often
plaited,
the lobes 5.
Stamens 5
(4
in 2
pairs
in
Brunfelsia)
,
inserted
on
the corolla-tube.
Ovary
2-celled or imperfectly
1- to 4-celled;
ovules
numerous. Fruit
a
dry or fleshy berry or capsular, usually 2-celled,many-seeded.
Genera 83, species over 2,000,
in the
warmer parts
of the whole world,
7
gfenera
and about 35
species
known from the
Philippines.
1. Flowers 2
cm long or more.
2. Flowers
very
lai'ge,
about 6
cm long;
fruit
a spiny capsule.
1. Datura
2. Flowers much
smaller;
fruit not spiny.
3. Shrubs.
4. Flowers
few, axillary or terminal;
stamens
4,
in 2
pairs.
2.
Brunfelsia
4. Flowers numerous in terminal and
axillary corymbs;
stamens 5.
3. Cestrum
3. Erect
coarse
herbs 4. Nicotiana
1. Flowers less than 2 cm
in
length.
2. Anthers
forming a cone surrounding
the
style,opening by
two
pores
at
the
apex.
3. Leaves
simple
5. Solanum
3. Leaves
pinnate or 2-pinnate
6.
Lycopersicum
2. Anthers
free,
not
forming a cone opening by longitudinal
slits.
3.
Calyx
in fruit small 7.
Capsicum
3.
Calyx
in fruit much
enlarged, inflated,thin, loosely surrounding
the fruit 8.
Physalis
1. DATURA Linnaeus
Coarse, erect, branched,
herbaceous or shrubby plants, usually
rank-
scented. Leaves
large, sinuate, lobed,
or entire. Flowers
very large,
pedicelled, axillary, solitary,
white or purple. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed,
the basal
part persistent
in fruit. Corolla
long, tubular-funnel-shaped,
the
limb
plaited, shortly
lobed. Stamens attached near the base of the tube.
Ovary
2- or 4-ceHed.
Capsule spinous,
globose, bursting irregfularly,
seated
on the
enlarged
basal
part
of the
calyx.
Seeds
very
numerous, compressed,
wrinkled.
(Altered
from the Arabian name
"Tatorah.")
Species
about 10 in
temperate
and
tropical regions,
2 in the
Philippines.
414
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. D. ALBA Nees. Talong-punay (Tag.).
A
coarse, erect, branched, glabrous
or
slightlypubescent
herb
or
short- lived
shrub 0.5 to 2 m high.
Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate, base
inequilateral,
apex
acuminate, margins irregularly
and
shallowly lobed,
9 to 18 cm
long.
Flowers
very large, axillary,solitary. Calyx green,
about 6 cm
long,
cleft at the
apex,
and with linear teeth. Corolla
white,
about 15
cm long,
the mouth about 8 cm in
diameter,
fruit
globose,
green,
about 3.5
cm
in
diameter,
covered with
short,
stout
spines. (Fl. Filip.pi. 3U,
D.
metel.)
In waste
places,
fl,all the
year;
widely
distributed about towns in the
Malaya.
2. BRUNFELSIA Linnaeus
Erect, glabrous
shrubs. Leaves
entire, shining.
Flowers terminal
or
axillary,solitary
or in few-flowered
cymes.
Calyx
tubular
or campanulate,
truncate
or
5-toothed. Corolla
salver-shaped,
the tube
long, straight or
somewhat
curved,
the limb
spreading,
5-lobed. Stamens 4,
in 2
pairs,
inserted
on
the
tube,
included.
Ovary sessile,2-celled;
ovules numerous.
Capsule subglobose,fleshyor
leathery,
the
pericarp thick,
sometimes
scarcely
dehiscent.
(In
honor of O.
Brunfels, a Swiss
botanist.)
Species
about 20 in
tropicalAmerica,
Philippines.
Flowers
purple,
2 to 2.5 cm long,
the corolla-tube not more than twice
as
long as
the
calyx
1. B. acuminata
Flowers
white, becoming yellow,
about 4.5 cm
long,
the corolla-tube
very
much
longer
than the
calyx
2. B. americana
*
1. B. ACUMINATA
(Pohl)
Benth. Viola
(Sp.-Fil.).
An
erect, glabrous,
branched shrub 1 m or more in
height.
Leaves
oblong
or elliptic-oblong, acuminate,
base
3 to 7 cm
long.
Flowers
solitary,or in
lax,
few-flowered
cymes,
violet-purple. Calyx
tubular,
not
inflated,
about 12 mm long.
Corolla-tube twice as long
as the
calyx or shorter,
the limb about 2 cm in diameter.
Rarely cultivated,
fl.
Feb.-March,
and
probably
in other months. A
native of
tropical
America and of recent introduction in the
Philippines.
*
2. B. AMERICANA L.
An erect
glabrous
shrub. Leaves somewhat crowded on the ultimate
twigs
often
yellowish-green, oblong-ovate,
acute or obtuse, firm, entire,
base
cuneate,
5 to 10 cm long.
Flowers
terminal, solitary or in
pairs,
shortly pedicelled,
vexy
fragrant. Calyx
green,
ovoid,
6 mm
long,
5-
toothed. Corolla-tube about 4.5 cm long, slender,
somewhat straw-colored,
the limb
white, soon turning yellowish, oblique,subequally 5-lobed,
about
5 cm in diameter. Fruit
globose,
about 1.5 cm in diameter,
the
pericarp
yellow,
somewhat
fleshy,2-valved;
seeds numerous.
Occasional in
cultivation,
fl.all the
year.
A native of tropicalAmerica,
and of recent introduction in the Philippines.
3. CESTRUM
Linnaeus
Shrubs or
small
trees,
with alternate,
entire leaves. Flowers regular,
in
axillary
and terminal racemes or corymbs. Calyx short,
5-toothed. Corolla
elongated, slightlyenlarged upward,
5-lobed,
the lobes much shorter
than
416
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. More or
less
spiny or prickly
herbs or vines.
2.
Erect, stellate-pubescent,coarse herbs.
3. Leaves with
long,
scattered
spines
4. S.
cumingii
3. Leaves not
spiny
5. S. torvum
2.
Scandent, glabrous or nearly
so,
stems and
petiolesmore or
less
spiny
or prickly.
3. Flowers about 1.5 cm in
diameter,
in few-flowered
racemes;
leaves
sinuate
6. "S. athroanthum
3. Flowers about 4 cm in
diameter,
in
many-flowered
cymes;
leaves
simple
and
entire,
and
pinnately
lobed
or pinnate on the
same
plant 7. S. wendlandii
1. S. verbascifolium
L.
Talong-aso, Malatalong,
Malatabaco
(Tag.).
all
parts stellate-pubescent.
Leaves
ovate,
oblong-ovate,
or elliptic-ovate,
10 to 23 cm long, entire, acuminate,
base
acute or somewhat
rounded,
the lower surface
pale
and
densely
stellate-
pubescent. Cymes
terminal or subterminal, dichotomously compound,
pe-
duncled,
rather
densely
flowered.
Calyx grayish-green,
about 5 mm long.
Corolla
white,
often
tinged
with
green,
the lobes
spreading,
about 1.3 cm
in
diameter, pubescent
outside. Fruit
globose, fleshy,
green
or yellowish,
nearly
1 cm in diameter.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 86.)
In
open
dry lands, thickets,. etc.,
fl.
Aug.-Feb.
;
widely
distributed in
the
Asia to
Australia,
and
tropical
America.
2. S. NIGRUM L. Cunti
(Tag.).
An
erect, branched, glabrous or nearly glabrous hei'b,
1 m high
or less.
Stems
green,
somewhat
3-angled.
Leaves ovate to
oblong, petioled,
5 to 8
cm long, acuminate,
base acute or acuminate, margins
subentire or un-
dulately
toothed or lobed. Peduncles
extra-axillary,
1 to 2.5
cm long,
the
flowers
umbellately disposed,
5 to 8 on each
peduncle, nodding. Calyx
green,
the lobes
ovate-oblong.
Corolla
white,
Fruit a dark-purple or black,glabrous, globose,fleshyberry
about 5
mm
in
diameter.
In waste
places, occasional,
fl. all the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
and
probably
introduced. All
temperate
and
tropical countries.
*3. S. MELONGENA L.
Talong (Tag.); Berenjena (Sp.)
;
Egg
Plant.
A
coarse, usually branched,
erect annual 0.4 to 1 m
high,
somewhat
prickly or unarmed. Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate, stellate-pubescent
beneath,
irregularly
and
shallowly lobed,
10 to 25 cm long.
Flowers
axillary,
about 2.5
cm long, purplish or bluish. Fruit
fleshy,smooth, purple,
up
to
25 cm
long, very
variable in
shape, globose
to
oblong or cylindric-oblong.
Cultivated for its edible f
riut,
year.
Not a
native
of the
Philippines,
its
origin uncertain;
cultivated in most
tropical
and
temperate
countries.
4. S. cumingii
Dunal.
Talangbulo,
Tarambulo
(Tag.).
A
somewhat
branched, stellate-pubescent
herb
30 to 60 cm high. Stems, petioles,
and leaves with scattered, sharp,
rather
stout spines,
3 to 6 mm long.
Leaves
oblong-ovate,
acute or slightly
acuminate, irregularly undulate-lobed,
base
inequilateral,
4 to 12 cm long,
stellate-pubescenton both surfaces. Flowers in
axillary,
1- to 5-flowered
SOLANACEAE
417
racemes. Calyx prreen,
the tube
slightlyspiny.
Corolla violet or purplish,
rotate, shallowly 5-lobed,nearly
2 cm
yellow.
Fruit
globose,glabrous,
2.5 cm
in
diameter, green
mottled with
white, or yellowish,
the accrescent
calyx nearly
2 cm
in diameter.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 4.9.)
In waste
places,occasional,
year;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
An endemic
species
reduced
by
some authors to So- larium
melongena L.,
of which it
may
be a wild form.
5. S. TORVUM Sw.
Tandang-aso, Talampay (Tag.).
A
coarse, erect,
branched,
suffrutescent herb 1 to 3 m high,
the branches
with short scattered
spines,
most
parts stellate-pubescent.
Leaves ovate
to
oblong-ovate,
10 to 20 cm long, sinuate-lobed,acuminate,
base
inequilateral.
Inflorescence
lateral,usually extra-axillary,racemose,
often dicho-
tomous. Flowers
many,
white,
about 1 cm long.
Fruit
globose, yellow,
glabrous,
about 1 cm
in diameter.
In waste
places,occasional,
fl.all the
year;
widely
distributed about towns
in the
Philippines undoubtedly
introduced.
Tropical America, tropical
Asia,
and
Malaya.
*
6. S.
ATHROANTHUM
Dunal.
A
slender,scandent, nearly glabrous
vine about 2
m high,
the branches
and
petioles
armed with recurved
spines.
Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate',
irregularly
and
coarsely sinuate,
2 to 5 cm long,
apex
rounded,
base sub-
truncate,
often
inequilateral.
Racemes
lateral, few-flowei'ed,
about
as
long
as the leaves. Flowers
long-pedicelled,pale-blue,
about 1..5 cm in
diameter. Fruit
globose,glabrous,
about 1 cm
in diameter.
In
hedges along roadsides, near the Balic-balic
cemetery
fl.
July-Dec,
and
probably
in other
months;
known in the
Philippinesonly
from Manila.
A native of Java and
undoubtedly
*
7. S. WENDLANDII Hook. f.
A
climbing glabrous
vine
reaching a length
of several
meters,
the stems
with a few scattered
prickles.
Leaves
variable,simple
and entire to
deeply
pinnately
lobed or even pinnately compound,
10 to 25 cm
long, oblong to
oblong-ovate
in
outline,
the midrib often with scattered
prickles beneath,
the
lobes,
when
present, few, often
only 3, oblong, elliptic, or ovate,
acute
or acuminate,
close or distant.
Cymes large, many-flowered,
the corolla
pale-blue,
Singalon, Malate, etc.,
in
gardens, cultivated,
fl.June and
probably
in
other months. A native of
tropical
America of recent introduction here.
In addition to the above
species
the
potato (Sp. patata) {Solanum
tuberosum
L.)
is
imported
and is
always
to be found in the Manila market.
This
species
is a native of
tropical
America and is now cultivated in all
warm countires. In the
Philippines
it is
successfully
cultivated
only
at
medium or higher
altitudes.
6. LYCOPERSICUM Miller
Coarse, ascending or spreading, pubescent, rank-scented,
annual
herbs. Leaves
alternate, pinnate
or
bipinnate,
the leaflets
unequal
in
size,
toothed or lobed. Flowers in
extra-axillary,
few-flowered
racemes
or
cymes.
Sepals
5 or 6, linear-lanceolate, spreading,
acuminate. Corolla
yellow,
the tube
short,
the lobes 5 or 6, lanceolate,spreading.
Stamens 5 or
6,
inserted
on
the
corolla-tube;
anthers connivent in
an elongated cone.
111B55 27
418
A FLORA OP MANILA
Fruit a small or large,
very
fleshy berry, containing numerous small seeds.
(Greek
"wolf" and
"peach.")
Species
3
or 4,
natives of
America, one
introduced
here,
cultivated and
naturalized.
1. L. ESCULENTUM Mill. Tamate
(Sp.)
;
Camate
(Tag.)
;
Tomato.
Ascending or spreading,
0.5 to 1.5
m high, branched, pubescent.
Leaves
alternate,
10 to 40
cm long, pinnate,
the leaflets
irregular, oblong-ovate,
toothed or lobed,
sometimes
lyrately-lobed, or
the leaves
bipinnate,
the
pinnae
up
to 18
cm
in
length.
Inflorescence racemose or
cymose,
5 to 8
cm
long,
yellow,
1 to 1.5
cm long.
Fruit
globose
or depressed-globose, red, fleshy,smooth,
in the wild state about 1 cm in
diameter,
in cultivated forms
up
to 10 cm in diameter.
(Fl. Filip.pi. US.)
Commonly
cultivated forms with
large fruits,
also
wild,
with small
fruits,
fl. all the
year; throughout
the
Philippines spontaneous
and cultivated.
A native of
tropical America, now wild or cultivated in all
warm
countries.
7. CAPSICUM Linnaeus
Erect, branched,
annual or perennial, glabrous herbs,
often suffrutescent
or shrubby.
Leaves
alternate,petioled,simple,
entire or repand.
Flowers
axillary,solitary or
few in each axil.
Calyx small,
entire or minutely
5-
toothed. Corolla
rotate,
5-lobed. Stamens 5,
attached near the base of
the
corolla,
the anthers free.
Ovary
2- or 3-celled. Fruit an oblong,
lanceolate,
or ovoid
berry.
Seeds
many. (Latin
"box" from the
shape
of
the fruit of some species.)
Species
all
American, some now
cultivated
or
wild in all
warm countries,
2 or 3 in the
Philippines.
Shrubby or suffrutescent
herbs; pedicels solitary or several in each
axil,
erect;
fruit
small,
red 1. C.
frutescens
Annual
herbs; pedicelssolitary,recurved;
fruit
large,
green....
2. C. annuum
1. C. FRUTESCENS L.
(C.
minimum
Roxb.).
Chile
(Sp.);
Pasites,
Sili
(Tag.)
;
Chile
Pepper.
An
erect, branched, suffrutescent,
shrub-like herb 0.8 to 1.5
m high.
Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
ovate-lanceolate,acuminate, entire,
3 to 10
cm long.
Flowers
solitary or several in each
axil,pedicelled,pale-green or yellowish-
green,
8 to 9
mm
in diameter. Fruit in the common
form
red, oblong-lanceolate,
1.5 to 2.5
cm long,
with a
very
sharp
taste.
(Fl. Filip.pZ. -47.)
In waste
places, occasional,
also
commonly cultivated,
fl. all the
year;
throughout the
Philippines,
wild and cultivated. A native of
tropical
America, now found in all
tropical
countries.
*
2. C. ANNUM L. var. GROSSUM
(L.)
Sendt.
Sileng-bilog (Tag.)
Green
Pepper.
An
annual herb about 40
cm high,
the branches
angled.
Leaves ovate to
base
decurrent-acuminate,
8 to 12 cm
long.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,
about 1.8 cm
in
diameter,
the
petals
somewhat
stravz-colored,
the
pedicels
recurved. Fruit
smooth,
ovoid
to
oblong-ovoid,
obtuse
green,
6 to 10
cm long. (Fl. Filip.pi.Ilf2,
C. tetra-
gonum.)
SCROPHULARIACEAE
419
"
Var. LONGUM
Sendt.
Sileng-mahahaba (Taf?.).
Similar to the above, but with
oblong-lanceolate
fruits which are more
or
less narrowed to the acuminate
apex, up
to 6 cm long
and 1.5 cm in
diameter.
Cultivated
by
Chinese
gardeners
for the Manila
market,
fl. most of the
year.
A native of
tropical America,
now cultivated in
numerous
forms
in all warm countries.
8. PHYSALIS Linnaeus
Erect
or spreading
alternate, entire, sinuate,
or lobed. Pedicels
axillary,solitary. Calyx campanulate,
cleft
half-way
to
the base into 5
teeth,
in fruit
greatly enlarged, inflated,enclosing
but free
from the fruit. Corolla
campanulate, yellow,
sometimes
purple
at the
base inside. Stamens
5,
attached near the base of the corolla.
Ovary
2-celled. Fruit a globose berry. (Greek
"bladder" from the inflated
calyx.)
Species 45, mostly
or all natives of
America,
3
or
4 introduced in the
Philippines.
Glabrous or nearly
so;
stems
angled ".
1. P.
angulata
Pubescent;
stems terete or nearly so
2. P. minima
1. P. ANGULATA L.
Putocan, Caputi (Tag.).
An
herb 1
m high or usually less,
the stems
angled.
Leaves
ovate-oblong,
5 to 9 cm
long,
acute
or acuminate,
base
usually acute,
often somewhat
inequilateral,
entire or somewhat repand-
toothed. Flowers
pale-yellowish,
about 6 mm long.
Fruit
calyx oblong-
ovoid,
2.5 to 3 cm long,
the fruits about 1 cm in diameter.
(Fl. Filip.
pi 50.)
In waste
places,
fl.
Dec-Apr.,
and
probably
in other
months; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
A native of
tropical America,
introduced
and naturalized here.
2. P. MINIMA L. Unti-untihan
(Tag.).
An
erect, branched, pubescent,
annual herb 0.5 to 0.8 m high,
the
branches
terete,
often
tinged
with
purple,
the ultimate ones slightlyangular.
Leaves
ovate, acuminate,
base rounded or a little
cordate,
somewhat inequilateral,
the
margins nearly
entire or
very
faintly undulate-lobed,
6 to 12
cm
long,
4.5 to 7
cm
wide. Flowers
solitary,axillary,
about 8 mm long,
the limb 8 mm in
diameter,
the corolla
pale-yellow,
with 5
large, purple
spots
at the base inside. Fruit
fleshy, globose, edible,
about 1
cm
in
diameter,
the
inflated,accrescent
calyx ovoid, acuminate,
about 3 cm long,
2 cm
in
diameter,
green,
with 5
prominent,
and 5
alternating
somewhat
more slender, purplish
ribs.
In waste
places, occasional,
fl.
July-Oct. ;
rather
widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
A native of
tropical America, now found in most
tropical
countries.
124. SCROPHULARIACEAE
Herbs, rarely shrubs,
with
simple, opposite, rarely
alternate or whorled
leaves. Flowers
irregular, perfect, solitary, or in
spikes,
racemes,
or panicles. Calyx usually persistent,
4-
rarely
5-cleft
or
420
A
FLORA OF MANILA
lobed,
sometimes
spathe-like. Corolla 4-
or
5-lobed,usually 2-lipped,sometimes
tubular or rotate,
the lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens
usually 4,
in 2
pairs,
with
a rudimentary
fifth
one,
rarely
2 or 5
perfect. Ovary
2-celled;style simple;
ovules
many,
rarely 2,
in each cell. Fruit
a
small
capsule.
Seeds small.
Genera
202, species nearly 3,000,
in all
parts
of the
world,
20
genera
and
about 36
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Perfect stamens 4.
2. Corolla
rotate, not
2-lipped or tubular 1.
Scoparia
2. Corolla tubular or
campanulate,
not or obscurely 2-lipped.
3.
Calyx spathe-like,split
down
one side 2. Centranthera
3.
Calyx regularly 5-lobed; stems
green,
4-angled, nearly leafless;
cultivated
plants
with
bright-red, cylindric
flowers 3. Russelia
2. Corolla
distinctly2-lipped.
3.
Calyx-segments unequal,
imbricate 4.
Bacopa
3..
Calyx-segments equal, usually
valvate*.
4.
Calyx-tube cylindric,not
winged.
5. Anther-cells
separate.
6. Flowers
yellow 5.
Lindenbergia
6. Flowers blue or purplish
6.
Limnophila
5. Anther-cells
contiguous,
6. Corolla with
a 2-lobed
palate
at the throat 7. Mazus
6. Corolla-throat not
appendaged ;
8. Vandellia
4.
Calyx-tube prominently
3- to
5-winged or
keeled 9. Torenia
1. Perfect stamens 2.
2. Leaves
broad, toothed,
not
fleshy;
flowers
solitary or
racemose,
the
fllaments
arched,
the anthers
touching
10.
Bonnaya
2. Leaves
narrow,
entire,fleshy;
flowers
small,
the anthers not
conniving.
11.
Dopatrium
1. SCOPARIA Linnaeus
Erect, branched, glabrous
herbs or undershrubs with
angular
branches.
Leaves
small, opposite or whorled,
small, white,
solitary or
in
pairs, axillary. Sepals
4 or 5,
imbricate. Corolla
rotate,
4-fid,
the throat
bearded,
the lobes
subequal.
Stamens
4, subequal. Capsule
globose or ovoid,
the valves
thin,
their
margins
inflexed.
(Latin "broom.")
Species
5 or 6,
all
American,
the
following
now
found in most
tropical
countries,
1. S. DULCIS
L.
An
erect, much-branched, glabrous, herbaceous, or
suffrutescent
plant
25 to 80
cm high.
Leaves
opposite
and
whorled,
lanceolate to
ellipticor
oblanceolate,toothed, acute,
0.5 to 2 cm long,
narrowed below to the short
petiole.
Flowers
small,
very
numerous,
in
pairs,
their
pedicels slender,
1
cm long
or less. Corolla white.
Capsule
ovoid to
globose,
2 to 3 mm
in
diameter.
(Fl. Filip.pi.19.)
Very
common
in
open
waste places, roadsides, etc.,
fl, all the
year;
in
and about towns throughout
the
of
very early
introduction.
A native of
tropical America, now found in most other
tropical
countries.
SCROPHULARIACEAE
421
2. CENTRANTHERA R. Brown
Erect, rigid, scabrid,
branched herbs with
oblong
to
linear, entire or
toothed, opposite leaves, or the
upper
ones alternate.
Flowers
alternate,
spicate,
bracteate and 2-bracteolate.
Calyx spathe-like,split on one side,
the lobes
cohering or free. Corolla-tube
elongated, curved,
inflated
above,
the limb
oblique,
the lobes
spreading, subequal. Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,
included; anthers
meeting
in
pairs,
the cells
spurred;
filaments
hairy. Cap- sule
ovoid, loculicidal,the seeds
very numerous,
small.
(Greek "spur"
and
"flower," from the
spurred anthers.)
Species 5, India to
China, Malaya,
and
Australia,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. C.
hispida
R. Br.
An
erect, branched, rigid,scabrous, hairy
herb 20 to 60 cm high. Leaves
linear to
linear-oblong, entire,
acute or obtuse,
1 to 3
cm long,
sessile.
Flowers
scattered, alternate,
sessile.
Calyx greenish, usually tinged
with
purple,
about 8 mm long,
the lobes
cohering. Corolla
yellow,
the tube
tinged
with
reddish-purple,
about 2 cm
long,
the limb 1.7 cm in diameter.
Capsule
about 7 mm long,
surrounded
by
the
persistent calyx.
In
open
dry
grass
lands,
La
Loma,
San Pedro
Macati, etc.,
fl.Nov.-Jan.
;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to
China, Malaya
and Aus- tralia.
3. RUSSELIA
Jacquin
Erect shrubs with
green
angular branches,
the leaves
opposite or verti-
cillate,few,
those of the branches
usually
reduced to small scales.
Cymes
dichotomous, bracteate,
lax or dense,
few- to
many-flowei-ed. Calyx deeply
5-fid,
the
segments
imbricate. Corolla
red,
the tube
cylindric,
the limb
5-fid,
the lobes all
subequal, spreading.
Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs, included;
style filiform;
ovules numerous. Capsule subglobose, dehiscent,
the valves
2-fid.
(In
honor of A.
Russel, an English physician.)
Species
5 or 6 in Mexico and Central
America,
1 now widely
cultivated
in
warm
countries.
1. R. JUNCEA
Zucc. Coral Flower.
An
erect, branched, glabrous, nearly
leafiess
plant
with
green
angled
stems 1 to 2 m high.
Branches
whorled, slender, wiry.
Leaves
few,
scattered,
small, oblong
to
oblong-ovate,
1.5 cm long or less,
often
wanting.
Flowers in
lax, few-flowered, racemosely arranged
cymes.
Calyx greenish,
about 3 mm long,
ovoid or
cup-shaped, regularly
5-lobed. Corolla
bright-
red,
about 2.5 cm long,
about 3 mm
in diameter
below, slightly enlarged
upward, nearly regular,
very
slightly2-lipped,
the lobes 5, ovate or oblong-
ovate, subequal,
purposes,
fl.
Nov.-Feb.,
in
some parts
of the
Philippines spontaneous.
A native of Mexico and of
comparatively
recent
introduction in the
Philippines.
4. BACOPA Aublet
Glabrous, usually small,erect or spreading,
often
punctate
herbs. Leaves
axillary or
racemose,
blue, white, or yellow,
the
pedicels
bracteate or not.
Sepals 5,
the
upper
one often
large.
Corolla-
tube
cylindric, 2-lipped,
the
lips spreading,
the
upper
lip
outer in
bud.
422
A FLORA OF MANILA
notched or 2-lobed,
the lower 3-lobed. Stamens in 2
pairs,
included.
Cap- sule
with 2 or 4 valves
separating
from an entire column. Seeds
very
small,
numerous. (An aboriginal
South American
name.)
Species
2 in the
Philippines.
Plant
erect;
leaves 2 to 5 cm long,
lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, acute.
1. B.
floribunda
Plant
prostrate, creeping;
leaves
oblong-obovate to
spatulate,obtuse, less
than 2 cm long
2. B. monniera
1. B.
FLORIBUNDA (R. Br.)
Wettst.
An
erect, glabrous, simple or slightly
branched annual
plant
8 to 30 cm
high.
Leaves lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate,
2 to 5 cm long,
3 to 6 mm
wide, slightly
and
distantly
toothed or nearly
entire. Flowers
axillary,
shortly pedicelled or nearly sessile,usually solitary. Calyx
green,
the
outer 3 lobes
broadly ovate,
5 to 7 mm long,
4 to 6 mm wide,
the inner 2
linear-lanceolate,
4 to 5 mm long,
about 1 mm wide. Corolla
tubular,
5 to 6
mm long,white,
with
very
slender
purplish lines,
5-lobed.
Capsule ellipsoid,
about 4 mm long.
In rice
paddies, Caloocan,
San Pedro
Macati, etc.,
fl.
Dec-Jan.;
of local
occurrence
in the
Philippines,surely
introduced. India to Australia.
2. B. monniera
(L.)
Wettst.
{Herpestis
monniera
HBK.).
A
creeping, glabrous,
somewhat succulent
plant,
the branches 5 to 20
cm long.
Leaves
sessile,entire,oblong-obovate
to
spatulate,obtuse,
8 to 15
mm long.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,pedicelled,
the
pedicelsusually equaling
or longer
than the leaves.
Calyx
about 5 mm
long,
the outer
sepal
oval,
the others ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate. Corolla 8 to 10 mm long,
the tube
nearly
or
quite as long as the
calyx,
the lobes white or pale-violet.
Capsule ovoid,
shorter than the
calyx. (Fl. Filip.pi.230.)
In
open
wet
places,rare in our
area,
fl.
Jan.-March; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
All warm countries.
5. LINDENBERGIA Lehmann
Erect, branched, usually perennial
herbs. Leaves
opposite or
the
upper
ones alternate,
toothed. Flowers
yellow, bracteolate,
in terminal racemes.
Calyx campanulate,
5-fid. Corolla-tube
cylindric,
the
upper
lip lanceolate,
acuminate,
much narrower than the lower one which is 3-lobed. Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,included;
anther-cells
separate, stipitate. Capsule loculicidal,
2-grooved,
the valves
entire, separating
from the
placenta-bearing
axis.
(In
honor of J. B. W.
Lindenberg,
a German
botanist.)
Species
about 8 in
tropicalAfrica, Asia,
and
Malaya,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. L.
philippensis (Cham.)
Benth.
An erect or ascending
suffrutesent
herb,
0.4 to 1 m high,
somewhat
pubescent.
Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
ovate-lanceolate,
5 to 9 cm
long,
2
to 3 cm wide,
acute or acuminate,
base
long-decurrent, margins
toothed.
Racemes
terminal,
6 to 20 cm long, erect,
the bracts
narrowly lanceolate,
gi-een,
acuminate,
1 cm
long. Calyx
green,
about 7 mm long,
the lobes
lanceolate-acuminate. Corolla about 11 mm long, hirsute,yellow, tinged
with
purple outside,
the throat inside with small
purple dots,
the
upper
lip,
narrow,
the lower 5 to 6 mm broad, 3-lobed,
reflexed.
Capsule oblong-obovoid, acuminate,
5 mm long. (Fl, Filip.pi.
S78.)
424
A FLORA OF MANILA
2 to 5 cm long,
base
narrowed,
decurrent
along
the
petiole. Flowering
stems one to several, erect, usually leafless,
the flowers
scattered,alternate,
the bracts lanceolate, acuminate,
1.5 to 2 mm
long. Calyx green,
about
7 mm long,
cleft half
way
to the base into 5 oblong lobes. Corolla
pale-
purple,
about 11 mm
long,
the
upper
lip ovate, acuminate,
the lower
one
about 8 mm
wide,
blotched with
yellow
above the
throat,
the lateral lobes
broader than the middle one.
Capsule
about 3 mm long,
the
calyx-lobes
spreading
in fruit.
On wet cliffs,Guadalupe,
fl,
Oct.-Dec, rare; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
but local. India to
Japan
southward to Java.
8. VANDELLIA Linnaeus
Usually small, annual,
erect or spreading, glabrous or pubescent
herbs.
Leaves
opposite,penninerved,
axillary
or racemose.
