Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Case Reports in Endocrinology

Volume 2012, Article ID 732715, 4 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/732715
Case Report
Unusual Presentation of Cystic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Vijayraj S. Patil, Abhishek Vijayakumar, and Neelamma Natikar
Department of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore 560002, India
Correspondence should be addressed to Abhishek Vijayakumar, [email protected]
Received 13 September 2012; Accepted 1 October 2012
Academic Editors: C. Capella and O. Isozaki
Copyright 2012 Vijayraj S. Patil et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common thyroid malignancy, accounting for 80% of all thyroid cancers. The most
common presentation of thyroid cancer is an asymptomatic thyroid mass or a nodule. Usually as thyroid enlarges, it extends
in to mediastinum. Papillary thyroid carcinoma presentation as multiple true cystic swelling extending from neck to anterior chest
wall in subcutaneous plane is not present in the literature. We present a rare case of cystic papillary thyroid carcinoma which is
presented as subcutaneous swelling with sinus formation.
1. Introduction
Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common thyroid
malignancy, accounting for 80% of all thyroid cancers [1].
The most common clinical presentation is a solitary thyroid
nodule. A pure cystic nodule, although rare (<2% of all
nodules), is highly unlikely to be malignant [2].
Cystic neck masses appearing in the anterior or posterior
triangles of the neck are usually benign. However, they may
occasionally have a sinister origin and should be investigated
rigorously [3]. Solitary cervical cystic mass is an uncommon
presentation of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Usually
as thyroid enlarges, it extends in to mediastinum due to its
anatomic location under investing layer of the deep cervical
fascia.
We report a case of papillary thyroid carcinoma pre-
sented as a multiple true cystic swelling in neck extending
over the chest in subcutaneous plane with a discharging sinus
a very unusual presentation. Papillary thyroid carcinoma
presented as multiple true cystic swelling extending from
neck to breast is not present in literature. The case was
diagnosed after surgery by histopathological examination.
2. Case Report
A 60-year-old female patient was presented with swelling
in front of the neck since 12 yrs, initially small in size
started in thyroid region and gradually increased to present
size (25 15 cm) with watery discharge form swelling of 6
months duration (Figure 1).
On examination there were multiple cystic swellings
extending from thyroid cartilage to mid sternum. There
were about 1215 cysts with features of intercommunication.
The whole swelling moved with deglutition and there was
no independent mobility of cysts. A sinus was present on
right side of neck with active serous discharge (Figure 2).
Cervical lymph nodes were not enlarged. On indirect lar-
yngoscopy, no abnormality was detected. Thyroid prole
was within normal limits. Neck and chest X-ray showed
increased soft tissue density seen in neck region extending
up to upper sternal region and indenting trachea. Fine
Needle Aspiration Cytology of the swelling showed features
suggestive of nodular goitre. Ultrasound of the neck showed
multiple anechoic areas with areas of calcication and
internal septae in the neck extending from carotid level to
midsternal level. Lesion seemed to be arising from thyroid
tissue showing minimal vascularity suggestive of multicystic
goitre or lymphangioma. On computer tomography there
were multiple uid attenuation coalescent cystic lesions in
subcutaneous plane of neck and proximal thorax. There
were no inhomogenous enhancing areas within the cyst.
Thyroid gland could not be visualized seperately from
cysts. There was no inltration of surrounding structures
or lymphadenopathy. The cystic lesions seem to be arising
from thyroid gland and only part of left lobe of thyroid
was visible (Figure 3). Patient was subjected for surgery.
2 Case Reports in Endocrinology
Figure 1: Preoperative photo multiple cysts in neck and chest with
sinus (arrow).
Figure 2: Transillumination of swelling.
Under general anesthesia Kochers horizontal incision taken
over the swelling and in middle incision extended vertically
downwards over right breast as T incision and aps raised.
Fluid in cyst was clear light brown color. Some cysts were
intercommunicated and cysts were found arising from right
lobe and isthmus of thyroid (Figure 4). On the right side
cysts were adherent to internal jugular vein [IJV] (Figure 5)
and common carotid artery (Figure 6). Internal jugular vein
was ligated and divided. Cysts were separated from right
carotid artery. Total thyroidectomy done along with excision
of all cysts and skin around sinus. Postoperative period was
uneventful (Figure 7). On histopathological examination of
specimen papillary carcinoma of thyroid was found and
sinus tract was free of tumor cells. Patient underwent
an radioactive iodine ablative postoperatively and is on
suppressive dose of thyroxine since then.
3. Discussion
The most common benign cervical cysts are branchial cleft
cysts, dermoid cysts, teratoma, epidermoid cysts, and cystic
hygromas. Due to the increasing incidence of oropharyngeal
carcinoma, cystic masses of the neck can also be metastases
from an oropharyngeal or tonsillar tumour [4]. Rarely,
PTC is presented as a cystic neck mass without palpable
lesion in the thyroid gland [5]. The origin of these cysts
Figure 3: Computer tomaographic image showing multiple cysts
arising from right lobe of thyroid.
Figure 4: Intraoperative photo showing multiple cysts.
is controversial. Some authors think that it represents a
malignant transformation of ectopic thyroid tissue others
believe they represent a secondary metastatic spread from
occult thyroid lesion to the lymph node which underwent
central liquefaction with cystic formation [6].
Papillary thyroid carcinoma is a slowly growing neo-
plasm which explains the relatively long duration in our
patient. The long duration of such cysts in young aged
patients can lead to incorrect provisional diagnosis of benign
cysts [7]. Papillary thyroid carcinoma with extrathyroidal
extension (ETE) occurs in 4% to 16% of cases and carries
with it an increased risk of disease recurrence and death [8].
