Trig Lecture 4
Trig Lecture 4
Trig Lecture 4
Oblique Triangle
A triangle that is not a right triangle, either acute or obtuse.
The measures of the three sides and the three angles of a triangle can be found if at least one side and
any other two measures are known.
a b c
sin A sin B sin C
Proof
1
Angle – Side - Angle (ASA or AAS)
If two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal, respectively, to two angles and the
included side of a second triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
Example
In triangle ABC, A 30 , B 70 , and a 8.0 cm . Find the length of side c.
Solution
C 180 ( A B)
180 (30 70)
180 100
80
c a
sin C sin A
c a sin C
sin A
8 sin 80
sin 30
16 cm
Example
Find the missing parts of triangle ABC if A 32 , C 81.8 , , and a 42.9 cm .
Solution
B 180 ( B C )
180 (32 81.8)
66.2
a b c a
sin A sin B sin C sin A
b a sin B c a sin C
sin A sin A
2
Example
You wish to measure the distance across a River. You determine
that C = 112.90°, A = 31.10°, and b 347.6 ft . Find the
distance a across the river.
Solution
B 180 A C
180 31.10 112.90
36
a b
sin A sin B
a 347.6
sin 31.1 sin 36
Example
Two ranger stations are on an east-west line 110 mi apart. A forest fire is located on a bearing N 42° E
from the western station at A and a bearing of N 15° E from the eastern station at B. How far is the fire
from the western station?
Solution
BAC 90 42 48
ABC 90 15 105
C 180 105 48 27
b c
sin B sin C
b 110
sin105 sin 27
b 110sin105
sin 27
b 234 mi
The fire is about 234 miles from the western station.
3
Example
Find distance x if a = 562 ft., B 5.7 and A 85.3
x A
Solution
x a
sin B sin A
x a sin B
sin A
562 sin 5.7
sin 85.3
56.0 ft
4
Example
A hot-air balloon is flying over a dry lake when the wind stops blowing. The balloon comes to a stop
450 feet above the ground at point D. A jeep following the balloon runs out of gas at point A. The
nearest service station is due north of the jeep at point B. The bearing of the balloon from the jeep at A
is N 13 E, while the bearing of the balloon from the service station at B is S 19 E. If the angle of
elevation of the balloon from A is 12, how far will the people in the jeep have to walk to reach the
service station at point B?
Solution
tan12 DC
AC
AC DC
tan12
450
tan12
2,117 ft
AB 2117 sin148
sin19
3, 400 ft
5
Ambiguous Case
Side – Angle – Side (SAS)
If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal, respectively, to two sides and the included
angle of a second triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
Example
Find angle B in triangle ABC if a = 2, b = 6, and A 30
Solution
sin B sin A
b a
sin B bsin A
a
6 sin 30
2
1.5 1 sin 1
Example
Find the missing parts in triangle ABC if C = 35.4, a = 205 ft., and c = 314 ft.
Solution
sin A a sin C
c
205 sin 35.4
314
0.3782
A sin 1(0.3782 )
A 22.2 A 180 22.2 157.8
C A 35.4 157.8
193.2 180
B 180 (22.2 35.4) 122 .4
b c sin B
sin C
314 sin 122.4
sin 35.4
458 ft
6
Example
Find the missing parts in triangle ABC if a = 54 cm, b = 62 cm, and A = 40.
Solution
sin B sin A
b a
sin B bsin A
a
62 sin 40
54
0.738
92 8
c a sin C c a sin C
sin A sin A
7
Area of a Triangle (SAS)
In any triangle ABC, the area A is given by the following formulas:
Example
Find the area of triangle ABC if A 2440, b 27.3 cm, and C 5240
Solution
B 180 2440 5240
180 24 40 52 40
60 60
102.667
a b
sin A sin B
a 27.3
sin 2440 sin 10240
27.3sin 2440
a
sin 10240
11.7 cm
A 1 ac sin B
2
1 (11.7)(27.3)sin 5240
2
127 cm2
8
Example
Find the area of triangle ABC.
Solution
A 1 ac sin B
2
1 34.0 42.0 sin 5510
2
586 ft 2
9
Number of Triangles Satisfying the Ambiguous Case (SSA)
Let sides a and b and angle A be given in triangle ABC. (The law of sines can be used to calculate the
value of sin B.)
