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362
213. Engels to Kautsky. 2 December 1885

213
ENGELS TO KARL KAUTSKY
4 9 0
IN LONDON
[London,] 2 December 1885
Dear Kautsky,
Ad vocem* Adler:
1) Re the pistol business, don' t forget to point out that the NCOs
were wearing their sabres. They complained of an affront to the NCO
caste.
4 9 1
2) Hess. It is not of course possible to confirm for I never saw
him again after May 1848, when he disappeared for good whether
or not he spent a few days in Baden or the Palatinate. But he didn' t
'take part' ; he was neither orator, nor journalist, nor official, nor sol-
dier, so it's inconceivable that some government or other Adler
certainly ought to have said which one should have condemned
him to deat h.
4 9 2
Ad vocem Liebknecht. Before you post the letter, give me a chance to
enclose a word or two of explanation; there was something I forgot to
tell him yesterday.
b
Your
F. E.
First published, in Russian, in Marx- Printed according to the original
Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932
Published in English for the first
time
a
As regards -
b
See previous letter.
214. Engels to Becker. 5 December 1885 363
214
ENGELS TO J OHANN PHI LI PP BECKER
4 8 4
IN GENEVA
London, 5 December 1885
Dear Old Man,
As it's so long since I heard from you, I am reminding you of my
existence by advising you of the despatch of a 5 money order which
I hope will arrive at the same time as this letter and perhaps help to
lighten the transition from the old year to the new. I trust you are still in
the best of health and that you will send me a line or two before long
acknowledging receipt.
I have been slogging away hard of late, as no doubt you will learn
from the Zurich booksellers' publishing side, and in particular have
seized the opportunity of reviving various pieces from the golden days
of our youth in 1848-49.
4 9 3
This is damned important, for the younger ge-
neration, which has forgotten all about it, if indeed it ever knew, is be-
ginning to want to find out what went on at that time and, in view of
the many inaccurate sources and accounts, it's important to provide
them with as much accurate information as possible. What is abso-
lutely vital is that you should finish your memoirs; years ago the Neue
Welt published some really charming pieces.
a
You' re a wonderfully
skilful narrator and on top ofthat your memory goes back at least 10
or 15 years further than mine and embraces the period 1830-40,
which is also very important where later developments are con-
cerned. Some money might also be made out of it, and that' s not
to be sneezed at.
I still have to revise the Peasant War
2
'
3
which is badly in need of it
and shall then go on to Volume III of Capital, this having now been
dictated in the rough from the original draft and set down in a legible
hand. It will be the devil of a task, but a splendid one. Unfortunately
a mass of translations into French, English, Italian and Danish keep
intervening, which I have to go overall too necessary in most
a
J. Ph. Becker, 'Abgerissene Bilder aus meinem Leben', Die Neue Welt, Nos. 17-20, 23,
24, 26, 28 and 29; 22 and 29 April, 6 and 13 May, 3, 10 and 24 June, 8 and 15 July
1876.
364 214. Engels to Becker. 5 December 1885
cases.
4 9 4
Fortunately my knowledge of Russian, let alone Polish,
doesn't extend to this sort of job, otherwise it would never end. But
from that you will see how extensive is the international field our
communism has now conquered and it is always a pleasure when one
can do one's bit towards extending that field still further.
I hope the wretched business in the Bal kans
445
will pass off peace-
fully. We are making such splendid progress everywhere that a world
war would be inopportune just nowt oo late or too early. But ulti-
mately it would also work in our favour by putting an end to milita-
rism once and for all at the cost of the massacre of l'/s million men
and the squandering of 1,000 billion francs. After that there could be
no more war.
The elections in France have provided the Radicals with the imme-
diate prospect of coming to power and have thus been of considerable
help to us, too.
447
The elections over here have temporarily made the
Irish masters of England and Scotland; without them neither party
can govern.
487
There are still about 100 results to come in, but
they'll make little difference to the outcome. Thus the Irish question
will at last be settled if not at once, at any rate in the immediate fu-
ture and then the decks will be cleared over here as well. Some 8 or 10
working men have likewise been elected some of them bought by the
bourgeoisie, others trade unionists pure and simple who will
doubtless make thorough fools of themselves and be of enormous as-
sistance in the creation of an independent labour party by banishing
the inherited self-deceit of the workers. History moves slowly over
here, but move it does.
Warm regards.
Your old friend
F. Engels
First published in: F. Engels, Vergessene Printed according to the original
Briefe (Briefe Friedrich Engels' an Johann
Philipp Becker), Berlin, 1920 Published in English in full for the
first time
215. Engels to Liebknecht. 5 December 1885 365
215
ENGELS TO WI LHELM LI EBKNECHT
4 8 5
IN BERLIN
Dear Liebknecht,
Herewith excerpts from the Economist and Bullionist.
a
The amounts shown in my letter of the 1st inst. are those of
the Russian loans quoted on the London STOCK EXCHANGE. The 1884
(Bismarck) loan '
8 2
is not dealt in over here at all and is excluded from
the list of securities negotiable on the STOCK EXCHANGE. Likewise the
smaller hand-to-mouth loans which have been raised off and on since
1878; most of these were taken up internally and are quoted on the
Berlin stock exchange. I have found the following in the latter's list of
prices:
Orient Loan 5% I, II and III
Loan 1880 4%
Bonds 1883 6%
as well as other stuff about which I' m not clear. You'll have to
get more information on the subject from someone on the Berlin
stock exchange. Several also appear in the enclosed excerpts, but
only with the net amount the government claims to have received.
The Russian paper rouble, which ought to be worth 39d. at par,
is now standing at 23d., i.e. 16d. or 4 1 % below the full value in
g
ld
-
If the Russian government is still managing to place its paper at
home, this is simply because the colossal slowdown in trade makes it
more advantageous for Russian manufacturers to invest their surplus
cash in paper yielding 6-7% rather than in such currently ruinous ac-
tivities as extensions to factories or speculative trading. The interest
coupons are circulating as currency, especially for the payment of
wages. Thus coupons, which are not payable until 1891-92, are now
passing from hand to hand, and these the Russian worker must ac-
a
See this volume, p. 360.
366 216. Engels to Bernstein. 7 December 1885
cept at face value in payment of his wages, though they can only be
disposed of for half this amount (much the same thing happened in
Germany not long ago). I have this direct from Russia.
Your
F. E.
time
216
ENGELS TO EDUARD BERNSTEI N
4 9 5
IN ZURI CH
Dear Ede,
Here too we've had a storm in our socialist tea-cup. Kautsky will
already have written and told you something about it; 2 Echoes (Lib-
eral) enclosed herewith. Also some other stuff, and a document (letter
from Bland, based on the minutes of the Executive of the SOCIAL DEMO-
CRATIC FEDERATION, sent you by Aveling), which will give you the sub-
stance.
496
This time Hyndman has given himself the coup de grce. He
took money from the Tories for socialist candidatures in order to
filch votes from the Liberals. He has admitted to taking 340, but
since the official expenses of the 3 candidatures amounted to about
600, it must have been something in the region of 1,000, if not
more.
Taking money from another party may, in certain circumstances
and by way of an exception, be admissible if, 1) the money is given
unconditionally and 2) the transaction does not do more harm than
good. In this instance the very opposite was the case. 1) The condi-
tion was that socialist candidates be put up in districts where they
could only be made to look ridiculous as, indeed, happened: Wil-
216. Engels to Bernstein. 7 December 1885
367
Hams, 27 votes out of 4,722, Fielding, 32 out of 6,374; only Burns got
598 votes out of 11,055 in Nottingham. 2) Hyndman, however, knew
that to take money from the Tories would spell nothing less than irrep-
arable moral ruin for the socialists in the eyes of the one and only
class from which they could draw recruits, namely the great, radical
working masses. It' s almost a replica of the Stoecker alliance against
the Party of Progress once proposed in Berlin.
497
Well, not content with this heroic deed, Hyndman already saw
himself as a second Parnell holding the scales between the two parties,
though forgetting that, unlike Parnell, he does not command 80 votes
in Parliament and 200,000 Irish votes in the elections in England and
Scotland.
487
He got the Executive of the Federation to empower him
to go to Birmingham with Champion and call on Chamberlain, the
leader of the Radicals.
4
'
5
With Tory money in his pocket, he offered
the latter his support if he, Chamberlain, would cede him a seat in
Birmingham, assure him of Liberal votes and agree to introduce an
Eight Hours' Bill. Not being such a mug as the Tories, Chamberlain
showed him the door.
In the meantime the affair, arranged on the qt by the Federation' s
Executive, became known in the branches and caused a great furore.
Of which more in Bland's letter; it was written for publication, but
you should not mention the fact that it is based on the minutes. A gen-
eral meeting is to be called and whether the Federation will survive
it seems doubtful; not, at any rate, as a viable organisation.
Herewith Hunter Watts' statement in The Pall Mall Gazette.
498
It was written with Hyndman' s connivance, yet he had to let
the expression 'ILL-ADVISED', used of himself, stand. By contrast, Wil-
liams' statement in The Echo
496
is nothing less than a slap in the face,
its attitude being, and not without reason, one of outright hostility to
all socialist MIDDLE-CLASS MEN. SO that' s what Mr Hyndman has brought
about with his pushfulness. The man is nothing but a caricature of
Lassalle, totally indifferent to the nature of the means even when not
conducive to the end, provided Hyndman himself gets something out
of it; add to that his perpetual craving for instantaneous success, so
that he kills the goose that lays the golden egg; and finally, the way he
considers himself the centre of the universe, being utterly incapable of
seeing the facts in any light other than that which is gratifying to him.
368 217. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 7 December 1885
And, for good measure, a political adventurer comme il faut.
a
All
Lassalle's bad points magnified, and not a single one of his good
ones.
What do things look like in your parliamentary tea-cup?
Your
F. E.
Engels Archives, Book I, Moscow, 1924
Published in English in full for the
first time
217
ENGELS TO PAUL LAFARGUE
4 9 9
IN PARIS
My dear Lafargue,
I shall speak to Tussy about Davitt. She may be able to get you
what you want.
In opposition to your Social Studies Group
179
the good Malon
and the no less celebrated Elie May have just set up a Republican
Social Economy Society with ready-made rul es.
500
Let's hope this
'research group' will be confined to Malon who will do his research in
May' s bosom, and to May who will do his research in Malon' s
heart. They are petty panjandrums whom you_ would be well ad-
vised to ignore completely; that would infuriate them most of all. It' s
Karl Blind to the life.
Why are you making such a splash in the Socialiste with Williams
and the Social Democratic Federation?
501
You ought to know what
attitude to take with respect to Hyndman, and this time you have fallen
into a fine old trap. In the first place, Hyndman has contrived to
make his party a laughing-stock second to none. Williams collected 27
votes out of 10,000, Fielding in North Kensington 32 out of 10,000,
proper
217. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 7 December 1885 369
Burns in Nottingham 598 out of 11,000.
a
Whereupon the liberal press
kicked up an almighty fuss, alleging that the money needed for these
foolish candidatures had been provided by the TORIES, and that the
socialists had so lowered themselves as to do that party's dirty work
for it. Williams then wrote to The Echo on 5 December
496
saying that
all this had been arranged while he was in Liverpool, that they had
recalled him by telegram without giving details, that he had been
treated by the leaders as a mere tool and that he now saw
* ' that we cannot trust the middle class men of our movement any longer. I am not
prepared to be made the tool of middle class men. I call upon my fellow wage-slaves to
meet me as soon as possible and to say good-bye to the middle class men and to shut
them out from what must be a real working men's organisation', * etc.
in short he has now adopted a stance directly opposed to
Hyndman, Champion, etc.
Now for what has been happening in the SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERA-
TION (by the same post you will be getting a lettter via Aveling from
Bland, one of its members). Hyndman was given money by the TORIES
to put up candidates against the Liberals 340 has been admitted.
But it must have been in the region of 1,000, since the official ex-
penses of the 3 candidates amounted to more than 600. With the
exception of Burrows, the Executive Committee sanctioned Hynd-
man' s action. However opposition arose within the main body of the
federation. But before this could make itself felt, Hyndman, already
seeing himself in the role of political arbitrator la Parnell, left with
Champion for Liverpool to offer his services to Chamberlain, the
Radical l eader
415
! The proposal they made the latter was that they
would support the Liberals if Chamberlain was prepared to with-
draw a Liberal candidate in Birmingham in favour of Hyndman and
thus secure him the Liberal vote. Chamberlain showed them the
door.
Opposition within the federation is increasing. At the last Com-
mittee meeting, at which many other members of the federation were
present, the correspondence relating to the Tory money was read out,
despite opposition from Hyndman who wished to suppress it. Great
rumpus. Why had the sections not been consulted on so vital a mat-
a
Cf. the relevant figures in the previous letter.
370 217. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 7 December 1885
ter? In short there is to be a general meeting and we shall have to see
whether the federation survives it.
Obviously one may accept money from another party if that
money is given unconditionally and if it does not do more harm than
good. But Hyndman has acted like an idiot. In the first place he
ought to have known that his candidatures couldn' t help but manifest
the ridiculous weakness of socialism in England. Again, he ought to
have known that, by accepting money from the TORIES, he has
damned himself once and for all in the eyes of the radical working
men who form the vast majority and to whom alone socialism can look for
support. In short, if one does such things, one advertises them, one
boasts about them, but one doesn't make a secret of them. Hyndman,
however, is a caricature of Lassalle; to him all means are good, even if
not conducive to an end. He is in such a hurry to play the political
panjandrum that he has no time to consider his real position. He
combines all the bad qualities of your English PROFESSIONAL POLITI-
CIAN your ADVENTURER with a quality common enough in France
but rare over here, of seeing facts not as they are but as he would like
them to be.
All this has come so soon after his infamous behaviour towards
Aveling
502
that he has not yet been forgiven even within his own
party and he is bound to have a pretty hard time of it if he is to
survive the affair. In any case, if the Social Democratic Federation
continues, it will no longer have any substance.
A kiss for Laura.
Yours ever,
F. E.
First published in: Marx and Engels, Printed according to the original
Works, Second Russian Edition, Vol. 36,
M ,
n c
, translated from the t rench
oscow, 19o4
time
218. Engels to Schlter. 7 December 1885 371
218
ENGELS TO HERMANN SCHLTER
IN HOTTI NGEN- ZURI CH
Dear Mr Schlter,
My best thanks for the 2 copies of Diihring.
208
If I can have
20 copies all told, that will do for the time being.
Please also send me 4 copies of the Peasant War, 3rd edition.
I haven' t a single copy left and so cannot get to work on the new edi-
tion.
213
I have no connections whatever with Eccarius and neither can nor
wish to renew them. I shall see if the address is obtainable through
Lessner. But I would at most advise you simply to reprint without al-
terations, etc. for, having gone completely to the dogs, Eccarius is
in fact unlikely to make any; moreover, in view of his bad conscience,
any such addenda would most likely be used by him to introduce ex-
tenuating circumstances for the many ill-deeds he has perpetrated
since 1873, and thus materially impair the book which was written
with much prompting by and help from Marx (towards the end, en-
tire pages were literally written by Marx), if not render it completely
useless for our propaganda. I would even advise you to insist on print-
ing it as it st ands.
503
You will have had the bill for the photographs.
a
In my Dhring I continue to suffer at the printer' s hands even in the
list of misprints where I find hopeless ' error' [Verirrung] for 'confu-
sion' [Verwirrung].
Kind regards.
Yours,
F. E.
First published in: Marx and Engels,
Works, First Russian Edition, Vol. XXVI I ,
Moscow, 1935
Printed according to the original
time
" of Marx (see this volume, p. 309)
372 219. Engels to Nieuwenhuis. 19 December 1885
219
ENGELS TO FERDINAND DOMELA NI EUWENHUI S
IN THE HAGUE
Dear Comrade,
I have despatched per PARCELS CONTINENTAL EXPRESS a package ad-
dressed to you containing the three Parliamentary Reports for which
you asked. As you will see from the enclosed intimation, the first
HOUSE OF LORDS report on prostitution is no longer to be had.
You are perfectly right in refraining from any kind of violent rebel-
lion over there. This would only entail unnecessary sacrifice and set
the movement back by decades. Next year it will be a hundred years
since the Prussians first plundered Hol l and,
504
and nothing would
please Bismarck more than to celebrate the centenary by a repetition
oft hat 'epic deed'. The thirst for annexation, as yet no more than
a harmless and impotent desire, might in that case assume more
tangible form.
I shall send you by post the second edition of my Anti-Diihring
which has just come out.
208
Always at you service in the common cause, I remain
Yours very sincerely,
F. E.
First published, in Russian, in Istorik-
marksist, No. 6 (40), Moscow, 1934
time
221. Engels to Schlter. 21 December 1885 373
220
ENGELS T O PASQUALE MART I GNE T T I
IN BENEVENTO
Dear Ci t i zen,
I shoul d be very pleased if you woul d under t ake t he t ransl at i on of
Mar x' s work Wage Labour and Capital. The i nformat i on in t he Social-
iste
5

5
will barel y suffice for t he bi ogr aphy and I have therefore
asked our friends in Zuri ch to send you a copy of the Brunswick Kalen-
der,
a
whi ch cont ai ns a mor e compl et e bi ogr aphy wri t t en by myself.
b
Yours t rul y,
F. Engels
I shall of course be happy to carry out t he revision, shoul d you so
desire.
First published in La corrispondenza di Marx
e Engels con italiani. 1848-1895, Milano,
1964
221
ENGELS T O HE R MANN S CHL T E R
IN HOTTINGEN-ZURICH
Dear Mr Schl t er,
20 Dhrings (in all) and 4 of t he Peasant War received wi t h t hanks .
c
Ki ndl y tell Mr s Wi schnewet zky t hat , as agreed, I shall be pr epar ed
to go over t he ms. of her t ransl at i on
34 9
and wri t e t he preface
d
as soon
a
See this volume, p. 374. -
b
F. Engels, 'Karl Marx', Volks-Kalender, Brunswick,
1878. -
c
d
F. Engels, 'The Labor Movement in America.
Preface to the American Edition of The Condition of the Working Class in England.
Translated from the Italian
time
374
221. Engels to Schlter. 21 December 1885
as she has made a firm arrangement with a publisher. I' m so snowed
under with work that it's downright impossible to take on anything
else unless it's urgently required.
I shan' t be able to turn my mind to a new German edition
3
until
I have shed considerable part of my present load of work. In January
I have to revise the English translation of Capital, negotiate with the
publishers, etc. After that there's the Peasant War
2
'
3
and numerous
other incidental jobs. Then comes the very urgent matter of the Capi-
tal, Volume III. Once I've cleared the decks to that extent, I'll be
able to turn my mind to the old book."
I cannot recall the pamphlet mentioned by Bucher.
506
Peel died in
1850. Marx' s PAMPHLETS
b
appeared in 1855. Nor is it likely that Palmer-
ston would have given some writer or other 100 guineas and a cask of
sherry to provide proof that Palmerston was a Russian agent. It is
possible that Tucker, when alluding to the earlier piece, suggested the
same title for one of Marx' s PAMPHLETS; that would explain everything.
Nor were there any woodcuts in Marx' s PAMPHLETS.
Kindest regards.
Yours,
F. Engels
Martignetti wants to translate Wage Labour and Capital' into
Italian along with a biography of Marx which he hasn' t got, as the
few scrappy items in the Socialiste
505
are inadequate. Could you
send him Bracke's Volks-Kalender containing my biography of
Marx
d
? I think it's in the 1878 volume, but you'll find it easily
enough. The address is
Paolo
c
Martignetti
Benevento, Italia.
Moscow, 1934
a
F. Engels, The Condition of the Working-Class in England. -
b
Lord Palmerston - ' by
Marx -
d
F. Engels, ' Karl Marx' . - '' Should be Pasquale; see also this volume,
p. 421.
time
222. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 22 December 1885 375
222
ENGELS TO LAURA LAFARGUE
IN PARIS
My dear Laura,
Herewith I hand you the cheque Paul wrote about
5 0 7
to which
I have added a trifling trenne* for yourself. The box with the plum-
pudding and cake was forwarded last Saturday
b
but would not leave
here before Monday so that you will at best have received it today.
When Jollymeier came from Paris he told me you were sorely in
want of dictionaries for your translating work. Among Mohr' s books
the only one that could have suited you was Mozin's French and Ger-
man, but it was so dilapidated that it will be no use to any one for reg-
ular work; Tussy took it at the time. English and German there were
none. So I tried to find out what were the best and ordered Williams
and Norgate to have them delivered to you, bound. They are
Flgel's English-German and German-English
Mozin-Peschier French-German and German-French.
They will be delivered I expect before Christmas. Now as I had no
opportunity to look at them, I want you to examine and report upon
them. Flgel is the best to be had, though it might be better; so if it is
both English-German and German-English, it will be all right. But
about the Mozin-Peschier I am not so sure that it is not an abbrevia-
tion of what I intended to send you, namely: Dictionnaire complet des
langues franaise et allemande, 2 volumes French-German and 2
volumes German-French. If it should not be the latter work, please
let me know and I will have it exchanged, as not being sent to
order.
On Saturday night Jollymeier arrived here, his holidays last till
12th January; and this morning who should j ump in but the inevi-
table Meyer, fresh from Winnipeg where his first crop of wheat was
frozen to death last August. He left again and will be in Paris to-
morrow morning but, he says, ich sehe die Lafargue's nichtwarum
nicht?Weil Lafargue einen nie besucht" which he seems to have
a
Christmas gift -
b
19 December -
c
I don' t see the Lafargues. Why
not? Because Lafargue never comes to see anyone.
376 222. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 22 December 1885
taken very much to heart, and which I told him was rather foolish for
him to do. I merely state this to you as it was said, so that you may
console you in case the illustrious stranger does not call upon
you.
I will try and get a copy of Justice for Paul ,
5 0 8
it is not so easy just
now, as Tussy and Edward are at Kingston on Thames for a few days
and will not be back before Friday. Johnny
a
is with us in the mean-
time, he has picked up his English again rather quickly, especially
since he goes to school. He is a very good boy and reads an awful deal
of, to him, unintelligible books.
I hope Paul is all right again, sound at the core and solid at the
base, plus solide que le Pont JVeuf
h
which seems also subject to pim-
ples and boils.
509
By the bye, his last letter does not say a word about
the final solution of the Labruyre-Sverine-Lissagaray affair, the last
was the assertion of Labruyre that Lissagaray a mentis Has it all
ended in smoke, as most scandals are apt to do now-a-days?
There is no doubt Hyndman has done for himself this time. If he
manages to keep together a show of the Social Democratic Federa-
tion,
300
it will be only a shadow. The provincial branches are sure to
fall off and here in London his own people have remembered how at
the time of the Morris-Aveling separation,
d
he packed the general
meeting by showing in a lot of new members, created for the occasion.
They have therefore resolved that only those are to vote who were
members at the time of the general election and of his exploits.
496
Nim, Pumps and Jollymeier are gone to the West End, Christmas
shopping as they pretend, but in reality for a dinner at the Vienna
Beer Hall. As I am still a little under restraint, I have stopped at
home and use the time to write to you. But now the dinner bell
rings for me and Johnny and so good-bye. Health and spirits
and a sound foundation for Paul!
Yours affectionately,
F. Engels
Moscow, 1964
Reproduced from the original
time
a
Jean Longuet -
h
stronger than the Pont Neuf - " had lied -
d
See this volume,
pp. 236-38 and 245.
223. Engels to Liebknecht. 28 December 1885 377
223
ENGELS TO WI LHELM LIEBKNECHT
[IN BORSDORF NEAR LEIPZIG
34
]
Dear Liebknecht,
Borkheim died in Hastings on Wednesday, 16 December, and was
buried on the following Monday. An attack of pneumonia on the pre-
vious Sunday swiftly brought about his end. He had had tuberculosis
for 12 years and during the final ten years, after the whole of his left
side had become paralysed, he never left his bed save for a few brief
intervals each day. He bore his sufferings with exceptional resilience
and indomitable cheerfulness, always kept up with the political and
social movement, and was a subscriber to the Sozialdemokrat until the
very end. Up till a year ago he received a pension, first from two, then
from one, of the houses for whom he had previously worked as sales-
man and/or buyer. Last year we collected amongst his friends here
a subscription big enough to ensure that he had what he needed. You
might perhaps put a short obituary in the Sozialdemokrat
5
' ; I prefer
not to thrust myself to the fore on an occasion like this. There is no
objection to your doing it and, besides, you are better acquainted
with his activities in Baden.
As regards Russia's finances,
485
herewith a further word on the
latest critical turn the affair has taken:
A fortnight ago the Russian government obtained through Bleich-
rder and the Russian Bank a further loan, but only of 20 million
roubles, which was, according to reports, heavily over-subscribed in
Berlin. Depending on whether this is taken to mean roubles in specie
or in paper, and that' s something you can ascertain over there, it rep-
resents roughly either 60 million marks or else a mere 40 million. The
loan was intended to secure the advances made by the Russian Bank
to the government. As usual, the same old hollow excuse. How hollow
became evident a few days later! About a week ago it was reported in
the English papers that the Russian government had ordered the
Russian Bank to sell the Russian aristocracy's (doubtless the Credit
Bank's) mortgage bonds for 100 million roubles. The German press,
378 223. Engels to Liebknecht. 28 December 1885
enlarging on this, stated that in return the Bank was to advance the
government 75 million of the proceeds. Thus the government is pay-
ing the Bank at best 20 million roubles in gold and is borrowing in re-
turn 75 million roubles extra. But since the realisation of 100 million
mortgage notes is a highly tedious operation, especially in Russia, this
means, in other words, that 75 millions in new paper money are to be
created and loaned to the government. Before the holidays the rouble
was standing at 23'jgd. (instead of 39d.) over here and is bound to go
even lower as it will also do internally; in their present financial
predicament the device they have to use to give some support to their
ruined currency (the 20 millions in gold, when the Bank gets it) serves
only to bedevil their paper currency even further. 1789 is on its
way even without the Nihilists
356
expedited by the government
itself.
One may further conclude from the above that Bismarck is hold-
ing his Russians on a short rein and will not authorise the release
of German funds other than on a hand-to-mouth basis lest the
Russians should get too uppish and do the dirty on him in the
Balkans.
445
I can only suggest the main points for you to work on, but you will
have little difficulty in finding out further details in Berlin.
This Christmas we the Avelings, the Kautskys, Pumps and
her husband,
3
Schorlemmer, Lenchen and I sat up drinking
to our hearts' content and making merry until four in the morn-
ing.
A Happy New Year to you.
Your
F. E.
Schorlemmer sends his best wishes.
time
a
Percy White Rosher
224. Engels to Becker. 28 December 1885 379
224
IN GENEVA
Dear Old Man,
This is to notify you that our friend Borkheim died of pneu-
monia at Hastings on the 16th of this month after a three days'
illness. He had had tuberculosis for twelve years and for the last ten
years the whole of his left side had been paralysed. According to the
doctor he had enough ailments to kill three other men. All this he
bore with indomitable cheerfulness and, so far as he was able, kept up
with the movement to the end. I have asked Liebknecht to publish
a short obituary in the Sozialdemokrat.
5
'
At the beginning of this month I sent you a money order which
I trust you have received.
For the rest as the post is about to go and I get little time for
writing in what is for me a period of turbulence I wish you
a Happy New Year and continuing good health; our movement is in
no particular need of good wishes, since it is forging ahead every-
where at a pace which varies according to place and people,
but everywhere splendidly, while the dirty business in the Bal-
kans
4 4 5
actually seems to be petering out without a world war.
With my very kindest regards,
Your old friend
F. Engels
First published in: F, Engels, Vergessene
Philipp Becker), Berlin, 1920
time
380
1886
225
[IN BORSDORF NEAR LEIPZIG
34
]
London, 2 January 1886
Dear Liebknecht,
3
' '
Borkheim's wife died some 8 years ago. No great loss to him she
drank. His son,
a
aged 19, is a clerk in Dunkirk. To begin with he him-
self was in business in Liverpool; during the Crimean War a specula-
tive trip to Balaklava with a load of bits and pieces earned him
.15,000 all at one go, which, however, he lost because he did the
same thing again and peace supervened
5
'
2
; became a wine merchant
and discovered that his palate for Bordeaux was probably the finest in
London; became the agent of a Bordeaux house, built up a clientle
for them, but was insufficiently circumspect and, when he sought
a partnership, was given the push they no longer needed him. No
wiser for the experience, he tried to repeat this brilliant performance
with another house, the result being the same, hence had to start from
the beginning once more. Again promptly discovered two good con-
nexions, lived like a lord as always, while at Badenweiler had an
apoplectic fit (about 10 years ago), which completely paralysed his
left side, whereupon it transpired that, rather than possessing money,
he had been borrowing from his friends in order to support his madly
extravagant mode of life. But in spite of it all he was so much liked
that people calmly put up with their losses, while the two houses for
which he had worked paid him a pension to live on. His housemaid,
with whom there had undoubtedly been some highly intimate goings-
on, looked after him up till his death she was able to furnish
a
F. Borkheim
225. Engels to Liebknecht. 2 January 1886 381
a boarding-house in Hast i ngs
239
and still do pretty well out of it dur-
ing the season. A year ago, when the last of his pensions was stopped,
we succeeded in persuading his CITY friends, all of whom were owed
money by him, to provide a new and adequate pension. Absurdly os-
tentatious in his conduct while his luck was in, he behaved like a hero
when suddenly assailed by the most atrocious ill-fortune. Never
a word of complaint, unfailingly cheerful, no sign of his having been
affected by this sudden downfall. Rarely have I met such resilience.
He spent his time writing his autobiography, first in English, then in
German; the latter is probably not quite finished.
248
If you could
find a publisher for it as well as some money for the boy, who earns
a wage of 70 after an upbringing that might almost suggest his
having been born in the purple, you would be doing a good turn. The
address is F. Borkheim, aux soins de* Messieurs Bourdon & Cie,
Dunkerque, France.
You are on the wrong track with your suppositions about the secret
insinuations concerning you that have come to my ears. The only
good friend who might possibly have managed to find some fault with
you, the one ' who told you' this, ' who told you' that? is called Wil-
helm Liebknecht
15
and his insinuations have appeared in writing in
his letters and in print in the Sozialdemokrat and any number of Ger-
man newspapers. Thanks to this source I have known for years that
you have a pleasing and insuperable weakness for all the ' eddicated'
elements that hover round the fringes of the party and that you wish
to win them over, even though 95 per cent of them can only do us
harm. I further understand from this source that last year you only
noticed personal differences within the parliamentary group
49
where-
as now you are already discovering 'backsliders'. I am also indebted
to the above source for the knowledge that this same Wilhelm Lieb-
knecht is on occasion inclined to forget what has been written if, at
that moment, it doesn't suit his book and that he hopes others will be
good-natured enough to do him a similar favour. Which is not, unfor-
tunately, always possible. But as to your passion for picking up 'eddi-
cated' elements and glossing over all differences, one must put up
with such things and does so fairly readily for their being unavoid-
able. But don' t ask that they be overlooked. And their inevitability
causes me all the less concern because I know, and shall say as much
a
care of -
b
382 226. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 7 January 1886
at every opportunity, that, come the moment of decision between the
conflicting elements, you will be on the right side.
5
'
3
And now a Happy New Year.
Your
F. Engels
First published in Leipziger Volkszeitung, Printed according to a photocopy of
Nr. 218, 15. September 1983 the original
time
226
ENGELS TO FLORENCE KELLEY- WI SCHNEWETZKY
2 7
IN ZURI CH
122 Regent' s Park Road, N. W.
Dear Mrs Wischnewetzky,
I have received your ms.
3 4 9
but have not as yet been able to look
at it, so cannot say how long it will take me. Anyhow I shall lose no
time, you may be sure.
As to those wise Americans who think their country exempt from
the consequences of fully expanded capitalist production, they seem
to live in blissful ignorance of the fact that sundry States, Massachu-
setts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, etc., have such an institution
as a Labour Bureau from the reports of which they might learn some-
thing to the contrary.
5
'
4
Yours very truly,
F. Engels
First published abridged, in the language Reproduced from the original
of the original (English), in Briefe und Aus-
Zge aus Briefen von Joh. Phil. Becker, Jos.
Dietzgen, Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx u. A.
an F.A. Sorge und Andere, Stuttgart, 1906
and in full in: Marx and Engels, Works,
First Russian Edition, Vol. XXVI I ,
Moscow, 1935
227. Engels to Liebknecht. 7 January 1886 383
227
IN BERLIN
Dear Liebknecht,
Your conjecture re ' Bios'
a 5
'
5
merely provides me with further
proof that the ' nervousness' you complain of is once again entirely of
your own making. Still, as you say, NEVER MIND.
Borkheim was born in Glogau in 1825, studied at Greifswald and
Berlin, was a three-year artillery volunteer in Glogau in 1848,
came under investigation as a result of democratic meetings and bolt-
ed; subsequently spent some time in Berlin, fled, I believe, after the
storming of the arsenal
516
and went, if I' m not mistaken, to Swit-
zerland, whence he returned with Struve. I don' t remember thf
exact details.
I shall be writing about the biographical not e.
5
'
7
Tussy will be given your message on Sunday.
b
If you and Bebel, both of you, go to America together, you will cer-
tainly be able to raise money; should either of you not go or be re-
placed by someone else, that would make a difference of 25%-30%
in the money you would receive.
518
Besides, you yourself will be par-
ticularly needed, since at least one of you will, from time to time,
have to make a speech in English.
As regards the Baltic Canal I' m all for its being at least 8 metres
deep.
5
'
9
The size and draught of merchant STEAMERS are constantly
increasing (5,500 tons is already quite usual), and new docks are be-
ing increasingly taken to a depth of 9 or 10 metres, so that a shall-
ower canal would become obsolete within a few years, just like the
Eider Canal now, which became completely so 30 years ago (as to
some extent it always had been).
Your trip might be brought forward by a dissolution occasioned by
the dissolution of old William
c
which may happen at any moment.
a
Blo in the original. -
b
10 Januar y-
0
William I
384 228. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 17 January 1886
But that would mean we sho.uld have the pleasure of seeing you here
all the sooner.
Schorlemmer is still with us and sends his best wishes.
Otherwise everything is going well, but not for the SOCIAL DEMOCRA-
TIC FEDERATION
3
which Mr Hyndman would seem to have ruined
good and proper this time.
a
Though he may win a spurious victory at
his PACKED GENERAL MEETING next Sunday, he's done for in the provinces,
and here all he's left with is a steadily dwindling number of supporters.
Kindest regards.
Your old friend
F. E.
Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 , , . , , . ^ , , r , r
Published in English lor the hrst
time
228
IN PARIS
My dear Laura,
Glad the dictionaries have arrived at last.
b
They were promised to
be sent from here more than a week before Christmas.
Yesterday I received a post-card from Dr Max Quarck informing
me that as a good extract from the Capital is wanted, he intends to
translate DevilleV:
'Herr Deville hat mir nun eben auf mein Nachsuchen die alleinige
Autorisation zur bersetzung seines Auszuges ins Deutsche gegeberi
A
\
the great Quarck has offered it to Meissner and desires me to favour
him with a preface.
a
See this volume, pp. 366-70. -
b
Ibid., p. 375. -
c
G. Qeville, Le Capital de Karl Marx.
Rsum... -
d
'/ reply to my request Mr Deville has just granted me the unreserved right to
translate his brief exposition into German.'
228. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 17 January 1886 3 8 5
Now if Deville has really done so, I cannot but consider that he has
acted very unwisely and moreover contrary to all the international
obligations practically existing amongst the lot of us. How in the
world could he commit himself with a man of whom he knew noth-
ing? This Quarck is one of half a dozen young literati who hover
about the boundary land between our party and the Katheder-
Sozialismus,
54
take jolly good care to keep clear of all the risks in-
volved by being connected with our party, and yet expect to reap all
the benefits that may accrue from such connection. They make a live-
ly propaganda for das soziale Kaisertum der Hohenzol-
lern* (which Quarck has dithyrambically celebrated), for Rod-
bertus against Marx (Quarck had the cheek to write to me that he
honoured the Capital by placing it in his library neben die Werke
des grossen Rodbertus
h
) and especially for each other. The fellow
is so utterly impotent that even Liebknecht who has a certain tender-
ness for these fellows, has agreed with Kautsky that he is not fit to
write in the Neue e.
52

This moment Kautsky enters with Paul's letter,
c
according to that
Deville has not replied and Quarck lies. I should be very glad if this
was so, because then I should have that little scamp completely on
the hip.
But now as to the translation itself. First of all, an extract from the
Capital for our German workmen must be done from the German
original, not from the French edition.
59
Secondly Deville's book is
too big for the working men, and would in the translation, especially
of the second half, be as difficult as the original, as it is composed as
much as possible of literal extracts.
81
It does well enough for France
where most of the terms are not Fremdwrter,
d
and where there is a large
public, not exactly working men, who all the same wish to have some
knowledge of easy access of the subject, without reading the big
book. That public, in Germany, ought to read the original book.
Thirdly, and chiefly, if Deville's book appears in German, I do not
see how I can consistently with, my duty towards Mohr let it pass un-
challenged as a faithful rsum. I have held my tongue while it was
published only in French, although I had distinctly protested against
the whole second half of it, before publication.
e
But if it comes to be
put before the German public that is quite a different thing. I cannot
allow, in Germany, Mohr to be perverted in his very words. If there
a
the social empire of the Hohenzollerns -
b
beside the works of great Rodbertus-
c
Lafargue's letter to Engels of 10 January 1886-
d
foreign wor ds- ' See this
volume, pp. 61, 63.
386 229. Engels to Bebel. 20-23 January 1886
had not been that absurd hurry at the time, if it had been revised as
I suggested, there would not be that objection now. All I can say,
I reserve my full liberty of action in case the book is published in Ger-
many; and I am the more bound to do so as it has got abroad that
I looked it over in the ms.
I cannot this moment ask Kautsky about his intentions as to
Deville's book, because all the people for Sunday' s dinner have come
in, and I must conclude. Kautsky must write himself. As far as I know
Kautsky and Bernstein intend making a fresh extract themselves
which would be decidedly the best thing to do, and where they may
make use of Deville's work and acknowledge it with thanks.
137
Tussy, Edward, the Pumps' and Kautskys, all send their loves,
kind regards and kisses and I don' t know what more, ditto Johnny
3
and the other little ones.
Yours affectionately but hungry,
F. E.
First published, in the language of the Reproduced from the original
original (English), in: F. Engels, P. et L.
Lafargue, Correspondance, t. I, Paris, 1956
229
ENGELS TO AUGUST BEBEL
5 2 1
IN BERLIN
London, 20-23 January 1886
Dear Bebel,
So the great bolt has been fired. Schramm did me the honour of
sending me a copy of the magnum opus
b
; but it is, I must say, a very
pauvre" affair and the prompt reference to it in the Sozialdemokrat did
him too signal an honour. Ede will undoubtedly give him a good
a
Jean Longuet -
b
C. A. S[chramm], Rodbertus, Marx, Lassalle. Sozialwissenschaf-
tliche Studie.-' miserable-
d
' Zur Aufklrung', Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 50, 10 Decem-
ber 1885.
229. Engels to Bebel. 20-23 January 1886 387
dressing-down; I have, through Kautsky, drawn his attention to
a number of points the essentials can safely be left to hi m.
5 2 2
For Kautsky this controversy with Schramm has been salutory in
every way.
5 2 3
Schramm, being unable to say anything about the ac-
tual matter in hand, is skilful enough to pick on all the errors of form
perpetrated by Kautsky, partly out of youthful impetuosity, partly
out of the habits acquired at university and in literary practice, and
this has been a very salutory lesson to him. In this respect Ede already
has a considerable advantage over Kautsky because, though neither
a university man nor a professional littrateur, he is, through being
on the Sozialdemokrat, always in the thick of the fray, besides which
he's a business man and, last but not least, a Jew. For after all it's only
in war that you learn the art of war.
What you tell me about the parliamentary group's frame of mind
is most encouraging. Provided the party remains sound and here the
petty bourgeoisie will surely not gain the upper hand the blunders
of the deputy gentlemen can only serve to give these last a rude les-
son. As you yourself say and this is also my opinion we shall
never get the right kind of people into the Reichstag in time of peace
and here the help afforded us by the party through bringing pressure
to bear on the deputy gentlemen is absolutely invaluable; it shows
that they must avoid any serious conflict, and the knowledge that this
is so might, at a crucial moment, be of the utmost importance, since it
would enable us to make a resolute stand in the certainty that we
should emerge unscathed.
