Structural Design
Structural Design
Structural Design
,
_
+ for A
T
>200 ft
2
A
T
is the tributary area of floor surface in square feet supported by
the structural member and L
o
is the floor live load from Table 4.0.
4.4 Commentary: The uniform
live load values for floors in
Table 4.1 are based on a floor
area of 200 square feet. As the
floor area under consideration
becomes larger than 200 square
feet, the potential for a large
uniform live load over the entire
area decreases. The equation
for live load reduction makes
this adjustment specifically for
residential occupancies. The
equation used in existing
building codes and standards is
based on commercial buildings.
4.4.2 Multiple Stories. When floor, roof, and attic live loads from
multiple story levels are considered in combination, the total live
load for use in the load combinations of Section 2 shall be factored
as follows:
) L L ( 7 . 0 L L
3 2 1
+ + +
where L
1
is the live load from Table 4.1 producing the maximum
individual load effect and L
2
, L
3
, and so forth are live loads from
other sources or stories in accordance with Table 4.1. The live load
reductions shall be applied as shown in Figure 4.4.
The approach of combining
multiple sources of live loads
(multi-story construction)
provides a conservative
adjustment, not on the basis of
floor area supported, but rather
on the basis of the statistical
independence and the
improbability of maximum live
loads occurring on different
stories of the dwelling at the
same time. This live load
adjustment for multiple stories is
not recognized in existing
building codes and design
standards.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
14
FIGURE 4.4
APPLICATION OF LIVE LOAD REDUCTIONS
4.5 UNUSUAL LIVE LOADS
Residential buildings with areas subject to special use or
equipment loads or other unusual live loads not addressed in Table
4.1 shall be designed using an appropriate live load value for the
affected portions of the structure.
4.5 Commentary: Special use
conditions include rooms that
are used for activities that are
not typical to residential
construction and that are not
addressed in the values of Table
4.1. Examples include rooms
intended for heavy storage,
office space, libraries, etc.
Special equipment loads may
include items such as hot tubs,
water beds, exercise equipment,
etc.
5. SOIL LATERAL LOAD (H)
5.1 GENERAL
Soil lateral loads for foundation and retaining wall design shall be
determined in accordance with this section.
5.2 EQUIVALENT FLUID DENSITY
The values of K
a
in Table 5.2 shall be used to determine the
equivalent fluid density value for well-drained, lightly compacted
soils in accordance with the following equation:
q =K
a
w
5.2 Commentary: The equivalent
fluid density (Rankine) method
of determining soil lateral loads
is a traditional method that is
relatively simple and effective
for shallow residential founda-
tion walls and soil retaining
structures. For typical residen-
tial foundation wall design, the
Live Load @ A =L
1
+0.7(L
2
)
Live Load @ B =L
1
+0.7(L
2
+L
3
)
Notes:
1. L
1
, L
2
, and L
3
may be reduced
according to their individual floor
tributary areas when A
T
for each is
greater than 200 ft
2
; refer to Section
4.4.1.
2. Load values shown for L
1
, L
2
, and
L
3
are for example only.
A B
L
3
= 20 psf
L
2
= 30 psf
L
1
= 40 psf
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
15
For saturated soil conditions as would be experienced in a flood
plain or in poorly drained soil, an equivalent fluid density value of
85 pcf shall be used.
use of a minimum 30 pcf
equivalent fluid density has been
in long-term use with reasonable
success.
5.3 LATERAL SOIL PRESSURE
The lateral soil pressure, P, at depth, h, shall be determined using a
triangular uniform load (increasing with depth) in accordance with
Figure 5.3 and the following formula:
P =qh (psf)
FIGURE 5.3
TRIANGULAR PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON A BASEMENT
FOUNDATION WALL
5.3 Commentary: This section
provides for calculation based
on the traditional (Rankine)
assumption of a triangular load
distribution. Actual pressure
distribution can vary from this
assumption and, therefore,
alternative methods of
calculation using different soil
pressure distribution models are
permissible. However, the use of
a simple triangular distribution
has generally provided service-
able designs for shallow
foundations and soil retaining
structures.
TABLE 5.2
VALUES OF K
A
, SOIL UNIT WEIGHT,
AND EQUIVALENT FLUID DENSITY BY SOIL TYPE
1,2
Type of Soil
3
(unified soil classification)
Active Pressure
Coefficient (K
a
)
Soil Unit
Weight (pcf)
Equivalent Fluid
Density (pcf)
Sand or gravel
(GW, GP, GM, SW, SP)
0.26 115 30
Silty sand, silt, and sandy silt
(GC, SM)
0.35 100 35
Clay-silt, silty clay
(SM-SC, SC, ML, ML-CL)
0.45 100 45
Clay
(CL, MH, CH)
0.6 100 60
Notes:
1
The table values are applicableto well-drained foundations with less than 10 feet of backfill placed with
light compaction as is common in residential construction.