1. If applying the law of sines results in an equation having sin B > 1, then no triangle satisfies the
given conditions.
2. If sin B = 1, then one triangle satisfies the given conditions and B = 90°.
3. If 0 < sin B < 1, then either one or two triangles satisfy the given conditions.
a) If sin B = k, then let B sin 1 k and use B for B in the first triangle.
1 1
b) Let B 180 B . If A B 180 , then a second triangle exists. In this case, use B for
2 1 2 2
B in the second triangle.
10
Exercises Section 4.1 – Law of Sines
8. A man flying in a hot-air balloon in a straight line at a constant rate of 5 feet per second, while
keeping it at a constant altitude. As he approaches the parking lot of a market, he notices that the
angle of depression from his balloon to a friend’s car in the parking lot is 35. A minute and a
half later, after flying directly over this friend’s car, he looks back to see his friend getting into
the car and observes the angle of depression to be 36. At that time, what is the distance between
him and his friend?
9. A satellite is circling above the earth. When the satellite is directly above point B, angle A is
75.4. If the distance between points B and D on the circumference of the earth is 910 miles and
the radius of the earth is 3,960 miles, how far above the earth is the satellite?
11
10. A pilot left Fairbanks in a light plane and flew 100 miles toward Fort in still air on a course with
bearing of 18. She then flew due east (bearing 90) for some time drop supplies to a snowbound
family. After the drop, her course to return to Fairbanks had bearing of 225. What was her
maximum distance from Fairbanks?
11. The dimensions of a land are given in the figure. Find the area of the property in square feet.
12. The angle of elevation of the top of a water tower from point A on the ground is 19.9. From
point B, 50.0 feet closer to the tower, the angle of elevation is 21.8. What is the height of the
tower?
13. A 40-ft wide house has a roof with a 6-12 pitch (the roof rises 6 ft for a run of 12 ft). The owner
plans a 14-ft wide addition that will have a 3-12 pitch to its roof. Find the lengths of AB and BC
12
14. A hill has an angle of inclination of 36. A study completed by a state’s highway commission
showed that the placement of a highway requires that 400 ft of the hill, measured horizontally, be
removed. The engineers plan to leave a slope alongside the highway with an angle of inclination
of 62. Located 750 ft up the hill measured from the base is a tree containing the nest of an
endangered hawk. Will this tree be removed in the excavation?
15. A cruise missile is traveling straight across the desert at 548 mph at an altitude of 1 mile. A
gunner spots the missile coming in his direction and fires a projectile at the missile when the
angle of elevation of the missile is 35. If the speed of the projectile is 688 mph, then for what
angle of elevation of the gun will the projectile hit the missile?
16. When the ball is snapped, Smith starts running at a 50 angle to the line of scrimmage. At the
moment when Smith is at a 60 angle from Jones, Smith is running at 17 ft/sec and Jones passes
the ball at 60 ft/sec to Smith. However, to complete the pass, Jones must lead Smith by the angle
. Find (find in his head. Note that can be found without knowing any distances.)
13
17. A rabbit starts running from point A in a straight line in the direction 30 from the north at 3.5
ft/sec. At the same time a fox starts running in a straight line from a position 30 ft to the west of
the rabbit 6.5 ft/sec. The fox chooses his path so that he will catch the rabbit at point C. In how
many seconds will the fox catch the rabbit?
14
Section 4.2 - Law of Cosines
a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
b2 a 2 c2 2ac cos B
c2 a 2 b2 2ab cos C
Derivation
a 2 (c x) 2 h 2
c 2 2cx x 2 h 2 (1)
b2 x2 h2 (2)
From (2):
(1) a 2 c 2 2cx b 2
a 2 c 2 b 2 2cx (3)
cos A x
b
b cos A x
15
Example
Find the missing parts in triangle ABC if A = 60, b = 20 in, and c = 30 in.
Solution
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
20 2 30 2 2(20)(30) cos 60
700
a 26
sin B b sin A
a
20 sin 60
26
0.6662
B sin 1 (0.6662)
42
C 180 A B
180 60 42
78
Example
A surveyor wishes to find the distance between two inaccessible
points A and B on opposite sides of a lake. While standing at point
C, she finds that AC = 259 m, BC = 423 m, and angle ACB =
132°40′. Find the distance AB.