Sepals 5,
free or united into a campanulate calyx.
Corolla-tube
cylindric,
the
upper
lip erect, broad, concave,
notched or bifid,
the lower
broader, spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens
4,
all
perfect,
the 2 anterior ones
with arched filaments which are appendaged
at
or near
the
base;
anthers
touching or cohering
in
pairs
under the
upper
lip,
the cells divaricate.
Stigma
2-lamellate.
Capsule septicidal,
the valves
separating
from the
placenta-bearing septum. (In
honor of D.
Vandelli,a
Portuguese botanist.)
Species
about
26, chiefly
in
tropicalAsia,
about 6 in the
Philippines.
1.
Capsule
calyx or
shorter.
2.
Calyx
cleft
nearly
to the base into 5 lobes.
3. Corolla about 10 mm long
1. V.
pusilla
3. Corolla about 5 mm long
2. V. viscosa
2.
Calyx 5-toothed,
the teeth or lobes not
reaching
to the middle.
3. V. Crustacea
1.
Capsule
much
longer
than the
calyx
4. V.
cordifolia
1. V.
pusilla (Willd.)
Merr.
{V.
scabra
Benth.).
A
slender,
erect or ascending, simple or somewhat branched annual hei'b,
5 to 12 cm high,
with scattered white hairs. Leaves
sessile,ovate,
acute or
obtuse,
entire or obscurely
toothed, 8 to 14 mm long.
Pedicels axillary
and
terminal, elongated. Calyx
green,
3.5 mm long,
cleft
nearly
to the base
into
5, equal,
lanceolate
sepals.
Corolla 10 to 11 mm
long, pale-purple,
the lower
lip
with
a yellow spot
at the base.
Capsule
about as
long
as the
calyx.
In
open grass
lands,
old rice
fields,
etc. fl.all the
year;
widely
distributed
in the
Asia and
Malaya, Madagascar,
and South
Africa.
2. V. viscosa (Willd.)
Merr.
(V.
hirsuta
Ham.).
A
small,
erect or
ascending,
somewhat
succulent,
annual herb,
S to 15
cm high, more or less clothed with
spreading
hairs. Lower leaves shortly
petioled, oblong-ovate
to
elliptic-ovate,obtuse, distantly
and
shallowly
toothed,
3.5 to 6 cm
long,
the
upper
ones similar,
but sessile and somewhat
smaller. Racemes
simple
or slightlybranched,
the
pedicels
5 to 9 mm long.
Calyx green,
about 3 mm
long,
cleft
nearly
to the base into
5, lanceolate,
acuminate lobes. Corolla 5 to 6 mm long, pink or white, tinged
with
purple. Capsules ovoid,
On wet
cliffs,Guadalupe,
rare,
fl. Oct.-Dec;
not common
India to China southward to Borneo and Java.
SCROPHULARIACEAE 425
3. V. Crustacea (L.)
Benth.
A diflFuselybranched, glabrous,
suberect or spreading
annual 8 to 20 cm
high.
Leaves
ovate, acute or obtuse, distantly serrate, short-petioled,
8
to 15 mm long.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,
or
the
upper
ones subrace-
mose,
the
pedicels
1 to 3 cm long. Calyx green
or purplish,
4 to 5 mm
long,
the lobes
acute,
about 1.5 mm long.
Corolla about 9 mm long, purple.
Capsule oblong-ovate
to ellipsoid,
5 to 6 mm long,
included in and about
as long as
the
persistentcalyx.
In
open grass
lands,
waste
places, etc.,
fl. all the
year;
common and
widely
distributed in the
of the Old
World,
introduced
in
tropical
America.
4. V. cordifolia
(Colsm.)
G. Don
(F. pedunculata Benth.).
A
slender, glabrous, simple
or slightly
branched
plant,
the stems
prostrate
below,
10 to 30 cm in
length,
the
flowering
branches
ascending.
Leaves sessile or sljortlypetioled,ovate,
acute or obtuse,
base
cordate,
margins slightlytoothed,
1 to 2 cm long.
Pedicels
axillary,solitary,longer
than the
leaves,
also
frequently
in terminal racemes. Calyx
green,
about
5 mm long.
Corolla
pink or purplish,
about 8 mm long. Capsule cylin-
dric,oblong-lanceolate,tipped by
the
style,
about twice
as long as the
calyx-
segments.
In
open
damp grass lands, occasional,
fl.
Sept.-Dec; widely
distributed
in Luzon. India to southern
China, Malay Peninsula,
and Borneo.
9. TORENIA Linnaeus
Annual,
erect or prostrate, usually branched, glabrous or pubescent
herbs. Leaves
opposite, entire, crenate, or serrate. Flowers small to
large,axillary
and
solitary,or
in
terminal,
often
leafy racemes,
the
pediceis
ebracteolate.
Calyx tubular,
3- to
5-winged, plaited,or keeled, 2-lipped
or 3- to 5-toothed. Corolla-tube
cylindric,
dilated
above,
the
upper
lipcon- cave,
notched or 2-fid,
the lower one larger, spreading,
3-lobed. Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,
the 2
upper
ones included,
the 2 lower
appendaged
at the
base and
conniving
under the
upper
lip;
anthers
touching or cohering
in
pairs. Capsule
linear or oblong, included,
the valves
separating
from the
axis.
(Named
after 0.
Toren, a clergyman
who travelled in
China.)
Species
about
30,mostly
in
tropical
Asia and
Africa,
3 in the
Philippines.
*
1. T.
CONCOLOR
Lindl.
An
erect, branched, sparingly pubescent,
the stems
4-angled.
Leaves
ovate,
acute or acuminate, toothed,
1 to 3
cm
long.
Flowers in terminal few-flowered racemes or
solitary
in the
upper
axils.
Calyx
green,
ovoid,
about 1.5
cm long, prominently 5-winged.
Co- rolla
2.5 to 3 cm long,violet-purple,
the lower
lipdeep-black-purple
and with
a large yellow spot.
Somewhat
cultivated,
fl. Dec-March. A native of southern
China,
of
comparatively
10. BONNAYA Link " Otto
Slender, prostrate or
ascending, annual, glabrous
herbs. Leaves
opposite,
penninerved,
entire or serrate. Flowers
solitary,axillaiy,
or the
upper
ones opposite
and subracemose.
Calyx-segments 5, narrow. Corolla-
tube
cylindric,
the
upper
lip broad, concave, 2-fid,
the lower
spreading,
3-
lobed. Perfect stamens
2, not
exserted;
anthers
touching,
their cells di-
426
A FLORA OF MANILA
varicate;
staminodes
2, entire, glandular. Stigma
2-lamellate.
Capsule
narrow,
long-exserted
from the
calyx, septicidal,
the valves
entire,
separating
from the
placenta-bearing septum.
Species
about
8,
in
and
Malaya,
Leaves
closely,sharply,
and
deeply serrate,
the teeth mucronate.
1. B. hrachiata
Leaves rather
distantly
toothed 2. B. veronicae
folia
1. B. brachlata Link " Otto.
An
erect, diffuselybranched,
the branches
spreading,
the lower ones often decumbent. Leaves
sessile,oblong,
obtuse
or
acute,
1.5 to 3 cm long, sharply
and
closely
serrate with mucronate teeth.
Racemes
terminal,
3 to 6
cm long,
the flowers
opposite,
short
pedicelled,
bracteate.
Calyx
green,
about 5 mm long.
Corolla
pink-purple,
about
7 mm long. Capsules slender, cylindric,
about 1 cm long.
In
open
places,damp banks, etc.,occasional,
fl,
Aug.-Dec;
rather widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to China and
Malaya.
2. B. veronicaefolia (Retz.) Spreng.
Erect or spreading, simple or somewhat
branched, slender, glabrous,
the
stems 10 to 20 cm
in
length.
Leaves
oblong
to
acute
or obtuse,
sessile or shortly petioled,
base
gradually narrowed, margins
rather
distantly toothed,
1 to 3 cm long.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,
and in
short terminal
racemes,
the
pedicels
shorter
than, or exceeding,
the leave*
Calyx
green,
about 5 mm long,
the lobes narrow. Corolla white to
pale-
lilac,
about 8 mm long. Capsule linear-lanceolate,
twice as long as the
calyx or more.
In
open
damp grassy
places, occasional,
fl.
Sept.-Dec; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
India to China and
Malaya.
11. DOPATRIUM Hamilton
Slender, erect, simple or branched,
somewhat
succulent,
annual herbs.
Leaves
few, opposite,
the
upper
remote,
small. Flowers
small, pale-purple,
axillary,solitary,ebracteolate,
sessile or pedicelled. Calyx
5-fid. Corolla-
tube slender
below,
the throat
broad,
the
upper
lip short, 2-fid,
the lower
one broad,
3-lobed.
Capsule
very
small, ovoid,
loculicidal.
Species 5, Africa, Asia,
and
Australia, a single one in the
Philippines.
1. D.
junceum (Roxb.)
Ham.
An
erect, fleshy,
annual herb 8 to 25
cm high,
branched from the
base,
the branches terete. Leaves
entire,oblong,
the radical
ones,
when
present
few,
up
to 2.5 cm long,
those on the branches 1 cm long or less. Flowers
few, axillary,slenderly pedicelled or subsessile,pink or pale-purple,
about
5 mm long.
In old rice
paddies, Caloocan, rare,
fl.
Nov.-Dec; apparently
of
very
local
occurrence
in the
Philippines.
India to
Japan
125. BIGNONIACEAE
(Bignonia or
Tue
Family)
Shrubs, or trees,
sometimes scandent. Leaves
simple or
1- to
3-pinnate.
Flowers terminal or axillary, racemose or
BIGNONIACEAE
427
paniculate, rarely solitaryor fascicled,irregular,mostly large
and
showy,
perfect. Calyx gamosepalus, campanulate or tubular, or
split
down one
side and
spathe-like,long or short,
sometimes 2- to 5-lobed or toothed.
Corolla lonj;:or short, tubular-ventricose,
the limb often
campanulate,
spreading,
often
2-lipped,
5-lobed. Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs, or 5
perfect,
or
the 5th
represented by a staminode. Disk cushion-like or annular.
Ovary 2-celIed;
ovules
many.
Fruit
on elongated,
dehiscent
capsule
with
numerous winged seeds, or oblong, cylindric,or globose, indehiscent,
with
wingless
seeds imbedded in
pulp.
Genera
100, species
450
or more,
tropics generally, 9
genera,
mostly
introduced,
and about 18
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Leaves 2- or 3-pinnate.
2. Leaflets
small,
less than 1 cm long 1. Jacaranda
2. Leaflets
large,
5 to 15 cm long;
flowers
dark-purple; capsule
up
to
1 m in
length -
2.
Oroxylum
1. Leaves
simply pinnate, or simple.
2. Fruit
dehiscent;
seeds
winged.
3. Leaflets
toothed;
flowers
yellow,
4 to 4.5 cm long;
cultivated.
3. Tecoma
3. Leaflets
entire;
flowers 10 cm long
or more.
4. Flowers
white,
up
to 18 cm long
4. Dolichandrone
4. Flowers
red,
10 cm long;
cultivated
only
5.
Spathodea
2. Fruits
indehiscent;
cultivated
only.
3. Leaves
pinnate;
flowers and fruits on
very
long pendulous peduncles.
6.
Kigelia
3. Leaves
simple or 3-foliolate,
fascicled at the
nodes;
flowers
axillary
or cauline, solitary or fascicled;
fruit
very
large, globose.
"
7. Crescentia
1. JACARANDA Jussieu
Glabrous or somewhat
pubescent
trees with
opposite, bipinnate leaves,
and numerous small leaflets. Flowers blue or purple,
in terminal
panicles.
Calyx small, bell-shaped or shortly tubular,
5-toothed. Corolla-tube
enlarged
above, straight or curved,
the limb somewhat
2-lipped,
5-lobed.
Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs, included,
with a staminode about as long as the
stamens. Disk
thick,
cushion-like.
Ovary sessile,
2-celled. Fruit an oblong,
ovate,
or suborbicular
capsule, loculicidallydehiscent, compressed.
Seeds
compressed,
surrounded
by a hyaline wing. (A
Brazilian
name.)
Species
about
30,
all native of
tropical America,
1 introduced and cultivated
in Manila.
*
1. J. OVALIFOLIA R. Br.
(J. mimosaefolia
D.
Don).
A small or medium-sized
glabrous tree. Leaves
bipinnate,
20 to 25 cm
long; pinnae
7 to 14
pairs,
9 cm
long or less;
leaflets
oblong-rhomboid,
5 to 8
mm long,
the terminal
one larger.
Inflorescence
terminal,
cymose.
Flowers
pale-blueish-purple. Calyx
small. Corolla 5 cm long,
the tube slender and
curved
belov/,
inflated
above,
the limb
2-lipped,one lip 2-lobed,
the other
3-lobed.
purposes,
Singalon,
Cementerio del
Norte, etc.,
fl.
Oct.-May;
of recent introduction
here, a native of
tropical
America.
428
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. OROXYLUM Ventenant
A
glabrous tree, sparingly
branched. Leaves
opposite,
2- to
4-pinnate,
very
large;
leaflets
ovate,
entire. Raceme
erect, terminal,
often
elongated.
Calyx large, bell-shaped,
truncate
or somewhat toothed. Corolla
large,
bell-shaped
or
cylindric,
somewhat
ventricose,purplish,
the lobes
5, subequal.
Stamens 5.
Capsule large,
very
long,compressed parallel
with the
septum,
septicidally
2-valved. Seeds
numerous, thin,
the
surrounding wing
very
thin,
hyaline,
broad
wing. (Greek
"mountain" and
"wood.")
A
monotypic
genus
of the
Indo-Malayan region.
1. O. indicum
(L.)
Vent.
Pincapincahan, Tagbilao (Tag.).
A tree 4 to 12 m
high
with few
or no
branches. Leaves
attaining
1.5
m in
length,
3- or
4-pinnate,
the rachis and branches
jointed,
leaflets numerous,
ovate, acuminate, acute,
or
obtuse,
5 to 15 cm long.
Racemes terminal,
erect
flowering only
at the
apex,
the
peduncle
and rachis 1 to 3
m in
length. Calyx
about 3 cm
long.
Corolla about 6 to 7 cm long,
dark-
purple, fleshy,bell-shaped,unequal,
5-lobed.
Capsule
up
to 1 m long,
8
cm wide,
1 cm thick or
less,flat,slightlycurved, margins
somewhat incurved
or nearly straight,
the valves
woody,
the
septum
thin.
Seeds, including
the
very
thin
wings,
up
to 6 cm
in width.
(Fl.Filip.pi.219,
Calosanthes in-
dica.)
In thickets near
Balintauac,
fl.
July-Nov.,
and
probably
in other
months;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
India to China and
Malaya.
3. T ECO MA Jussieu
Shrubs or small
trees,
sometimes
scandent, glabrous
or
somewhat
pubescent.
Leaves
opposite,simple or simply pinnate,
toothed. Racemes or
panicles
terminal. Flowers
yellow. Calyx tubular-campanulate,
5-toothed.
Corolla-tube
elongated, straight or
incurved,
inflated
upward,
5-lobed.
Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs.
Disk annular.
Ovary
sessile.
Capsule
linear or
elongated, straight
or
curved, compressed, loculicidally
dehiscent. Seeds
many,
the
wings thin,hyaline. (From
the Mexican
name,
tecomaxochitl.)
Species
about
80, mostly
in
tropicalAmerica, a single
introduced one in
the
Philippines.
1. T. STANS
(L.)
Juss.
An
erect, branched, sparingly pubescent
or
nearly glabrous shrub,
2 to
4 m high.
Leaves
opposite,odd-pinnate,
up
to 20 cm
in
length;
leaflets 5 or
7,
lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate,
6 to 13 cm long, long
and
slenderly
acuminate,
base acute or acuminate, margins sharply
serrate. Panicles terminal.
Flowers
racemosely arranged on the few branches.
Calyx
green,
5 mm
long,
5-toothed. Corolla
yellow,
4 to 4.5 cm
long,
tube inflated
upward. Capsules linear,
about 15 cm long,
8 mm wide,
acuminate, compressed.
Occasionally
purposes,
fl.
Nov.-May;
in
some
parts
of the
Philippinesapparently subspontaneous.
America.
4. DOLICHANDRONE
Seemann
Glabrous or
nearly glabrous trees,
with
opposite, 1-pinnate
leaves.
Racemes
terminal,
few-flowered.
Calyx
closed in
bud,
in flower cleft to
the base on one side and
spathe-like.
Corolla-tube
very
long, slender,
narrowly funnel-shaped above,
the limb
spreading,
5-lobed,
the lobes
crisped.
Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs. Capsule elongated,
somewhat curved, cylindric
BIGNONIACEAE
429
or
slightlycompressed, loculicidally
2-valved. Seeds
thin, broadly winged
on both sides.
(Greek "long"
and "a man,"
from the
long flowers and
stamens.)
Species
6 or
7, Madagascar
to
tropicalAsia, Malaya,
and
Australia, a
single one
in the
Philippines.
1. D.
spathacea (L. f.)
K, Sch.
(D.
rheedii
Seem.). Tue
(Tag.),
A
glabrous tree 5 to 15 m high.
Leaves 30 to 40 cm
long, opposite;
leaflets 7 to
9,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate or
ovate-elliptic, slenderly long-
acuminate, base
inequilateral,
7 to 15 cm long.
Racemes
terminal, short,
few-flowered.
Calyx
4 to 5 cm
long, spathe-like,split
down
one side to
the base. Corolla
white,
the tube rather
slender, cylindric,
9 to 11
cm
long, funnel-shaped
or
bell-shapedabove,
the limb 5 to 10 cm in
diameter,
somewhat lobed.
Capsule
30 to 40 cm
long, subcylindricor slightlycompressed,
pointed,
2 to 2.5 cm thick,
the seeds
very numerous, winged,
rectangular. (Fl. Filip.pi. 2U2, Spathodea luzonica.)
Along
tidal
streams, scattered,
fl. most of the
year;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines along
Malaya.
5. SPATHODEA Beauvois
Trees with
ample odd-pinnate
leaves. Flowers
large,
in short terminal
racemes.
Calyx densely tomentose,
at
flowering
time
splitnearly
to the
base on one side, cui-ved,spathe-like.
Corolla red, oblique,
the tube contracted
at the
base, broadly ventricose-campanulate above,
the limb
large,
5-lobed. Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,
inserted near the base of the corolla.
Ovary sessile;
ovules numerous.
Capsule oblong-lanceolate,loculicidally
dehiscent,compressed parallel
to the
septum.
Seeds
compressed,
surrounded
by
a hyaline wing. (Greek "spathe"
and
"resembling,"
from the
spathe-
like
calyx.)
Species
8 in
tropicalAfrica,
1 introduced and cultivated in Manila.
*
1 S. CAMPANULATA Beauv.
A medium-sized tree with
odd-pinnate
leaves and
large
flowers. Leaves
20 to 25 cm
long;
leaflets about
9, elliptic-oblong, slightlyacuminate, the
upper
ones about 10 cm long,
the lower ones smaller. Racemes
axillary,
few-flowered.
Calyx spathe-like,strongly curved, brownish, finelypubescent,
acuminate, splitnearly
to the base on one side. Corolla about 10 cm
long, curved,
the tube narrow below,
above
strongly inflated,
about 7 cm
in diameter,
5-lobed.
purposes,
old Botanic
Garden,
Cementerio del
Nort", etc.,
fl.most of the
year.
A native of
tropical
Africa now
cultivated
in
many
other
tropical
countries.
6. KIGELIA DeCandolle
Spreading
trees with
ample, odd-pinnate,
alternate leaves. Flowers
large,reddish,
in
a lax,
very
long-peduncled, pendent panicle. Calyx large,
coriaceous,
closed in
bud,
in flower 2- to 5-lobed or
contracted at the base, above much
enlarged
and
broadly bell-shaped,
the
limb somewhat 2-lipped,one lip 2-lobed,
the other 3-lobed. Stamens 4,
in
2
pairs, slightly
exserted. Disk
thick,
annular.
Ovary
sessile, 1-celled,
placentae
2. Fi-uit
large,oblong
or cylindric,thick,indehiscent, the
pericarp
fleshy.
Seeds
many,
wingless. (From
the
Mozambique name.)
Species
3 or 4 in
tropical
and
subtropicalAfrica,
in Manila.
430
A FLORA OP MANILA
"
1. K. AFRICANA (Lam.)
Benth.
A wide-spreading
deciduous tree about 10
m high
with
odd-pinnate leaves,
the flowers
paniculate, on
very
long pendulous peduncles.
Leaves alternate.
Leaflets ovate to
elliptic-ovate,
8 to 16 cm long,
acute or obtuse, opposite.
Peduncles
very long. Calyx
2.5 to 3 cm long, unequally
5-toothed or lobed.
Corolla about 10
cm long,
the tube rather slender,
the limb
broadly
bell-
shaped,
somewhat
curved,
5-lobed. Fruit
large, oblong or oblong-cylindric,
indehiscent.
A
single
tree in the old Botanic
Garden,
fl.
May-July.
A -native of west
tropicalAfrica, now
cultivated in
some
other
tropical
countries.
7. CRESCENTIA Linnaeus
Small or
medium sized
glabrous trees,
with
alternate, simple or
3-folio-
late
leaves,solitaiyor
fascicled at the nodes. Flowers
on
the trunk or axillary,
solitary
or fascicled.
Calyx
closed in
bud,
in flower
broadly
2- to
5-lobed. Corolla-tube
broad, bell-shaped,
in front with
a
transverse
fold,
ventricose. Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs. Ovary sessile,1-celled,placentae
2.
Fruit
large, globose, indehiscent,
the
pericarp fleshy, becoming
hardened.
Seeds
many,
imbedded in the
pulp,wingless. (In
honor of P. de
Crescenzi,
an early
Italian
botanist.)
Species
about 5 in Mexico and Central
America,
2 introduced in th6
Philippines.
Leaves simple;
flowers on
the branches 1. C.
cujete
Leaves
3-foliolate;
flowers
on
the trunk 2. C. alata
*
1. C. CUJETE
L. Calabash Tree.
A
glabrous,
much-branched tree 4 to 5
m high.
Leaves
alternate,
often
fascicled at the
nodes, oblanceolate, obtuse, or shortly acuminate,
base
gradually narrowed, subsessile,
5 to 17
cm long,
the
upper
surface
glossy.
Flowers
in
pairs, pedicelled,
about 6 cm long,
with
a
somewhat foetid odor.
Calyx
about 2
cm long, split
into 2 lobes. Corolla
pale-greenish
with faint
purplish lines, inflated,slightly curved,
horizontally
plicateon
the lower
side,
the lobes
5, equal, acuminate,
toothed. Fruit
globose, green
or purplish,
15 to 18 cm
in diameter.
Occasionally cultivated, Singalon,
fl. all the
year.
A
species
of
very
recent
introduction, a
native of
tropical
America.
*2. C. ALATA HBK.
(C.
alata
Blanco). Hoya
cruz (Sp.-Fil.).
A small tree 3 to 6
m high.
Leaves in fascicles at the nodes of the
branches, 3-foliolate,
the
petioles broadly winged, oblanceolate,
about 1 cm
wide, gradually
narrowed to the slender
base,
the leaflets
oblong-ovate, re-
tuse,
base
narrowed, acute, sessile,
3 to 7 cm long,
the middle one often
longer
than the two lateral
ones.
Flowers
solitary,
borne on
the
trunk,
brownish, rank-scented,
sessile or shortly pedicelled. Calyx split
into two
lobes,
about 1.5
cm longer.
Corolla somewhat
campanulate,
about 6
cm
long,
with 5 short
lobes,
the tube
horizontally plicate on one side. Fruit
hard, globose,
Rarely cultivated,
fl.Mar.-
Apr. ;
now
only occasionally
cultivated in the
Philippines.
Introduced from Mexico at an early
date.
432
-^ FLOR-A. OF MANILA
1. RHYNCHOGLOSSUM Blume
Succulent herbs, slightlypubescent or nearly glabrous.
Leaves
alternate,
obliquely elliptic, thin,
base
verj-
unequal-sided, one
side
broadly
rounded
or cordate,
the other
acute,
entire or slightly
sinuate. Racemes
elongated,
slender, many-flowered. Calyx
ovoid or campanulate,
5-lobed. Corolla
blue,
the tube
cylindric,
contracted at the mouth,
the limb
2-lipped,
the
upper lip short, bifid,
the lower
longer,
3-lobed. Stamens
2, perfect,
included;
anthers connivent.
Ovary
ovoid-
Capsule
included in the
calyx,
ellipsoid,
membranaceous, loculicidally2-valved;
seeds
small, numerous.
(Greek
"beak"' and
"throat,"
from the small
upper
lip
of the
corolla.)
Species 3 or 4,
India to
Malaya,
2 or 3 in the
Philippines.
1. R.
obliquum
Blume.
An
erect, branched, annual, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous,
succulent herb 10 to 60 cm high.
Leaves
membranaceous,
4 to 15 cm long,
entire, acute or acuminate, the round side of the base
extending
much
farther
along
the
petiole
than the acute side. Racemes
slender,erect,
5
to 15
long.
Flowers few to
many,
rather distant. Cah-x
green,
about
5 mm long.
Corolla
blue,
the tube
slightlyincurved,
about 1 cm
long.
On wet cliffs
opposite
Fort
McKinley, rare,
fl.
Sept.-Dec.; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines
in
damp ravines, etc. Malaya, a variety
in
India.
128. LEXTIBULARIACEAE (Bladderwort
Family)
Annual, terrestrial or aquatic
herbs, the leaves
whorled, persistent,
pinnately compound,
divided into numerous filiform
segments,
the
segments
usually bearing
small bladders at their
bases, or
in the terrestrial
species
alternate and
disappearing
before
flowering. Scapes erect, the flowers
racemosely arranged, yellow, purplish,
or nearly
white. Flowers
perfect,
irregular,
few.
Calyx
divided into 2 distinct or nearly
distinct
sepals,
often
enlarged
in fruit. Corolla
2-lipped,
base
spurred,
the
upper
lip
entire or
2-lobed,
the lower
larger,
often 3- to 5-lobed. Stamens 2, inserted on the
base of the corolla.
Ovary superior,
1-celled,many-ovuled.
Fruit a
small
2- or 4-valved
capsule.
Genera
5, species
about 250,
in all
parts
of the world, a single
genus
with about 10
species
in the
Philippines.
1. UTRICULARiA Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family
as given
above. (From
the Latin "little
bladder" in allusion to the bladder-bearing leaves.)
1. Aquatic;
leaves whorled, persistent,pinnately
divided into
very
numerous
filiform
segments "
1. U.
flexuosa
1. Terrestrial slender
plants,
leaflets at time of
flowering,
2. Erect
3. Flowers
yellow _ _ _ _
2. U.
bifida
3.
Flowers blue
-" -
3. U. nivea
2.
Twining
:. -
4. U. tenerrima
1. U. flexuosa Vahl
(C. calumpitensis Blanco).
Inata
(Tag.).
A
submerged plant
in fresh
water,
the stems
floating,
branched, much
elongated-
Leaves
whorled,
4 to 7 cm long, pinnately compound,
divided
into
very
numerous filiform segments,
some or most of the segments
with
ACANTHACEAE 433
a small, nearly globose
bladder
near
the base.
Scaps erect,emerging
above
the surface of the
water, 6 to 15 cm long. Flowers few, yellow,racemosely
arranged;
about 12 mm long.
In
ditches,
slow streams of fresh water etc.,
fl.
Feb.-May; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
India and
Ceylon
to southern
China, Malaya,
and Australia.
2. U. bifida L.
A slender erect annual
plant,
the
scapes
6 to 20 cm
high,
the leaves
radical,linear-spathulate,
1
cm long
or
less,usually
absent at time of
flowering.
Flowers
yellow,racemose,
few.
Calyx 2-lobed,
the lobes about
8 mm long,
ovate or obovate, rounded, subequal, accrescent and
enclosing
the
capsule. Corolla, including
the
spur,
6 to 7 mm long,
the
spur
as
long
as the
calyx-lobes,
somewhat cui'ved.
Capsule ovoid,
3 to 4 mm long,
enclosed
by
the
calyx-segments.
In
open
wet
places,
San Lazaro, Masambong, etc.,
fl.
Aug.-Dec. ; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Malaya.
3. U. nivea Vahl.
A
very
slender,erect, glabrous, simple annual,
the leaves evanescent
at time of
flowering,
the
scapes
10 to 25 cm high;
scales of the
scape
2
to 3 mm
long,
about
equally prolonged
above and below the
point
of
attachment, pointed at both
ends, appressed.
Flowers
few, racemo'sely
arranged
on the
upper
part
of the
scape,
the
pedicels
short.
Calyx-lobes
about 2 mm long, broadly ovate, rounded, entire, pale-greenish.
Corolla
pale-purple,including
the
spur
5 to 6 mm
long,
the
upper
lip oblong,
truncate or
obtuse,
about 2.5 mm long,
the lower
lip
much
larger,entire,
strongly recurved, rounded,
with-
a yellow spot
at the
geniculation,more
than one-half as
long
as the
spur.
Capsule ovoid,
2 mm long.
In
open
wet
grass
lands.
La Loma
etc.,rare;
fl. Oct.-Dec.
;
India and
Ceylon
to southern China and
Malaya.
4. U. tenerrima Merr.
A
very
slender, twining, glabi'ous,
annual
plant,
leafless at time of
flowering,
3 to 15 cm
high,
the scales on
the
scape
few, basifixed,ovate,
concave,
about 1 mm long.
Flowers blue, scattered,shortly pedicelled.
Sepals
green,
ovate,
about 2.5 mm
long,
in fruit
up
to 4.5 mm long. Upper
lip
of the corolla about 3 mm
long,
the
apical part oblong, obtuse, the
lower
lip reflexed,entire,
about 3 mm long
and 3 mm wide
(spread),
the
spur
about 2 mm
long. Capsule ovoid,slightlycompressed,
2.5 mm long.
In
open
wet
grass
lands, near La
Loma, twining
on
grasses
and other
plants,
fl.
Aug.-Sept.
Known in the
Philippinesonly
from the
vicinity
of
Manila. India.
129. ACANTHACEAE
(Acanthus
or Diliuario Family)
Herbs or shrubs, erect, scandent, or prostrate.
Leaves
opposite,
entire
or
somewhat
lobed, exstipulate.
Flowers bracteate and 2-bracteolate, or
these sometimes
wanting, variously paniculate,racemose,
or spicate,rarely
solitary. Calyx 5-partite,
or
(in Thunbergia) small,
or reduced to a mere
ring.