2
The table values do not consider the significantly higher loads that can result fromexpansive clays and
the lateral expansion of moist, frozen soil. Such conditions should beavoided by eliminating expansive
clays or frost-susceptiblesoil (i.e., silty soil) adjacent to the foundation wall and providing for adequate
surface and foundation drainage.
3
Organic silts and clays and expansive clays are unsuitable for backfill material and design values for
these soil types arenot provided.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
16
5.4 FLOOD LOADS
In areas subject to hydrodynamic loads due to moving flood water
or hydrostatic loads due to standing flood water, the provisions of
ASCE 7-98, accepted engineering practice, or local requirements
for design of building foundations in flood hazard areas shall be
followed.
5.4 Commentary: In general,
elevated foundations (e.g., pile
foundations in coastal flood
zones) should be used to
minimize or avoid hydrodynamic
flood loads from velocity flow
(fast moving flood waters).
Ideally, locating homes in flood
plains (usually defined by a 100-
yr flood elevation) should be
avoided. Local flood plain
ordinances, many of which are
based upon the National Flood
Insurance Program (NFIP)
regulations, should be consulted.
5.5 EXPANSIVE SOILS
Foundation on expansive clay soils shall be designed such that
forces from expansion and contraction are avoided or the
foundation shall be designed to resist forces from differential soil
movement in accordance with accepted engineering practice.
5.5 Commentary: Expansive soil
forces require special design
considerations to prevent
damage to foundations
depending on the degree to
which a clay soil exhibits
expansive behavior. Refer to
references in Appendix B.
5.6 FROST PROTECTION
Foundations shall be adequately protected against frost heave or
bear on soils at a depth equal to or exceeding that required by
Table 5.6 using the Air-Freezing Index (AFI) map, Figure A-1, in
Appendix A.
5.6 Commentary: In general,
residential foundations have
been protected against frost by
placing footings at a depth
equivalent to a locally
prescribed frost depth. Frost
depths in accordance with Table
5.6, while technically accurate,
may not agree with locally
prescribed frost depths which
rely on various interpretations of
local experience. Alternate
means of frost protection, by use
of insulated foundations or non-
frost susceptible soil, may be
used (refer to Appendix B for
design guidance).
TABLE 5.6
MINIMUM FROST DEPTHS FOR RESIDENTIAL FOOTINGS
Air-Freezing Index (
o
F-days) Footing Depth (inches)
250 or less 12
500 18
1,000 24
2,000 36
3,000 48
4,000 60
Notes:
1. Interpolation is permissible.
2. The values do not apply to mountainous terrain or to Alaska.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
17
6. WIND LOAD (W)
6.1 GENERAL
Wind loads shall be determined in accordance with this section.
6.2 BASIC WIND SPEED
For the purpose of calculating wind loads, a sites basic wind speed
shall be based on the gust wind speed provided in Figure A-2 of
Appendix A.
6.2 Commentary: The basic wind
speed in this guide is based on a
gust measurement rather than a
sustained (1-min average) or
fastest-mile measurement. Most
older U.S. wind maps use the
fastest-mile measurement of
wind speed. If an older fastest-
mile wind map is used with this
guide, the wind speed must be
converted to a gust measurement
as shown below.
Gust, mph Fastest-mile,
mph
90 75
100 80
110 90
120 100
130 110
140 120
150 130
6.3 WIND EXPOSURE
Wind exposure for a specific building site shall be designated as
one of the following categories as illustrated in Figure 6.3:
Open - Exposed open terrain with few, well scattered obstructions
having heights generally less than 30 feet; it includes flat open
country, grasslands, and direct coastal exposures.
Suburban - Urban, suburban, and mixed wooded areas, or other
terrain with many obstructions having the size of single-family
dwellings or larger, scattered open areas and fields are included.
Protected - Densely wooded terrain with the building not
extending above the average height of surrounding obstructions
(i.e., trees or buildings) and with the site design wind speed less
than 130 mph.