Of late Liebknecht has been positively bombarding me with letters
asking for information about this and that. I took the opportunity of
telling him, briefly and unequivocally, if in an altogether friendly
way, just what I thought of his inconsistent conduct; and when, as
usual, he tried to attribute this to some piece of gossip I must have
heard, I told him that there was only one person who could harm him
in my eyes, and that was Wilhelm Liebknecht who was for ever for-
getting what he had said in his letters and published in the press.
However that might be, I went on, we should simply have to put up
with his foibles, and would do so all the more readily for the knowl-
edge that, when things really came to a head, he would be found in
the right place.
a
Whereupon, contrary to his usual customary insis-
tence upon having the last word, he calmed down again.
a
See this volume, pp. 381-82.
388 229. Engels to Bebel. 20-23 Januar y 1886
As he mentioned the matter of the Schleswig-Holstein Canal,
I took the opportunity of telling him that it would be stupid to vote
for a shallow canal less than 8 or 9 metres deep,
a
allegedly out of op-
position to its use by the Fleet. The tonnage of large merchant ships is
steadily on the increase, 5,000 or 6,000 tons being already the norm,
and ever more ports are being adapted to accommodate vessels of cor-
responding draught. Those that cannot do so become obsolete and
fall into decay, as will also happen in the Baltic. If the Baltic is to have
its share of overseas trade, deep water harbours will accordingly have
to be built there, and this will happen as surely as it has happened
elsewhere. But to build the canal in such a way that, within the next
10 or 20 years, it will become as useless and obsolete as the old Eider
Canal is now, would be throwing money down the drain.
As regards my proposal for productive cooperatives on state-owned
land,
b
its sole purpose was to show the majority which was, after
all, then in favour of the Steamship Subsidies
342
how they could de-
cently vote against it and thus emerge from the impasse in which they
found themselves. But in my view, the principle of the thing was alto-
gether correct. It is perfectly true that, when we propose something
positive, our proposals should always be practicable. But practicable
as such, regardless of whether the present government can implement
them. I would go even further and say that, if we propose socialist
measures conducive to the downfall of capitalist production (as these
are), we should restrict them to such as are essentially feasible, but
could not be implemented by this government. For this government
would tamper with and ruin any such measure, and put it through
merely with a view to sabotaging it. This particular proposal, how-
ever, would not be implemented by any Junker or bourgeois govern-
ment. To point the way for the rural proletariat in the Baltic prov-
inces, if not set it upon the path that would enable it to put an end to
exploitation by the Junkers and big farmers to attract into the move-
ment the very people whose servitude and stultification supplies the
regiments upon which Prussia entirely depends, in short, to destroy
Prussia from within, from the root up, is something that would never
occur to them. The measure for which we must press, come what
may, so long as big estates continue to exist there, and which we must
ourselves put into practice the moment we come to the helm, is as fol-
a
b
Ibid., pp. 239, 240.
lows: the transfer initially on lease of large estates to auton-
omous cooperatives under state management and effected in such
a way that the State retains ownership of the land. But the great ad-
vantage of this measure is that it is perfectly feasible as such, although
no party except ours would embark upon it, and thus no party can
bedevil it. And it alone would suffice to put paid to Prussia, so that
the sooner we popularise it the better for us.
The matter has nothing whatever to do either with Schulze-
Delitzsch or with Lassalle. Both supported small cooperatives, in one
case with, in the other without, state aid; but in neither were the co-
operatives to take possession of the already extant means of production;
rather they were to introduce new cooperative production alongside
already extant capitalist production. My proposal envisages the in-
troduction of cooperatives into existing production. They are to be given
land which would otherwise be exploited along capitalist lines; just as
the Paris Commune demanded that the workers should manage coop-
eratively the factories closed down by the manufacturers.
a
Therein
lies the great distinction. Nor have Marx and I ever doubted that, in
the course of transition to a wholly communist economy, widespread
use would have to be made of cooperative management as an in-
termediate stage.
b
Only it will mean so organising things that so-
ciety, i. e. initially the State, retains ownership of the means of pro-
duction and thus prevents the particular interests of the coopera-
tives from taking precedence over those of society as a whole. The
fact that the Empire is not a land-owner is neither here nor there;
you will find some formula, just as you did in the Polish debate,
for here again the expulsions were no immediate concern of the
Empi re' s.
524
Precisely because the government cannot envisage anything of the
sort, there would be no harm in demanding the grant I propose as
a counterpart to the steamship grant. Had there been any possibility
of the government's assenting to it, you would, of course, have been
right.
The disintegration of the German Free Thinkers
231
in the sphere
of economics tallies exactly with what is happening among the Eng-
lish Radicals.
4
'
5
The old Manchester School men la John Bright
are dying off and, just like the Berliners, the younger generation is
a
See K. Mar x, The Civil War in France (present edition, Vol. 22, pp. 328-35). -
b
See
Resolutions of the Congress of Geneva, 1866.... 4. Co-operative labour.
390 229. Engels to Bebel. 20-23 January 1886
dabbling in piecemeal social reform. Save that here the bourgeois
wish to help not so much the industrial worker as the agricultural la-
bourer who rendered them such signal service during the late elec-
t i ons
487
and, in true English fashion, are demanding intervention
not so much by the State as by the local authorities. For rural work-
ers, allotments and potato patches, for those in the towns, sanitary
improvements and the like, such is their programme. It is an excellent
sign that the bourgeois should already be having to sacrifice their pet
classical economic theory, partly on political grounds and partly be-
cause they themselves have lost faith in it as a result of its practical
consequences. The same thing is evident in the growth of armchair
socialism
54
which, in one form or another, is increasingly supplant-
ing classical economics in academic faculties on both sides of the
Channel. The real contradictions engendered by the mode of produc-
tion have in fact become so glaring that no theory will now serve to
conceal them save the hotch-potch of armchair socialism which, how-
ever, is not a theory but sheer drivel.
Six weeks ago there were said to be indications that business was
looking up here. Now all that is over and done with; poverty is worse
than ever before, as is the mood of hopelessness and, on top of that,
the winter is an exceptionally severe one. This is already the eighth
year in which overproduction has exerted pressure on the markets
and, instead of improving, the situation is getting steadily worse, nor
can there be any doubt that it is essentially different from what it used
to be. Since the appearance of serious rivals to Britain on the world
market, the era of crises, in the old sense of the term, has come to an
end. If, from being acute, the crises become chronic yet lose nothing
of their intensity, what is likely to happen? There is bound to be
another, if brief, period of prosperity after the vast stocks of goods
have been run down, but I am curious to see what will come of it all.
Of two things, however, we may be sure: We have entered a period
which poses a far greater threat to the existence of the old state of so-
ciety than did the period of ten-year crises; and, secondly, prosperity,
if it comes, will affect Britain to a much lesser extent than before,
when it alone used to skim the cream off the world market. The day
when this is clearly realised in this country will be the day when
the socialist movement will begin here in real earnest and not
before.
I shall have to leave the composition of the English Liberals to
another time. It is a complex subject because it involves depicting
a state of transition.
4 3 0
This morning I received from Dresden the debate on the Polish mo-
tion (1st day). No doubt the 2nd day will follow shortly.
a
It is all the
more essential for me to be sent these things now that I see only the
weekly edition of the Klnische Leitung which contains only brief ex-
cerpts from the debates. How are the short-hand reports sold? I will
gladly pay for those of all debates in which our people take a serious
part.
Whatever happens, it's essential that you should also go on the
American t our.
5
'
8
On the one hand, its success greatly depends on
your presence. On the other, the party will not be properly represent-
ed unless you are there. If you don' t go, the first-comer will be sent
along with Liebknecht, and who knows what might not happen then.
Thirdly, you should not miss the opportunity of seeing with your own
eyes the most progressive country in the world. Life in Germany
exerts an oppressive and constricting influence on anyone, even the
best, as I know from my own experience, and one ought to get out of
the place from time to time at any rate. And in that case we might
also see you over here again. Had I been able to get away from my
work, I should long since have slipped across to America, as I was al-
ways hoping to do with Marx. Anyway, to people abroad, you and
Liebknecht represent the party and there is no substitute for either of
you. Should you not go, it will mean a loss of anything between 5,000
and 10,000 marks, if not more.
It might, in fact, be a very pleasant experience. For Tussy and
Aveling have been corresponding with American free-thinkers about
the possibility of a trip to that country, and would like to combine it
with yours. They expect to hear within the next 3 or 4 weeks. If it
comes off, the four of you would make agreeable travelling compan-
ions.
But now, good-bye for the present. Apropos, Ede exceeded my ex-
pectations in his first anti-Schramm art i cl e.
522
Absolutely splendid.
a
Stenographische Berichte ber die Verhandlungen des Reichstags. VI. Legislaturperiode.
II. Session 1885186, Vol. I. 25th sitting on 15 January 1886, 26th sitting on 16 January
1886.
3 9 2 230. Engels to Pease. 27 January 1886
He has indeed learnt to make war in accordance with the rules of
strategy and tactics.
Your
F. E.
First published abridged in: F. Engels, Printed according to the original
Politisches Vermchtnis. Aus unverffentlichten Published in English in full for the
Briefen, Berlin, 1920 and in full, in Russian, j j
r s t t
;
m e
in Marx-Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI),
Moscow, 1932
230
ENGELS TO EDWARD PEASE
5 2 5
IN LONDON
[Draft]
[London,] 27 January 1886
Dear Sir,
In answer to your kind note of yesterday I regret to say that my
time is so entirely taken up by urgent work on hand, that I cannot
possibly for at least a year to come undertake any fresh engagements
whatever.
Having said this much, I need not enter upon other considerations
which might stand in the way of my writing the article you desire.
But I may state at all events that the party to which I belong, has no
fixed ready-made proposals to submit. Our views as to the points of
difference between a future, non-capitalistic society and that of to-
day, are strict conclusions from existing historical facts and develop-
ments, and of no valuetheoretical or practical unless presented
in connection with these facts and developments. The economical
aspect of these points of difference I have tried to establish and to
explain in my book Herrn E.D. Umwlzung der Wissenschaft 2nd ed.
p. 253 to 271 ; reprinted in my pamphlet Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus
etc. 3rd ed. p. 28-48.
a
Shorter I cannot possibly do even this partial
a
The reference is to Engels' Anti-Dhring and Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (see
present edition, Vol. 25, pp. 254-71 and Vol. 24, pp. 306-25).
231. Engels to Sorge. 29 January 1886 393
abstract, where neither political nor non-economic social questions
are even touched. To give you a rsum in 600 words is therefore
a task utterly beyond my powers.
I am yours faithfully
First published in: Marx and Engels, Reproduced from the original
Moscow 1935 Published in English for the first
time
231
ENGELS TO FRI EDRI CH ADOLPH SORGE
5 2 1
IN HOBOKEN
Dear Sorge,
At last I have some time to spare and hence shall hasten to write to
you before anything else comes to claim it.
I hope your Adol f has made a success of his new business. For he
understands it and is a hard worker; besides, it's not a particularly
speculative business a great danger, in America as here so
I don' t see why all should not be well. I therefore wish him every suc-
cess.
I should greatly like to have Marx' s comments re an English trans-
lation.
526
At last I have with me, here under my roof, the complete
ms. of the English translation upon which I shall set to work next
week. As soon as I know approximately how long the revision is going
to take, and can thus determine the date when printing may begin,
I shall make definite arrangements with the publisher. You will have
seen (in To-Day) how Mr Hyndman, alias Broadhouse, endeavoured
to put a spoke in my wheel .
527
This has forced me to get a move-on
so as not further to impair my position vis--vis the publisher, but
otherwise no harm has been done.
An American woman
b
has translated my book on the working
Adolf Sorge jun. -
b
Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky
3 9 4 231. Engels to Sorge. 29 January 1886
class" i nt o English, and has also sent me t he ms. for revision par t s
of whi ch will be very t i me-consumi ng. It s publ i cat i on in Amer i ca is
assured, but what this l ady sees in t he old t hi ng I cannot i magi ne.
I further have in hand to ment i on only revisions: 1) The Eight-
eenth Brumaire,
b
Fr ench about
l
j
3
al ready done. 2) Wage Labour and
Capital by Ma r x I t al i an. 3) The Origin of the Family Dani sh.
4) Manifesto'
1
and Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, etc., Danish; diese two
al r eady in pr i nt but stiff wi t h mistakes. 5) The Origin of the Family,
Fr e n c h .
4 0 3
6) Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, Engl i s h.
5 2 8
PLENTY
MORE LOOMING IN THE DISTANCE. As you can see, I ' m t ur ni ng i nt o a mer e
school mast er correct i ng exercise-books. It ' s l ucky t hat my knowl edge
of l anguages is not more extensive, for if it were, they' d be piling Rus-
sian, Polish, Swedi sh, etc. , stuff on to me as well. But it is work of
whi ch one easily tires in any case all these nice little bits and pieces
(at any r at e Nos. 2 to 5) will have to give way before Vol ume I I I of
Capital whi ch I have finished di ct at i ng from t he ms. , t hough t he
edi t i ng of some of t he most i mpor t ant chapt er s will i nvol ve a great
deal of work, these consisting in little mor e t han an assembl age of
bui l di ng blocks. Th a t is t he onl y task to whi ch I look forward.
I have not yet had t he New Torker Volkszeitung. I shall, if possible,
send off To-Day, Sept ember , by t he same post as this. You' ve no i dea
how difficult these t hi ngs ar e to get hol d of her e t he slovenliness of
t he publ i shers is qui t e disgraceful.
If you haven' t yet seen it, get Di et zgen to give you Huber t Bl and' s
piece on Hyndma n' s si mul t aneous machi nat i ons wi t h t he Tori es and
Li beral s over t he el ect i ons.
4 9 6
I t is absol ut el y t r ue. After this, and
provi ded it doesn' t di si nt egrat e, t he SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION
300
will be mor al l y defunct. Hy n d ma n must be ma d to act as he does.
You will have r ead all about his i nsane at t ack on Aveling, and will
also have seen t he rel evant document s in Justice and Commonweal.
502
Unf or t unat el y, none of t he ot her l eaders of t he FEDERATION are
wor t h much mor e t han he, bei ng literati and political specul at ors.
I ndeed, t he movement in this count r y has hi t her t o been qui t e
bogus, but shoul d it pr ove possible to educat e wi t hi n t he SOCIALIST
LEAGUE
3 4 6
a nucl eus wi t h an under s t andi ng of t heoret i cal mat t er s,
consi derabl e progress will have been made t owar ds the er upt i on,
whi ch cannot be l ong in comi ng, of a genui ne mass movement .
3
F. Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844. -
h
K. Marx, The
Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. - ' K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifesto of the Com-
munist Party.
232. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 3 February 1886 395
Give my regards to Dietzgen. It' s uphill work for him, but he'll
manage all right.
529
AFTER ALL, the movement in America has made
tremendous strides. True, the Anglo-Americans want to do things
their own way with a total disregard for reason and science, nor could
one expect anything else, yet they are drawing closer and will end up
by coming all the way. Over there capitalist centralisation is going
ahead like a house on fire unlike here.
I trust your health is completely restored. I' m pretty well on the
whole, otherwise I should never get through my work.
I've been working on Bebel with a view to his visiting the States
with Liebknecht.
3
Tussy and Aveling might go too. But that remains
to be decided.
My kindest regards to Adolf.
Your
First published abridged in Briefe und
Auszge aus Briefen von Joh. Phil. Becker,
Jos. Dietzgen, Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx
u. A.an F.A.Sorge und Andere, Stuttgart,
1906 and in full in: Marx and Engels,
Moscow, 1935
F. Engels
first time
232
5 3 0
IN ZURI CH
London, 3 February 1886
My dear Mrs Wischnewetzky,
To-day I forwarded to you, registered, the first portion of the ms.
up to your page 70, incl. I am sorry I could not possibly send it
sooner. But I had a job on hand which must be finished before I could
start with your ms. Now I shall go on swimmingly; as I proceed I find
we get better acquainted with each other, you with my peculiar,
3 9 6 232. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzicy. 3 February 1886
old-fashioned German, I with your American. And indeed, I learn
a good deal at it. Never before did the difference between British and
American English strike me so vividly as in this experimentum in proprio
corpore vili.* What a splendid future must there be in store for a lan-
guage which gets enriched and developed on two sides of an ocean,
and which may expect further additions from Australia and India!
I do not know whether this portion of the ms. will arrive in time to
reach Miss Foster before her sailing, but I hope you will not be put to
any particular inconvenience through my delay which was indeed
unavoidable. I cannot be grateful enough to all the friends who wish
to translate both Marx' s and my writings into the various civilised
languages and who show their confidence in me by asking me to look
over their translations. And I am willing enough to do it, but for me
as well as for others the day has but 24 hours, and so I cannot possibly
always arrange to please everybody and to chime in with all arrange-
ments made.
If I am not too often interrupted in the evenings I hope to be able
to send you the remainder of the ms. and possibly also the introduc-
tion in a fortnight. This latter may be printed either as a preface
b
or
as an appendix." As to the length of it, I am utterly incapable of giv-
ing you any idea. I shall try to make it as short as possible, especially
as it will be useless for me to try to combat arguments of the Ameri-
can press with which I am not even superficially acquainted. Of
course if American workingmen will not read their own States' La-
bour Reports,
514
but trust to politicians' extracts, nobody can help
them. But it strikes me that the present chronic depression which
seems endless so far, will tell its tale in America as well as in England.
America will smash up England' s industrial monopoly whatever
there is left of it but America cannot herself succeed to mat monop-
oly. And unless one country has the monopoly of the markets of the
world, at least in the decisive branches of trade, the conditions
relatively favourable which existed here in England from 1848 to
1870, cannot anywhere be reproduced, and even in America the con-
dition of the working class must gradually sink lower and lower. For if
there are three countries (say England, America and Germany) com-
peting on comparatively equal terms for the possession of the Welt-
a
experiment upon one's own worthless body -
b
F. Engels, ' The Labor Movement
in America. Preface to the American Edition of The Condition of the Working Class
in England.-
c
F. Engels, ' Appendix to the American Edition of The Condition
of the Working Class in England.
233. Engels to Nieuwenhuis. 4 February 1886 397
markt* there is no chance but chronic overproduction, one of the
three being capable of supplying the whole quantity required. That is
the reason why I am watching the development of the present crisis
with greater interest than ever and why I believe it will mark an
epoch in the mental and political history of the American and English
working classes the very two whose assistance is as absolutely
necessary as it is desirable.
Yours very truly,
F. Engels
First published, in the language of the orig- Reproduced from the original
inal (English), in Briefe und Auszge aus
Briefen von Joh. Phil. Becker, Jos. Dietzgen,
Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx u. A. an
F. A. Sorge und Andere, Stuttgart, 1906
233
ENGELS TO FERDINAND DOMELA NI EUWENHUI S
5 3 1
IN THE HAGUE
Dear Comrade,
I am reading your work Hoe ons land geregeerd wordt with great
pleasure, firstly because I am relearning a great deal of conversa-
tional Dutch therefrom and secondly because I am learning so much
about the internal administration of Holland. Along with England
and Switzerland, Holland is the only West European country not to
have had absolute monarchy in the period between the 16th and 18th
centuries, and in consequence enjoys a number of advantages, nota-
bly a residue of local and provincial self-government and an absence
of any real bureaucracy in the French or Prussian sense. This is
a great advantage both as regards the development of a national char-
acter and as regards the future; for only a few changes will have to be
a
world market
398 233. Engels to Nieuwenhuis. 4 February 1886
made to establish here that free self-government by the working
[people]
a
which will necessarily be our best tool in the reorganisation
of the mode of production. All this is lacking in Germany and France
and will have to be built up from scratch. May I congratulate you on
your success in producing a popular exposition.
Your translation of my pamphl et
b
places me most deeply in your
debt. In this instance it will not be so easy to employ popular lan-
guage throughout, as in your little opus, but this should present no
problem to someone with so good a command of both languages as
yourself.
'Gewanne'' are the strips of land of roughly the same quality into
which common agricultural and pasture land is first divided; maybe
ten or twenty in all. Then each commoner with full rights is given an
equal share of each strip. Thus, if there are ten strips and a hundred
commoners, there will be 1,000 parcels of land all told, each com-
moner getting 10 parcels, one in each strip. Subsequently commoners
may often swap parcels so that though they may have fewer indivi-
dual plots, their holdings are more compact. The same thing was still
happening until quite lately in Ireland in the 'RUNDALE'
532
villages,
and in the Highlands of Scotland (cf. Fortnightly Review, November
1885, an article on VILLAGE COMMUNITIES in Scotland
0
).
G. L. Maurer has written:
1 ) Einleitung in die Geschichte der Mark-, Hof-, Dorf- und Stdteverfas-
sung in Deutschland.
2) Geschichte der Markenverfassung in Deutschland.
3) Geschichte der Hofverfassung " " 4 vols.
4) ditto " Stdteverfassung " " 2 "
5) ditto " Dorf Verfassung " " 2 "
Nos. 1 and 2 are the most important, but the others are not without
importance either, particularly as regards German history. Repeti-
tiveness, poor style and lack of method make these otherwise excel-
lent books difficult to study. On n'est pas Allemand pour rien!
d
The best works on the great French Revolution are indubitably
those of Georges Avenel who died round about 1875. Lundis rvolu-
tionnaires, a collection of feuilletons which came out in the Rpublique
a
The manuscript is damaged here. -
b
F. Engels, De ontwikkeling van het socialisme
van utopie tot wetenschap. -
c
J. Rae, ' The Scotch Village Community' , The Fort-
nightly Review, Vol. XXXVI I I , No. CCXXVI I , 1 November 1885.-
d
One' s not a
German for nothing.
234. Engels to Lavrov. 7 February 1886 399
Franaise; also, Anacharsis Cloots, this last a survey, forming part of the
biography, of the course of the Revolution up till Thermidor 1794.
It' s melodramatically written and, if one is not to lose the thread, one
has continually to refer to Mignet
a
or Thi ers
b
for the exact dates. But
Avenel has made a close study of the archives and also produces
a vast amount of new and reliable material. He is indisputably the
best source for the period from September 1792 to July 1794. Then
there is a very good book by Bougeart
c
on Jean Paul Marat, L'Ami
du peuple; also another about Marat, said to be good, the name of
whose author eludes me it begins with Ch.
d
Some other good stuff
also appeared in the final years of the Empire; the Robespierrites
(Hamel, St.-Just etc.) not, on the whole, so good mostly mere rhe-
toric and quotations from speeches.
Mignet still remains the bourgeois historian of my choice.
The Kautskys, Avelings, and Lenchen send their kindest regards.
What is the position about your coming over here in the summer?
With kindest regards from
Yours,
F. Engels
First published, in Russian, in Istorik- Printed according to the original
marksist, No. 6, Moscow, 1934
first time
234
ENGELS TO PYOTR LAVROV
5 3
?
IN PARIS
[London,] 7 February 1886
My dear Lavrov,
Please tell me what meaning you attach to the word 'WORTHIES'.
When uttered by you I should hesitate to assign to it the philistine
a
F. A. Mignet, Histoire de la rvolution franaise, depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1814.
b
A. Thiers, F. Bodin, Histoire de la rvolution franaise..., Vols. 1-2; A. Thiers,
Histoire de la rvolution franaise..., Vols. 3-10. Bougeard in the origi-
nal. -
d
F. Chvremont, Jean-Paul Marat.
400
235. Engels to Danielson. 8 February 1886
meaning which is virtually the official meaning over here and which
embraces a whole gamut ranging from a Faraday to a Peabody or
a Lady Burdett-Coutts. However I shall try and find what you want.
The manuscript of the English translation of Volume I is at last to
hand; I shall revise it straight away.
56
After that I shall start final
editing of Volume III." This will be hard, but I shall manage it in the
end.
Yours ever,
F. E.
BHreAbca
b
Moscow, 1935 Translated from the French
time
235
ENGELS TO NI KOLAI DANIELSON
IN ST PETERSBURG
My dear Sir,
I have received your kind letters 18/30 November, 19/31 Decem-
ber, 26 [December]/7 January and 8/20 January; also the four copies
of the translation
c
one of which has gone to the British Museum,
another to the Colonel
d
and a third to a lady well known
e
who has
also translated several works of the Author
f
into your language.
If you would be good enough to send another copy to Mr Otto
Meissner, Hamburg, our German publisher, you would very much
oblige me.
I have read your excellent preface
53
* with much pleasure, and
a
of Capital-
h
(Russ., gen. case) Engels-
0
into Russian of the second volume
of Capital -
d
Pyotr Lavrov -
e
Vera Zasulich -
f
Karl Marx
235. Engels to Danielson. 8 February 1886 401
that I have done so attentively, I should like to prove to you by stat-
ing that on page X, line 17, the printer seems to have left out a word;
should it not read as follows: ITO H nepeMtHHaa nacrb nanumaMHOu
CTOHMOCTH,
a
etc.? The omission is not of much consequence for any
one who is used to the author' s terminology, but would perhaps be
puzzling to one who is not.
I thank you very much for your observations on the economical
condition of your country.
5 3 5
Anything of this class is always of the
highest interest to me. The last 30 years have shown, all over the
world, in how little time the immense productive powers of modern
industry can be implanted and take a firm root even in countries
hitherto purely agricultural. And the phenomena accompanying this
process repeat themselves everywhere. What you tell me about pay-
ments in coupons not yet due occurred all over Germany ten or fif-
teen years ago and may occasionally occur still; but especially before
the introduction of the new coinage the complaints about the circula-
tion of such coupons, not yet due, and originally given in payment of
wages were universal. The rapid development of German manufactu-
res has now passed beyond that stage, and if it still occurs it will be an
exception; but fifteen years ago it was the rule, especially in Saxony
and Thuringia. But that your economists should consider this as
a proof of a deficiency of circulating medium, and that in the face of
a paper currency depreciated by over-issue at least 36%, that is on a
level with the views of the American greenbackers
536
who demanded,
too, an increased issue of paper money because that paper money
was no longer depreciated and therefore evidently under-issued!
I am glad to learn that our friend
b
is recommended a change of cli-
mat e I suppose it will be about the same where the doctors sent
him to before and which seemed to agree well enough with his state of
health. At all events this is proof to me that all danger of a sudden
crisis in his malady is now over.
362
I have now at last the whole manuscript of the English translation
of Volume I
c
in my hands and shall go into the revision of it next
week, and when I may have an idea how soon I can finish, conclude
at once with a publisher.
56
There are two translators, the one a bar-
rister and old friend of ours
d
(you and he are the two men living who
know the book most thoroughly) but his professional occupations do
s
that the variable part of capital value, too -
b
Hermann Lopatin -
c
of Cap-
ital -
d
Samuel Moore
402 236. Engels to Sorge. 9 February 1886
not allow him to do it all in time, so Dr Aveling, the husband of the
author' s youngest daught er/ offered his services; but both the econo-
mic theories and the language of the author are rather new to him
and I know the portion done by him will give me more work. As soon
as that is in a fair way of getting ready for the press, I shall start again
with Volume III
b
and do it to the end, not allowing any other work
to interrupt it.
Here the industrial crisis gets worse instead of better, and people
begin to find out more and more that England' s industrial monopoly
is at an end. And with America, France, Germany for competitors in
the world's market, and high duties excluding foreign goods from the
markets of other rising industrial countries, it becomes a simple mat-
ter of calculation. If one great monopolist industrial country pro-
duced a crisis every ten years, what will four such countries produce?
Approximatively a crisis in 10/4 years, that is to say practically
a crisis without end. Uns kann recht sein.
c
Very faithfully yours,
P. W. Rosher
363
First published, in Russian, in Minuvshiye Reproduced from the original
gody, No. 2, St Petersburg, 1908
time
236
5 3 7
IN HOBOKEN
Dear Sorge,
You have no doubt received my letter of 30 J anuar y/ also To-Day
and the new edition of the Communist Trial." Have had New Yorker
a
Eleanor Marx-Aveling-
b
of Capital-' It might be helpful to us.
d
See this volume, pp. 393-95. - ' K. Marx, Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial
in Cologne.
237. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 9 February 1886 4 0 3
Volkszeitung, weekly edition
3
of 23 January, but nothing else. You
should also have had the September number of To-Day.
Yesterday the gentlemen of the SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION were
yet again responsible for a fearful public gaffas you will already
have heard by telegraph.
538
With any luck they will now be played
out.
How is Adolf
b
getting along with his business?
Your
F. E.
First published abridged in Briefe und Printed according to the original
u. A.an F.A.Sorge und Andere, Stuttgart,
Moscow, 1935
237
IN PARIS
My dear Laura,
Our clever folk of the Social Democratic Federat i on
300
scorn to
rest on their laurels. Yesterday they must needs interfere in a meeting
of the unemployed who count now by hundreds of thousands
in order to preach La Rvolution revolution in general, and ask
the mass to hold up their hands, those who were ready to follow
Mr Champion towell to what he does not know himself. Hyndman
who can only overcome his personal cowardice by deafening himself
by his own shouts, went on in the same strain.
538
Of course you know
what a meeting at 3 p. m. in Trafalgar Square consists of: numbers of
the poor devils of the East End who vegetate in the borderland be-
tween working class and lumpen proletariat, and a sufficient admix-
a
Wochenblatt der N. T. Volkszeitung -
b
Adolf Sorge jun.
4 0 4 237. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 9 February 1886
ture of roughs and 'Arrys to leaven the whole into a mass ready for
any ' lark' up to a wild riot propos de rien.
3
Well just at the time when
this element was getting the upper hand (Kautsky who was there
539
says das eigentliche Meeting war vorbei; die Keilerei ging los und so ging
ich weg
h
) the wiseacres above-named took these roughs in procession
through Pall Mall and Piccadilly to Hyde Park for another and
a truly revolutionary meeting. But on the road the roughs took mat-
ters into their own hands, smashed club windows and shop fronts,
plundered first wine-stores and baker's shops, and then some jewel-
lers' shops also, so that in Hyde Park our revolutionary swells had to
preach 'le calme et la modration"! While they were soft-sawdering,
the wrecking and plundering went on outside in Audley St. and even
as far as Oxford Street where at last the police interfered.
The absence of the police shows that the row was wanted, but that
Hyndman and Co. donnaient dans le pige
d
is impardonable and
brands them finally as not only helpless fools but also as scamps. They
wanted to wash off the disgrace of their electoral manoeuvres
496
and
now they have done an irreparable damage to the movement here.
To make a revolution and that propos de rien,
e
when and where
they liked they thought nothing else was required but the paltry
tricks sufficient to 'boss' an agitation for any vile fad, packing meet-
ings, lying in the press, and then, with five and twenty men seemed
to back them up, appealing to the masses to 'rise' somehow, as best
they might, against nobody in particular and everything in general,
and trust to luck for the result. Well I don' t know whether they will
get over it so easily this time. I should not wonder if they were arres-
ted before the week is out. English law is very definite in this respect:
you may spout as long as you like, so long as nothing follows; but as
soon as any 'overt acts' of rioting ensue, you are held responsible for
them, and many a poor devil of a Chartist, Harney and Jones and
others, got two years for less.
540
Besides, n'est pas Louise Michel qui
veut.
Cy
*
At last I have got nearly the whole of the ms. of the English transla-
tion of Volume I
s
in my hands, the small remnant Edward has promised
for Sunday.
h 56
I shall go at it this week the only thing that keeps
me from it is the revision of a translation (English) of my old book on
a
over not hi ng-
b
the meeting proper was over; the fight started, so I went away-
c
calmness and moderation-
11
fell into the t r ap-
e
for not hi ng-
r
not ev-
eryone who wishes to can be Louise Mi chel -
8
of Capital-
11
14 February
237. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 9 February 1886 4 0 5
the English working class" by an American lady
b
who has also found
a publisher for it in America strange to say! This I do in the eve-
nings and shall unless much interrupted finish this week. As
soon as I see my way to fix a date for the printing to begin, I shall go
and see Kegan Paul, and if we do not come to terms with him, go
somewhere else, we have hints and offers from more than one. Our
position in this respect is much improved. After that, Volume I I I ,
c
and no more interruptions tolerated.
We thought it very strange that Bernstein should have recommend-
ed a fellow like Quarck
d
and asked him. Here is his reply which
I give you literally so that there can be no mistake:
' Von einer Quarck-Empfehlung bin ich mir gar nichts bewusst, wie sollte ich einen
Mann empfehlen den ich gar nicht kenne? Es ist mglich dass ich auf eine Anfrage einmal
geantwortet, der Mann sei kein Parteigenosse, aber es liege nichts gegen ihn vor, aber auch
nur mglich... Sollte da nicht eine Verwechslung vorliegen? Ich selbst kenne Quarck gar
nicht, habe auch noch nie mit ihm korrespondiert. Also wie gesagt, ich bestreite nicht
absolut, ber Quarck einmal Auskunft erteilt zu haben, aber empfohlen habe ich ihn
nicht.
c
Pardon me that I bother you again with this affair, but I wish to
have this extract forwarded to Paris in the original German. As to the
rest I write to Paul about it. Otherwise I wish Deville every happiness
in his new mnage
1
and hope it will not interfere too much with his
regularity of habits. If once settled down in a new routine, he prom-
ises to be the best and happiest of husbands.
The people here go on much as usual. Edward has taken a hall in
Tottenham Court Road where he preaches twice every Sunday to an
attentive and on the whole reasonably well paying audience it
interferes rather with his after-dinner port, but it's a good thing for
him as it defeats Bradlaugh' s plan to ruin him as a public lecturer, he
also goes now and then to provincial towns for 3 lectures on a Sun-
day! and one the Saturday evening. Bax is something like Paul, writes
a
The Condition of the Working-Class in England -
h
Florence Kelley-Wisch-
newetzky -
c
of Capital-
6
c
' I am totally in
the dark about Quarck' s recommendation. How could I give a recommendation to a
person of whom I know nothing at alt? It is possible that I could have answered a query
to the effect that the man is not a party member, but nothing can be held against him,
but this is only a possibility... Hasn' t there been a mix-up? I myself do not know
Quarck at all and have never corresponded with him. So, as I've already said, I can-
not say for certain that I haven' t given some information about Quarck, but I have ne-
ver recommended him.' -
r
marriage
406 238. Engels to Bebel. 15 February 1886
charming articles often enough in The Commonweal, but utterly unac-
countable when an idea runs away with him. For practical agitation
poor Bax is most dangerous, being utterly inexperienced; throws the
ideas of the study, quite raw, into the meeting-room; has the feeling
that something must be done to set the ball rolling, and does not
know what; withal very nice, very intelligent, very industrious, so
that we may hope he will outlive his zeal.
F. E.
238
541
IN BERLIN
Dear Bebel,
Your letter could not have arrived at a more opportune moment;
I was in any case about to send you some further gladsome news to-
day of which more below.
Now as to the rumpus on the 8th inst.
a
Despite publicity to the contrary, the SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION
is an exceedingly weak organisation which comprises some good ele-
ments but is led by literary and political adventurers who, by a stroke
of genius, had brought it to the very verge of dissolution on the occa-
sion of the November elections.
496
At the time, Hyndman (pronounc-
ed Heindman), head of the society, had accepted money from the
Tories (Conservatives) and used it to put up Social Democratic can-
didates in two London boroughs. Since they had not a single adher-
ent in either constituency, the consequent debacle might have been
foreseen (one of them got 27 and the other 32 votes, each out of
238. Engels to Bebel. 15 February 1886 407
a possible 4-5,000!). But hardly had Hyndman touched the Tories'
money than his head began to swell inordinately, and he departed
forthwith for Birmingham where he called on Chamberlain, now
a Minister, and offered him his ' support' (amounting, for the whole of
England, to barely 1,000 votes) if he, Chamberlain, would secure
him, Hyndman, a constituency in Birmingham with the help of the
Liberals, and also introduce an Eight Hours' Bill. Chamberlain, be-
ing no fool, showed him the door. Despite all attempts to hush up the
matter, there was a great rumpus about it in the Federation, and
dissolution was imminent. So something had to be done to get things
going again.
In the meantime unemployment was steadily rising. As a result of
the collapse of Britain's monopoly of the world market, a state of crisis
has persisted uninterruptedly since 1878 and is growing worse rather
than better. Poverty, particularly in London' s East End, is appalling.
The winter which, since January, has been exceptionally severe, com-
bined with the abysmal indifference of the propertied classes, has giv-
en rise to great unrest among the mass of the unemployed. As al-
ways, political wire-pullers have sought to exploit that unrest for their
own ends. The Conservatives, recently deprived of office,
542
blamed
unemployment on foreign competition (rightly) and foreign protec-
tive tariffs (for the most part wrongly), and advocated 'FAIRTRADE', i. e.
retaliatory tariffs. There is also a labour organisation which is predom-
inantly in favour of such tariffs.
543
This last called the meeting of
the 8th inst. in Trafalgar Square.
538
Meanwhile the SOCIAL DEMOCRAT-
IC FEDERATION had not been idle; having already demonstrated in
a minor way, they now sought to take advantage of the afore-
mentioned meeting. Thus two meetings took place, that of the reta-
liatory tariffs men, round Nelson's Column, the other addressed by
the SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION men from a street next to the NA-
TIONAL GALLERY, some 25 feet above the north side of the square. Kautsky
was present
539
; he left before the rumpus began and told me that
practically all the genuine working men attended the other meeting,
while Hyndman & Co. had a mixed audience who were out for
a lark, and in some cases were already half seas over. If this was evi-
dent to Kautsky who has been here barely a year, it must have been
even more so to the gentlemen of the Federation. Nevertheless, when
things seemed to be already subsiding, they put into practice an idea
long cherished by Hyndman, namely a procession of ' unemployed'
along Pall Mall, the street of the great political, aristocratic and
408
238. Engels to Bebel. 15 February 1886
ultra-capitalist clubs which are the hubs of political intrigue in Brit-
ain. The unemployed who followed them to another meeting in
Hyde Park were mostly of the kind who do not wish to work
barrow-boys, idlers, police spies and rogues. Jeered at by the aristo-
crats from the club windows, they smashed the latter, likewise shop
windows, and looted wineshops, the better to set up an impromptu
consumers' club in the street so that, once in Hyde Park, Hyndman
and Co. had hastily to swallow their bloodthirsty slogans and preach
moderation. But by now the thing had gathered momentum. During
the procession and this further little meeting as well as after it, most of
the lumpen proletariat Hyndman had taken for unemployed poured
along several of the grander streets nearby, looting jewellers' and
other shops, and using the loaves of bread and legs of mutton thus
looted solely for the purpose of smashing windows until eventually
they scattered without encountering any resistance. Only a few
stragglers were dispersed in Oxford Street by four (sic!) policemen.
Otherwise the police were nowhere to be seen, and so conspicuous
were they by their absence that it was not only we who believed it to
have been intentional. Evidently the chiefs of police are Conserva-
tives and not averse to seeing a bit of a rumpus in these days of Liberal
rule. However, the government immediately set up a Committee of
Inquiry and this may cost more than one of these gentry his position.
In addition, very half-hearted proceedings have been instituted
against Hyndman & Co. which, to all appearances, will be allowed to
peter out, although English law provides for very stiff sentences the
moment inflammatory speeches give way to overt acts. True, the gen-
tlemen talked a lot of bunkum about social revolution which, having
regard to their audience and in the absence of any organised support
amongst the masses, was sheer lunacy, but I can hardly believe that
the government would be so stupid as to make martyrs of them.
These socialist gents are determined to conjure up overnight a move-
ment which, here as elsewhere, necessarily calls for years of work,
though, once it has got going and has been imposed on the masses by
historical events, it will admittedly advance far more rapidly here
than on the Continent. But men of this type cannot wait hence
these childish pranks such as we are otherwise wont to see only among
the anarchists.
The alarm of the philistines lasted four days and has now finally
abated. One good thing about it is that the existence of poverty,
which the Liberals simply denied and the Conservatives tried to ex-
238. Engels to Bebe]. 15 February 1886 409
ploit solely for their own ends, has now come to be recognised, and
people see that something has got to be done, if only for appearances'
sake. But the subscription fund started by the LORD MAYOR amounted,
by Saturday,
11
to barely 20,000
544
and, given the number of un-
employed, would barely last out 2 days! But of one thing at least we
have again received proof: Until something happens to frighten
them, the propertied classes are totally indifferent to the destitution of
the masses and I' m not at all sure they don' t need rather more of
a -fright.
Now for France. Last week saw an event of an epoch-making kind,
namely the constitution of a workers' party in the Chamber. It has only three
members, and two Radicals besides,
429
but a start has been made
and the split is definitive.
Basly (pronounced Bali), a miner and then a landlord (because dis-
ciplined) from Anzin, carried out an investigation on the spot of the
killing of the infamous pit manager Watrin in Decazeville.
