The primary components of a traffic system are:
1. Road users including drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, and passengers
2. Vehicles such as passenger cars, trucks, buses, and motorcycles
3. Streets and highways with their horizontal and vertical alignments
3. Traffic control devices
The primary components of a traffic system are:
1. Road users including drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, and passengers
2. Vehicles such as passenger cars, trucks, buses, and motorcycles
3. Streets and highways with their horizontal and vertical alignments
3. Traffic control devices
The primary components of a traffic system are:
1. Road users including drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, and passengers
2. Vehicles such as passenger cars, trucks, buses, and motorcycles
3. Streets and highways with their horizontal and vertical alignments
3. Traffic control devices
The primary components of a traffic system are:
1. Road users including drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, and passengers
2. Vehicles such as passenger cars, trucks, buses, and motorcycles
3. Streets and highways with their horizontal and vertical alignments
3. Traffic control devices
COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM
Primary components of the traffic system:
d (d d b l ) Road users (drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, passengers) V hi l ( t k h hi l b ) Vehicles (passengers cars, trucks, heavy vehicles, buses) Streets and Highways (horizontal and vertical alignment) Streets and Highways (horizontal and vertical alignment) Traffic control devices Traffic control devices The general environment The general environment Notice: The general environment has an impact on traffic operations but it is difficult to estimate. Traffic engineers have little control over driver and vehicle characteristics, design of roadway systems andtraffic controls is in the core of their professional practice COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM involved drivers pedestrians bicyclists passengers ROAD USERS ROAD USERS involved - drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, passengers bicyclists pedestrians drivers HUMANS HUMANS passengers COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM HUMANS FROM THE POINT OF ROAD USERS ROAD USERS - Active Active part part or or traffic traffic system system HUMANS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING pp yy -- Human Human response response is is aa major major component component of of planning planning and and design design of of transportation transportation systems systems systems systems -- Human Human beings beings have have a a wide wide range range of of characteristics characteristics that that influence influence the the driving driving task task ( i i ( i i ti ti ti ti h i h i h i l h i l t ht t ht (vision, (vision, reaction reaction time time,, hearing hearing, , physical physical strenght strenght,, personality) personality) -- AA major major task task is is to to find find how how to to give give drivers drivers right right jj gg gg iinformation nformationss in in a a clear clear and and effective effective way way with with proper proper responses responses -- Engineering Engineering designs designs generally generally accommodate accommodate the the -- Engineering Engineering designs designs generally generally accommodate accommodate the the abilities abilities of of 85 85%% of of users users COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM ROAD USERS ROAD USERS HUMANS FROM THE POINT OF HUMANS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Which characteristics of drivers are most Which characteristics of drivers are most important in transportation? VISION VISIONand REACTION TIME REACTION TIME N i Notice: There are other important characteristic hearing (i.e. horns, sirens), physical strenght (steering, braking not actual in passengers cars), physical strenght (steering, braking not actual in passengers cars), personality or psychology of the driver (very difficult to quantify) COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM VISUAL FACTORS ROAD USERS ROAD USERS VISUAL FACTORS a. Visual acuity a. Visual acuity (is the ability to see fine details of an object) FIELDS OF VISION static (observation of stationary objects) - depends on brightness - increases with an increase in illumination - depends on contrast - time of focus (0.5 to 1.0 second) d i (d t ti f i bj t ) dynamic (detection of moving objects): - clear vision cone 3 to 10 - fairly clear vision cone 10 to 12 - peripheral vision is the ability of people to AFFECTS: p p y p p see objects beyond the cone of clearest vision (160 ). Can see objects but no details and color are clear. PLACING OF PRAFFIC SIGNS (places, height, distances, design), SPEED ESTIMATION (important for pedestrians on pedestrian crossings or drivers within iintersections) COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM ROAD USERS ROAD USERS VISUAL FACTORS dd. Color vision: . Color vision: (the ability to determine one color fromanother) (the ability to determine one color from another) - Color blindness is the deficiency of this ability - The eye is more sensitive to the combinations of black and white and black and yellow yellow cc. Glare recovery: . Glare recovery: (the ability of a person to recover from the effects of glare after passing the light source) F d k t li ht 3 d f li ht t d k 6 - From dark to light: 3 sec and from light to dark: 6 sec dd. Depth perception: . Depth perception: (the ability of a person to estimate