6.3 Commentary: Wind exposure
is one of the most significant
factors affecting the wind loads
on low rise buildings, yet it is
one of the most difficult
parameters to define
consistently. Most homes are
sited in suburban or protected
(i.e., shielded) exposures. For
this reason, the suburban
exposure (which is itself based
on a fairly open terrain
condition for the purpose of
determining conservative design
wind loads) is often used as a
reasonable "default" condition
for residential design. However,
when homes are located in
predominantly open terrain,
such as an isolated home on the
plains or oceanfront property,
the open exposure condition
must be used. In cases where
the exposure is mixed, the
designer may consider
evaluating the building with
different wind exposures relative
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
18
to wind direction or taking an
average condition. Mixed
protected and suburban
exposures are typical in
moderate to high density housing
developments where adjacent
homes shield one another in one
wind direction and the general
terrain condition (i.e., suburban)
defines exposure for the other
(orthogonal) wind direction. It
should also be recognized that,
with possible exceptions,
exposure conditions will likely
change over time as trees and
developments mature and
expand
FIGURE 6.3
WIND EXPOSURE ILLUSTRATIONS
6.4 BASIC VELOCITY PRESSURE
Using the sites basic wind speed, the basic velocity pressure shall
be determined in accordance with Table 6.4.
6.4 Commentary: The basic wind
velocity pressures of Table 6.4
are generated using the familiar
relationship where velocity
pressure (psf) equals 0.00256 K
D
K
Z
V
2
, where K
Z
is the velocity
pressure exposure coefficient
associated with the vertical wind
speed profile in suburban terrain
at the mean roof height of the
building. K
D
is the wind
directionality factor with a value
of 0.85. For up to three-story
buildings (mean roof height not
exceeding approxi-mately 35 ft),
a K
z
value of 0.75 is used. Since
the table is based on the
default assumption of
suburban exposure, adjustments
to other exposure conditions are
provided in the table notes. In
addition, homes located on or
near the tops of large exposed
hills and escarpments can
experience significant topo-
graphic wind speed-up and
increased loads. Houses sited in
such conditions should be
designed using an additional
topographic factor adjustment in
accordance with ASCE 7-98.
TABLE 6.4
BASIC WIND VELOCITY PRESSURES (psf)
FOR SUBURBAN EXPOSURE
1,2,3,4,5
BASIC WIND SPEED
(MPH, PEAK GUST)
ONE-, TWO- AND THREE-
STORY BUILDINGS
85
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
12
13
16
19
23
27
31
36
Notes:
1
For open wind exposure conditions, multiply the table values by 1.4.
2
For protected exposure conditions, multiply the table values by 0.8.
3
Topographic wind speed-up effects as experienced at or near the crest of
protruding topographic features shall be considered in accordance with ASCE 7-98.
4
For two-story buildings, multiply table values by 0.9; for one-story buildings,
multiply table values by 0.8.
5
Interpolation is permissible.
OPEN
SUBURBAN
PROTECTED
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
19
TABLE 6.5
LATERAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR APPLICATION
TO VERTICAL PROJECTED AREA OF ROOF AND WALL
APPLICATION LATERAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
1
Roof Projected Area (by Slope)
Flat to 6:12
7:12
8:12 to 12:12
0.5
0.6
0.7
Wall Projected Area 1.1
Note:
1
These values are composite pressure coefficients which include the effect of positive
pressures on windward face of the building and negative (suction) pressures on leeward
face of the building.
6.5 LATERAL WIND LOADS ON WHOLE BUILDING
To determine lateral wind pressures on the main wind force
resisting system (MWFRS) of a building, multiply the appropriate
lateral pressure coefficients from Table 6.5 by the basic wind
velocity pressure from Table 6.4. These pressures shall be applied
to the vertical projection of the roof and walls for two orthogonal
directions of loading (parallel to ridge and perpendicular to ridge)
as shown in Figure 6.5 for a gable roof building. For hip roof
buildings, the roof vertical projected area shall apply to both
directions of loading.
6.5 Commentary: This simplified
method of determining lateral
wind loads is intended to
facilitate the determination of
lateral loads to be resisted by the
buildings shear walls and
horizontal diaphragms (floors
and roofs). Such methods have
existed since the earliest
consideration of wind loads on
buildings. Lateral loads assigned
to shear walls and horizontal
diaphragms are typically
determined based on the use of
tributary area methods (i.e.,
assigning a lateral wind load
based on a tributary portion of
the vertical projected area). A
more accurate method assigns
lateral loads to shear walls
based on relative stiffness of the
walls (assuming a rigid
diaphragm).
FIGURE 6.5
WIND LOADS FOR DESIGN OF MAIN
WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
20
6.6 WIND LOADS ON COMPONENTS, CLADDINGS, AND
VARIOUS ASSEMBLIES
To determine wind pressures on components and claddings,
multiply the appropriate pressure coefficients from Table 6.6 by
the basic wind velocity pressure from Table 6.4. With the
exception of the roof uplift coefficient, all pressures calculated
using these coefficients shall be applied perpendicular to the actual
building surface area tributary to the component under
consideration. The roof uplift pressure coefficient shall be used to
determine a single wind pressure to be applied to the horizontal
projected area of the roof assembly to determine roof tie-down
connection forces and to evaluate the roof uplift contribution to
building overturning forces as shown in Figure 6.5.
