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PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE



G.SUSHRUTHA

09031AA014
B.ARCH(REG)









Index:
1. Introduction
2. Types of offices for architectural practices
3. Scope of work
4. Staff structure
5. Filing of records
6. Correspondence and drawings
7. Presentations in drawings
8. Recording minutes of meeting
9. NBC and fire safety measures of a building.
















Unit - V
Types of offices for architectural practice; staff structure; filing of records; correspondence and
drawings; maintenance of accounts; presentations in meetings, recording minutes of meeting. A small
report to be prepared by each student after visiting an architect's office.
Role of consultants and Co-ordination between different consolation on a big project.
Study of building bylaws to enable to design and prepare drawings for submission to concerned bodies.
National building code, Fire prevention and safety measures.

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL OFFICES
There is considerable opportunity for architecture graduates to select both the type and size of office in which they work. Traditional architectural
practices are usually structured on one of two basic models.
FIRST MODEL

DESIGNERS,LANDSCAPE DESIGNERS. STRUCTURAL EXPERTS, PRODUCTION DRAFTS MEN.
SPECIFICATION WRITERS.
SECOND MODEL divides the office into teams, each team being responsible for the project from start to finish. There may be various specialists
on the team or consultants may be employed. A team may be working on several jobs simultaneously, but will have little, if any, responsibility for
other projects being undertaken by other teams.
Few offices precisely fit these simplified models, and many have certain aspects of both. Some architectural firms subcontract with consultants
and other firms for major portions of the project, thus keeping their own staff to a minimal number.
SCHEDULE OF SERVICES :
The Architect shall, after taking instructions from the Client, render the following services:
CONCEPT DESIGN [STAGE 1] :
Ascertain Client's requirements, examine site constraints & potential ; and prepare a design brief for Client's approval.
Prepare report on site evaluation, state of existing buildings, if any ; and analysis and impact of existing and/ or proposed
development on its immediate environs.
Prepare drawings and documents to enable the Client to get done the detailed survey and soil investigation at the site of the project.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND DRAWINGS [STAGE 2] :
Modify the conceptual designs incorporating required changes and prepare the preliminary drawings, sketches, study model, etc., for
the Client's approval along with preliminary estimate of cost on area basis.
DRAWINGS FOR CLIENT'S/ STATUTORY APPROVALS [STAGE 3] :
Prepare drawings necessary for Client's/ statutory approvals and ensure compliance with codes, standards and legislation, as
applicable and assist the Client in obtaining the statutory approvals thereof, if required.
WORKING DRAWINGS AND TENDER DOCUMENTS [STAGE 4] :
Prepare working drawings, specifications and schedule of quantities sufficient to prepare estimate of cost and tender documents
including code of practice covering aspects like mode of measurement, method of payments, quality control procedures on materials
& works and other conditions of contract.
APPOINTMENT OF CONTRACTORS [STAGE 5] :
Invite, receive and analyse tenders; advise Client on appointment of contractors.
CONSTRUCTION [STAGE 6] :
Prepare and issue working drawings and details for proper execution of works during construction.
Approve samples of various elements and components.
Check and approve shop drawings submitted by the contractor/ vendors.
Issue Certificate of Virtual Completion of works.
COMPLETION [STAGE 7] :
Prepare and submit completion reports and drawings for the project as required and assist the Client in obtaining "Completion/
Occupancy Certificate" from statutory authorities, wherever required.
Issue two sets of as built drawings including services and structures.



STAFF STRUCTURE:
The first administrative staff member an architecture firm usually hires is a receptionist or a general office assistant. He or she must understand
the need of confidentiality and discretion, work well under deadline pressure, and work well under given tasks.
The following professionals and specialists can serve as a resource to design firm administrative staff:
ACCOUNTANTS.
ATTORNEYS.
BANKERS.
INSURANCE AGENTS.
SOFTWARE CONSULTANTS.
As a firm expands, the chain of command expands. The team of owner and administrative staff member evolves to include admin and project
managers, additional principals and associates. This structure of responsibility establishes relationship between office manager, office principals,
associates and project managers.
ELEMENTS OF OFFICE ADMINISTRATION:
CORRESPONDENCE: RECORDS MANAGEMENT:
Finalize or compose appropriate correspondence. Manage filing system,including paper and electronic files.
Proofread and edit correspondence and other documentation. Maintain central files for general and project correspondence.
Coordinate production proposals, contracts and other specifications. Carry out archiving of office records & project information.
Log and distribute incoming fixes. Inventory and maintain project rack sets and flat files.
STAFF STRUCTURE can be classified as:
Senior Architect
Senior Project Architect
Project Director
Project Architect
Senior Design Architect
Design Architect
Creative Design Architect
Contract Design Architect
Senior Architectural Technician
Architectural Technician
Site Architect
3D Visualization Architect / Architectural Technician
Experienced Architectural Technician
Graduate Architectural Technician
Year Out Architectural Student
Senior Architect
A Senior Architect does work on a variety of Educational, Residential and Commercial projects. Successful candidate will have a minimum of 10
years postgraduate experience and proven ability in the management of projects from inception to completion, including contract administration
and proficiency in CAD.