Corolla
2-lipped,
or
subequally 5-lobed,
the lobes imbricated or
twisted in bud. Stamens 4 or 2,
inserted on
the
corolla-tube;
anthers 2-
or 1-celled,
cells sometimes remote.
Ovary superior,2-celled;
ovules 1 or
more in each cell. Fruit a loculicidal
capsule,
the valves often
recurved,
carrying
the seeds on the
half-septa.
Seeds
(except
in
Thunbergia) hard,
111565 " 28
434
A FLORA OF MANILA
seated
on upcurved supports (retinacula)
,
ovoid
or compressed,
testa smooth
or
rugose;
albumen
none;
radicle next to the hilum.
Genera 204, species
about 2,000
in
tropical
and
warm-temperate regions,
25
genera
and about 100
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Perfect stamens
2,
staminodes or much-reduced
imperfect
stamens often
present.
2. Herbs.
3. Flowers in
axillary
clusters 1.
Dicliptera
3. Flowers in
spikes.
4.
Erect,
the
spikes on elongated,rigidpeduncles
2.
Elytraria
4. Prostrate or
spreading; spikes
sessile 3. Justicia
2. ShruTas
or
undershrubs.
3. Corolla
narrowly funnel-shaped 4. Barleria
3. Corolla
tubular, salver-shaped,or 2-lipped.
4. Corolla
salver-shaped,subequally
5-lobed
or obscurely 2-lipped.
5. Shrubs -with
purple or variegated leaves;
corolla lobes with
scatered,small, purplish spots
5. Odontonema
5. Undershrubs with
green
leaves;
lower corolla-lobe with a large
purple spot
6. P sender anthemuin.
4. Corolla
distinctly2-lipped.
5. One anther-cell below the
other,
tailed at the base.... 3. Justicia
5. One anther-cell somewhat below the
other,
rounded
or
acute
at the
base,
the
upper
lip
of the corolla small and twisted.
7. Rhinacanthus
5. Anther cells at an equal or nearly equal height,
not tailed
;
leaves
brownish-purple or variegated.-
8.
Graptophyllum
1. Perfect stamens 4,
in two
pairs.
2. Seeds not
supported by
curved bodies.
3. Vines or shrubs with
showy,
medium or large flowers;
seeds 2
or
4.
9.
Thunbergia
3. A small erect herb with small flowers and
numerous seeds.
10.
Staurogyne
2. Seeds
supported
on curved,
hard bodies
(retinacula).
3.
Upper corolla-lipobsolete,
the lower
one broad;
shrubs with
spiny
leaves 11. Acanthus
3. Corolla
2-lippedor
5-lobed;
herbs with
spineless
leaves.
4.
Capsule
2- or 4-seeded;
flowers in
dense, spike-like
heads.
12.
Lepidagathis
4.
Capsule
with more than 4 seeds.
5. Flowers
axillary,solitary
or fascicled.
6.
Capsule oblong
to
linear, seed-bearing throughout;
flowers
fascicled 13.
Hygrophila
6.
Capsule clavate,
base
narrowed, seed-bearing
above
only;
flowers
solitary
14. Ruellia
spikes.
6.
Capsules
linear to linear-oblong;
leaves
usually
toothed or
crenate
15.
Hemigraphis
6,
Capsules
ovate to orbicular;
the bracts
large, foliaceous,
spreading,arranged
in 2
ranks;
leaves entire....16. Blechum
1. DICLIPTERA Jussieu
Erect branched herbs. Leaves
ovate,
entire. Flowers in
axillary
clusters,
the bracts
opposite,unequal, larger
than the
calyx.
Flowers
sessile.
ACANTHACEAE
435
in
pairs, one often much
reduced,
the bracteoles
as long as
the
calyx.
Calyx-limb 5-parted,
the
segments equal,
linear-lanceolate. Corolla
pink,
the tube
slender,
the limb
deeply 2-lipped,
the
upper
lip
entire
or emarginate,
the lower
3-lobed,
recurved. Stamens
2;
anthers
2-celled,
the cells
blunt,
superposed. Ovary
4-ovuled.
Capsule
clavate.
(Greek, referring
to the
2 bracts
concealing calyx.)
Species
about 60 in the
tropics
of both
hemispheres,
1. D. leonotis Dalz.
An erect or spreading, branched,
somewhat
hairy
herb about 0.5 m
high.
Leaves ovate to
elliptic-ovate, sharply acuminate,
3 to 8 cm long,
glabrous or with few hairs. Flowers in rather dense
axillary
whorls.
Bracts
green,
lanceolate,
narrowed
below,
10 to 12 mm
long,
clothed with
spreading
white
hairs,slenderly
and
sharply long-acuminate. Calyx
about
5 mm
long.
Corolla
pink,
about 1 cm
long.
Near San Pedro
Macati, rare,
fl.
Jan.,
and
probably
in other
months;
of
very
local
occurrence
in the
Philippines.
India.
2. ELYTRARIA Vahl
Low, simple or branched, erect
herbs,
the leaves all basal or somewhat
crowded near the ends of the stems or branches. Flowers
small,
white
or
purplish,sessile,solitary
in the axils of the
bracts,arranged
in
cylindric,
slender
spikes,
the
peduncles axillary,solitary,bearing
from 1 to several
spikes
at their
apices,
covered with
appressed, small,
green
bracts.
Calyx
4-parted,
the lobes
unequal,
acuminate. Corolla-tube
cylindric,slender,
the
limb
2-lipped.
Stamens
2,
inserted near the
throat, included, capsule
oblong-linear,
contracted at the base. Seeds
small,
few.
(Greek "covering,"
in allusion to the scale-like
bracts.)
Species 3 or
4, or according
to some
authors
'15,
in
tropical
and sub-
temperate America, some
introduced in other
tropical countries,a single
one
in the
Philippines.
1. E.
TRIDENTATA Vahl.
An
erect, simple or branched, glabrous or
slightlypubescent herb,
15
to 40 cm
high.
Leaves
oblanceolate,usually
the ends of the stems or
branches,
6 to 11 cm
long,
acute or acuminate,
slightly
toothed.
Spikes
2 to 6 cm long, solitaryor several at the ends of
the
elongated peduncles,
the
peduncles slender,stiff,axillary,
covered with
appressed, lanceolate,acuminate,
bracts. Bracts
subtending
the flowers
acuminate, imbricate, 3-toothed,
about 4 mm long,
their
margins
lanate.
Corolla
pink, slender,
about 2.5 mm long.
In
dry
open
places,
fl.
Sept.-March; apparently
of local
occurence
in
the
Philippines,
but
thoroughly
naturalized. A
native of
tropicalAmerica,
but
reported
from no other
part
of the Orient.
3. JUSTICIA Linnaeus
Herbs or shrubs with entire leaves and
usually
small flowers in rather
dense terminal or
axillary spikes,
the bracts
large or small,
bracteoles
linear or wanting. Calyx
4-
or 5-parted,
the lobes narrow.
Corolla-tube
usually short,
the limb
spreading, 2-lipped,
lower
lip
3-lobed or nearly
entire. Stamens
2;
filaments
hairy near the base.
Ovary 4-ovuled; style
436
A FLORA OF MANILA
filiform.
Capsule
ovoid or ellipsoid,4-seeded from the
base, or base
narrowed and seedless.
(In
honor of J.
Justice,a Scotch
horticulturist.)
Species
about 250 in all
tropicalcountries,
6 or 7 in the
Philippines.
An erect shrub 1. J.
gendarussa
A
slender, prostrate or spreading
herb 2. J.
procumhens
1. J.
gendarussa
L.
An
shi'ub 0.8 to 1.5 m high.
Leaves
lanceolate,
acuminate,
terminal and in the
upper
axils,
4 to
12 cm long,
the flowers
clustered,
the lower cluster often distant.
Calyx-
teeth
linear,
about 3 mm long.
Corolla 1.5
cm long,
white
or pink
with
purple spots. Capsule
about 12 mm long, glabrous,
clavate.
(Fl. Filip.
pi. 80,
Dianthera
subserrata.)
In
open
waste
places, hedges etc.,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.,
and
probably
in other
months; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,certainly indigenous.
India
to China and
Malaya, often, perhaps,
cultivated
only,
2. J.
procumbens
L.
A
slender,
often
tufted,
prostrate
or ascending,
branched
annual,
the
stems 10 to 40 cm long, slightlystrigoseor nearly glabrous.
Leaves
elliptic
to
oblong-ovate, petioled,
1 to 2 cm long,
obtuse.
Spikes terminal,
1 to 5
cm long,
about 5 mm
in
diameter,
rather dense. Flowêrs
pink,
6 to 7 mm
long,
the bracts and
calyx-teeth
green,
linear-lanceolate,
hirsute.
Capsule
slightlj' pubescent,
about 4 mm long.
In
grass
lands, Masambong,
fl.
Aug.-Sept.
; widely
distributed in the
to Australia.
4. BARLERIA Linnaeus
Herbs or small
shrubs, spiny or not. Leaves
opposite,
entire. Flowers
rather
large, yellow, purplish, or white, solitary or spicate. Sepals 4,
in
opposite pairs,
the outer
pair
much the
larger,
the anterior one often
emarginate, bifid,or 2-lobed. Corolla-tube
elongated, enlarged upward,
the lobes
5, sub-equal.
Perfect stamens
2,
2 or 3,
very
small, rudimentary
ones also
present.
Disk
large. Ovary
with 4
ovules; style long, shortly
bifid or subentire.
Capsule
ovoid or oblong,
2- or 4-seeded below the middle.
(In
honor of J.
Barrelier,a
French
botanist.)
Species
about
60, mostly
in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
3 introduced in
the
Philippines,
1.
Spiny plants
with
yellow
flowers.
2. Leaves
linear-lanceolate;
flowers in dense
cone-like,cylindricspikes.
1. B.
lupulina
2, Leaves
elliptic
to
elliptic-ovate
2. B.
prionitis
1.
Spineless;
flowers white and violet 3. B. cristata
*1. R. LUPULINA Lindl,
A
spreading, branched, shrubby plant
1 to 1.5 m high,
branches purplish,
armed at the nodes with
slender,
1 to 2 cm long spines.
Leaves lanceolate
to
linear-lanceolate,
acute or apiculate-acuminate,
4 to 12 cm long,
the
midrib
usually
reddish or yellowish.
Inflorescence a terminal, cylindric,
cone-like
spike,
5 to 7 cm long,
about 2 cm thick,
the bracts ovate,
imbricate
1.5 to 2 cm
long, persistent.
Corolla
yellow,
4 cm long.
ACANTHACEAE
437
Cementerio del Norte, etc.,
fl. Jan.-March. A
native of
Mauritius,
cultivated and
spontaneous
in
many
other
tropical
countries,
and of
very
2. B.
PRioNiTis L.
Colinta,
Culanta
(Tag.).
An
erect, glabrous,
branched shrub 1 to 2 m high,
with
slender, axillary
spines.
Leaves
elliptic
to elliptic-ovate,
narrowed at both
ends, acuminate,
6 to 12
cm long.
Flowers
yellow, axillary,
the
upper
ones
in
spikes,
the
bracts and
calyx
green,
the outer bract
usually
foliaceous. Corolla about 4
cm long (Fl. Filip.pi.21J,.)
In
thickets,Masambong, Pasay etc.,
fl.
Oct.-Apr. ;
of local
occurrence
in
the
of
prehistoric
introduction.
Tropical
Asia and
Africa.
*3. B. CRISTATA
L. Violetas
(Sp.-Fil.).
An
erect, unarmed,
much-branched shrub 1 to 3 m high,
the branches
sparingly pubescent.
Leaves
oblong
to
elliptic,acute,
4 to 10 cm long,
somewhat
pubescent
beneath. Flowers in the
upper
axils and terminal,
solitary
or in
pairs,
the bracteoles linear. Outer 2
sepals green,
ovate-
lanceolate,nearly
2 cm long, persistent,
laciniate-toothed. Corolla 6 to 7
cm long,
the tube
slender, winged above,
the limb 4 to 5 cm
in
diameter,
violet or nearly white, or
streaked with violet and white.
(F. Filip.pi.2H.)
Commonly cultivated,especialy as a hedge plant,
fl. all the
year.
A
native of
India, now
cultivated in
many
tropical
countries.
5. ODONTONEMA Nees
Erect shrubs with colored or variegated foliage,glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves
opposite,
entire. Inflorescence terminal and
axillary,
of
racemosely
or spicately arranged
fascicles or reduced
cymes,
small.
Calyx short,
somewhat
5-parted.
Corolla-tube
elongated, straight
or nearly so,
slightlyenlarged above,
the limb
spreading,
somewhat
2-lipped,
the
posterior
lobe
2-fid,
the anterior one 3-fid. Stamens
2,
inserted above
the middle of the
corolla-tube,included;
staminodes
usually present. Style
filiform;
Capsule oblong,
base contracted into a long
stipe. (From
Greek "tooth" and
"thread,"
in allusion to the
staminodes.)
Species
about 30 in
tropicalAmerica,
Philippines.
*1. O. NITIDUM
(Jacq.)
0. Kuntze.
An
Leaves
pale-green
variegated
with
white, or nearly uniformly dark-purplish,
entire
or
obscurely
undulate-lobed, oblong-ovate,
acute or acuminate at both
ends,
6 to
20 cm long.
Inflorescence terminal and in the
upper
axils,
green
or purple,
narrow,
8 to 16 cm long,
the flowers fascicled or
in
reduced, spicately
arranged
cymes.
Corolla
purple
or nearly white,
the throat and basal
parts
of the lobes blotched and
spoted
with
purple,
the tube 12 to 15
mm
long,
the limb 1.5 to 2
cm
in diameter.
Commonly
cultivated for its ornamental
foliage,
both the
purple-leaved
form and the
pale-green
and white one
frequent,
fl. all the
year,
but
apparently
producing
no fruits here.
A native of
tropical America,
its time
of introduction here
uncertain,
but
probably comparatively
recent.
438
A FLORA OP MANILA
6. PSEUDERANTHEMUM Radlkofer
Erect herbs or undershrubs,
the leaves entire
or coarsely
toothed. In- florescence
spicate,
racemose,
or
cymose,
axillaryor terminal, few-flowered,
the flowers 1 to 3 in the axils of
small,
linear bracts.
Calyx
lobes
5, narrow.
Corolla-tube
long, slender, cylindric,
the limb somewhat
1-lipped,
lobes
5,
spreading, subequal, or the 2
posterior ones somewhat smaller than the
others. Stamens
2,
inserted
on the
tube;
staminodes 2. Ovules 2 in each
cell.
Capsule long-stalked.
Seeds 4 or less.
(Greek
"false" and Eran-
themum, an allied
genus.)
Species
about 60 in all
tropicalcountries,
1 or 2 in the
Philippines.
1.
P. pulchellum (Hort.)
Merr.
(P.
bicolor
Radlk.;
Eranthemum bicolor
Schrank).
Cinco
llagas (Sp.-Fil.).
An
erect, branched,
rather slender undershrub or suffrutescent
plant
usually
about 1 m high, nearly glabrous or somewhat
pubescent.
Leaves
thin, elliptic-ovate
to
oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
5 to 12 cm long,
the
upper
ones often much
reduced,
acute or acuminate,
base decurrent.
Peduncles
axillary,longer
than the
petioles,bearing near their
apices
1
to 3
or more racemose or
cymose
flowers.
Calyx
green,
5 to 7 mm long,
the teeth
elongated
linear. Corolla
white,
middle lobe of the lower
lip
with a
large purple spot
at the
base,
the tube
slender,
2.5 to 3 cm long,
the lobes
spreading, elliptic
to
elliptic-oblong,
about 1.2 cm long. Capsule
pubescent,
2 cm long,
stalked.
(Fl. Filip.pi.9,
Justicia
gendarussa.)
In
dry thickets,Masambong, near Fort
McKinley, etc.,
fl.
Oct.-Apr.;
widely
distributed in the
7. RHINACANTHUS Nees
Erect branched shrubs with entire leaves. Inflorescence
terminal,
of
divaricate
panicled
cymes,
solitaryor
in
groups
of
2 or 3, sessile,
linear-lanceolate,
small.
Calyx
small,
5-lobed or -partite,
the
segments
linear-lanceolate. Corolla
white,
the tube
long, slender,
the limb
spreading, 2-lipped,
the
upper
lip small,
lanceolate,
entire or 2-toothed,
curved
or twisted,
the lower
broad,
3-lobed.
Stamens
2,
inserted
near
the
top
of the corolla-tube.
Capsule clavate,
4-seeded, long-stalked. (Greek
"nose" and
Acanthus,
another
genus
of
this
family.)
Species4, tropical
Asia and
Africa, a single one
in the
Philippines.
"
1. R. NASUTA
(L.)
Kurz.
{R.
communis
Nees).
Cinco
llagas na puti,
Sili-
silihan,Tagac-tagac
(Tag.).
A
slender, erect, branched,
somewhat
pubescent
Leaves
oblong,
narrowed at both
ends,
obtuse
or acute,
4 to 10 cm long.
Inflorescence a spreading, leafy, pubescent panicle,
the flowers
usually
clustered.
Calyx
green,
pubescent,
5 mm long.
Corolla-tube
slender,cylindric,
greenish,
2 cm long,
the
upper
lipwhite, erect, oblong or lanceolate,
2-
toothed at the
apex,
about 3 mm wide, long,
the lower
lip broadly obovate,
11 to 13 mm long,
and
wide, 3-lobed,white,
with few minute brownish dots
near
the base.
(Fl. Filip.pi.10.)
Common in thickets and
hedges,
fl. Dec-March; certainly an
introduced
plant
in the
Philippines,although now widely
distributed in and about towns.
India to
Madagascar
and
Malaya,
but frequently only
cultivated.
440
A FLORA OF MANILA
nearly
white outside, the
upper
surface of the lobes
pale-blue-purple,
the
tube constricted above the
ovary,
then
expanded,
the limb 8
cm broad,
spreading.
Filaments widened
below;
anthers bearded.
(Fl. Filip. pi.
229.)
Commonly
cultivated in Manila and in
many
of the
larger towns of the
Archipelago,
fl.
throughout
the
year,
but
apparently producing no seeds in
our area.
A native of
India,now cultivated in
many tropical
and
subtropical
countries.
2. T. ALATA Bojer.
A
slender,
herbaceous
vine,more or less
pubescent.
Leaves
ovate-cordate,
acute,
4 to 10 cm long,
the
petiolesprominently winged,
1 to 7 cm long.
Flowers
axillary, solitary,peduncled,
the bracteoles
ovate,
green,
2
cm long,
somewhat keeled in the lower one-half. Corolla
pale-yellow
with
a
whitish
center, or darker-yellow
and with
a dark-purple center,
the limb 3 to 4 cm
in diameter.
Capsule depressed-globose,
about 8
mm thick,
the beak
stout,
about 1
cm long.
In
fl.Oct.-Dec.
;
local in
Luzon,
and of recent introduction,
but
thoroughly
Africa, now found in
India and
Malaya.
3. T.
fragrans
Roxb.
A
slender,glabrous or nearly glabrous,
herbaceous vine
reaching a height
of 2 to 3
m or more. Leaves 5 to 10 cm long,oblong-ovate
to
oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate,
base
rounded, cordate,or hastate,
sometimes
toothed,
the
basal lobes if
any,
acute. Flowers
axillary,solitary,pedicelled.
Bracteoles
green
1.5 to 2 cm long. Calyx short,
toothed. Corolla
white,
3 to 4
cm long,
the tube slender.
Capsule
2 to 2.5
cm long, glabrous,shining.
In thickets
Pasay,
fl.most of the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
India to northern Australia.
*4. T. ERECTA (Benth.)
And.
An
with
slender,4-angled
stems. Leaves ovate to
elliptic-ovate,
1 to 3.5 cm
long,
entire
or slightly
angular-lobed,
acute or acuminate. Flowers
axillary,solitary,
the bracts
green,
1 cm long.
Corolla-tube about 5 cm long, white,
slender and constricted
below,
inflated and about 1 cm in diameter
above,
the lobes
spreading,
white or deep violet-purple,
the limb 3 to 4 cm
in diameter.
Somewhat
cultivated,
fl. all the
year.
A native of
tropical Africa,
of
very
recent introduction in the
Philippines.
10. STAUROGYNE Wallich
Erect herbs with
opposite
leaves which are entire or
nearly
so. Inflores- cence
of terminal or axillaryspikesor
racemes,
dense or lax,
the bracts leaf- like,
or small and
inconspicuous,
the bracteoles 2 near the base of the
calyx,
smaller than the bracts.
Sepals 5, oblong
to
linear,
one
larger
than the
other, or subequal.
Corolla-tube
cylindric,
the lobes
5, spreading,
short.
Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,
the filaments
hairy;
anther-cells
spreading.
Ovules
very many. Capsule oblong,
not
stalked,bearing
seeds from the base to the
apex.
Seeds numerous
in each
cell,
seated
on minute
papillae. (Greek
"cross" and "woman" in reference to the bifid
plateson the
stigmas
of some
species.)
Species
45
or
50 in
tropicalAsia, Malaya, Australia,
and
Brazil,
2
or 3
in the
Philippines.
ACANTHACEAE
441
1. S. rivularis Merr.
A
slender,
erect
plant
10 to 30
cm hiprh,usually
branched from the
base,
the
younger parts glandular-pubescent.
Stems
brownish-purple.
Leaves
subsessile,
narrowly
obovate to
oblanceolate,
2 to 6 cm long, acute or obtuse,
base
narrowed, margins
entire or obscurely crenate-undulate. Flowers
axillary
and in terminal
spikes
or
spike-like
racemes,
the
bracts,
bracteoles
and
sepals
green,
the bracts
narrowly oblong-obovate,
the bracteoles lanceolate,
one calyx-lobe
much broader than the other four. Corolla 7 to 9 mm
long, cylindric,pale-purple
with darker lines.
Capsule oblong,
5 mm long,
2-celled,many-seeded,
not stalked.
On
ledges along
small
streams, Masambong,
fl. Nov.-Feb. A
species
known
only
from this
locality.
11. ACANTHUS Linnaeus
Erect
or ascending shrubby plants.
Leaves
sinuous, sharply toothed,
often
spiny. Spikes terminal,
dense or
interrupted;
bracts
ovate,
rather
large,
the bracteoles similar but smaller. Flowers
subsessile,
blue or white.
Sepals 4,
2 outer
opposite,
2 inner
opposite,
smaller. Corolla-tube
short,
ovoid, the
upper
lip obsolete,
the lower one
large, broad, shortly
3-lobed
or 3-toothed. Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,
shorter than the
lip;
filaments
short,
stout,
curved below the
anther;
anthers
oblong, 1-cellied,
bearded.
Ovary
4-ovuled; style shortly
2-fid. Fruit an
ellipsoid,compressed, shining,
4-
seeded
capsule.
Seeds
compressed,
orbicular.
(Greek "spiny,"
in reference
to the
spiny
leaves of some species.)
Species
about 20, warm-temperate
and
tropicalparts
of the Old
World,
a
singlespecies
in the
Philippines.
1. A. ilicifolius L.
Diliuario,
Doloariu
(Tag.).
An erect or
ascending,slightly
branched shrub 0.5 to 1.5 m high,
the stems
round, greenish,
with a pair
of
short,sharp spines
at the base of each
petiole.
Leaves
rigid,coriaceous,
green
and
shining, oblong
to
oblong-lanceolate,
9 to 14 cm long, sinuate-toothed,
the teeth
spinous; petioles
1
cm
long
or less.
Spikes terminal,
dense or interrupted,solitary.
Flowers about
4 cm long,
each subtended
by
an ovate,
green,
closelyappressed
bract 7 to 8
mm long,
and 2 similar but smaller bracteoles.
Calyx
green,
10 to 12 mm
long.
Corolla-tube 1 cm
long,
the lower
lippale-blue,spreading or recurved,
about 3 cm
long,
2.5 cm vade, pubescent
within.
Capsule
2 to 2.5
cm long.
(Fl.Filip.pi 153.)
In low wet lands near the
sea,
subject
to the influence of salt
water;
throughout
the
Philippinesalong
tidal
streams,
etc.
India,through Malaya
to Australia.
12. LEPIDAGATHIS Willdenow
Herbs, glabrous
or
pubescent,
erect or spreading.
Flowers
small,
in terminal
or lateral often fascicled heads or dense
spikes.
Bracts
usually larger
than the
calyx-segments
and similar to
them,
bracteoles narrower. Calyx
5-lobed,
the 2 anterior lobes
more or less connate. Corolla small, tubular,
inflated
above, 2-lipped.
Stamens 4,
in 2
pairs. Capsule
2- or 4-seedei
(Greek
"scale" and a "ball of
string,"
in allusipn to the crowded bracteate
flowers.)
Species
50 or
more, chiefly
in the
tropics
of the Old World,
about 15 in the
Philippines.
442
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. L. secunda (Blanco)
Nees.
An erect or
spreading,slender,slightlypubescent
ovate to ovate-lanceolate,acuminate,
in
pairs, one
of each pair long-petioled. Spikes ovoid, dense, solitaryor fascicled,
1
cm
long
or less, many-flowered.
Bracts and
calyx-lobes
green,
acuminate.
Corolla
pink-purple,
about 6 mm long.
In
open
dry places.
La Loma to San Pedro
Macati,
fl.
Jan.-Apr.;
of local
occurrence
in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
13. HYGROPHILA R. Brown
Herbs with lanceolate to
obovate, entire, opposite leaves,
the flowers
sessile,axillary,fasciculate,
the bracts
elliptic
to
lanceolate,
the bracteoles
shorter than the
calyx. Calyx tubular,
5-fid. Corolla
pale-blueor purplish,
the tube
enlarged above, 2-lipped, straight.
Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,
the
posterior ones
similar to the
others,
or shorter,
or rudimentary. Ovary
oblong. Capsule oblong
to
linear, seed-bearing throughout.
Seeds
very
numerous. (Greek
"moist" and "to love" in reference to most
species
growing
in
swampy
places.)
Species
about
30,
in most
tropical
and
3
or
4 in
the
Philippines.
Erect, branched, nearly glabrous;
leaves
mostly oblong
to lanceolate.
1. H.
angustifolia
Spreading,
rather
densely hairy;
leaves obovate to
oblong-obovate.
2. H.
phlomoides
1. H. angustifolia
R. Br.
An
erect,
rather
stout,
branched herb 0.5 to 1 m high, glabrous
or nearly
so.
Leaves
oblong
to lanceolate or even somewhat
oblong-obovate,
3 to 10
cm long, margins slightly
ciliate. Flowers in rather dense
axillary
whorls.
Calyx
green,
cylindric,
8 mm long,
the lobes
5,
lanceolate. Corolla
pale-
purplish,
1.5 cm long,
inflated
upward, 2-lipped.
Fertile stamens 4.
Cap- sules
cylindric,glabrous,
about 1.5 cm long,
2 mm in
diameter,
a little
longer
than the accrescent
calyx. (Fl. Filip.pi. 363.)
In
open
wet
grass
lands,
fl. Nov.-
Apr.; widely
Tropical Asia, Malaya,
and Australia.
2. H.
phlomoides (Wall.)
Nees var. roxburghii
C. B. Clarke.
A decumbent or spreading, hairy,
more or less branched
plant,
20 to
50 cm long,
the
flowering
branches
ascending.
Leaves obovate to
narrowly
oblong-obovate,
1.5 to 4.5 cm long,
obtuse. Flowers
fascicled.
Calyx
green,
about 8 mm long,
divided one-third to one-half
way
down into
5, lanceolate,
acuminate teeth. Corolla
pale-purplish,
about
2 cm long. Capsules hairy, oblong-cylindric,
10 to 12 mm long.
In
open
damp places,
old rice
paddies etc.,
fl.
Nov.-March; widely
distributed
in Luzon. India.
14. RUELLIA Linnaeus
Herbs with
opposite
entire leaves. Flowers sessile,axillary, solitary,
the bracteoles
large, longer
than the
calyx,
bracts none. Calyx 5-fid,
the
teeth
very
narrow. Corolla
tubular, enlarged
and ventricose above,
the
limb somewhat
oblique,
lobes
subequal.
Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs. Ovary gla-
ACANTHACEAE
443
brous, ovules 3 to 10 in each cell.
Capsule clavate,
base
narrowed, solid,
cylindric,seed-bearing above. Seeds 6 or
more. (In
honor of J. Ruellie
or
Ruel, a French
botanist.)
Species
about
200,
in all warm regions,
2 or 3 in the
Philippines.
1.
R.
repens
L.
A
slender,spreading or ascending, branched,
somewhat
hairy or nearly
glabrous herb 20 to 50 cm in
length.
Leaves lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate,
2 to 5 cm
long,
with
few, scattered,strigose
hairs. Bracteoles
leaf-like,oblong
to
spatulate,
1 to 1.5 cm
long. Calyx
about 5 mm
long,
the lobes linear. Corolla white
or
very pale-blue,
1.2 to 1.5 cm long,slightly
hairy externally. Capsule hairy or nearly glabrous,
about 1
cm long.
In
open
places
and borders of
thickets,Caloocan, Pasay, etc.,
fl.
June-Dec;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Siam to China and
Malaya.
15. HEMIGRAPHIS Nees
Erect
or
prostrate
herbs with
opposite,
toothed or entire leaves. Flowers
in terminal
spikes,
the bracts
large, imbricate,
each
usually
with but 1
flower,the bracteoles small and narrow or none. Calyx 5-partite.
Corolla
tubular, cylindricbelow,
swollen
above, pale-blue or purplish,
the lobes 5.
Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,
included.
Capsule
linear to
linear-oblong,
4- to
20-seeded.
(Greek
"half" and
"stylus.")
Species
about
30,
India to
Japan
and
Malaya,
Plant
purple,
cultivated
only;
leaves
ovate;
corolla about 1.8 cm long.
1. H. colorata
Plant
green;
leaves
elliptic-oblong;
corolla about 12
mm long..
2. H.
reptans
*1. H. COLORATA
(Bl.)
Hallier f.
A
spreading or
ascending, simple or sparingly branched, nearly glabrous
herb,
the stems
prostrate
and
rooting
at the lower
nodes,
all
parts
of the
plant purple or purplish,
the lower surfaces of the leaves
uniformly
so.
Leaves
ovate,
4 to 9 cm long, crenate,
base
broad, cordate,
apex
acute
or blunt,
the
petioles
up
to 6 cm in
length. Spikes
terminal or in the
upper
axils,peduncled,
2 to 3.5 cm
long,
the bracts
oblong
to
lanceolate,
dark-purple,
1 to 1.5 cm long. Calyx
8 to 10
mm long, purple,
the lobes
5, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate. Corolla
white,
with
few, slender,purplish
lines,
about 1.8 cm long,
the tube slender
below,
much inflated above.