6.6 Commentary: The pressure
coefficients of Table 6.6 are
based on a simplification of the
ASCE 7-98 provisions. In
addition, the coefficients are
presented for the various
systems and components
typically found on homes.
Coefficients are not provided for
siding and roofing materials for
two reasons: (1) air-permeable
cladding systems (such as
shingles and lap siding) are
subject to reduced pressure
differentials due to venting and
(2) finish materials are often
considered as a serviceability
item with a lesser design criteria
than would be used for safety.
Therefore, it is not uncommon to
multiply design wind loads by a
factor of 0.75 when using the
load for a serviceability purpose
(i.e., checking building drift or
attachment of finishes). Air-
permeable cladding systems
such as shingles or lap siding or
brick may experience effective
surface pressure coefficients of
t0.6 to t0.9 in comparison to
values of +1.1 to 2.2
experienced across an entire
roof or wall system. In addition,
items like roof shingles are
usually designed for high
wind use by specifying a greater
number of nails per shingle (i.e.,
6 nails per shingle in lieu of 4)
and by requiring perimeter
shingle tabs to be adhered with
mastic. Thus, practical and
comprehensive wind design is
often a blend of simple
calculation and good practice.
TABLE 6.6
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
FOR BUILDING COMPONENTS, CLADDING, AND VARIOUS
ASSEMBLIES
APPLICATION PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
1,2
ROOF
Trusses, Roof Beams, Ridge & Valley Rafters
Rafters & Truss Panel Members
Roof Sheathing (panels, boards, or purlins)
Skylights & Glazing
Roof Uplift
3
Windward Overhang
4
-0.9, +0.4
-1.2, +0.7
-2.2, +1.0
-1.2, +1.0
-1.0 (hip roof with slope less than 3:12)
-0.8 (hip roof with slope between 3:12 and 6:12)
-0.4 (hip roof with slope greater than 6:12)
-1.0 (gable roof of any slope)
+0.8
WALL
All framing members
Wall Sheathing (panels, boards, or girts)
Windows, Doors, & Glazing
Garage Doors
-1.2, +1.1
-1.3, +1.2
-1.3, +1.2
-1.1, +1.0
Notes:
1
All coefficients include internal pressure in accordance with an enclosed building condition (i.e.,
no openings). Higher internal pressures shall be considered and table values adjusted in accordance
with Section 6.7.
2
Positive and negative signs represent pressures acting inward and outward, respectively, fromthe
building surface. A negative pressure is a suction or vacuum. Both pressure conditions shall be
considered.
3
The roof uplift pressure coefficient is used to determine uplift pressures that are applied to the
horizontal projected area of the roof for the purpose of determining uplift connection forces.
Additional uplift force on roof connections due to windward roof overhangs shall also be included.
The uplift force must be transferred through a continuous load path to the foundation or to a point
where it is adequately resisted by the factored dead load of the building.
4
The windward overhang pressure coefficient is applied to the underside of a windward roof
overhang and acts upward on the bottomsurface of the roof overhang. If the bottomsurface of the
roof overhang is also the roof sheathing, then the overhang pressure shall be additive to the roof
sheathing pressure.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
21
6.7 INTERNAL PRESSURE
In hurricane-prone regions where design wind speeds are 120 mph
or greater (see Figure A-2 of Appendix A) and where exterior
glazed openings are not protected against potential wind-borne
debris impacts as recommended in Section 6.9, buildings shall be
designed in consideration of potentially increased internal
pressure. In such consideration, the values in Table 6.6 shall be
increased in positive or negative magnitude by t0.35.
6.7 Commentary: Internal
pressure is a particular concern
toward increased roof uplift
forces. Internal pressure
associated with the loss of
windows and the existence of
small openings in homes may not
have wide spread affect on
homes due to compartmentaliza-
tion of the building and other
factors. However, catastrophic
losses of large openings (such as
detachment of a garage door)
often precipitate the types of roof
blow-off damage and wall blow-
out damage that are associated
with internal pressurization. In
high wind areas, particular
attention should be focused on
roof attachment and attachment
of garage doors and similar
large openings (i.e., slider doors
or french doors).
6.8 OVERTURNING FORCES
Lateral wind pressures and roof uplift pressure determined in
accordance with Sections 6.5, 6.6, and 6.7 shall be used to
determine overturning forces in accordance with the dead plus
wind load combinations of Section 2.