Project Architect
The Role of Project Architect:
Develop & coordinate development of major and minor projects as a team member and/or team leader.
Provide Architectural and Project Management support & advice to the architectural department and other departments within
company.
Monitor projects at all stages of development for conformance with company standards and to required approved national &
international standards.
Contract Architect
This medium size architectural practice require a Contract Architect for office to work on a variety of projects. Role will involve
production of quality drawing packages i.e. the production of presentation and technical material.
The successful candidate will have a recognized qualification in Architecture 1-3 years post grad experience and a good knowledge
and understanding of current building regulations and planning laws, with techinical proficiency being essential.
Architectural Technician
This medium sized Chartered Architects practice are to provide architectural services.
The practice designs and administers projects, for a wide range of building types and uses including, Hotels, Residential,
Commercial and Mixed Use developments.
Senior Project Architect
Architectural practice will get a reputation when there is high quality architecture have a wide range of exciting new projects and now
seek a motivated Senior Project Architect to work on a variety of projects.
Successful candidate will have 6-7 years experience, demonstrate a broad range of experience in the residential, leisure and
commercial sectors, excellent design, team leadership, project administration, communication and presentation skills and proficiency
in CAD, with a knowledge of AutoCAD and MS Office.
Senior Design Architect
The high quality architecture having a wide range of exciting new projects and seeking a talented, motivated Senior Design Architect to work
creatively, innovate and provide design leadership and play a pivotal role in design output. Successful candidate will have 4-5 years experience in
the leisure and residential sectors, excellent design & CAD skills, with a knowledge of AutoCAD and MS Office.
Senior Architectural Technician
The quality architecture having a wide range of exciting new projects and to seek a motivated Senior Architectural Technician who is interested in
challenging work and career development.
Successful candidate will have 4-5 years experience in the leisure, commercial and residential sectors, excellent production information and
project administration skills and proficiency in CAD, with a knowledge of AutoCAD and MS Office.
Design Architect
Design Architect works in tandem with the Technical Director / team and all other groups across the organisation. Office portfolio includes Hotels,
Bars, Department Stores, Retail Outlets, Restaurants, HQs and Shopping Malls.
The successful candidate will have:
Professional qualification in Architecture
5-10 years experience Architecture/design
Excellent design and presentation skills
A clear appreciate of client focus
Strong interpersonal and communications skills.
An excellent salary and benefits package will be on offer, which will be commensurate with experience.
Creative Design Architect
The most dynamic and progressive design practices also requires a Creative Design Architect to create design solutions that are viewed as
leading edge design, with strong commercial awareness that exceed the expectation of the companys clients and lead a highly motivated design
team in the successful delivery of excellent in design, working in tandem with the Technical Director / team and all other groups across the
organisation. Office portfolio includes Hotels, Bars, Department Stores, Retail Outlets, Restaurants, HQs and Shopping Malls.
The successful candidate will have;
Professional qualification in Architecture
10-15 years experience Architecture/design
A proven track record of successfully leading teams
Drive, enthusiasm and vision to lead business development activities
A clear appreciate of client focus
Strong interpersonal and communications skills.
Good understanding, knowledge and a proven ability to manage budgets, sales and targets
An excellent salary and benefits package will be on offer which will be commensurate with experience
Site Architect
High profile Architectural practice is seeking self-motivated, proactive Site Architect with 5yrs + large scale commercial / Retail experience
for a prestigious Retail Development in West Dublin. Excellent technical knowledge and communication skills are required as is previous
experience in managing a site. Strong leadership skills desired along with ability to coordinate consultants and handle all site matters.
Excellent salary package and career opportunities on offer for successful candidate.