Frequently
cultivated
as a border
plant,
fl. all the
year.
A native of
Malaya,
only.
2. H.
reptans (Forst.)
T.
And., var.
primulifolia (Nees)
Hallier f.
A
spreading herb,
the stems somewhat
pubescent,
rather
slender,
often
rooting
at the
nodes,
the
flowering
branches erect or ascending,
6 to 15
cm high.
Leaves
elliptic-oblongto
ovate-oblong,
4 to 8 cm
long,
obtuse
or
rounded,
base
cordate,margins crenate,
somewhat
pale on
the lower surface.
Spikes terminal,
1
^
3 cm long,
the bracts
green,
persistent, oblong-
oblanceolate or spatulate,
8 to 16 mm long.
Flowers 1 or sometimes 2 in
the axil of each bract.
Calyx
green,
deeply
cleft into 5
narrowly
lanceolate
lobes. Corolla 10 to 12
mm long, pale-straw-colored or white,
with faint
purplish lines,
the tube slender
below, enlarged above,
the limb about 7
mm
in diameter.
Capsule
7 to 8 mm
long.
444
A FLORA OF MANILA
On
ledges
along
small streams, Masambong,
and in
gardens, Singalon,
fl.
Nov.-Dec; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
An endemic form
of the
Malayan
H.
reptans
T. And.
16. BLECHUM P. Browne
Branched
herbs, glabrous
or
haiiy,
with entire leaves. Flowers small,
solitary
or in
pairs
in the axils of
large
foliaceous
bracts, arranged
in
dense terminal
spikes. Calyx 5-parted,
the
segments
narrow. GoroUa-tube
slender,straightor
curved,
somewhat
enlarged above,
the limb of
5, spreading,
subequal
lobes. Stamens
4,
in 2
pairs,
inserted above the middle of the
corolla-tube. Ovules 3 to
many
in each cell.
Capsules
ovate to
orbicular,
base
shortly
contracted. Seeds
usually
many.
Species.
4 or more
in
tropicalAmerica,
1 introduced in the
Philippines
and in
some
other
tropical
countries.
1. B.
BROWNEI
JUSS.
An erect or
ascending herb,
the stems often
prostrate
and
rooting
below,
20 to 50 cm
high, sparingly hairy
or
nearly glabrous.
Leaves
thin,
ovate,
5 to 10 cm
long,
entire or nearly so, acute,
base decurrent-acuminate.
Inflorescence
terminal, spike-like,
the flowers
mostly
in
pairs,
each
pair
subtended
by a leaf-like, ovate, persistent,
1 to 1.5
cm long
bract and two
smaller bracteoles. Flowers
small,
white.
Calyx
4 to 5 mm long, hairy,
5-lobed,
the lobes linear. Corolla
white, tubular, hairy, slightlycurved,
about 1.3 cm long, slightly
exserted from the bracts.
Capsule ovoid,
acuminate,
somewhat
compressed,
about 6 mm
long.
In waste
places,roadsides,etc.,common,
fl.all the
year;
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
A native of
tropical America, now naturalized
in the
Philippines,Formosa,
Marianne
Islands,
etc.
130. PLANTAGINACEAE
(Plantain Family)
Herbs with
usually
radical
leaves,
the flowers
small, greenish,
often
dimorphous,
in
spicate
scapes.
Sepals 4,
imbricate in
bud, persistent.
Co- rolla
hypogynous, salver-slaped,scarious,
the lobes
4,
imbricate in bud.
Stamens 4, on the
corolla-tube;
filaments
slender,
inflexed in
bud, persistent;
anthers
large, pendulous,
versatile.
Ovary free,
2- to
4-celled;style
filiform,
with 2 lines of
stigmatic hairs;
ovules
solitary
and
basal,
or several.
Fruit
a
1- to 4-celled
capsule, circumsciss,thin,
with 1 or more
seeds.
Seeds
small,usually peltate,
testa
thin,
albumen
fleshy;embryo cylindric,
transverse.
Genera 3, species
over 200, represented
in the
Philippines only by
the
following
introduced
genus
and
species.
PLANTAGO Linnaeus
Characters of the
Family as given
above.
(The
Latin
name.)
1. P. MAJOR L. Lantin
(Sp.-Fil.,corruption
of
Sp. llanten);
Plantain.
A
perennial herb,
the leaves all
radical,petioled,
entire or obscurely
toothed,oblong or oblong-ovate,
5 to 10 cm long,
about 5-nerved,
the
petiole
often as long as the leaf-blade.
Spikes
6 to 12 cm long,erect, slender, the
flovv'ers
usually crowded,
the bracts small. Corolla
small,
the lobes spreading
or refiexed.
Capsules ovoid,
about 3 mm long.
Seed 8 to
16, angular.
(Fl.Filip.pi 20,
P.
media.)
Occasional in
gardens, rarely
in waste
places,
fl.Jan.-March. Introduced
from
Europe by
the
Spaniards, now
naturalized in some localities in Luzon.
RUBIACEAE
445
131. RUBIACEAE
(Coffee Family)
Annual or perennial herbs,or shrubs, or
trees,
sometimes
climbing,occasionally
spiny.
Leaves
simple, entire,opposite,stipulate.
Flowers axillary
or terminal, solitary,fascicled,or variously paniculate or
cymose,
sometimes in dense
globose
heads. Flowers
regular, perfect or 1-sexual.
Calyx-tube
adnate to the
ovary,
the limb entire or 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla
regular, usually
4- or 5-lobed,
the tube
long or short. Stamens
as
many
as the
corolla-lobes,
inserted on the corolla-tube or at its mouth.
Ovary
inferior,
usually 2-celled,rarely 1-celled;style simple or cleft;
ovules 1
or
more
in each cell. Fruit
usually 2-celled,berry-like,capsular, or
drupaceous,
or of dehiscent or indehiscent cocci. Seeds various.
Genera about
400, species
over
5,500,chieflytropical
and
subtropical,
55
genera
and about 300
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Ovules few to
many
in each cell.
2. Flowers in dense
globose
heads.
3. Ovaries
confluent;
fruits
forming
a fleshy mass,
flowers ebracteo-
late 1.
Sarcocephalus
3. Ovaries free or nearly so;
fruits
free,dry, capsule-like;
flowers brac-
teolate
2.
Mitragyna
2. Flowers not in dense
globose
heads.
3. Herbs.
4. Corolla-lobes
toothed;
fruit indehiscent 3. Dentella
4. Corolla-lobes
entire;
fruit a loculicidal
capsule
4. Oldenlandia
3. Shrub or trees.
4. Corolla-lobes
valvate;
one
lobe of the
calyx much-enlarged
as a
white, leaf-like
appendage
5. Mussaenda
4.
Calyx-lobestwisted-imbricate;calyx-lobes
all
equal,
not enlarged.
5.
Style
fusiform.
6.
Ovary
1-celled
6. Gardenia
6.
Ovary
2-celled
7. Randia
5.
Style
cleft
8.
Hypobatherum
1. Ovules
solitary
in each cell.
2. Erect shrubs or small trees.
3.
Ovary
4- to 9-celled
9. Guettarda
3.
Ovary
2-celled.
4. Corolla-lobes twisted in bud.
5. Flowers
axillary,
fascicled or solitary
10.
Coffea
5. Flowers
panicled or corymbose.
6. Flowers
usually 4-merous; style
not much exserted.... 11. Ixora
6. Flower
5-merous; stylelong-exserted
12. Pavetta
4. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud.
5. Flowers
capitate,
the
calyx-tubes
coherent 13. Morinda
5. Flowers not
capitate,free, solitary,fascicled,or
cymose.
corymbose cymes;
unarmed shrubs or
small trees 14.
Psychotria
6. Flowers
axillary,solitary;spiny
shrubs 15. Plectronia
1.
Herbs, spreading, erect,
or
climbing.
2.
Twining
herbaceous vines with rank-scented
leaves;
flowers in
paniculate
cymes
16. Paederia
2.
Spreading or ascending
branched herbs with
4-angled stems,
and
small, axillary,
fascicled flowers
17.
Spermacoce
446
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. SARCOCEPHALUS Afzelius
Trees with
oppositeleaves,
the
stipulesusuallylarge.
Flowers
numerous,
axillary
or terminal, peduncled, globose heads,
united
by
their confluent
calyx-tubes,
the bracts
2, deciduous,
the bracteoles none. Calyx
4- to
6-toothed. Corolla-tube
long, slender, funnel-shaped,
5- or 6-lobed. An- thers
5 or
6,
sessile at the corolla-mouth.
Ovary 2-celled;style exserted,
filiform;
ovules
numerous.
Fruit of numerous 2-celled
pyrenes
combined in
a fleshyglobose mass. (Greek
"flesh" and
"head,"
in allusion to the
fleshy
globose fruit.)
Species
about
15, tropical
Africa and Asia to Australia and
Polynesia,
about 4 in the
Philippines.
1. S. orientalis
(L.)
Merr.
(S.
cordatus
Miq.).
Bancal
(Tag., Vis.,
Pamp.).
A
glabrous
Leaves
elliptic
to
oblong-ovate,
coriaceous,
obtuse,
base cordate or rounded,
11 to 25
cm long,
the
stipules
green,
ovate to elliptic,
1.5 to 3 cm long.
Heads
terminal, peduncled, solitary,
4 to 5 cm
in
diameter,
the flowers white.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 51,
Nauclea
gla-
hemma.)
Occasional in
thickets,
sometimes
cultivated,
fl.
Sept.-May; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines.
India and
Malaya
to Australia.
2. MITRAGYNA Korthals
Shrubs
or trees with
large
caducous
stipules,
the leaves
prominently
nerved. Flowers in
dense, globose,peduncled, axillary
and terminal heads
which
are
sometimes
panicled,
each
peduncle
with 2 deformed leaves at
the
top. Calyx-tubes short,confluent,
the limb truncate or 5-toothed. Co- rolla
funnel-shaped,
the tube
slender,long,
lobes 5, short,
valvate. Stamens
5.
Ovary 2-celled;stylefiliform;
ovules
numerous,
imbricate on pendulous
placentae.
Fruit of
many,
dry, dehiscent,many-seeded cocci,
all in a globose
,
head.
(Greek
"miter" and "female.")
Species
about 10 in
tropical
Africa and
Asia,
2 in the
Philippines.
1. M. rotundifolia (Roxb.)
O. Kuntze
(M. diversifoliaHavil.). Mambog
(Tag.).
A shrub or small tree 2 to 8 m high, slightlypubescent
or nearly glabrous.
Leaves broadly
ovate to
elliptic-ovate,
5 to 12 cm long,obscurely
and
shortly
acuminate,
the lower ones
larger
than the
upper ones,
often subcordate,
the
nerves prominent, suboblique.
Heads in
spreading
trichotomous panicles,
the middle one subsessile,
the lateral ones peduncled,
about 2 cm
in diameter.
Flowers
fragrant, white,
soon turning yellowish.
Occasional in
thickets.
La
Loma,
fl. June-Sept.; widely
distributed in
Luzon.
Chittagong
to Burma.
3. DENT ELLA Forster
A
small, slender,prostrate,
branched,
annual herb with small
opposite
leaves. Flowers small,white, axillary,
sessile
or short-pedicelled.Calyx-
tube
globose,
the limb
tubular, persistent.
Corolla funnel-shaped, hairy
inside,
the lobes 5,
2-
or
3-toothed. Stamens inserted in the middle of
the
tube,
the filaments short. Ovary 2-celled,
ovules
many
in each cell.
Fruit a small,dry, indehiscent,many-seeded capsule. (Diminuitive
of the
Latin "tooth,"
from the toothed corolla-lobes.)
A
monotypic
genus.
448
A FLORA OF MANILA
long as
the
calyx. Capsule ovoid,
about 4 mm long,
not
protruded beyond
the
calyx-segments.
In waste
places,
fl. most of the
year;
widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines,
possibly
Japan
and
Malaya.
4. O. herbacea
L.
(0. heynii
R.
Br.).
An
erect, slender,
rather
rigid,dichotomously branched,
annual herb 20
to 40 cm high,
the stems
4-angled,
internodes
long.
Leaves
linear,
very
narrow,
1 to 3 cm
long,
sessile. Flowers
axillary,solitary,white,
about
5 mm
long,
the
pedicels slender,
1 to 2 cm long. Capsule ovoid,
about 3
mm long,
the
calyx-teethlanceolate,short,
the
top
of the
capsule rounded,
protruded beyond
the
calyx-segments.
In
open grass
lands, Masambong,
fl. Oct.-Dec.
;
occasional in the Phil- ippines.
Tx'opicalAfrica, India,
and
Ceylon.
5. O.
brachyphylla
Merr.
A
very
slender, erect, weak, pale-green, simple or sparingly
branched
annual herb 4 to 25 cm high, glabrous or minutely scabrid,
the stems
obscurely 4-angled.
Leaves
lanceolate,sharply acuminate,
3 to 7 mm long,
1 to 1.8 mm wide, sessile,
base
scarcelynarrowed; stipules
very
short,entire,
a mere connecting
membrane. Flowers
axillary,solitary,
their
pedicels
8
to 10 mm long. Calyx
green,
2.5 mm
long,
cleft about half
way
to the
base into
4, lanceolate,
acuminate teeth. Corolla
white,
the tube inflated,
2 mm long, slightly
contracted at the
mouth,
lobes
4, spreading, broadly
ovate,
acute or obtuse,
1.6 mm long,
throat villous.
Capsule
obovoid or
ovoid,
2 mm long.
Seeds
numerous,
small, black, pitted.
In old rice
paddies
and
open
wet
grass lands,
Caloocan to
Masambong,
fl.Oct.-Jan.
;
known
only
from the
vicinity
of Manila. Endemic.
5. MUSSAENDA Linnaeus
Shrubs or small
trees, rarely climbing,
with
opposite
leaves. Flowers
yellow or white,
in terminal
cymes,
the bracts and bracteoles deciduous.
Calyx oblong,
the lobes
5, usually deciduous,
1
usually persistent
and much
enlarged, forming a petioled,white,
leaf-like
appendage.
Corolla
tubular,
slightlyenlarged above, pubescent,
the lobes
5, short, throat villous. Sta- mens
5,
inserted at the throat or below.
Ovary 2-celled,many-ovuled.
Fruit
fleshy,
areolate at the
top,
with
many
small seeds.
(From
the
Singalese name.)
Species
50 or
more, tropical
Africa to Asia and Polynesia,
about 12 in
the
Philippines.
1. M.
philippica
L. C. Rich.
(M. grandiflora Rolfe).
A shrub or small tree 3 to 5 m high, more or less
pubescent or nearly
glabrous.
Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
6 to 14 cm
long,
base
acute; stipules
about 4 mm long,
2-fid.
Cymes terminal,
rather
open,
pubescent,
few-flowered.
Calyx
about 7 mm long,
four of the teeth
as long as the
tube,
one
very
much
enlarged as a white, leaf-like,long-
petioled,elliptic-ovateappendage,
the lamina 4 to 8
cm long.
Corolla
yellow, pubescent,
about 2 cm long, enlarged upward.
Fruit about 1.5 cm
long. (Fl. Filip.
-pi.
58,
M.
frondosa.)
In
thickets,Masambong,
fl.
Aug.-Dec;
common and
widely
distributed
in the
Philippines,
variable.
Perhaps only
the
Philippine representative
of
the
Indo-Malayan
Mussaenda frondosa
L.
RUBIACEAE
449
6. GARDENIA Linnaeus
Erect shrubs or
trees,
sometimes
spiny.
Leaves
opposite.
Flowers
often
large
and
showy, fragrant, white, axillary
or
terminal, solitaryor
fascicled.
Calyx-tube truncate, toothed, or lobed,
sometimes
winged.
Corolla-tube
long or short, cylindricor
narrowly funnel-shaped,
the lobes
5 to 12, spreading.
Stamens
as
many
as the corolla-lobes. Anthers
linear,
sessile.
Ovary 1-celled; style stout, clavate,fusiform, or
2-cleft;
ovules
numerous on
parietal placentae.
Fruit
ovoid, ellipsoid,or
globose,
coriaceous
or
fleshy, many-seeded. (In
honor of A.
Garden, an English
physician.)
Species
60 or
more, tropical
and
subtropical,about 5 in the
Philippines.
*
1. G. FLORIDA L. Rosal
(Sp.-Fil.).
A
glabrous,
unarmed shrub
usually
about 1 m high. Leaves
elliptic-
ovate,
narrowed at both
ends, usually acute, shining, short-petioled,
2 to
6 cm
long.
Flowers
large,
very
fragrant, solitary
in the
upper
axils.
Calyx
green,
the tube
funnel-shaped,
about 1.5 cm
long, 5-angled or winged,
the lobes
linear,
about as long as
the tube. Corolla
usually double, white,
soon turning yellowish,
about 5 cm long,
5 to 7 cm wide.
(Fl.Filip.pi.15^.)
Commonly
cultivated for its
fragrant flowers,
fl. June-Dec. A
native
of China and
Japan, now widely
cultivated in warm and
tropical
countries.
7. RANDIA Linnaeus
Shrubs or trees,
sometimes
climbing,
often
spiny.
Leaves
opposite,
with
one sometimes
arrested; stipulesshort,
free or connate. Inflorescence various,
axillary,leaf-opposed,or
terminal,
the flowers sometimes
solitary.
Calyx-tube various,
the limb often
tubular,
the lobes short or
long,
often
leafy.
Corolla
funnel-shaped
to
bell-shaped,
the tube
long
or short,
throat
glabrous or hairy;
lobes
5, twisted in bud. Stamens
5, alternating
with
the lobes.
Ovary 2-celled,rarely
with 3 or 4
cells;style
short or elongated;
stigma usually fusiform;
ovules
many.
Fruit
fleshy,globose
to
ellipsoid,
2-celled,many-seeded. (In
honor of Isaac
Rand.)
Species
100 or
more,
all
tropical,
about 14 in the
Philippines.
Spiny;
flowers
solitary
1. R.
spinosa
Unarmed;
flowers
cymose
2. R.
cumingiana
*
1. R. SPINOSA
(Thunb.)
Blume
(R.
dumetorum
Lam.).
An
erect,
branched shrub
or
small
tree,
up
to 4 m in
height,
the branch-
lets
pubescent,
the branches armed with
straight,sharp,
often
stout, spreading
spines
1 to 1.5 cm long.
Leaves obovate to
oblong-obovate, glabrous
or nearly
so,
3 to 10 cm
long.
Flowers
solitary,terminal,
the
calyx
green,
pubescent, cylindric,
its lobes
ovate, spreading,
5 mm
long.
Corolla
white,
soon
turning yellowish,
its tube about as
long
as the
calyx,
limb
spreading,
1.5 to 1.8 cm in diameter. Fruit
globose or
ovoid,
1.5 to 2
cm long, many-seeded.
fl.
Feb.,
and
probably
in other
months;
of recent
introduction here.
Widely
distributed in
and Ma- laya,
often, perhaps, only
cultivated.
2. R.
cumingiana
Vid.
A
glabrous
unarmed shrub or small ti'ee 3 to 6 m high.
Leaves
oblong-
ovate, acuminate, base
acute,
6 to 11 cm
long. Cymes axillarj',
about 3
111655 " 29
450
A FLORA OP MANILA
cm long, few-flowered,
small,
acuminate. Corolla
white,
the tube
slender,
about 2 cm
long.
Fruit
globose, fleshy,red,
8 to
10 mm
in diameter.
In
fl.
July-Sept.; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Endemic.
8. HYPOBATHERUM Blume
Erect shrubs
or
small trees with
distichous, lanceolate, glabrous or
pubescent
leaves which are
narrowed at both ends. Flowers
small,
fascicled
or
cymose
in the
leaf-axils,
bracteolate.
Calyx-tube short,turbinate,
the limb 4- or 5-lobed,persistent.
Corolla-tube
cylindric,
the throat bearded,
the lobes 4 or 5, rounded,
villous inside. Stamens 4 or 5,
alternate
with the lobes of the corolla.
Ovary 2-celled; style short; stigmas 2,
villous,oblong or linear-oblong;
ovules 4 to 8 in each cell. Fruit
ellipsoid
or subglobose, baccate, few-seeded, long-peduncled.
Species
3 or 4,
India to
Malaya,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. H.
glomeratum (Bartl.)
K. Sch.
Calagre (Tag.).
An erect dioecious shrub 2 to 3 m high, more or less
pubescent or nearly
glabrous,
the branches
long,
the leaves distichous. Leaves
oblong-ovate
to
9 to 15 cm long.
Flowers
fascicled,
many
in
each
axil,white,
the
glomerules
sessile or shortly peduncled, or
the
perfect
flowers
peduncled. Calyx pubescent
inside about 7 mm
in
diameter,
the
lobes 4 or 5, spreading,
obtuse. Corolla about 4 mm long, campanulate,
the lobes rounded. Fruit
ovoid, fleshy, pubescent,
about 1.5 cm long,
long-peduncled. (Fl. Filip.pi. 56, Memijia odorata.)
In
thickets,occasional, Malabon, Pandacan, etc.,
fl.
Sept.-Jan., widely
distributed in Luzon. Endemic.
9. GUETTARDA Linnaeus
Trees with
opposite, usually ample leaves,
the
stipules intra-petiolar,
deciduous. Flowers
secund, polygamous, on the branches of
axillary,
peduncled,
cymes.
Calyx-tube short,
the limb
toothed, usually
deciduous.
Corolla-tube
long, cylindric,
the throat
naked,
the lobes 4 to
9, imbricate,
oblong.
Anthers within the
tube,
linear.
Ovary
4- to
9-celled,
cells 1-
ovuled. Fruit a globose drupe,
the
endocarp woody,
4- to 9-celled and
grooved, perforated
at the
top opposite
the cells.
(In
honor of E.
Guettard.)
Species
about
50,
all in
tropical
America
except
the
following:
1. G.
speciosa
L.
Bagaolan,
Tabon-tabon
(Tag.).
the branchlets rather
stout,
often with
large
petiolar-scars.
Leaves
obovate, thin,softlypubescent
on the lower
surface,
12 to 25 cm long,
the
tip abruptly apiculate or acuminate,
the base rounded
or subcordate,
the lateral nerves prominent,
about 10
pairs. Cymes
shorter
than the
leaves,
the flowers
fragrant,
somewhat crowded on the short
branches. Corolla white or cream-colored, silky-pubescentexternally,
about
3 cm long, usually
5- or 6-merous.
Drupe globose
or depressed-globose,
2
to 3 cm in
diameter, consisting chiefly
of the
woody endocarp,
cells 4 to
9, usually
5 or 6.
Along
the
seashore, Pasay,
fl.most of the
year;
throughout
the
Philip- pines
along
the seashore.
Tropical
shores of both hemispheres.
RUBIACEAE
451
10. COFFEA Linnaeus
opposite
leaves and broad
stipules. Flowers
white,
axillary, solitary,or in fascicles or
cymes.
Calyx-tube short,
the limb
often
persistent.
Corolla-tube
long or short,
the lobes 4 to
7, spreading.
Anthers
as
many
as the corolla-lobes,
sessile.
Ovary 2-celled;style slender;
fleshy,
with 2
plano-convex, coriaceous
or
cartilaginous,
1-seeded
pyrenes,
the seeds concave or grooved ventrally.
(Latinization
of the
common
name,
said to be derived from the
name
of a locality
in
Africa.)
Species 40,
in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
*
1. C. ARABICA L. Cafe
(Sp.)
;
Coffee.
A small tree reaching a height
of 4 or 5
m, quite glabrous. Leaves
elliptic-ovate
to elliptic-oblong,acuminate,
base
acute, shining,
8 to 15
cm long.
Flowers
white,
in
axillaryfascicles,
the corolla about 1.5 cm long.
Fruit
red,
ovoid or ellipsoid,
about 1.4 cm long. (Fl. Filip.pi. 53.)
Occasionally
cultivated in
our
area,
fl. most of the
year;
more or less
cultivated in all
parts
of the
Philippines.
A native of south-western
Asia,
now
cultivated in most
tropical
countries.
11. IXORA Linnaeus
Shrubs or small
trees, glabrous
or nearly
so,
with
opposite
leaves.
Flowers
4-merous, white, pink, or red,
few to
many
in
terminal,
trichotom-
ously
branched
cymes,
usually
2-bracteolate.
Calyx-tube ovoid,
4-toothed.
Corolla-tube
slender, cylindric,elongated,
the lobes
spreading,
twisted in
bud. Stamens
4,
alternate with the corolla-lobes.
Ovary 2-celled; style
filiform,slightlyexserted;
globose,
somewhat
fleshy,
with 2, 1-seeded, plano-convex,
coriaceous
pyrenes.
(A name used
by Rheede,
after
Baldaeus,
the flowers of one species being
offered to
"the
god
Ixora"
(?Isvara)
in
Ceylon.)
Species
125 or
more, chiefly
in
tropical
Africa and
Asia,
about 20 in
the
Philippines.
1.
Calyx-lobes longer
than the
calyx-tubes;
flowers white.. 1. 1, finlaysoniana
1.
Calyx-lobes
shorter than the
calyx-tubes;
flowers
pink or
red.
2. Flowers few in each
cyme,
about 1.5 cm long
2. /.
philippinensia
2. Flowers
very numerous,
2 to 2.6 cm long.
3. Leaves cordate or rounded at the
base; calyx-teeth
acute.
3. /. coccinea
3. Leaves narrowed to the cuneate
base; calyx-teeth
obtuse.
4. /. chinensia
"1. L FINLAYSONIANA Wall. Santan-puti (Tag.).
A
glabrous
Leaves
oblong
to oblong-oblanceolateor
oblong-obovate,
10 to 17 cm long,
2.5 to 6 cm wide,
base
narrowed, cuneate,
apex
blunt or blunt-acuminate.
Cymes terminal, umbel-like,donsely
many-
flowered,
10 to 15 cm
in diameter.
Flowers
fragrant. Calyx greenish,
the
lobes about 5 mm long, nearly
twice as long
as the tube. Corolla
white,
the tube
slender,
about 3
cm long,
the lobes
spreading,
about 6 mm long.
purposes,
not
spontaneous,
fl. in all seasons.
Probably a
native of
Siam, now cutivated in
many
tropical
countries.
452
A FLORA OF MANILA
2. I.
philippinensis
Merr.
Macopang-nuno (Tag.).
An
erect, glabrous,
branched shrub or small tree 2 to 5
m high. Leaves
elliptic-oblong
to
oblong, subsessile,
base
broad, cordate, apex
acute.
Cymes
pink
to
nearly white,
1.5
cm long,
the limb about
1 cm
in diameter. Fruit
ovoid,
somewhat
fleshy,
white to
pink,
1 cm
long
or less.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 22,
I.
incarnata.)
In
thickets,etc.,
fl.
Oct.-Jan.; a widely distributed,
but endemic
species.
*3. I. cocciNEA
L.
Santan-pula (Tag.).
An erect
glabrous
shrub 2 to 3
m high.
Leaves sessile
or subsessile,
oblong,
5 to 9
cm long,
base
broadly
cordate or rounded,
apex
obtuse
or apiculate. Cymes terminal,
sessile or subsessile,densely many-flowered,
pubescent. Calyx-teeth short,
acute. Corolla
pink or red, slender,
the tube
about 2 cm long,
the lobes
oblong,
Cultivated,
not
spontaneous,
fl. all the
year.
A native of
India,
introduced
in the
Philippines.
*4. I. CHiNENSis Lam.
(/.
stricta
Roxb.).
Santan
(Tag.).
An erect
glabrous
shrub 1.5 to 3
m high.
Leaves
oblong-obovate
to
elliptic-oblong,
acute or obtuse,
base
narrowed, cuneate,
7 to 13 cm long,
the
petioles
short.
Cymes terminal, densely many-flowered,
6 to 12
cm in
diameter, glabrous. Calyx-teeth short,
obtuse. Corolla
pink or reddish,
2
to 2.5
cm long,
the lobes
rounded,
5 to 7
mm long. (Fl. Filip. pi. ^31,
I.
rosea.)
Cultivated
only,
fl.all the
year;
a
native of
tropical Asia, now cultivated
in
many
tropical
countries.
12. PAVETTA Linnaeus
Shrubs or
small trees with terete branches. Leaves
opposite; stipules
usually
more or
less united into a short sheath. Flowers
numerous,
4-
merous,
pedicelled,
in
terminal, usually
open,
branched, corymbiform
cymes
or panicles. Calyx-tube ovoid,
the limb
4-toothed,persistent. Corolla-tube
long, slender,
the lobes
4, spreading.
Stamens inserted on the mouth of
the corolla.
Ovary 2-celled,
cells
1-ovuled; style slender, long-exserted,
usually
about twice as long
as the
corolla-tube; stigma slender, entire,
rarely
notched. Fruit
globose
or ovoid, small,
each with two 1-seeded
pyrenes.
(From
the native Sinhalese
name.)
Species
about 100 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
4
or
1. P. indica L.
An erect, nearly glabrous
or somewhat
pubescent
shrub 2 to 4
m
high or more.
Leaves elliptic-oblong
to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,
base
usually narrowed,
6 to 15 cm long,
nerves about 8 on each side of the
midrib, glabrous
or somewhat
pubescent.
Panicles short-peduncled, many-
flowered,
6 to 10 cm long, pubescent.
Flowers white,
the corolla-tube
slender,
about 1.5 cm long.
Fruit black when
dry, subglobose,
about 6
mm in diameter.
In
thickets, near Maricaban,
fl.
May, June,
rare in our
area;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
variable. India to southern China southward
to Australia.
RUBIACEAE
453
13. MORI N DA Linnaeus
Erect or climbing
shrubs or small trees with terete
or 4-angled
branches.
Leaves
opposite,
the
stipulesconnate, sheathing.
Flowers
white,
in
axillary
or terminal, solitary or panicled,
dense heads.
Calyx-tubes more or less
connate,
the limb short or none.
Corolla short or
long,
the lobes 4 to 7,
valvate.
Ovary 2-celled,
large,
formed of
the
fleshy,enlarged,
connate
calyces, enclosing
the
cartilaginous or
bony,
1-seeded
pyrenes.
(From
"morus" and
"indicus,"
from fancied resemblance
of the fruit to that of the
mulberry.)
Flowers without bracteoles 1. M.
citrifolia
Flowers subtended
by
1 to 1.5 cm long,
leaf-like bracteoles which
persist
in fruit 2. M. bracteafa
1. M. citrifolia L.
Bancudo, Nino,
Lino
(Tag.).
An
erect, glabrous
shrub or small tree 3 to 10 m high. Leaves
broadly
elliptic
to
oblong, obtuse, acute, or slightly acuminate,
12 to 25
cm long.