6.8 Commentary: Overturning is
not normally a significant design
issue for typical residential
buildings. However, for tall
homes with a relatively narrow
plan dimension, overturning
forces from lateral and roof
uplift wind loads can create a
stability problem which may
require additional ballast or
anchorage to the ground.
6.9 WIND-BORNE DEBRIS PROTECTION
Wind borne debris protection, if required or desired, shall be
designed in accordance with the local building code, the
recommendations of this section, or local accepted practice.
6.9 Commentary: The require-
ment of and specifications for
wind-borne debris protection
vary from locality to locality in
hurricane-prone areas. Some
require protection while others
do not. There are various
factors that may locally affect
the potential for debris including
local building practices, terrain
exposure, and design wind
speed. Current test methods and
criteria for debris resistance of
windows and doors do not
necessarily represent these local
factors. Therefore, this guide
simply defers to local practice,
but offers some recommended
provisions for debris protection
in particularly severe hurricane
prone regions (i.e., 130 mph or
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
22
greater in Figure A-2 of
Appendix A). The 130 mph
condition reasonably delineates
current localities where debris
protection requirements may be
enforced.
6.9.1 Temporary Shutters. Adequate temporary shutters include
minimum 7/16-inch-thick wood structural panels spanning no
more than 8 feet and fastened to structural framing on the interior
or exterior side of the glazed opening in accordance with Table
6.9.1.
6.9.1 Commentary: Plywood or
similar temporary shutters have
been used for some time by
building owners in hurricane
prone areas. It is important that
the panels be installed with
proper fastening to the building
or window frame so that the
panels do not detach from the
building, expose the window
opening, and become sources of
debris impacting buildings
downwind. Table 6.9.1 is
provided as a simple prescrip-
tive solution for temporary
shutters.
6.9.2 Permanent Shutters and Impact Resistant Glazing. The
impact resistance of shutters and glazing may be evaluated in
accordance with criteria specified in Tables 6.9.2a and b or other
approved criteria.
6.9.2 Commentary: The criteria
recommended in this section for
determining debris resistance of
shutters and impact resistant
glazing products is believed to
provide a conservative degree of
protection relative to the
predominant forms of debris
found in typical residential
settings during major hurricane
events. Other more stringent
standards have been developed
and may be required by the local
building code (e.g., South
Florida Building Code). Use of
impact resistant glazing and
fixed shutters should also
consider potential conflicting
safety hazards such as
hinderance of emergency (fire)
egress. In addition, it may also
be prudent to consider wall
systems that offer a reasonable
level of resistance to wind-borne
debris impacts.
TABLE 6.9.2a
MISSILE TYPES
1
MISSILE TYPE DESCRIPTION VELOCITY ENERGY
B 4.5 lb 2x4 40 fps 100 ft-lb
C 9.0 lb 2x4 50 fps 350 ft-lb
Notes:
1
Missile types and impact velocities do not necessarily represent the types of debris or impact
risks expected in typical residential settings.
2
Impact tests should be conducted in accordance with ASTM E1886 - Standard Test Method for
Impact Resistance of Glazing or other acceptable methods using the missile criteria of Table
6.9.2b.
TABLE 6.9.2b
WIND-BORNE DEBRIS MISSILE IMPACT
CRITERIA FOR MISSILE TYPES DEFINED IN TABLE 6.9.2a
DESIGN WIND SPEED (mph, peak gust)
130
1
140 150
Missile Types B C C
Note:
1
Missile type B may also be used in lower wind speed regions where local conditions are
considered to be hazardous.
TABLE 6.9.1
WINDBORNE DEBRIS PROTECTION FASTENING SCHEDULE
FOR WOOD STRUCTURAL PANELS
1,2
FASTENER SPACING (inches)
FASTENER TYPE Panel Span
2 ft
2 ft< Span
4 ft
4 ft< Span
6 ft
6 ft< Span
8 ft
2-1/2 x #6
Wood/Deck Screws
16 16 12 9
2-1/2 x #8
Wood/Deck Screws
16 16 16 12
Notes:
1
This table is based on a maximumbasic wind speed of 130 mph (gust). For a maximumbasic
wind speed of 140 mph, multiply fastener spacing values by 0.85. Fasteners should be
installed at opposing ends of the wood structural panel.
2
Screws shall penetrate wall framing members adjacent to the window or door opening. Where
screws are applied to concrete or masonry construction, they shall have a minimumultimate
withdrawal capacity of 490 lbs.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
23
7. SNOW LOAD (S)
7.1 GROUND SNOW LOAD
Ground snow loads shall be based on Figure A-3 of Appendix A or
approved local climate data.