545
On his
return, he first communicated his findings to a big meeting held on
the 7 th in Paris, in the course of which the Radicals from the Cham-
ber came off very badly.
b
On Thursday in the Chamber he made
a really splendid speech when he questioned the Ministry.
c
He was
left in the lurch by the whole of the extreme Left. The only ones to speak
in support of him were the two other working men, Boyer (of Mar-
seilles, ex-anarchist) and Camlinat (ex-Proudhonist, Communard
refugee), besides which he was applauded by Clovis Hugues and
Planteau, while the other extreme Radicals were as if thunderstruck
by this first bold, independent move on the part of the French prole-
tariat in the Chamber.
(Between ourselves, Basly is completely under the influence of our
men, Lafargue, Guesde, etc., of whose theoretical advice he is greatly
in need and which he gladly accepts.)
I am sending you the Cri du Peuple with a full account of this histor-
ic sitting which I suggest you study. It' s well worth the trouble. The
importance of the rupture has been confirmed by Longuet who has
just been over here and who, as Clemenceau's friend and fellow-
editor, spoke with some disapproval of this unparliamentary behav-
iour on the part of the workers.
a
13 February-
b
See E.J.Basly's speech at a meeting in Thtre du Chteau d' Eau
on 7 February 1886 (Le Socialiste, No. 25, 13 February 1886). -
c
See Basly's speech in
the Chamber of Deputies on 11 February 1886 (Le Cri du Peuple, No. 837, 12 February
1886).
4 1 0 239. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 16 February 1886
So in Paris, too, we now have our people in parliament, and of this
I am glad, not only for the sake of the French to whose progress it will
give a tremendous impetus, but also for the sake of our parliamentary
group, some of whose members might yet learn much about boldness
of approach from the above; for now we also have foreigners whom
we can hold up as an example to the faint-hearts and weaklings.
The best part of it is that the Radicals proposed these chaps in the
hope of being able to manipulate them, and now their trouble has
been for nothing. I, too, felt very doubtful about Camlinat as a
former Proudhonist, but a point in his favour was that, when he came
here as a refugee, he immediately sought work in Birmingham (he is
one of the best engravers) and had nothing to do with refugee politics.
Time for the post.
Your
F. E.
Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 , ,. , , . _ ,. , . . ,, .
' Published in English m full for the
first time
239
5 4 6
IN PARIS
[Excerpt]
My dear Lafargue,
My congratulations. The sitting of the French Chamber on the 11 th
was an historical event.
a
The ice the parliamentary omnipotence
of the Radi cal s
4 2 9
has been broken and it matters little whether
those who dared to break it numbered three or thirty. And it was this
superstition amongst the Parisian working men this belief that by
going further than the Radicals they would endanger the Republic or
ây- $?<f Cfemp* . foi TjOUrrujf
Miners on strike in Decazeville, January 1
239. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 16 February 1886 4 1 3
at least play the Opportunists' game
236
by dividing the 'revolution-
ary part y' whi ch lent strength to the Radicals.
This is the definitive defeat of Utopian socialism in France. For the
Radicals were all 'socialists' in the old sense of the term. What sur-
vived of Louis Blanc's and Proudhon's dieses served them as socialist
trappings; they represent French Utopian socialism stripped of the
Utopias and hence reduced to a phrase pure and simple. On 11 Feb-
ruary this antiquated French socialism was crushed by the interna-
tional socialism of today. The Poverty of Philosophy!
So far as your propaganda in Paris and in France generally is con-
cerned, this is an event of prime importance. The effect will be felt
very quickly. The Radicals whether they make a clean break with
the workers or whether they temporise by granting them more or less
sterile concessions will lose their influence over the masses and,
along with that influence, such little potency as is left in traditional
socialism will be lost, and people's minds will become more receptive
to a new order of ideas...
Z. . .
a
has left me in no doubt that Clemenceau and the rest of his
gang, embroiled as they are in ministerial intrigues, have caught the
parliamentary disease, that they no longer see clearly what is going
on outside the Palais Bourbon and the Luxembourg, that it is here
that, for them, the pivot of the movement lies and that, in their eyes,
extra-parliamentary France is of no more than secondary impor-
tance. All this has given me the measure of these gentlemen.
In short I have seen thatflectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta movebo
h
is not to their taste. Their backsides are seated on the same chute as
that down which Ranc, Gambetta & Co. once slid. What frightens
them is the proletarian Acheron.
I told Z...: So long as the Radicals allow themselves to be fright-
ened, as for example at the inconclusive elections, by the cry ' The
Republic is in danger' , they will be nothing more than the servants
of the Opportunists, will act as their cat's paw. But give each work-
man a gun and 50 cartridges and the Republic will never again be in
danger!
First published in Le Socialiste, No. 115, Printed according to the newspaper
Paris, 24 novembre 1900 ,_ , , ,. _ ,
1 ranslated Irom the r rench
* Presumably Charles Longuet. -
b
If Heaven be inflexible, Hell shall be unleashed
(Virgil, Aeneid, VI I , 312).
414 240. Engels to Bernstein. 24 February 1886
240
5 4 7
[London, 24 February 1886]
Dear Ede,
Your articles
3
on the subject of C. A. Schramm
b
were very nice
and caused us much glee. The man' s pretty well done for.
The new turn things have taken in France is most significant. See
Cri du Peuple. On the 7th, Chteau d' Eau meeting
0
at which Basly
disassociated himself from the Radi cal s.
429
On the 11th, in the
Chamber, Basly's interpellation re Decazeville,
d
seconded by Cam-
linat and Boyer, applauded by Clovis Hugues and Planteau
separation from the Radicals, formation of parliamentary workers' party.
e
Splendid entre en scne. Great chagrin of the Radicals over these
highly unparliamentary goings-on. The three working men are to
be punished by a vote of no confidence on the part of the bourgeois
constituents. Meeting called at Chteau d' Eau for 21 inst, but can-
celled upon the three declaring their intention to attend. Instead a
meeting du commercent the Chteau d' Eau announced, to discuss pub-
lic works for the benefit of the unemployed, in fact for the purpose
of obtaining a vote of censure against the 3. But instead a great
victory for the working men, Basly in the chair, the bourgeois
walk out, brilliant speech by Guesde. See Cri du Peuple of 23rd
inst.
g
The French parliamentary workers' party is a great historic event
and a great stroke of luck for Germany. Will make certain persons in
a
[E.Bernstein,] 'Ein moralischer Kritiker und seine kritische Moral' , Der Sozial-
demokrat, Nos. 4-7, 21 and 28 January, 5 and 12 February 1886.-
b
G A.S[chramm],
Rodbertus, Marx, Lassalle. -
c
See E. J. Basly's speech at a meeting in Thtre du
Chteau d' Eau on 7 February 1886 {Le Socialiste, No. 25, 13 February 1886). -
d
See
Basly's speech in the Chamber of Deputies on 11 February 1886 (Le Cri du Peuple,
No. 837, 12 February 1886).-
e
r
of business people-
8
J. Guesde's speech at a meeting of business people (Le Cri du Peuple, No. 848,
23 February 1886).
241. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 25 February 1886 4 1 5
Berlin stir their stumps. Moreover, wholly international; chauvinistic
heckling fell completely flat.
Your
F. E.
Engels Archives, Book I Moscow, 1924 , , . , , . , . , , .
Published in t nghsh for the first
time
241
5 4 8
IN ZURI CH
To-day mailed to you, registered, the rest of the ms. with my
introduction or postscript
3 6
according to where it may suit you to
place it. I believe the title had better be a simple translation: The '
Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, etc.
I am glad that all obstacles to publication have been successfully
overcome. Only I am sorry that Miss Foster has applied to the Execu-
tive of the Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei in New York,
549
as appears
from their report of meeting in Der Sozialist, New York, 13th Febru-
ary. Neither Marx nor myself have ever committed the least act
which might be interpreted into asking any Working Organisation to
do us any personal favourand this was necessary not only for the
sake of our own independence but also on account of the constant
bourgeois denunciations of 'demagogues who coax the workmen out
of their hard-earned pennies in order to spend them for their own
purposes'. I shall therefore be compelled to inform that Executive
that this application was made entirely without my knowledge or au-
thority. Miss Foster no doubt acted in what she thought the best way,
and this step of hers is in itself no doubt perfectly admissible; still, if
I could have foreseen it, I should have been compelled to do every-
thing in my power to prevent i t .
5 5 0
4 1 6 241. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 25 February 1886
The revision of your translation has delayed that of the English
translation of Das Kapital
5 6
by three weeks and at a most critical
period of the year too. I shall set about it to-night and it may take me
several months. After that, the German 3rd volume must be taken in
hand; you see, therefore, that for some time it will be impossible for
me to undertake the revision of other translations, unless few and far
between and of small volume. I have at this moment waiting here an
Italian translation of Marx' s Lohnarbeit und Kapital* which must wait
some weeks at least. But if you will translate that into English (it was
recently republished at Zurich) and will not be too pressing for time,
I shall be glad to revise it, and you cannot have a better popular
pamphlet than that. My Entwicklung
0
Aveling intends to translate,
and as the subject is iri part rather difficult, I could not well give it to
anyone except he be here on the spot, accessible to verbal explana-
tion.
528
As to my Anti-Diihring I hardly think the English speaking
public would swallow that controversy and the hostility to religion
which pervades the book. However we may discuss that later on, if
you are of a different opinion. At present Marx' s posthumous
manuscripts must be dealt with before anything else.
The semi-Hegelian language of a good many passages of my old
book is not only untranslatable but has lost the greater part of its
meaning even in German. I have therefore modernised it as much as
possible.
Yours very truly,
F. Engels
F.A. Sorge und Andere, Stuttgart, 1906
Wage Labour and Capital-
b
Socialism: Utopian and Scientific
242. Engels to Liebknecht. 25 February 1886 4 1 7
242
ENGELS TO WI LHELM LIEBKNECHT
IN BORSDORF NEAR LEIPZIG
3 4
Dear Liebknecht,
It' s really quite impossible to do anything about getting your Rus-
sian speech
a 5 5
' published in this country for, as you know, the big
newspapers are barred to us and the monthly Commonweal is too
small to take on that sort of thing. You will have to see to the matter
yourselves, e. g. by getting in touch with the Standard correspondent
as Longuet, for instance, did in Paris with Mother Crawford, the
Daily News correspondent. Knowing that the Reichstag has no real
sa^y in anything, the British press very rarely mentions it, save for
quite short telegrams. If you had not virtually confined yourself to
Faerber' s view of the harm suffered by German capitalists,
15
but had
introduced the present eastern i mbrogl i o
445
and blamed it on Bis-
marck as the man who, because of the loan, has the Russians eating
out of his hand, your speech could not have been passed over in
complete silence. But what you say about the worthlessness of Russian
paper is common knowledge even in this country.
Now as regards those charming German literati who infest the
neutral border zone between ourselves and the armchai r
54
and state
socialists, and want to pocket all the advantages to be derived from
our party while carefully shielding themselves against any disadvan-
tage arising out of intercourse with us I've just had another demon-
stration of what shits the said literati are. An importunate fellow by
the name of Max Quarck nomen est omen
c
wrote to me saying that
Deville in Paris had given him exclusive rights to translate his abridg-
ment of Capital, and asking me to recommend him to Meissner and
write a. preface for him.
d
It was all a lie, a fact of which I have received
confirmation from Paris and as he himself informed Kautsky in a let-
ter the selfsame day. And now the wretch has the effrontery to suggest
* Liebknecht's speech in the Reichstag on 8 February 1886 (Stenographische Berichte ber
die Verhandlungen des Reichstags. VI. Legislaturperiode. II. Session 1885186, Vol. II). -
b
c
the name tells all (Quark = curd or cottage
cheese in German; fig. rubbish) -
d
See this volume, pp. 384-85 and 405.
418 243. Engels to Schlter. 3 March 1886
that / shoul d beg his pardon for his having lied to me! Just let him try
that again, the scoundrel.
520
You people will find you have competitors in France. The three
working men, Basly, Boyer and Camlinat, since joined by Clovis
Hugues, have set themselves up in the Chamber as a socialist labour
group
a
in opposition to the Radicals,
429
and when, at a meeting last
Sunday, the Radicals tried to inveigle the constituents into passing
a vote of no confidence, they met with a resounding defeat so much
so that at the meeting they themselves had convened, the Radicals
did not dare to open their mouths.
b
These three French working men
will make more of an impact in Europe than your 25 because they sit
in a Chamber which, unlike the Reichstag, is not a debating society,
and because they have shaken themselves free of the milk-and-water
petty-bourgeois following which hangs like a millstone round your
necks. Clemenceau is now faced with a last crucial decision, but we
can be almost sure that he will not hesitate to join the bourgeois
camp, in which case, though he will indeed become a minister, he will
be done for.
Your
F. E.
Ensels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 n i . i - i . j - r i- u r .u r .
* \ i' > Published in English for the first
time
243
[London,] 3 March 1886
Dear Sir,
Would you kindly send Williams & Norgate, 14 Henrietta St.,
Covent Garden, London1 copy of Socialism: Utopian etc. together
h
Ibid., p. 414.
244. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 12 March 1886 419
with bill (incl. postage) in a wrapperthese people applied to me
(they are my booksellers and, incidentally, publishers, a big firm) and
I wrote and told them that my things are always to be had from the
Volksbuchhandlung."
Mrs Wischnewetzky played you a rotten trick with her ms.
349
For
upon her insisting it was a matter of life and death, I had to buckle to
straight away, and now the English translation of Capital has got to
be done without delay, competition having cropped up (see To-
Day)
527
in a menacing form. So if all is not to be lost, I must forge
ahead and drop everything else, including the Peasant War.
213
The
rival translation is, by the way, quite shocking, but so much the
worse if it's not elbowed out forthwith.
Kindest regards,
Yours,
F. E.
Works, First Russian Edition, Vol. . . , , T, , - . r .
w, r TT , , . , Published in English lor the hrst
XXVI I , Moscow, 1935
5
time
244
2 7
IN ZURI CH
London, 12 March 1886
Deep buried as I am in the English Capital,
56
I have only the time
to write a few lines in haste. It did not require all your exposition of
the circumstances to convince me that you were perfectly innocent of
what had been done in America with your translation.
11
The thing is
done and can' t be helped, though we both are convinced that it was
a mistake.
0
* a Social Democratic bookshop in Zurich -
b
the English translation of
Engels' The Condition of the Working-Class in England-' See this volume, pp. 415-16.
420
245. Engels to Martignetti. 12 March 1886
I thank you for pointing out to me a passage in the appendix
552
which indeed is far from clear. The gradation from the Polish Jew to
the Hamburger, and from the Hamburger again to the Manchester
merchant does not at all come out to the front. So I have tried to alter
it in a way which may meet both your and my own objection to it
and hope I have succeeded.
And now I cannot conclude without expressing to you my most
sincere thanks to you for the very great trouble you have taken to re-
vive, in English, a book of mine which is half-forgotten in the original
German.
Ever at your service as far as my time and powers allow, believe
me, dear Mrs Wischnewetzky
Yours very faithfully,
F. Engels
The dedication to the English working men should be left out .
359
It has no meaning to-day.
of the original (English), in Briefe und Aus-
zge aus Briefen von Joh. Phil. Becker, Jos.
Dietzgen, Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx u.A.
an F.A. Sorge und Andere, Stuttgart, 1906
and in full in: Marx and Engels, Works,
First Russian Edition, Vol. XXVI I ,
Moscow, 1935
245
ENGELS TO PASQJJALE MARTI GNETTI
IN BENEVENTO
Dear Citizen,
Please excuse the belated reply.
I have received your kind letter of 8 February and the manuscript,
a
which I shall deal with as soon as possible. But at the moment I am
of the Italian translation of Marx's Wage Labour and Capital
246. Engels to Schlter. 12 March 1886 421
obl i ged before anyt hi ng else t o check t hr ough t he Engl i sh t ransl at i on
of Capital, Vol ume I, whi ch is most pressing and must be pr i nt ed
wi t hout de l a y
5 6
; it is no easy task. Whe n I have a free moment I shall
devot e it to your work.
I have also recei ved, and I t hank you for t hem, t he 6 copies of
t he Origin etc.
302
I a m sorry t hat my er r or ' Paol o' caused you i nconveni ence.
5 5 3
I shall not r epeat it.
I must get hol d of t he cal endar in or der to rest ore t he passage t hat
was stuck and i l l egi bl e
5 5 4
; I hope to find it here in London at a
friend' s house; this is anot her cause of del ay.
I a m sorry I cannot do bet t er and mor e qui ckl y t han this, but t he
Engl i sh Capital must t ake precedence; in any case I am commi t t ed
by a deadl i ne to t he publ i sher .
a
Wi t h respect I r emai n
F. Engels
I hope to spare some t i me in Apri l on Wage Labour and Capital.
Printed according to the book
Translated from the Italian
time
246
IN HOTTINGEN-ZURICH
London, 12 Ma r c h
b
1886
Dear Mr Schl t er,
If I a m t o send you a speedy repl y, I shall have to be brief.
1) Th e ma n wi t h t he money has not yet t ur ned up.
2) We have Lexi s
0
here. Thanks for t he hi nt .
a
William Swan Sonnenschein -
b
May in the original. -
c
W. Lexis, 'Die Marx'sche
Kapital thorie', Jahrbcher fr Nationalkonomie und Statistik, Vol. 11, Jena, 1885.
First published in La corrispondenza di Marx
e Engels con italiani. 1848-1895, Milano,
1964
422
246. Engels to Schlter. 12 March 1886
3) Origin.
a
This business of the '2nd edition' has its dubious aspects,
but when I consider that the two markets are completely different
and that the '1st edition' is therefore unlikely to get in the way of the
' 2nd' , it's unlikely to do much har m.
5 5 5
Admittedly I should have
been happier had Dietz consulted us first. He has behaved very arbit-
rarily in the past over other matters. This time it was quite unneces-
sary; he could, e. g., easily have informed me about the matter
through Kautsky. But he likes faits accomplis and I shall get someone
to tell him as much.
4) Reports of the Int ernat i onal .
556
I was in Manchester at the
time and can' t really remember the details. The General Council did,
at any rate, send a MESSAGE to all the congresses, but Marx' s papers
and pamphlets are all of them still in the unsorted state they were
in when I lugged them over here and it will take about 6 weeks
to put them in order. However I've asked Kautsky to make in-
quiries from Lessner; I should be very surprised if he hasn' t collected
everything.
5) Stephens' Speech.
557
Yes, the thing is by Weerth.
As to the introduction, I shall be glad to go through your ms. But
here too there are few sources and the bourgeois have been responsi-
ble for some serious falsification. Last year Harney scoured the whole
of Yorkshire, Lancashire and London for one copy of The Northern
Star, the paper which he had edited and which had had a circulation
of 100,000 copies. In vain. Evanescence such is the curse that af-
flicts all proletarian literature not included in official literature. Thus
Owen' s works are nowhere to be had and the BRITISH MUSEUM would
pay a great deal of money for a complete collection. A genuine ac-
count will therefore be difficult. The Brentanos and Co. know nothing.
The Charter ' ' was drawn up in 1835, not 1838, and O' Connel
b
was
also involved if I' m not mistaken. What Brentano says about the peti-
tion is utter nonsense
c
; after 10 April the bourgeois of both parties
stuck together and in such a case lies are always disseminated, it
being impossible to refute them either in Parliament or in the
press. Even if a House of Commons Committee did scrutinise the
petition (which I very much doubt), it would have been quite in-
capable of distinguishing the genuine from the bogus.
558
But in the
spring of 1848, no one was able to take much interest in such dirty
a
F. Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. -
b
O'Connell in
the original.-
0
L. Brent ano, 'Die englische Chartistenbewegung', Preuische Jahr-
bcher, Nos. 5, 6, Berlin, 1874.
247. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 15-16 March 1886 4 2 3
goings-on; there were other things to do. Besides, we weren' t in
England.
With kindest regards,
Yours,
F. Engels
Works, First Russian Edition, Vol. XXVI I , , , . , , . , . , , . , ,.
Moscow, 1935 Published in English for the first
time
247
IN PARIS
London, 15-16 March 1886
My dear Laura,
You complain of the weather, and you are in Paris! Look at us
here nothing above freezing-point for the last ten days, a cutting east
wind, of which you don' t know which is the worst, the north-east or
the south-east, and to-night a fresh couche de neige
3
' on streets and
roofs. Nim is at her second cold, but it's getting better, I had one too,
Pumps and Percy are in the same boat too, fortunately the children
are well. However there must be an end to this some time, only I wish
it would come.
The English Capital is at last getting into shape and form.
56
T have the whole ms. here and begun revising. Saving the 1st chapter
which will require a severe overhauling, the first 200 pages of the orig-
inal German are ready to go to press. I saw Kegan Paul last week,
declined his proposals of two years ago and submitted mine. They
were accepted in principle. This, with a man like Kegan Paul who is
on all hands described as extremely slipping, means very little, and
I expect there will be a tussle with him yet. But that matters nothing at
all, because our position in the market has improved wonderfully and
we have at least one other good firm who will be glad to take it on
" cover of snow
4 2 4 247. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 15-16 March 1886
very favourable terms. As soon as the thing is concluded I will let you
know.
The book will be published end of September so as not to come out
in the dead season, and this gives me time to do the revising work thor-
oughly. Practically 300 pages of the original are revised, but the last
500 I have not as yet looked at, and there are some very difficult
chapters there. And it would never do to hurry over them.
Broadhouse-Hyndman goes on translating 'from the original Ger-
man' in To-Day.
527
He has in the sixth monthly number just finished
Chapter I. But his 'original German' is the French translation now,
and he insists on proving that with French he can play ducks and
drakes quite as much as with German. The thing does so little harm, so
far, that Kegan Paul never even mentioned it. But it "has done this
good that I have got Moore and Edward to finish their work. You
have no idea how difficult it is to get hold of this To-Day. I have paid
in advance but have to dun them almost every month for my copy,
moreover it comes out at all times of the next month. Tussy last year
went and paid for a copy to be sent to you but as far as I have heard it
was never sent! However there is nothing whatever in it except
Christian Socialism!
You will have seen from Justice that at least you do receive in ex-
change for the Socialiste how Hyndman keeps up his alliance with
Brousse and even ignores the new proletarian party in the Cham-
ber.
559
To me, this appearance of a. parti ouvrier
a
in the Palais Bourbon, is the
great event of the year. The ice is now broken with which the Radi-
cal s
429
had so far succeeded to cover the working masses of France.
These Radicals are now forced to come out in their true colours, or
else follow the lead of Basly. The latter they will not do for long, nor
willingly. Whatever they do, they must alienate the masses and drive
them to us, and that quick. Events move rapidly, the Decazeville af-
fair could not come more opportunely than it has done.
545
C'est coup
sur coup!
0
And a very good thing it is that this takes place not in Paris
but in one of the darkest and most reactionary and clerical corners of
la province. I am exceedingly curious to learn how the affair has ter-
minated to-day in the Chamber." But whatever is done, must turn
out to our benefit.
a
workers' par t y-
b
One follows upon another. -
c
247. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 15-16 March 1886 4 2 5
The reappearance of France on the scene of the proletarian move-
ment 'comme grande puissance'
a
will have a tremendous effect every-
where, especially in Germany and America; in Germany I have done
my best to let them know the full importance of the event, and sent
Basly's speech
b
to Bebel; Camlinat
c
will follow as soon as I get it
back from Kautsky. How furious Longuet must be that his old friend
and as he believed protege Camlinat has turned his back upon
him!
At the same time, our Paris friends have done whatever they
could to pave the way so that the event, when it came, found a terrain
prpar? Their action since the elections has been perfectly correct
their attempt to rally all revolutionary proletarian elements, their
forbearance towards the Possibilists,
237
their limiting their attacks to
those points and facts which showed Brousse and Co. as simple ob-
stacles to union all this was just what it should have been. And they
are now reaping the fruits: Brousse has been driven into a position
where he must find fault with Basly and Co. and thereby sever the
last bond which still united him to the movement of the masses. Savoir
attendre"that is what our friends have learnt at last, and that will
carry them through. Paul will be, if he likes, in the Palais Bourbon be-
fore Longuet.
A citoyen Hermann has applied to me for an addressed adhesion to
what I suppose is your meeting on the 18th.
560
I send i t
r
to you here-
with 1 ) to be sure that it falls into the proper hands and 2) that you
and Paul may look over and mend my rickety French.
Now good night, it's one o'clock and I must look over some papers
yet to get them out of the way of to-morrow. Kind regards to Paul.
Yours most affectionately,
F. Engels
16th March. Just seen the ordre dujour
s
adopted by the Chamber.
11
It sounds rather different to all previous ordres du jour voted under
similar circumstances. It is a decided victory for us, and Freycinet too
a
'as a great power' -
b
E. J. Basly's speech in the Chamber of Deputies on
11 February 1886 {Le Cri du Peuple, No. 837, 12 February 1886).-
f
Z. R. Ca-
mlinat's speech in the Chamber of Deputies on 11 March 1886 (Le Cri du Peuple,
No. 866, 13 March 1886).-
d
fertilised soil-
c
To be able to wait-
1
F. Engels,
' On the Anniversary of the Paris Commune' . -
8
Order of the Day-
h
'Rgle-
ment de l' ordre du jour' , Le Cri du Peuple, No. 867, 14 March 1886.
426 248. Engels to Bebel. 18 March 1886
pfeift aus einem andern Loch als frher? La situation devient srieuse pour
MM. les Radicaux.
h
248
521
IN PLAUEN NEAR DRESDEN
Dear Bebel,
I am up to my eyes in the revision of the English translation of Cap-
ital, Volume I, which is at last on the point of coming out,
56
but
since the business of Liebknecht's fund is urgent, I shall have to take
a moment or two so as to be able to answer your letter quickly. Here-
with, then my contribution, a cheque for 10 on the UNION BANK OF
London.
561
Many thanks for the Anti-Socialist Law and spirits monopoly de-
bates
c
and the Brger-Leitung.
It is indeed striking how faithfully the Anti-Socialist Law debate
reflects the mood of the majority in the parliamentary group. Unable,
presumably, to do as they wished they had, willy-nilly, to voice rela-
tively correct opinions, and the impression made by the debate is, on
the whole, very good, particularly since Singer was compelled by the
Ihring case
562
to speak pretty sharply. In general these people, not
excepting even Frohme, are not too bad when they have to come out
against the police, either in their own interests or in those of their con-
stituents and hence keep the worthy citizen well out of sight, for one
of their besetting sins is this very worthiness which seeks to convince
an opponent rather than fight him because ' our cause is, after all, so
noble and so just' that any other worthy citizen is bound to come over
" sings another tune than before-
1
' The situation is getting grave for Messrs
the Radicals. -
c
See Berliner Volksblatt, Nos. 42, 43, 54-56; 19 and 20 February
and 5-7 March 1886 (Supplement).
248. Engels to Bebel. 18 March 1886 427
to us if only he can be made to understand it aright. This appeal to
worthy sentiments, which neither recognises nor wishes to recognise
the interests by which those sentiments are unconsciously motivated,
is one of the chief characteristics of the philistinism which is peculiar
to Germany and would be impossible over here or in France, either in
parliament or in literature.
Never have I come across anything so tedious as the spirits debate;
even Bamberger's jokes were as bad as ever, if not worse. So what
matter if, after that, Schumacher also spoke tediously, proceeding to
make what amounted to a naked appeal for 'tatisation" [Verstaat-
lichungs]. Richter's speech, based on statistics, was quite the best.
I would not venture to pass judgment on Liebknecht's speech as re-
ported in the Brger-Leitung. So much depends on nuances and the
manner in which something is said and, in a summarised report, all
that gets lost.
563
I have not seen the account by Kautsky of which you speak. But as
regards Hyndman, his behaviour in Trafalgar Square and Hyde Park
on 8 February did far more harm than good.
538
Revolutionary rant-
ing, which in France would be seen as the outmoded rubbish it is and
do no harm, is sheer folly over here, where the masses are totally un-
prepared; it puts off the proletariat, encouraging only the worthless
elements and, in this country, lends itself to but one interpretation,
namely incitement to looting which in fact ensued, so that we shall be
lastingly discredited over here, even in the eyes of the working class.
As for its having drawn attention to socialism, you over there cannot
know the extent to which, after centuries of freedom of the press and
of assembly and its accompanying publicity, the public has become
completely impervious to such methods. True, the initial alarm of the
middle classes was quite funny, and brought in a subscription of some
40,000 for the unemployed in all about 70,000 but that has
already been spent, nothing else is forthcoming and poverty is as be-
fore. What has been achieved is to equate socialism with looting in
the minds of the bourgeois public and, while this may not have made
matters much worse, it has certainly got us no further. You might
think that Hyndman showed great courage and so it might seem. But
Hyndman, as I have learnt from Morris and others, is a coward and
has behaved as such on crucial occasions. This doesn't prevent him,
having once got himself into a dangerous fix, from drowning his
cowardice in his own clamour and giving vent to the most bloodthirsty
utterances. But this only makes him all the more of a menace to his
428 248. Engels to Bebel. 18 March 1886
colleagues for no one, neither he nor they, can tell beforehand
what he is going to do. Fortunately the whole business has been
pretty well forgotten over here.
I wholly agree with your view that periods of prosperity of over
6 months will cease to recur. The only prospect of a reactivation of
trade directly where iron, at any rate, is concerned and otherwise
indirectly lies in the possible opening up of China to railway con-
struction and hence the destruction of the only remaining closed and
self-sufficient civilisation based on a combination of agriculture and
handicrafts. But 6 months will be enough to discount that, after
which we shall, perhaps, experience yet another acute crisis. Apart
from destroying Britain's monopoly of the world market, the new
methods of communication the electric telegraph, the railways, the
Suez Canal and the supplanting of sail by steam have gone some
way towards breaking down the ten-year industrial cycle. If China is
opened up, not only will overproduction risk losing its last safety-
valve, but emigration from China will assume such massive propor-
tions that this alone will suffice to revolutionise conditions of produc-
tion throughout America, Australia and India, even to the extent of
affecting Europe if it lasts itself till then.
Bismarck's folly is indeed becoming excessive. But it has one recur-
ring theme more moneyl His craziest schemes always and infallibly
involve the voting of subsidies, and the National-Liberal gent s
243
seem to have a positive passion for providing him with yet more cash.
Another victory in France. Camlinat' s question
3
about Deca-
zeville
545
provoked a three-day debate, while on Saturday,
13
7 mo-
tions to proceed to the Order of the Day were thrown out, until
finally the government and the Radical gent s
429
agreed a resolu-
tion
c
unprecedented in French parliamentary history and which was
passed on Monday
5 6 4
: That this Chamber proceed to the Order of
the Day, confident that the Government will move all the necessary
amendments to mining legislation and that its conduct in Decazeville
will be dictated by the rights of the State and the interests of Labour.
The rights of Labourit' s absolutely unheard-of! And as if that
was not enough, a decision unfavourable to the company which is
wholly dependent on a state concession and now sees the terms of that
concession turned against itself. All this, of course, is still on paper,
a
See Z. R. Camlinat' s speech in the Chamber of Deputies on 11 March 1886 (Le Cri
du Peuple, No. 866, 13 March 1886). -
b
13 March -
c
'Rglement de l'ordre
du jour' , Le Cri du Peuple, No. 867, 14 March 1886.
248. Engels to Bebel. 18 March 1886 429
but for a first step it's enough. The whole political situation in France
has been revolutionised by the initiative of the three working men.
The Radicals, who also call themselves socialists and who are, in fact,
the representatives of French national socialism, of what survives of
Proudhon and Louis Blanc, but who, as ministerial candidates, must
make sure of keeping in with the republican bourgeoisie, are now
compelled to show themselves in their true colours. The cool, almost
hostile attitude they adopted from the outset towards the labour
deputies, has shown the mass of the workers what is what; suddenly the
latter see, alongside the ' eddicated' Radicals, genuine working-class so-
cialists whom they joyously acclaim. The Radicals, incl. Clemenceau,
must either temporarily renounce their ministerial aspirations and
follow in Basly's and Camlinat' s footsteps, or jeopardise their re-
election. All of a sudden the question of capital and labour is included
in the agenda, albeit as yet in very elementary form (rates of pay, the
right to strike and, possibly, mining on a cooperative basis), but
nevertheless it's there and there to stay. Since the workers of France,
however, had received such a first-rate grounding from their history
and from the altogether outstanding behaviour of our people during
the past 2 years, nothing more was required to spark off the explosion
but an event such as the Decazeville strike, combined with the stupid-
ity of the Radicals in including 3 working men in their list of candi-
dates. Now things will move fast in France. You'll have seen how
afraid the Radicals are from the resolutions taken by the municipal
councils of Paris, Lyons, etc., to vote money for the Decazeville strik-
ers^ This again is unprecedented.
If that' s the state your voice is in, don' t go to America.
5
'
8
The de-
mands made on the vocal chords by what is universal practice there
far exceed anything you can imagine. But anyway we shall look for-
ward to seeing you over here in the autumn.
Time for the post, too late for registration. Please send me a post-
card acknowledging receipt of the cheque.
Your
F. E.
First published, in Russian, in Marx-
first time
a
See Le Socialiste, Nos. 28 and 29, 6 and 13 March 1886.
4 3 0 249. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 20 March 1886
249
196
IN PARIS
My dear Lafargue,
Herewith the cheque for 12. Yesterday I was again disturbed. It
always happens when there is an urgent task to be done.
Monday' s
a
vote in the Chamber was a great victory.
b
For the first
time a French Chamber has sided with labour against capital
greatly against its will! But Basly & Co. have been valiantly support-
ed by the monarchist gents who, after their relative victory at the
polls,
447
are in a state of high excitement and evidently believe
notably in their capacity as capitalists, shareholders, etc.that they
can do anything they please. Placed as they are between an ultra-
monarchist group and the revolutionary workers, they had to plump
for the latter. At least they are Republicans and, after all, low fi-
nance, as represented by the Opportunists and Radicals,
429
has no
desire to restore the rgime of high finance that was toppled with
MacMahon and Thiers.
463
It was what I suspectedthis reappearance of Malon' s behind the
scenes.
565
A parliamentary party embracing every shade of possibil-
ism with Malon for secret leaderwhat a beautiful dream! The same
old Bakuninist tactics which, so far as these intriguers are concerned,
are now much more deeply ingrained than the bombastic language of
anarchism! A firm stand must be made against these endeavours. If
you can ensure that Basly and Camlinateven on their owncarry
on as they have begun and refuse to let themselves be persuaded to
join a party where they would form an impotent minority, then the game is
won. Any negotiations on their part would be the ruin of them and
could only further the Radical cause. So long as they go forward with
a firm tread and pay no heed to the honeyed words of the moderators
of 15 March -
b
249. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 20 March 1886 431
and mediators, all this confusion will be swept away, like it or not. It
is not good will that activates these gentry; rather it is fear and fear
alone that has created such little good will as they have and this,
when all is said and done, is the good will to spoil what Basly has
begun and nothing else. Moreover such a party is out of the question.
Either Basly or Camlinat will turn traitor, which I don' t believe, or
they will be forced to part company with these gentry as soon as the
first important problem arises. It would therefore be better not to en-
ter into an alliance with them.
Your article in the Revue nouvelle* gave me much pleasure.
Obviously one makes some 'ALLOWANCE' for what you are permitted to
say in a periodical of that kind. Even so, I was surprised at the num-
ber of risqu allusions you were allowed to get away withbut she
b
is
a woman, she has a definite standpoint. Had the editor-in-chief been
a man, you would have found yourself up against a much more fero-
cious brand of morality.
566
What with the Journal des Economistes,
the Revue philosophique and Juliette, you are now well launched in lit-
erature of a primarily official nature.
567
And since you write better
French (because more 16th-century and less Parisian) than others,
you ought to succeed.
Juliette amused me much with her high foreign policy.
568
This is
Blowitz to the life, though less grotesque in form.
Fortunately the SOCIALIST LEAGUE
346
is dormant for the time being.
Our good Bax and Morris, craving to do something (if only they
knew what?), are restrained only by the fact that there is absolutely
nothing to do. Moreover they have far more truck with the anarchists
than is desirable. Their celebrations on the 18th were held in concert
with the l at t er
569
and Kropotkin spoke theretwaddle, or so they
tell me. All this will pass, if only because there is absolutely nothing to
be done over here just now. But with Hyndman, who is well versed
in political imposture and capable of all sorts of folly when his
self-advancement is at stakewith the said Hyndman on the one
hand and our two political babes in arms on the other, prospects
are by no means bright. Yet now we have socialist papers abroad
proclaiming at the top of their voices that socialism in England is
a
P. Lafargue, 'Le Matriarcat. tude sur les origines de la famille', La Nouvelle Revue,
Vol. 39, March-April 1886, pp. 301-36. -
b
Juliette Adam
432
250. Engels to Vera Zasulich. 31 March 1886
marching forward with gigantic strides! I am very glad to say that
what passes for socialism here in England is not on the march
far from it.
Yours ever,
F. E.
By the way, Bax has published a short history of philosophy that
has some very good stuff in it.
a
First published in: F. Engels, P. et L. Printed according to the original
Translated from the French
250
ENGELS TO VERA ZASULICH
IN GENEVA
Dear Citizen,
Many thanks for sending me the translation of The Poverty of
Philosophy, which has been safely received.
185
When opening the parcel I tore the part showing the sender's ad-
dress. After a good deal of trouble I managed to reassemble the pieces
well enough to decipher the address I am using today. But since
I don' t know whether I have read it correctly, I would ask you to ad-
vise me of your address once again, as I should like to send you a copy
of the Russian translation of Volume II of Capital, which has arrived
from St Petersburg.
570
a
E. B. Bax, A Handbook of the History of Philosophy for the Use of Students.
251. Engels to Bebel. 12 April 1886 433
Please accept my apologies for the inconvenience caused by my
clumsiness.
Yours sincerely,
F. Engels
First published, in Russian, in Gruppa Printed according to the original
'Osvobozhdeniye truda', No. 1, Moscow, 1924
Translated from the French
time
251
IN LEIPZIG
London, 12 April 1886
Dear Bebel,
Thank you for the debate on the Anti-Socialist Lawit pleased me
tremendously.
571
Here again we have something that does credit to
the movement and this is the impression it gives from beginning to
end. Even Liebknecht was quite his old self again; competition from
the French seems to have had a good effect on him.
a
I like the spec-
tacle of the whole gangor pack of dogs ramercrowding round you
barking and snapping, only to be beaten off by the lash of a whip.
What a mercy that, apart from you and Liebknecht, only Vollmar
spoke a word or two, and that Singer, the victim of a concerted at-
tack, was compelled to hit back hard, while the tractable majority
held their tongues.
The gentlemen's fears about regicide are too ludicrous. Surely they
or their fathers have all of them sung:
Has ever man had such hard luck
As our poor Burgomaster Tschech,
He shot at Fatty two paces away
And yet his bullet went astray.
a
434
251. Engels to Bebel. 12 April 1886
True, the German bourgeoisie still had some vitality in those days;
another example of the difference is that 1844 saw the appearance of
Das Lied von Freifrau von Droste-Vischering,
572
whereas now the Kultur-
kampf
162
is being waged with the most humdrum weapons wielded
by the most flaccid hands.
The socialists here have been acquitted.
538
I am sending you to-
day's copy of the highly Conservative Standard (also a Cri du Peuple)
containing an account of the final hearing." You will be able to see
from it how a judge goes about his business in England (though ad-
mittedly not in Ireland}.). Translated from legal jargon, what he said
was: The law on seditious speeches applies to the accused, but the law
is outdated and invalid in practice. Otherwise you would have to
convict every radical spokesman and minister. All you have to ask
yourselves, therefore, is this: Was it, or was it not, the intention of the
accused that there should be looting on 8 February?
b
And Cave is one
of England' s 16 principal judges.
The verdict is a fine advertisement for Hyndman, but it has come
too late. He has contrived to ruin his organisation beyond hope of re-
pair; in London it's fizzling out, while in the provinces the various or-
ganisations have adopted a neutral, wait-and-see attitude to the rifts
down here. Summa summarum the two organisationsFEDERATION and
LEAGUE
346
have a combined paid-up membership of less than 2,000
and their papers
0
a combined readership of less than 5,000the
majority being sympathisers in the persons of bourgeois, priests,
literati, etc. As things are now, it is truly fortunate that these im-
mature elements are failing to penetrate the masses. They must
first complete the process of fermentation, after which all may be
well.
For the rest, one might almost be back in the days of the Interna-
tional. Only this morning a whole stack of German, French, Spanish
and Belgian papers arrived and are taking up time I ought to be de-
voting to the English translation of Capital.
