CREATE USER username IDENTIFIED BY password;

ALTER USER username IDENTIFIED BY new_password;

DROP USER username [CASCADE]
Specify CASCADE to drop all objects in the user's schema.

List all usernames

SELECT NAME FROM SYS.USER$

GRANT privilege1, privilege2, ...

[ON object_name]
TO user1, user2, ...;

REVOKE privilege1, privilege2, ...

[ON object_name]
FROM username;
Privileges:

 CREATE SESSION

 CREATE TABLE

 DROP TABLE

 UNLIMITED TABLESPACE

 CREATE USER

 GRANT ANY PRIVILEGE

 CREATE ANY TABLE

 DROP ANY TABLE

GRANT privilege TO user

WITH ADMIN OPTION;
(Allows user to grant privilege )

Managing Tablespace - You may/should create tablespace for each user so that they do not need to share the same
file space.
Example tablespace script.
CREATE TABLESPACE lhoward
DATAFILE 'C:\oracle\lhoward\lhoward.dbf' SIZE 30M;

CREATE USER lhoward IDENTIFIED BY abcd

DEFAULT TABLESPACE lhoward
QUOTA UNLIMITED ON lhoward;

GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO lhoward;

REVOKE UNLIMITED TABLESPACE FROM lhoward;

GRANT CREATE SESSION, CREATE TABLE TO lhoward;

Defining Data

Data Types:

 CHAR

 VARCHAR2

 NCHAR

 NUMBER

 DATE

 BLOB

 CLOB

 BFILE

 NCLOB

Basic Column Definition

column_definition -> field_name data_type_definition,

Contraint Types

 Primary Key

 Foreign Key

 Check Condition

 Not Null

 Unique

Defining Primary Key Constraints.

CONTRAINT contraint_name PRIMARY KEY [used within a column declaration]

CONSTRAINT contraint_name PRIMARY KEY (fieldname) [used after column declarations]

Defining Foreign Key Constaints

CONSTRAINT foreign_key_id FOREIGN KEY (foreign_key_field) REFERENCES table_name(field_name)
Table Management
CREATE TABLE table_name
column_definition1,
column definition2,
...
column_definitionN
contraint_definitions;

DESCRIBE table_name;

List all tables and their owners

SELECT owner, table_name FROM sys.all_tables;

DROP TABLE tablename [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];

Add a field to an existing table

ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD(fieldname_data_declaration
constraint_definitions);

Modify existing field definition

ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY(fieldname_data_declaration);

Delete a field from a table

ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN fieldname;

Disable and Reenable Constraint

ALTER table_name DISABLE CONSTRAINT constraint_name;

ALTER table_name ENABLE CONSTRAINT constraint_name;

Create a sequence
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name
[INCREMENT BY number]
[START WITH start_value]
[MAXVALUE max_value]
[MINVALUE min_value]
[CYCLE]
[ORDER]

Drop a Sequence
DROP SEQUENCE sequence_name;
Pseudocolumns CURRVAL Most recent sequence number

NEXTVAL Next available sequence number

SYSDATE Current system date and time from DUAL table

USER Current user from DUAL table

Managing Data
Add a new record to a table (references all columns)
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES(col1_value, col2_value, ...);

Alternate syntax for adding new record (puts data only into names columns)
INSERT INTO table_name (col-x_name, col-y_name, ...)
VALUES(col-x_value, col-y_value, ...);

Insert a record into a table utilyzing a sequence

INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES(sequence_name.NEXTVAL, col1_value, col2_value, ...);

Change a field's value in one or more records

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = new_value1, column2 = new_value2, ...
WHERE record_retrieval_conditions;

Delete one or more records from a table

DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE record_retrieval_conditions;

Remove all records from a table without saving rollback information

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Retrieving Data

Special Tables

 Objects

 Tables

 Indexes

 Views

 Sequences

 Users
 Constraints

 Cons_Columns

 Ind_Columns

 Tab_Columns

 DUAL

Basic Retrieval from single table

SELECT [DISTINCT] display_fields
FROM tables
WHERE field_conditions
ORDER BY field_name [ASC | DESC];