7.2 ROOF SNOW LOAD
The uniform roof snow load shall be determined in accordance
with the following formula.
g s e
p C C p
where values for C
e
and C
s
are as follows:
C
e
= 0.8 for windy areas with open exposure
= 1.0 for typical suburban areas
= 1.2 for sheltered or wooded areas
C
s
= 1.0 for slopes 6:12
= 0.9 for 7:12 slope
= 0.8 for 8:12 slope or greater
7.2 Commentary: It is not
uncommon in residential
construction to simply equate the
uniform roof snow load (placed
on a horizontal projected area of
the roof) to the ground snow
load (i.e., p = p
g
). In so doing, it
is also common practice to
neglect the consideration of off-
balanced snow loading as
required in Section 7.3.
7.3 OFF-BALANCE SNOW LOAD
An off-balance snow load of 0.8p on one side of the roof and 1.2p
on the opposite side of the roof shall be considered.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
24
8. EARTHQUAKE LOAD (E)
8.1 GENERAL
Earthquake loads shall be determined in accordance with this
section.
8.2 DESIGN GROUND MOTION
The site design ground motion shall be based on the short period
spectral response acceleration, S
s
, provided in Figure A-4 of
Appendix A.
8.3 SEISMIC SHEAR LOAD
The total seismic shear (lateral) load for each level of the building
shall be determined by the following formula:
g
a s
W
R
) F )( S (
8 . 0 E
1
]
1
Values for F
a
and R
s
shall be obtained from Tables 8.3a and 8.3b,
respectively.
8.3 Commentary: The equation
for the seismic lateral (shear)
load, E, is a simple application
of Newtonian mechanics (i.e.,
force equals mass times
acceleration) and it follows a
traditional seismic design
approach while making use of
newer seismic ground motion
parameters and mapping data.
The acceleration component is
associated with the parameter,
S
s
, as modified by F
a
and R. The
building mass subject to the
seismic acceleration is defined
by W
g
. The seismic weight, W
g
,
includes the tributary dead load
of supported portions (stories) of
the building and its permanently
fixed components and equip-
ment. Live Loads are not
included. It is customary to
include 20 percent of the roof
snow load in W
g
where ground
snow loads are 30 psf or greater.
The 0.8 coefficient adjusts S
s
to a
475-yr return period design
basis and accounts for
uncertainties in simplified
seismic design by increasing the
load by 20 percent. Thus, it is
derived from two factors as
follows: (2/3)(1.2) = 0.8.
The seismic design provisions in
this section are in part based on
extraction of relevant design
information from the NEHRP
1997 seismic design provisions
published by the Federal
Emergency Management
Agency, Washington, DC. While
TABLE 8.3b
SEISMIC RESPONSE MODIFIERS - R
BUILDING SYSTEM R
Light-frame walls (wood or cold-formed steel)
- with wood structural panel sheathing
- stucco and wire lath
- gypsum wall board
6.0
4.0
2.0
Masonry walls
- unreinforced
- reinforced
1.5
3.5
Concrete walls
- unreinforced
- reinforced
2
4.5
TABLE 8.3a
SITE AMPLIFICATION FACTOR (F
a
) FOR TYPICAL FIRM SOILS
S
s 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
F
a
1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
Notes:
1
Interpolation is permitted.
2
For sites with soft soil conditions, see ASCE 7-98.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
25
not considered necessary for
typical residential construction,
more complicated methods of
design and more detailed data
on F
a
and R may be found in the
NEHRP seismic provisions or
ASCE 7-98.
8.4 DISTRIBUTION OF STORY SHEAR LOAD
The story shear load shall be distributed to and resisted by shear
walls in a manner that does not induce unacceptable torsional
response or overloading due to differences in stiffness of various
structural systems or building configuration. Acceptable methods
to distribute seismic story shear load to supporting shear walls or
other vertical shear resisting elements include the use of tributary
building weight (dead load) or stiffness-based procedures. Seismic
story shear loads shall be considered in separate directions acting
parallel to each major axis of the building. Stability shall be
provided by adequate direct shear, torsional, and overturning
resistance.
8.5 VERTICAL SEISMIC FORCES
Vertical seismic forces shall be evaluated in accordance with
accepted engineering practice only when the live load is less than
one-half the dead load supported by the vertical load resisting
system of the building.
8.5 Commentary: Light
buildings have rarely (if ever)
exhibited any significant
problem associated with vertical
acceleration during seismic
events (which is usually taken as
2/3rds of the horizontal seismic
acceleration). However, for
heavier buildings the gravity
load analysis (which includes
live loads) may not provide
adequate resistance to vertical
seismic forces which are
calculated considering only the
dead load (as amplified by the
increased vertical acceleration
above that of gravity).