Solution
AB2 AC 2 BC 2 2 AC BC cos C
AB 628
16
Law of Cosines (SSS) - Three Sides
2 2 2
cos A b c a
2bc
2 2 2
cos B a c b
2ac
2 2 2
cos C a b c
2ab
Example
Solve triangle ABC if a = 34 km, b = 20 km, and c = 18 km
Solution
2 2 2
cos A b c a
2bc
2 2 2
20 18 34
2(20)(18)
0.6
A cos 1 (0.6)
127
OR
2 2 2
cos C a b c sin C c sin A
2ab a
2 2 2 18 sin 127
34 20 18 34
2(34)(20)
0.4228
0.91
C sin 1 (0.4228)
C cos1(0.91) 25
25
B 180 A C
180 127 25
28
17
Example
A plane is flying with an airspeed of 185 miles per hour with heading 120. The wind currents are
running at a constant 32 miles per hour at 165 clockwise from due north. Find the true course and
ground speed of the plane.
Solution
180 120
60
360 165
360 165 60
135
2 2 2
V W V W 2 V W cos
V W 210 mph
sin sin
32 210
sin 1 (0.1077)
6
The speed of the plane with respect to the ground is 210 mph.
18
Example
Find the measure of angle B in the figure of a roof truss.
Solution
2 2 2
cos B a c b
2ac
2 2 2
11 9 6
2(11)(9)
2 2 2
B cos1 11 9 6
2(11)(9)
33
19
Heron’s Area Formula (SSS)
If a triangle has sides of lengths a, b, and c, with semi-perimeter
s 1 a b c
2
Then the area of the triangle is:
A s s a s b s c
Example
The distance “as the crow flies” from Los Angeles to New York is 2451 miles, from New York to
Montreal is 331 miles, and from Montreal to Los Angeles is 2427 miles. What is the area of the
triangular region having these three cities as vertices? (Ignore the curvature of Earth.)
Solution
The semiperimeter s is:
s 1 a b c
2
1 2451 331 2427
2
2604.5
A s s a s b s c
401,700 mi 2
20
Exercises Section 4.2 - Law of Cosines
6. The diagonals of a parallelogram are 24.2 cm and 35.4 cm and intersect at an angle of 65.5.
Find the length of the shorter side of the parallelogram
7. An engineer wants to position three pipes at the vertices of a triangle. If the pipes A, B, and C
have radii 2 in, 3 in, and 4 in, respectively, then what are the measures of the angles of the
triangle ABC?
8. A solar panel with a width of 1.2 m is positioned on a flat roof. What is the angle of elevation
of the solar panel?
21
9. Andrea and Steve left the airport at the same time. Andrea flew at 180 mph on a course with
bearing 80, and Steve flew at 240 mph on a course with bearing 210. How far apart were
they after 3 hr.?
10. A submarine sights a moving target at a distance of 820 m. A torpedo is fired 9 ahead of the
target, and travels 924 m in a straight line to hit the target. How far has the target moved from
the time the torpedo is fired to the time of the hit?
11. A tunnel is planned through a mountain to connect points A and B on two existing roads. If
the angle between the roads at point C is 28, what is the distance from point A to B? Find
CBA and CAB to the nearest tenth of a degree.
12. A 6-ft antenna is installed at the top of a roof. A guy wire is to be attached to the top of the
antenna and to a point 10 ft down the roof. If the angle of elevation of the roof is 28, then
what length guy wire is needed?
22
13. On June 30, 1861, Comet Tebutt, one of the greatest comets, was visible even before sunset.
One of the factors that causes a comet to be extra bright is a small scattering angle . When
Comet Tebutt was at its brightest, it was 0.133 a.u. from the earth, 0.894 a.u. from the sun, and
the earth was 1.017 a.u. from the sun. Find the phase angle and the scattering angle for
Comet Tebutt on June 30, 1861. (One astronomical unit (a.u) is the average distance between
the earth and the sub.)
14. A human arm consists of an upper arm of 30 cm and a lower arm of 30 cm. To move the hand
to the point (36, 8), the human brain chooses angle and to the nearest tenth of a
1 2
degree.