56
I only hope there isn't
a bust-up before I' ve managed to finish the 3rd volumeafter that it
can come, so far as I' m concerned.
Things are going splendidly in Decazeville.
545
You will see from
the report (Cri du Peuple) of last Sunday' s meeting
d
(a week ago yes-
a
Le Cri du Peuple, No. 888, 4 April 1886. -
b
See this volume, pp. 403-04, 406-
08. -
c
Justice and The Commonweal-
6
Le Cri du Peuple, No. 888, 4 April 1886.
251. Engels to Bebel. 12 April 1886 435
terday) which I am sending you today how skilfully those Parisians,
who have been decried as revolutionary braggarts, contrive without
relinquishing their revolutionary posture to advocate calm and law-
fulness during the strike. It is indicative of the progress the French
have made, thanks to the revolutionary soil on which they stand, that
in their case there is a complete absence of that mass of sophistries
and second thoughts which still confuse the minds of so many people
in Germany. That one should proceed lawfully or unlawfully, depend-
ing on the circumstances, is taken entirely for granted over there and
no one sees anything inconsistent in it. As to Paris, it is significant that
up till yesterday the Cri du Peuple had raised 35,000 frs for Decaze-
ville, but Rochefort's Intransigeant less than 11,000.
Bismarck, who appears to have been in a frightful rage, though ob-
viously speaking for the benefit of the Crown Prince,
a
will doubtless
get a reply from Laura and Tussy to the ludicrous insinuations he
made about Marx.
573
Of the other speeches, Hnel' s
b
was the best
from a legal viewpoint; he came out with the absurd demand that
a citizen should conform to the law not only outwardly but also in-
wardlythat such a thing should be called for, that the mere intention
and the public expression thereof, could be held punishable by depri-
vation of rights shows how debased all middle-class concepts of legal-
ity have become in Germanynot that they have ever prevailed
over there save in the case of the oppositional bourgeoisie; what has,
in fact, always prevailed is the illegality of a police state, which in
other countries (always excepting Ireland) could only assert itself
shamefacedly and in the guise of a coup de main.
Must close because registration time (5 o'clock) draws near.
Your
F. E.
time
a
Frederick Wi l l i am-
b
A. Hand' s speech in the Reichstag on 31 March 1886 (Ste-
nographische Berichte ber die Verhandlungen des Reichstags. VI. Legislaturperiode. II. Session
1885/86, Vol. III, Berlin, 1886, pp. 1766-1770).
436
252. Engels to Pauli. 12 April 1886
252
ENGELS TQ PHI LI PP VI CTOR PAULI
3
IN RHEI NAU
Heartiest congratulations on Clara' s engagement.
Friedrich Engels
253
IN PARIS
My dear Laura,
The English translation of Capital is awful work.
56
First they
b
translate. Then I revise and enter suggestions in pencil. Then it goes
back to them. Then conference for settlement of doubtful points.
Then I have to go through the whole again, to see that everything is
made ready for the press, stylistically and technically, and all the
quotations, which Tussy has looked up in the English originals, fitted
in properly. So far I have finished 300 pages of the German, and shall
soon have about 100 more. But then there is another hitch. Edward
has missed translating some 50 pages of his share, and these I hope to
get by the end of the week. As soon as I have got these, I shall stir up
a
Written on Engels' visiting card. -
b
Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling
253. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 28 April 1886 437
Kegan Paul's drowsiness.
3
The wily Scot who still fancies that we do
not know our favourable position in the market, plays a waiting
game, but will find himself awfully mistaken one fine morning. It is
we that can afford to wait, and we intend to wait until we are quite
ready to begin to print, say in a week. And as we have a written offer
from another firm, we can stick to our terms.
This must serve as an excuse for my last short l et t er
39
and the de-
lay that has taken place since. The fact is we must begin to print by
middle of May so as to be ready to publish by end of September.
And that we can, though it will keep me hard at work till far into June
at least.
Your billet-doux to Bismarck
573
is making great stir in Germany.
Bebel writes
b
:
'Die Erklrung von Laura und Eleanor Marx ist famos, der grsste Teil der deut-
schen Presse nimmt davon Notiz, htet sich selbstverstndlich sie abzudrucken. Ot t o
wird wtend sein, fr dergleichen Angriffe ist er sehr empfindlich.'
0
The effect of the new departure in Fr ance
5 7 4
is plainly visible in
the debate on the Socialist Law in Berlin.
57
' Library
d
would hardly
have ventured to come out so strongly again in his best old manner,
had it not been that events in Paris and Decazeville
545
had stirred
him up again a bit. This competition is invaluable for our people in
Germany. The split and dissensions in Paris gave the philistine sec-
tion amongst them a pretext for looking down, de haut en bas, upon the
French, as if they, themselves, had not wallowed for years in splits,
quarrels and dissensions; and they began to talk as if they, the Ger-
man kleinbrgerliche" section of the party, were the leaders of
the universal movement. That precious bit of chauvinism has now
been effectually knocked on the head. Unfortunately the Socialist
Law has this one effect that it excludes pretty effectually the circula-
tion of such papers as the Socialiste and Cri du Peuple, and that the
daily, current information about France has to be taken from the vile
a
b
in his letter to Engels of 23 April 1886-
c
' Laura and
Eleanor Marx' s statement is excellent. The greater part of the German press
have published notices about it but understandably take care not to reprint
it. Ot t o [Bismarck] will be furious, for he is sensitive to such attacks.' -
d
Wilhelm Liebknecht's nickname given to him by Marx' s daughters. -
c
pet-
ty-bourgeois
4 3 8 253. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 28 April 1886
bourgeois papers. I have sent on the Cris and Intransigeants you sent
me, to Bebel and Liebknecht but that does not go much further and
may not always reach them.
It strikes me as very curious that I see nothing of the Villefranche
judgment being appealed against.
575
As far as I know there is a
double appeal 1) on account of the alleged incompetency of the court,
2) against the judgment as such; and then a final pourvoi en cassation*
on both these issues. It seems to me well worth while to go in for that,
if only to expose the infamy of the courts and keep the thing before
the public.
I scarcely dare hope that Roche will get in next Sunday.
576
Not
having read any Cris for about a week, I do not know what other can-
didates besides Gaulier are in the field. But anyhow the poll will show
a great progress and be enough to frighten the Radi cal s
429
still more.
Here all is muddle. Bax and Morris are getting deeper and deeper into
the hands of a few anarchist phraseurs, and write nonsense with in-
creasing intensity. The turning of The Commonweal into a 'weekly'
absurd in every respect has given Edward a chance of getting out
of his responsibility for this now incalculable organ.
577
Bax la re-
cherche^ by means of half-digested Hegelian dialectic, of extreme and
paradox propositions, and Morris going head foremost, bull fashion,
against ' parliamentarism' , will have to learn by experience what sort
of people their anarchist friends are. It would be ridiculous to expect
the working class to take the slightest notice of these various vagaries
of what is by courtesy called English Socialism, and it is very fortu-
nate that it is so: These gentlemen have quite enough to do to set their
own brains in order.
Schorlemmer who is here, and Nim have taken little Lily to the
Zoo, Pumps is going to Manchester for a few days. In our evening
chats we talk a good deal of your promised coming over to London.
When is that to be? Schorlemmer says you had mentioned something
about Paul coming over at the same time. That would be all the bet-
ter. Anyhow it is getting time that these good intentions set about de-
veloping into more or less tangible plans and projects, the season for
execution is not too long in this blessed climate.
Did you see in last Sozialdemokrat the affair about Kalle and the
Weibergemeinschqft
578
? That fellow was nicely caught. He is a great
appeal -
b
in search
254. Engels to Sorge. 29 April 1886 439
light among the National Li beral s
243
and has large chemical (dye-
stufF) works at Wiesbaden.
Love from Schorlemmer and Nim and yours affectionately,
F. Engels
Paul I hope will excuse if I do not write to him as often as I should
like.
Moscow, 1964 Published in English for the first
time
254
5 2 1
IN HOBOKEN
Dear Sorge,
Have received your letters of 15 and 28 February and 8 March,
and postcard of 21 March.
In most cases the notes contained in the ms. are the same as those
Marx made in his copy for the 3rd edition.
526
In the case of those
which provide for more insertions from the French, I would not com-
mit myself unequivocally 1 ) because the work done for the 3rd edition
is of much later date and hence, for me, more authoritative,
2) because, in respect of a translation to be made in America, i. e.
outside his own orbit, Marx might have preferred some of the passages
to be translated correctly from the simplified French version rather
than incorrectly from the German a consideration which no longer
applies. Nevertheless, it has provided nie with very useful tips
which will, in due course, also come in handy for the 4th German edition.
As soon as I have finished with it I shall return it to you by regis-
tered post.
440 254. Engels to Sorge. 29 April 1886
The Volkszeitung and Sozialist are now arriving regularly. Over
the past fortnight I have sent you To-Day and Commonweal, March
and April. Also yesterday To-Day, May, the delay being due solely to
the slovenliness of the publishers. Should you require anything else let
me know.
Broadhouse (Hyndman)' s translation of Capital is a complete
farce.
527
The 1st chapter was from the German, full of mistakes to the
point of absurdity.
a
Now he's translating from the French, and mak-
ing the same mistakes. At the rate it's now going, the thing won' t be
finished before 1900.
Thanks for the Kalender. I certainly had no idea that Douai was so
grossly neglected a great man.
579
May he take with him to the grave
the knowledge of his greatness as of its total neglect, without first see-
ing it compressed into a sugar mould. But he was the right man for
America and, had he remained an ordinary Democrat, I should have
wished him the best of luck. As it was, however, he went whoring af-
ter false gods.
As for the purist who quibbles about our style and our punctuation
he doesn't know either German or English, otherwise he could not
discover Anglicisms where there aren' t any.
580
The German of which
he's so enamoured and which was drummed into us at school, with its
frightful periodic structure whereby the verb is put right at the end
and is separated from its subject by ten miles of subclauses, is a Ger-
man which it has taken me thirty years to unlearn. This bureaucratic,
pedagogical German, which completely ignores the fact that Lessing
ever existed, is now on its last legs even in Germany. What would this
worthy say were he to hear our people speaking in the Reichstag?
Having done away with this horrible syntax because forever getting
bogged down in it, they expressed themselves in that place like Jews
b
:
'Faced with this dilemma, Bismarck chose to kiss the pope's behind
rather than the lips of the revolution', etc. Little Lasker was respon-
sible for this improvement and it's the only good thing he ever did.
Were the purist gent to go to Germany with his pedagogical German,
he would be told that he spoke American. 'You know how petty your
educated German philistine is' especially so in America, it would
seem. German syntax and punctuation, as taught at school 40 or 50
a
1
' Engels is referring to the more straightforward German
syntax frequently employed by Jews, as exemplified in the sentence he then proceeds
to quote.
years ago, are fit only for the scrap-heap to which, in Germany,
they' re being well and truly consigned.
I think I wrote and told you that an American lady
a
married to
a Russian
b
has taken it into her head to translate my old book.
c
I have looked over the translation and this entailed a lot of work. But
she had written to say that publication was assured and that I must
do it at once, so I had to buckle to. It now transpires that she had en-
trusted the negotiations to a Miss Foster, secretary of a WOMEN'S
RIGHTS society, who had been foolish enough to give the thing to the
Socialist Labor Party.
550
I told the translator what I thought of this,
d
but the damage had been done. For the rest, I am glad that these folk
aren' t translating anything of mine a fine mess they' d make of
it. Their German is bad enough, let alone their English!
The Volkszeitung people must be pleased with themselves. They
have gained complete control over the movement amongst the Ger-
mans, and business must be flourishing. That a man like Dietzgen
should go to the wall is understandable enough.
529
Playing around
with the boycott and minor STRIKES is, of course, far more important
than theoretical guidance. But despite all this, the cause is making
enormous strides in America. For the first time there is a real mass
movement amongst the English-speaking population. That it should still
be feeling its way, awkwardly, at random and in ignorance, is inevi-
table. But all this will right itself; the movement must and will evolve
by learning from its own mistakes. Theoretical ignorance is an at-
tribute of all young nations, but so is speedy practical development. In
America as in England no amount of exhortation will help until the
need is really there. And in America it is there, as is a growing aware-
ness of it. The entry of the indigenous working masses into the move-
ment in America is for me one of the great events of 1886.
581
As for
the Germans over there, let the presently prosperous kind gradually
assimilate with the Americans they'll still be a step or two ahead of
the latter and a nucleus will nevertheless remain which will still retain
a theoretical grasp of the nature and progress of the movement as
a whole, will keep the process of fermentation going and, eventually,
rise to the top again.
The second great event of 1886 is the formation of a workers' party
in the French Chamber by Basly and Gamelinat, two working-class
deputies who, for appearances' sake, were included in the list and
given a leg up by the Radicals,
429
but failed to play the game and, in-
" Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky -
b
Lazar Wischnewetzky -
c
The Condition of the
Working-Class in England; see this volume, pp. 393-94. -
d
442 254. Engels to Sorge. 29 April 1886
stead of becoming the servants of the Radical gents, took the floor as
working men. The Decazeville STRIKE
545
brought to a head the split
between them they were joined by "5 other deputies and the Rad-
icals.
3
The latter were thus forced to spell out their policy to the
workers and, since it is only thanks to the Radicals that the govern-
ment exists, this was highly distasteful, for it meant that they were
rightly held responsible by the workers for everything done by the
government. In short, the Radicals, Clemenceau et al, behaved con-
temptibly, with a result which no amount of exhortation had hitherto
succeeded in bringing about, namely the defection of the French workers
from the Radicals. And a further result was the uniting of all socialist
groups for the purpose of joint action. Only the miserable Possibil-
ists
2 3 7
held aloof, in consequence of which they are steadily going to
pieces. This NEW DEPARTURE has been tremendously helped along by the
government's foolishness, notably its attempt to raise a loan of 900
million frs for which purpose it needed the big financiers, while the
latter, being also shareholders in Decazeville, refused their money un-
less the government broke the STRIKE. Hence the arrest of Due and
Roche
575
; the workers' riposte was to put up Roche in Paris as a can-
didate (for the Chamber) in next Sunday's elections and Due (Quercy)
as a candidate for the municipal council, where he is certain to get
i n.
576
In short, France can again boast a splendid movement, and
this is making spanking progress but, best of all, our men, Guesde,
Lafargue and Deville, are its theoretical leaders.
Nor has it been without repercussions in Germany. The revolution-
ary language and actions of the French have shown how lacklustre
are the jeremiads of your Geisers, Vierecks, Auers & Co., which is
why, in the recent Anti-Socialist Law debate, only Bebel and Lieb-
knecht spoke, and very well too.
57
' After this debate we can show our
faces in' decent company again, which is something we can by no
means do after all of them. On the whole, it's a good thing that Ger-
man pre-eminence should not remain altogether unchallenged, espe-
cially now that so many philistine elements have been elected (inevi-
table though this may have been). In Germany, when times are
quiet, there is a general tendency to philistinism, and then the spur of
French competition is absolutely indispensable. Nor will it be lacking.
From being a sect, French socialism has suddenly become a party and
only now and because of this has it become possible for the workers to
join en masse, for the latter are sick to the teeth of sectarianism, which
explains why they adhered to the extreme bourgeois party, the Radi-
cals. Next Sunday' s elections should already see a great step forward,
although we can hardly expect Roche to get in.
I believe that the printing of the English translation of Capital,
Volume I, will begin in 2 or 3 weeks' time. I haven' t nearly finished
revising it, but 300 pages are completely ready for the press, and
another 200 very nearly so.
One more thing. Not long ago a Mr J. T. McEnnis interviewed
me for the purpose of seeking my advice on labour legislation, osten-
sibly on behalf of the State of Missouri. I soon smelt a journalistic rat
and, indeed, he admitted working for THE LEADING DEMOCRATIC PAPER OF
St Louis," but promised on his word of honour that he would first sub-
mit the whole thing to me for revision. The fellow was sent to see me
by a Russian, Stepnyak. That was nearly a fortnight ago and I am
afraid he may not have kept his word. I have forgotten the name of the
St Louis paper, but if anything should appear about the interview,
I would ask you to insert the following statement
13
in the Sozial-
ist, the Volkszeitung and anywhere else you think fit. If, however,
the fellow comes back after all and abides by his word, I.shall nat-
urally let you know at once, and then you can tear up the state-
ment.
Luckily the movement in this country has come to a complete stand-
still. Hyndman & Co. are political careerists who wreck everything
and in the SOCIALIST LEAGUE
346
the anarchists are making enormous
strides. Morris and Bax the former as a sentimental socialist, the
latter as a searcher after philosophical paradoxesare presently as
clay in their hands and must now find this out in corpore vili.
c
From the next Commonweal you will see that, thanks largely to
Tussy's eiForts, Aveling will no longer be responsible for this simulacrum,
which is a good t hi ng.
5
" And it's these addlepates who propose to
a
Missouri Republican -
b
F. Engels, 'A Statement to the Editorial Board of the New
Yorker Volkszeitung'. -
c
in their own persons
444 255. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 7 May 1886
lead the British working class! Fortunately the latter refuse to have
anything to do with them.
Kindest regards,
Your
F. E.
First published in Briefe und Auszge aus Printed according to the original
Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx u. A. Published in English in full for the
an F. A. Sorge und Andere, Stuttgart, 1906 first time
255
196
IN PARIS
[Excerpt]
[London,] 7 May 1886
I congratulate you on Sunday's victory which has indeed confirm-
ed the severance of the Parisian working man from radicalism.
576
What idiots those Radicals are! But it is the fatal idiocy that seizes
hold of any bourgeois party as soon as it finds itself on the threshold of
power and thus loses the characteristics of an opposition party. They
are impatient to take over the administration, although they know
that the moment has not yet come; they play at running a shadow
government, but nevertheless become responsible for the follies and
faults of the government of the day. At the same time they are con-
fronted by the Workers' Party
20
' growing from day to day as a result
of the follies of the government the responsibility for which they can
only partially disclaim. The Workers' Party will no longer accept fine
words and promises; it will call upon them to act and this they can-
not do. While wanting to retain it, they are compelled to act against
it. Being not, as yet, in power and finding that the masses are desert-
ing them in increasing numbers, they are reduced to pointing a finger at the
monarchist conspirators, to representing them as a real danger, to uttering the
cry: Let us unite to save the Republic, in short, to becoming Opportunists.
2 3 6
256. Engels to Liebknecht. 12 May 1886 445
Any party is lost if tries to assume power before the time is ripe for the imple-
mentation of its own programme. But the impatience of the bourgeois par-
ties to arrive is such that all founder prematurely on this rock. That
gives us even less time in which to develop.
On the other hand our movement in Paris has entered a phase in
which even a blunder would do it no great harm. There can be no
doubt that the rate of progress in the future will largely depend upon
the group leaders. But once the masses are on the move, they will be
like a healthy body that is strong enough to eliminate traces of dis-
ease and even a modicum of poison.
First published in Le Socialiste, No. 115, Printed according to the newspaper
Paris, 24 novembre 1900 Translated from the French
256
5 2 1
[IN BORSDORF NEAR LEI PZI G
3 4
]
London, 12 May 1886
Dear Liebknecht,
The French papers (of which I have sent at least 3 parcels) were
simply intended to give you an opportunity of reading at first hand
some of the news about the brilliant turn things have taken in France.
Since you take the Cri du Peuple, I need only send you the Intran-
sigeant, etc. Lafargue sends me one now and again, when something
happens, and I thought that in this way they could be turned to
further account.
As regards Clemenceau, the moment may very well come when
you would do better to drop La Justice. He is being pushed over onto
the conservative, markedly bourgeois, side by, on the one hand, the
immediate prospect of a ministerial post, and, on the other, by the to
him unexpectedly rapid growth of the Workers' Part y.
2
' Even from
his own point of view he is behaving stupidly. But that' s how all these
bourgeois are, even the most progressive. Longuet will soon have to
choose, if he doesn't want to ruin himself utterly. Gaulier's candida-
ture, supported solely by the press unaided by the comits radicaux-
socialistes, cost the Radi cal s
429
50,000 voters who have come over to
446 256. Engels to Liebknecht. 12 May 1886
us and are now the loudest in their denunciation of their one-time
chiefs.
576
In the absence of colossal blunders the movement is al-
ready strong enough now to absorb minor errors without damage to
itselfwe shall obtain between
l
j
4
and
l
/
3
of the seats at the next
elections in Paris. And, now that they have something real to do, our
people are behaving in quite exemplary fashion.
But to write for Justice without being paid is stupid. The paper is
perfectly well able to pay; after all, its chief editors deputies are
paid by the State.
Bebel has written to say that his voice is apt to give out after several
days of exertion, and needless to say I told him that for an American
STUMP tour the very first prerequisite was a voice that is proof against
anything.
a
Whether he's not making too much of the business, I na-
turally cannot say, but it would in any case be quite a risk; once
you're over there, you yourself will discover soon enough what the Yan-
kees demand in return for their good money. If he doesn't go, you
must at any rate make sure that no one of the tame, petty-bourgeois
breed is sent with you.
518
No doubt the Chicago affair
582
will put paid to the anarchist farce
in America. The chaps can shout their heads off if they want, but
pointless rowdyism is something the Americans refuse to put up with,
now they have become an industrial nation.
There' s nothing favourable to report of the so-called ' movement'
over here. Hyndman loses more ground every day, having completely
forfeited the confidence of his own people, and the LEAGUE
346
is in-
creasingly coming under anarchist leadership. Since The Common-
weal became a weekly without adequate supplies either of money
or talent Aveling has had to resign his (honorary) editorship in fa-
vour of Bax who, like Morris, is strongly influenced by the anar-
chists.
577
The two gentlemen will have to learn in corpore vile
h
\
they'll soon be sick of it and it's a real stroke of luck that these teeth-
ing troubles will have been left behind before the masses join the
movement, which at present they obstinately refuse to do. It's just as it
was in France; a really big working class cannot be got moving by ex-
hortation, but when things have reached the right stage, the least im-
pulse is enough to precipitate an avalanche. And that' s what will
happen over here as well, and soon. Most probably it will be the fi-
nancial collapse of the big TRADES UNIONS under the pressure of chronic
* See this volume, p. 429. -
b
from bitter experience
257. Engels to Nestler & Melle's Verlag. 13 May 1886 4 4 7
overproduction that will mark the moment when the eyes of the En-
glish are opened to the inadequacy of 'self-help' and of Radicalism.
So [see you] here this autumn!
Your
F. E.
Tomorrow week Mrs Pfnder will be sailing for America to stay
with her brother-in-law in New Ulm, Minnesota.
Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 , , . , , *, ,. ,
r
* ,
Published in English in lull tor the
first time
257
ENGELS TO F. H. NESTLER & MELLE' S VERLAG
5 8 3
IN HAMBURG
[Draft]
[London,] 13 May 1886
Dear Sirs,
Greatly flattered though I am by the offer you made me in your
kind note of the 10th inst., I regret that I must nevertheless decline it
on the grounds that I cannot spare the time.
I am responsible for editing the mss. left by Marx and for turning
to account all the other papers he left. It is a responsibility that will
occupy my time for several years to come and must take precedence
over everything else.
In addition, I am responsible for revising the translations of our
works into foreign languages an essential task in the majority of
cases. Not only is there the English translation of Capital, which
I must now finish and which goes to the printers next mont h,
56
but
also a constant influx of mss. of the kind that call for revision, transla-
tions of shorter works into French, Italian, Danish, Dutch, etc.,
a
and
these take up all that remains of my spare time.
448 258. Engels to Bernstein. 22 May 1886
But once I have put all this behind me, I shall, assuming I live so
long, first have to turn my mind to the completion, once and for all, of
my own independent works which have been totally neglected for the
past three years.
Among those whose views correspond to my own, my friend Karl
Kautsky would no doubt be suitable for such a position, especially as
he now lives here, and I should be glad to give him all the help
I could. Moreover the relevant English literature, most of it quite un-
known, is obtainable nowhere save in the BRITISH MUSEUM. Yesterday,
fherefore, I took the liberty of informing him of your proposal. But his
commitments apart from editing the Neue eitare so many and
extend so far ahead that he was unable to authorise my suggesting
him to you as a candidate.
I am, as you can see, most interested in your scheme and hence am
all the sorrier for being unable to participate in its execution. Mean-
while I would thank you for honouring me with your proposal, and
remain
Yours faithfully
Works, First Russian Edition, Vol. XXVI I , Published in English in full for the
Moscow, 1935
first t i m e
258
4 8 4
IN ZURI CH
London, 22 May 1886
Dear Ede,
I am sending you the (Daily News) report of Thursday' s parlia-
mentary debate on the Irish Arms Bill
584
: Restrictions on the right to
carry or possess arms, hitherto aimed at the Nationalists in Ireland, are
now to be extended to the Protestant braggarts in Ulster; rebellion is
258. Engels to Bernstein. 22 May 1886
449
in the offing. Remarkable speech by Lord Randolph Churchill,
a
brother of the Duke of Marlborough, democratising Tory, Secretary
for India in the last Tory Cabinet, and as such a life member of the
PRIVY COUNCIL. In view of our petty-bourgeois socialists' insipid and
pusillanimous protests and assurances to the effect that, whatever the
circumstances, they will pursue their objectives by peaceful means,
this is surely the moment to point out that English ministers
Althorp, Peel, Morley, and even Gladstoneare advocating the
right to revolt as a theory consistent with the Constitution, though
admittedly only for such time as they remain in opposition, as Gladstone's
subsequent vapourings have borne out,
b
though in none of them
did he dare deny that right as such and especially, too, because
this emanates from England, the land of legality par excellence.
Our Vierecks could hardly have had shorter shrift.
I' m glad to see from the Sozialdemokrat's renewed verve that you
are in good shape again.
I' m up to my eyes in the English translation of Capital. Aveling
fixed up everything with the publishers mis morning and the contract
will be signed in a day or two, after which comes the printing, 5 sheets
a week mi ni mum.
56
Unfortunately I haven' t finished revising it, but
pp. 1-450 of the original are ready for the press; ditto, almost,
pp. 450-640. But please don' t make any announcement yet, as
nothing has been signed so far.
Our Frenchmen are doing splendidly. Over here, on the other
hand, everyone is playing about like a bunch of amateurs. The anar-
chist follies in America
582
may prove advantageous; it is undesirable
that the American workers, given their present wholly bourgeois level
of thinking high wages and short hours should win victories
too quickly. That might unduly reinforce the biassed TRADES UNION
spirit.
The most powerful TRADES UNION over here, the AMALGAMATED ENGI-
NEERS, had to allocate from its reserve funds more than 43,000 for
its unemployed members, bringing the reserves down from ap-
prox. 165,000 to approx. 122,000. Not until this fund is exhaust-
ed, and only then, will it be possible to do something with those
chaps.
Your
F. E.
a
R. Churchill's speech in the House of Commons on 20 May 1886 (The Daily News,
No. 12515, 21 May 1886). -
b
W. E. Gladstone's speech in the House of Commons
on 20 May 1886 (The Daily News, No. 12515, 21 May 1886).
4 5 0 259. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 23 May 1886
I am sending this to Schlter as I don' t know the new number of
your house.
Engels Archives, Book I, Moscow, 1924 _ , ,. , . . _ . . . .
r
,
first time
259
IN PARIS
London, 23 May 1886
My dear Laura,
I think I can to-day announce to you that the affair about the En-
glish edition of the Kapital is at last settled.
56
With Kegan Paul and
Co. it was impossible to come to a satisfactory conclusion, so we ar-
ranged terms with Swan Sonnenschein and Co. I saw Swan Sonnen-
schein yesterday, with Edward, and there is now only the agreement
to be signed formally and then the ms. will go to press at once. Swan
Sonnenschein and Co. pay us 10% of gross selling price first 500
copies sold and I2
l
l
2
% all following copies. First edition to be a library
one, at 32/- in 2 volumes: the type to be clichd at once but so that al-
terations for 2nd edition can be made within certain limits; then sec-
ond edition in one volume say from 7/6 to 10/-, and this plan will suit
us much better than Kegan Paul's who would have kept the price up
at 28/- and thus excluded the book from general circulation.
As I have 450 pages (of the original German) ready to go to press,
and about 200 more that can be got ready in 14 days, and all the rest
done in the rough, there is no reason why we should not print 5 sheets
a week and have done altogether by middle of August, and the book
to be brought out 1st October.
I think Paul does not quite see why they wanted a letter from him
on the Paris election for The Commonweal. The people here do not
want directly to attack Justice and moreover their assertion would not
go half as far as an authoritative statement from Paris.
585
But it's no
260. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 3 June 1886 451
great matter, as the League
3 4 6
is in a complete muddle through their
having let the anarchists creep in. They will have their conference of
delegates on Whit Sunday,
5 8 6
and then we shall see what comes of it.
I cannot make out why Decazeville collapsed so suddenly,
587
es-
pecially as Paul, like Napoleon after the burning of Moscow, all at once
ceased to supply Cris du Peuple to me, at the critical moment. Is it so
absolutely impossible for the Parisian mind to own to unpleasant
things that can' t be helped? The victory of Decazeville would have
been exceedingly nice, but after all the defeat may be more useful to
the movement in the long run. So I do believe, too, that the anarchist
follies of Chicago will do much good.
582
If the present American mo-
vement which so far as it is not exclusively German, is still in the
Trades Union stage had got a great victory on the 8 hours ques-
tion, Trades Unionism would have become a fixed and final dogma.
While a mixed result will -help to show then that it is necessary to go
beyond 'high wages and short hours' .
F. Engels
260
5 8 8
IN ZURI CH
[London,] 3 June 1886
122 Regent's Park Road, N. W.
I have looked over the proofs and corrected in pencil a few addi-
tional mistakes.
That the set-up of the work would be anything but elegant, I fore-
saw as soon as I knew who had it in charge, and am therefore not
much surprised. I am afraid there is no help now, so it's no use grum-
bling.
452 260. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 3 June 1886
Whatever the mistakes and the Borrmrthdt of the leaders of the move-
ment, and partly of the newly-awakening masses too, one thing is
certain: the American working class is moving, and no mistake. And
after a few false starts, they will get into the right track soon enough.
This appearance of the Americans upon the scene I consider one of
the greatest events of the year.
581
What the downbreak of Russian
Czarism would be for the great military monarchies of Europet he
snapping of their mainstay that is for the bourgeois of the whole
world the breaking out of class war in America. For America after all
was the ideal of all bourgeois: a country rich, vast, expanding, with
purely bourgeois institutions unleavened by feudal remnants or mo-
narchical traditions, and without a permanent and hereditary prole-
tariat. Here every one could become, if not a capitalist, at all events an
independent man, producing or trading, with his own means, for his
own account. And because there were not, as yet, classes with oppos-
ing interests, our and yourbourgeois thought that America
stood above class antagonisms and struggles. That delusion has now
broken down, the last Bourgeois Paradise on earth is fast changing
into a Purgatory, and can only be prevented from becoming, like Eu-
rope, an Inferno by the go-ahead pace at which the development of
the newly fledged proletariat of America will take place. The way in
which they have made their appearance on the scene, is quite extra-
ordinary: six months ago nobody suspected anything, and now they
appear all of a sudden in such organised masses as to strike terror
into the whole capitalist class. I only wish Marx could have lived to
see it!
I am in doubt whether to send this to Zurich or to the address in
Paris you give at foot of your letter. But as in case of mistake Zurich is
safest, I forward this and the proofs to Mr Schlter, who no doubt
will forward wherever it may be necessary.
Ever sincerely yours,
F. Engels
a
stubborn narrowness
261. Engels to Schlter. 3 June 1886 453
261
London, 3 June 1886
Dear Mr Schlter,
Mrs Wischnewetzky has sent me some printed sheets
a
which I have
got to return; she also gave me a Paris address, which I can' t decipher
properly, and without telling me whether they should be sent there.
For safety's sake I am taking the liberty of posting my reply and cor-
rections to you, with the request that you kindly forward them. You
may perhaps know the Paris address, or else you could make inquiries
at the Pension Tifenau it looks like c/Drexel, Harjes & Co.,
Pari s.
5 8 9
I apologise for putting you to this trouble.
Your Chart i sm' s
557
turn will come round as soon as the English
translation of Capital allows me a free moment. Printing has just
begun and, as only the first half is ready for the press, I absolutely
must attend to the remainder first.
56
Hence I cannot allow anything
more to stand in its way just now.
Regards to Ede.
Yours,
F. Engels
Moscow, 1935
time
a
F. Engels, ' Appendix to the American Edition of The Condition of the Working Class in
England*.
454
262. Engels to Kautsky. 2 July 1886
262
IN LONDON
[Eastbourne,
590
] Friday, 2 July 1886
Many thanks for all the trouble you've taken. Please don' t send
me, apart from Nature, any English papers, or the Manchester paper
which arrives on Saturdays, or, after Saturday, any more papers at all,
apart from the Sozialdemokrat, or, after Monday, any more letters, for
we shall be home again on Wednesday
a
afternoon. The weather con-
tinues magnificent I await with interest the first election results
from the larger towns
5 9
' tomorrow morning. Best wishes from my
family to yours.
Your
F. E.
time
263
IN LONDON
[Eastbourne, 4 July 1886]
Dear Kautsky,
I would naturally prefer not to have any more visitors here,
59
as
Schorlemmer will in any case probably be arriving tomorrow; how-
ever, what has to be has to be. Besides, I shall be back in London on
Wednesday
a
and hope that Mrs Guillaume-Schack will find enough
a
7 July
264. Engels to Kautsky. 8 July 1886 455
to do in town until t hen.
3 9 2
Since yesterday it has been oppressively
hot here too, though all the same there has been a bit of a breeze
on Friday it was actually chilly and I couldn' t sit outside in the eve-
ning without my overcoat. Best wishes to your wife. Pumps, Percy and
Moore have taken a boat and gone out to catch fish for supper, pro-
vided, that is, le bon dieu* doesn't object to their breaking the Sab-
bath and visit sea-serpents upon them. The Pilsener beer is also good
here.
Your
F. E.
Enteis Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 , , - , . , . r , r-
rubhshed in bnghsh tor the first
time
264
IN LONDON
[London, 8 July 1886]
Safely home
5 9 0
t oday called to see Guillaume-Schack, but she
was out hence, so far have not had the pleasure of making her ac-
quaintance.
592
Schorlemmer is with us shall you be coming over
here tomorrow evening?
Your
F. E.
Eneels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 _ , .. , , . _ .. , - , _
Published in Lnghsh lor the first
time
God
456
265. Engels to Becker. 9 Jul y 1886
265
IN GENEVA
London, 9 July 1886
Dear Old Comrade,
I put off answering your letter for a few days as I wanted to wait
and see whether I could find some way of entering into your Paris
scheme.
593
I couldn' t, alas, if only because
1) I am tied down in England through having to attend to the
proof-correction and publication of the English translation of Capital
which is now printing
56
; nor could I leave this to anyone else even if
I were not bound by my contract.
2) For the past 3 months, however, I have again become an in-
valid, 200 or 300 paces being the most I can manage, and am depen-
dent on all sorts of medical persons; the business is just gnant,
a
no
more, but at any moment complications might set in if I didn' t take
things easy, so there can be no question of a long journey. And even
if, as I hope, I am more mobile this autumn, I really must do my ut-
most this time to rid myself for good of this old trouble by which
I have been crippled off and on during the past three years, and that
means doing nothing that might bring about a relapse. I simply must
get to the stage of being able to walk for 2 or 3 hours on end, other-
wise I shall be done for and unable to do any sustained work. I had
thought that, during the past fortnight, I might get to the stage of
being able to register a positive improvement, but it's taking longer
than I imagined.
Well, with luck we might be able to make some other arrangement.
For once in Paris, you might just as well cross the Channel and spend
a little while here. I would gladly bear the cost, and your stay over
here wouldn' t cost you a penny. In August I am being sent to the sea-
side to recuperate and in September I shall have visitors from the
provinces, from Germany and most likely also the Lafargues from Paris
and, since I only have one spare room, putting up all these people will
a
inconvenient
265. Engels to Becker. 9 July 1886 457
be none too easy. But in October it will all be over and I shall be able
to let you have the room any time you like, and should be delighted
to see you here. Then we could also talk things over and exchange all
our news at greater leisure than in Paris where, after all, one is never
on one's own.
So make up your mind. By October, too, my urgent work will be so
far advanced that I shall be able to shelve everything else; I also hope
to have made sufficient progress to tipple again. If, by the by, you
would rather come here in September, let me know; either way, I' m
sure it can be managed. There are all sorts of things that still remain
to be discussed and, above all, you have so much information
known, as you say, to no one else about the historical origins of the
movement to pass on to me, that it would be a crying shame if we
didn' t do our utmost to foregather once again and get all this off our
chests.
I haven' t yet had a chance to put Marx' s papers in order, a job
that would take me at least a month. Perhaps I shall get round to it in
the autumn, for done it has got to be, and done before the days grow
too short.
I am taking out another five pound money order for you which
I hope will reach you soon after, or at the same time as, this
letter.
So do make up your mind. I look forward immensely to seeing you
again and discussing things with you face to face. If I were as steady
on my pins as you, I should come to Geneva but as it is! Well, I
expect you to do it in my stead, and come over here.
Your old friend
F. Engels
First published in: F. Engels, Vergessene
Philipp Becker), Berlin, 1920
time
458
266. Engels to Kautsky. 26 July 1886
266
IN DEAL
5 9 4
London, 26 Jul y 1886
Dear Baron,
I have today sent you a Volkszeitung and shall tomorrow send off
the one that arrived today; also Deutsche Worte, wherein the first in-
stalment of an article on Gustav Cohn
5 9 5
s o far quite delightful.
You really must get hold of the chap
a
for the Neue eit.
Yesterday we were more or less on our own Tussy was ill as well
so that Aveling had to leave early it's nothing much, but neverthe-
less troublesome. On top ofthat it was raining cats and dogs I hope
you are having better weather down in the south-east where the cli-
mate is more continental than anywhere else in England.
So Dilke has providentially gone into political exile requiescat in
pace!
b
That' s what comes of protestant hypocrisy. None of this busi-
ness could ever have happened in a Catholic country either in
Vienna or in Rome or in Paris nor yet in Petersburg; such whited
sepulchres are possible only in two centres London and Berlin. In
fact, if Berlin is becoming a metropolis, this is only because London is
increasingly deteriorating into a Berlin. What could be more typical
of Berlin than gallant Captain Forster escorting his lady-friend to
a brothel?
396
No other news to speak ofSchorlemmer has gone to Germany;
I am getting better every day. Nim has just finished reading Mrtyrer
der Phantasie
0
aloud (end has come!!) and is knitting stockings. Kind-
est regards to you and your wife from us both.
Your
F. E.
If there should be anything you want doing at home, I have once
more reached the stage at which I can perfectly well walk as far as
a
Julius Platter -
b
may he rest in peace -
c
The Martyrs of Imagination
267. Engels to Kautsky. 31 July 1886 459
that, and hope this will continue; so if I can do you any service, don' t
hesitate to let me know.
time
267
IN DEAL
5 9 4
London, 31 July 1886
Dear Kautsky,
I shall retain the POST OFFICE ORDER here as there would be no point
in trying to cash it with the moron in Southampton Road. It will
be kept at your disposal and, should you not return before, I shall
leave it with Mrs Parker, alias Sarah, in an envelope addressed
to you.
Instead, herewith a POST OFFICE ORDER for 4 in your name,
Karl Kautsky, taken out by me Frederick Engels. If you could
do with a few more pounds sterling, I will gladly let you have
them.
Weather' s improving with you, too, I hope. So that there may
be a chance of this letter's arriving today, I shall close. Kindest re-
gards to your wife and yourself from Nim and
Your
F. E.
Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 , , . ,, ,.
r
,
time
460 268. Engels to Sorge. 3 August 1886
268
IN MOUNT DESERT
5 9 7
[London,] 3 August 1886
Int ervi ew
598
received with thanks; amused me greatly. Of course
the idiot
a
puts into my mouth all the silly things he himself'said. Com-
monweal, 1 May-17 July, will follow in 2 parcels tomorrow. I now get
them through Lessner at intervals, but complete. To-Day will follow
as soon as I have got the July no. which is still missing.
Translation of ms.
b
will be finished the day after tomorrow and last
part handed over to publishers.
0
320 pages have been printed, almost
the same as 3rd German edition. Hope it will be finished by end of
September and published in October. Am also going to the seaside
this Saturday,
d
hope it will do us both and also your wife good.