Therefore, a vertical load
analysis is required when the
live load (as used in gravity load
analysis) is only one-half or less
of the building dead load. For
typical light frame homes, this
requirement does not apply.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
26
APPENDIX A
DESIGN DATA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
A-1
F
I
G
U
R
E
A
-
1
A
I
R
-
F
R
E
E
Z
I
N
G
I
N
D
E
X
(
F
-
D
A
Y
S
)
F
O
R
1
0
0
-
Y
E
A
R
R
E
T
U
R
N
P
E
R
I
O
D
B
A
S
E
D
O
N
A
N
N
U
A
L
E
X
T
R
E
M
E
V
A
L
U
E
S
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
A-2
F
I
G
U
R
E
A
-
2
B
A
S
I
C
W
I
N
D
S
P
E
E
D
M
A
P
F
O
R
U
N
I
T
E
D
S
T
A
T
E
S
S
o
u
r
c
e
:
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
o
f
C
i
v
i
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
,
R
e
s
t
o
n
,
V
A
R
e
f
:
A
S
C
E
7
-
9
8
U
n
i
t
s
:
m
p
h
,
g
u
s
t
(
m
/
s
,
g
u
s
t
)
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
A-3
F
I
G
U
R
E
A
-
3
G
R
O
U
N
D
S
N
O
W
L
O
A
D
S
F
O
R
T
H
E
U
N
I
T
E
D
S
T
A
T
E
S
(
p
s
f
)
S
o
u
r
c
e
:
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
o
f
C
i
v
i
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
,
R
e
s
t
o
n
,
V
A
R
e
f
:
A
S
C
E
7
-
9
8
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
A-4
F
I
G
U
R
E
A
-
4
E
A
R
T
H
Q
U
A
K
E
G
R
O
U
N
D
M
O
T
I
O
N
M
A
P
O
F
T
H
E
U
N
I
T
E
D
S
T
A
T
E
S
S
o
u
r
c
e
:
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
o
f
C
i
v
i
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s
,
R
e
s
t
o
n
,
V
A
R
e
f
:
A
S
C
E
7
-
9
8
U
n
i
t
s
:
%
g
,
s
h
o
r
t
p
e
r
i
o
d
(
0
.
2
s
e
c
)
s
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
B-1
APPENDIX B
SUPPLEMENTAL DESIGN REFERENCES
This list of design references is not intended to be exhaustive and earlier editions of these
references may also be used.
GENERAL DESIGN & BUILDING CODE REFERENCES
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-98), American Society of
Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, VA (2000).
International Residential Code, International Code Council, Inc., Falls Church, VA (2000).
International One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code, International Code Council, Inc., Falls
Church, VA (1998).
One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code, Council of American Building Officials, Falls Church,
VA (1995)
Uniform Building Code, International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA (1997).
Standard Building Code, Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc., Birmingham, AL
(1999).
National Building Code, Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc., Country
Club Hills, IL (1999).
Residential Structural Design Guide 2000 Edition, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development, Washington, DC (2000).
WOOD DESIGN
National Design Specification for Wood Construction (ANSI/AF&PA-NDS), American Forest &
Paper Assoc. (AF&PA), American Wood Council, Washington, DC (1997).
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Manual for Engineered Wood Construction,
American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA), American Wood Council (1996).
National Design Standard for Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss Construction (ANSI/TPI 1-
95), Truss Plate Institute, Madison, WI 1995.
HIGH WIND CONDITIONS
Wood Frame Construction Manual for One and Two Family Dwellings 1995 SBC High Wind
Edition, American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA), Washington, DC (1996).
Standard for Hurricane Resistant Residential Construction (SSTD 10), Southern Building Code
Congress International, Inc. (SBCCI), Birmingham, AL (1999).
STRUCTURAL DESIGN LOADS FOR ONE- AND TWO-FAMILY DWELLINGS
B-2
CONCRETE
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-95), American Concrete Institute
(ACI), Detroit, MI (1995).
Design and Construction of Post-Tensioned Slabs-on-Ground (First Edition, Sixth Printing),
Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI), Phoenix, AZ (1993).
Residential Concrete Construction (ACI-332), American Concrete Institute (ACI), Detroit, MI
(1982).
MASONRY
Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI-530/ASCE-5/TMS-402), American
Concrete Institute (ACI), Detroit, MI (1999).
STEEL
Specification for Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, American Iron & Steel
Institute (AISI), Washington, DC (1996).