15. A forest ranger is 150 ft above the ground in a fire tower when she spots an angry grizzly bear
east of the tower with an angle of depression of 10. Southeast of the tower she spots a hiker
with an angle of depression of 15. Find the distance between the hiker and the angry bear.
23
24
Section 4.3 – Vectors and Dot Product
Standard Position
A vector with its initial point at the origin is called a position vector.
25
Magnitude of a Vector
The length or magnitude of a vector can be written:
2 2
V a 2 b2 V Vx Vy
Zero Vector
A vector has a magnitude of zero V 0 and has no defined direction.
Example
Draw the vector V = (3, -4) in standard position and find its magnitude.
Solution
V a2 b2
32 (4) 2
5
26
Example
Find the magnitude and direction angle for u = 3, –2.
Solution
u 32 2 2
13
tan 1
y
x
tan 1 2
3
33.7
360 33.7
326.3
27
Example
The human cannonball is shot from cannon with an initial velocity of 53 miles per hour at an angle
of 60 from the horizontal. Find the magnitude of the horizontal and vertical vector components of
the velocity vector.
y
Solution
Vx 53 cos 60
27 mi / hr
Vy 53
V y 53 sin 60 60
x
46 mi / hr
Vx
U+V U+V
V V
U U
U – V = U + (-V)
U-V
V
U
The sum of a vector V and its opposite –V has magnitude 0 and is called the zero vector.
28
Addition and subtraction with Algebraic Vectors
U V 6,2 3,5
6 3, 2 5
3, 7
U V 6,2 3,5
6 (3), 2 5
9, 3
29
Scalar Multiplication
Example
3V 3 2, 3
6, 9
Example
If U 5, - 3 and V 6, 4 , find:
a. U V
b. 4U 5V
Solution
a. U V 5,3 6,4
5 6,3 4
1, 1
b. 4U 5V 4 5,3 5 6,4
20,12 30,20
20 (30),12 20
20 30,32
50, 32
30
Component Vector Form
The vector that extends from the origin to the point (1, 0) is called the unit horizontal vector and is
denoted by i.
The vector that extends from the origin to the point (0, 1) is called the unit vertical vector and is
denoted by j.
Example
Write the vector V 3,4 in terms of the unit vectors i and j.
Solution
V 3i 4 j
Algebraic Vectors
If i is the unit vector from (0, 0) to (1, 0), and j is the unit vector from (0, 0) to (0, 1), then any
vector V can be written as
V ai bj a, b
V a2 b2
V a, b V cos , V sin
31
Example
Vector V has its tail at the origin, and makes an angle of 35 with the positive x-axis. Its magnitude
is 12. Write V in terms of the unit vectors i and j.
Solution
a 12cos35 9.8
b 12sin 35 6.9
V 9.8i 6.9 j
Example
If U 5i 3 j and V 6i 4 j
a. U V
U V 5i 3 j - 6i 4 j
i j
b. 4U 5V
4U 5V 4 5i 3 j - 5 -6i 4 j
Example
Vector w has magnitude 25.0 and direction angle 41.7°. Find the horizontal and vertical
components.
Solution
a w cos
25cos 41.7
18.7
b w sin
25sin 41.7
16.6
w 18.7, 16.6
32
Force
When an object is stationary (at rest) we say it is in a state of static equilibrium.
When an object is in this state, the sum of the forces acting on the object must be equal to the zero
vector 0.
Example
A traffic light weighing 22 pounds is suspended by two wires. Find the magnitude of the tension in
wire AB, and the magnitude of the tension in wire AC.
Solution
T1
22
sin 45 sin 75
T1 22 sin 45
sin 75
16 lb
T2
22
sin 60 sin 75
T 2 22 sin 60
sin 75
20 lb
33
Example
Danny is 5 years old and weighs 42 pounds. He is sitting on a swing when his sister Stacey pulls
him and the swing back horizontally through an angle of 30 and then stops. Find the tension in the
ropes of the swing and the magnitude of the force exerted by Stacey.