Your
F. E.
First published in Briefe und Auszge aus
269
IN DEAL
5 9 4
London, 6 August 1886
Dear Kautsky,
We leave tomorrow for East bourne.
5
" Address 4 Cavendish Place,
as before.
a
John T. McEnni s-
b
the English translation of the first volume of Capital (see
Note 56) -' William Swan Sonnenschein-
d
7 August
time
269. Engels to Kautsky. 6 August 1886 461
Have just booked a passage for Liebknecht on the Cunard STEAMER
Servia and sent him the receipt.
600
You will find your MONEY ORDER here in an addressed envelope. Also
sundry American Sozialists for yourself and sundry American Volks-
Zeitungs along with the Missouri Republican containing the outrageous
interview
5 9 8
please keep these Volkszeitungs and the Republican
for me.
Will you please when you get back continue to forward my
letters, etc., at regular intervals, i.e. at most every other day, but as
a rule twice a week, just as you did before?
The translation of the ms.
a
was finally completed yesterday;
23 sheets have been set up and the proofs are in hand.
Liebknecht is sailing from Liverpool on 4 September, the Avelings
on 31 August.
60
' We shall be staying here until 28 August for certain
and if possible a week longer; it depends on Liebknecht's arrival and
other possible visitors.
You will have read about the sentences in Freiberg
b
6 months
for Dietz, Heinzel and Mller, 9 for the ot hers.
602
Typically
German.
Thank you for your news from Vienna.
6 0 3
Otherwise all is tran-
quil while the world takes a breather, the one exception being the
Russians who are surreptitiously intriguing away for all they are
worth. Giers evidently intends to wangle something worthwhile
out of Bismarck this year, but I don' t imagine he will succeed.
Kindest regards to your wife.
Your
F. E.
time
a
the English translation of the first volume of Capital (see Note 56) -
b
Freiburg in the
original.
462 270. Engels to Kautsky. 11 August 1886
270
IN LONDON
Eastbourne, 11 August 1886
4 Cavendish Place
Dear Baron,
I shall gladly do my best as regards your ms.
6 0 4
But to promise
that it will be seen to by a specific date in the near future is utterly
impossible: 1) everything depends upon the pressure of printed
sheets,
a
each of which I must read through carefully at least 3 times
for proof-correcting and the 1st and 2nd revisions; 2) I have accumu-
lated such a pile of urgent correspondence which has been
completely neglected for the past 3 months that I shall have to
dispose of that first; 3) 2 mss. have been lying about here for 7
months awaiting revision; however, I shall set them aside if needs
must .
6 0 5
So send me the ms. and nous verrons.
b
In any case he
c
only needs the
first instalment, so send me that.
Dietz must not hear a word about my going through it. I am only
too familiar with the way he casts all discretion to the winds as soon
as he senses that some commercial benefit may be in the offing. If
necessary, therefore, you will have to find another source of infor-
mation.
Changeable weather since yesterday.
As regards papers, etc., please send me only the French, Spanish
and German-American Socialists,
d
the Sozialdemokrat, the Volks-
zeitung, Volksfreund and Nature; the others can wait. All company
prospectuses and reports can likewise wait.
I shall now get back to the printed sheets. I trust the sea air
did you both good, especially your wife. Every night between 9
and 11 we have a hectic game of cards; so far I have been marvel-
* of the English translation of the first volume of Capital (see Note 56) -
b
we shall
see-
c
J. H. W. Dietz -
d
Le Socialiste, El Socialista, Der Sozialist
271. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 13-14 August 1886 4 6 3
lously lucky as a loser. Nim and the Roshers send their best
wishes.
Regards to your wife.
Your
F. E.
Eneels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 _ , ,. . , . . . , , .
Published in English tor the first
time
271
ENGELS TO FLORENCE KELLEY-WISCHNEWETZKY
IN ZURI CH
Eastbourne, 13-14 August 1886
4 Cavendish Place
My reply to your kind letter of the 9th June was delayed for the
simple reason that overwork compelled me to suspend all my corre-
spondence (such as did not command immediate despatch) until the
ms. of the translation of Das Kapital was finally ready for the print-
er.
56
Such is now the case, and I can at last attend to the heap of
unanswered letters before me; and you shall have the first chance.
Had you told me in the above letter that you had spare time on your
hands for party work, I should at once have sent you a short reply;
I am sorry if through my fault you were prevented from doing some
useful work.
I quite forgot, when proposing to you Lohnarbeit und Kapital,
a
that an English translation had already appeared in London. As this
is offered for sale in New York it would be useless to translate it
over again.
a
K. Marx, Wage Labour and Capital.
4 6 4 271. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 13-14 August 1886
Now about Der Ursprung.
a
The thing is more difficult to translate
than Die Lage,
b
and would require comparatively greater attention
and more time per page on your part. But if I had time left to me for
the looking it over, that would be no obstacle, provided you could
devote that time and attention to it, and leave me a larger margin of
blank paper to suggest alterations. There is however another matter
to consider. If the thing is to come out in English at all, it ought to
be published in such a way that the public can get hold of it through
the regular book-trade. That will not be the case, as far as I can see,
with Die Lage. Unless the trade arrangements are very different in
America from those in Europe, the booksellers will not deal in
works published by outside establishments belonging to a working
men's party. This is why Chartist and Owenite publications are no-
where preserved and nowhere to be had, not even in the British Mu-
seum; and why all our German party publications are and were,
long before the Socialist Law
37
not to be had through the trade,
and remained unknown to the public outside the party. That is
a state of things which sometimes cannot be avoided, but ought to
be avoided wherever possible. And you will not blame me if I wish
to avoid it for English translations of my writings having suffered
from it in Germany for more than 40 years. The state of things in
England is such that publishers can be got either now or in the
near future for socialist works, and I have no doubt that in the
course of next year I can have an English translation published here
and the translator paid; and as I have, moreover, long since prom-
ised Dr Aveling the translation of the Entwicklung
528
and Ur-
sprung,
606
if he can make it pay for himself, you see that an Ameri-
can edition, brought out outside the regular book-trade, would only
spoil the chance of a London edition to be brought out in the way of
the regular trade and therefore accessible to the public generally and
everywhere.
Moreover I do not think that this book is exactly what is wanted
at the present moment by the American working men. Das Kapital
will be at their service before the year is out, that will serve them for
a pice de rsistance.
c
For lighter, more popular literature, for real
propaganda, my booklet will scarcely serve. In the present undevel-
oped state of the movement, I think perhaps some of the French po-
a
F. Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the Stale. -
b
F. Engels,
The Condition of the Working-Class in England. -
c
special dish
271. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 13-14 August 1886 4 6 5
pularisations would answer best. Deville and Lafargue have pub-
lished two series of lectures, Cours d'conomie sociale, about two
years ago, Deville taking the economic and Lafargue the more gen-
eral, historic side of the Marxian theory. ' '
9
No doubt Bernstein can
let you look at a copy and get one from Paris, and then you might
judge for yourself. Of course I do not mean Deville's larger work,
the extract from Das Kapital, which in the latter half of it is very
misleading.
a
14th August
To return to the Ursprung. I do not mean to say that I have abso-
lutely promised Aveling to let him have it, but I consider myself
bound to him in case a translation is to come out in London. The fi-
nal decision, then, would depend very much upon the nature of the
publishing arrangements you can make in America. To a repetition
of what Miss Foster has done with Die Lage I decidedly object.
b
When I see my way to an English edition, brought out by a firm
known in the bourgeois trade, and not only of this book, but prob-
ably of a collection of various other writings, with the advantage of
having the translation done here (which saves to me a deal of time)
you will admit that I ought to look twice before sanctioning the
bringing out, in America, of this little book alone and thereby spoil-
ing the whole arrangement. And with the present anti-socialist scare
in America, I doubt whether you will find regular publishers very
willing to associate their names with socialist works.
A very good bit of work would be a series of pamphlets stating, in
popular language, the contents of Das Kapital. The theory of surplus
value No. 1; the history of the various forms of surplus value (coop-
eration, manufacture, modern industry) No. 2; accumulation and the
history of primitive accumulation No. 3; the development of surplus
value making in colonies [last chapter) No. 4 this would be espe-
cially instructive in America, as it would give the economical history
of that country, from a land of independent peasants to a centre of
modern industry, and might be completed by specially American
facts.
In the meantime you may be sure that it will take some time yet
a
G. Deville, Le Capital de Karl Marx. Rsum... -
b
466
272. Engels to Bernstein. 14 August 1886
before the mass of the American working people will begin to read so-
cialist literature. And for those that do read and will read, there is
matter enough being provided, and least of all will Der Ursprung be
missed by them. With the Anglo-Saxon mind, and especially with
the eminently practical development it has taken in America,
theory counts for nothing until imposed by dire necessity, and I count
above all things upon the teaching our friends will receive by the con-
sequences of their own blunders, to prepare them for theoretical
schooling.
F. Engels
I shall be in this place until 27th i nst .
5
"; after that, in London.
272
6 0 7
IN ZURI CH
4 Cavendish Place
Dear Ede,
A fortnight ago I sent you a Standard containing a Bulgarian report
on Russian intrigues in the Balkans which was very important.
a
a
'Russia and Bulgaria', The Standard, No. 19359, 30 Jul y 1886.
272. Engels to Bernstein. 14 August 1886 467
Meanwhile the situation has been getting more and more critical, for
Alexander III is in need of a success after his many setbacks and, in
view of the multifarious intrigues, it might well happen that matters
get beyond the gentlemen's control and war breaks out. In this con-
nection I wanted to pass on to you the story sent in by the Daily
News correspondent in St Petersburg, which he insists is true despite
all disclaimers, that between the 18th and the end of this month six
Russian army corps, opposed by six ditto, will be engaged on ma-
noeuvres in the neighbourhood of Vilna, i. e. close to the Prussian
border; an assemblage, that is, of 12 army corps (the whole German
army has only 18 of them) or, at a very modest estimate, 240,000
men. We may be sure that the vast sum of money involved isn't being
chucked down die drain out of sheer bravado. Moreover Alexander III
has forbidden all foreign officers to attend, even Werder, the Prussian.
While these 240,000 men are concentrated on the border, Mr Giers
will arrive in Germany to negotiate with Bismarck. It is a very bold
stratagem, especially having regard to old William," for he is being
tackled precisely on this, his most sensitive flank. So things may go
wrong and war break out. It may equally well be settled on the quiet,
for we may be sure that Giers will not willingly be a party to such out-
rageous pranks. However I thought it as well to draw your attention
to this curious business.
Tell Schlter that I shall attend to his piece
5 5 7
as soon as I get
back to London. I may possibly see old Harney before that, in which
case I shall be able to glean a good deal of information that will be of
interest to him.
Kindest regards. Back in London on the 28th of this month.
5
"
Your
F. E.
time
a
William I
468 273. Engels to Bebel. 18 August 1886
273
6 0 8
[IN PLAUEN NEAR DRESDEN]
4 Cavendish Place
Dear Bebel,
It is a long time since I sent you word of myself, but on the one
hand nothing in particular had happened that seemed to call for an
exchange of opinions and, on the other, the ms. of the translation of
Capital* was giving me such an immense amount of work that I had,
quite literally and on principle, to let slide all correspondence that
did not require immediate attention for about 10 weeks. Now that,
too, has been dealt with, so that all that is pursuing me down to the
seaside here are the very troublesome proofs and this means that
I shall at last be able to make good my omissions, especially since var-
ious things have happened that are worth writing about.
First and foremost the Freiberg verdicts.
602
It would seem that
your German, and notably Saxon, magistrate still deems himself in-
sufficiently depraved. His case is like that of Eccarius in the days of
the International, of whom Pfnder once said: 'You have absolutely
no idea what Eccarius is like; he intends to become far worse than he
already is.' And the Saxons are no exception. In Germany everything
official is corrupt, but a petty state gives rise to a particular brand of
corruption. For its semi or wholly hereditary official class is so small
and at the same time so jealous of its caste privileges that its judiciary,
police, administration and army, all brothers and relatives, come to
one another' s aid and play into one another' s hands, and to such
good purpose that the legal norms, indispensable in larger countries,
are completely lost to view, and what is utterly impossible becomes
possible. I myself have seen what can happen in this way, not only in
Germany but also in Luxembourg and, quite recently, in Jersey, not
to mention Switzerland in the bad old Bonapartist days.
b
And I am
convinced that Bismarck could have achieved the same end in any
a
the English translation of the first volume of Capital (see Note 56) -
b
The reference is
to Engels' stay in Switzerland in 1849-50.
273. Engels to Bebel. 18 August 1886 469
other petty German state as soon as the Court, the chief of the robber
band, ceased to oppose him. In the largest of the petty states, in Prus-
sia itself, this mutual aid society is formed by the military and official
lite and is capable of any infamy in the real or purported interest of
the caste.
Just now the ruling clique has more t han enough to do. The death
of old William
a
will usher in a period of uncertainty and indecision
for them hence, or so they believe, the need to consolidate their po-
sition as much as possible beforehand. Hence, too, the sudden furious
hue and cry which is raised to an even higher pitch by their fury over
the complete failure of all their previous machinations against us, and
their hope of [provoking] minor disturbances which would make it
possible to tighten up the l aw.
b
And that is why you people have got
to spend nine months in jug.
I hope you will return from your travels this summer so fortified that
those 9 months will not be deleterious to your health. This, your en-
forced retirement, will prove extremely deleterious to the party; true,
the tractable members will at last be made to realise that mildness is
no safeguard against imprisonment, yet they are unlikely to change
their spots and their endeavour to pass themselves off as the genuine
representatives of the party will be facilitated by everything that im-
pedes the organisation, and hence the organised expression of opin-
ion, of our masses. And once they know you' re safely under lock and
key, they'll really start to give themselves airs. Much will then depend
on Liebknecht, but upon what will he depend? He will be coming
over here in a fortnight's time and will pass on to me a vast amount of
party gossip, or as much of it as he thinks fit. But of one thing you
may be sure my view of the German movement as a whole, of the
tactics it should adopt, and of its individual members including Lieb-
knecht himself, will remain what it has always been. Come to that,
I am greatly looking forward to seeing him again, although I know
from experience that reasoning with him is a complete waste of
time at most he may take some account of my opinion while in Amer-
ica, where Tussy Aveling will be able to give him an occasional
nudge and so keep him on the straight and narrow.
6 0 0
As regards the
fund-raising success of the tour, I have my doubts. Now that the
American movement is acquiring reality, it is bound to become an
ever less productive source of funds for Germany. This it could only
'
a
William I -
b
470 273. Engels to Bebel. 18 August 1886
be while still a completely academic proposition. But now that the
Anglo-American workers have been roused from their lethargy, it is
essential that in speeches and the press they be helped to take their
first, still tentative steps, that a truly socialist nucleus be formed in
their midst, and this costs money. Nevertheless, this time there may
still be some pickings to be had.
The entry of the Americans into the movement and the revival of
the French movement by the three labour deputies and by Decaze-
ville
545
these are the two events of world historic importance this
year. In America there's all sorts of tomfoolery going on here the
anarchists, there the KNIGHTS OF LABOR
6 0 9
but no matter; the thing
has got going and will make rapid progress. There are still many dis-
appointments in store the wire-pullers of the old political parties
are preparing covertly to take over the leadership of the budding
workers' par t yand colossal blunders will be made, but neverthe-
less, things will go faster there than anywhere else.
In France the 108,000 votes obtained by Roche
576
prove that the
Radicals' spel l
429
is broken and the Paris workers are beginning to
disown them, and to do so on a massive scale. To consolidate this vic-
tory, this new-won position, our men have managed to transform the
temporary organisation set up for Roche' s election into a permanent
one
6
' and in this way have become the theoretical teachers of the
working men who are turning away from the Radicals. Though they
all describe themselves as socialists, these people are learning from
bitter experience that the threadbare remnants they have inherited
from Proudhon and Louis Blanc are mere bourgeois and petty-
bourgeois dross; hence they are proving quite accessible to Marx' s
theory. This is a consequence of the Radicals being partially at the
helm; once wholly so, they will lose their entire working-class follow-
ing and I maintain that the victory of Radicalism, i. e. of old, thread-
bare French socialism, in the Chamber will spell victory for Marxism,
to begin with in the Paris municipal council. Oh, had Marx but lived
to see his thesis vindicated in France and America, his thesis that
today' s democratic republic is no more than the battleground upon
which the decisive struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat will
be fought out!
For all that,
3
practically nothing is yet happening in this country.
a
In the original ' trotz alledem und alledem'a line from a poem by Ferdinand
Freiligrath Trotz alledem!
273. Engels to Bebel. 18 August 1886 471
Not even a socialist sect, as in Owen' s day, can be said to exist. There
are as many sects as there are heads. The SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERA-
TION
300
does at least have a programme and a certain amount of dis-
cipline, but no backing whatever from the masses. Its bosses are polit-
ical adventurers of the most ambitious kind, and their paper, Justice,
is one long lie about the historic power and importance of the FEDERA-
TION. Even the worthy Ede occasionally forgets this and inoppor-
tunely cites the paper, thus doing the genuine movement over here more
harm than he can make good; from where he is it is difficult for him
to assess the way in which Justice exploits this. The LEAGUE
346
is going
through a crisis. Morris, a sentimental dreamer pure and simple, the
personification of good will with so good an opinion of itself that it
turns into ill will if ever there's a question of learning anything, has
been taken in by the catchword ' Revolution' and fallen victim to the
anarchists. Bax is very talented and no fool but, philosopher-fashion,
has concocted his own brand of socialism which he regards as true
Marxian theory and with which he does a great deal of harm. How-
ever, in his case these are merely teething troubles and will soon dis-
appear; only it's a pity the process should have to take place in pub-
lic. Nor can Aveling learn very much, taken up as he is with working
for his livelihood; he is the only one I see regularly. However, the
publication of Capital in English
5 6
will clear the air enormously over
here.
And with that I must close if I want to finish this letter. It is 6.45,
tea is about to be served and the last post goes at 8. So take care of
yourself and mind you don' t pay my long silence back in kind. And
above all, let me assure you that any gossip that might perhaps con-
cern you yourself will make no impression on me whatever.
Your old friend
F. E.
I am sure to be here until the 28th of this mo n t h ,
5
" after which
you had better write to London.
first time
472 274. Engels to Kautsky. 20 August 1886
274
6
'
IN LONDON
4 Cavendish Place
Dear Baron,
I return Dietz's letter herewith.
6
'
2
Provided you are given an as-
surance that Bios will not be allowed to put in anything whatever un-
less previously sanctioned by you, the mechanics could be left to him.
If the worst came to the worst you might slip over to Stuttgart for
a day or two and settle the matter. Anyhow that would be preferable
to an attempt to spend 6 months there which would end in your being
expelled after only 3 weeks, whereupon Mr Bios would have a com-
pletely free hand. But one thing you yourself should do is to exercise
somewhat stricter censorship throughout that period, so that Bios
should have no pretext for introducing anything slipshod.
It goes without saying that you may mention me in the prospectus
as a contributor. Similarly, I will gladly let you have the introduction
to the English translation of The Condition of the Working-Class'
1
as
soon as I myself have got it. It is not long. I am not at present in a
position to promise you anything definite, particularly since the en-
terprising Schlter wishes to republish The Housing Question which
will require revision and an introduction
11
; also Borkheim's Mord-
spatrioten, for which I shall have to write a biographical note on Bor-
kheim.
c
So you see, I need not bother about finding work; others
do the bothering for me.
Your plan to settle into a house is a very sensible one, but in the
long run you would find that the evening trains to Harrow leave too
early and I would advise you to look round somewhere else. But it is
more or less the same everywhere.
The sudden spate of prosecutions is clearly' due to the impending
demise of old William.
d
For the gang now in power it will usher in
a
See present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 399-405. -
b
F. Engels, 'Preface to the
Second Edition of The Housing Question'.-
c
F. Engels, ' Introduction to Si-
gismund Borkheim's Pamphlet In Memory of the German Blood-and-Thunder Patriots. 1806-
1S07'.-" William I
275. Engels to Bernstein. 20 August 1886
473
a period of uncertainty, and hence they are anxious in so far as possi-
ble to consolidate their position, partly by faits accomplis in domestic
policy, partly, if they can, by provoking disturbances and thus yet
greater alarm amongst the philistines.
a
What wouldn' t the gang give
for a bit of eel-snatching in Berlin, as in Amst erdam.
613
In addition
there is the personal ire of Puttkamer who, like the true Prussian he is,
regards every setback to one of his follies as an insult to his own au-
gust person.
On Tuesday,
b
Percy, Pumps and Lily went to pay a visit to the old
Roshers at Walmer near Deal. They are supposed to return today,
but I haven' t heard anything. Yesterday was terribly close and hu-
mid, but marvellous weather today. Nim is well and sends her kindest
regards, as I do mine. I trust your wife is well.
Your
F. E.
Thanks for Sonnenschein; the parcel had been addressed to
Regent' s Park Road by mistake; it contained something I needed
and for which I had already dunned them.
6
'
4
Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 , ,. , , . ,. , .
r
,,
r
first time
275
ENGELS TO EDUARD BERNSTEIN
IN ZURI CH
[Eastbourne,] 20 August 1886
Dear Ede,
I hope you have received a note from me via Mrs Schack.
c
The
Russians have eaten humble pie but are quietly going on with their
a
b
17 August-
0
Gertrud Guillaume-Schack; see
this volume, pp. 455, 466-67.
474 276. Engels to Schlter. 20 August 1886
intrigues, mainly directed against Britain in Asia Turkestan and
China. That eliminates the risk of war this year. It is now improbable
that the Daily Mews correspondent's 240,000 men will march
a
... This
for your information. The aspect of things has changed so rapidly
that people like us are mostly too late with our news. The poor
Baron' s
b
in despair at not having heard from you.
Your
F. E.
Engels Archives, Book I, Moscow, 1924 _ , ,. , , . .. , . , _
Published in English lor the first
time
276
4 Cavendish Place
Dear Mr Schlter,
Now it's your turn at last. I had to give up writing letters until the
English ms.
c
had been finished.
Firstly, therefore, your letter of 10 March.
1) Funds received at last. Receipt made out in duplicate.
11
2) Have read Lexis.
e
The man is far from stupid, but he's an out-
and-out rascal and knows it.
3) The Origin*Dietz's way of going about things gave me fresh
proof of how arbitrarily he behaves in business matters and I shall be
guided by this in future dealings with him. Apart from that, the out-
a
See this volume, p. 467.-
b
Karl Kaut sky-
0
of the first volume of Capital
(see Note 56) -
d
c
W. Lexis, 'Die Marx' sche
Kapitaltheorie' , Jahrbcher fr Nationalkonomie und Statistik, Vol. 11, Jena,
1885. -
r
F. Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State.
276. Engels to Schlter. 20 August 1886 475
come has been satisfactory and has enabled the thing to reappear in
the bookshops.
555
4) General Council's Addresses. Whether I have them all I shall
only know when my friends give me sufficient time to put Marx' s
letters, etc., in order. So until then I shan' t be able to help
you.
615
5) Chartist ms.
557
will be finished as soon as I get back to London
after the 28th.
599
I shall probably have a chance to consult our old
friend Harney about doubtful points; he is sure to be in London now.
The article in the Rheinische Jahrbcher is by Weerth and you may
name him.
3
Postcard of 8/6. You might send me the letters from the late He'
papers when convenient, though they' re unlikely to amount to more
than tittle-tattle. After 1848 the good Moses ceased to be connected
with any real movement and merely did a bit of Lassalling for a time
under Schweitzer.
Letter 16/8. I shall be glad to look over The Housing Question; the
thing can be reprinted pretty well as it stands (so far as I am able to
judge from memory). A word or two will be necessary by way of intro-
duction.
0
A re-issue of the Mordspatrioten would certainly be a very good idea.
The thing is by Borkheim and I would write a short biographical
note
c
to go with it. But as I have only one copy, likewise of The
Housing Question, and as both of them will probably call for notes, I
should be grateful if you would send me one copy of each (to Lon-
don).
Would you kindly give the enclosed line to Ede.
Yours,
F. Engels
Works, First Russian Edition, Vol. XXVII, i i. i , T^ I - I r , r-
\/t
1Q
oc Published in English lor the first
JVloscow, IJOD
time
a
G. W[eerth], 'Joseph Rayner Stephens...', Rheinische Jahrbcher zur gesellschaf-
tlichen Reform, Vol. II, 1846.-
b
F. Engels, 'Preface to the Second Edition of The
Housing Question'.-' F. Engels, ' Introduction to Sigismund Borkheim's Pamphlet In
Memory of the German Blood-and-Thunder Patriots. 1806-180T.
476
277. Engels to Kautsky. 23 August 1886
277
6
'
6
IN LONDON
[Eastbourne,] 23 August 1886
As you wrote to tell me you would be forwarding my letters,
etc., on Saturday, I simply wanted to inform you that I got nothing
either on Saturday or yesterday, nor had anything arrived by 7 p. m.
today (Monday); I had at least counted on getting the Sozialdemo-
krat.
Liebknecht has written to say he will probably be here this week.
I shall come up for the day to collect him and shall write beforehand.
Regards to your wife from Nim and
Your
F. E.
Eneels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 , , - , , - T, , , r , r-
Published in hnghsh tor the first
time
278
IN LONDON
4 Cavendish Place
Dear Kautsky,
I have been completely crushed, smothered, squashed and stulti-
fied by your avalanche of letters this morning. I shall have to see how
I can manage to answer them. Very many thanks.
Liebknecht has written to say he may set off for London as early as
tomorrow, taking the direct route via FlushingI am expecting
more definite word any day; as soon as I know the day he's arriving,
279. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 24 August 1886 477
I shall come up for the day and bring him back here. I shouldn' t buy
him an Esel
611
if I were you, he can write perfectly well on board
ship without an Esel. Or is he expecting to be seasick all the time?
But so far no Esel has been able to cope with seasickness.
Old Becker
a
will be arriving from Geneva on the 12th-13th to stay
with me in London.
Mother Schack has announced her intention of coming to London
in the middle of September along with the Wischnewetzkys.
618
If Schorlemmer and the Lafargues turn up as well postcard ar-
rived 16th August from Schorlemmer in Bellaggio, Lake of Como
it will be pretty hectic.
We shall be staying here until 4 September
5
" a week on Satur-
day.
Nim and the Pumpses send their best wishes to your wife and your-
self, as does
Your
F. E.
Eneels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 , , , .
r
.
c
,
u
r .
&
' \ i' > Published in English tor the first
time
279
IN PARIS
4 Cavendish Place
My dear Laura,
This morning I receive your letter of the 20th from London with
a perfect avalanche of other letters and paper sI cannot therefore
do to-day more than send you the cheque 15. -
Old Becker
a
writes that he will be here (in London) with the van
Kols' by 12th September.
Johann Philipp Becker
478
280. Engels to Kautsky. 25 August 1886
Countess Guillaume-Schack who was here only a month ago writes
she will be here about 15 September with the Wischnewetzkys
6
'
8
(male Russian, female Yankee).
Liebknecht writes he may leave for London to-morrow. As soon as
he lets me know date of arrival, I shall go to London to see Edward
and Tussy before their departure
60
' and bring Liebknecht over here
for a few days we return to London 4 September.
599
Glad to see that Vierzon
6
'
9
is exploited again like Decazeville.
a 545
The other day a postcard came from Schorlemmer from Bellaggio,
Lake of Como.
Love from Nim, the Pumpses and yours affectionately,
F. Engels
280
IN LONDON
4 Cavendish Place
Dear Baron,
Your letter sent to Offenbach will arrive in plenty of time, as Lieb-
knecht doesn't leave Borsdorf until the evening of the 26th, i. e. will
be in Offenbach on the 27th and won' t leave Cologne until 1.40 p. m.
on the 29th, assuming he is travelling via Flushing as he previously
said he would.
600
So I shall be arriving in London on Sunday evening
b
between
9 and 10
5
" and hope to see you both that same night. I have asked
a
See also this volume, p. 489. -
b
29 August
281. Engels to Kautsky. 26 August 1886 4 7 9
Liebknecht to take a CAB straight to my house, so what more could he
want?
You would greatly oblige me if you would call round on Friday
evening to see whether any letters have arrived for me, in particular
one from the Umox BANK OF London, and if so send them on, as I
want to attend to one or two business matters on Saturday if pos-
sible.
Kindest regards.
Your
F. E.
Ensels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 D U I - U J - t? rue
t
u < - .
& v
" Published in English tor the hrst
time
281
IN LONDON
Dear Kautsky,
Liebknecht is arriving on Monday
a
at a station to be specified by
you via Flushing; if he hasn' t got your letter, then at Holborn. So
he has no need of advice. If he finds no one at the station, he will take
a CAB to my house.
I shall be arriving in London on Saturday afternoon or, at the
latest, evening
599
I hope if possible to get to Regent's Park Road by
4 or 5. Harney will probably visit me on Sunday.
620
More when we
meet. Should there be a letter for me from the UNION BANK on Friday
and you could send it on before 5.30, I should be most grateful; other-
30 August
480
282. Engels to Sorge. 6 September 1886
wise it can wait until I arrive, just as all the rest can wait; there is time
enough.
Kindest regards to your wife.
Your
F. E.
P u b l i s h e d i n E n g l i s h f o r t h e f l r s t
time
282
6 2 1
IN HOBOKEN
[London,] 6 September 1886
The translation of Capital* is being published by W. Swan Son-
nenschein, Lowrey & Co., Paternoster Square, London; 23 sheets
have already been printed and the whole ms. is in the hands of the
printers. Unfortunately I can' t find the relevant article anywhere,
otherwise I could doubtless have given you further information.
622
No doubt you will already have seen Liebknecht before receiving this;
he sailed day before yesterday on the Servia.
600
As soon as I have dis-
posed of the more urgent tasks that is to say by the end of this
week I shall write you a longer letter.
Your
F. E.
Briefen von Joh. Phil. Becker, Jos. Dietzsen, , , . , , . ^ , , r . <-
E- j i F i v i t A Published m English tor the first
tneanch Engels, Karl Marx u. A. an
s
" the English translation of the first volume of Capital (see Note 56)
283. Engels to Nestler & Melle's Verlag. 11 September 1886 481
283
ENGELS TO F. H. NESTLER & MELLE' S VERLAG
IN HAMBURG
[Draft]
[London, about 11 September 1886]
Dear Sirs,
I must categorically reject the insinuation in your favour of the
9th inst.
623
Even had it occurred to Kautsky and, via him, to Dietz, to bring
out a similar collection of excerpts simply as a result of the proposal
you made me, you could have no cause for complaint, since in your
postcard of 15 May you told me:
' We must frankly admit that wi t h o u t you we shall n o t be able to bring our
idea to fruition.'
When you withdrew, they were fully entitled to step in. And why
I should be considered in any way blameworthy in this matter is
utterly incomprehensible to me.
However the above assumption is not even correct. The need for
such a collection has long been discussed in socialist circles and pre-
parations to bring one into being have often been all but completed.
I know that Dietz, in particular, has had this in mind ever since he
started his firm. When I spoke to Kautsky about your proposal, one
of the reasons he gave for his refusing was that he was already corre-
sponding witii Dietz about a very similar offer and had committed him-
self to Dietz to the extent of being unable to entertain any proposition of
a similar nature from elsewhere. I intimated as much when replying
to you,
a
in so far as it was permissible for me to do so; I was not entitled to
say more. In fact the matter had by then progressed so far that, at the
time you wrote to me, Kautsky had already been engaged for several
weeks in finishing off the first instalments (on Marx)
137
and hence
needed no prompting from you.
Moreover, the appearance of Dietz's advertisement at this precise
moment is in no way the result of your letter to me, of which Dietz, so
" See this volume, pp. 447-48.
482 284. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 13 September 1886
far as I know, is not even aware. It is solely the result of the fact that
Dietz, following his conviction in Freiberg,
602
feels impelled to get
various schemes of his to a stage at which they can go ahead without
his supervision during his six months' detention.
When I was in business I grew accustomed to hearing overhasty
criticisms based on insufficient information. It is one of those philis-
tine German customs which make it virtually impossible for Germans
to play a really prominent role in the world of business. But I must
confess I am somewhat surprised that a firm of your repute could be
capable of this sort of thing.
Yours faithfully
Works, First Russian Edition, Vol. XXVII, , ,. , , ^ , . ,
r
-t, . . Published in English lor the first
' time
284
IN PARIS
London, 13 September 1886
My dear Laura,
Here we are again in London
5
" it's the same thing over and
over again, jobs of all sorts. The last week I had to revise a German
extract of the Kapital by Kautsky,
137
and it wanted revising very
much. Two other mss. are in my desk and have been there for more
than six months. Hope to clear them off this week. Fortunately for me,
proof-sheets
a
have been few and far between, else it would have been
but a poor holiday for me. Anyhow I shall now cut this sort of work
completely, else I should never get to my chief work.
Tussy and Edward' s ship the City of Chicago arrived in New York on
the 10th, and Liebknecht's, the Servia, must be there by this time too,
as she sailed 4th September. They will have a severe job to go
a
of the English translation of the first volume of Capital (see Note 56)
284. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 13 September 1886 4 8 3
through with travelling and speechifying.
600
Liebknecht was four
days with us at Eastbourne, he is quite fat and carries a deal of weight
in front of himself, no doubt the Yankees will take some of that out of
him. Otherwise he was very jolly and confident as usual: 'alles geht
famos'.*
I wrote to you that I had a postcard from Schorlemmer about 18th
August from the Lake of Como,
b
since then I have not heard from
him. Anyhow he is now soon due in Paris whence he has sworn to
bring you, and if possible Paul too, over to London. I sincerely trust
that he will succeed, Nim is already busying her mind with the few
necessary arrangements which indeed will not require great exer-
tions. Paul's trial will not I hope prevent him from coming over,
624
the old shop where he likes to buy drawers at l/6d. a pair is still there
if that is an inducement. And if he cannot get off, surely you are
bound to take a holiday too and see your old friends in London once
more. You know what Meyer said: 'wenn sie im immer kommt, ist es als
wenn die Sonne aufginge'
c
so do let the sun rise once more over
London!
Nim has had her photograph taken in Eastbourne, it was very
good and is paid for, this is perhaps the reason why the copies are not
yet sent.
Please thank Paul for his letter on the wine manufacture it
not only confirmed, but also completed what I had heard from other
sources. It is very satisfactory to know that in these latter days of ca-
pitalist production the phylloxera has smashed up the Chteau La-
ffite, Lagrange and other grands crus,
d
as we that know how to appre-
ciate them, do not get them, and the Jews and parvenus that get
them, do not know [how] to appreciate them. Having thus no lon-
ger a mission to fulfil, they may as well go to smash, our successors
will soon restore them when they are wanted for grand popular
holidays.
What Mohr said in the Circular to the International in 1870,
e
that
the annexation of Alsace, etc., had made Russia l'arbitre de l'Europe,
is now at last becoming evident. Bismarck has had to cave in comple-
tely, and the will of Russia has to be done.
625
The dream of the Ger-
a
'everything is going swimmingly' -
b
c
'when
she comes into the room, it is as if the sun rises' -
d
famous vineyards -
e
K. Marx, 'Second Address of the General Council of the International
Working Men' s Association on the Franco-Prussian War' .
4 8 4 284. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 13 September 1886
man Empire, the guardian of European peace, without whose leave
not a cannon-shot can be fired, is dispelled, and the German philis-
tine finds he is as much the slave of the Czar
a
as when Prussia was
l
der
fnfte Rad am europischen Wagen
1
.
b
And now he falls foul of Bismarck
who after all does only what he is compelled to do. The rage is great
in Germany, not only among the philistines, but also in the army.
Liebknecht says since 1866 there has not been such an outcry against
an act of the government. But there it will not stop. If the Balkan
drama enters its second act, a war between Russia and Austria will
break out and then vogue la galre" all Europe may burst out in
flames. I should be rather sorry no doubt it would be the last war,
and no doubt this as anything else must turn out ultimately to our ad-
vantage. But it may after all delay our victory and the other road is
safer. For that however there is scarcely another road than a revolu-
tion in Russia, and as long as Alexander
a
follows the lead of the Pan-
Slavists, that is a very unlikely event. In fact, the decisive argument of
Giers with Bismarck was this: we are between Pan-slavists and Nihil-
ists,
356
if we keep the peace they will unite and the palace revolution
will be a. fait accompli so we must go on towards Constantinople,
and this will be less harmful to you, Bismarck and William,
d
than
a Russian revolution. This winter will decide matters, so I am bound
to get the 3rd volume
e
ready by next spring.
Had several visits from Bax and one from Morris lately Bax sees
the impasse he has got himself into, and would get out if he could do
so without a direct recantation, and no doubt will find some way or
other. Morris is a settled sentimental socialist, he would be easily
managed if one saw him regularly a couple of times a week, but who
has the time to do it, and if you drop him for a month, he is sure to
lose himself again. And is he worth all that trouble even if one had the
time? In the meantime Hyndman fortifies his position more and
more, because he has a definite programme and a definite line of po-
litical action, to both of which Morris seems to object, his ideal is
a debating club uniting all shades. In all this confusion I expect the
principal help from the English Kapital/ 23 sheets are printed and
revised, but there is something wrong with the printer, I do not re-
ceive any fresh proofs and cannot get any information as Sonnen-
schein is away for his holiday and nobody can or will tell where the
hitch lies.
a
Alexander III -
b
' the fifth wheel in the European waggon' -
c
come what may-
d
William I -
c
of Capital -
r
the first volume
285. Engels to Bebel. 13-14 September 1886
485
Splendid weather to-day hope it will last while you come.
F. Engels
285
London, 13-14 September 1886
Dear Bebel,
What I find odd about this whole Bulgarian and oriental busi-
ness
445
is the Russians having only just realised that, as a result of the
annexation of Alsace, etc., they have become the arbiters of Europe,
as indeed was pointed out to the members of the International by
Marx as long ago as 1870.
a
The only possible explanation for this is
the universal adoption since the war (in Russia in 1874) of the Prus-
sian Landwehr system which takes between 10 and 12 years to produce
a commensurately powerful army.
474
Russia and France now also
possess such an army, hence the fun can now begin. And that is pre-
cisely why die Russian army, which supplies the hard core of Pan-
Slavism, is now exerting such tremendous pressure on the govern-
ment that the Tsar
b
is faced with only two possibilities he must ei-
ther overcome his old animosity to the French Republic and enter
into alliance with it, or he must persuade Bismarck to endorse Rus-
sia's oriental policy. For Bismarck and William,
0
the alternatives
were, either resistance to Russia and the prospect of a Franco-
Russian alliance and world war, or the certainty of a Russian revolu-
tion as a result of an alliance between the Pan-Slavs and the Nihi-
a
K. Marx, 'Second Address of the General Council of the International Working
Men' s Association on the Franco-Prussian War' . -
b
Alexander I I I - ' William I
486
lists,
356
or again submission to Russia, i.e. betrayal of Austria. That
from their own standpoint Bismarck and William could not have act-
ed otherwise, seems obvious to me, and this represents a great leap
forward, in that the incompatibility of the Hohenzollerns' interests
and those of Germany has now been made plainly and overwhelm-
ingly manifest. The very existence of the German Empire is being
imperilled by its Prussian foundations.
Temporarily until after the winter, that is, the affair will prob-
ably be glossed over, but the Pan-Slavs' appetite grows with eating,
and they will never have such a favourable opportunity again. If the
Russians succeed in occupying Bulgaria, they will also go on to attack
Constantinople, unless insuperable obstacles say an Austro-
German-British alliance intervene. Hence Bismarck's desperate
plea for an actively anti-Russian policy on Britain's part, a plea he
now gets The Standard to re-echo almost daily in the hope that Britain
will avert a world war.
At all events, Austrian and Russian rivalry in the Balkan Peninsula
is becoming so acute that war is more likely than the preservation of
peace. And that will be the end of localised warfare. But what the
outcome will be who will win we cannot say. The German army
is certainly the best and the best-led, but is only one amongst many.
The Austrians are an unknown quantity, both numerically and mili-
tarily, especially as regards leadership, and have always been dab-
hands at getting their best troops beaten. The Russians, as always,
are deluding themselves as to their strength which, on paper, is
enormous; though exceedingly weak in attack, they are strong in the
defence of their own country. Their weakest point, aside from the
high command, is a lack of suitable material to officer the vast masses;
the country does not produce the required number of educated peo-
ple. The Turks are the best soldiers, but the high command is invari-
ably execrable, if not suborned. Finally, the French are also short of
officers, because too politically advanced to tolerate an institution
such as that of one-year volunteers; also because the French bourgeois
is (personally) utterly unwarlike. Lastly, the new organisation has
never been put to the test anywhere save in Germany. Hence these
quantities are very difficult to estimate, either numerically or qualita-
tively. Of the Italians, it may be said with certainty that, given equal
numbers, they would be beaten by any other army. But how these var-
ious quantities will group themselves, either with or against each
other, in a world war is equally incalculable. Britain's importance
285. Engels to Bebel. 13-14 September 1886 487
that of her Navy and that of her vast resources will grow as the
war goes on and, if she withholds her troops at the start, it may, in
the end, be a British corps of 60,000 men which finally turns the
scales.