Manual of Steel Construction - Allowable Stress Design, Ninth Edition, American Institute of
Steel Construction (AISC), Chicago, IL (1989).
Manual of Steel Construction - Load and Resistance Factor Design, Volume 1, Second Edition,
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Chicago, IL (1995).
FROST PROTECTION
Design Guide for Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations, Second Edition, NAHB Research
Center, Inc., Upper Marlboro, MD (1996).
Design and Construction of Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations (ASCE 32-01), American
Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA (2001).
SOIL
Bearing Capacity of Soils, Technical Engineering and Design Guides as adapted from the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, No. 7, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA (1993).
C-1
APPENDIX C
METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
The following list provides the conversion relationship between
U.S. customary units and the International System(SI) units. A
complete guide to the SI systemand its use can be found in ASTM
E 380, Metric Practice.
To convert from to multiply by
Length
inch (in.) meter () 25,400
inch (in.) centimeter 2.54
inch (in.) meter (m) 0.0254
foot (ft) meter (m) 0.3048
yard (yd) meter (m) 0.9144
mile (mi) kilometer (km) 1.6
Area
square foot (sq ft) square meter (sq m) 0.09290304E
square inch (sq in) square centimeter (sq cm) 6.452 E
square inch (sq in.) square meter (sq m) 0.00064516E
square yard (sq yd) square meter (sq m) 0.8391274
square mile (sq mi) square kilometer (sq km) 2.6
Volume
cubic inch (cu in.) cubic centimeter (cu cm) 16.387064
cubic inch (cu in.) cubic meter (cu m) 0.00001639
cubic foot (cu ft) cubic meter (cu m) 0.02831685
cubic yard (cu yd) cubic meter (cu m) 0.7645549
gallon (gal) Can. liquid liter 4.546
gallon (gal) Can. liquid cubic meter (cu m) 0.004546
gallon (gal) U.S. liquid* liter 3.7854118
gallon (gal) U.S. liquid cubic meter (cu m) 0.00378541
fluid ounce (fl oz) milliliters (ml) 29.57353
fluid ounce (fl oz) cubic meter (cu m) 0.00002957
Force
kip (1000 lb) kilogram(kg) 453.6
kip (1000 lb) Newton (N) 4,448.222
pound (lb) kilogram(kg) 0.4535924
pound (lb) Newton (N) 4.448222
Stress or pressure
kip/sq inch (ksi) megapascal (Mpa) 6.894757
kip/sq inch (ksi) kilogram/square 70.31
centimeter (kg/sq cm)
pound/sq inch (psi) kilogram/square 0.07031
centimeter (kg/sq cm)
pound/sq inch (psi) pascal (Pa) ** 6,894.757
pound/sq inch (psi) megapascal (Mpa) 0.00689476
pound/sq foot (psf) kilogram/square 4.8824
meter (kg/sq m)
pound/sq foot (psf) pascal (Pa) 47.88
To convert from to multiply by
Mass (weight)
pound (lb) avoirdupois kilogram(kg) 0.4535924
ton, 2000 lb kilogram(kg) 907.1848
grain kilogram(kg) 0.0000648
Mass (weight) per length)
kip per linear foot (klf) kilogramper 0.001488
meter (kg/m)
pound per linear foot (plf) kilogramper 1.488
meter (kg/m)
Moment
1 foot-pound (ft-lb) Newton-meter 1.356
(N-m)
Mass per volume (density)
pound per cubic foot (pcf) kilogramper 16.01846
cubic meter (kg/cu m)
pound per cubic yard kilogramper 0.5933
(lb/cu yd) cubic meter (kg/cu m)
Velocity
mile per hour (mph) kilometer per hour 1.60934
(km/hr)
mile per hour (mph) kilometer per second 0.44704
(km/sec)
Temperature
degree Fahrenheit (F) degree Celsius (C) t
C
=(t
F
-32)/1.8
degree Fahrenheit (F) degree Kelvin (K) t
K
=(t
F
+459.7)/1.8
degree Kelvin (F) degree Celsius (C) t
C
=(t
K
-32)/1.8
* One U.S. gallon equals 0.8327 Canadian gallon
** A pascal equals 1000 Newton per square meter.
The prefixes and symbols below are commonly used to formnames
and symbols of the decimal multiples and submultiples of the SI
units.
Multiplication Factor Prefix Symbol
1,000,000,000 =10
9
giga G
1,000,000 =10
6
mega M
1,000 =10
3
kilo k
0.01 =10
-2
centi c
0.001 = 10
-3
milli m
0.000001 =10
-6
micro
0.000000001 =10
-9
nano n
C-2
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