Solution
HHi
W W j 42 j
T T cos 60i T sin 60 j
T sin 60 42
T 42
sin 60
T 48 lb
H T cos 60
48cos 60
24 lb
34
The DOT Product
The dot product (or scalar product) of two vectors U ai bj and V ci dj is written U V
and is defined as follows:
U V (ai bj) (ci dj)
ac bd
Example
Find each of the following dot products
a. U V when U 3, 4 and V 2,5
U V 3, 4 2, 5
3(2) 4(5)
26
b. 1, 2 3, 5
1, 2 3, 5 3 10
13
c. S W when S 6i 3 j and W 2i 7 j
S W 12 21
9
35
Finding the Angle Between Two Vectors
The dot product of two vectors is equal to the product of their magnitudes multiplies by the cosine
of the angle between them. That is, when is the angle between two nonzero vectors U and V, then
U V U V cos
cos U V
UV
Example
Find the angle between the vectors U and V.
a. U 2,3 and V 3, 2
b. U 6i j and V i 4 j
Solution
a) U 2,3 and V 3, 2
cos U V
U V
2(3) 3(2)
22 32 (3)2 22
6 6
13 13
0
13
0
cos1(0) 90
b) U 6i j and V i 4 j
cos U V
U V
6(1) ( 1)(4)
62 (1)2 12 42
64
37 17
2
25.08
0.0797
cos1(0.0797) 85.43
36
Perpendicular Vectors
If U and V are two nonzero vectors, then
U V 0 U V
Two vectors are perpendicular if and only if (iff) their dot product is 0.
Example
Which of the following vectors are perpendicular to each other?
U 8i 6 j V 3i 4 j W 4i 3 j
Solution
U V 8i 6 j 3i 4 j
24 24
0 U and V are perpendicular
U W 8i 6 j 4i 3 j
32 18
50 U and W are not perpendicular
V W 3i 4 j 4i 3 j
12 12
0 V and W are perpendicular
37
Work
Work is performed when a force (constant) is used to move an object a certain distance.
d: displacement vector.
V: Represents the component of F that is the same direction of d,
is sometimes called the projection of onto d.
V F cos
Work V d
F cos d
F d cos
F d
Definition
If a constant force F is applied, and the resulting movement of the object is represented by the
displacement vector d, then the work performed by the force is
Work F d
38
Example
A force F = 35i – 12j (in pounds) is used to push an object up a ramp. The resulting movement of
the object is represented by the displacement vector d = 15i + 4j (in feet). Find the work done by the
force.
Solution
Work F d
(35)(15) (12)(4)
480 ft lb
Example
A shipping clerk pushes a heavy package across the floor. He applies a force of 64 pounds in a
downward direction, making an angle of 35 with the horizontal. If the package is moved 25 feet,
how much work is done by the clerk?
Solution
Fx F cos 30
64 cos 30 25 ft.
30
W Fx .d
64 cos 35.25
F
1300 ft lb
39
Airspeed and Groundspeed
The airspeed of a plane is its speed relative to the air
The groundspeed of a plane is its speed relative to the ground.
The groundspeed of a plane is represented by the vector sum of the airspeed and windspeed vectors.
Example
A plane with an airspeed of 192 mph is headed on a bearing of 121°. A north wind is blowing (from
north to south) at 15.9 mph. Find the groundspeed and the actual bearing of the plane.
Solution
BCO AOC 121
The groundspeed is represented by |x|.
2
x 1922 15.92 2(192)(15.9) cos121
40, 261
x 200.7 mph
The plane’s groundspeed is about 201 mph.
sin sin121
15.9 200.7
sin 15.9sin121
200.7
sin 1 15.9sin121 3.89
200.7
40
Exercises Section 4.3 – Vectors and Dot Product
2. Given: V 13.8, 24.2 , find the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical vector
components of V, V and V , respectively
x y
3. Find the angle θ between the two vectors u = 3, 4 and v = 2, 1.
4. A bullet is fired into the air with an initial velocity of 1,800 feet per second at an angle of 60
from the horizontal. Find the magnitude of the horizontal and vertical vector component as of
the velocity vector.
5. A bullet is fired into the air with an initial velocity of 1,200 feet per second at an angle of 45
from the horizontal.
a) Find the magnitude of the horizontal and vertical vector component as of the velocity
vector.
b) Find the horizontal distance traveled by the bullet in 3 seconds. (Neglect the resistance of
air on the bullet).