3D Visualization Architect / Architectural Technician
The high profile architectural practice require an experienced 3D Visualization Architect or Architectural Technician to work on 3D
Presentations for a broad range of Commercial, Retail and large scale Residential Developments. The successful candidate will have a
qualification in Architecture or Architectural Technology and be proficient in computer applications for the generation of 3D images and have
previous 3D experience in an architectural environment. An excellent salary and the opportunity to work on a variety of exciting and
innovative projects will be offered to the successful candidate.
Graduate Architectural Technician
The high profile architectural practice require a Graduate Architectural Technician to work on a broad range of Commercial, Retail and large
scale Residential Developments. The successful candidate will be a recent Graduate in Architectural Technology. Proficiency in CAD is
essential . An excellent salary and the opportunity to work on a variety of exciting and innovative projects will be offered to the successful
candidate.

Filing of records:
Records in architectural offices usually arranged according to the projects and the year of the project deal. Projects are classified according
to the type of the building such as:
1. residential
2. commercial
3. recreational
4. educational
5. institutional
6. public buildings
7. conservation and restoration
Records will include the client details, specifications of the projects, year of construction, year of completion, contractors involved in the
project, estimation details, etc.
Correspondence and drawings:
Correspondent is the person who looks after the administrative structure of the organistation. He deals with the approvals needed to the
organization, the rules and regulations required for any project, financial dealings, renewals to be done from time to time that needed to run
the organization, tax payments, salaries to the staff, attendance of the staff,
Drawings in an architect office include all types of drawings starting from conceptual sketches to the final working details. Drawings include:
1. drawing of the site plot approved from the local authority
2. conceptual drawings
3. preliminary drawings
4. drawings adding client desires
5. final design drawings after getting clients approval
6. structural drawings:
column, centerline drawings
foundation drawings
plinth beam
columns layout
beams, slabs layout
dimensions, level difference
terrace slab layout
7. parking layout
8. internal house layout
9. brick/ material layout
10. sill and lintel layouts
11. windows layout
12. doors layout
13. finishing drawings (false ceilings; HVAC; ducts)
14. electrical drawings:
position of lights in slab, walls, etc
switch board position
clear dimensions (in plan & sections also)
external electrification coming inside (transformer; meter box; distribution)
Power connection and power line for mortar, sump.
15. plumbing drawings:
top to internal, level at which they are running inside the house
detailed drawings of kitchen and bathroom (as plumbing is more in this area)
16. carpentry details
17. terrace roof (slab; water proofing; slope of the roof)
18. detail of parapet wall: water proofing
19. landscape drawings:
grading plan
planting plan
flowering trees/shrubs plan
storm water drains layout
rain water harvesting pits
total site layout
any landscape details
20. other miscellaneous
Presentation in meetings:
All main staff members such as chief architect, design architects, consultants, junior architect, etc usually participate in the meetings.
Meetings include project details and they discuss about whether to take up the project or not. Before meeting is conducted the junior
architect prepares the drawings, estimations and the reports required for the meeting.
After the project is approved again meetings are held for allotment of the works to the individuals and to make awareness to all the
staff members about the project.
Next meetings will include the developments in works of the project and it also includes the verification to the time & cost schedule of
the project.
Minutes of the meeting:
Minutes of the meeting includes the resolution of the project that discussed.
It contains the number of the persons attended the meeting.
It adds suggestions of the each individuals relating to the project and award the work.
Minutes of the meeting also considers the conclusions of the meeting.
Records of minutes of the meeting are usually done by junior architect. He files all details of the meetings and gives to chief
architect when ever needed.
ROLE OF CONSULTANTS AND CO ORDINATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT CONSOLATIONS ON A BIG PROJECT
CONSULTANTS

For better planning, co-ordination, execution of the work, it is necessary to employ consultants right from the stage of planning. These
consultants are in fact carrying on the duties of the architect and hence they will be required to be paid by the architect unless expressed
otherwise. For any fault of the consultant, he architect is responsible to the owner who can very well sue the architect for damages due to the
consultants negligence and in turn the architect has to file a suit against the consultant for the same, the case will be quite different if the
consultant has been employed by the owner.


THE ROLE OF THE CONSULTANT
1. Uses experience and skills to provide you with recommendations and advise. The implementation of the recommendations may be
performed by a consultant but is more often better performed by the company staff.
2. Gathers information for analysis.
3. Consultants bust use their detachment from the organization as a source for objectivity in their analysis.
4. Works with managers to develop solutions.
CONSULTING SERVICES
1. Solve problems: Consultants are experts in their fields, with specific training in analyzing problems and developing solutions.
Oftentimes they also implement these solutions.
2. Complete a project: They can direct their full attention to a specific task because they are free of the time-consuming daily duties that
occupy management.
3. Focus on results: Consultants focus their attention based on their client's objectives. The degree to which these objectives are
achieved is an important measure of a consultant's success.
TYPES OF CONSULTANTS
In general, these consultants fall into three categories: those that perform a specific service for the project, those that fill more traditional
construction project roles, and those that train crews, managers, and owners.
Service Consultants