Peduncles
leaf-opposed, solitary,
1 to 3 cm
long.
Heads
dense,
ovoid or
globose,
in flower 1 to 1.5 cm in
diameter, enlarged
in
fruit, ovoid, fleshy,
white or greenish-white,
and 3 to 6 cm long.
Flowers not
bracteolate,
the
calyx truncate,
the corolla
white,
about 1
cm long,
the limb 5-lobed,
1 cm
in diameter.
(Fl. Filip.pi. 52.)
In
fl. all the
year;
widely
India
through Malaya
to Australia and
Polynesia.
"
2. M. bracteata Roxb.
Bancudo, Lino,
Nino
(Tag.).
Very
similar to the
preceding,
but often with smaller
leaves,
and
always
with leaf-like bracts 1 to 1.5 cm long subtending
the flowers and
persistent
in fruit.
Range
of the
preceding.
14. PSYCHOTRIA Linnaeus
Erect shrubs or small
trees, rarely climbing.
Leaves
opposite,
the
stipules intrapetiolar,
often connate. Flowers
small, usually
numerous,
in
terminal
cymose
panicles. Calyx-tube short,
the limb often deciduous.
Corolla-tube
short, straight,
the throat naked or hairy, 5-lobed,
lobes
rarely
4 or 6. Stamens as
many
as the
corolla-lobes,
inserted
on
the
throat;
filaments
usually
short.
Ovary 2-celled;
cells 1-ovuled. Fruits
small,
globose, ovoid, or oblong,
somewhat
fleshy,
with
two, 1-seeded, plano-convex,
usually longitudinallyridged or sulcate
pyrenes.
(From
the Greek
"vivify- ing"
on account of the
supposed
medical
qualities
of some spices.)
Species more than 500 in all
tropical
and
35 or
more
in the
Philippines.
1, P. luconiensis
(Cham.)
F.-Vill.
(P. tacpo Rolfe). Tacpo
or Tagpo
(Tag.).
A
glabrous,
erect shrub 1.5 to 5 m high.
Leaves smooth and
shining,
oblong
to
elliptic-oblong,petioled,
8 to 20 cm long,
base
acute,
apex
acute
or slightly
acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, at
flowering
time
usually
dense,
2 to 3
cm long.
Flowers
congested,
white. Corolla 4 to 4.5
mm
long, 5-lobed,
the throat villous. Fruits somewhat
fleshy,obovoid, yellow
454
A FLORA OF MANILA
or reddish,
5 to 6 mm
long,
the seeds
plano-convex. (Fl Filip pi. 55,
Paederia tacpo.)
In
fl.
Oct.-March; common and
widely distributed
in the Philippines.
Endemic.
15.
PLECTRONIA
Linnaeus
Spiny or unarmed, usually
erect shrubs or small trees. Leaves
opposite.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,fascicled,or umbellate, usually
small.
Calyx-
tube
short,
the limb 4- or 5-toothed or lobed. Corolla-tube
narrowly
funnel-
shaped, campanulate
or
globose,
the throat
villous,
the lobes 4 or 5,
reflexed.
Ovary 2-celled;
ovules 1 in each cell. Fi-uit
fleshy,globose to obovoid,
2- or 1-seeded.
(From
the Greek
"spur,"
in allusion to the
spines
of
many
species.)
Species
about 70 in the
tropics
of the Old
World,
10 in the
Philippines.
Peduncles
very short,
not as long
as the flower 1. P. horrida
Peduncles
long,slender,pendulous,
up
to 3 cm in
length..
2. P.
peduncularis
1. P. horrida (Blume)
Kurz.
pubescent,
armed with
sharp, slender,axillaryspines
5 to 10
mm in
length.
Leaves
ovate to elliptic-ovate, short-petioled,acute,
1 to 2.5 cm long.
Flowers
axillary,solitary,5-merous, greenish-yellow
or
nearly white,
about 6 mm
long,
very
shortly pedicelled.
Fruit
ovoid, red, fleshy,
about 7 mm
long.
(Fl.Filip.pi.57,
Canthium
horridum.)
In
near Fort
McKinley, etc.,
fl.
May-July;
of
local occurrence
in the
Philippines.
Tenasserin to
Malaya.
2. P.
peduncularis (Cav.)
Elm.
Subiang-daga (Tag.).
A slender shrub 1 to 3 m high
with
slender, sharp, axillary spines
5 to 13 mm long,
the
branchlets,
leaves and
pedicels slightlypubescent.
Leaves ovate to
ovate-lanceolate,
2 to 4 cm long,
1 to 1.8 cm
wide,
base
acute,
apex
acuminate or acute; petioleshort,
about 2.5 mm long.
Flowers
solitary,axillary,pendulous, white,
their
pedicels slender,
2 to 3 cm
long, minutely
bracteolate near the
apex.
Calyx small,
with 5 acuminate
teeth. Corolla
white,
the tube cylindric,
4 mm long,
the lobes lanceolate,
acuminate, reflexed,
1.2 to 1.5 cm long.
Fruit obovoid or subglobose,slightly
compressed, glabrous,greenish-yellow,
about 1 cm thick,
8 mm long,fleshy,
containing
2 seeds.
In thickets,Masambong, Pasay, etc.,
fl.
July-Dec; widely
distributed
in the Philippines.
Endemic.
16. PAEDERIA Linnaeus
Slender, twining,
herbaceous vines,
with a foetid odor when crushed.
Leaves
opposite,
the
stipules
deciduous. Flowers in
axillary
and terminal
di-
or tri-chotomously
branched
paniculate cymes.
Calyx-limb persistent,
4- or 5-toothed. Corolla
tubular, pubescent,
4- or 5-lobed,
the
margins inflexed,crisped.
Anthers 4 or 5,
in the corolla-tube. Ovary
2-
celled;stigmas 2, slender,twisted;
globose,
the
epicarp thin, fragile,surrounding
the
2,
orbicular or oblong,
thin or
coriaceous
pyrenes.
Seeds 1 in each
pyrenes,
dorsallycompressed.
(Greek
name
of
a pink-flowei'edplant.)
Species
9
or
10 in
tropical
Asia and
Malaya
and 1 in Brazil,
2 in the
Philippines.
456
A FLORA OF MANILA
ecious,solitary,racemed, umbellate, or panicled. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary,
the limb tubular or campanulate,
5-lobed. Petals
5, more or less
united or sometimes free, the lobes entire or fimbriated. Stamens
usually
3,
sometimes 5 or 2;
anthers free or
united,
the cells
straight or con-
duplicate. Ovary inferior,3-celled;styles
1 to
4, usually
1 with 3
stigmas;
ovules
many,
on parietal placentae.
Fruit small to
very
large, fleshy or
ultimately dry,
indehiscent or dehiscing by
valves or
by an operculum.
Seeds
numerous,
usually
imbedded in
pulp or fiber,
often
compressed,
frequently
wrinkled.
Genera 96, species 750,
in the warmer parts
of the entire world
especially
in the
tropics,
14
genera
and about 30
species
in the
Philippines.
1. Anther-cells
straight;
slender vines with small flowers and fruit.
1. Melothria
1. Anther cells
conduplicate or curved in two directions like the letter S.
2. Corolla divided about one-half to the base or less;
coarse vines with
large,solitary,yellow
flowers and
very large
fruits 2. Cucurbita
2. Petals
free, or corolla divided
nearly
to the base.
3. Petals fimbriate 3. Trichosanthes
3. Petals entire.
4. Flowers
white; calyx-tube
of the male flowers
elongated;
anthers
included or nearly so
4.
Lagenaria
4. Flowers
mostly yellow; calyx-tube
of the male flowers
short;
anthers
usually
exserted.
5: Anthers not or
scarcely cohering;
stamens inserted near the
mouth of the
calyx-tube.
6. Male flowers racemose
;
fruit
cylindric,
sometimes
angled,opening
at the end 5.
Luffa
". Flowers
solitary;
fruit
ellipsoid,
indehiscent 6. Benincasa
5. Anthers more or less
cohering;
stamens inserted below the
mouth of the
caly^c-tube.
6. Tendrils 2- or 3-fid;
leaves
deeply lobed,
the lobes
pinnatifid.
7. Citrulliis
6. Tendrils
simple,
lobes of the leaves not
pinnatifid.
7. Male flowers
clustered,short-pedicelled
8. Cucumis
7. Male flowers
racemose,
or solitary
and
long pedicelled,
usually
bracteolate 9. Momordica
1. MELOTHRIA Linnaeus
Climbing, usually
slender
herbs,
the tendrils
simple or 2-fid. Leaves
deltoid-ovate,
base truncate or
cordate,
entire or lobed, usually
scabrous.
Flowers
small, monoecious, pedicellate,axillary. Calyx-tube short,
teeth
5. Corolla
5-partite.
Male flowers with 3 stamens inserted on the middle
of the
calyx-tube.
Female flowers with an oblong
ovary;
stigmas
3.
Fruit
globose
to
ellipsoid
or fusiform. Seeds
small, numerous. (Altered
from the Greek name of a kind of wild
grape.)
Species
about 55 of wide
4 or 5 in the Philippines.
1. M. INDICA Lour.
Melon-daga (Tag.).
A slender vine 1 to 2 m long
with
simple
tendrils. Leaves
scabrous,
triangular-ovate,
acute or acuminate,
base hastate-cordate, margins
suben-
tire or irregularlytoothed,or even slightlylobed,
3 to 8 cm long.
Flowers
somewhat
straw-colored,
about 5 mm long,
then
pedicels slender,
1 to 2.5
CUCURBITACEAE
457
cm long, solitaryor few in each
axil,
males and females often in the
same
axil. Fruits ovoid or
ellipsoid,pointed;
about 2 cm
long. (Fl.
Filip.pi.S65.)
In
open grass lands, occasional,
fl.
Sept.-Feb.; widely
distributed in
the
Japan
southward to
Malaya.
2. CUCURBITA Linnaeus
Coarse, herbaceous, hispid or hairy
annual vines. Leaves
cordate,
5-
angled
or lobed. Flowers
large,yellow, monoeceous,
all
solitary. Calyx-
tube
campanulate,
the lobes
5,
linear or foliaceous. Corolla
campanulate,
5-lobed. Male flowers with 3 stamens inserted in the
calyx-tube;
anthers
connate,
one 1-celled,
two 2-celled. Female flowers with an oblong
ovary;
style short; stigmas 3,
bifid. Fruit
very
large, indehiscent,fleshy.
Seeds
compressed, margined,
smooth.
(The
Latin name
for the
gourd.)
Species 10,
in the warmer
parts
of
America,
several now cultivated in
all
warm
countries.
1. C. MAXIMA Duchesne. Calabaza
(Sp.)
;
Squash.
A
very coarse,
prostrate
or climbing, annual,
herbaceous
vine, reaching
a length
of 4 m or more. Leaves
orbicular-cordate,hispid,
15 to 30 cm
in
diameter, shallowly 5-lobed,
rather
finely toothed,
the
upper
surface
often mottled. Flowers
campanulate, erect, yellow,
about 12 cm long,
the
corolla limb about as wide, 5-lobed,
the male flowers with
longer peduncles
than the female ones. Fruit
very
large,
variable in
shape. (Fl. Filip.
"pi.
S20.)
Commonly
fruit,
fl.all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines.
Cultivated in all warm and
tropical countries,probably a
native of
tropical
America.
3. TRICHOSANTHES Linnaeus
Slender or coarse herbaceous vines with 3- to 9-lobed denticulate leaves.
Flowers
white,
the male
peduncles usually
in
axillarypairs,
one
1-flowered,
the other
racemose,
the bracts
large, small,
or none.
Calyx long-tubular,
teeth
5, entire,serrate, or laciniate. Corolla
deeply 5-fid,
the lobes
long-
fimbriate;
stamens
3,
anthers
connate,
the cells
conduplicate.
Female
flowers
solitary. Calyx
and corolla as in the male.
Ovary 1-celled;style
slender,
3- or 6-fid at the
apex.
Fruit
globose or ovoid,
smooth. Seeds few
to
many, compressed. (Greek
"hair" and
"flower,"
from the fimbriate
petals.)
Species
about
40,
India to
Japan
southward to Australia,
3 or 4 in the
Philippines.
Male inflorescence without
bracts;
slender vines with small flowers and
small fruits 1. T. ciiciimcrina
Male inflorescence with
large bracts;
coarse vines with
large
flowers and
large,globose,
red fruits 2. T.
quinquangulata
1. T. cucumerina L.
Melon-melonang, Melon-daga (Tag.).
Scandent, herbaceous,
5 to 6 m high or less,
the stems
green,
4-angled,
somewhat
hairy.
Leaves somewhat orbicular in
outline,
7 to 14 cm
long
and
broad,
3- or
5-lobed,
the lobes
broad,
rounded or
obtuse,
the sinuses
broad or
narrow, rounded,
the base
broadly cordate,
somewhat
pubescent
on both surfaces. Staminate inflorescence
long-peduncled,axillary,cymo-
sely
6- to
15-flowered,
bracts minute
or none. Calyx-tube
dilated
above.
458
A FLORA OF MANILA
about 1 cm
long, green,
hairy.
Petals
white, nearly free, fimbriate,
oblong,
about 1.3 cm
long.
Pistillate flowers
soliary,axillary,peduncled.
Fruits
ellipsoid,pointed,
up
to 4 cm
long,
2.5
cm thick,
green,
mottled
with
longitudinal
gray
stripes
when
young, orange-red
when mature.
Seeds somewhat
compressed, undulate, hard,
rugose, nearly
1 cm
long,
imbedded in a soft,
red
puJp. (Fl. Filip.pi.^60,
T.
lucioniana.)
In
thickets,scattered,
fl.June-Dec.
; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines.
India, through Malaya to Australia.
2. T.
quinquangulata
A.
Gray. Tabuyoc (Tag.).
A coarse
glabrous
vine with
angled or sulcate stems. Leaves subor-
bicular,
base
deeply cordate, sharply
5- or
7-angled or lobed. Male
racemes long-peduncled, many-flowered, one or
two flowers
opening
at a time,
the bracts
large, ovate,
3 to 4 cm long.
Flowers
white, large. Calyx-lobes
2 to 2.5 cm long, irregularly
toothed.
Corolla-tube
slender,
the limb
spreading,
7 to 9 cm
in diameter. Fruit
globose,smooth,
red or crimson,
10 cm in diameter.
Cementerio del
Norte,
fl.
Nov.-Feb.; widely
distributed in the
Philip- pines.
Endemic.
4. LAGENARIA
Seringe
A
coarse,
annual,
herbaceous vine. Leaves ovate to
orbicular,cordate,
toothed,
the
petiole2-glandular
at the
apex.
Flowers
large,white, solitary,
the males
long-,
the females
short-peduncled. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped,
with 5
narrow
teeth. Petals
5, free,
obovate. Male flowers with 3
stamens,
the anthers
connate,
their cells
conduplicate.
Female-flowers:
Ovary
oblong; style short,
with 3 bifid lobes. Fruit
large,fleshy,ultimately dry,
indehiscent,
very
variable in
shape. (Greek
"flask" from the
shape
of the
fruit.)
A
monotypic
genus.
*
1. L. LEUCANTHA
(Lam.) Rusby (L. vulgaris Seringe). Opo, Upo
(Tag.).
A rather coarse vine
reaching a length
suborbicular,pubescent on both
surfaces, more or less
5-angled or lobed,
10 to 40 cm in diameter. Flowers
white,
the
petals
3 to 4 cm
long. Calyx
pubescent.
Fruit
gi-een,
mottled with
gray
or
white, polymorphous,
in
the commonest form
club-shaped,
up
to 80 cm long
and 15
cm
in
diameter,
but in other
forms,
ovoid to
depressed-globose
and
nearly as thick as long.
Commonly
fruit,
fl.
Jan.-June; throughout
the
Philippines
in
cultivation,
not
spontaneous.
A native of
tropical
Asia
or
Africa,
tropicalcountries;
of
prehistoric
introduction
in the
Philippines.
5. LUFFA Adanson
Usually
rather
coarse, pubescent
or nearly glabrous
vines. Leaves
cordate,
5-angIed or -lobed. Flowers
yellow, monoecious,
the males in
long
or short
racemes,
the females
solitary.
Male flowers:
Calyx-tube
obcon-
ical,
the lobes
5, triangular
to lanceolate. Petals
5,
obovate. Stamens 2
or 3, or 5,
the filaments free or connate. Female flowers:
Calyx-tube
slightlyproduced
above the
ovary,
the lobes and corolla
as in the males.
Ovary oblong; style cylindric;stigma
3-lobed. Fruit
large
or small,
cy-
lindric or
10-angled,oblong, 3-celled,fleshy
when
immature, ultimately dry,
CUCURBITACEAE
459
usually dehiscing by a circumsciss
operculum
at the
top. (From
the Arabic
or Egyptian name of one species.)
Species
6 in the warmer
parts
of the Old
World,
2 introduced in the
Philippines.
Stamens
5; fruit
cylindric
1. L.
cylindrica
Stamens 2 or 3; fruit
sharply 10-angled
2. L.
acutangula
1. L.
CYLINDRICA Roem.
(L. aegyptiaca Mill.). Patola,
Taboboc
(wild
form) (Tag.).
A
scandent,
somewhat
hairy or
nearly glabrous, herbaceous,
annual vine
reaching a leng^th
of 10 m or
more,
the stems
5-angled. Leaves 10 to 20
cm
in
diameter,
orbicular-ovate to
reniform-ovate, acuminate, shallowly
5-
or 7-angled
or lobed, denticulate,scabrous,
base
deeply
cordate. Male
flowers in
axillary,solitary,long-peduncled
racemes,
crowded at and near
the
apex
of the
peduncle. Calyx
green,
the lobes
ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate,
about 1 cm
long.
Corolla
rotate, yellow,
5 to 7 cm in diameter. Sta- mens
5. Female flowers
solitary,peduncled.
Fruit
oblong, cylindric,
green,
12 to 30
cm long,
smooth or slightly
10-ribbed.
(Fl.Filip.pi.S34,
L.
petola.)
Commonly
fruit,
fl.all the
year ;
common throughout
the
Philippines,
Tropics
of the
world,
native
country
uncertain.
*
2. L. ACUTANGULA Roxb. Patola
(Tag.) .
A
coarse, annual,
herbaceous vine. Leaves
suborbicular-ovate,
10 to 20
cm long, shallowly 5-lobed,
base cordate. Female flowers
axillary,pedi-
celled, solitary.
Staminate flowers in
axillary racemes, yellow,
2 cm long,
the
calyx-lobes lanceolate,
acuminate. Stamens 2 or 3. Fruit
oblong-
oblanceolate,
20 to 25 cm
long,
about 5 cm
in
diameter,
green,
with 10,
prominent,
longitudinal,sharp angles. (Fl. Filip.pi. 288.)
fruit,occasionallysubspontaneous,
fl.
July-Nov.;
generally
cultivated in the
Philippines.
India and
Malaya.
6. BENINCASA Savi
A
coarse,
hairy, climbing
vine. Leaves
cordate, reniform-orbicular,
more or less 5- or 7-lobed. Flowers
large, yellow, monoecious, solitary.
the lobes
5, serrate,
leaf-like. Petals
5, nearly
free,
obovate. Male flowers with 5
stamens,
the anthers
free,
one 1-celled,
two 2-celled. Female flowers with
an oblong, densely hairy ovary;
style
thick; stigmas 3, flexuose. Fruit
large,fleshy,indehiscent,oblong
or
ellipsoid;
somewhat
hairy,
covered with a
glaucous
waxy
bloom.
(In
honor of
Count
Benincasa.)
A
monotypic
genus.
*
1. B. HISPIDA
(Thumb.) Cogn. (B. ceriferaSavi).
Condol
(Tag.).
A rather
coarse, spreading, hairy,
annual vine
reaching
a length
of
several
meters,
the
younger parts
rather
densely
villous. Leaves rounded
or reniform, deeply cordate,
5- or 7-lobed,
10 to 25 cm
in diameter. Ped- uncles
hirsute,
the males 5 to 15 cm long,
the females much shorter.
Calyx-tube densely
villous. Petals
spreading,
3 to 5 cm
long.
Fruit
ellipsoid
or
oval,rarely subglobose,
25 to 40 cm long,
with few to
many
fragile
hairs, densely
covered with a glaucous
waxy
bloom.
Occasionally
cultivated in our
area,
fl.
Jan.-May,
and
probably
in other
460
A FLORA OF MANILA
months. India to
Japan,
Polynesia,probably
a
native of
tropicalAsia;
of
prehistoric
introduction in the
Philippines.
7. CITRULLUS Schrader
Annual, hispid or scabrous vines. Leaves
palmately
3- to
7-lobed,
the
segments narrowly sinuate-pinnatifid.
Flowers
monoecious, yellow,
solitary.
5-lobed. Corolla
broadly campanulate
or
rotate, deeply 5-parted.
Male flowers with 3
stamens,
the anthers
nearly
free, one
1-celled,
two 2-celled. Female flowers with an ovoid
ovary;
style
short; stigmas 3,
reniform. Fruit
large,ellipsoid,smooth, fleshy,
indehis-
cent. Seeds
oblong, compressed, smooth,
black.
(From
the Latin
name of
the citron-tree from fancied resemblance of the
fruits.)
Species 2, widely cultivated,
1 introduced and cultivated in the Phil- ippines.
*
1. C. VULGARIS
(L.)
Schrad. Sandia
(Sp.)
;
Watermelon.
A
spreading, hairy, tendril-bearing,
annual
vine, reaching a length
of
several meters. Leaves
petioled,
in outline
oblong-ovate,
8 to 20 cm
long,
deeply 3- to
7-lobed,
the lobes
pinnatifid,
the
segments usually narrow.
Flowers
monoecious, axillary,solitary,yellow,
Fruit
very
large,edible,smooth,
green
mottled with
gray,
ellipsoid
to
oblong,
in local varieties
up
to 30 cm
in
length.
Frequently
cultivated in the
Philippines,
occasional in our
area,
fl. Dec-
March,
and
probably
in other months. Cultivated in all
warm countries,
a native of
tropical
Africa.
8. CUCUMIS Linnaeus
Climbing, hispid
or
scabrous, monoecious,
annual vines. Leaves
palmately
3- to 7-lobed or angled.
Flowers
yellow,shortlypeduncled,
the males
clustered,
the females
solitary. Calyx-tube
obconic or campanulate,
5-
lobed. Corolla
campanulate, deeply
5-lobed. Male flowers with 3 stamens,
the anther-cells
conduplicate or flexuose,
connective
produced
in a crest.
Female flowers with an ovoid to
oblong ovary;
style short; stigmas 3,
obtuse. Fruit
fleshy,indehiscent,cylindric,
smooth or tuberculate.
(Latin
name of the
cucumber.)
Species
about 26, mostly
in
tropical Africa,
others in
tropical Asia,
Australia, and
America, a
few of uncertain
origin,
2 introduced in the
Philippines.
Fruit
glabrous
1. C. melo
Fruit more or less tuberculate
2. C. sativus
*
1. C. MELO
L. Melon
(Sp.);
Melon.
A
spreading, annual,
more or
less
hispid or
villous vine. Leaves subor-
bicular,
6 to 15 cm long, deeply
cordate, angular, shallowly
3- to 7-lobed,
or only repand
and denticulate.
Flowers
yellow,
1.5 to 2 cm
long. Calyx-
tube
densely
villous. Fruit
usually ellipsoid,smooth, green,
longitudinally
stripped
or mottled,
20 cm long
or less.
Cutivated,
fl.
March-May.
A native of
tropical
Asia or Africa, now
cultivated in all warm
countries.
*
2. C. SATIVUS L. Pepino (Sp.);
Cucumber.
An
annual,
rather
coarse,
prostrate
or climbing
vine. Leaves ovate,
8 to 14 cm long, 5-angled or 5-lobed,
the lobes or angles acute, hispidulous
on both surfaces. Flowers
axillary,solitary
or fascicled,
sessile or short-
CUCURBITACEAE
461
"
pedicelled,
the male and female similar in color and
size,yellow,
about 2
cm long.
Fruit various, usually cylindric,
10 to 20 cm long, yellow
when
mature, slightly
tuberculate.
Generally
fruits,
fl.all the
year.
Cultivated in
all warm and
tropical countries, probably a
native of
tropical
Asia.
9. MOMOROICA Linnaeus
Slender, coarse,
annual or
perenpial
vines. Leaves
cordate,
undivided
or lobed. Flowers monoecious or
dioecious,yellow or white,
the females
solitary,peduncled,
the males
solitary or
racemose,
bracteolate or not.
Male flowers:
Calyx-tube short, campanulate,
5-lobed. Corolla
5-partite
nearly
to the base. Stamens
3, the anthers free, one
1-celled,
the other
two 2-celled. Female flowers similar to the males.
Ovary oblong; style
long; stigmas
3. Fruit
globose,
or oblong
to
lanceolate-cylindric,
rugose,
indehiscent or dehiscent. Seeds
smooth, wrinkled, or
sculptured. (Latin
"bite,"
from the bitten
appearance
of the
seeds.)
Species
about
25, mostly
in
tropical
Asia and
Africa,
few in
America,
3
or 4 in the
Philippines.
A monoecious slender vine with small
flowers,
12 mm long or less,
and
oblong
edible fruits 1. M. charantia
A dioecious coarse vine with
large
flowers 3 to 4 cm long
subtended
by a
large bracteole,
the fruits
large,globose
2. M. cochinchinensis
1. M. CHARANTIA L.
Amargoso (Sp.-Fil.); Ampalaya (Tag.);
Parria
(II.).
A
scandent, herbaceous, nearly
or quite glabrous, annual,
hei'baceous
vine,
the
simple
tendrils
up
to 20
cm
in
length.
Leaves
orbicular,
2.5 to
10 cm
in
diameter,
cut
nearly
to the base into 5 or 7, oblong-ovate,variously
toothed and lobed
lobes,
base cordate. Flowers
axillary,
long-peduncled,
yellow,
the staminate flower about 12 mm long,peduncled,
with an orbicular,
green,
about 1 cm long
bract at about the
middle,
the
pistillate
flowers
similar to the staminate
ones,
long-peduncled.
Fruit
oblong, cylindric,
from 2 to 3 cm in wild forms, to at least 25 cm
in
length
in cultivated
forms, pointed
at both
ends, ribbed,
rugose.
(Fl. Filip.pi.357.)
In thickets and waste places,
fl. all the
year,
also extensively
cultivated
for its edible fruits which
are sold in the Manila markets in all
seasons;
throughout
the
Philippines,
Tropics
of the world,
probably
of Asiatic
origin.
2. M. cochinchinensis
(Lour.) Spreng. Boyoc-boyoc (Tag.);
Barbas ba-
quero
(Sp.-Fil.).
A coarse
dioecious vine
reaching a length
of 15
m,
slightlypubescent
or nearly glabrous,
the
petioles,bracteoles,
and sometimes the basal leaf-
margins supplied
with few
large glands.
Leaves
broadly ovate,
8 to 18
cm long,
acuminate, deeply palmately
3-lobed or sometimes entire. Male
flowers
axillary,solitary,pedicelled,
the buds enclosed
by
a
large, green,
inflated bracteole which in inhabited
by ants, opening
at
anthesis,turning
yellowish. Calyx nearly black,
with 5 acuminate lobes, about 2 cm in
diameter. Petals pale-yellow,oblong or oblong-ovate,
3.5 to 4 cm long,
three with a large
dark-colored blotch at the base. Fruits
large,
ovoid
or
subglobose,
8 to 12 cm
in
diameter, yellow,roughened
with
scattered,
tubercle-like
spines.
Seeds
large,
flattened,circular.
In thickets,Pasay,
near
Fort
McKinley, etc.,
fl.
March-June; widely
distributed
in the Philippines.
Malaya.
462
A FLORA OF MANILA
133. CAMPANULACEAE (Bluebell Family)
Herbaceous plants,
sometimes
climbing,
often with
milky juice.
Leaves
alternate or opposite,
axillary
or
terminal,
solitary,spicate,
or racemose.
Calyx-limb
4- to
6-parted,usually persistent.
Corolla
regular
or
irregular,tubular, campanulate,
or rotate. Stamens 4
to 6, alternating
with the
lobes,
inserted on the corolla-tube or on the
margin
of an epigynous disk;
anthers free or united in
a tube.
Ovary
inferior,
2- to 5-celled, many-ovuled.
Fruit
capsular,dry
or
berry-like.
Seeds
small, numerous.
Genera 13, speciesover 200,
in all
parts
of the
world,
8
genera
and 10
species,
in the
Philippines.
Flowers
very
small,
in
dense, terminal,cylindricspikes
1.
Sphenoclea
Flowers
large, axillary,solitary,
the corolla-tube
up
to 10 cm in
length;
cultivated
only
2. Isotoma
1. SPHENOCLEA Gaertner
An annual, erect, branched, glabrous
herb. Leaves
alternate,entire,
lanceolate. Flowers in
dense,
lateral and
terminal,
ovoid- to
oblong-cylin-
dric spikes.
Flowers
small,
bracteate and 2-bracteolate.
Calyx
limb 5-fid
Corolla epigynous,
5-lobed. Stamens
5,
alternate with the
corolla-segments.
Ovary 2-celled,
at first inferior.
Capsule
one-half
inferior,
membranaceous
below,
the
upper
part free, depressed,hard,
circumsciss. Seeds
small,
numerous. (Diminutive
of Greek
"wedge.")
A
monotypic genus.
1. 8. zeylanica
Gaertn.
An erect branched herb 20 to 60 cm high.
Leaves
lanceolate,shortly
petioled,
4 to 9 cm long,
narrowed at both
ends,
blunt or acute.
Spikes
green,
dense,
1 to 4 cm long,
6 to 8 mm
in
diameter,
ovoid- to
oblong-cy-
lindric,
apex
acute. Calyx green,
lobes somewhat
enlarged
in fruit. Co- rolla
white, globose-ovoid,
about 2.5 mm
long
and wide.
Capsule
about 4
mm
in
diameter,
the
calyx-lobes
inflexed over the
apex.
(Fl.Filip.pi.US.)
In
open
places
about mud-holes,
in
swamps,
etc.,
fl.
Dec-March; widely
distributed in the Philippines. Tropics generally.
2. ISOTOMA Lindley
Erect herbs with alternate, elongated,coarsely
toothed or lobed leaves.
Flowers
axillary,elongated. Calyx-tube
adnate to the
ovary,
the limb
5-partite,
the lobes linear to lanceolate. Corolla-tube
cylindric,long,
the
lobes 5, spreading.
Stamens attached above the middle of the
tube,
the
filaments more or
less
connate,
2 of the anthers crowned with a broad
rigid
or slender
bristle,
the 3
larger
ones naked.
stigma shortly
2-lobed.