6. A ship travels 130 km on a bearing of S 42 E. How far east and how far south has it traveled?
7. An arrow is shot into the air with so that its horizontal velocity is 15.0 ft./sec and its vertical
velocity is 25.0 ft./sec. Find the velocity of the arrow?
8. An arrow is shot into the air so that its horizontal velocity is 25 feet per second and its vertical
is 15 feet per second. Find the velocity of the arrow.
9. A plane travels 170 miles on a bearing of N 18 E and then changes its course to N 49 E and
travels another 120 miles. Find the total distance traveled north and the total distance traveled
east.
10. A boat travels 72 miles on a course of bearing N 27 E and then changes its course to travel 37
miles at N 55 E. How far north and how far east has the boat traveled on this 109-mile trip?
11. A boat is crossing a river that run due north. The boat is pointed due east and is moving
through the water at 12 miles per hour. If the current of the river is a constant 5.1 miles per
hour, find the actual course of the boat through the water to two significant digits.
41
12. Two forces of 15 and 22 Newtons act on a point in the plane. (A newton is a unit of force that
equals .225 lb.) If the angle between the forces is 100°, find the magnitude of the resultant
vector.
13. Find the magnitude of the equilibrant of forces of 48 Newtons and 60 Newtons acting on a
point A, if the angle between the forces is 50°. Then find the angle between the equilibrant and
the 48-newton force.
14. Find the force required to keep a 50-lb wagon from sliding down a ramp inclined at 20° to the
horizontal. (Assume there is no friction.)
15. A force of 16.0 lb. is required to hold a 40.0 lb. lawn mower on an incline. What angle does
the incline make with the horizontal?
16. Two prospectors are pulling on ropes attached around the neck of a donkey that does not want
to move. One prospector pulls with a force of 55 lb, and the other pulls with a force of 75 lb. If
the angle between the ropes is 25, then how much force must the donkey use in order to stay
put? (The donkey knows the proper direction in which to apply his force.)
42
17. A ship leaves port on a bearing of 28.0° and travels 8.20 mi. The ship then turns due east and
travels 4.30 mi. How far is the ship from port? What is its bearing from port?
18. A solid steel ball is placed on a 10 incline. If a force of 3.2 lb in the direction of the incline is
required to keep the ball in place, then what is the weight of the ball?
19. Find the amount of force required for a winch to pull a 3000-lb car up a ramp that is inclined
at 20.
20. If the amount of force required to push a block of ice up an ice-covered driveway that is
inclined at 25 is 100lb, then what is the weight of the block?
21. If superman exerts 1000 lb of force to prevent a 5000-lb boulder from rolling down a hill and
crushing a bus full of children, then what is the angle of inclination of the hill?
22. If Sisyphus exerts a 500-lb force in rolling his 4000-lb spherical boulder uphill, then what is
the angle of inclination of the hill?
23. A plane is headed due east with an air speed of 240 mph. The wind is from the north at 30
mph. Find the bearing for the course and the ground speed of the plane.
24. A plane is headed due west with an air speed of 300 mph. The wind is from the north at 80
mph. Find the bearing for the course and the ground speed of the plane.
25. An ultralight is flying northeast at 50 mph. The wind is from the north at 20 mph. Find the
bearing for the course and the ground speed of the ultralight.
26. A superlight is flying northwest at 75 mph. The wind is from the south at 40 mph. Find the
bearing for the course and the ground speed of the superlight.
43
27. An airplane is heading on a bearing of 102 with an air speed of 480 mph. If the wind is out of
the northeast (bearing 225) at 58 mph, then what are the bearing of the course and the ground
speed of the airplane?
28. In Roman mythology, Sisyphus revealed a secret of Zeus and thus incurred the god’s wrath.
As punishment, Zeus banished him to Hades, where he was doomed for eternity to roll a rock
uphill, only to have it roll back on him. If Sisyphus stands in front of a 4000-lb spherical rock
on a 20 incline, then what force applied in the direction of the incline would keep the rock
from rolling down the incline?