All this presupposes that nothing happens inside the countries con-
cerned. But in France a war might well bring revolutionary elements
to / he helm, while in Germany a defeat or the death of the Old Man
a
might result in a violent change of rgime, which in turn might lead
to a regrouping of the belligerents. In short, there will be chaos of
which the only certain outcome will be wholesale slaughter on a hith-
erto unprecedented scale, the exhaustion of the whole of Europe to
a hitherto unprecedented degree and, finally, the complete collapse of
the old system.
Immediate victory for ourselves could only be produced by a revo-
lution in France, which would confer on the French the role of libera-
tors of the European proletariat. I do not know whether this would be
the best thing for the latter; however it would raise ideal French
chauvinism to the nth degree. A revolution in Germany follow-
ing a defeat would be of use only if it led to peace with France. Best
of all would be a Russian revolution which, however, can only be
expected after severe defeats have been inflicted on the Russian
army.
This much is certain: A war would above all retard our movement
all over Europe, completely disrupt it in many countries, stir up
chauvinism and xenophobia and leave us with the certain prospect,
amongst many other uncertain ones, of having to begin all over
again after the war, albeit on a basis far more favourable even than
today.
Whether or not there is war, this much has been gained. Your Ger-
man philistine has been shocked out of his lethargy and at last finds
himself compelled to intervene actively in politics. Since numerous
intermediary stages will have to be gone through between today's
Prussian Bonapartism with its semi-feudal foundations and the social-
ist republic which will be our first stage, it can only be to our advan-
tage that your German citizen should at last be forced to resume his
political responsibilities and oppose the present rgime, if only to
a
William I
4 8 8 285. Engels to Bebel. 13-14 September 1886
make it get some sort of move-on. And so I look forward keenly to see-
ing what happens during the coming session of the Reichstag. Since
I do not get any German papers at the moment, I should be greatly
obliged if you would send me some from time to time, when they
carry reports of important sittings, particularly those concerned with
foreign policy.
Liebknecht, too, had a great deal to say about the indignation pro-
voked in Germany by Bismarck's kow-towing to the Russians.
625
He
spent several days with me at the seaside in Eastbourne,
599
was in
very good spirits and, as always, 'everything was going swimmingly'.
Since the gentlemen of the right wing are no longer stirring up any
trouble to speak of and have had to knuckle under, Liebknecht could
again give vent to quite revolutionary utterances and do his best to
pass himself off as the most resolute of men. I intimated pretty plainly
that I knew more about these goings-on than he might, perhaps, care
for but, since he was completely on the right track, there was abso-
lutely no reason why our intercourse should be other than exceedingly
cordial. I am unaware of, and hence not responsible for, anything he
may have told you in his letters about the matters he and I discussed.
14 September
Having again been interrupted, I must make sure that I finish this
in time for the evening post so that you get this letter by Thursday
a
morning at the latest. The Hungarian parliament will also be con-
vening in the near future when the Bulgarian affair
445
is sure to be
brought up. The best thing for us would be for Russia to be peacefully
or forcibly repulsed, in which case the stage would be set for revolu-
tion there. The Pan-Slavs would join in, only to find next morning
that they had been duped. This was a point upon which Marx always
expressed himself with the greatest conviction and I know of no
one who understood Russia, both as regards internal and external
matters, as well as he. He maintained that, as soon as the old rgime
had been destroyed in Russia, no matter by whom, and a representa-
tive assembly had convened, no matter of what kind, Russia's policy
of aggression would cease and domestic questions take precedence
over everything else.
b
And the repercussions on Europe, once this last
a
16 September-
b
See K. Marx, 'The Question of the Abolition of Serfdom in Russia',
present edition, Vol. 16, pp. 51-53.
489
stronghold of reaction had been destroyed, would, he said, be tre-
mendous; we in Germany would be the first to feel them.
Liebknecht's ship arrived in New York yesterday morning at
3 o'clock, that of the Avelings several days earlier.
600
If it's as hot
there as it is here now, at 4 in the afternoon it's 25 degrees Centi-
grade
3
here in my room their tub-thumping is going to make them
sweat a bit.
In France the good work still goes on. The method of agitation that
was tried out at Decazeville
545
is now being repeated at Vierzon
where there is a strike on.
619
Vaillant, whose home it is, is taking
a leading part there. In Paris, the Radicals
429
are working for us, as
is Bismarck in Germany. They have got themselves into a frightful
mess over the bucket-shops, and Clemenceau, though he had no need
to do so, has nevertheless become too deeply involved with that crew
to be able to keep out of it altogether. Thus the rift between him and
the erstwhile radical working men yawns ever wider, and his loss is
our gain. Our people are behaving with great address and I am sur-
prised at the amount of discipline shown by the French. It was just
what they lacked, and now they are acquiring it, but against a back-
ground of a wholly revolutionary tradition which, in France, is taken
for granted and is innocent of all those philistine misgivings which are
the bane of our Geisers and Vierecks. Next time, even with the scrutin
de liste,
375
we shall score considerable successes in France. And it is
precisely because everything's going so marvellously, both there and
in Germany, and because a couple of years of uninterrupted internal
development, helped along by the events inevitable in the circum-
stances, would contribute so enormously to our progress it is pre-
cisely because of all diis that I wouldn't exactiy wish for a world war
but history recks little of that! It pursues its course and we have to
take it as it comes.
There' s one thing you people should learn from the French. For 50
years all revolutionaries there have subscribed to the rule that the ac-
cused should refuse to give the examining magistrate any information
whatsoever. The latter has the right to ask, the accused has the right
not to answer, not to incriminate himself and his comrades. This
once it has been generally accepted to the extent that any deviation
from it ranks as quasi betrayal is of enormous advantage in all
trials. One is still free to say what one likes at the public proceedings.
a
77 degrees Fahrenheit
490 286. Engels to Sorge. 16-17 September 1886
But at the preliminary investigation all records are so worded as to
falsify the statements made by the accused who is browbeaten into
signing by all manner of subterfuges. You should see for yourselves
sometime.
Your
F. E.
Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 , , . , , . ^ , . r
time
286
6 0 8
IN HOBOKEN
London, 16-17 September 1886
Dear Sorge,
I am forcing myself to take an hour off in order to write to you. For
weeks I have been kept so busy with the proofs (in triplicate) of the
translation of Capital, * that I have been unable to do anything else,
and now they are coming thick and fast. Allegedly I am to get
6 sheets a week (i. e. 18 sheets a week to be corrected), and the whole
thing is supposed to be finished in 4 weeks' time. We shall see. But I' m
going to have a lively time of it since, apart from anything else, old
Becker
b
is arriving tomorrow from Geneva to stay with me, the fol-
lowing week I shall have Schorlemmer and probably the Lafargues,
not to mention other people from Switzerland who are proposing to
come over here. So I know that, if I don' t get a letter written today,
there'll be no chance of doing so later on.
Many thanks for the trouble you have gone to over the interview-
er.
c
He shall be the last. Now the chap has broken his word and
I shall be justified in sending them packing, unless it's to our advan-
the English translation of the first volume; see also this volume, pp. 462, 506.-
Johann Philipp Becker-
1
John T. McEnnis
286. Engels to Sorge. 16-17 September 1886 491
tage to impose upon some liar of this ilk. You are right in saying that
I haven' t, on the whole, any cause for complaint; the man does at
least try to be decent from the personal point of view, and not he, but
the American bourgeoisie, is to blame for his stupidity.
59a
A fine crew they'd seem to be at the head of the party in New
York
5 4 9
and as for the Sozialist, it's a model of what a paper ought
not to be. But nor can I congratulate Dietzgen on his article re anar-
chists
626
; it's an odd way he has of going about things. If, for in-
stance, a person takes a somewhat narrow-minded view of a particu-
lar point, Dietzgen is at pains often undue pains to stress that
there are two sides to every question. But now, because of the New
Yorkers' abject behaviour, he suddenly takes the other side and tries
to make us all out to be anarchists. This may be excusable as things
are now, but even at a crucial juncture he should not, after all, en-
tirely forget his dialectics. However, he has probably long since worked
all this out of his system and is certainly back on the right track again,
so there's no cause for alarm.
In a country as unsophisticated as America which, though wholly
without a feudal past, has evolved along purely bourgeois lines yet
has uncritically taken over from England a mass of ideology deriving
from feudal times, such as English common law, religion, sectarian-
ism, and where the exigencies of practical work and of the concen-
tration of capital have engendered a general contempt, only now di-
minishing amongst the most highly educated and learned circles, for
all theory in such a country, the people will have to find out what
their own social interests are by making one blunder after another.
Nor will the workers be spared this experience; the confusion of the
TRADES UNIONS, the socialists, the KNIGHTS OF LABOR,
6
9
etc., will persist
for some time yet, until wisdom is born of their own misfortunes. But
the main thing is that they are now in motion, that they are actually
progressing, and that the spell has been broken; things will move fast,
faster than anywhere else, even though the course they take may seem
erratic and, from the theoretical standpoint, almost demented.
Your letter arrived too late for me to speak to Aveling about
Brooks
627
I only saw him, Aveling, for a couple of hours on 30 Au-
gust, and I had left your letter behind in Eastbourne.
5
" Anyhow,
you will have seen him meanwhile in New York, also Liebknecht.
It would seem that your Adol f has already dissolved his PARTNER-
" Adolf Sorge j un.
492 286. Engels to Sorge. 16-17 September 1886
SHIP wi t h t he agent in Rochest er; I t rust he has not bur nt his fingers in
t he process, as may happen even to t he best of men on such occasions.
I shall short ly be sendi ng you t he missing number s of To-Day, in so
far as I myself receive t hem, also Commonweals. I t ' s not possible to
subscri be to t hem di rect . I shall send you some Fr ench paper s when
I myself get any from Pari s. A few went off from East bour ne. You
shoul d be abl e to obt ai n t he Socialiste over t here; t he edi t ori al and
admi ni st r at i ve offices are at 17 r ue du Croi ssant, Paris, and t he paper
comes out weekly. Abonnement tranger" 4 frs a hal f year, inch post age.
I myself get it very i rregul arl y and often have to wri t e, but I have to
keep it for REFERENCE.
I a m also sendi ng you some surpl us proof-sheets of t he Capital
t ransl at i on so t hat you can see how t he t hi ng' s progressi ng and what
it looks like.
I hope your heal t h is i mpr ovi ng; I seem robust enough, but for
3 years now my mobi l i t y has been restricted, somet i mes very con-
si derabl y and al ways to a certain extent by an i nt er nal ai l ment , so
t hat I am, alas, no l onger fit for active service.
The first t hi ng I shall have to do, as soon as t he t ransl at i on is fi-
ni shed, is rid myself of t he mi nor j obs t hat have been foisted on me
revising ot her peopl e' s work, not abl y t ransl at i ons and avoi d get-
ting myself saddl ed with any more, so t hat I can r et ur n to t he 3rd vol-
ume.
b
The whol e t hi ng' s t here, r eady di ct at ed, but t here' s still a good
6 mont hs ' har d slogging to be done. Thi s confounded English t ransl a-
tion has t aken up t he bet t er par t of a year. But it was absol ut el y essen-
tial and I don' t regret it.
17 Sept ember
The proof-sheets went off yest erday and t he Commonweals up to 18
Sept ember will follow t oday. I have got to look out t he copies of
To-Day.
The movement over here is still in t he hands, on t he one side of ad-
vent ur er s (DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION
3 0 0
) and, on t he ot her, of hobby-
horse ri ders and sent i ment al socialists (SOCIALIST LEAGUE
3 4 6
) ; t he
masses ar e still hol di ng aloof, al t hough here too beginnings of a move-
ment are percept i bl e. But it will be some t i me before t he masses are in
full spat e, whi ch is a good t hi ng because it means t hat t here will be
t i me for pr oper l eaders to emerge.
a
Overseas subscription -
b
of Capital
287. Engels to Martignetti. 17 September 1886 4 9 3
In Germany, some kind of movement will, presumably, at last
come into being again among the bourgeoisie, whose cowardly inertia
is becoming harmful to us; on the one hand the now imminent
change of monarch
a
will induce a general state of instability, on the
other Bismarck's kow-towing to the Tsar
b
is arousing even the most
lethargic from their slumbers.
625
In France things are going fa-
mously. Our people are learning discipline, in the provinces
from the STRIKES, in Paris from their opposition to the Radi cal s.
429
Kindest regards,
Your
F. E.
First published abridged in Briefe und
u. A. an F.A. Sorge und Andere, Stuttgart,
Moscow, 1935
287
ENGELS TO PASQUALE MARTI GNETTI
IN BENEVENTO
[Excerpt]
[London,] 17 September 1886
...May [I th]ank
c
you for being so patient with [me] in the matter
of your manuscript.
d
As soon as the English translation of Capital
56
has been done in October, I hope your ms. will be the first thing
a
William I -
b
Alexander III-'
7
The beginning of the letter is missing, and
the manuscript is damaged. -
d
the Italian translation of Marx' s Wage Labour and
Capital
first time
4 9 4 288. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 24 September 1886
to which I shall turn my attention. I have found the Kalender and
shall fill in the missing passage.
554
F. E.
First published, in the language of the orig- Printed according to the original
inal (Germai
Marx e Eng
Milano, 1964
inal (German), in La comspondenza di , , . , , . T, , , r i r
, . ~ , . . . . ,. ,,- Published in English tor the first
Marx e angels con italiam. 184-lo95,
time
288
IN PARIS
My dear Laura,
I suppose you are at this moment at the Assize Court watching
Paul's t ri al ,
624
I hope it will end in an acquittal. In the meantime
I have a bit of agreeable news for you. Meissner sends this morning
account for last seasons sales, and the result is a profit of 2,600 marks
or about 130 for us, after deducting all expenses of the second vol-
ume
a
; so your share will be above 40-. I have told him to remit the
money, and as soon as received I shall send you a cheque for your
share. There were sold 320 copies of Volume I and 1,260 of
Volume II.
The English edition
b
will hardly be out before the New Year.
56
It
looks as if Sonnenschein had more pressing things on hand, and in the
hands of the same printer, by which our book was pushed back. The
thing is proceeding, but rather slowly.
I had a letter from Tussy on her arrival in New York,
601
she
had a very pleasant voyage, but w.as rather disappointed at the live
American bourgeois she met on board, it rather dampened her en-
thusiasm for America, but prepared her for the realities of American
" of Capital -
b
of the first volume of Capital
289. Engels to Natalie Liebknecht. 25 September 1886 4 9 5
life.
Old Becker
a
has been with me this last week, he is very jolly but
getting rather rickety in body. He will leave for Paris next Tuesday
b
and hopes to see you t here.
6 2 8
He is a splendid old chap,
seventy-eight and still quite abreast of the movement.
No news from Schorlemmer here. How about your journey to Lon-
don? You will be able to come to a resolution, if that be still necessary,
after to-day's verdict. But even if Paul should be sent to Plagie
again,
4

2
that is not so pressing, surely they will give him a few weeks
leave and so you and he might still come over for a bit.
Ever yours affectionately,
F. Engels
289
ENGELS TO NATALIE LIEBKNECHT
IN BORSDORF NEAR LEI PZI G
3 4
122 Regent' s Park Road
Dear Mrs Liebknecht,
At Liebknecht's behest, I am sending you herewith an Imperial
bank-note for 100 marks, No. 1236179
d
, Berlin, 3 September 1883,
which he left with me on his departure. He also gave me reason to
hope that you might come over in December, to welcome him here at
my house. We should all be delighted if this were to happen, in which
case I trust you will share our humble board and look upon my house
as your own.
a
Johann Philipp Becker -
b
28 September
4 9 6 290. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 2 October 1886
From what we have heard so far, out friends' tour has been most
successful.
60

With sincere regards to you and the children,
Yours truly,
F. Engels
Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 , , , , ^ i - i r
L
c
Published in English lor the hrst
time
290
IN PARIS
London, 2 October 1886
My dear Laura,
To begin with the beginning, I enclose cheque for .42,13.4, being
one-third part of Meissner's remittance of 128. -
a
which I hope you
will receive and get cashed all right.
I am sorry you cannot come just now while the weather is fine, but
if you feel such a decided home-sickness after London fogs and
our beautiful winter, you can be suited too. Nim undertakes to ac-
commodate you at any time, Christmas or otherwise, and if we have
other visitors at the same time, she undertakes to accommodate
them too. So that is settled, and we shall this time not be disap-
pointed.
I also forward 2 Volkszeitungen which please return, as they belong to
Edward and he will expect to find them here on his return (his papers,
etc., are forwarded to me in his absence).
601
From these you see that
la rpublique cosaqueMohr's solution of Napoleon' s
b
alternative:
ou rpublique ou cosaque
6 2 9
flourishes in New York as luxuriantly as
* See this volume, p. 494. -
b
Napoleon I's
290. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 2 October 1886 497
in Paris. It is lucky for them that the first attempt at intimidation
came so soon and was so clumsily executed.
I am afraid Paul exaggerates the significance of the Paris verdict in
so far as it is a symptom of the accessibility of the industrial bourgeoi-
sie for socialist i deas.
630
The struggle between usurer and industrial
capitalist is one within the bourgeoisie itself, and though no doubt a
certain number of petty bourgeois will be driven over to us by the cer-
tainty of their impending expropriation de la part des boursiers,
a
yet
we can never hope to get the mass of them over to our side. Moreover
this is not desirable, as they bring their narrow class prejudices along
with them. In Germany we have too many of them, and it is they who
form the dead weight which trammels the march of the party. It will
ever be the lot of the petty bourgeois as a mass to float undecid-
edly between the two great classes, one part to be crushed by the
centralisation of capital, the other by the victory of the proletariat.
On the decisive day, they will as usual be tottering, wavering and
helpless, se laisseront faire,
b
and that is all we want. Even if they come
round to our views they will say: of course communism is the ultimate
solution, but it is far off, maybe 100 years before it can be realised
in other words: we do not mean to work for its realisation neither in
our, nor in our children's lifetime. Such is our experience in Ger-
many.
Otherwise the verdict is a grand victory and marks a decided step
in advance. The bourgeoisie, from the moment it is faced by a con-
scious and organised proletariat, becomes entangled in hopeless con-
tradictions between its liberal and democratic general tendencies here,
and the repressive necessities of its defensive struggle against the pro-
letariat there. A cowardly bourgeoisie, like the German and Russian,
sacrifices its general class tendencies to the momentary advantages of
brutal repression. But a bourgeoisie with a revolutionary history of its
own, such as the English and particularly the French, cannot do
that so easily. Hence that struggle within the bourgeoisie itself, which
in spite of occasional fits of violence and oppression, on the whole
drives it forward see the various electoral reforms of Gladstone in
Engl and,
299
and the advance of Radicalism in France.
429
This
verdict is a new tape. And so the bourgeoisie, in doing its own work,
is doing ours.
a
on the part of the stock-brokers -
b
letting events follow their own course
498 291. Engels to Bebel. 8 October 1886
But now I must conclude. I want this letter to be registered
and have still to write to Tussy by first post.
F. Engels
291
6

Dear Bebel,
I am writing to you today because of the conversations I have had
with old Johann Philipp Becker who spent 10 days with me here and
is now doubtless back in Geneva, having returned via Paris (where he
discovered that his daughter had died suddenl y).
628
It was a great
pleasure to see the old colossus again; though he has aged physically,
he's still as merry and pugnacious as ever. He is one of the characters
out of our Rheno-Franconian saga that are personified in the Nibe-
lungenlied Volker the Fiddler to the life.
I had been asking him for years to set down his reminiscences and
experiences" and he told me that, having also been encouraged by
you and others, he himself felt very much inclined to do so and had
actually made a start on several occasions, though he had met with
little real encouragement when his work was published piecemeal (as
in the Neue Welt to which he sent some quite splendid stuff
b
years
ago, which was, however, considered insufficiently 'novelistic' as
Liebknecht informed him via Motteler). A more formidable obstacle,
however, was the need to work for his keep and earn 25 frs per week
a
b
J. Ph. Becker, 'Abgerissene Bilder aus meinem Leben',
Die Neue Welt, Nos. 17-20, 23, 24, 26, 28 and 29; 22 and 29 April, 6 and 13 May, 3, 10
and 24 June, 8 and 15 July 1876.
291. Engels to Bebel. 8 October 1886 499
as correspondent to a Viennese paper.
6 3
' For that he has to read
a vast number of papers and periodicals and, since he has suffered
from weak eyesight ever since the explosion during his experiment
in Pari s,
632
this alone is more than he can cope with. I have now
promised him that for a start I shall write to you and Ede.
I feel that in so far as its resources permit as they now do, ac-
cording to what I have been told by Liebknecht and have heard from
Zurich the party is under an obligation to admit this old veteran, at
least partially, to its pension fund, and not to allow him to ruin his
eyes for the sake of 25 frs per week. At present Becker gets 25 frs
a month from van Kol, a similar amount from a friend in Basle, while
I myself have undertaken to pay him 5 = 125 frs a quarter, making
1,100 frs a year in all. I may have made a mistake about the amounts
paid by the other two; it may only be 20 frs, in which case the total
would come to 980 frs. The balance to be made up by the party
would therefore be of no great significance and could doubtless be
raised without difficulty by private subscription, so that in the case of
payments the party treasury would simply act as intermediary. As to
what the balance should amount to, this would be best determined by
Ede with the help of the old man himself.
If this can be arranged, he would have time to write and/or dictate
his memoirs which, since they are of the utmost importance as re-
gards the history of the revolutionary movement in Germany, i. e. our
party' s antecedents, and to some extent the actual history of the party
since 1860, would make an extremely valuable and saleable addition
to the Volksbuchhandlung' s
a
list. I consider this work highly neces-
sary, for otherwise a whole mass of the most valuable material will go
down with old Becker to the grave, or at best these things will be pre-
served and presented exclusively by those wholly or partially op-
posed to us, vulgar democrats, etc. Besides, the old man played quite an
important political and military role. During the 1849 campaign he
was the only commander who was a genuine product of the people
and he achieved more with the crude, homespun strategy and tactics
taught him by the Swiss army than any of the officers from Baden or
Prussia, while at the same time he never deviated from the correct po-
litical course. Moreover he was a natural commander of a people's
army, had remarkable presence of mind and was possessed of rare
skill in the handling of young troops.
a
a Social Democratic bookshop in Zurich
500 292. Engels to Bernstein. 9 October 1886
It was in fact my intention to write to Ede first about the bookselling
aspect of the matter, because there would have been much I could
have discussed in a more positive vein after receiving his reply, but
that damned Freiberg verdict
602
may put paid to my plans at any
moment and that is why I am approaching you straight away. If you
take a favourable view of the matter, perhaps you would tell me
whom I should deal with while you are in retreat, so that I can
pursue this further the old chap is somewhat mistrustful of Lieb-
knecht, nor do I feel he is the right man, though I shall discuss it with
him on his return; but the very fact of his being absent means that
someone else will now have to deal with the business.
I must now close if this letter is to go off. I shan' t forgive the court
for depriving me of your visit and you of your trip to Paris. But could
you, perhaps, come over here next summer before the elections and
accompany me on a visit to the seaside so as to build up your strength
for the campaign? Will it be more or less possible to contact you while
you' re in prison?
Liebknecht and the Avelings have been given a fairly, indeed un-
expectedly, decent reception by the Anglo-American press.
600
Kindest regards.
Your
F. E.
Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 , , . , , . ,. ,
Published in English in full
for the first time
292
IN ZURI CH
Dear Ede,
Having perused with some perplexity your 3 pages of painstaking
argument
633
perpl exi t y as to what you could actually be driving
292. Engeis to Bernstein. 9 October 1886 501
at I couldn' t help laughing out loud when I finally got to the nub
of the matter and realised that all this was intended to explain your
marriage which, after all, calls for no explanation whatsoever. If all
proletarians were to be so hesitant, either the proletariat would be-
come extinct or it would reproduce itself only through illegitimate
children, a method we are unlikely to resort to en masse until the prole-
tariat has ceased to be. So please accept my heartiest congratulations
on having at last overcome your grave hesitations and given free rein
to the promptings of your heart. You will find that living as a couple,
even when times are bad, is better than living alone; I myself put
it to the test long enough, sometimes under the most wretched condi-
tions, and never had cause to rue it. So give your fiance
a
my kindest
regards and j ump into thalamus
h
with a will.
But it is already four o'clock and my letter must go off before 5.30,
so now to business.
Old Becker has been her e
6 2 8
and there was much talk about the
necessity of his recording his reminiscences and experiences. It is
something I and, he says, others as well, had often proposed to him,
but how is he to do it? In order to live, he contributes to Schneeber-
ger's Korrespondenz in Vi enna
6 3 1
in return for 25 frs a week, and for
this he must laboriously collect material. The toll on his strength and
eyesight is such that he is able to do nothing else.
632
It is therefore es-
sential that he be put in a position which will enable him to live while
devoting all his time to the thing. Now van Kol, if I remember aright,
gives him 25 frs a month and another friend the same amount. That
makes 600 frs a year. I have undertaken to send him 5 = 125 frs
a quarter. Total 1,100 frs. In my view, it is up to the party to supply
the remainder, provided it has the means which, according to what
Liebknecht told me, it does have. In fact, it ought really to provide
wholly for the old veteran out of its pension fund. But I don' t suppose
there would be much difficulty about raising from well-to-do party
comrades the few hundred francs still required, and this would mean
that the party would merely act as intermediary for the regular pay-
ments.
The memoirs as such would be a highly valuable addition to the
Volksbuchhandlung' s
c
list, a new source on our party' s antecedents
(the revolutionary movement from 1827 to 1860) and its history
a
Regina Schattner -
b
nuptial bed-
0
a Social Democratic bookshop in Zurich
502
292. Engels to Bernstein. 9 October 1886
(from the '50s up till the present), a document that no real historiog-
rapher could afford to overlook. And, what' s more, a magnificently
vivid account genuine popular literature, if the samples published
years ago in the Neue Welt are anything to go by.
a
And the sooner
he gets down to it the better, for when a chap has already totted
up a total of 77 years, his verbosity tends to outstrip his ability to
assess what is important and what is not such is the course of
nature.
I wrote to August
b
about this yesterday; I had meant to write to you
first and find out what you people at the publishing end thought
about it, but since he is shortly due to go into j ug,
6 0 2
there was no
time to waste. I myself consider the thing to be of the utmost impor-
tance. An account of what happened by an active participant,
indeed the only survivor from the thirties whose standpoint is the same as
our own is an absolute necessity; it will cast a new light on the whole
of the period between 1827 and 1840 and, unless done by Becker, will
be lost forever. Or else it will be undertaken by people who are hostile to
us members of the People's Party
203
and other vulgar democrats,
and that would serve no good purpose. It is an opportunity such as
will never again present itself and to miss it would, I believe, be
a crime.
I told August it would be best once matters have got to that
stage if the details regarding the balance to be paid and the
mode of publication were to be arranged personally between yourself
and Becker. And in this connection there's another point which I
thought it unnecessary to raise with August at this juncture, namely
that the balance should be regarded simply as a pension and not as
an advance on the fee. This last might be suggested by some of the
'leaders' but would be an exceedingly shabby way to treat the old
warrior. Hence my proposal that as much of the balance as possible
be raised by private subscription, when any such suggestion would be
automatically precluded.
If all this should be settled and you enter into negotiations with
Becker re publication, you should take no notice of his ideas about
sales, etc., prospectus, and so forth. So far as his ideas about the sale
of banned books are concerned, he might still be living in the '40s,
a
J. Ph. Becker, 'Abgerissene Bilder aus meinem Leben' , Die Neue Welt,
Nos. 17-20, 23, 24, 26, 28 and 29; 22 and 29 April, 6 and 13 May, 3, 10 and 24 June,
8 and 15 Jul y 1876. -
b
August Bebel; see previous letter.
292. Engels to Bernstein. 9 October 1886
503
and he has no inkling of the way this has now changed into a big in-
dustry.
So consider the matter and let me know what you think.
So far the Bulgarians have indeed done unexpectedly well and, if
they hold out another 8 or 10 days, either they will win through or,
should the Russians march against them, it will be only at the risk of
a European war.
634
This they owe to the circumstances of having
been so long subject to the Turks, who were content to preserve what
remained of their gentile institutions, while only preventing
through the depredations of the pashas the rise of the middle
classes. The Serbs, on the other hand, who had been free of the Turks
for 80 years, wrecked their old gentile institutions by introducing
Austrian legislation and an Austrian-trained bureaucracy, hence
their inevitable drubbing at the hands of the Bulgarians. Give the
Bulgarians 60 years of bourgeois evolution when they would
certainly accomplish nothing and of bureaucratic rule, and they
would go to wrack and ruin just as the Serbs have done. It would have
been infinitely better for the Bulgarians as for us had they remained
Turkish until the European revolution; their gentile institutions
would have provided a first-rate point of departure for their further
evolution along communist lines, just as would the Russian mir,
a
which is now likewise being destroyed under our very noses.
As things are now I take the view that:
1) The southern Slavs should be supported if, and for as long as,
they oppose Russia, for then they will go along with the European re-
volutionary movement.
2) If, however, they oppose the Turks, i. e. demand the annexation
tout prix
b
of the few Turkish Serbs and Bulgarians that still remain,
then they will, consciously or unconsciously, be doing Russia's work
for it, and we cannot go along with them. This could only be achieved
at the risk of a European war, and isn't worth the candle. The
chaps will have to wait, just like the Alsatians and the Lorrainers, the
Trentini, etc. Moreover, the result of any renewed attack on the
Turks could in present circumstances only be that the victorious
small nationalities victorious solely thanks to Russia would
come directly under the Russian yoke, or cf. the linguistic map of
the peninsula become hopelessly embroiled with one another.
3) As soon as revolution breaks out in Russia, however, the chaps
a
village commune-
11
whatever the cost
504
293, Engels to Bernstein. 22 October 1886
can do as they like. But then, too, they will realise that they are no
match for the Turks.
Time for the post.
Your
F. E.
Eneels Archives, Book I, Moscow, 1924 T , , , , -r. , i < . <-
Published in Lnghsh tor the hrst
time
293
IN ZURI CH
Dear Ede,
This is to inform you that our friend Belfort Bax will probably be
visiting you towards the end of this month. He is a thoroughly good
sort, very erudite, especially in German philosophy, and speaks Ger-
man, though in all political matters he's of a childlike innocence that
can drive one to despair and is also much in evidence in The Common-
weal. But among the ' eddicated' here he and Aveling are the only
ones who not only are in earnest where the cause is concerned, but
also devote some study to it.
Kautsky will have informed you about the legal niceties involved
in getting married over here; I hope it can be arranged.
As regards Becker,
3
August wri t es
635
to say he has asked you to
clarify matters with the old man. I trust you have already written to
him the old man, as it is something he has very much at heart.
August says that Becker is already getting an annual allowance of 200
frs from the party I know I had omitted one item from the amounts
I had stated
b
; this was it. I merely raise the point lest the impression
a
Johann Philipp Becker-
1
" See this volume, p. 501.
293. Engels to Bernstein. 22 October 1886 505
should have been given that Becker had concealed it from me, which
was not the case.
If the stories put about by the Zankovists in Sofia are t r ue
6 3 6
Alexander III can safely recall his discredited Kaul bars,
634
for he
will then have everything he wants. It will be an improved version of
the treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi
637
(1839, see Louis Blanc, Dix ans,"
where it is set out in the last volume). The Black Sea will then belong to
him and Constantinople will be his for the asking. This would be the
result of the appropriation of parts of Turkey, namely Bosnia
and Egypt, by Austria and Britain respectively, who thus revealed
themselves in Constantinople as Russia's equals when it came to plun-
dering Turkey. That was why the peace-loving Gladstone had to
bombard Alexandria and wage war in the Sudan.
638
However the
story is being contested and it is probable that no formal agreement has
yet been concluded; but at all events we must watch out for further
news of the affair. For even ^ i t were true, Austria in particular would
try to hush it up lest it be compelled to attack before the Russians
really showed signs of occupying the Dardanelles, i. e. when it was too
late.
Meanwhile Alexander seems to have gone really insane he is
said to have taken one of his aides-de-camp for a Nihilist
356
and shot
hi m, while old William
b
is going rapidly downhill. The Russian
revolution be it ushered in by a palace revolution is becoming
more necessary than ever and would at once help to clear up the
whole wretched business.
Your
F. E.
time
a
L. Blanc, Histoire de dix ans. 1830-1840, in 5 volumes. -
b
William I
5 0 6 294. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 23 October 1886
294
IN PARIS
My dear Laura,
To-day I have a bit of a holiday that is to say no proof-sheets,
a
and
the prefaces are as good as done. So I profit of it to write to you.
Proofs are now up to sheet 40, or p. 644 of German 3rd edition. But
there is a hitch again, otherwise I should be busy to-day at them
again. It' s awful work, every sheet 3 proofs, and a good many altera-
tions to make in the text; the latter part of the manuscript was any-
thing but ausgefeilt,
b
when we had to cede to pressure and hand it in
to the printer. Sam Moore, in the polishing of the text, is invaluable
to me, he has a capital eye for these things and a very ready hand.
But I shall be glad when it's done, as it is I cannot take anything
else in hand and there are about 5 jobs awaiting in my desk.
I certainly do hope that you will not again put off your journey till
some other time which may be less foggy meteorologically but which
after all would leave us both in a fog of fresh uncertainty. As to Schor-
lemmer he arrived here quite knocked up, had been laid up at home
for a week with indigestion (it was the Vaterland I suppose he could
not digest) and was in an awfully down-in-the-mouth mood here all
the time since then I have not heard a word from him.
I send you herewith two more letters from our transatlantic travel-
lers,
c
please keep the lot for me until you come over, unless you re-
turn them before. They were yesterday in Providence (Rhode Island)
and are now on the road from New England to the Great Lakes, stop-
ping half way to-morrow at Albany and Troy (New York State) on
die Hudson.
601
The press in die New England manufacturing districts
has been almost cordial in its reception, thus showing not only its
own dependence upon the working people, but also an evident sym-
pathetic feeling towards socialism on the part of the latter. I am very
glad of this and also of the favourable effect they have made on the
bourgeois press generally, more particularly on account of their im-
a
of the English translation of the first volume of Capital (see Note 56) -
b
polished
-
c
Eleanor Marx-Aveling and Edward Aveling
294. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 23 October 1886 507
pending arrival in Chicago where the bourgeois, six weeks ago,
seemed inclined to get up police rows on their arrival. But they
will hardly attempt anything of the kind in the face of the decided
change in public opinion down East.
The Vienna anarchist plot is a pure police affair.
639
The best proof
is in the self-inflaming bottles the poor fools were told to put in timber
yards to set them on fire. A bottle with nitric acid, stopped with cot-
ton impregnated with sulphuric acid. This latter was to percolate and
on reaching the nitric acid, was expected to cause an explosion and
fire!! Thus the same police which excited the anarchist jackasses to
this plot, took damned good care that the fire bottles were perfectly
harmless. But the present anti-proletarian jurisprudence will there as
everywhere find means to convict them of arson.
Yesterday I had a card from an unknown place in Canada ' Rolan-
drie, P. O. Whitewood' : 'Verehelicht*: Dr R. Meyer, Mathilda
Meyer, geb.
b
Trautow. ' This must be a cousin of his whom he left on
his farm last winter to mind it. On the back a few words in French
from a Comte Ives de Rossignac or Prossignac that Meyer has had an
accident and cannot use his right hand for a short time, and therefore
cannot write himself. That is the end of another of your adorers. The
grapes being sour, people take to crab-apples.
The successful issue of the Lyons Congress I read in the Cri,
c
but
nevertheless Paul's comments and details were very welcome to
me.
6 4 0
Things seem everywhere ripe for us and we have only to
gather in the fruit; all old-fashioned forms of socialism are exploded
while nothing can touch our theory, and so the working people need
only stirring up whenever they get into movement, no matter how,
they are sure to come round to us.
Altogether things are going on bravely in France. Vierzon
6
'
9
con-
tinues Decazeville,
545
and rightly so. The government must be
taught to respect their own laws and to get used to strikes. And on the
other hand the discipline of a strike is most useful to the French work-
ing men; a movement in which strict legality is the first condition of
success, and where all revolutionary brag and explosion necessarily
brings on defeat. This discipline is the first condition of successful and
lasting organisation, and the thing most feared by the bourgeoisie.
And as it has brought on one ministerial crisis,
641
it may bring on
more. As matters stand, it looks as if the present Chamber would soon
a
married -
b
ne -
c
Cri du Peuple
508 294. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 23 October 1886
become impossible and have to be dissolved. I believe it will be very
necessary to prepare for that event, for in" the next general election
the Socialists ought to force the Radicals
429
to place at least 20 of our
people on the list for Paris; and the next Chamber ought to abolish
scrutin de liste.
3 7 5
Paul ought to get into Parliament next time, he has
effaced himself a good deal in favour of Guesde, Deville and others,
taken the hard anonymous work upon himself and left to the others
not only all the pay but also the greater part of the credit. I think the
time is approaching when he ought to assert himself a little more. He
is decidedly the best writer amongst the lot now that he has once
found his happy vein and sticks to it and also the most studious.
And he is far more than all the rest in constant touch with the in-
ternational movement. He and Guesde at the very least ought to
get in next time and shape for it from now. Guesde may be more
flashy as an orator but Paul would be far better in bringing out
facts.
However by next spring we may have a European war which up-
sets all our calculations being incalculable in its results. About that
I shall write Paul
a
as soon as I find time. Now I must conclude, hav-
ing just time enough left to send a few words to Tussy by to-day's
mail.
Nim is very jolly and sends her love.
F. E.
Liebknecht's wine-revolution is not very formidable, considering
that he finds the most horrid wine 'famos'.
b
Moscow, 1964
Reproduced from the original
time
a
b
'fine'
295. Engels to Bebel. 23 and 25 October 1886 509
295
London, 23 and 25 October 1886, Saturday
Dear Bebel,
The Sozialdemokrat containing your st at ement
642
arrived just
now, at 9.30 p. m., and I am hastening to write to you although my
letter cannot go off until 5.30 on Monday, when I shall have it regis-
tered. But on Monday, I may again have a whole lot of proofs
3
re-
quiring my immediate attention.
Your statement is so worded that no exception whatever can be
taken to it assuming the necessity of such a step. As to this, I cannot
rightly judge but, even in the absence of Freytag's opinion, it would
seem to me justified. From the viewpoint both of the cause in general
and of the newspaper in particular, it was, to my mind, most fortun-
ate that the verdict enabled you to take this step in a seemly way. To
have conferred an official character on the paper in the first place
was, in my view, a great mistake, and so, indeed, it has proved to be
in the Reichstag and elsewhere; but once it had been done, you could
hardly go back on it without appearing to disown the paper and beat
a retreat. The verdict gave you an opportunity of going back on it
without producing that impression and you did right in making use of
it. Nor, as Liebknecht saw it, was there any question of beating a re-
treat, and the paper will now be able to express the views of the great
bulk of the party far more freely and with far less regard for the gen-
tlemen of the right wing.
The Neue eit has not yet arri ved.
643
I too take the view that
Bismarck has got far more involved with the Russians than he need have
done on France's account, and for this the main reason besides
those adduced by you, and overshadowing them all is his having
been told by the Russians what he knows to be true, namely: ' Either
we must have decisive and resounding victories on the road to
Constantinople, or else we shall have rvolution.' Without making sac-
rifices, neither Alexander III nor yet the Russian diplomats can exor-
" of the English translation of the first volume of Capital (see Note 56)
510 295. Engels to Bebel. 23 and 25 October 1886
eise the Pan-Slav and chauvinist spirit they have conjured up, for oth-
erwise Alexander III will be bumped off by the generals and then,
whether they like it or not, they'll get a national assembly. And
a Russian revolution is what Bismarck fears above all else. The col-
lapse of Russian tsarism would entail that of the Prusso-Bismarckian
economy. And hence everything possible must be done to postpone
the crash, despite Austria, despite the indignation of the middle
classes in Germany, and despite Bismarck's knowledge that, either
way, he will eventually undermine his system which, after all, de-
pends on German hegemony in Europe and that, on the day old
William
a
dies, both Russia and France will rattle their sabres in quite
different fashion.