Common ETEs include involvement of recurrent laryngeal
nerve, larynx, trachea, and esophagus. Involvement of skin
with sinus formation is rare, only few cases are reported [9].
High-resolution sonography is widely used to detect and
characterize thyroid nodules. Sonographic features that are
found to be associated with an increased risk of malignancy
include a predominantly solid composition, hypoechogenic-
ity, absence of a hypoechoic halo, presence of microcalcica-
tions, irregular margins, and intranodular vascularity [10].
On sonography, papillary thyroid carcinoma appears most
commonly as hypoechoic solid lesions with a smooth or
irregular contour, intrinsic vascularity, and lacks a hypoe-
choic halo. Also in a study on papillary thyroid carcinoma
by Jun et al. [11], it was shown that only 5% of lesions
were purely cystic and that 69% of all papillary thyroid
carcinomas had marked intrinsic hypervascularity: ow in
Case Reports in Endocrinology 3
Figure 5: Cyst adherent to Internal jugular vein (arrow).
Figure 6: Picture showing right carotid artery (arrow) and trachea
on removal of cysts and total thyroidectomy.
the central part of the tumor that was greater than that of the
surrounding parenchyma; 22% had perinodal vascularity.
Chan et al. [12] reported that all predominantly cystic pap-
illary thyroid carcinomas in their study had some intrinsic
blood ow. Lymph node metastases are common in patients
with papillary thyroid carcinoma, and approximately 50%
of patients have cervical lymph node metastases at the
time of their initial presentation [13]. In up to 20% of all
patients, lymph node metastases may even be the sole or
initial manifestation of disease (occult primary tumor) [14].
Approximately 40% (reported range, 2150%) of all lymph
node metastases from papillary thyroid carcinomas have
the tendency to completely cavitate a lymph node by cystic
degeneration and thus may mimic an apparently benign
cervical cyst [15].
Sonographic features of cystic papillary thyroid carci-
noma or metastatic cystic nodes include multiple or solitary
cyst with internal septation, internal nodules, and punctuate
calcication. Histologically, the internal septations were
either caused by solid, papillary structures on brovascular
stalks, by connective tissue laments, or by the remaining
streaks of lymphoid tissue (residual after the liquefaction
Figure 7: Postoperative photo.
necrosis or accompanying intranodal hemorrhage). The pap-
illary structures on brovascular stalks are especially known
to be typical for papillary thyroid carcinomas and are
associated with psammoma bodies and paucity of colloid in
the primary tumors [16]. The sonographic visible internal
nodules were either caused by partly organized colloid or
thyroid tumor cells forming follicles with subsequent colloid
production, by (partly) organized intranodal hemorrhage
and debris, or by clusters of remaining lymphoid tissue
surrounded by carcinomatous elements.
According to consensus guidelines on the management
of thyroid nodules detected on sonography, with a specic
focus on which nodule should undergo sonographically
guided FNA by Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (SRU)
[10]. Predominantly cystic nodules (>75% cystic) without
microcalcications have a very low likelihood of malignancy.
Similarly, lack of internal ow on color Doppler imaging
suggests a lower likelihood of malignancy. As a result, the
consensus statement did not recommend FNA for cystic or
almost completely cystic nodules [10]. FNAC is less sensitive
in the diagnosis of cystic neck masses compared with solid
masses having a false negative rate ranging from 50% to 67%
[17]. In a study by Muller et al. [18], FNAC had false negative
rate of 45% in diagnosing cystic papillary thyroid carcinoma.
This high level of false negativity is due to sampling error and
not cytological misdiagnosis. Ultrasound guided FNAC that
can obtain material from the wall and solid part of the cyst
increases the accuracy of FNAC [19].
Wunderbaldinger et al. [20] showed 80% of cystic
nodes in papillary thyroid carcinoma the aspirated uid
as brownish viscous and had elevated thyroglobulin levels.
Som et al. [21] and King et al. [22]who hypothesized that
high intranodal concentration of thyroglobulin reect areas
of high attenuation on CT and inhomogeneous intracystic
signal changes on MR imaging, respectively. Therefore, the
uid from these cystic lesions should be sent for thyroglob-
ulin analysis whenever an unclear cystic mass in the neck is
present or when the diagnosis of such a mass is in question.
Excisional biopsy is essential to detect papillary thyroid
carcinoma in patients with negative FNAC. If clinical or
radiological suspicion of malignancy is present, frozen
section analysis of the specimen may help to proceed for a
total thyroidectomy with modied radical neck dissection at
the same setting.
4 Case Reports in Endocrinology
Adequate surgery by removing the cyst, all of the thyroid
tissue and accessible involved lymph nodes is essential for
better prognosis. Postoperative radioiodine ablation of thy-
roid remnant with suppressive thyroxine dose is advocated
to reduce recurrences. Followup with serial thyroglobulin
estimation can help early recurrences or metastasis.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) clinically behaves in
an indolent fashion and carries an excellent prognosis >90%
survival at 20 years. ETE has a 54% 15 year survival and 29%
30 year survival [8].
4. Conclusion
Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common of thyroid
malignancies. Though most present with solitary thyroid
nodule or as lymph node mass. Unusual presentation
like solitary cystic nodal mass or multiple cystic mass in
neck must be considered. Rarely can it present with sinus
formation in long standing cases. Ultrasonography can help
in dierentiating benign from malignant cystic lesions of
neck. Though FNAC is not very accurate in diagnosis of
cystic lesions. Aspirated uid thyroglobulin and thyroid
transcription factor levels may help to dierentiate cystic
thyroid carcinomas from benign cystic lesions. Complete
cyst excision with total thyroidectomy and node dissection
provides good prognosis even in setting of extrathyroidal
extension.
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