Both owners and contractors want to minimize the risks involved in any construction project. To keep potential costs and litigation low, service
consultants are usually hired to oversee certain technical aspects. Many firms have on staff geologists to aid in laying a strong foundation. Others
specialize in offering attorneys who prepare and review contracts, permits, claims and litigation.
These lawyers may also be trained mediators and arbiters in cases where such services may be required. In the case of a complex technical
project, most firms have engineers on staff as well to make sure a project will be structurally sound and that the materials used are the most cost
effective for their durability. When legal cases do arise, many construction consulting firms offer their consultants as expert witnesses.
Project Consultants
Another type of consultant often enlisted on construction projects fills the role of managers. In particular, these project consultants utilize software
and methods that would normally be unavailable to a smaller contractor or construction manager to increase the efficiency of workers, aid in
materials acquisition, and track costs. These consultants often stay on for the entire project, working with owners and contractors to ensure that
the entire process runs smoothly.
In most instances, these individuals take on the role of project or construction manager. However, it is important to note that using a consultant as
a full-time employee may not be cost effective. Instead, it is probably best to fill these positions with contractors or employees, and leave the
consultant to a more advisory position.
Technology consultants

Technology consultants provide implementation, support, training, and strategic planning services to an organization. They can help manage
technology, implement a project, or determine a solution to effectively meet the needs of a company.


Training

While hiring a consultant to work on a project as a member of the management team may seem to be the best option, it can be costly. As such, it
may be better to hire a consulting firm to train existing employees in the use and execution of cost saving procedures and software programs.

Most construction consultancy firms offer ongoing seminars and training classes in subjects as diverse as ISO 9000, project management, delay
claims, scheduling and planning, cost controls, estimating, quality control, and negotiation tactics for contracts and litigation. These options allow
a company to grow, while still taking advantage of the cost and liability saving measures a consultant can provide.
APPOINTMENT OF CONSULTANTS AND SPECIALISTS
The architect even though he is acting as an agent of the owner, has no right or authority to appoint consultants and/or
specialists without the consent of the owner. Initially the architect must ask the owner to appoint his own consultants and
specialists for the job and his duty is limited to advise him for selection of right person. This will result in the contract of
employment between the consultants/specialists with the owner.
At times the owner will ask the architect to appoint his own consultants/specialists for which he has to be very careful as
the architect is responsible to the owner for lapses on the part of the consultant/specialist and at the same time
consultant/specialist is liable to the architect in case of lapses.
The legal position of the architect when he appoints his own structural designer and in case of package deal contract is
quite different. In the former case the architect is liable in case of failure though he has a right of action against the structural
consultant whereas in the latter case, the contractor alone is responsible. The employer had engaged an
Tasks Performed by Consultants
Situation Analysis
Planning
Research
Evaluation
Problem Definition
Implementation
Idea Generation
Testing
Design
Reporting
Selection
Training

When to Use A Consultant
A consultant can understand your specific market and business challenges. There are many situations when a consultant
represents the most cost-effective solution to your needs. You should consider using them when you need:
Specialized expertise Consultants have the ability to provide specialized expertise and experience to a project when resources
are not available to an organization.
One-time and overload assistance They can provide assistance during a peak period or with unique projects. They can absorb
heavy workloads from permanent employees.
Impartial analysis Consultants can provide an objective point of view. They are independent business people, bringing sound
judgment and an unbiased opinion to any business situation.
Innovation They can act as proponents for innovation and change within a company, providing an outside opinion on a project.
Training Consultants can provide training seminars, both formal and informal, at all levels within a company.
Help on a temporary basis They can be useful during a busy period of business, recommending and training new full-time
employees. Consultants can also perform the work themselves without long-term commitments.
Should the consultant remain on-site?
Advantages
easier access to their expertise
observe all the hours being worked
Disadvantages
cost associated with working full-time
If a consultant is only working when they are at your worksite, then you need to get a new consultant. Consultants should be able to work
independently of the client.
CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES
Construction companies play a central role in the majority of significant building and construction projects. Such companies form the "link"
between most other parties involved in each project, and have huge legal responsibilities and financial obligations to manage. With the right legal
framework in place and an appropriate level of ongoing legal support and advice, construction companies can be assured that they are protecting
their interests and meeting their legal obligations at every step.
ensure that you are well protected from unnecessary liabilities, expense or complications relating to particular projects
minimise expensive delays and resolve problems with construction documents
manage complex legal relationships
protect your interests by negotiating on your behalf project