Capsule ovoid,
often
oblique,loculicidally
2-valved
at the
apex.
Seeds
many,
small.
(Greek "equal"
and "a cutting,"
in
allusion to the
equal corolla-lobes.)
Species
about 8, mostly
in
Australia,
few in
tropicalAmerica,
1 introduced
in the
Philippines.
*1. 1. LONGIFLORA (Mill.)
Presl. Estrella
(Sp.-Fil.).
An
erect, spreading,
branched or simple, nearly glabrous
or
somewhat
hairy
herb 20 to 50 cm
high,
the stems rather stout. Leaves 10 to 20
cm
long, alternate,
sessile or subsessile,oblanceolate,
acute
or acuminate,
nar-
connate with the
style
into a
column.
Ovary inferior,2-celled;stig^na
at
the
apex
of the
column; ovules
many.
Fruit a 1- or 2-celled, 2-valved
capsule,
the valves
cohering at the base and
apex,
or
only at the base.
Genera
6, species
about
130,mostly
in
Australia,
few in
Antartic
America,
stillfewer in
India and
Malaya,
1 in the
Philippines.
"
STYLIDIUM Swartz
Small, slender,glabrous,
annual herbs. Flowers
axillary,
sessile.
Calyx
6-lobed,
the lobes
usually more or less united in two
lips.
Corolla
irregular,
6-lobed,
4 lobes suberect in 2
pairs,
and one
smaller,
recurved. Staminal
column
elongated,
apex
at first
deflexed,elastically
reflexed when irritated.
Capsules small, elongated. (From
the Greek
"column,"
in allusion to the
connate
style
and
stamens.)
Species 103, nearly
all
Australian,
1
extending
to the
Philippines,3 in
India and China.
1. S. alsinoides R. Br.
Slender, glabrous,
erect
or spreading, simple or
irregularlybranched,
6 to 15 cm high.
Leaves
sessile,ovate, opposite,or the lower ones alternate,
acute or acuminate,
3 to 6 mm
long.
Flowers
solitary,alternating,
1 at
each node in the. axil of an often reduced leaf.
Calyx-tube long,
slender.
Corolla-lobes
slightlyexceeding
the
calyx-lobes,apparently pink. Capsule
blender,
1 to 1.5 cm
long.
In
open,
wet, grasslands,
rice
paddies, etc.,.San Lazaro,
fl.in the
rainy
reason;
of local occurrence
in the
Philippines.
Northern Australia and
Queensland.
136. COMPOSITAE
^
(COMPOSITE OR Sambong
Family)
Erect or spreading herbs,
herbaceous or woody vines, shrubs, or
very
rarely
trees. Leaves
alternate,rarely opposite or whorled, simple, entire,
toothed, or variously lobed, or compound.
Flowers few to
very
numerous
in close heads which are solitary,or
in racemes or panicles,
each head
with an involucre of bracts
surrounding
the
flowers,
the
receptacle pitted
or nearly smooth,
naked or
paleate. Calyx-tube
united with the 1-celled
ovary,
the the limb
none,
or
of hairs
(pappus), scales,
or bristles,ci'owning
the summit and
usually persistent
in fruit. Corolla
strap-shaped or tubular,
3- to 5-toothed or lobed. Stamens 4 or 5,
inserted on the corolla-
tube,
their anthers united.
Ovary 1-celled,1-ovuled; style
2-cleft or entire.
Fruit a dry,
indehiscent
achene, usually
crowned
by hairs,bristles,or scales.
The
largest family
of
flowering plants, comprising
about 900
genera,
and
over 14,000 species,
in all
parts
of the
world,
but
chiefly
in
temperate
regions,
51
genera
and about 110
species
in the
Philippines.
The flowers
may
be
perfect or polygamous, monoecious, or dioecious.
Flowers with a strap-shaped (ligulate)
corolla are called
ray-flowers,
and
these
may
be confined to the outer one or several
rows,
or all the flowers
may
be
ligulate;
a head
containing
in
part
or all
ray-flowers
is called
radiate. The tubular or campanulate
flowers
compose
the
disk,
and a
head
that contains
no ray-flowers
is called discoid. When a head contains two
^
Philippine species
of this
family see Elmer,
A. D.
E.,
"Manual of the
Philippine Compositae." Leafl. Philip.
Bot. 1
(1906) 83-186.
COMPOSITAE
465
kinds of flowers it is called
heterogamous
and when
only one kind,
homo-
gamous.
1, Flowers all tubular or campanulate,
no
ray-flowers present.
2. Flowers
honiogamous,
that
is,
all
perfect
and alike.
3. Heads few to
many,
many-flowered,
not crowded in dense involucrate
masses or spicatelyarranged.
4. Involucral-bracts in several series.
5.
Pappus
of
long
hairs.
6.
Style-arms,slender,haiiy
1. Vemonia
6.
Style-arms glabrous
or nearly so 2.
Eupatorium
5.
Pappus
of 5 awned scales 3.
Ageratum
4. Involucral bracts in a single
series 4. Emilia
3. Heads few-flowered,fascicled,forming dense,
often
subcapitate
and
involucrate
clusters,or
in
pairs
and
spicatelyarranged.
5.
Elephantopus
2. Flowers
heterogamous,
the outer ones female,
the inner ones perfect.
3. Heads arranged
in
dense, globose, peduncled
masses;
branches
winged
6.
Sphaeranthus
3. Heads not
arranged
in
globose
masses,
corymbose, panicled, or
racemose.
4.
Pappus
of numerous
soft hairs.
5. Herbs, often coarse and
shrub-like;
involucral scales
narrow;
flowers
usually yellow
7. Blumea
5. Low shrubs with slender stems and
pale-purple flowers;
involucral
bracts broad 8. Pluchea
4.
Pappus none,
cup-like,or of scales or 'spines,
not
hairy.
5.
Pappus represented by a bristly
or toothed,cup-likering.
9.
Grangea
5.
Pappus
of small lacerate or divided scales
....
10.
Crossostephium
5.
Pappus
of
spines terminating
the
angles,
2 to 3 times
as long
as the achenes 11.
Synedrella
5.
Pappus
none.
6. Rather coarse
aromatic herbs with
numerous
heads.
12. Artemisia
6. Slender,prostrate
or spreading,
very
small herbs with
solitary
heads.
7. Heads
short-peduncled
;
anther-cells tailed 13. Epaltes
7. Heads
sessile;
anther-cells not tailed 14.
Centipeda
1.
Ray-flowers present,
1 or more outer
rows ligulate,
the disk-flowers
tubular.
2.
Pappus
of few to
many
hairs 15.
Erigeron
2.
Pappus
of awns or
scales,
or none.
3.
Pappus cupular, scale-like,
or none.
4. Involucral-bracts
united;
rank scented cultivated herbs with
large
yellow
flowers 16.
Tagetes
4. Involucral-bracts free or nearly so.
5.
Receptacle
smooth or pitted,
not
paleaceous..
17.
Chrysanthemum
5.
Receptacle paleaceous.
6. Outer 4 bracts
large,foliaceous,
in
opposite pairs.
18.
Enhydra
6. Bracts all
similar,or at least the outer 4 not foliaceous.
111555 " 30
466
A FLORA OF MANILA
7. Paleae of the
receptacle flat,narrow
19.
Eclipta
7. Paleae of the
receptacleembracing
the achenes.
8.
Pappus
of 2 to 4
thin, chaffy,
deciduous
scales; coarse
erect,
cultivated
plants
with
very
large
heads.
20. Heliantfms
8.
Pappus none
21. Wedelia
3.
Pappus
of 2 or 4
awns.
4. Achenes
long-beaked
22. Cosmos
4. Achenes not beaked
_
23. Bidens
1. All the flowers
ligulate,no
tubular
ones present;
herbs with
milky juice.
2. Leaves scattered
along
the
stem,
not rosulate.
3. Achenes beaked 24. Laciuca
3. Achenes not beaked 25. Sonchus
2. Leaves all
or mostly basal,
rosulate 26.
Crepis
1. VERNON lA Schreber
Erect
herbs, woody vines, or
trees. Leaves
alternate,
entire or
toothed.
Heads terminal
or axillary,
cymose
or panicled.
Involucre as long as or
shorter than the
flowers,
the bracts in
many
series,
the outer
ones
shorter.
Flowers all
perfect,
the corollas all
equal,tubular, slender,
5-lobed. Achenes
striate,
ribbed
or angled; pappus
hairs
numerous. (In
honor of W.
Vernon,
an early English botanist.)
Species more
than
about 12 in the
Philippines.
Heads about 8 mm in diameter 1. V.
patula
Heads about 2.5
mm in diameter 2. V. cinerea
1. V. PATULA
(Ait.)
Merr.
(V.
chinensis
Less.).
Bulac-manoc
(Tag.).
An
annual, erect,
rather stout herb with
spreading branches,
1 m high
or less,more or less
ashy-puberulent.
Leaves sessile or petioled,
ovate
to
elliptic-lanceolate,
2 to 12 cm
long, shallowly
toothed. Heads 40- to
70-flowered,ovoid, peduncled,
in
leafy panicles,
scattered or in
pairs,
about
1
cm long,
8 mm in
diameter,
green,
the flowers
pale-purple.
In
open
waste
places,occasional,
fl.
Sept.-Apr., widely
distributed in the
Philippines
and
undoubtedly an
introduced
plant
here. India to southern
China and
Malaya.
2. V. CINEREA
(L.)
Less.
An
erect, slender,sparingly branched,
somewhat
pubescent,
annual herb
20 to 80
cm high.
Leaves
petioled,
oblanceolate to
obovate,
acute or obtuse,
shallowly toothed,
2 to 6 cm long.
Heads
small, peduncled,
in
open,
lax
corymbs,
about 7 mm long,
2.5 mm in
diameter,
the flowers rather
bright-purple,
about 20 in each
head,
twice as long as the involucral
bracts.
(Fl.Filip.pi.280.)
In
open
waste
places, common,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philip- pines,
but
certainly
introduced.
Tropical
Africa and Asia
through Malaya
to Australia.
2. EUPATORIUM Linnaeus
Perennial herbs or undershrubs with
opposite or
alternate leaves. Heads
corymbose, many-flowered, homogamous,
the involucre
long or short,
of
few- to
many-seriate subequal bracts,
or
the outer bracts
shorter; recep-
COMPOSITAE 467
tacle naked. Corollas all
equal, regular,tubular, slender,
5-lobed
or
toothed.
Anthers
appendagcd,
the base obtuse.
Style-arms long.
Achcnes
truncate,
5-angled or 5-ribbed; pappus-hairs
in
one series,
many,
rigid,
scabrid.
(Dedicated to
Eupator Mithridates,
who is said to have used the
European
species
in
medicine.)
Species more than
400, chieflyAmerican,
4 or 5 in the
Philippines,
the
following
introduced and cultivated.
*
1. E. TRIPLINERVE Vahl
(E.
ayapana
Vent.). Ayapana (Sp.-Fil.).
A
glabrous perennial herb,
the stems suffrutescent at the base, ascending.
Leaves
opposite, lanceolate, triplinerved,
narrowed at both
ends,
acute or
acuminate, distantly
denticulate or nearly entire,
5 to 8 cm
long. Corymbs
lax,
the heads
many,
pedicelled,
about
20-flowered,
in about one series,
with some shorter outer
ones,
linear,acuminate, unequal,
somewhat
puberulent.
Occasionally cultivated,Pasay,
said to flower in
January.
A native of
tropical America, now widely
distributed in the
tropics,
cultivated and
spontaneous.
3. AGERATUM Linnaeus
Erect, branched, pubescent
herbs. Leaves
opposite or the
upper
ones
alternate. Heads white or pale-blue,corjinboseor panicled.
Involucre of
2 or 3 series of
linear,subequal
bracts. Corollas all
tubular, regular,
5-
cleft. Achenes
5-angled;
pappus
of 5, short,
free or connate scales.
(A
name
used
by
Dioscorides for the
everlastings.)
Species
about
16,
all
American,
1 now
in all
tropical
countries.
1. A. CONYZOIDES
L. Bulac-manoc
(Tag.).
An
annual, erect, branched,
somewhat
aromatic, hispidly hairy, slender,
rather stout herb 30 to 60 cm high.
Leaves
ovate, crenate, acute,
5 to 13
cm long.
Heads
small,
in rather dense terminal
corymbs,
about 5
mm
long
and
thick,
the bracts
green,
acute or acuminate. Flowers
numerous,
white or
very
pale-blue.
Achenes
black,
the
pappus
of 5 av^nied
scales,
often serrate below.
(Fl. Filip.pi.368.)
A
common
weed in waste
places,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philip- pines.
A native of
Mexico,
now
in all
tropical
countries.
4. EMILIA Cassini
Annual or perennial
erect
herbs, glabrous or hairy,
often
glaucous.
Leaves mostly radical,crowded, petioled,entire,toothed, or lyrately lobed,
those of the stem few, clasping,
smaller. Heads long-peduncled, loosely
corymbose, homogamous,
red or purplish.
Flowers all
perfect, tubular,
the limb
long,
5-toothed. Involucre
cylindric,
the bracts 1-seriate,
free
or
cohering
below,
the bracteoles
none.
Achenes subterete or angled, 5-ribbed;
pappus-hairs copious, soft,slender,
white.
Species
6
or
8 in
and
Malaya,
about 3 in the
Philippines.
1. E. SONCHIFOLIA (L.)
DC.
Tugulinao (Tag.).
An erect or ascending, variable, glabrous or sparingly hairy, more
or less branched
plant
10 to 40 cm high.
Leaves somewhat
fleshy,
the
lower
ones lyrate-lobed
or sinuate-toothed,
5 to 10
cm long,
the
upper
ones
much smaller and
usually entire,
all sessile,
and somewhat clasping
the
468
A FLORA OF MANILA
stems. Heads 12 to 14 mm long, long-peduncled,
the
flowering
branches
usually dichotomously
branched. Involucre
green,
cylindric,
somewhat inflated
below,
the bracts
green,
purple
flowers. Achenes
about 2.4 mm long, narrowly oblong, ribbed,
the
pappus
white, soft,
copious. (Fl. Filip.pi 282.)
Occasional in
open grass
lands,
waste
places,etc.,
fl.
Oct.-Apr.
;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
and
undoubtedly
introduced.
Tropical Asia,
Africa,
and
Malaya, apparently
an introduced
plant
in
tropical
America.
5. ELEPHANTOPUS Linnaeus
Stiff,erect, simple or branched herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads few-
flowered,homogamous, solitaryor
clustered in involucrate fascicles at the
ends of the branches or
in
pairs
and
spicatelyarranged.
Involucral-bracts
about
8, dry, stiff,alternately
flat and
conduplicate; receptacle
naked.
Flowers all
equally 4-lobed,
cleft on one side,
the lobes somewhat
spreading.
Achenes
truncate, ribbed; pappus-bristles rigid, shining,
slender and dilated
below,
or chaff -like.
(Greek "elephant"
and "foot"
suggested by
the form of the involucrate heads of some
species.)
Species
about 12 in
tropical America,
3 introduced in the
Philippines.
1. Clusters of heads at the ends of the
branches,
surrounded
by an involucre
of
usually
3 leaf-like bracts.
2. Leaves
forming a basal
rosette;
flowers
purple
1. E. scaber
2. Leaves scattered
along
the
stem;
flowers white 2. E. mollis
1. Clusters of heads
spicatelyarranged,
not involucrate 3. E.
spicatas
1. E. SCABER L.
A rather
coarse,
rigid,
erect herb 30 to 60 cm high, more or less scabrid
and villous. Leaves
mostly
in
a basal
rosette, oblong-obovate
to
oblong-
oblanceolate,
somewhat
crenate,
obtuse or
subacute,
base narrowed, 10 to
25
cm long,
those of the stem
few,
much smaller. Stems
forked,
the
branches
few,
stiff. Heads in clusters at the ends of the branches enclosed
by usually
3 leaf-like
bracts,
which
are
ovate to
oblong-ovate,
1 to 1.5 cm
long,
cordate at the base. Heads
many
in each
cluster,crowded,
each head
about
4-flowered,
the involucral-bracts 8 to 10 mm long.
Corollas 8 to 9
mm
long,purple.
Achenes
ribbed,
the
pappus
of 4 to
6, long, rigid
bristles.
In
open grass
lands,
waste
places,etc.,
fl.
Dec-April; widely
distributed
in the
Philippines. Tropics generally,
but undoubtedly a
native of tropical
America.
2. E. MOLLIS HBK.
A
tall,erect,
more or less hirsute herb 0.8 to 1.2 m high,
not branched
except
the inflorescence. Leaves scattered
along
the
stem,
not
basal,oblong
to
oblong-elliptic, acute,
base narrowed and
decurrent, crenate,
8 to 20 cm
long.
Branches of the inflorescence
few, usually forked,
subtended
by
much-reduced leaves. Clusters of heads
terminating
the branches surrounded
by
about
3, ovate, cordate,
1 to 1.5 cm long,
leaf -like bracts. Heads
4-fiowered,numerous
in each
cluster,
the involucral-bracts
lanceolate,
acuminate,
about 7 mm long,
green.
Corollas
white,
5 to 6 mm long. Pappus
of 4 or 5
long,
bristle-like hairs.
In thickets
etc., Masambong,
fl.
Dec-April; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
A native of
tropical America,
now thoroughly
naturalized
here; not
reported
from
any
other
part
of the
Orient,
other than Guam.
COMPOSITAE
4^9
8. E.
SPICATUS Aubl.
An
.
erect,
rather stiff herb 20 to 60 cm hii^h,sparingly appressed-
pubescent or
nearly glabrous.
Leaves
oblong-obovate, obtuse,
base
narrowed,
crenate,
9 to 14 cm
long,
those of the
upper part
of the stem smaller.
Heads about 1.5 cm long, sessile,
in clusters of 2 to 5, in the axils of
very
much reduced
leaves,arranged along
the
fev^r, elongated, spike-like
branches
of the inflorescence. Involucral-bracts
green,
the outer much smaller than
the inner ones. Achenes
ribbed, hirsute,
the
pappus-hairs 4,
dilated and
laciniate-cleft at the
base, unequal,
2
straight,
2
longer, abruptly
recurved
and again curved
upward.
Corolla
white,
about 7 mm
long.
In
open
waste
places,
fl.
Dec-April; common and
widely distributed in
the
Philippines.
Introduced from
tropical America,
but
reported
from
no
other
part
of the Orient
except
Guam and southern China.
5. SPHAERANTHUS Linnaeus
Annual, erect or
spreading,
rather coarse herbs. Leaves
alternate,
toothed,
decurrent on the branches. Heads
small,
in
terminal, solitary,
globose
clusters. Flowers
heterogamous,
the outer
ones
few or
many,
female, slender,
the limb
minutely
2- or 3-toothed. Disk-flowers
perfect,
solitary
or
few,
the limb 4- or 5-toothed. Involucre
narrow,
the bracts
dry, acute, unequal.
Achenes
oblong,
somewhat
compressed,
the
pappus
none. (Greek "sphere"
and
"flower,"
from the
globose inflorescence.)
Species
about
8, tropicalAfrica, Asia,
to
Australia,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. S. AFRICANUS L.
A
more or less
pubescent or
nearly glabrous,
rather
coarse,
branched
herb less than 1 m high,
the branches
spreading
the stems and branches
prominently 3-winged by
the decurrent leaves. Leaves obovate to
oblong-
obovate, sessile,
4 to 13 cm long, finely
toothed. Heads
very numerous,
in
dense, globose
clusters about 1 cm in
diameter, solitary,on
erect,winged
peduncles.
Flowers
greenish-white.
In waste
places, occasional,
fl.
Sept.-April;
of local
occurrence
about
towns in the
Philippines, certainly an introduced
plant
here.
Tropical
Africa and
to Australia.
7. BLUMEA DeCandolle
Annual or
perennial, glandular, pubescent,
or
glabrous, usually erect,
simple or branched
herbs,
often aromatic. Leaves
alternate,
toothed
or
lobed. Heads
small,usually numerous,
scattered or fascicled in
corymbose
panicles or in
spike-like
racemes,
yellow or purplish.
Involucre ovoid or
campanulate,
the bracts
narrow,
many-seriate,
the outer ones smaller.
Outer flowers female,
very numerous, slender, tubular,
the limb 4-
or
5-toothed. Inner
perfect
flowers
few,
stouter. Achenes
small, cylindric
or angled;
pappus
white or
brownish,
the hairs
1-seriate,
slender.
(In
honor of C. L.
Blume, a Dutch
botanist.)
Species
about
7.5,tropicalAsia,
and
Africa, through Malaya to
Australia,
about 20 in the
Philippines.
1. A
coarse, erect, stout,
suffrutescent
herb,
or a shrub 2 to 3 m high,
the
leaves
very
strongly
aromatic 1. B.
balsamijera
1.
Herbs,
branched or simple,
20 to 120 cm high, slightlyor not aromatic.
2. Heads
very numerous,
crowded in dense
spike-likeracemes or panicles;
softlypubescent plants.
470
A FLORA OF MANILA
3. Leaves
obovate, toothed;
flowers
purplish
2. B. mollis
3. Leaves oblong, lyratelylobed;
flowers
yellow
3. B. laciniata
2. Heads
few,
in
open
panicles; plant only slightly pubescent;
leaves
oblong-obovate, somewhat
spiny-toothed 4. B.
tenera
1. B. balsamifera
(L.)
DC.
Sambong (Tag.).
A
coarse,
tall,erect, suffrutescent, stz-ongly
aromatic
herb, densely
and
softlypubescent,
1.5 to 3 m high, stems
up
to 2.5 cm
in diameter. Leaves
7 to 20 cm
long, elliptic-to oblong-lanceolate,serrate,
acute or
obtuse,
base narrowed to the short
petiole,
which is often auricled or appendaged.
Inflorescence
a large, branched, leafy panicle.
Heads
peduncled, on
the
ultimate branches,
numerous,
6 to 7 mm
long, cylindric,
the involucral
bracts
green, narrow,
pubescent,
the flowers
yellow. (Fl. Filip.pi. iOS.)
In
open
waste
places,
fl. Feb.-April.; widely
India to
Malaya.
2. B. MOLLIS (Don)
Merr.
(B.-tvightianaAuct.).
An
erect,
somewhat
branched, usually densely
white-villous herb 20 to
40 cm high, slightly
aromatic. Leaves
petioled,thin, obovate,
rounded
or
obtuse,
1.5 to 4 cm
long,irregularly
toothed but not lobed. Heads
numerous,
4 to 5 mm long,
crowded or fasciculate,
in
oblong, spiciform,
sometimes
paniculate
inflorescence,
the bracteoles
densely pilose,
green
or purplish.
Flowers with
purple tips.
In
open,
dry
or damp places,
fl. Jan.-
April; widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
and
undoubtedly
tropical Africa,
and
China,
southward
through Malaya
to Australia.
3. B. LACINIATA (Roxb.)
DC.
An
erect,
rather
coarse,
often much-branched, scarcely aromatic, pubescent
plant
0.8 to 1.2 m high,
the stems
very
leafy.
Leaves 8 to 14
cm
long, deeply lyrately lobed,
the lobes
coarsely toothed, pubescent on
both
surfaces. Heads
many,
ovoid,
6 to 7 mm long,
5 mm in
diameter, nodding,
loosely
clustered and racemosely arranged on the
panicle branches, forming
an oblong
inflorescence 25 to 50
cm
in
length.
Involucral bracts
green,
softly pubescent.
Flowers
yellow.
In
open
dry
waste
lands,occasional,
fl.Jan.-
April; widely
distributed in
the
Philippines
and
probably
Malaya.
4. B. tenera
Merr.
A
slender,erect, slightly
or not at all branched herb 20 to 50 cm high,
the stems nearly glabrous.
Leaves
sessile or nearly
so,
acute,
base
gradually narrowed, margins distantly
and somewhat
spiny-
toothed,
not at all
lobed,
2,5 to 8
cm long,
the lower surface
slightlypapil- late-pilose.
Heads
panicled,few,
6 to 7 mm
long,
the bracts
linear,
green,
slightlypubescent or nearly glabrous.
Flowers
yellow.
Achenes
angled,
slightlyhairy,
1.2 mm
long.
Central
perfect
flowers
few,
the corolla 4-
toothed.
In
open grass
lands.
La Loma to
Maypajo,
rare,
fl.Nov.-Jan. Known
(
nly
from the
Philippines.
8. PLUCHEA Cassini
Erect branched
shrubs, more or
less
pubescent.
Leaves
alternate,
toothed. Heads
small,
in terminal leafless
corymbs, heterogamous, disk-like,
lilac,
the flowers
tubular,
the outer ones female, many-seriate, slender,
the
472
A FLORA OF MANILA
white hairs, base long-narrowed,
apex
prominently
3- to 5-toothed or
-lobed,
the lobes ovate to
narrowly oblong.
Heads in the
upper
axils,peduncled,
forming
terminal
leafy racemes, subglobose,
4 to 5
mm
in diameter.
A
species
of Chinese
origin,
introduced and cultivated in
Manila, rarely
flowering.
Otherwise known
only
from China.
11. SYNEDRELLA Gaertner
Annual, erect, branched, pubescent
herbs. Leaves
opposite, petioled,
toothed. Heads
small, axillary,heterogamous, radiate,
the
ray-flowers
female,
in 1 or 2
series,yellow,
the
liguleshort,
perfect, tubular,
the limb 4-toothed. Involucre ovoid
or oblong,
the bracts
few,
1 or 2 outer ones usually foliaceous,
the inner ones dry,
like
disk-scales;
receptacle small,
with scarious flat scales. Achenes of the
ray-flowers
dorsally compressed, 2-winged,
the
wings lacerate,
those of the disk
few,
compressed or 3-angled,
often
muricate,
the
angles
of both terminating
in
spines.
Species
2 in
tropical America,
1 now cosmopolitan
in the
tropics.
1. S. NODIFLORA
(L.)
Gaertn.
An
erect, dichotomously branched, glabrous or sparingly hairy,
annual
herb,
1 m high
or less. Leaves
opposite, petioled,
ovate-lanceolate to
elliptic-ovate,
acute, finelytoothed, base decurrent, 3-nerved,
7 to 13 cm long.
Heads
sessile,axillary
and
terminal, nearly
1 cm long, cylindric,
few-
flowered. Flowers
yellow.
Achenes
black,
the
spines stout, sharp. (Fl.
Filip.pi JfOh)
In
open
waste
places,
very common,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
Philippines,
and
certainly
introduced.
Probably a
native of
tropical
America, now in most warm countries.
12. ARTEMISIA Linnaeus
Erect herbs or undershrubs, usually strong-scented.
Leaves
alternate,
entire to pinnatisect.
Heads
small,
racemose or panicled, solitary, or
fascicled
along
the branches. Flowers all
tubular,
the outer ones female,
1-seriate,slender,
2- or 3-toothed;
disk-flowers
perfect,
the bracts few-
seriate,
outer shorter. Achenes
small, faintly striate;
pappus
none. (In
memory
of
Artemisia,
wife of
Mausolus.)
Species
about 150 in north
temperate regions,
few in South
America,
2 in the
Philippines,
the
following
introduced.
1. A. VULGARIS
L.
Camaria, Damong-maria (Tag.).
An
erect,
rank
smelling,
often suffrutescent herb 0.5 to 0.8 m high,
gray-pubescent,
the stems
leafy,
branched. Leaves
pinnately lobed,
5 to
14 cm long,
gray
beneath, nearly glabrous above,
the lobes
spreading or
ascending, ii-regularlycoarsely
toothed or lobulate,
with
stipule-like
basal
lobes. Heads
numerous, ovoid,
3 to 4 mm long, nearly or quite sessile,
secund,
seriate or fascicled on the
elongated, spike-like,ascending panicle-
branches.
(Fl. Filip.pi.329.)
Cultivated,
fl. March-June and
probably
in other months;
introduced
from
Europe
and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines
in
cultivation,
thoroughly
naturalized
in
some regions.
A native of
Europe
and
Asia,
now found in
many
other
regions.
COMPOSITAE
473
13. EPALTES
Cassini
Herbs with
alternate, usually decurrent,
toothed leaves. Heads
small,
solitary or corymbose, globose or disciform, heterogamous,
the flowers
tubular,
the outer ones female, many-seriate,
the corolla much shorter than
the
style,
2- or 3-toothed. Disk flowers
perfect,tubular,
3- to 5-fid. Anther-
bases
sagittate.
Achenes of female flowers
subterete,
5- to 10-ribbed,
the
pappus none;
of the
perfect
flowers
usually abortive,
pappus
hairs 2
or 3, or none. Involucre
broad,
the bracts
many-seriate,
the
receptacle
naked.
Species
about
10,
in most
tropical countries,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. E. australis R. Br.
Root
stout, woody,
the stems rather
slender, spreading, prostrate, or
ascending, branched,
6 to 15
cm long.
Leaves obovate to
oblong-obovate,
rounded, rather
coarsely toothed,
1.5 to 2.5 cm long,
narrowed below to
the short
petiole.
Heads
solitary,axillary, shortly peduncled, depressed-
globose,
about 5 mm
in
diameter,
the involucre
hemispheric,
green,
the
bracts several-seriate. Flowers
very numerous,
minute, purplish, including
the achenes about 2 mm long.
In old rice
paddies near La Loma fl.
Dec-Jan.,
and
probably
in other
months,
very rare;
of
very
local
occurrence
in the
Philippines.
India
to Australia.
14. CENTIPEDA Loureiro
Small, spreading or ascending, annual, haiiy or nearly glabrous
herbs.
Leaves
alternate,
toothed. Heads
small, sessile,axillary,globose or disciform,
yellow.
Outer flowers
female, many-seriate,
the corolla
small;
disk-
flowers
perfect,few,
the corolla
campanulate,
4-fid. Involucre
hemispheric,
the bracts 2-seriate. Achenes
4-angled, hairy on the
angles;
pappus
none.
(Latin
"hundred" and "feet" in reference to its
prostrate habit.)
Species 4,
in
Asia, Australia,
and in South America.
1. C. MINIMA
(L.)
Willd.
(C.
orbicularis
Lour.).
A
prostrate
or ascending,
slender
herb,
the branches
numerous, spreading
from the
root,
8 to 20
cm long,
somewhat
woolly or nearly glabrous,
leafy.
Leaves 1 cm
long or less,oblong-obovate
to
oblanceolate,
with few
coarse
teeth. Heads
sessile,globose,
3 to 4 mm in
diameter, many-flowered.
Achenes about 1 mm long.
In
open
waste
places, occasional,
fl.
Dec-June; widely
distributed in the
Philippines, undoubtedly
introduced.