29. A trigonometry student wants to cross a river that is 0.2 mi wide and has a current of 1 mph.
The boat goes 3 mph in still water.
a) Write the distance the boats travels as a function of the angle .
b) Write the actual speed of the boat as a function of and .
c) Write the time for the trip as a function of . Find the angle for which the student will
cross the river in the shortest amount of time.
30. Amal uses three elephants to pull a very large log out of the jungle. The papa elephant pulls
with 800 lb. of force, the mama elephant pulls with 500 lb. of force, and the baby elephant
pulls with 200 lb. force. The angles between the forces are shown in the figure. What is the
magnitude of the resultant of all three forces? If mama is pulling due east, then in what
direction will the log move?
44
45
Section 4.4 – Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers
1 i
The graph of the complex number x = yi is a vector (arrow) that extends from the origin out to the
point (x, y)
Horizontal axis: real axis
Vertical axis: imaginary axis
Example
Graph each complex number: 2 4i , 2 4i , and 2 4i
46
Example
Graph each complex number: 1, i, 1, and i
Example
Find the sum of 6 – 2i and –4 – 3i. Graph both complex numbers and their resultant.
Solution
(6 – 2i) + (–4 – 3i) = 6 – 4 – 2i – 3i
= 2 – 5i
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Definition
The absolute value or modulus of the complex number z x yi is the distance from the origin
to the point (x, y). If this distance is denoted by r, then
r z x yi x2 y 2
The argument of the complex number z x yi denoted arg( z ) is the smallest possible angle
from the positive real axis to the graph of z.
cos x x r cos
r
y
sin y r sin
r
z x yi
r cos (r sin ) i
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Definition
If z x y i is a complex number in standard form then the trigonometric form for z is given by
We can convert back and forth between standard form and trigonometric form by using the
relationships that follow
For z x y i r (cos i sin ) r cis
r x2 y2
y y
cos x , sin , and tan
r r x
Example
Write z 1 i in trigonometric form
Solution
The modulus r:
r (1) 2 12 2
cos x 1
r 2
y
sin 1
r 2
135
z x yi
2 cis135
In radians: z 2 cis 3
4
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Example
Write z 2 cis 60 in rectangular form.
Solution
z 2 cis 60
2(cos 60 i sin 60)
3
2 1 i
2 2
1 i 3
Example
Express 2 cos300 i sin 300 in rectangular form.
Solution
2 cos300 i sin 300 2 1 i 3
2 2
1 i 3
Example
Find the modulus of each of the complex numbers 5i, 7, and 3 + 4i
Solution
For z = 5i = 0 + 5i r z 0 2 5 2 5
For z = 7 = 7 + 0i r z 7 2 0 2 7
For 3 + 4i r 32 4 2 5
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Product Theorem
1
If r cos i sin
1 1 and r2 cos 2 i sin 2 are any two complex numbers, then
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
1 2 1
r cos i sin r cos i sin r r cos i sin
2
r1cis1 r2 cis 2 r1r2 cis 1 2
a bi a bi a2 b2
a bi
a bi a b
Example
Find the product of 3 cos 45 i sin 45 and 2 cos135 i sin135 . Write the result in rectangular
form.
Solution
6 cos180 i sin180
6 1 i.0
6
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Quotient Theorem
1
If r cos i sin
1 1 and r2 cos 2 i sin 2 are any two complex numbers, then
r1 cos 1 i sin 1
r
1 cos 1 2 i sin 1 2
r2 cos 2 i sin 2 r2
r cis
r
1 1 1 cis
r cis r 1 2
2 2 2
Example
10cis 60
Find the quotient . Write the result in rectangular form.
5cis 150
Solution
10cis 60 10
cis 60 150
5cis 150 5
2cis 210
2 2
2 3 i 1
3 i
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Exercises Section 4.4 – Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers
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Section 4.5 – Polar Coordinates
To reach the point whose address is (2, 1), we start from origin and travel 2 units right and then 1
unit up. Another way to get to that point, we can travel 5 units on the terminal side of an angle in
standard position and this type is called Polar Coordinates.