speed and distance) (the ability of a person to estimate speed and distance) - Very important for passing maneuvers in two-lane roads - Traffic control devices are standardized to aid in distance estimation COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM ROAD USERS ROAD USERS VISUAL FACTORS VISUAL FACTORS OTHER VISUAL FACTORS COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM REACTION TIME OF THE DRIVERS ROAD USERS ROAD USERS REACTION TIME OF THE DRIVERS (PRT PERCEPTION REACTION TIME) REACTION TIME INVOLVE 4 PHASES: REACTION TIME INVOLVE 4 PHASES: Detection object enters the drivers field of vision Identificaion driver acquires information about object Decision driver analyzes the information about object Response physical reaction of the driver Design values: 1,5 s 2,5 s (which involves braking reactions) COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM REACTION TIME OF THE DRIVERS ROAD USERS ROAD USERS REACTION TIME OF THE DRIVERS FACTORS AFFECTING THIS PROCESS Environment: Urban vs. Rural, Night vs. Day, and Wet vs. Dry Age Physical Condition: Fatigue and Drugs/Alcohol Medical condition Visual acuityy Ability to see (lighting conditions, presence of fog, snow, etc) Complexity of situation (more complex = more time) E t d i ill t i kl t it ti th Expectancy: drivers will react more quickly to situations they expect to encounter as opposed to those that they do not expect to encounter COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEDESTRIANS ROAD USERS ROAD USERS BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEDESTRIANS WALKING SPEEDS Most of interactions between pedestrians and vehicles occur as pedestrians cross the roads at intersections or mid block locations. Pedestrian walking speed in pedestrian crossing is the most important factor in the considerationof pedestrians in SIGNAL TIMING. WALKING SPEEDS Note that traffic lights are designed not only to allowed vehicles to pass through the intersection but also to allowedpedestrian to cross. Desing values could vary from 1 1,5 m/s. 15 m Walking speed = 1,5 m/sec Total time to cross the street =? COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEDESTRIANS ROAD USERS ROAD USERS BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEDESTRIANS GAP ACCEPTANCE OD THE PEDESTRIANS Time intervals between vehicles arriving to the unsignalizedpedestrian crossing Time intervals between vehicles arriving to the unsignalized pedestrian crossing and the behaviour of pedestrians in accepting them to cross through. Desing values could vary from 35 50 m. Note: a traffic light is designed not only to aloud vehicles to Note: a traffic light is designed not only to aloud vehicles to pass through the intersection but also to aloud pedestrian to cross. If i il bl ithi i t ti If no gap is available within an intersection or on street then alternatives arrangements such as pedestrian signals may be considered. COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM VEHICLES VEHICLES involved passengers cars trucks buses motorcycles DESIGN VEHICLE involved passengers cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, bicycles ALL TYPES OF VEHICLES Design vehicles are used for setting up turning roadways, intersection curbs and lane widths. Desing vehicle is the largest vehicle which could Desing vehicle is the largest vehicle which could operate on designed roadway. and has three basic characteristics: - Static characteristics: - Weight - Size Turning radius - Turning radius - Kinematic characteristics: - Acceleration - Dynamic characteristics: P / i ht ti - Power/weight ratios - Braking Distance COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM VEHICLES VEHICLES STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES SIZE, WEIGHT This characteristics depends on legislation in each country (max sizes and weights of vehicles) Usually are vehicles divided into three or four main categories: - Passenger cars B - Buses - Trucks - (special vehicles) COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM VEHICLES VEHICLES STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES TURNING CHARACTERISTICS LOW SPEED STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES - NEEDED FOR ESTIMATING THE MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS - Low speed turns are limited by the steering mechanism in vehicles d b l 30 k /h - speeds below 30 km/h HIGH SPEED - NEEDED FOR ESTIMATING THE MINIMUM CURVE RADIUS - High speed turns are limited by the dynamics of side friction between roadway and tires, and by the superelevation - speeds above 30 km/h DISCOVER AUTOTURN COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF TRAFFIC SYSTEM KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES VEHICLES VEHICLES KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VEHICLES Critical characteristic express the ability of the vihicle to stop or decelerate BRAKING AND DECELERATION, ACCELERATION deceleration considered , a 2 2 n V
B D Basic equation: Derivedequation: deceleration considered as 1,7 - 2 m/s 2 acceleration considered as 1,2 m/s 2 DB= Vn or (Vi Vf) Derivedequation: where: v n is design speed [km/h], v i is initial speed and v f is final speed [km/h], g n is normal gravitational acceleration 9,81 m/s 2 , a is acceleration rate m/s 2 f v is breaking force coefficient (wet pavement, tire profile 1,6 mm), f v is breaking force coefficient (wet pavement, tire profile 1,6 mm), s is longitudinal slope [%], D B is breaking distance, v nkm/h 130 120 110 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 f v 0,32 0,34 0,36 0,40 0,43 0,46 0,51 0,56 0,62 0,68