India, through Malaya
to Australia
and
Polynesia.
15. ERIGERON Linnaeus
Erect, branched,
often coarse herbs with
alternate, toothed, usually
sessile leaves. Heads
panicled,heterogamous, rayed,
the
ray-flowers
female
in several
rows,
their
ligules
short or long.
Disk-flowers
perfect, tubular,
6-cleft. Involucre ovoid
or hemispheric,
the bracts
narrow, equal. Recep- tacle
flat or
convex,
naked. Achenes
narrow,
compressed,
the
pappus
a
single row of slender bristles or often double, the outer series often reduced
to a few short hairs or bristles.
(Greek "spring"
and "an old man"
suggested
by
the hoariness of
some
vernal
species.)
Species
about 100, chiefly
in the north
temperate
zone,
fewer in the
tropics,
1 introduced in the
Philippines.
474
A FLORA OF MANILA
1. E. LINIFOLIOUS Willd.
A
stout,
or sometimes
slender,erect,
branched annual 0.5 to 2 m
high,
more or less hirsute. Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate 6 to 15
cm long,
1 to 4 cm wide, coarsely
toothed or sublobed. Panicles
terminal, ample,
the heads
numerous, peduncled, narrowly ovoid,
6 to 7 mm long,
the bracts
green.
Flowers
greenish-white,
many
in each head.
In waste
places, occasional,
fl.
Oct.-April; widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
A native of
Europe,
introduced
here;
now a common weed
in
many
warm and
tropical
countries.
16. TAGETES Linnaeus
Erect, branched, usually rank-scented, glabrous herbs,
the leaves and
involucral-bracts with scattered
oil-glands.
Leaves
opposite,pinnately
dissected
or lobed. Heads
long-peduncled,
medium or
large,yellow, solitary.
Involucre ovoid or
cylindric,
the bracts
1-seriate,connate
nearly
to their
tips. Ray-flowers 1-seriate,female,
the
ligule
entire or
2-toothed,
short
or long;
disk-flowers
perfect, regular, tubular,
limb
usually
somewhat
enlarged,
5-fid. Achenes
linear,
narrowed
below, compressed
or
angled;
pappus-scales few,
aristate.
(From Tages,
an ancient Tuscan
god.)
Species
about
20,
natives of
tropical America, a few now
widely
cultivated,
1 or 2 introduced in the
Philippines.
1. T. ERECTA L. Amarilla
(Sp.-Fil.)
;
Marigold.
A rather
coarse, erect, glabrous, branched, rank-smelling
annual herb
0.4 to 1 m high.
very
deeply pinnatifid,
the lobes
lanceolate,coarsely
and
sharply toothed,
1 to 2.5
cm
long.
Heads
solitary,
long-peduncled,
the
peduncle
thickened
upward, 2.5 to 3.5 cm long,
2
to 4 cm in
diameter,
the involucre
green.
Flowers
pale-
to
deep-yellow.
Achenes 6 to 7 mm long. (Fl. Filip.pi.iO^.)
fl. all the
year.
In most
Philippines towns in
cultivation,
in
some
localities
spontaneous
and naturalized. A native of
Mexico.
17. CHRYSANTHEMUM Linnaeus
Erect,
annual or perennial,
aromatic
herbs,
with
alternate,entire,
toothed
or
lobed leaves. Heads
large, terminal, peduncled,
sometimes
corymbose.
Ray-flowers 1-seriate,female,
the
ligulespreading, white, yellow,
or
pink;
disk-flowers
numerous, perfect,
the limb 4- or 5-fid. Involucre
hemispheric
or
broader,
the bracts
many-seriate,
broad. Achenes subterete or
angled,
ribbed or
winged;
pappus
none or
short,
sometimes
a
cup
or auricle.
(An
ancient Greek
name,
i.
e., "golden flower.")
Species
80 or more
in the north
temperate zone,
3 introduced and cultivated
in the
Philippines.
1. More or less
pubescent;
leaves
pinnately lobed;
heads
corymbose.
2. Flowers
yellow,
with but one or two rows or
ray-flowers,usually
less
than 2.5 cm
in diameter 1, C. indicum
2. Flowers
white, yellow, or variously colored,
with
many
rows of
ray-
flowers,exceeding
2.5 cm in diameter 2. C. sinense
1.
Quite glabrous,
the leaves
bipinnately parted,
when fresh
fleshy
and
brittle;
heads
solitary,long-peduncled,yellow
3. C. coronarmm
*
1. C. INDICUM L. Manzanilla
(Sp.-Fil.).
An erect or ascending, perennial,
aromatic herb 30 to 60 cm high, somewhat
pubescent.
Leaves
thin,
ovate to
oblong-ovate
in
outline,
4 to 6 cm
COMPOSITAE
475
long, pinnately lobed,
the lobes 2 or 3 on each
side,
ovate or
oblong-ovate,
sharply
toothed. Heads
yellow,peduncled, corymbosely panicled,
1.5 to 2.5
cm
in diameter.
Cultivated
only,
fl.
Jan.-Mar.,
and
probably
in other months. A native
of China and
Japan,
now cultivated in most warm countries.
*2. C. SINENSE Sabine.
Manzanilla,
Rosas de
Japon (Sp.-Fil.).
Similar to the
preceding,
but
usually taller,
the heads white
or variously
colored,
with us
up
to 5 cm or more
in
diameter, composed
of
numerous
rows of
ray-flowers. Perhaps only a foi-m of the
preceding developed by
cultivation.
Cultivated
only,
fl.
Dec.-Feb.,
introduced from China or
Japan.
Culti- vated
in all warm countries,exceedingly
variable.
*3. C. CORONARIUM
L.
T'ung
hao
(Chinese).
An
erect, glabrous,
somewhat
fleshy,slightlyaromatic, branched,
annual
herb 50 cm high
or
less,
the leaves auricled and
clasping
at the
base,
10
cm long or less,bipinnately parted,
the lobes
narrow,
entire
or toothed,
thick,oblong
to
lanceolate,
when fresh
fleshy
and brittle. Heads
solitary,
long-peduncled,terminating
the
branches, yellow,
Cultivated
by
Chinese
gardeners,
fl.
Feb.-Apr.
A native of the Medi- terranean
regions,
warm countries,
introduced in
the
Philippines
from southern China.
18. EN HYDRA Loureiro
Spreading or ascending, branched,
somewhat
fleshy
marsh-herbs with
opposite, oblong
to lanceolate,sessile,
toothed leaves. Heads
axillary,
sessile,solitary.
Involucral bracts 4, large,foliaceous,
green,
in 2
opposite
pairs, longer
than the heads.
Ray-flowers male,
in several
series,
the
ligule
very
small, broad,
perfect,fertile,or
the innermost
sterile,
the limb
tubular,
5-fid.
Receptacle convex,
the scales
enclosing
the flowers and achenes. Achenes
oblong, compressed;
pappus
none. (Greek "growing
in
or near water.")
Species
about 6, tropical
and
subtropical,
1 in the
Philippines.
1. E. fluctuans Lour.
A
prostrate, spreading,
annual
herb,
the stems somewhat
fleshy,
30 cm
long
or
more,
branched, rooting
at the lower
nodes,
somewhat
pubescent.
Leaves
sessile,linear-oblong,
acute or obtuse,
3 to 5 cm long,
base
usually
truncate, margins
somewhat toothed. Heads
solitary,axillary,sessile,
the
outer pair
of involucral bracts 1 to 1.2 cm
long, ovate, obtuse,
the inner
pair
somewhat
smaller,
the
heads, excluding
the
bracts,
less than 1 cm in
diameter,
the flowers white or greenish-white.
Achenes enclosed
by
the
rigid receptacle-scales.
In
open
marshy places,
not
common,
fl. March-Apr.,
and
probably
in
other
months;
of
very
local occurrence
in the
Philippines.
India to China
southward to
Malaya.
19. ECLIPTA Linnaeus
Strigose or hirsute,
erect
or prostrate,
slender or
coarse,
annual herbs.
Leaves entire or
toothed, opposite.
Heads
small, axillary
and
terminal,
white, peduncled, heterogamous, rayed.
Involucre
green,
ovoid to
broadly
campanulate,
the bracts
few, 2-seriate,
the outer ones broad,
the
receptacle
476
A FLORA OF MANILA
flat or nearly so,'
the
paleae narrow. Ray-flowers female,
about
2-seriate,
fertile or sterile,white,
the
ligulesmall, narrow,
entire or 2-toothed. Disk-
flowers
very numerous, perfect, fertile,tubular,
the limb 4- or 5-fid.
Achenes compressed,
truncate or 2-aristate;
pappus
none.
(Greek
"to be
deficient,"alluding
to the absence of
pappus.)
Species
3 or 4,
of wide
tropicaldistribution,at least 2 in the
Philippines.
Coarse, erect, more or less
densely hirsute,
the leaves
up
to 9 cm long,
somewhat toothed 1. E.
zippeliana
Rather
slender, usually prostrate or spreading, strigillose
but not
hirsute,
the leaves 1 to 5 cm long,
subentire 2. E. alba
1. E. ZIPPELIANA Bl.
A
very coarse, densely hirsute, erect,
branched herb 0.3 to 1.5 m high,
the stems often reddish. Leaves 3 to 9 cm long, sessile,oblong-obovate
to
lanceolate,hirsute, acuminate,
base
narrowed, margins irregularly
and
rather
coarsely spinulose-toothed.
Heads
ovoid,
6 to 7 mm long,
5 to 6
mm
in
diameter, larger
in
fruit,
the
peduncles hirsute,
1
cm long
or
less,
the bracts
green,
hairy, as long as or exceeding
the flowers.
Ligules
of
the
ray-flowers
about 1.5 mm long.
Achenes
black,
3 mm long,
apex
hairy.
In
open
damp places, scattered,
fl. all the
year;
of wide
Philippine
distribution,apparently
not native.
Java,
and
probbly
in other
parts
of
Malaya.
2. E.
ALBA (L.)
Hassk.
A
decumbent, spreading, or sometimes
suberect, strigillose,
annual
herb,
the stems rather
slender, usually reddish,
up
to 30 cm
in
length
or more.
Leaves
sessile,
entire or slightlytoothed, linear-oblong
to
lanceolate,
acute
or blunt,
1 to 5 cm long.
Peduncles 3
cm long
or less. Heads
ovoid,
5 to 6
mm long,
about 5 mm
in
diameter,
in fruit much
wider,
the bracts
strigillose
but not hirsute. Achenes
black,
3 mm long,
apex
glabrous, or slightly
hairy.
In
open
waste
places,
low
damp lands, etc.,
common,
fl. all the
year;
throughout
the
introduced. All
tropical
and subtropical
countries.
20. HELIANTHUS Linnaeus
Coarse, erect, simple or branched,
annual or perennial
herbs. Leaves
opposite or alternate, ample,
toothed or lobed. Heads often
very
large,
solitary
or corymbose, long-peduncled. Ray-flowers
several to
many,
yellow.
Disk-flowers
perfect,
very
numerous,
brown or yellow.
Involucre-
bracts herbaceous or foliaceous,
imbricate.
Receptacle
flat
or
convex,
the
persistent chaffy
scales embracing
the
4-angled,compressed,
smooth achenes.
Pappus very
deciduous,
of
2, thin,chaffy
scales on the principal angles,
and
sometimes 2 or more
intermediate ones. (Greek
"sun" and "flower.")
Species 55,
in
temperate
and
tropical America,
in the
Philippines.
*
1. H. ANNUUS L. Girasol
(Sp.)
;
Sunflower.
A
coarse, stout, rough, erect,
annual herb 1 to 3 m
in
height.
Leaves
ovate, serrate, acuminate,
the lowest ones
sometimes
cordate,
10 to 25
cm
long.
Heads
usually solitary,
often
very
large,
up
to 20 cm
in
diameter,
the
rays
yellow, spreading.
COMPOSITAE
477
fl.
Oct.-May.
A native of
tropical America,
introduced and cultivated here for ornamental
purposes,
not
spontaneous.
Helianthus
cucunicrifolius
Torr. and
Gray, a
native of the south-eastern
United States and Mexico is a recent introduction,occasionally
found in
cultivation. It differs from H.
anmais
in its smaller
size,slender,
much-
branched,
mottled
stems, long-peduncles,
much smaller heads and caudate-
acuminate involucral-bracts.
21. WEDELIA
Jacquin
Scabrid, wide-spreading, coarse or slender,
often
climbing
herbs. Leaves
opposite,
ovate. Heads
axillary or terminal, peduncled, yellow. Ray-
flowers
female, 1-seriate,
the
ligule spreading,
often toothed. Disk-flowers
many, perfect,
the limb
tubular,
5-toothed. Involucral-bracts about 2-
seriate,
the outer few often foliaceous.
Receptacle flat,
the scales enclosing
the flowers. Achenes
cuneate-oblong
or obovoid, angled or compressed,
margins
obtuse or thickened;
pappus
none or a
toothed
cup
or ring, or
of scales.
(In
honor of G. W.
Wedel, a German
botanist.)
Species
about
45, tropical
and
subtropical,
1 or 2 in the
Philippines.
Leaves
ovate,
3 to 12 cm wide; a coarse spreading
or climbing plant.
1. W.
biflora
Leaves oblong
to
oblong-lanceolate,
1.5 cm wide or less,
base
narrowed; a
slender
plant
2. W.
prostrata
1. W. biflora
(L.)
DC.
Hagonoy (Tag.).
A
climbing, scaberulous,
herbaceous vine. Leaves ovate, acuminate,
rather
coarsely serrate,
6 to 18 cm long,
base
rounded, triplinerved,
the
petioles
2 to 6 cm long.
Heads 3 cm
in diameter or less,peduncled,
1 to
3,
sometimes
more,
in the
upper
axils,
the
peduncles
T to 10 cm long.
Involu- cral-bracts
narrowly oblong,
somewhat
recurved, pubescent, equaling or
exceeding
the disk.
Ray-flowers
6 to
15,
the
liguleoblong, yellow, 3-toothed,
6 to 12 mm long.
Disk-flowers
numerous,
yellow or yellowish-brown.
Along
the seashore, in
thickets,
common,
fl. all the
year;
in littoral
districts
throughout
the
Philippines.
India to China
through Malaya
to
Polynesia.
2. W. PROSTRATA (H.
"
A.)
Hemsl.
A
slender,spreading, strigose-pubescent plant,
the branches
usually
less
than 50 cm long.
Leaves
oblong
to oblong-lanceolate,
2 to 4.5 cm long,
narrowed at both ends,
entire or obscurely toothed, strigose
on both
surfaces. Heads
peduncled,
about 1 cm
in
diameter, yellow,
the bracts
oblong-ovate,
not spreading.
In
open grassy
places
near the walled
city, rare,
fl. Jan.-March,
and
probably
in other
months;
otherwise unknown
in the
Philippines,
and
undoubtedly
introduced here.
Japan
to
Formosa and southern China.
22. COSMOS
Linnaeus
Erect branched herbs with lobed to pinnately
divided leaves. Heads
peduncled, heterogamous,
the
ray
flowers
variously
colored or white. In- volucre
subhemispheric,
the bracts 2-seriate,
connate near the base.
Recep- tacle
flat,
somewhat
scaly. Ray-flowers ligulate,
the limb
spreading, usually
toothed. Disk-flowers
perfect,
tubular,
the limb 5-toothed. Achenes nar-
478
A FLORA OF MANILA
row,
somewhat
5-angled,
beaked at the
top,
with 2 to
4,
barbed
or hispid,
deciduous awns. (Greek "ornament.")
Species
10 or more
in
tropicalAmerica,
2 introduced in the
Philippines.
1. C. CAUDATUS HBK.
A
coarse,
erect,
branched herb 0.8 to 1.5 m high, glabrous. Leaves
up
to 20 cm
long,
2- or
3-pinnatelydissected,
the lobes
narrow,
oblong,mostly
acuminate. Heads in the
upper
axils,long-peduncled,
about 3 cm in
diameter,
the involucral-bracts
green,
linear,
about 1.5
cm long. Ray-
flowers
pink
or
pale-purple,
about 1.5 cm
long,
3-cleft. Disk-flowers
yellow.
Achenes
fusiform,
about 2 cm long, including
the
long,
slender scabrid
beak which bears 2
slender,spreading retrorsely
scabrid
awns. (Fl. Filip.
p.
287.)
In waste
places, dry soil,
common,
fl. all the
year;
introduced from
tropical
America at an
early date,now thoroughly
naturalized and
widely
distributed in the
Philippines.
Some horticultural
forms, chiefly
with
yellow flowers,are
cultivated
by
local
gardeners.
23. BIDENS Linnaeus
Annual, erect,
branched
herbs,
with
opposite,
toothed
or
incised
or
1-
or 2-pinnate
leaves. Heads
corymbosely panicled,rayed,
the
rays
yellow
or nearly white,
the disk-flowers
perfect.
Involucre
green,
ovoid
or cylin-
dric,
the bracts about
2-seriate,
their bases
connate,
the outer ones
narrow,
the inner broader. Anther-cells entire or subsagittate.
Achenes
4-angled
or compressed, linear,
the
pappus
of 2 to
4, rigid,retrosely
barbed bristles.
(Latin
"two" and
"tooth,"
from the 2-awned achenes of some species.)
Species
about 50, mostly American,
about 3 in the
Philippines.
1. B. PILOSA L.
Beggar-ticks.
An
erect, branched, usually more or less
hairy
herb 0.2 to 1.5 m high,
very
variable. Leaves 15 cm
long
or less,
the
upper
one usually
much
smaller,
1- or 2-pinnatifid,
the
segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed,
2 to 5 cm
long.
Heads
long-peduncled,
about 8 mm
long
in
flower,
the
disk-flowers brown or yellowish,
the
rays
yellow or nearly white,
the inner
involucral-bracts with broad scarious
margins.
Achenes
linear, black,
1 to 1.5
cm long,
4-awned at the
apex.
In waste
places,Malabon,
fl.
Oct.-Nov.,
and
probably
in other
months;
widely
distributed in the
Philippines,
and
certainly
introduced. All
warm
countries.
24. LACTUCA Linnaeus
Erect, simple or branched, usually glabrous
herbs with
milky
sap.
Leaves radical and
alternate,entire,
toothed or variously pinnate
or
pin-
natifid,
often
stem-clasping
and auricled. Heads sessile or peduncled,
panicled, homogamous.
Flowers all
ligulate,yellow.
Involucre
usually
narrow,
the bracts
few-seriate,thin; receptacleflat,
naked. Achenes compressed,
ovoid-oblong
to
narrow, beaked,
ribbed.
Pappus copious,
the hairs
white, slender, usually
with
a ring
of
very
short hairs at the base.
(Ancient
Latin
name
of the
lettuce.)
Species
about 10 in the north
temperate region,
3 in the
Philippines,
the
following
introduced and cultivated.
*
1. L.
SATIVA L.
Lechuga (Sp.-Fil.)
;
Lettuce.
An
erect, usually simple, annual, glabrous
herb
reaching a height
of 1
m. Leaves 6 to 20 cm
long,
obovate to
oblong-obovate,
entire or lobed,
INDEX
A
Abaca 154
Abelmoschus
_.
321
Abrus 249
Abutilon 318
Acacia
225, 227,233
Acalypha 292
Acanthaceae 433
Acanthus 141
Acanthus
Family
433
Acapulco 234
Achras
..-
363
Achuete 333
Achuete
Family 333
Achyranthes 194
Acle 226
Acleng-parang 226
Acoro 130
Acorus 130
Acrostichum 59
Adelfa 373
Adenanthera 229
Adenia
_
336
Adiantum
"
54
Aegiceras 361
Aegle 271
Aenia
..._
194
Aerides
.
165
Aeschsmomene
..."
237
Afzelia 235
Aganosma
374
Agave
"
146
Ageratxun
_
467
Aglaia
275
Agoho _
169
Agoho Family
168
Aguingay
78
Aizoaceae 197
Ajenjo 471
Ajo
144
Ajonjoli _
431
Alagao
405
Alagao-baguin
405
Alagao-dagat
405
j
Alambre 55
j
"
Alasan 306
|
Albahaca 408 I
Albizzia 226
"
Alcaparro
"
216
|
Alchornea 297
Aleuritea 290
Algodon 324.
325
Alicbangon
138
111553 31
Page.
Alicbangon Family 137
Alim 294
Alipata 298
Allamanda 372
Alligator Pear 211
Allium 143
AUophylus 304
Almendras
349
Alocasia 132
Alodig 177
Alstonia 371
Alstonia Family 368
Alternanthera 191
Alupag 305
Alupag Family 303
Alysicarpus 241
Amaga 364
Amamali 312
Amaranthaceae 189
Amaranthus 192
Amaranthus
Family 189
Amargoso 461
Amarilla 474
Amaryllis Family 145
Amaryllidaceae 145
Amazon Lily 149
Ambal 203
Amlong 129
Amniania 343
Amores secos 83
Amorphophallus 130
Ampalaya 461
Anacardiaceae 298
Anacardium 299
Anahao
.,
122
Anahao Family 121
Ananas 136
Anatto 333
Andropogon
81
Aneilema 138
Angiospermae
66
Anilao 313
Anilao Family
312
Aninapla
226
Anis
369
Anis Family S5'J
Anisomeles 411
Anonaceae
-
205
Anonang
393
Anonang Family
393
Anona
207
Anonas
207
Anredera
201
Pare.
Antidesma 287
Antigonon 188
Apiapi 896
Apio 869
Apium 359
Apluda 79
Apocynaceae 368
Aposotis 189
Aposotis Family
188
Araceae 128
Arachis 237
Araliaceae 366
Arana 323
Araucaria 66
Arbol del
fuego 231
Ardisia Family 360
Areca 127
Arenga
126
Argemone
212
Argyreia
_ "
386
Aristida 99
Aristolochia 186
Aristolochiaceae 186
Aristolochia Family 186
Aroma
.,
227,
228
Arourou 163
Arourou Family 163
Arrow Root 163
Arrow Root Family
163
Arroz i 97
Artabotrys
206
Artemisia 472
Artocarpus
176
Arthraxon
_...
76
Arum Family
128
Arundinella 86
Arytera
806
Asclepiadaceae
876
Asclepias -
377
Asimao
272
Asia
174
Asparagus ..._ _...
142
Asparagrus
Bean
_.
264
Asplenium
61
Aster
...-
.-
479
Ates
208
Athyrium
61
Atylosia -
255
Aurora
390
Averrhoa
266
Avicennia
-
397
Avocado
211
Ayam " . "
198
481
482
INDEX
Page.
Ayapana
467
Ayo
310
Ayo
Family
309
Ayong-gala
311
Azima
366
Azucena
146
r.
Bacan
210
Bacao
347
Bacauan 347.
348
Bacauan Family
346
Bacon
147
Bacopa
421
Badiang
133
Bagalnga
276
Bagaolan
450
Bagarilao
247
Bagauac
402
Bagnit
278
Baguilumbang
290
Baino 202
Balabalatungan
244
Balacbac 250
Balangot 66,
111
Balangot Family
106
Balanoi 408
Balanti 297
Balasbas 439
Balayong
236
Balete
175
Balete Family
172
Balibago
323
Balic-balic 247
Balili 91
Balinaunau 305
Balinhasay
300
Balloon Vine 304
Balsam
307
Balsam Family
306
Balsamina 307
Balsaminaceae 306
Bamboo
105
Bambusa
105
Banaba 341
Banaba Family
340
Banag
142
Banago
324
Banana
154
Banana Family
153
Banato
294
Bancal 446
Bancudo
453
Bandera Espaiiola
162
Bangar
327
Banig-usa -
242
Bansalaguin
363
Banucalad
290
Baquisquis
239
Barabay
369
Barac
158
Barbas baquero
461
Barleria 436
Barringtonia
345
Barringtonia Family
345
Barit 98
Page. I
Basella 200 |
Basellaceae 200
Basella Family
200 ,
Baston 145
Baston de San Jose 145 ]
Batad 84
Batad-batadan 84
Batao 264 |
Baticuling 210
j
Baticuling Family 209
j
Batobatonis 283
Bauang
144
'
Bayabas
353
I
Bauhinia 230
Bayoc
330
j
Bean 261
Bean Family 220
j
Beet 189
Beggar-ticks
478
Begonia 338
Begoniaceae 338
Begonia Family 338
Bejuco
124
Belamcanda 152
Benincasa 459
Berenjena
416
Bergia 332
Bergia Family 332
Bermuda Grass 103
Beta 189
Betel-nut Palm 128
Betel Pepper
170
Biao 290
Biday
408
Bidens 478
Biga
133
Bignay-pogo
287, 288
Bignoniaceae
426
Bignonia Family 426
Bilimbing
266
Bilimbing Family 264
Binayoyo
287
Bingabing
295
Binonga
295
Biophytum
265
Bird's Nest Fern 51
Bischofia 288
Bisco 154
Bitnong
329
Bitongol
334
Bitongol Family
334
Bixa
'. 333
Bixaceae 333
Bixa Family
333
Bladderwort Family 432
Blechum 444
Bluebell Family
462
Blue Gum
351
Blumea
469
Bobog
327
Boboy
326
Boboy Family
325
Boehmeria
181
Boei'hvaavia
197
Bombacaceae
325
Bombax
325
Page.
Bombax
Family 325
Bonac 407
Bonnaya 425
Borage Family 393
Boraginaceae 393
Botoncillo
191
Botong 345
Bougainvillea 196
Bowstring Hemp .'. 144
Boyoc-boyoc 461
Brassica 213
Breadfruit 176
Breynia 286
Bridelia 283
Bromeliaceae 136
Bruguiera 347
Brunfelsia 414
Bryophyllum 218
Buboy-gubat 325
Buddleia .167
Bucasbucas 283
Buchanania 300
Buckthorn
Family
307
Buenavista 291
Bulac 324
Bulacbulacan 324
Bulac-castila 325
Bulac-manoc
466, 467
Bulailaua
251, 252
Buli 123
Bunga
128
Bunga
de China 127
Bunga de Jolo 127
Bungalon 397
Bungulan 154
Buntot-tigre 144
Buri 123
Burseraceae 273
Busain 347, 348
Buta 298
Buta-buta 298
C
Cabatiti 309
Cabbage 214
Caballero 231, 232
Cabello del angel 383
Cablin 411
Cablin Family 406
Cabo
negro
126
Cacao 328
Cacao Family 326
Cacauate 245
Cactaceae 338
Cactus Family 338
Cadena de amor 188
Cadling 411
Cadlom 411
Caesalpinia
231
Caesalpinioideae 221,229
Cafe
451
Caguios
255
Cahel 270
Cajanus
255
Calabash Tree 430
Calabaza 457
INDEX
483
Page.
Calabaza Family 466
[
Calaboa 70. 141
'
Calachuchi
_
869
|
Caladium 181
Calagre 450
Calamansi 270
Calamismis
_
264
Calamondin 270
Calamus
_ _
.*..124
Calapini 471
Calathea 168
Cnliantan 812
Calit-calit 811
Callicarpa
_ "
400
Calios 177
Caliz 339
Calogryne
463
Calomata 269
\
Calonyction
384
i
Calophyllum
302
j
Calot-calotan 314, 319, 821
|
Caloy
407
;
Calubcob 363 :
Calucalumpangran 328
Calumbibit 232 i
Calumpang 327
I
Calumpang Family
326
\
Calupi 321 !
Camagon 364
Camagon Family 363
1
Camagsa
220
I
Camagsa-obat 142
Camanchiles 225
j
Camange
408
j
Camansi
_
176
,
Camantigui 307
Camantigui Family 306
,
Camaria 472
Camat-cabag
230
Camate 418
Camia
_
157 i
Camias
_
266
,
Camonsil
_
225
Camote 392
Camote Family 381
Camoteng-cahoy 297
|
Campanula 870,372
j
Campanulaceae
462
Campopot
365
Camuning
269
Cananga
208
,
Canangium
208
Canarium 273
Canarium
Family
273
Canavalia 257
.
Cancong
392 |
Candle Nut 290
Canela 210
,
Canna 161 i
Cannaceae 160
Canna Family
160
Cansasayao
" _
184
Canscora
"
367
'
Cantharospermum
255 |
Cantutay
455
Caua dulce 78
Page.
Caong
_
126
Caper Family 214
Capparidaceae 214
Capparis 21G
Capsicum 418
Capulco 234
Capurco 234
Caputi 419
Cardiospermum 304
Carica 837
Caricaceae
_
837
Carrot 859
Carum
"
359
Caryota 123
Casearia 835
Cashew 299
Cashew Family 298
Casopanguil 402
Casoy 299
Cassava 297
Cassia 233
Cassytha 211
Castalia 201
Castilloa 177
Castilloa Rubber Tree 177
Castor Oil Plant 296
Ca-stuli 321
Casuarinaceae 168
Casuarina 169
Casuarina Family 168
Catabad 120
Catacataca 218
Catmon 831
Catmon Family
831
Cat-tail
-
66
Cat-tail Family
66
Caturay _
250
Cauayan
106
Cauayan
China 105
Cauayan quiling
105
Cauayan
totoo 106
Caucauayan
79
Cauit-cauitan 95
Cayomanis
269
Ceara Rubber Tree 295
Cebolla
_
144
Ceiba 326
Celastraceae
"
301
Celastrus
_
301
Celastrus Family 301
Celery
359
Celosia
_
190
CenchiTjs
96
Centella
360
Centipeda
473
Centotheca
-
100
Centranthera
-
421
Centrosema
258
Century
Plant
146
Ceratophyllaceae
202
Ceratophyllum
202
Ceratophyllum
Family
202
Ceratopteris
69
Cerbera
369
Cereus
839
Ceropteris
52
Page.
Cestrum
414
Cha
_
894
Chaa-bundoc
"
S94
Chamaeraphis 96
Champaca
"
206
Champaca Family 204
Champacang-puti 20S
Champereia
.."
186
Cheilanlhes 68
Chenopodiaceae 188
Chenopodium 189
Chicharo
249
Chichirica
_
870
Chico
"....
868
Chico
Family Ut
Chile 418
Chile
Pepper 418
Chloris
^...
108
Chocolate 828
Chrysanthemum 474
Cicca 288
Cinamomo 840
Cinamomo de China
_...
876
Cinco Uagas 488
Cinco Uagas na puti 438
Cinnamomum 210
Cinntimon
-
210
Cinta
_
69
Cipr6s 65
Ciruela 801
Cissampelos
" _...
204
Cissus
_.
810
Citrullus 460
Citrus 270
Clausena 269
Cleisostoma
_
167
Clematis Family
202
Cleome
_...
216
Clerodendron
_
401
Climbing Fern Family
....