Polar Coordinates
54
Example
A point lies at (4, 4) on a rectangular coordinate system. Give its address in polar coordinates
r,
Solution
r 4 2 42
32
4 2
4
tan 1 4
tan 1 1
45
The address is 4 2, 45
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Example
Graph the points 3, 45 , 2, 4 , 4, , and 5, 210 on a polar coordinate system
3 3
56
Example
Give three other order pairs that name the same point as 3, 60
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Polar Coordinates and Rectangular Coordinates
To Convert Rectangular Coordinates to Polar Coordinates
y
Let r x2 y 2 and tan
x
Where the sign of r and the choice of place the point (r, ) in the same quadrant as (x, y)
Example
Convert to rectangular coordinates. (4, 30)
Solution
x r cos
4cos30
4 3
2
2 3
y r sin
4sin 30
4 1
2
2
The point (2 3, 2) in rectangular coordinates is equivalent to (4, 30) in polar coordinates.
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Example
Convert to rectangular coordinates 2, 3 .
4
Solution
x 2 cos 3
4
2 1
2
1
y 2 sin 3
4
2 1
2
1
The point (1, 1) in rectangular coordinates is equivalent to 2, 3 in polar coordinates.
4
Example
Convert to rectangular coordinates (3, 270) .
Solution
x 3cos 270
3(0)
0
y 3sin 270
3(1)
3
The point (0, 3) in rectangular coordinates is equivalent to (3, 270) in polar coordinates.
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Example
Convert to polar coordinates (3, 3) .
Solution
r 32 32
99
3 2
tan 3 1
3
tan 11
45
The point 3 2, 45 is just one.
Example
Convert to polar coordinates (2, 0) .
Solution
r 40
2
tan 1 0
2
0
60
Example
tan 1 3
1
120
Example
2
x2 y 2 8 xy
Example
Write the equation in polar coordinates x y 4
Solution
r cos r sin 4 x r cos y r sin
r cos sin 4
r 4
cos sin
61
Exercises Section 4.5 – Polar Coordinates
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Section 4.6 - De Moivre’s Theorem
De Moivre’s Theorem
If r cos i sin is a complex number, then
n
r cos i sin r n cos n i sin n
rcis r n cisn
n
Example
8
Find 1 i 3 and express the result in rectangular form.
Solution
x 1
1 i 3
y 3
3
2
r 12 2
tan 3 3
1
is in QI, that implies: 60
1 i 3 2cis60
1 i 3
8
2cis60
8
63
th
n Root Theorem
th
For a positive integer n, the complex number a + bi is an n root of the complex number x + iy if
a bi n x yi
If n is any positive integer, r is a positive real number, and θ is in degrees, then the nonzero
complex number r cos i sin has exactly n distinct nth roots, given by
n r cos i sin or n r cis
Example
Find the two square root of 4i. Write the roots in rectangular form.
Solution
x 0
4i r 02 4 2 4
y 4
tan 4
0 2
4i 4cis
2
The absolute value: 4 2
2k
Argument: 2 2 2k k
2 2 2 4
Since there are two square root, then k = 0 and 1.
If k 0 (0)
4 4
If k 1 (1) 5
4 4
The square roots are: 2cis and 2cis 5
4 4
4 4 4
2 2
2cis 2 cos i sin 2 2 i 2 2 i 2
4 4 4
2
2cis 5 2 cos 5 i sin 5 2 2 i 2 2 i 2
2
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Example
x 8
8 8i 3
y 8 3
2
r (8)2 8 3 16
tan 8 3 3 120
8
8 8i 3 16cis120
2cis30 2 cos 30 i sin 30 2 3 i 1 3 i
2 2
2cis120 2 cos120 i sin120 2 1 i 3 1 i 3
2 2
2cis 210 2 cos 210 i sin 210 2 3 i 1 3 i
2 2
2cis300 2 cos 300 i sin 300 2 1 i 3 1 i 3
2 2
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Example
Find all complex number solutions of x5 1 0 . Graph them as vectors in the complex plane.
Solution
x5 1 0 x5 1
There is one real solution, 1, while there are five complex solutions.
1 1 0i
r 12 02 1
tan 0 0 0
1
1 1cis0
The fifth roots have absolute value: 1 1 1
The graphs of the roots lie on a unit circle. The roots are equally spaced about the circle, 72°
apart.
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Exercises Section 4.6 - De Moivre’s Theorem
Find 1 i
10
2. and express the result in rectangular form.
Find 2cis30
5
7.
67