The worst of it is that, given the rascality of those in power, no one
can say how, in case of war, the belligerents will assort themselves,
who will side with, and who against whom. That the eventual outcome
will be revolution is plain, but at the cost of what sacrifices, of what
general prostration and after who knows how many changes.
In the meanwhile there'll be a respite until the spring, and during
that time much can happen. In Russia the fun might begin without
more ado, old William might kick the bucket and Germany change
its policy, the Turks (having been deprived of Bosnia by Austria and
of Egypt by Britain, they will, of course, now regard these their
former allies merely as traitors) may again get out of the Russian fur-
row, etc.
Your opinion of the German bourgeoisie cannot be worse than
mine. But it remains to be seen whether historical circumstances
won' t compel them actively to intervene willy-nilly, just like their
French counterparts. The latter' s performance is wretched enough
and that of our lot would be even worse, but all the same they'd be
forced to take a hand in their own history again. At the time, I read
Berger's pronouncement with some pleasure, but as you say it's ap-
plicable only to Bismarck's lifetime. That it's their intention to drop
their own 'liberal' slogans for good, I do not for a moment doubt .
6 4 4
It remains to be seen whether they can do so once they no longer have
a Bismarck to rule for them and find themselves face to face with
nothing but imbecile squireens and dim-witted bureaucrats people
of their own moral calibre. For come war or peace, Germany' s he-
gemony has, during the past few months, gone for a burton and she has
a
William I
295. Engels to Bebel. 23 and 25 October 1886 511
again become the humble servant of Russia. And it was only the
chauvinist satisfaction of being the arbiter of Europe that held the
whole bag of tricks together. Fear of the proletariat will certainly help
things along. And if these chaps gain admittance to the government,
they will certainly start off by adopting the very attitude you de-
scribe, but will soon be forced to change their tune. I would go still
further and say that even were the spell to be broken by the Old
Man' s death and the same people to remain at the helm as now, they
would either be forced to resign as a result of renewed clashes not
only with the Court or have to act in accordance with bourgeois
views. Not at once, of course, but very soon. Political stagnation such
as now obtains in Germany a genuine Second Empire can only
be a transitory and exceptional state of affairs; large-scale industry
will not allow its laws to be dictated by the cowardice of industrialists.
Economic development will give rise to repeated clashes, each
more severe than the last, nor will it suffer itself to be governed
for any length of time by semi-feudal Junkers with feudal procliv-
ities.
Come to that, there is also the possibility that in the spring
they will all gird up their loins for war and, armed to the teeth, con-
front one another, each fearing to begin, until one of them puts for-
ward a solution involving mutual compromise and the swallowing
up of small states, whereupon they'll all grab their share. That Bis-
marck is presently adumbrating such an expedient seems probable
enough.
25 October
Your remarks about Liebknecht's speeches presumably relate
mainly to what he told the correspondent of the New Yorker Volhszeit-
ung (little Cuno); this shouldn' t be taken too literally since inter-
viewers always distort things. I agree that his other remarks about the
Kulturkampf
i&2
are somewhat misguided, but as you know,
Liebknecht is very dependent on atmosphere and tends to chan-
ce his hand with his audiences (not always successfully), while he ne-
ver has more than two colours black and white on his palette.
Not that very much harm will have been done, since it will all have
been long since forgotten in America.
Goodbye, then, and mind you keep fit and send us occasional news
of yourself during your imprisonment.
602
I hardly imagine that you
512 296. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 25-26 October 1886
will have to stay there for the full term, and in 9 months' time every-
thing may have changed.
Your
F. E.
Engels Archives, Vol. I (VI), Moscow, 1932 , , - , , - r- i- i c , r
Published m English for the first
time
296
6 4 5
IN PARIS
London, 25-26 October 1886
My dear Lafargue,
The Eastern affair is rather lengthy, and I shall be obliged to enter
into a mass of detail in view of the absurdities which the French press,
including the Cri,
a
has been disseminating on the subject, under the
Russian patriotic influence.
In the winter of 1878
b
Disraeli sent 4 ironclads into the Bosphorus,
this being sufficient to halt the Russian advance on Constantinople
and to tear up the Treaty of San Stefano.
6 4 6
For a time the Treaty of
Berlin stabilised the situation in the Orient. Bismarck succeeded in ef-
fecting a settlement between the Russians and the Austrians, in ac-
cordance with which Austria was tacitly given dominion over Serbia,
while Bulgaria and Eastern Roumelia were to be left exposed to the
predominant influence of Russia. In other words, if the Russians were
later permitted to take Constantinople, Austria would get Salonika
and Macedonia.
But on top of that, Bosnia was allotted to Austria, just as the great-
er part of Poland proper had been handed over to the Prussians and
Austrians by Russia in 1794, only to be taken back by the latter in
1814.
647
Bosnia represented a constant drain on Austria, a bone of
a
Cri du Peuple -
b
1879 in the original
296. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 25-26 October 1886 5 1 3
contention between Hungary and Western Austria and, in particu-
larproof, where Turkey was concerned, that the fate awaiting it at the hands
of Austria no less than at those of Russia, would be that suffered by Poland.
Henceforward there could be no question of mutual trust between
Turkey and Austria a tremendous victory, this, for Russia.
Though Serbia's sympathies were Slavophil and, consequently,
Russophil it had, since its emancipation, looked to Austria for all its
means of bourgeois development. Its young men went to university in
Austria, its bureaucratic system, its statute books, its judicial pro-
cedure and its schools all conformed to the Austrian model, as was
only natural. But Russia thought it necessary to prevent the same
thing happening in Bulgaria and, besides, had no desire to act as
Austria's cat's paw there. Thus, from the very outset, Bulgaria was
organised along the lines of a Russian satrapy. The administration was
Russian, as were the officers and non-commissioned officers in the ar-
my, the whole body of government officials and, indeed, the entire
system, while Battenberg, imposed upon it as satrap, was a cousin of
Alexander I l l ' s.
Russian domination, direct at first, then indirect, succeeded in stif-
ling, within less than 4 years, all the sympathy Bulgaria had once felt
for Russia, whole-hearted and enthusiastic though that sympathy
had been. The people increasingly jibbed at the insolence of their 'li-
berators' , so that even Battenberg, a man of weak character and de-
void of political ideas, who asked nothing better than to serve the
Tsar on condition that he himself was accorded some measure of re-
spect even Battenberg was becoming increasingly rebellious.
In the meantime things were taking their course in Russia. The
government had succeeded, by draconian measures, in temporarily
dispersing and disorganising the Nihilists.
356
But this could not last
forever; what was needed was to gain the support of public opinion
and to distract people's minds from social and political miseries at
home in other words, a bit of chauvinist phantasmagoria. And just as,
under Louis Napoleon, the left bank of the Rhine had served to divert
revolutionary fervour to foreign policy matters, so, too, in Russia the
image of a Constantinople subdued, of oppressed Turkish Slavs 'libe-
rated' to form part of a great federation under Russian leadership,
was conjured up before the eyes of the anxious and restive people. But
merely to evoke that phantasmagoria was not enough; something
would have to be done to make it enter the domain of reality.
Circumstances were favourable. The annexation of Alsace-
Lorraine had thrown an apple of discord between France and Ger-
many so that those two powers appeared to cancel each other out.
Austria on her own was scarcely in a position to fight Russia, since
her most effective offensive weapon an appeal to the Poles must,
thanks to Prussia, remain permanently in the scabbard. And the oc-
cupation or theft of Bosnia constituted another Alsace between
Austria and Turkey. Italy fell to the highest bidder, that is to say
Russia, whose stake was the Trentino and Istria, if not also Dalmatia
and Tripoli. And England? Gladstone, that peaceable Russophil, had
hearkened to Russia's siren call and had occupied Egypt in time of
peace,
648
thus ensuring not only continual discord between En-
gland and France, but also and into the bargain the impossibility of
any alliance between the Turks and the English who had just despoiled them
by appropriating Egypt, a Turkish fief. Moreover, Russia's prepara-
tions in Asia were sufficiently advanced to keep the English, in case
of war, fully occupied in India. Never had the moment presented
so many and such favourable opportunities to the Russians; their
diplomacy was proving victorious all. along the line.
The revolt of the Bulgarians against Russian domination provided
the pretext for instituting a campaign. In the summer of 1885 a carrot
was dangled before the Bulgarians of North and South the possibil-
ity of unification, as pledged by the Peace of San Stefano and revoked
by the Treaty of Berlin. They were told that, if they again entrusted
themselves to the liberating arms of Russia, that country would ac-
complish her mission by accomplishing the said unification, but the
Bulgarians, for their part, must first rid themselves of Battenberg.
Duly forewarned, the latter reacted with unwonted promptitude and
vigour. Off his own bat and on his own account he effected the unifi-
cation which the Russians had intended to bring about in his despite.
From that moment it was implacable war between him and Russia.
To begin with, that war was conducted covertly and by indirect
means. The small Balkan states were reminded of Louis Bonaparte' s
splendid doctrine which held that, when a nation hitherto disunit-
ed say Italy or Germanyconstituted itself a nation, other pow-
ers say France were entitled to territorial compensation.
Serbia swallowed the bait and went to war with Bulgaria. Russia's tri-
umph was the greater in that the war, instigated by her in her own
interests, appeared to the rest of the world to be taking place under
the auspices of Austria, which had failed to prevent it for fear this
should bring the Russian party to power in Serbia. Russia, for her
296. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 25-26 October 1886 515
part, disrupted the Bulgarian army by recalling all its senior officers,
including battalion commanders.
But contrary to all expectations the Bulgarians, deprived of Rus-
sian officers and with two men to the enemy's three, inflicted a re-
sounding defeat on the Serbs and won the respect and admiration of
an astonished Eur ope.
4 7 8
For those victories there were two reasons.
In the first place Alexander Battenberg, though a weak politician,
was a good soldier who waged war as he had learned to do in the
Prussian school, whereas the Serbs, in both strategy and tactics,
turned to Austria for their model. Secondly, the Serbs had lived for 60
years under a bureaucratic Austrian regime which, while failing to
give them a strong middle class and an independent peasantry (by
now all their property was mortgaged), had succeeded in undermin-
ing and disorganising what remained of the gentile communism
which had lent them strength in their struggles against the Turks. In
Bulgaria, on the other hand, these more or less communist institu-
tions had been left intact by the Turks, and this is the explanation for
their superior courage.
So Russia was foiled again and had to make a fresh start. And the
Slavophil chauvinism which had been encouraged in the hope that it
would counterbalance the revolutionary element, continued to grow
day by day and had already begun to pose a threat to the govern-
ment. So the Tsar betook himself to the Crimea
3
where, or so the
Russian press maintained, he would achieve great things. He attempt-
ed to entice the Sultan
b
there so as to involve him in an alliance by
demonstrating that his erstwhile allies Austria and England
were traitors and robbers and that France was in tow to, and at the
mercy of, Russia. But the Sultan did not come and, for the time be-
ing, there was no employment for the vast armaments Russia had ac-
cumulated in the west and the south.
The Tsar returned (last June) from the Crimea,
0
but in the mean-
time the tide of chauvinism had continued to rise and the govern-
ment, far from controlling this upward surge, found itself increasingly
carried away by it. So much so that, on the Tsar' s return to Moscow,
there was no preventing the mayor,
d
in his address,
e
of speaking loud
" on 1 April 1886 -
b
Abdul-Hamid II -' Alexander III returned to Gatchina
(near St Petersburg) on 30 May 1886 (see flpaeumebcmeeHHu etcmnuKb, No. 108, 20 May
(1 June) 1886). -
d
Nikolai Alexeyev-' See Hoeoe speun, No. 3666, 15 (27)
May 1886.
5 1 6 296. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 25-26 October 1886
and clear about the conquest of Constantinople.
649
Under the influ-
ence of the generals, and under their aegis, the press openly expressed the
expectation that the Tsar would take action against Austria and Ger-
many which were hampering him, nor did the government have the
courage to muzzle it. In short, Slavophil chauvinism was stronger
than the Tsar. Either the latter must give way or else the Slavo-
phils would rebel.
All this was compounded by a shortage of cash. No one was willing
to lend money to a government which between 1870 and 1875 had
borrowed 70 million pounds sterling (1,750 million frs) in London
and was posing a threat to the peace of Europe. Only three years be-
fore, in Germany, Bismarck had raised a loan of 375 million frs on its
behalf, but that had been frittered away long since; and without
Bismarck's signature the Germans wouldn't give another farthing. But
that signature was no longer to be had save at the cost of humiliating
conditions. At home, the government paper-mill had already been
producing to excess; the rouble in silver was worth 3 fr. 80, but in pa-
per-money only 2 fr. 20. And armaments were diabolically expensive.
Finally action became imperative. Either a successful move against
Constantinople, or revolution. Which is why Giers went to call on
Bismarck to explain the situation to him. And Bismarck understood
him perfectly. He would have restrained the Russians, first because of
their insatiability and secondly out of consideration for Austria. But
revolution in Russia might involve the fall of Bismarck's rgime in Ger-
many. Without the large reserves of the reactionary army, the rule of
the cabbage Junkers in Prussia would not last a day. Revolution in
Russia would, at a stroke, change the situation in Germany; it would
put an end to that blind faith in Bismarck's omnipotence which had
rallied to his standard all the propertied classes; it would foment revo-
lution in Germany.
Bismarck, who had no illusions but that the existence of tsarism in
Russia was the base upon which the whole of his system rested,
understood very well; he hastened to Vienna to tell his Austrian
friends that, in the face of such a danger, it would not be opportune
either for him or for them to place undue insistence on questions of
amour-propre; that the Russians must be allowed at least a semblance
of victory, and that it was in their own interests that Germany and
Austria should bow the knee before the Tsar. Moreover, were his es-
teemed friends the Austrians to insist on meddling in Bulgarian af-
fairs, he would wash his hands of them and then they'd see what
would happen. Klnoky finally gave way, Alexander Battenberg
was sacrificed, and Bismarck went in person to announce the fact
to Giers.
There followed the kidnapping of Battenberg by military conspira-
tors in circumstances which could not but shock any monarchically-
minded conservative, in particular those princes who had armies of their
own. But at this point Bismarck proceeded to the next item on the
agenda, glad to have got off at so little cost.
Unfortunately, the Bulgarians gave evidence of a political aptitude
and an energy which, in the circumstances, were highly inopportune,
not to say intolerable in a Slav nation 'liberated' by Holy Russia.
They arrested the conspirators and nominated an efficient govern-
ment, energetic and incorruptible (a quality wholly intolerable in
a nation as yet barely emancipated!) which reinstated Battenberg.
The latter thereupon proceeded to exert all his weakness by taking to
his heels. But the Bulgarians proved incorrigible. Battenberg or no
Battenberg, they resisted the supreme orders of the Tsar and forced
even the heroic Kaulbars to make an ass of himself in the eyes of all
Eur ope.
6 3 4
Imagine the fury of the Tsar! Having curbed Bismarck, having
broken the resistance of Austria, to find oneself brought up short by
this runt of a nation, weaned only yesterday, which owes its 'inde-
pendence' to oneself or to one's father
a
and fails to see that the afore-
said independence means nothing more than blind obedience to the
' liberator' ! The Greeks and Serbs have not shown themselves wanting
in ingratitude, but the Bulgarians exceed all possible bounds. Taking
their independence seriously has such a thing ever been heard of
before?
To save himself from revolution, the hapless Tsar was compelled to
take another step forward. But with every new step the peril in-
creased, for it brought closer the risk of European warsomething Rus-
sian diplomacy had always been at pains to avoid. There could be no
doubt that, if Russia intervened in Bulgaria, and if such intervention
subsequently led to complications, the moment would come when the
mutually inimical interests of Russia and Austria would lead to an
open clash. And this time there could be no question of localising the
affair. There would be general war. And, given the rascals who were
at that juncture governing Europe, there was no foreseeing what the
a
Alexander II
5 1 8 296. Engels to Paul Lafargue. 25-26 October 1886
composition of the two camps might be. Bismarck was capable of ally-
ing himself with the Russians against Austria if that was the only
way of postponing revolution in Russia. What seemed more prob-
able, however, was war between Austria and Russia, and that Ger-
many would come to the help of Austria only in case of need, to pre-
vent her being crushed.
While waiting for the spring for before April the Russians can-
not embark on a major war on the Danube they did everything
they could to lure Turkey into their snare, and Austria and England,
by their treachery towards Turkey, furthered this ploy. Their object
was to gain the right to occupy the Dardanelles, thus turning the
Black Sea into a Russian lake, an unassailable haven for the organisa-
tion of powerful fleets which would sail out of it to dominate the
French lake, as Napoleon called the Mediterranean. But in this they
never succeeded, even though the cat had been let out of the bag by
the few adherents they had in Sofia.
Such was the situation. To avoid revolution in Russia, the Tsar
must have Constantinople. And Bismarck prevaricated, wishing to
find some way of avoiding one or the other eventuality. And what of
France?
For those Frenchmen whose thoughts, for 16 years, had centred sole-
ly on revenge, it would seem natural enough to seize on what might
be a possible opportunity. But for our party it is not so simple, nor yet
even for Messrs the chauvinists. War against Germany in alliance
with Russia might lead to either revolution or counter-revolution in
France. If a revolution were to bring the socialists to power, the al-
liance with Russia would collapse. In the first place, the Russians would
immediately conclude peace with Bismarck so that they might together fall
upon revolutionary France. And in the second, France would not put the
socialists in power so that they might fight to prevent revolution in
Russia. But such an eventuality is unlikely to arise. What is far more
likely is a monarchist counter-revolution, promoted by the Russian al-
liance. You know how greatly the Tsar desires the restoration of the
house of Orleans, and that this alone would enable him to conclude
a good, stable alliance with France. Well, the war once embarked
upon, good use would be made of the monarchist officers in the army
who would help pave the way for the said restoration. For any partial
defeat, however slight and such there would be they would
blame the Republic, saying that, if victories were to be achieved and
the whole-hearted cooperation of their Russian ally secured, there
must be a stable, monarchical government in short, Philippe VI I
a
;
the monarchist generals would themselves act irresolutely so that
their failures could be laid at the door of the republican govern-
ment and hey presto, you've got your monarchy! And, Philippe
once installed, all those kings and emperors would suddenly be of one
mind and, instead of killing each other, share out Europe between
them, swallowing up the smaller states. Once the French Republic
had been killed there' d be another Congress of Vi enna
6 5 0
at which
France' s republican and socialist sins might, perhaps, be made a pre-
text for refusing her Alsace-Lorraine, whether in whole or in part,
and at which the princes would deride the stupidity of the republi-
cans for believing in the possibility of a genuine alliance between tsar-
ism and anarchy.
Is it true, by the bye, that General Boulanger is saying to anyone
who chooses to hear that war is to France a necessity, in that it is the only
way to kill social revolution? If so, let it be a warning to you. The
good Boulanger has a swashbuckling air, excusable perhaps in a sol-
dier, but which gives me a low opinion of his political nous. It is not
he who will save the Republic. If he had to choose between the social-
ists and the house of Orleans he would, if needs be, come to terms
with the latter, especially if it secured the Russian alliance for him.
Whatever the case, the bourgeois republicans in France are in the same boat
as the Tsar in Russia; they see before them the spectre of revolution and can see
only one means of salvation: war.
In France as is Germany things are going so well for us that all we
can wish for is the continuation of the status quo. And if revolution
were to break out in Russia it would create a combination of circum-
stances which could hardly be more favourable. Whereas if there
were to be general war, we should find ourselves back in the realm of
uncertainty and of unpredictable events. Revolution in Russia and
France would be averted, our party' s splendid development in Ger-
many would be violently interrupted, and the monarchy would prob-
ably be restored in France. Doubtless all this would eventually re-
dound in our favour, but what a waste of time, what sacrifices, what
fresh obstacles to be overcome!
a
Louis Philippe Albert d' Orlans
The temptation to go to war is everywhere great. In the first place
the Prussian military system, universally adopted, takes some 12 to 16
years to complete its development; after that period, all reserve for-
mations are made up of men trained in the handling of weapons.
Everywhere the 12-16-year period has elapsed; everywhere there are
12-16 classes which have passed through the army each year. Thus
everywhere people are prepared, and the Germans no longer enjoy
any particular advantage in that respect. And in the second place,
old William
a
is probably about to die; then the system will undergo
certain changes. Bismarck will see his position to some extent under-
mined and may himself press for war as the only means of maintaining it.
For others this would represent a further temptation to attack Ger-
many which would seem to them less strong and less stable at a time
when internal affairs were in a state of flux. Indeed, the Stock Ex-
change everywhere believes there will be war as soon as the Old Man
has closed his eyes.
As for myself, I believe we must take for granted the fact that the
war, if w^r there be, will be conducted simply with a view to prevent-
ing revolution: in Russia, to forestall common action by all malcon-
tents Slavophils, Constitutionals, Nihilists
356
and peasants; in
Germany to keep Bismarck in power; in France to stem the victorious
progress of the socialists and (or so all the big bourgeoisie hopes) to
re-establish the monarchy. Hence I am for 'peace at any price', seeing
that it is not we who will pay that price.
Yours ever,
F. E.
I return La France Juive.
b
What a tiresome book!
26 October, Tuesday, 3.30 p. m.
So this letter will reach you tomorrow morning.
First published in: F. Engels, P. et L. Printed according to the original
translated from the t rench
a
William I -
b
. Drumont, La France Juive. Essai d'histoire contemporaine.
297. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 2 November 1886 521
297
IN PARIS
London, 2 November 1886
My dear Laura,
I am sorry you gave yourself the trouble to copy out the Menger
balderdash.
651
The fellow is a simple Streber* who knows that, the
thicker he lays it on, the better will be his chance of promotion. We
have got the book here and I shall give Kautsky notes enough to en-
able him to smash the cheeky devil up. The position he takes is so ut-
terly ridiculous that it will nowhere be accepted unless in national-
liberal newspapers, and there we must expect to have it served up
again and again, but that is of the utmost indifference. The Rod-
bertus scare was far more serious and that we have already smashed
up so completely that it is quite forgotten by this time.
b
I don' t think even Hyndman will venture to make capital out of
this, except perhaps in a very small way.
Now I must begin writing my preface,
c
as Swan Sonnenschein and
Co. are asking for it, so this looks like coming to a conclusion!
Very affectionately yours,
F. E.
a
pusher-
b
See F. Engels, ' Marx and Rodbertus' ; F. Engels, Preface to the first Ger-
man edition of Volume II of Capital. -
c
Preface to the English edition of
Volume I of Capital
522
298. Engels to Danielson. 9 November 1886
298
ENGELS TO NI KOLAI DANIELSON
IN ST PETERSBURG
Dear Sir,
All this time I have been busy with the English translation of Vol-
ume 1
5 6
which I hope will now be finished in a few weeks as I have
read the first proof-sheets of the whole and only now have to read 2nd
and 3rd corrections of the last 10 sheets. It was very hard work, as af-
ter all I shall be held responsible for the text. I have not been able to
do anything else during that time, and thus a heap of other little mat-
ters have accumulated which I now shall clear off and then return to
the 3rd volume. This, as I believe I told you, I have dictated from the
original ms. into a legible handwriting,
a
and the greater part of it will
not require much revision, but the chapter on the transformation of
the rate of surplus value into the rate of profit, and that on banking
capital, and to some extent also that on the rent of l and
6 5 2
will
take a deal of working out yet. I hope to bring the whole out next
year, but shall not send anything off to the printer until the whole is
completed.
The sale of Volume II up to March 1886 was 1,300 copies.
4
As soon as the English translation is out, I shall forward you
a copy.
The reviews of Volume II in the German press have been exceed-
ingly stupid. One, by a Dr Gross in Vienna, was very decent,
b
but
the man is an idiot. Another by Professor Lexis in Breslau" is very
clever in its way, the man understands the book perfectly, and knows
that nothing can be said against it; but he is a 'Streber''
d
and therefore
disguises himself as a Vulgrkonom. It is in Hildebrand' s Jahrbcher
fr Nationalkonomie und Statistik, XL Band, 1885, 5tes Heft (5 De-
zember 1885).
a
b
G. Gro, 'Marx, Karl: Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oeko-
nomie. Zweiter Band, Buch II' , Jahrbuch fr Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirts-
chaft im Deutschen Reich, No. 2, 1886. -
c
W. Lexis, 'Die Marx' sche Kapital-
theorie'. -
d
'pusher'
299. Engels to E. T. About 13 November 1886 523
I shall be only too glad when I can bring out the 3rd volume for as
you say only then will the whole system of the author be completely
understood and many stupid objections made at present will fall com-
pletely to the ground.
Yours faithfully,
P. W. Rosher
3 6 3
First published, in Russian, in Minuvshiye Reproduced from the original
gody, No. 2, St Petersburg, 1908
time
299
ENGELS TO E. T.
6 5 3
IN LONDON
[London, about 13 November 1886]
In answer to above I have got a translator for the pamphlet in
quest i on,
528
and as it is rather difficult to translate, I should certainly
not like any translation to be published without my first having re-
vised it.
Yours faithfully,
F. Engels
First published in The Commonweal, Vol. 2, Reproduced from the magazine
No. 44, 13 November 1886
5 2 4 300. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 23 November 1886
300
IN PARIS
My dear Laura,
I intended to write to you today but had to write to Edward
39
first
to catch the steamer, and that has taken me till now 5 p. m. So I must
delay till to-morrow.
Prefaces, et c. ,
6 5 4
corrected in 14 proofs, so by end of week my share
of the work will probably be done. Damned glad, it has worried me
more than a little. How soon Swan Sonnenschein & Co. will now
bring it out I cannot tell.
In the meantime I enclose the two American letters
655
I have just
replied to.
Thanks for ' Fergus'
656
they do decline then to take his name?
Cyon has orders to start a large French paper (or to buy an existing
one) in Paris in the interest of Russia, that was what he went home
and brought the money for.
F. E.
time
301
IN PARIS
My dear Laura,
I hope you have received the American letters I sent you yester-
day,
655
to-day I can keep my word and write. Our people have in-
301. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 24 November 1886 5 2 5
deed hit upon a lucky moment for their j ourney,
601
it coincides with
the first formation of a real American working men's party and what
was practically an immense success, the Henry George ' boom' in New
York.
657
Master George is rather a confused sort of a body and being
a Yankee, has a nostrum of his own, and not a very excellent one, but
his confusion is a very fair expression of the present stage of develop-
ment of the Anglo-American working class mind, and we cannot ex-
pect even American masses to arrive at theoretical perfection in six or
eight months the age of this movement. And considering that the
Germans in America are anything but a fair and adequate sample of
the workmen of Germany, but rather of the elements the movement
at home has eliminated Lassalleans, disappointed ambitions, secta-
rians of all sorts I for one am not sorry that the Americans start in-
dependently of them, or at least of their leadership. As a ferment the
Germans can and will act, and at the same time undergo, themselves,
a good deal of useful and necessary fermentation. The unavoidable
starting point, in America, are the Knights of Labor,
6 0 9
who are
a real power, and are sure to form the first embodiment of the move-
ment. Their absurd organisation and very slippery leaders used to
the methods of corrupt American partisanship will very soon pro-
voke a crisis within that body itself, and then a more adequate and
more effective organisation can be developed from it. All this I think
will not take very long in Yankeeland; the great point gained is that
the political action of the working class as an independent party is
henceforth established there.
From America to Russia il n'y a qu'un pas.
a
Tussy told me last sum-
mer that Lawroff had asked her to write something about Lopatine,
and to ask me to do the same, as he was to publish something about
him. I told her that as far as I knew, Lopatine was still awaiting his
t ri al ,
362
and that surely under those circumstances Lawroff would
not publish anything to aggravate his position; would she therefore
again write to Lawroff to know how this was (for it led me almost to
conclude Lawroff must have been informed that Lopatine was dead)
and what he desired me to say about him. Since then I have not
heard anything more with respect to this matter. I now see in the pa-
pers that a fresh Nihilist
356
trial is coming on in Petersburg, and from
the way it is worded, it looks likely that this concerns Lopatine too if
he be still alive. Would you be good enough to ask Lawroff next time
a
is but a step
526 301. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 24 November 1886
you see him how all this is, and what he wishes me to do with regard
to Lopatine as I shall be always ready and willing to contribute my
testimony in confirmation and acknowledgment of the great services
he has done to the cause, provided I know what is wanted and what is
his position at the present moment.
Thanks to the stupidity of all its rivals and opponents, the Social
Democratic Federation
3 0 0
is beginning to become a power. The gov-
ernment saved them from a, four* by forbidding their procession on
Lord Mayor' s Day, and prepared them a nominal triumph by allow-
ing them to hold what they called a meeting the same afternoon on
Trafalgar Square. And when after that, the Social Democratic Fede-
ration called a meeting for last Sunday on Trafalgar Square,
6 5 8
the
same government made it a real triumph by first announcing that ar-
tillery should be brought out to St. James Park in readiness to act,
and then countermanding this ridiculous plan. So the meet i ngt he
first where the Social Democratic Federation had announced they
would proceed orderly and peaceably was puffed by the govern-
ment into a great event, and when it did come off orderly and peace-
ably, the bourgeois and Spiessbiirger
h
found that whatever the strength
of the Social Democratic Federation itself might be, it had a very
powerful tail behind it. The fact is that as the Socialist League
346
is too
deeply engaged in discussing its own rules and regulations with its
anarchist members, to have a moment to spare for events outside
No. 18 Farringdon Road, and as the Radical Clubs of the East End
659
take no initiative whatever with regard to the unemployed, the Social
Democratic Federation have no competitor, are alone in the field,
and work this question, which springs up afresh as soon as winter
comes on, entirely to their own liking. And they have certainly of late
been far more sensible in their doings of late, that is to say for the
last fortnight. How long that will last, of course nobody can tell.
Hyndman est capable de tout.
c
That Professor Menger who seems to have frightened people all over
the continent by his brazen impudence, is a vulgar Streber
6
who as-
pires to the Ministry of Justice. I have given Kautsky the necessary ma-
terials and partly worked them out myself as far as necessary, and if
we can manage it, bekommt er sein Fett schon in der ersten Nr. de jV. . Ja-
* failure-
h
philistines-
1
is capable of anyt hi ng-
d
pusher
301. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 24 November 1886 527
nuar 87.
a
Of course the Liberal papers have made an awful fuss about
his discoveries, just as they did about Vogt's. Only times have
changed and we can hit back now, and with effect. The conspiracy
of the bourgeois press in 1859 against us
6 6 0
was 1,000 times more
effective than Bismarck's contemptible Socialist Law.
3 7
You have no idea how glad I am that the book
b
is at last through
the press. It was impossible to do anything else while it was going on.
The arrangements were of necessity very complicated, proofs being
sent to Edward, Moore, and myself, which naturally caused delay
and constant pegging on the part of Swan Sonnenschein and Co.
Then, as I only lately found out, the book was printed in Perth
1
.
And considerable neglect of business in Swan Sonnenschein and Co.'s
office through which everything had to pass. Finally, the usual course
of things: neglect and delay, on the part of the printers, in summer,
then, towards end of September, hurry and worry, just over that part
of the ms. which wanted most careful final rvisai, and constant at-
tempts to saddle the delay on us.
5 6
Grosse Industrie" in the publishing
trade is all very well for periodicals, novels and Tagesliteratur,
d
but
for works like this it won' t do, unless your ms. is perfect to the dot on
every i; otherwise, woe to the Author!
Well now, and how about your journey to London, you and Paul?
Tussy will sail from New York 25 December, X-mas day, which
brings her here about 6th January. But that is no reason why you
should stay away so long, on the contrary we hope to have you here
on Christmas day. And Paul this time has no excuse and I won' t take
any either, everything in France is nice and quiet, no trials, no prison,
no great meetings, no excitement, and perfectly hopeless to get any
during la saison des trennes.
e
And you, as you have let the summer
and autumn pass, you will have to face the fogs don' t you feel a
little home-sick for them? which fogs by the way so far treat us
very well, for we have it clear and bright, while since Monday
r
not
only the City but even Kilburn are benighted and murky. So please
make your minds and let us be knowing how many days before Christ-
mas you will make your appearance here. Nim is getting very impa-
a
he'll get it hot already in the first number of Die Neue eit, in January 1887 (see
Note 651) -
b
the English edition of the first volume of Capital-
1
big
industry-*
1
topical literature-
1
' the holidays - ' 23 November
528
302. Engels to Schlter. 26 November 1886
tient and quite capable of going over to fetch you if there is any further
delay. And herewith
F. Engels
original (English), in: F.Engels, P. et L.
302
6 6 1
Dear Mr Schlter,
Very many thanks for your communication re J. Ph. Becker.
662
As
to his moving to Zurich, that is a matter I would rather leave to you to
deal with direct. You say that the need for it is perfectly obvious; to
you in Zurich that may seem entirely right, but to me here in London,
where I am less able to weigh up the pros and cons, the case looks dif-
ferent. And for that reason I cannot possibly persuade him to move,
at the drop of a hat, to Zurich from Geneva to which, after forty years,
he has grown accustomed, having become, so to speak, part and par-
cel of the place. Accordingly I have so far said not a word about the
matter.
The English translation
a
is all but done and once I have paid off
my most pressing debts in the shape of letters owed to correspondents,
I shall at last be able to attend to the items in suspense reposing in my
desk. In order of seniority these are as follows:
1) Italian translation of Wage Labour and Capital^ 10 months old,
2) French ditto of the 18th Brumaire,
482
8 months old,
3) your Chartist ms . ,
5
"
4) and 5) my Housing Question, etc., and the Mordspatrioten.
c
To
these you have now added 6) and 7).
a
of the first volume of Capital (see Note 56) -
b
by Marx-
C
F. Engels, ' Introduction
to Sigismund Borkheim's Pamphlet In Memory of the German Blood-and-Thunder Patriots.
1806-1807'.
302. Engels to Schlter. 26 November 1886 529
6) Theory of Force.
663
You ar e wel come to go ahead, but what do
you mean by ' correspondi ngl y al t ered' ? The purel y positive par t
amount s t o no mor e t han a few pages whi l e t he ant i - Dhr i ng pol emi c
is itself positive and i ndi spensabl e bot h factually and t echni cal l y.
However if you si mpl y mean t he del et i on of i ndi vi dual passages hav-
i ng no par t i cul ar rel evance to t he quest i on of force and merel y serv-
i ng to link t oget her t he rest of t he text, t hen I agree. Thi s will amount
to about 25 pages and is r at her little. I n my view t he 2 chapt ers, Mo-
ral i t y and Law: Eternal Truths and Equality, could be similarly re-
vised and added on, since these also revolve r ound t he mat er i -
alist-economic view of history, in whi ch case the whole could be enti-
tled On Law and Force in World History or somet hi ng of t he ki nd.
7) On Social Relations in Russia.
664
If you reprint the little pamph-
let as it st ands I have no objection; a preface to it woul d mean my
embar ki ng on furt her Russi an studies, for whi ch I have absol ut ely no
t i me; a preface without furt her studies woul d provi de not hi ng new
and woul d therefore best be omi t t ed. The articles rel at i ng to it in the
Volksstaat woul d also best be omi t t ed. No. 3 was an at t ack on Lavr ov
who since t hen has given us no cause to br i ng up the old business
agai n and, like t he begi nni ng of No. 4 (at t acki ng Tka c hov) ,
3
it con-
t ai ns not hi ng, save for one or t wo per haps t ol erabl e j okes, t hat coul d
be of any i nt erest t oday, let al one have any effect as pr opaganda.
If Ede is not whol l y engrossed in t he Et er nal Femi ni ne,
b
ki ndl y tell
hi m t hat in my view t he SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION
300
ought now
to be handl ed somewhat differently. The stupidity of the government,
t he i nact i on of t he wor ki ng men' s Radi cal Cl u b s
6 5 9
vis--vis t he
enor mous gr owt h in t he number of ' unempl oyed' and, finally, t he
wi sdom of t he SOCIALIST LEAGUE,
3 4 6
whose const ant pr eoccupat i on
wi t h its own rules and regul at i ons leaves it t i me for not hi ng else, have
pr ovi ded t he SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION wi t h so spl endi d a pi t ch
t hat not even Hy n d ma n & Co. have yet managed t o queer it. The SO-
CIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION is begi nni ng to be somet hi ng of a power,
since t he masses have absol ut ely no ot her organi sat i on to whi ch t hey
can rally. The facts shoul d therefore be recorded i mpart i al l y, in par t i -
cul ar t he most i mpor t ant fact of all, namel y t hat a genui nel y socialist
l abour movement has come i nt o bei ng over here. But one must be
very careful to dr a w a di st i nct i on bet ween t he masses and t hei r t em-
In the original mistakenly articles Nos. 1 and 2. -
b
5 3 0 303. Engels to Kautsky. 29 November 1886
porary leaders and, in particular, make sure you don' t identify your-
selves with the latter in any way, for it is virtually certain that before
very long these political adventurers will, with the impatience that is
born of ambition, again commit the most appalling blunders. As soon
as the movement has acquired substance, either it will keep these gen-
tlemen in check or they will destroy themselves. Hitherto the irrita-
tion felt by the majority has simply taken the form of dull, uncon-
scious dissatisfaction, but it is in this way t hat the ground has been
prepared for sowing.
In America, apart from New York, the real movement is running
ahead of the Germans. The Americans' real organisation is the
KNIGHTS OF LABOR
609
which is as muddle-headed as the masses them-
selves. But it is from this chaos that the movement will evolve, not
from the German sections the Germans, that is, who, for the past
20 years, have proved incapable of extracting from their theory what
America needs.
549
But this is just the moment when the Germans
might exert a very enlightening influence if only they had learnt
English!
Kindest regards to everyone.
Yours,
F. Engels
Moscow 1935 Published in English in full for the
first time
303
IN LONDON
Dear Kautsky,
This morning a letter from Mrs Liebknecht wherein, on her hus-
band' s advice, she informs me that she will be arriving day after to-
304. Engels to Sorge. 29 November 1886 531
morrow at Victoria Station via Flushing. As this question cropped up
yesterday, I hasten to let you know and leave it to you to decide
whether, as the only person acquainted with her, you are under any
compulsion to go and meet her at the station in the middle of the
night. Far be it from me to put any kind of pressure on you I me-
rely thought fit to acquaint you with this weighty Victorian fact.
We have got some more beer in, if only I were allowed to drink it!
Regards to your wife.
Your
F. E.
First published in Friedrich Engels' Brief- Printed according to the original
Wechsel mit Karl Kautsky, Wien, 1955
time
304
6 6 5
IN HOBOKEN
Dear Sorge,
Today I have delivered the last corrected proofs of the Preface
a
to
the publishers, thus finally ridding myself of this incubus. I hope to be
able to send you a copy of the translation in a fortnight's time.
Mrs Liebknecht arrives here the day after tomorrow to await her hus-
band who left New York only the day before yesterday.
600
The Henry George boom
6 5 7
naturally brought a vast amount of
dirty business to light, and I' m glad I wasn't there. Nevertheless, it
was an epoch-making day. The Germans simply have not realised
how they can use their theory as a lever that will set the American
masses in motion; they themselves do not for the most part under-
stand the theory and treat it in doctrinaire and dogmatic fashion as
something which, having once been learnt by rote, is sufficient as it
F. Engels, Preface to the English edition of Volume I of Capital.
532 304. Engels to Sorge. 29 November 1886
Stands for any and every need. To them it is a credo, not a guide to
action. Besides which, they refuse to learn English on principle.
Hence the American masses have had to find a way of their own and
would appear to have done so for the time being in the KNIGHTS OF LA-
BOR
609
whose muddle-headed principles and ridiculous organisation
would seem to match their own muddle-headedness. From all that
I hear, the KNIGHTS OF LABOR are a real power, particularly in New En-
gland and the West, and are daily becoming more so as a result of the
brutality of the capitalist opposition. It is, I believe, necessary to
work in their midst, to form, within this still fairly malleable mass,
a nucleus of men who know the movement and its aims and will thus au-
tomatically take over the leadership of at least some part of it when,
as is inevitable, the present ' Order' disintegrates. The worst aspect of
the KNIGHTS OF LABOR is their political neutrality whose only result is
the sharp practice of the Powderlys, etc. But this last has had its sting
drawn by the response of the masses in the November elections, more
especially in New York. In a country that has newly entered the
movement, the first really crucial step is the formation by the workers of
an independent political party, no matter how, so long as it is distin-
guishable as a labour party. And this step has been taken far sooner
than we might have expected, and that' s the main thing. That the
first programme of this party should still be muddle-headed and ex-
tremely inadequate,
3
that it should have picked Henry George for its
figurehead, are unavoidable if merely transitory evils. The masses
must have the time and the opportunity to evolve; and they will not
get that opportunity until they have a movement of their own no
matter what its form, providing it is their own movement in which
they are impelled onwards by their own mistakes and learn by bitter
experience.