NATIONAL BUILDING CODE AND FIRE SAFETY MEASURES WHILE DESIGNING A BUILDING.
The National Building Code of India (NBC), a comprehensive building Code, is a national instrument providing guidelines for regulating the
building construction activities across the country. It serves as a Model Code for adoption by all agencies involved in building construction works
be they Public Works Departments, other government construction departments, local bodies or private construction agencies. The Code mainly
contains administrative regulations, development control rules and general building requirements; fire safety requirements; stipulations regarding
materials, structural design and construction (including safety); and building and plumbing services.
The Code was first published in 1970 at the instance of Planning Commission and then revised in 1983. Thereafter three major amendments
were issued, two in 1987 and the third in 1997.
Considering a series of further developments in the field of building construction including the lessons learnt in the aftermath of number of natural
calamities like devastating earthquakes and super cyclones witnessed by the country, a Project for comprehensive revision of NBC was taken up
under the aegis of National Building Code Sectional Committee, CED 46 of BIS and its 18 expert Panels; involving as many as 400 experts. As a
culmination of the Project, the revised NBC has now been brought out as National Building Code of India 2005 (NBC 2005).
The comprehensive NBC 2005 contains 11 Parts some of which are further divided into Sections totalling 26 chapters (see Annex 1). The salient
features of the revised NBC (see Annex 2) include, apart from other changes made, the changes specially in regard to further enhancing our
response to meet the challenges posed by natural calamities and reflecting the state-of-the-art and contemporary applicable international
practices.
CONTENTS OF NBC 2005
PART 0 INTEGRATED APPROACH - PREREQUISITE FOR APPLYING PROVISIONS OF THE CODE
PART 1 DEFINITIONS
PART 2 ADMINISTRATION
PART 3 DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
PART 4 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
PART 5 BUILDING MATERIALS
PART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Section 1 Loads, Forces and Effects Section 2 Soils and Foundations
Section 3 Timber and Bamboo
3A Timber
3B Bamboo
Section 4 Masonry
Section 5 Concrete
5A Plain and Reinforced Concrete
5B Prestressed Concrete
Section 6 Steel
Section 7 Prefabrication, Systems Building and Mixed/ Composite Construction
7A Prefabricated Concrete
7B Systems Building and Mixed/Composite Construction
PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES
Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation
Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations
Section 3 Air conditioning, Heating and Mechanical Ventilation
Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control
Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators

PART 9 PLUMBING SERVICES
Section 1 Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation (including
Solid Waste Management)
Section 2 Gas Supply

PART 10 LANDSCAPING, SIGNS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES
Section 1 Landscape Planning and Design
Section 2 Signs and Outdoor Display Structures

Fire safety
Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the likelihood of a fire that may result in death, injury, or
property damage, alert those in a structure to the presence of anuncontrolled fire in the event one occurs, better enable those
threatened by a fire to survive in and evacuate from affected areas, or to reduce the damage caused by a fire. Fire safety
measures include those that are planned during the construction of a building or implemented in structures that are already
standing, and those that are taught to occupants of the building.
Threats to fire safety are referred to as fire hazards. A fire hazard may include a situation that increases the likelihood a fire
may start or may impede escape in the event a fire occurs.
Key elements of a fire safety policy
Building a facility in accordance with the version of the local building code
Maintaining a facility and conducting yourself in accordance with the provisions of the fire code. This is based on the
occupants and operators of the building being aware of the applicable regulations and advice.
Examples of these include:
Not exceeding the maximum occupancy within any part of the building.
Maintaining proper fire exits and proper exit signage (e.g., exit signs pointing to them that can function in a power failure)
Compliance with electrical codes to prevent overheating and ignition from electrical faults or problems such as poor wire
insulation or overloading wiring, conductors, or other fixtures with moreelectric current than they are rated for.
Placing and maintaining the correct type of fire extinguishers in easily accessible places.
Properly storing and using, hazardous materials that may be needed inside the building for storage or operational
requirements (such as solvents in spray booths).
Prohibiting flammable materials in certain areas of the facility.
Periodically inspecting buildings for violations, issuing Orders To Comply and, potentially, prosecuting or closing buildings
that are not in compliance, until the deficiencies are corrected or condemning it in extreme cases.
Maintaining fire alarm systems for detection and warning of fire.
Obtaining and maintaining a complete inventory of firestops.
Ensuring that spray fireproofing remains undamaged.
Maintaining a high level of training and awareness of occupants and users of the building to avoid obvious mistakes, such
as the propping open of fire doors.
Conduct fire drills at regular intervals throughout the year.