Basic Join
SELECT display_fields
FROM table1, table2
WHERE table1_foreign_key=table2_primary_key AND
other_field_conditions;

Basic Group Retrieval from single table

SELECT group_field, group_functions
FROM tables
WHERE field_conditions
ORDER BY field_name [ASC | DESC]
GROUP BY group_field
HAVING condition_on_group;

Numeric Functions
Convert a date string into an internal date where date_format specifies format of string date.
TO_DATE(string_date, date_format)
Return the mod of number in the indicated base
MOD(number, base)
Raise number to the indicated exponent
POWER(number, exponent)
Round number to the indicated precision (number of decimal places)
ROUND(number precision)
Truncate number to the indicated precision (number of decimal places)
TRUNC(number, precision)

More numeric functions ABS Absolute value

CEIL Ceiling

FLOOR Floor

SIGN Sign of a number

SQRT Square Root

Aggregate numeric functions AVG Average value of field

COUNT Number of records returned

MAX Maximum value in field in returned records

MIN Maximum value in field in returned records

SUM Sum of values in field

String Functions
CONCAT(string1, string2)
LPAD(string, num_chars, pad_char)
RPAD(string, num_chars, pad_char)
LTRIM(string, search_string)
RTRIM(string, search_string)
REPLACE(string, search_string, replacement_string)
SUBSTR(string, start_posn, length)

More string functions INITCAP(string) Capitalize first character

LENGTH(string) Length of string

UPPER(string) Convert all chars to uppercase

LOWER(string) Convert all chars to lowercase

Date Functions
ADD_Months(date, num_months_to_add)
LAST_DAY(date) - Last day of month as date
MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1, date2) - returns decimal difference in months

= > SELECT ID, Start_Date, LAST_DAY(Start_Date) AS FirstPayment FROM Employee;

=> CREATE TABLE copy_of_employee AS SELECT * FROM employee WHERE 3=5;

= > INSERT INTO emp_department_1 SELECT * FROM temp;

CREATE TABLE temp AS SELECT fname, minit, lname, ssn, bdate, address, sex, superssn, dno FROM employee;

DROP TABLE employee;

CREATE TABLE employee AS SELECT * FROM temp;

Retrieving special values from DUAL
SELECT
sequence_name.CURRVAL, sequence_name.NEXTVAL, SYSDATE, USER
FROM DUAL;

Special Search Keywords and Symbols LIKE Wildcard match verb

_ single character wildcard

% multiple character wildcard

NULL matches null values

The general usage of TO_CHAR is:

TO_CHAR(<date>, '<format>')

where the <format> string can be formed from over 40 options. Some of the more popular ones
include:

MM Numeric month (e.g., 07)

MON Abbreviated month name (e.g., JUL)
MONTH Full month name (e.g., JULY)
DD Day of month (e.g., 24)
DY Abbreviated name of day (e.g., FRI)
YYYY 4-digit year (e.g., 1998)
YY Last 2 digits of the year (e.g., 98)

Like YY, but the two digits are ``rounded'' to a year in the range 1950 to 2049. Thus, 06 is
RR
considered 2006 instead of 1906, for example.

AM (or
Meridian indicator
PM)

HH Hour of day (1-12)

HH24 Hour of day (0-23)
MI Minute (0-59)
SS Second (0-59)

select sysdate from dual

select to_char(MONTHS_BETWEEN('01-mar-2009', '01-jan-2009') )from dual

select to_char(sysdate,'MON/YYYY') from dual

select to_char(sysdate,'MM') from dual
select to_char(sysdate,'MONTH') from dual
select to_char(sysdate,'DD') from dual
select to_char(sysdate,'YYYY') from dual
select to_char(sysdate,'YY') from dual
select to_char(sysdate,'RR') from dual
select to_char(sysdate,'PM') from dual
select to_char(sysdate,'HH') from dual
select to_char(sysdate,'HH24') from dual
select to_char(sysdate,'MI') from dual
select to_char(sysdate,'SS') from dual
insert into x
values(99, to_date('1998/05/31:12:00:00AM', 'yyyy/mm/dd:hh:mi:ssam'));

SELECT owner, table_name FROM sys.all_tables