GO
Clitorea 245
Clubmoss Family
_
61
Cobamba
867
Coca Family
267
Cocaine Plant
267
Cochineal
Plant 840
Cock's Comb
190
Coco -
126
Coconut
" ~
1*6
Cocos " " "
126
Codiaeum
291
Coffea
"61
Coffee " .
"61
Coffee Family " "
446
Cogon -
'6
Coix
''S
Coldenia
'96
Coles-maluco
_
I**
Coleus
"
""9
CoIinU
*^
Colites -
1""
Colites Family
189
Colo
""
Colocasia
1**
Colocogo
^
Colotang-baguing
S17
484
INDEX
Page.
Colubrina 309
Columbia 318
Combretaceae -
348
Combretum
_
350
Commelina 137
Commelinaceae 137
Compositae 464
Composite Family 464
Conchophyllum
380
Condol 459
Conic 158
Connaraceae 220
Connarus 220
Connarus Family
220
Consuelda 282
Consueldo 479
Convolvulaceae 381
Corales 272
Corai
Flower 421
Corazon de Maria 131
Corchorus
,
314
Cordia 393
Cordyline 144
Coreopsis 479
Coriander 359
Coriandum 359
Corn 74
Corona de
espinas
281
Corot 152
Corypha 122
Cosmos 477
Costus 160
Cotton 324, 325
Crassulaceae 217
Crepe Myrtle 341
Crepis
479
Crescentia 430
Crinum 147
Crossostephium
471
Crotalaria 251
Croton 291
Crown of Thorns 281
Crucifereae 213
Cryptom^ria
65
Cryptostegia 376
Cubilan 210
Cuchai 144
Cucharitas 192
Cucumber 460
Cucumis 460
Cucurbita 457
Cucurbitaceae 455
Cudrania 179
Cuisia 277
Culanta 437
Culantrillo 55
Culantro
*.
359
Culis 354
Culis Family 353
Cunti 416
Cupang-
229
Cupressus
65
Curcuma 157
Custard Apple 207
Custard Apple Family 205
Cyanotis 139
Page.
Cyathula 194
Cycadaceae 64
Cycas 64
Cycas Family 64
Cyclophorus 58
Cymbidium 165
Cynodon 103
Cynometra 236
Cyperaceae 106
Cyperus 109
Cypress
Vine 383
Cypripedium 165
1)
Dactyloctenium
:
104
Dahlia 479
Dalbergia 247
Dalunot 180
Dama de noche 415
Damong-maria 472
Dampalit 198
Dancalan 332
Danglin 313
Dap-dap 256
Dapo-boho 381
Dapo Family 164
Dapo mariposa 164
Dapo sa bacauan 184
Dapo tigre 165
Datiles 313
Datura 413
Dauag 215, 230
Dauag Family 214
Daucus 359
Davallia 50
Dayang 194
Dayap
271
Deeringia 190
Delonix 230
Dendrobium
164,
167
Dentella 446
Derris 247
Desmodium 238
Dicliptera 434
Dicotyledoneae 168
Didymoplexis 165
Digitaria 87
Digman 69
Digman-palay 68
Dilao 158
Dilang-baca 340
Diliuario 441
Diliuario Family 433
Dilleniaceae 331
Dillenia 331
Dillenia
Family
331
Dimeria 75
Dioscorea 151
Dioscoreaceae 151
Diospyros 364
Diplachne 99
Dlplacrum
_
121
Dischidia 381
Dita 372
Dita Family 368
Dolichandrone 428
Page.
Dolichos
263
Doloariu
441
Dopatrium 426
Drynaria 68
Dryopteris 47
Duckweed 134
Duckweed Family 134
Duclap 308
Duhat 352
Duhatduhatan '. 209
Duhat Family 350
Dunbaria 254
Dungon 328
Dungon-late 328
Dura 246
Duranta 399
Dusol 157
Dysoxylum 276
E
Ebenaceae 363
Ebony Family 363
Eclipta 475
Eel Grass 69
Eel Crass
Family 68
Egg Plant 416
Ehretia 394
Elaeis 125
Elatinaceae 832
Elatostenia 182
Eleocharis 114
Elephantopus 468
Elephant's
Ear 133
Eleusine
". 103
Elcutherine 153
Elm Family 171
Elytraria 435
Emilia 467
Enhydra 475
Enterolobium 224
Epaltes 473
Eragrostis 100
Eranthemum 438
Eria 165
Erigeron 473
Eriocaulaceae 135
Eriocaulon 135
Eriochloa 85
Erythrina 256
Erythroxylaceae 267
Erythroxylum 267
Escoban-haba 318
Esparrago
143
Estrella 462
Eucalyptus 351
Eucharis 149
Eugenia 351
Eupatorium 466
Euphorbia 280
Euphorbiaceae 279
Euphorbia Family 279
Euphoria 305
Eurycles 1494
Evening Primrose Family.. 354
Evolvulus 382
Excoecaria 298
INDEX 485
p
Page.
Faloua 179
Kennel 369
Ferns 45
I'icus 172
KJB Family
"
172
Fimbristylis
116
Fire Tree 281
Flacourtia 884
Flncourtiaceae 334
Flacourtia Family 384
Flamboyant
231
Flame Tree 281
Flemingia 262
Fleurya 181
FlugKca
286
Foeniculum 359
Fragaria 219
Frangipangi 369
Fresa 219
Fuirena 118
(;
Gabi 134
Gabi Family 128
Galactia 259
Galamai-amo 368
Galphimia 277
Ganpro 276
Garcinia Family 332
Gardenia 449
Garlic 144
Gauay-gauay
250
Gengibre 159
Gentianaceae 367
Gentian Family 367
Geodorum 166
Geraniaceae 267
Gesneriaceae 431
Gesneria Family 431
Ginger 169
Ginger Family 155
Ginseng Family 356
Girasol 476
Gliricidia 245
Globba 156
Glochidion 285
Gloria 154
Glycosmis 268
Gmelina 405
Gnetaceae 65
Gogon-toco 226
Golandrina 283
Golasiman 200
Golasiman Family 199
Gomamela 323
Gomamela de China 320
Gomamela Family 315
Gomphrena 191
Goodeniaceae 463
Goosefoot
Family 188
Gossypium 324
Gouania 309
Gourd Family 455
Grama 103
Gramineae 71
I'age.
Grammatophyllum
165
Granada 344
Granada Family
344
Granadilla 336
Grangea 471
Grape Family 309
Grape
Vine 311
Graptophyllum
439
Grass Family 71
Grave-yard
Flower 369
Green Pepper
418
Green Gram 262
Grewia 312
Guanabanos 207
Guava
,
353
Guayabas
353
Guettarda .' 460
Guiling-guilingan
318
Guinea Grass 98
Guing-guing
268
Guin-guin
305
Guioa 306
Gumbo 321
Gunpowder
Plant 182
Gusol 157
Guttapercha Family 3G2
Guttiferae 332
Gymnema
378
GjTTinospermae
64
Cymnosporia 302
Gynandropsis
216
IT
Haba
_
258
Habenaria 166
Habichuela 261
Hagod
171
Hacronoy
477
Hagupit
174
Halobagat
215
Halophila
70
Hales 87
Hampas-tigbalang
142
Hanagdong
171
Hanagdong Family
171
Haras
359
Harrisonia 272
Hauili
175
Hedychium
156
Helianthus
476
Heliconia
155
Helicteres
329
Heliotropium
395
Hemigraphis _
443
Hemionitis
62
Henna
340
Henna Family
340
Heritiera
328
Hernandiaceae
212
Hernandia Family
212
Hcrpestis
422
Hevea
-
293
Hewittia
387
Hibiscus
322
Hibiscus Family
315
Hinguio
"75
Page.
Hinlaloyon
395
Hippocrateaceae
302
Hippocratea Family
302
Homonoia 296
Horseradish Tree 217
Hoya
880
Hoya
Cruz 480
Hydrilla ....-
69
Hydrocharitaceae
68
Hydrocotyle
369
Hydrolea Family 392
Hydro))hyllaceae
892
Hygrophila
442
Hymenocallis _
148
Hypobatherum
460
Hyptis
408
Iba 266,288
Ichnocarpus
376
Icmo
170
Icmo Family
169
Igasud Family
366
Iguio
276
Ilang-ilang
208
Ilang-ilang
de China 206
Illicium
205
lUigera
212
Impatiens
307
Imperata
76
Inata 202,
432
Inata Family
202
Indian Almond 349
Indian Corn
74
India-rubber Tree
175
Indian Shot
161'
Indigo
243,244
Indigofera
243
Intsia
236
Ipel
2Z7
Ipel-ipel
227
Ipil
235
Ipomoea
389
Iridaceae
162
Iris Family
162
Iroc
126
Isachne
89
Ischaemum
80
Ischnostemma
877
Isis
174
Isis na puti
174
Isotoma
462
Ixora
451
J
Jacaranda -
427
Jak-fruit
178
Jasmine _ -
866
Ja-sminum -
866
Jatropha
289
Job's Tears
7B
Juncellus
109
Jussiaea ^ -
SW
Justicia
485
Jute
816
486
INDEX
Iv
I
Page,
j
Kaemi)feria 157 I
Kalanchoe
218 i
Kapoc 826 ]
Kigelia
429
Kleinhofia
329
Kolowratia
159
Kosteletzkya 320
Kyllinga
107
!
Labiatae
406
Lacatan
I54
Lactuca
478
Lagenaria
458
Lagerstroemia
341
Lagitie
366
Lagnob
I75
Lagundi
404
i
Laiya
272
Lamiog
I73
Lampacanay
66
Lampoyang
158
Lanca
jYg
Languil
226
Laniti
373
Lansium
275
Lansones
275
Lantana
398
Lantin
444
Lanutan
Family 205
Laportea
180
Lauas
202
Lauas
Family 201
Lauraceae
209
Laurel
Family
209
Latuc-latucan
252
Lawsonia
34O
Leadwort
Family
361
Lechuga
478
Lecythidaceae
345
Leea
312
Leek
I44
Leersia
98
Leguminosae
221
Lemna
I34
Lemnaceae
I34
Lemon
270
Lemon Grass 82
Lentibulariaeeae
432
Leonurus
412
Lepidagathis 441
Lepistemon 382
Leptochloa 104
Letondal
154
Lettuce 478
Leucaena 227
Leucas 412
Lia 134
Lia Family 134
Libato 200
Libato Family 200
Ligaa 308
Ligaa Family 307
Ligas 299
Liliaceae 141
Page.
Lilio
148
Lily Family 141
Lima Bean 261
Lima-lima
152
Limnophila 423
Limon
271
Limoncito
271
Lindenbergia 422
Linden
Family 312
Linga
431
Linga Family 431
Lifigat 338
Lifigat Family 338
Lino
453
Lipai 259
Lipang-aso
182
Lipang-calabao
181
Lipang-castila 182
Lipata
298, 369
Lipay 181
Lipay Family 179
Lipocarpha 119
Lippia 398
Litiran
309
Litlit
171
Litsea
210
Livistona
122
Llanten
444
Lobio
199
Lochnera
370
Loganiaceae 366
Loranthaceae
183
Loranthus
184
Lotus
202
Lourea 243
Lubalub 284
Lubigan 130
Lueban 271
Lucban
Family 268
Ludwigia 354
Luflfa 458
Lugo 349
Lumanaya 296
Lumbang 290
Lumbang-bato 290
Lumbang Family 279
Lumboy 352
Lumnitzera 349
Luya 159
Luya Family 155
Lycopersicum 417
Lycopodiaceae
61
Lycopodium 62
Lygodium 60
Lythraceae 340
M
Mabolo 364
Macabuhay 204
\
Macabuhay Family 203
I
Macahia
228,266
Macaranga 295 I
Macopa 352
Macopa-calabao 352
j
Macopang-nuno 452
Madre
cacao
245
Page.
Magnoliaceae 204
Magnolia Family 204
Maguey 146
Maguey Family 145
Maguilic 210
Maiden Hair Fern 65
Mais
74
Maize
74
Malabaguio .'. 186
Malabulac 325
Malabunot
328
Malacalisquis .".242
Malacatmon 331
Malachra
319
Malaganit 227
Malaisia
178
Malaisis 178
Malalucban 185
Malasagad 229
Malasambong 367
Malatabaco 416
Malatalong
416
Malatoco 226
Mala-ube 186
Malay Apple .352
Malengal 367
Maliana 410
Mallotus 294
Malpighiaceae 277
Malpighia Family 277
Maluco 196
Maluco Family 195
Malungay 217
Malungay Family 217
Malvaceae 315
Malva rosa 267
Malvas 318
Malvastrum
316
Malvaviscus 320
Mamalis 219
Mamalis Family 219
Mambog
446
Mamiquil
272
Mana 289
Manga
300
Mangifera
300
Mango
300
Mango Family
298
Mangrove Family 346
Mani 237
Manihot 296
Manila Hemp 154
Manimani 240
Manimanihan 240, 242
Manioc 297
Manisuris 78
Manzanas 308
Manzanilla 474
Manzanitas 308
Mapola
322
Marabas
317
Maranta 163
Marantaceae 163
Marbas 317, 318
Marbas-gubat
317
Marigold 474
488
INDEX
Parnparanahan
. .
Para Rubber Tree
Parkeriaceae
Parkia
Page.
253
293
59
229
Parosela 246
Parria 461
Parsley
*.
359
Parsley Family 359
Parsonsia 374
Pasao 315
Pasao na bilog 315
Pascuas 282
Pasion 336
Pasites 418
Paspalum 86
Passifloi-a 335
Passifloraceae 335
Passion Flower Family 335
Pasion Flo\ver 336
Patani
._,
260
Pataning-dagat 257
Patata 417
I
Patchouli 411
Patocan 252
Patoc-patocan 252
Patola 459 "
Pavetta 452
Payang-payang 239,
253
Payispis 239
Payong-payongan
150
Pea 249
Peanut 237
Pechai 214
Pedaliaceae 431
Pelargonium
267
Peltophorum
233
Peperomia
169
Pepino
460
Pepper Family 169
Perejjl
359
Pergularia
379
Persea
211
Petraea
399
Phalaenopsis 164
Phaseolus 260
Pholidota 165
Phragniites
100
Phyllanthus
284
Physalis
419
Physic Nut 289
Pilapil
361
Pilea
182
Pili Family
.,
273
Pinaceae 65
Pincapincahan
428
Pineapple
137
Pineapple Family 136
Pingol-bato
338
Piiia 137
Piiia Family 136
Piper
170
Piperaceae
169
Pipewort Family 135
Pipisic
."397
Pipturus
180
Pisonia 195
Page.
Pisonia
Family 195
Pisum 247
Pistia 129
Pitchseed Family 219
Pithecolobium 225
Pitogo 65
Pitogo Family 64
Pittosporaceae 219
Pittosporum 219
Plantaginaceae 444
Plantago 444
Plantain 444
Plantain
Family 444
Plantano 154
Platano 154
Platitos 357
Plectronia 454
Pluchea 470
Plumbaginaceae 361
Plumbago 361
Plumiera 369
Pogonatherum 76
Pogostemon
410
Poinciana 231
Poinsettia 282
Polianthes 146
PolHnia 77
Polyaltha 209
Polygala 278
Polygalaceae
278
Polygonaceae
187
Polygonum
187
Pol.vnesian Arrowroot 150
Po'.ypodiaceae
45
Polypodium
57
Polypody Family
45
Polytrias
76
Pomegranate
344
Pomegranate Family 344
Pomelo 271
Pondweed Family 67
Ponfjamia
247
Pontederiaceae 141
Poppy
Family
212
Portulaca 199
Portulacaceae 199
Potamogeton
67
Potamogetonaceae
67
Potato
417
Pototan
347
Pouzolzia 183
Premna
404
Prosopis
' 228
Pseuderanthemum 438
Psidium
353
Psophocarpus
264
Fsoralea
246
Psychotria
453
Pteridophyta
45
Pteris 55
Pterocarpus
246
Pterospermum
329
Pueraria 253
Puerro
144
Pugahan
123
Pula
383
Page.
Pungapung 130
Punica 344
Punicaceae 344
Pupalia 193
Purslane 200
Purslane
Family
"
199
Puso-puso
210
Putat 346
Putat Family :_.. 345
Putocan 419
Pycnarrhena 203
Pycreus
108
"^
Quanioclit 383
Quassia 272
Quassia Family
272
Quiapo
130
Quilap
291
Quinalumpang
316
Quirap
291
Quisciualis
349
R
Rabano 214
Radish 214
Rain-tree
"
225
Raiz de mora 83
Ramie 181
Randia 449
Ranunculaceae 202
Raphanus
214
Raphidophora
129
Raspberry
219
Ratiles 313
Rattan 124
Ravenala
_...
155
Remolacha 189
Renanthera 165
Repollo
214
Rhamnaceae 307
Rhinacanthus 438
Rhizophora
346
Rhizophoraceae
346
Rhoeo 139
Rhynchoglossum
432
Rhynchospora
119
Rhynchostylis
165
Rice
97
Ricinus
296
Rimas 176
Rivea
^
386
Romero
_
407
Rosa
219
Rose Family
219
Rosaceae
219
Rosal
449
Rosas de Jajion
.
475
Rose Geranium 267
Rosemary
407
Rosmarinus
407
Rotala
342
Rottboellia
78
Rourea
220
Royal
Palm
127
Rozelle _
322
INDEX
489
Paire.
I
Rubiaceae 446 i
Rubus 219
"
Ruda
"
271
Rue
_
271
Ruellia
_...
442
j
Ruppia
68
Russelia 421
Ruta 271
Rutaceae 268
(
Saba 154
Sabta 170
Saccharum 77
Saga
249
Saga-saga
249
Saguilala
"
145,291
Saguing 154
Saguing Family 153
Salab 306
Salacia 303
Salaginella 63
Salaginella Family 63
Salapong 311
Salomague 235
Salomonia 279
Salvadoraceae 366
Salvadora Family 366
Sambac 235
Sambong
470
Sambong Family 464
Sampaca
205
Sampaguita 365
Sampaguita de Cliina 366
Sampaguita Family 364
Sampaloc
235
Sandeleno 220
Sandia 460
Sandoricum 274
San Francisco 291
Sanki
205
Sansevieria 144
Santan
452
Santan-pula
452
Santan-puti
451
Santol 274
Santbl Family
273
Sapindaceae
303
Sapnit
232
Sapotaceae
362
Sapote negro
364
Sappang
232
Sarasa
439
Sarcecephalus
446
Sasa
125
Scaevola Family 463
Schefflera
358
Schizaeaceac
60
Schizostachyum
106
Scindapsus
129
Scirpus
117
Scleria 120
Scoparia
420
Screw Pine 66
Scrophulariaceae
419
Sebuyas
_
144
I'age.
;
Sedge Family
106
'
Segidilla
264
'
Selaginellaceae
63
Semecarpus
299
j
Sensitive Plant 228
Sesame
431
Sesame Family
431
j
Sesamum
431
Sesbania
250
Sesuvium 198
Setaria 95
Sibucao 232
Sida
_
316
Siempreviva
218
Skernpreviva Family 217
Silasila
356
Sileng-bilog
418
Siieng-mahahaba
_
419
Sili 418
Silisilihan 438
Silk Cotton Tree 326
Simarubaceae
272
Sincamas
263
Sinsao-sinsaoan 204
Sintas
69
Sintones
270
Siphonodon
302
Sirihuelas
301
Sisal Hemp
146
Sitao
262
Smilax 142
Soapberry Family
303
Solanaceae
413
Solanum
415
Solasi 350,407. 408
Sonchus
479
Sonneratia
343
Sonneratiaceae
343
Sonneratia Family
313
Soob-cabayo
409
Sorghum,
84
Sorojr-sorog
281
Soursop
207
Spanish Flag
162
Spathodea
429
Spermacoce
455
Spermatophyta
64
Sphaeranthus
469
Sphenoclea
462
Spiderwort
Family
137
Spinifex
97
Spirodela
134
Spondias
800
Sporobolus
98
Squash
457
Stachytarpheta
398
Star-anise
205
Staurogyne
440
Stauropsis
165
Sterculia
327
Sterculiaceae
326
Stictocardia
385
Stonecrop Family
217
Strawberry
219
Streblus
177
Page.
Strelitzia 165
Streptocaulon
876
Strophanthus
878
Strychnine Family
866
Stylidiaceae
468
Stylidium
468
Stylidium Family
468
Sulii"ng-daga 464
Suda-suda ttl
Suganda
410
Sugar Apple
208
Sugar Cane
78
Sugar
Palm 12"
Suha 871
Sulamiog
..._
178
Sumbavia 291
Sunflower 476
Sunn Hemp
251
Susocoyili
266
Susong-calabao
206
Sweet Flag
180
Sweet Potato
892
Symphorema
400
Synedrella
472
T
Tabaco 415
Tabernaemontana 370
Taboboc 469
Taboc 271
Tabog
271
Tabon-tabon
460
Tabuyoc
458
Tacca
150
Taccaceae
150
Tacca Family
160
Tacpo
453
Tagabang
815
Tagac-tagac
438
Tagbac
159
Tagbilao
428
Tagetes
474
Tagpo
468
Tagputagpuan
209
Taingandaga
265
Talahib
77
Talampay
417
Talang
864
Talangbulo
416
Talbac
-
169
Talicnono
867
Talisay
849
Talisay Family
848
Talong
*16
Talong-aso
416
Talong Family
413
Talong-punay -
414
Tamarind - - """"
286
Tamarindo ~ "
286
Tamarindus
886
Tamate
"18
Tambabasi
^^^
Tambo
^^
Tamis -"
l^l
Tamo "
158
Tampoi
362
490
INDEX
Page.
Tanag
329
Tandang-aso
.,
417
Tangan-tangan
296
Tanglad 82
Tanglin 229
Tangolon 349
Tapioca Plant 297
Taquipan
;...
123
Taquip-cohol' 360
Tarambulo 416
Taro 134
Taxaceae 65
Tayom 243, 244
Tayom-tayoman 243
Tecoma 428
Telosma 379
Temple Flower 369
Tephrosia 244
Teramnus 257
Terminalia 348
Terminalia
Family 348
Ternate
,
154
Tetracera
331
Tetrastigma 310
Thalassia
71
Themeda 81
Theobroma 328
Thespesia
"
323
Thevetia
369
Thuarea 96
Thunbergia 439
Tibalao 247
Tibatib 129
Tibig 174
Ticas-ticas 161
Ticas-ticas
Family 160
Tigbe 75
Tiliaceae 312
Timbangan 186
Tindalo 236
Tinospora 204
Tintatintahan 284
Tobacco 415
Tomato 418
Toncodpari 145
Toog
288
Torenia 425
Torulinium IIH
Toston 198
Toston Family 197
Tournefortia 394
Traveller's Tree 155
Page.
I
Trema 171
j
Trianthema 198
I
Tribulus Family 267
i
Tribulus 267 |
Trichodesma 895
Trichoglottis 165
Trichosanthes 457
'
Triphasia
270
Tristellateia 277
j
Triumfetta 314
Trompa
elefante 395
Tuba 78, 289
Tubang-dalag
401
Tubang-morado 290
Tuberosa
J^B
Tuberose 146
Tue
...! .".
_...
429
Tue Family
..._
426
Tugue
151
Tugulinao
467
Tumbong-aso
159
Tunduc-tunducan 361
T'ung
hao 475
Tungo
151
Turmeric
..._
158
Turraea
274
Tylophora
378
Typha
66
Typhaceae
65
Typhonium
131
U
Ualisualisan
318
Uay
124
Ubi 151
Ubi Family
151
Ulmaceae
171
Umbelliferae 359
Umbrella Plant 110
Unona
208
Unti-untihan
419
Uplas
174
Upo
458
Uraria 242
Urena
319
Urticaceae 179
Utricularia
432
Uva
311
Uvaria
206
V
Vallisneria 69
Page.
Vanda 165
Vandellia 424
Verbena Family 396
Verbenaceae 896
Vernonia 466
Vetiver 83
Vigna 262
Viola 833, 414
Violaceae 333
Violeta 334
Violetas 437
Violet 334
Violet
Family
333
Vitaceae 309
Vitex 403
Vitis 311
W
Waltheria 330
Wandering Jew 140
Water Fern Family 69
Waterily
201
Waterily Family 201
Watermelon 460
Wedelia 477
White Dove Orchid 168
Wrightia
373
X
Xyridaceae
135
Xyris
135
Xyris Family
135
Y
Yam Family .'. 151
Yabyaban
150
Yerba buena
411
Yucca
145
Z
Zacate
98
Zacate Family
71
Zanahoria 359
Zea
74
Zebrina
140
Zephyranthes
147
Zingiber
158
Zingiberaceae v .
155
Zinnia
479
Zizyphus
307
Zoisia
84
Zornia
237
Zygophyllaceae
267
o
PUBLICATIONS
FOR SALE BY THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE.
MANILA. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS" Continued
BOTAXV
A FLORA OF MANILA
By
Elmer "-
%!^
ci^-jr?)
Order No. 419.
postpaid.
Paper, jBQiZPages,
Practically a complete flora of the cultivated
areas In the Philippines. Descrip- tions,
with keys, of over
1,000 species,
590
genera,
and 136 families, with native
names,
glossary
of technical terms, etc.
ZOOI.OtiV" ContiiuKMl
A MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIED8
By Ric-iiAKD C. MrGHEaiiR
Order No. 103.
Paper, 2 parts, 769 No. 103.
pages, $4,
Paper,
postpaid.
A Manual of Philippine Birds oontaint
In compact form descriptions of ail the
known species of Philippine birds. The
usual keys and diagnoses of orders, families,
and
genera help the novice in Identification.
THE COCONUT PALM IN THE PHIL- IPPINE
ISLANDS
pages,
30 plates,
$1. postpaid.
The reprint contains the following
arti- cles:
On the Water Relations of the Coconut
Palm (Cocos nucifera). The Coconut and its
Relation to Coconut Oil, The Keeping Quali- ties
of Coconut Oil and the Causes of Its
Rancidity, and The Principal Insects Attack- ing
the Coconut Palm.
INDO-MALAYAN WOODS
'^By Fred W. Foxworthy
Order No. 411.
'
Paper,
182
pages.
9
plates, $0.50, postpaid.
In Indo-Malayan Woods,
Doctor Fox-
worthy has brought together
a large
amount
of accurate information concerning
trees
yielding woods of economic value.
ZOOIiOGY
A LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, EXCLU- SIVE
OF THE CETACEA
By Ned Hollister
pages,
$0.50,
postpaid.
This is the only recent attempt to enu- merate
the mammals of the Philippine
Islands. The distribution of each species
is given, and the original descriptions are
cited.
A CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE
FISHES
By David Starr Jordan and Robert Earle
Richardson
Paper,
78
pages, $0.75,
Order No. 102.
postpaid.
This list will be found a convenient
guide
to the
synonymy
of Philippine ichthyology.
The nomenclature is thoroughly revised, and
the distribution of each species within the
Philippine Islands is
given.
MEDICIXE
REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL
PLAGUE CONFERENCE
Held at Mukden; April, 1911.
under the
auspices of the Chinese Government.
Edited by Erich Martini,
G. F. Petrie,
Arthur Stanley, and Richard P.
Strong
483
pages,
18 plates (2 colored,
4 half- tones,
12 charts and maps)
Order No. 416. Paper, $2.50: cloth,
$3.50; postpaid.
The proceedings of this
International Con- ference
and information gained
therefrom, together
with the results of certain bacte- riological
investigations,
constitute the present
report.
The Bureau of Science of the Govern- ment
of the Philippirre Islands has been
appointed sole agent
for the distribution
of the printed proceedings
of the Interna- tional
Plague
Conference.
PRICES ARE IN UNITED STATES
CURRENCY
Orders for these
publications may
be sent to the BUSINESS
MANAGER.
PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE.
BUREAU OF SCIENCE.
MANILA. P. I.,
or to
any
of the
agents
listed below. Please give
order number.
Tlie Mamiillan
Company.
64-fi(5 Filtli Avriuu-.
Nru York. l. ".
A.
Win.
Wesley " Son,
28 Essex Street.
Stiand. London.
W. C, England.
Maitiniis
Xijlioff.
T.an""'
Vooiliout !". Tlie lla;iu"-,
Holland.
Mayer A. Miiller. Priiiz Louis
Ferdinand"lra-se '2. Herlin,
". W..(.ennany.
Keiley" Walsh, Lul.. 32 Rallies
Place. .sin";apor(".
.sirait" Settleniefi(".
A. M. " J. Fersuson.
19 Baillie Street.
Colombo. Ceylon.
Thacker. Spink
" Co.. P. O. Box 54. Calcutta, India.
THE PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
(EIGHTH YEAR OF PUBLICATION)
ALVIN J.
COX,
M.
A.,
Ph. D.
GENERAL EDITOR
A Joiit'tml Devoted to the
Scientific
aful Conitnerciul
Intere-'^ts
of the
Tropics
u. s.
curreocy.
Section A. t'heniical and Geoloijical Sciences and the Industries.. $2.00
Section B. The
Philippine Journal of
Tropical
Medicine 3.00
Section C.
Botany.
Elmer D. Merrill, B.
S.,
M.
S.,
Editor 2.00
Section D. General
Biology, Ethnology, and Antiiropology.
(Section D began
with Voliune
V) 2.00
Entire Journal,
Volume
II, III, IV, or
V 5.00
Entire Journal,
beginning
with Volume VI 7.0 0
Single
numbers of Volume I .75
Single
numbers
(except
oi" Volume
I)
.50
Each section is separately paged and indexed.
Volume I. 1906 (not divided into sections),
and
supplement,
sold
only
with a complete file of section
A, B, or C...: 10.00
Supplement
to Volume I
(Botany)
3.50
Volume I (without supplement)
sold only
With
a complete
file of
section A, B, or
C 6.50
Subscriptions
may
be sent to
the Business Manager, Philippine
Journal
of Science, Bureau of Science, Manila,
P.
I., or to
any
of the
agents
listed below.
AGENTS
The Maemillan
Company.
64"66 Fifth Avenue. Xew York,
U. S. A.
Wm.
Wesley
" Son, 28 Essex
Street, Strand, London,
W.
C, England.
Martinus Xijhoff, Lange
Voorhout
9,
The Hague,
Holland.
Mayer " Miiller, Prinz Louis Ferdinandstrasse
2, Berlin,
X. W., Germany.
Keiley
" Walsh, Ltd.,
32 Raffles
Place, Singapore,
Straits Settlements.
A. M. " J.
Ferguson,
19 Baillie Street, Colombo, Ceylon.
Thacker, Spink
"
Co.,
P. O. Box 54, Calcutta,
India.

A Flora of Manila

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Flora of Manila

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Flora of Manila

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A

You might also like