The movement in America is at the same stage as it was at home
before 1848; the really intelligent chaps will at first play the same role
over there as did the Communist League before 1848 among the
working men' s associations.
13
Save that in America things will move
infinitely faster; for it is completely unprecedented for a movement to
achieve such electoral successes after an existence of barely eight
months. And what is still lacking, the bourgeois will make good; no-
where else irt the world do they behave so outrageously and tyranically
a
See Der Sozialist, No. 40, 2 October 1886. -
b
See F. Engels, 'Preface to the
1888 English Edition of the Manifesto of Ike Communist Party'.
304. Engels to Sorge. 29 November 1886 533
as there, and your judges knock Bismarck's imperial pettifoggers into
a cocked hat. When the struggle is conducted by the bourgeois with
weapons such as these, it will rapidly come quickly to a head and, un-
less we in Europe bestir ourselves, the Americans will soon steal
a march on us. But just now it is doubly necessary to have a few chaps
on our side who are thoroughly versed in theory and in well-tried
tactics and who can also speak and write English, since the Ameri-
cans, for good historical reasons, lag far behind in all theoretical mat-
ters; true, they did not bring with them from Europe any medieval in-
stitutions, but instead a mass of medieval traditionsreligion, En-
glish common (feudal) law, superstition, spiritualism in short,
every kind of balderdash that was not immediately harmful to busi-
ness and now comes in very handy for the stultification of the masses.
And if people are available whose clear grasp of theory enables them
to tell the Americans what the consequences of their mistakes are like-
ly to be, and make them see that any movement which does not
constantly bear in mind that the ultimate goal is the destruction of
the wage system, must necessarily go astray and come to nothing,
then much silliness can be avoided and the process be considerably
curtailed. But it must be done in English, the specifically German
character must be sloughed off, and this the gentlemen of the Sozial-
ist are hardly qualified to do, while those of the Volkszeitung may be
shrewder, but only in regard to business.
The American elections this month made a tremendous impact on
Europe. The absence up till now of a labour movement in England,
and more especially in America, has been the great trump card of
radical Republicans everywhere, notably in France. Now these chaps
are utterly dumbfounded Mr Clemenceau in particular who, on
2 November, witnessed the collapse of all that his policy was based
on. 'Just look at America,' he never tired of saying, ' that' s a real re-
public for you no poverty and no labour movement!' And it's the
same with the men of Progress
93
and ' democrats' in Germany and
over here where they are just experiencing an incipient movement
of their own. What has completely stunned these people is the fact
that the movement is so strongly accentuated as a labour movement,
and that it has sprung up so suddenly and with such force.
Over here it was the absence of all competition on the one hand
and the stupidity of the government on the other that enabled the
gentlemen of the SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION
300
to assume a posi-
tion to which they would never have ventured to aspire 3 months ago.
534 304. Engels to Sorge. 29 November 1886
The hoo- hah t hat was creat ed about t he pl an never seriously con-
t empl at ed to form a procession behi nd t he LORD MAYOR' S
a
Show on
9 November , and t he similar hoo- hah l at er on, about t he Tr af al gar
Squar e meet i ng of 21 November
b
when, despit e talk of br i ngi ng up
t he artillery, t he gover nment event ual l y had to back down all this
at l ong last compel l ed t he gents of t he SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION to
hold a qui t e or di nar y meet i ng on t he 21st, wi t hout any hollow r hodo-
mont ade or pseudo- r evol ut i onary demonst r at i ons wi t h t hei r obbl i -
gat o pl ebei an accompani ment , and all of a sudden t he philistines
began to feel respect for the men who had stirred up so much dust
and yet behaved so r eput abl y.
6 5 8
And, since no one except t he SOCIAL
DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION bot her about t he UNEMPLOYED whose number s,
in these days of chroni c st agnat i on of t r ade, i ncrease subst ant i al l y
every wi nt er and who suffer ext r eme want , the SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FE-
DERATION can har dl y fail to win. I n this count r y we now have t he be-
gi nni ngs of a l abour movement , AND NO MISTAKE, and if the SOCIAL
DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION is t he first to r eap t he r ewar d, this will be due
to t he cowar di ce of t he Radi cal s and t he st upi di t y of t he SOCIALIST
LEAGUE
3 4 6
which is bickering with the anarchists, is unable to shake them
off and hence has no t i me to spar e for t he real live movement t hat is
t aki ng pl ace t here under its very nose. How l ong, for t hat mat t er ,
Hy n d ma n & Co. will cont i nue to act in this relatively r at i onal way
r emai ns to be seen. I ant i ci pat e t hat , bei ng in too much of a hur r y,
t hey will before l ong agai n per pet r at e t he most colossal bl unders,
wher eupon t hey' l l discover t hat , in a serious movement , this simply
won' t do.
I n Ge r ma ny t hi ngs are get t i ng ni cer and ni cer sentences in
Lei pzi g of up to 4 years' hard labour for ' i nsur r ect i on' !
6 6 6
They are
absol ut el y det er mi ned to provoke a r umpus .
I now have 7 lesser j obs in my de s kI t a l i a n and Fr ench t ransl a-
tions, prefaces, new editions, et c.
0
and t hen i nexorabl y on to
Vol ume I I I .
d
Your old friend
F. E.
F. A.Sorge und Andere, Stuttgart, 1906
a
John Staples-
b
31 November in the original; see also this volume,
p. 526. -
c
d
of Capital
306. Engels to Sparling. 7 December 1886 535
305
6 6
'
Please send me a copy of The Bakuninists at Work
668
; the only one
I've got was in a bundle with other stuff. The thing is badly crumpled
and requires close scrutiny. On Sunday
a
afternoon the soldier
b
turned up here, where his wife had already been for several dayshe's
very satisfied with his success.
600
Yesterday Paul, the Berliner,
0
also
turned up. Since I cannot easily apply myself to any really big jobs
while they are here, I shall see if I can' t get something or other ready
for press for you; however, I would prefer to write my prefaces myself.
Kindest regards.
Yours,
F. E.
time
306
ENGELS TO HALLIDAY SPARLING
IN LONDON
Dear Sir,
For your private information I beg to say that at present there is no
English translation published of the work alluded to by you.
669
a
5 December-
b
Wilhelm Liebknecht -
c
Paul Singer
536
307. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 13 December 1886
I make this information private as I cannot see the use of having
such things published in The Commonweal.
Yours truly,
F. Engels
[At the bottom of the letter]
H. H. Sparling Esq.
Works, Second Russian Edition, Vol. 50, Published in English for the .first
Moscow, 1981
f
-
307
IN PARIS
My dear Laura,
Well, here we have you at last nailed to a dat e,
670
and I hope you
will make it the 23rd, so as to be able to go a bit about town with Nim
before Christmas and look at the Christmas shops. And to cut short
any further excuses, I enclose a check for 20. - to enable you to per-
form your promise.
Also a letter from Tussy, who was yesterday in Williamsport, Penn-
sylvania, and will have meetings after that in Baltimore, Wilmington
and New York but in New York a whole series from 19th to 23rd,
and leave on 25t h.
60
' Another letter from Edward will be sent to-
morrow, I have to make a note or two out of it. Please bring all these
letters with you when you come for I have a strong suspicion that
they were written with one eye to business, for I find that Liebknecht
also wrote almost daily his impressions de voyage to his wife, not so much
307. Engels to Laura Lafargue. 13 December 1886 537
for her sake as for that of forming the material basis of a book already
contracted for.
Last Wednesday week
a
Mrs Liebknecht arrived here, an extremely
German lady, and before 24 hours had passed, she began to unbosom
herself to Nim with an eagerness that was almost too much for Nim.
The household seems to be a model German one, Sentimentalitt und
huslicher wist,
h
but considerably more of the latter. Nim will tell
you more anon. On Sunday afternoon Liebknecht dropped in, more
hungry than usual, fortunately there was a boiled leg of mutton to ap-
pease his craving. He is quite the old Liebknecht, only Nim who has
got the deepest inside in his household mysteries affirms that he is
somewhat more of a Philistine. What Tussy says of him is quite cor-
rect, his notion of his own importance, capacities and absolute invin-
cibility is astounding; but at the same time there is an undercurrent of
a dim apprehension that after all he is not the stupendous man that
he would like the people to believe him to be; which undercurrent
drives him to be more in want of other people's admiration than he
otherwise would be, and in order to obtain that, to manipulate facts
considerably in all his tales about himself. But his wife says with truth
that if he was not so immensely satisfied with himself, he would never
be able to do the work he does. So we must take him as he is and be
satisfied with a quiet laugh at much of what he says; he will create
much mischief in a small way by his diplomatising ways pro aris etfo-
cis,
c
but at the decisive moment he will always take the right side.
They left on Friday for Leipzig.
Percy is quite well again, he always has these violent attacks, but if
once over the first assault, he is soon right again.
The Kautskys are taking a house beyond the Archway not the
Archway Tavern but the real Archway farther on. That is to say,
Scheu takes the house for three years, and takes part of it with his
daughter, a rather silly girl of about 18 whom he has got over from
Hungary; and the Kautskys take the other part. They are beginning
to move into it to-day and hope to have done with it by Saturday.
I had a letter last week from old Harney, he sailed 12th October,
much too late for his condition of body, and of course arrived rheu-
matic and gouty all over. But he could not leave England which he
adores while he hates America, and if he lives, he says he will come
a
1 December -
b
sentimentality and household quarrel s-
0
for our altars and
firesides (Cicero, De natura deorum, I I I , 40, 94)
538 308. Engels to Emil Engels jun. 22 December 1886
across again next spring and live and die in England! Poor fellow
when the Chartist movement broke down he found himself adrift and
the glorious time of free-trade prosperity in England was indeed
enough to drive a fellow to despair. Then he went to Boston, only to
find there, in an exaggerated form and ruling supreme, those very
things and qualities he had hated most in England. And now when
a real movement begins on both sides of the Atlantic amongst the En-
glish speaking nations, he is too old, too decrepit, too much an out-
sider, and too patriotic to follow it. All he has learnt in America is
British chauvinism!
Now Nim comes and brings me the out-of-the-way stamps to affix
to this uncommon heavy letter, while Anni is getting the dinner
things into shape and so I must conclude. Nim sends her love to both
of you. As to Paul you will perhaps after all succeed in bringing him
with you on the 23rd, what in the name of dickens is he going to
mopse in Paris in Christmas week, not even the chambers sitting?
Ever affectionately yours,
F. Engels
308
ENGELS TO EMI L ENGELS Jun.
IN ENGELSKI RCHEN
Dear Emil,
I was very pleased to hear from you again and through you from
your mot her
3
and all the others.
As to your request, it occurs to me that it would be considered gross
inconsistency on my part i f/ wi shed to contribute 150 marks to the
Protestant Institute in Barmen because the aims it pursued were, as
" Charlotte Engels
308. Engels to Emil Engels jun. 22 December 1886 5 3 9
a rule, generally worthy. I believe your father-in-law
a
would likewise
think it inconsistent were he to make a donation to an avowedly So-
cial Democratic workers' fund on account of its generally worthy
aims. But where there's a will there's a way and since in any case it al-
ways strikes me as somewhat comical whenever I see myself listed in
the books as a shareholder of the Protestant Institute, I hereby pre-
sentyou with both the shares to do with as you please. I enclose a note
for Hermann*
3
who will, I trust, attend to the matter.
I am glad to hear that you are all well and especially that your
mother' s solicitude for her children and grandchildren is giving her
a new lease of life. All of you will indeed miss your father
0
for a long
time to come, both in the family and in the business. He was every
inch a man and such a one will never be replaced in the family and
only with difficulty in the business. However it will be a great help to
you young people to step into positions of responsibility early on; un-
fortunately it was rare enough in Germany in my day, yet it is absolute-
ly essential to the formation of the mind and particularly of the cha-
racter. So let the elderly gentlemen amuse themselves in Barmen and
in summer use Engelskirchen more for recuperation than for business.
If you can run the firm on your own, so much the better; it will give
you self-confidence.
But now I must close; Schorlemmer will be arriving from Manches-
ter in a few minutes and tomorrow I expect more visitors from Paris
d
;
we shall therefore have a full house and that will put paid to my work
and also to my correspondence. However I was anxious to settle the
matter of the shares beforehand and have used my last free moment
for this purpose.
So my particularly fond regards to your mother and to your wife,
e
your boy,
f
Hermanns
8
and Moritz
h
and regards to yourself
From your Uncle
Friedrich
And in particular a very Merry Christmas and prosperous New
Year to you all.
First published in Deutsche Revue, Jg. 46, Printed according to the original
' Published in English for the first
time
a
Friedrich Wilhelm Rhrig -
b
Hermann Engels jun. -
c
Emil Engels sen. -
d
Laura and Paul Lafargue -
e
Johanna Klara Engels -
f
Emil Engels -
g
Her-
mann Engels sen. and his son Hermann -
h
Rudolf Moritz Engels
5 4 0 309. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 28 December 1886
309
ENGELS TO FLORENCE KELLEY-WISCHNEWETZKY
IN NEW YORK
Your letter of November 13th never reached me, of which I am
very sorry; it would have suited me much better to write a preface
then, and moreover would have left me more time.
671
But let me first congratulate you on the happy family event in
which you have been the principal actor and add my best wishes for
your own health and that of the little one newly arrived.
Of course the appendix
2
is now a little out-of-date, and as I antici-
pated something of the kind, proposed that it should be written when
the book was ready through the press. Now a preface will be much
wanted, and I will write you one; but before, I must await the return
of the Avelings
60
' to have a full report of the state of things in Ame-
rica; and it seems to me that my preface will not be exactly what you
desire.
First you seem to me to treat New York a little as the Paris of Ame-
rica, and to overrate the importance, for the country at large, of the
local New York movement with its local features. No doubt it has
a great importance, but then the North-West with its background of
a numerous farming population and its independent movement will
hardly accept blindly the George theory.
Secondly the preface of this book is hardly the place for a thorough-
going criticism of that theory, and offers even not the necessary space
for it.
Thirdly I should have to study thoroughly Henry George's various
writings and speeches
672
(most of which I have not got) so as to
render impossible all replies based on subterfuges and side-issues.
My preface will of course turn entirely on the immense stride made
by the American working-men in the last ten months, and naturally
a
F. Engels, ' Appendix to the American Edition of The Condition of the Working Class in
EnglantT.
309. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 28 December 1886 541
also touch Henry George and his land scheme. But it cannot pretend
to deal extensively with it. Nor do I think the time for that has come.
It is far more important that the movement should spread, proceed
harmoniously, take root and embrace as much as possible the whole
American proletariat, than that it should start and proceed, from the
beginning, on theoretically perfectly correct lines. There is no better
road to theoretical clearness of comprehension than to learn by one's
own mistakes, 'durch Schaden klug werden'. And for a whole large class,
there is no other road, especially for a nation so eminently practical
and so contemptuous of theory as the Americans. The great thing is
to get the working-class to move as a class; that once obtained, they
will soon find the right direction, and all who resist, Henry George or
Powderly, will be left out in the cold with small sects of their own.
Therefore I think also the Knights of Labor
6 0 9
a most important fac-
tor in the movement which ought not to be pooh-poohed from with-
out but to be revolutionised from within, and I consider that many of
the Germans there have made a grievous mistake when they tried, in
the face of a mighty and glorious movement not of their creation, to
make of their imported and not always understood theory a kind of
alleinseligmachendes Dogma,* and to keep aloof from any movement
which did not accept that dogma. Our theory is not a dogma but the
exposition of a process of evolution, and that process involves succes-
sive phases. To expect that the Americans will start with the full con-
sciousness of the theory worked out in older industrial countries is to
expect the impossible. What the Germans ought to do is to act up to
their own theory if they understand it, as we did in 1845 and
1848, to go in for any real general working-class movement, accept
its faktische
h
starting point as such, and work it gradually up to the
theoretical level by pointing out how every mistake made, every re-
verse suffered, was a necessary consequence of mistaken theoretical
views in the original programme: they ought, in the words of the Kom-
munistischen Manifest: Hn der Gegenwart der Bewegung die Zukunft der Bewe-
gung zu reprsentieren' .
c 613
But above all give the movement time to
consolidate, do not make the inevitable confusion of the first start,
worse confounded by forcing down people's throats things which, at
present, they cannot properly understand, but which they will soon
learn. A million or two of working-men's votes next November for
a
the only saving dogma -
b
actual -
c
'in the movement of the present to represent
the future of the movement' .
542 309. Engels to F. Kelley-Wischnewetzky. 28 December 1886
a bona fide working-men's party is worth infinitely more at present
than a hundred thousand votes for a doctrinally perfect platform.
The very first attempt soon to be made if the movement progres-
ses to consolidate the moving masses on a national basis will
bring them all face to face, Georgites, Knights of Labor, Trade-
Unionists and all; and if our German friends by that time have learnt
enough of the language of the country to go in for a discussion, then
will be the time for them to criticise the views of the others and thus,
by showing up the inconsistencies of the various standpoints, to bring
them gradually to understand their own actual position, the position
made for them by the correlation of capital and wage labour. But
anything that might delay or prevent that national consolidation of
the working-men's party on no matter what pl at formI should
consider a great mistake, and therefore I do not think the time has ar-
rived to speak out fully and exhaustively either with regard to Henry
George or the Knights of Labor.
I did not wire 'yes' because I could not exactly make out what you
might make out that 'yes' to mean.
As to the title: / cannot omit the 1844, because the omission would
give an entirely false idea of what the reader has to expect. And as I,
by the preface and appendix, take a certain responsibility, I cannot
consent to its being left out. You may add: ' With preface and appen-
dix by the Author' , if you think proper.
The proofs I return corrected by same mail.
Yours very faithfully,
F. Engels
of the original (English), in Briefe und Aus- , ,. , .
T, r , ,
D n
, -, Published in English in full tor the
Zuge aus tSriejen von Joh. Phil. Becker, Jos. .
&
Dietzgen, Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx u. A.
an F. A. Sorge und Andere, Stuttgart, 1906
310. Engels to Eleanor Marx-Aveling. 25 March 1886 5 4 3
310
ENGELS TO ELEANOR MARX- AVELI NG
6 7 4
[IN LONDON]
[London,] 25 March 1886
122 Regent's Park Road, N. W.
My dear Tussy,
You know I would do anything in my forces to please our friend
Donkin, but I am afraid I cannot do so in this case.
The work I have had in hand for the last few years is so urgent and
of such dimensions
675
that I have had to give up, once for all, attend-
ing meetings and societies and taking part in discussions or preparing
for such. If I am to accomplish my work, I cannot break through this
rule, and the less so, as having given way once, I could not plead the
same reason again for refusing in other cases.
Moreover the subject I am asked to discuss, has been lost sights of
by me for more than a year,
676
and I should therefore be compelled
to read it up again and to look at whatever has been published since
with respect to it, which would take me more than a week to be exclu-
sively devoted to that purpose, and that week, I am sorry to say,
I cannot spare.
And therefore, highly flattered as I feel by the invitation, I very
much regret that circumstances will not allow me to avail myself of it.
F. Engels
Kindest regards to Dr Donkin!
First published in Die Wahrheit, Nr. 39, Reproduced from the original
1./2. Oktober 1988 . . . , , . ...
r
. .
Published in English tor the first
time
APPENDIX
547
1
ELEANOR MARX-AVELING
TO HORATI O BRYAN DONKI N
6 7 7
IN LONDON
35 Great Russell St., W. C.
My dear Dr Donkin,
I have heard of the Cl uband I am much obliged to Mr Pearson
for asking me to join it.
678
But I cannot for these reasons. First,
I think many members of the Club would decidedly object to my be-
longing to it. You see, it is a very different matter to advocate certain
things, in theory, and to have the courage to put one's theory into
practice. Probably, many of the good ladies in the Club would be
much shocked at the idea of my becoming a member of it, and
I should only be giving Mr Pearson trouble if I accepted his friendly
suggestion. But there is also another reason. I have, as it is, hardly
a moment of time for real study, a half the work I ought to do I don' t
do. And apart from this, any time not taken up in trying to earn
bread (and it is so difficult for a woman to do like that!) I feel I must
give to what seems to me the highest and most important work
I could do i.e. the propaganda of Socialism.
It would not be right to join this Club well knowing that I could
not undertake to 'wilt progress' for it, or attend its meetings regularly,
or even take such an interest in it as a member ought to take. If, how-
ever, mere 'visitors' are admitted, and no one objects to me, I shall be
very glad to go to any meeting and take part in any discussion on
a question of which I know something.
679
Please thank Mr Pear-
548 1. Eleanor Marx-Aveling to Donkin. 8 February 1886
son very much for asking me. I have often wished to meet him, but
have always, somehow, missed doing it. If I went to the Club on an
evening, I should be glad if it could be when you are there!
Eleanor Marx-Aveling
First published in Die Wahrheit, Nr. 39, Reproduced from the original
1./2. Oktober 1988
time
NOTES
AND
I NDEXES
551
NOTES
1
This letter was first published in English in an abridged form in: K. Marx. and
F. Engels, Letters on 'Capital', New Park Publications, London, 1983. 3, 6, 87, 92,
125, 137, 186, 188, 193, 261, 267, 306, 318
2
Engels was busy sorting out Marx' s library and archives. Apart from extensive eco-
nomic manuscripts (including the manuscripts of the second and third books of Capi-
tal; see Note 4), he found a large number of diverse conspectuses, excerpts, letters
and documents on the working-class movement (see notes 57, 72, 174). It took En-
gels until late March 1884 to put the archives in order, whereupon he moved all the
manuscripts which had survived and the correspondence to his own house. He was
faced with tasks of enormous dimensions, namely preparing for the press Marx' s un-
finished works, notably volumes II and III of Capital. 3, 6, 33
3
On 31 March 1883 Pyotr Lavrov informed Engels from Paris that he was sending
him a postal order which he had received from the students of Technological Insti-
tute and Russian women students with the request that it be used to buy a wreath to be
laid on Marx' s grave. Engels had an announcement printed in Der Sozialdemokrat of
3 May 1883 to the effect that the request had been carried out (see F. Engels, ' On
the Death of Karl Marx' , present edition, Vol. 24, p. 473). 3
4
Engels is referring to the manuscripts of the second and third books of Capital, writ-
ten by Marx. As he studied Marx' s manuscripts, Engels was able to establish within
certain limits the time span in which they must have been written (see Engels' pre-
faces to volumes II and III of Capital, present edition, vols 36 and 37). By the spring
of 1884 Engels became convinced of the need to change Marx' s original plan accord-
ing to which the second volume of Capital was to consist of two books and decided
to publish the manuscripts of these books as volumes II and III oi Capital (see this
volume, pp. 121, 122). When preparing Volume II for the press, Engels used the la-
ter versions of the drafts (see Note 17) which came to his notice afterwards (see En-
gels' letters to Johann Philipp Becker of 22 May, to Friedrich Adolph Sorge of 29
June and to Karl Kautsky of 18 September 1883).
552
Notes
The second volume of Capital, edited by Engels, appeared in 1885, and the
third in 1894 3 , 6, 26, 29, 88, 121, 348, 522
5
The idea of writing a study of dialectics came to Marx in late 1857 or early 1858
when Ferdinand Freiligrath gave him most probably after 22 October 1857 an
incomplete set of Hegel's Works. On 16 January 1858, Marx wrote to Engels: Tf ever
the time comes when such work is again possible, I should very much like to write
2 or 3 sheets making accessible to the common reader the rational aspect of the
method which Hegel not only discovered but also mystified' (see present edition,
Vol. 40, p. 249). Marx was going to call the study 'Dialectic' (see his letter to
Joseph Dietzgen of 9 May 1868, present edition, Vol. 43, p. 31), but this plan failed
to materialise. 3
6
On 24 February 1883 Hermann Lopatin fled from exile in Vologda to Paris, whence
he proceeded to London in September 1883. 4
' Engels is referring to the sister of Paul Lafargue's mother. It is clear from Laura' s let-
ter to Engels of 4 May 1883 that Lafargue's mother lived together with her sister and
the latter's children in Bordeaux. 4
8
The family of Jenny, Marx' s eldest daughter who died in January 1883 her
husband Charles Longuet and their four children lived, in Argenteuil near
Paris. 4
9
Paul Lafargue, Jules Guesde and Jean Dormoy were tried by a jury in Moulins in
late April 1883 for their actions in the province of Montluon and elsewhere in the au-
tumn of 1882; the charges brought against them were conspiracy and incitement to
civil war. The court sentenced each of them to six months' imprisonment as well as
imposing fines. Guesde and Lafargue served their sentences in Ste Plagie prison,
Paris, from 21 May to 21 November 1883 (see Note 402). 5, 20, 28, 30, 41, 46, 48,
59, 61, 64, 115
1
No information is available on the French edition of the Manifesto mentioned by
Engels. In all probability it never materialised. 5
1
' In his letter of 17 March 1883, Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, on behalf of the
Dutch Socialist Workers' Party, asked Engels to 'pass on our homage and grateful
acknowledgement, to the Marx family and to all those who join us in mourning at
the grave of the master' . Nieuwenhuis also informed Engels that he planned to
translate his work Socialism: Utopian and Scientific into Dutch, which he actually did
in 1886. Nieuwenhuis further enquired about Engels' plan with regard to Volume
II of Marx' s Capital, further study of the English labour movement after 1845 and
the reissue of Engels' The Condition of the Working-Class in England. 6
12
Engels is referring to the Social-Democratic Association of the Netherlands which was
formed in 1881 and united in a single party the Social-Democratic associations of
Amsterdam, The Hague, Haarlem and Rotterdam. The associations had been
formed in 1878-81 with the active involvement of former members of the Dutch
section of the First International. Nieuwenhuis was among the founders of the new
organisation. 6
13
The London monthly The Republican carried a short obituary entitled ' Karl Marx'
in its issue of April 1883 containing a reference to the November issue of 1882 which
had published a biography and photo of Marx. 7
Notes
553
14
In his letter of reply to Engels of 16 April 1883, Eduard Bernstein confirmed that
the wood block of Marx' s portrait was in the possession of the editorial board of Der
Sozialdemokrat. 7
15
The reference is to the third congress of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany
which was held illegally in Copenhagen from 29 March to 2 April 1883, with 60
delegates taking part. The congress was to work out the German Social Democrats'
political line on the social reforms being carried out by the bourgeois government,
to decide on the party' s tactics and the position to be taken by Der Sozialdemokrat,
its printed organ, given the Anti-Socialist Law in Germany (see Note 37). The
congress unanimously called on the party to expose the demagogy of Bismarck's do-
mestic policy, endorsed the stance of the main printed organ and the general line of
conduct of the parliamentary group (see Note 49). It further made it incumbent on
every party member, including the Social-Democratic representatives in the Reichs-
tag, to observe party discipline and help carry out party decisions (see also Note
16).7, 14, 21
16
Engels is probably referring to the first report on the Copenhagen Congress of the
Socialist Workers' Party of Germany carried by Der Sozialdemokrat of 12 April
1883. (' Kongre der deutschen Sozialdemokratie. Abgehalten in Kopenhagen
vom 29. Mrz bis 2. April 1883'.) Subsequent reports were printed by the newspa-
per on 19 and 26 April. 7
17
Eight of Marx' s draft manuscripts for Volume II (Book II, as he originally inten-
ded) of Capital have survived. The longest of them, consisting of three lengthy
chapters, is Manuscript I. It was completed in the spring of 1865, and Engels subse-
quently turned it into parts of Volume II. Since he did not regard the said manu-
script as the final version of Book II, as he was preparing Volume I of Capital for the
press Marx wrote Manuscript III (in which he gave a conspectus of works appar-
ently intended for quotation in Volume II) and Manuscript IV, which Engels later
described as ' an elaboration, ready for the press, of Part I and the first chapters of
Part II of Book IF (see present edition, Vol. 36, Preface). In 1868-70 Marx wrote
a completely new version of the second book, i.e. Manuscript II. The reason why
manuscripts III and IV appeared earlier than Manuscript II is that, when he was
numbering the drafts of Volume II in the late seventies, Marx started with the two
complete versions and followed them with the outlines of individual parts. In the
latter half of the 1870s Marx resumed work on Book II, having realised that it was
not complete; although he had examined the simple reproduction of capital in great
detail in Manuscript II, he had not analysed its extended reproduction. Manu-
scripts V, VI and VII appeared between April 1877 and July 1878 and were an at-
tempt to turn the text into a suitable form for printing. The final version of the sec-
ond book of Capital was Manuscript VI I I on which Marx seems to have worked
between the autumn of 1879 and early 1880. Later it was used in full by Engels
when preparing Part III of Volume I L8, 14, 18, 26, 33, 43, 53, 58, 88, 154, 160,
244
18
This letter is the reply to the letter by the editor of The Nineteenth Century, Thomas
James Knowles, of 7 April 1883 in which the latter requested Engels to send him
a short resume in English of Volume I of Marx' s Capital for an article his journal
was planning to publish on the subject. 8
554 Notes
19
This letter was written by Engels in reply to that by Philipp Van Patten of 2 April
1883. In it the latter informed Engels that at a meeting dedicated to Marx' s me-
mory Johann Most' and his supporters had claimed Most had been on intimate
terms with Marx, that he had helped to popularise Capital in Germany and his
propaganda work had enjoyed Marx' s support. Engels' letter and an excerpt from
that by Van Patten were published in German in Engels' article ' On the Death of
Karl Marx' carried by Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 21 of 17 May 1883 (see present edi-
tion, Vol. 24). Engels made several changes in the German text of his letter the most
important of which are given in the footnotes.
This letter was first published in English in an abridged form in: K. Marx and
F. Engels, Correspondence. 1846-1895, Martin Lawrence, London, 1934, and in full in:
K. Marx and F. Engels, Letters to Americans. 1848-1895. A Selection, International
Publishers, New York, 1953.9
20
The reference is to the disruptive activities in the International of Mikhail Bakunin
and his supporters. In the autumn of 1868 in Geneva they founded the Interna-
tional Alliance of Socialist Democracy, an organisation with its own programme
and rules that contradicted those of the International (see present edition, Vol. 21,
pp. 207-11).
Following the refusal by the General Council of the International Working
Men' s Association to admit the Alliance to the International, in 1869 Bakunin, in
violation of the promise he had given to disband his organisation, secretly intro-
duced the Alliance into the International with the aim of seizing its leadership. Posing
as sections of the International, sections of the Alliance publicised their anarchist
programme, claiming it was the programme of the International. In November
1871, the Bakuninists' congress in Sonvillier, Switzerland, called for a revision of
the International' s Rules, notably the articles on the importance of the political
struggle by the working class and its party. 10, 108
21
At the Hague Congress of the First International (2-7 September 1872) a special
commission was formed to investigate the secret activities of the Alliance. On the
strength of the materials it studied, the commission concluded that the activities of
the Alliance were incompatible with membership in the International, as were the
activities of the leaders of the former, Bakunin and Guillaume. Having generally ac-
cepted the commission's proposals, the Hague Congress decided to publicise the
documents at the commission's disposal concerning the Alliance and expelled
Bakunin and Guillaume from the International. 10
22
In his reply of 18 April 1883 to Engels' letter of 17 April (see this volume, pp. 8-9),
Thomas James Knowles wrote that he was intending to include in the journal The
Nineteenth Century the English translation of Engels' Synopsis of Volume One of 'Capi-
tal' by Karl Marx (see present edition, Vol. 20, pp. 263-308) complete with the au-
thor's name. Knowles intended to publish in the same issue an article about Marx
written by Maltman Barry, who had been a member of the International.12
23
In mid-November 1850 Engels joined the Manchester branch of the German tex-
tiles firm Ermen & Engels. The German side of the enterprise was run by Fr. Engels
(Senior) with the assistance of Anthony Ermen. The firm's office was in Barmen.
Following the death of his father in 1860, Engels received 10,000 from his broth-
ers as compensation for renouncing his rights to the factory in Engelskirchen, which
bolstered his financial and legal status in the Manchester firm.
Notes 555
Engels was a co-owner of the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels for five years
between June 1864 and June 1869. At the end of this period he left the firm to con-
centrate on party, academic and journalistic work. 12
24
Engels wrote this letter on a postcard. The address, also in his hand, reads: Herrn
Ed. Bernstein, 137, alte Landstrae, Riesbach-Zrich, Switzerland. 12, 72
25
The reference is to Engels' Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (see present edition,
Vol. 24) which in 1883 was published in three German editions running to a total of
10,000 copies. The work was composed of three revised chapters by Engels from his
work Herr Eugen Dhring's Revolution in Science (Anti-Diihring) (see present edition,
Vol. 25).12, 15, 37, 60
26
The article by Engels which is referred to in this letter was published in Der Sozial-
demokrat, Nos. 19 and 21, 3 and 17 May 1883, under the heading ' On the Death of
Karl Marx' (see present edition, Vol. 24). It was written in reply to the articles
about Marx and Engels by Brousse, a Possibilist leader (see Note 237), which
had been carried by Le Proltaire, Nos. 234 and 237, 24 March and 14 April
1883.12
27
This letter was first published in English in: K. Marx and F. Engels, Letters to Ameri-
cans. 1848-1895. A Selection, International Publishers, New York, 1953.13, 382,
419
28
The New Yorker Volkszeitung, No. 68, 20 March 1883 reported that, on 19 March,
after a meeting of New York workers in memory of Marx, Engels had been sent the
following telegram: ' The proletariat of New York, assembled at the Cooper Insti-
tute, honours the memory of its immortal Karl Marx and calls on its brothers:
Workers of all countries, unite!' 14
29
The trip was planned for the spring of 1884 with the aim of collecting funds from
the workers to finance the election campaign for the Reichstag in the autumn of
that year. However, Wilhelm Liebknecht was not able to go to the United States
until the autumn of 1886, and with a different aim in mind (see Note 600).14,
114
30
Engels attached a great deal of importance to publicising Marx' s theoretical and
practical revolutionary activity. With this aim in mind, he wrote three biographies
of Marx at different times in 1869, 1877 and 1892 and for different publica-
tions (see present edition, Vol. 21, pp. 59-64, Vol. 24, pp. 183-95 and Vol. 27,
pp. 332-43). The new biography which Engels planned, taking account of the extensive
correspondence and other materials which had survived, and to which he refers in
this letter, was not written.14, 17, 26, 40, 79
31
On 19 March 1883 Friedrich Adolph Sorge informed Engels that Henry George's
propaganda in America was leading the labour movement astray and suggested the
publication of the letter Marx had written to him on 20 June 1881 (see present edi-
tion, Vol. 46). This letter contained a critique of Henry George's book Progress and
Poverty which had been published in New York in 1880. However, Engels consid-
ered that it would be rather premature to publish Marx' s letter in the American
press (see this volume, p. 42, and Engels' letter to Sorge of 18 June 1887, present
edition, Vol. 48). Engels gave a critical expos of George's views of the nationalisa-
tion of land in the Preface to the American edition of his book The Condition of
the Working-Class in England (see present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 437-39). 14, 114
556 Notes
32
When he learned that Engels' pamphlet Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (present
edition, Vol. 24; see also Note 25) was about to appear, Sorge wrote on 19 March
1883 that he could request Otto Weydemeyer to translate it into English and
have it published in the United States. The publication failed to materialise.
15
33
Eduard Bernstein was returning to Switzerland from Copenhagen where he had
been a delegate to the congress of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (see
Note 15).15
34
Following the introduction of a local state of siege in Leipzig in 1881 (see Note 67),
Wilhelm Liebknecht, August Bebel and other German socialists had been forced to
leave the city. They settled in the village of Borsdorf near Leipzig. 16, 19, 20, 47,
52, 80, 83, 147, 258, 377, 380, 417, 445, 495
35
Engels was unable to carry out these plans due to the enormous demands made on
him by the preparation for the press of volumes I and II oiCapital and the publica-
tion of translations of Marx's and his own works. At the same time, he was work-
ing on his book The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (see Note
174).17
36
On 17 March 1883, August Bebel informed Engels that at the forthcoming congress
of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany in Copenhagen (see Note 15) he intend-
ed to put up for discussion the question of the party erecting a monument to Marx.
It seems that the stance taken by Marx' s family, about which Engels informed Be-
bel in this letter, long remained an obstacle to the erection of a monument in High-
gate Cemetery where Marx was buried. In 1954 the Marx grave was moved to
a better place in the cemetery. Lawrence Bradshaw was commissioned by the Com-
munist Party of Great Britain to sculpt a bronze head of Marx, and the monument
which incorporated it was unveiled in 1956 by Harry Pollit, then General Secretary
of the British Communist Party. 17
37
The Exceptional Law Against the Socialists (Gesetz gegen die gemeingefhrlichen
Bestrebungen der Sozialdemokratie the Law against the Harmful and Dan-
gerous Aspirations of Social Democracy) was introduced by the Bismarck govern-
ment, supported by the majority in the Reichstag, on 21 October 1878 to counter
the socialist and workers' movement. This law, better known as the Anti-Socialist
Law, made the Social-Democratic Party of Germany illegal, banned all party and
mass workers' organisations, and the socialist and workers' press; on the basis of this
law socialist literature was confiscated and Social Democrats subjected to reprisals.
However, during its operation the Social-Democratic Party, assisted by Marx and
Engels, uprooted both reformist and anarchist elements and managed to substan-
tially strengthen and widen its influence among the people by skilfully combining
illegal and legal methods of work. Under pressure from the mass workers' move-
ment, the Anti-Socialist Law was abrogated on 1 October 1890. For Engels' assess-
ment of this law, see his article 'Bismarck and the German Working Men' s Party'
(present edition, Vol. 24, pp. 407-09).17, 21, 26, 32, 50, 93, 100, 114, 124, 125,
129, 132, 145, 147, 164, 187, 199, 213, 216, 220, 242, 268, 271, 275, 285, 290, 295,
300, 303, 305, 307, 313, 464, 527
38
The materials used by the prosecution in the trial of Wilhelm Liebknecht, August
Bebel and Adolf Hepner for high treason in Leipzig in March 1872 included the
Notes
557
Manifesto of the Communist Party by Marx and Engels. It was carried by the book
Leipziger Hochverrathsprozess. Ausfhrlicher Bericht ber die Verhandlungen des Schwurge-
richts zu Leipzig in dem Proze gegen Liebknecht, Bebet und Hepner wegen Vorbereitung zum
Hochverrath vom 11-26. Mrz 1872, Leipzig, 1872, pp. 97-119. 18
39
The letter mentioned has not been found. 18, 23, 62, 80, 108, 124, 147, 201, 204,
210, 211, 212, 249, 257, 293, 353, 437, 524
40
The reference is to Engels' The Condition of the Working-Class in England. From Per-
sonal Observation and Authentic Sources (see present edition, Vol. 4) which was put out
in early 1845 by Otto Wigand' s publishing house in Leipzig. In 1872-73 Engels dis-
cussed with Liebknecht the plan for a second edition of his book since the latter was
planning to publish it in a socio-political literature series with the participation of
the editorial board of Der Volksstaat (see present edition, Vol. 44, pp. 375, 477). It
is clear from the letters which Wilhelm Liebknecht and Adolf Hepner wrote to En-
gels in early 1873 that they helped to sort out Engels' legal relations with the Leip-
zig publishing house. However, this matter was not clarified for the next 12 years
(see Engels' letter of 19 January 1885 to August Bebel, this volume, p. 253). The
second authorised edition of The Condition of the Working-Class in England was not
published until 1892 by Dietz.19, 248, 251, 253, 263
4
' A short quote from this letter was first published in English in: R. H. Dominick I I I,
Wilhelm Liebknecht and the Founding of the German Social Democratic Party, The Uni-
versity of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1982.20
42
On 6June 1879 Wilhelm Bracke wrote to Engels, T admire Bebel; he is the only one
among us with the skills for life in parliament.' 20
43
August Bebel failed to obtain election to the Reichstag at the 1881 poll. In April
1883 Social Democrats in Hamburg nominated Bebel as a candidate at the addi-
tional elections being held then. On 2 May 1883 Bebel wrote to Engels that, given
the relatively poor effect of campaigning and particularly parliamentary work
against the background of the Anti-Socialist Law, he had requested the voters in
Hamburg not to nominate him as a candidate. However, this letter did not arrive
until after he had been elected to the Reichstag on 29 June. 20
44
The half-and-halfs representatives of the Right wing of the Socialist Workers'
Party of Germany grouped at that time around Wilhelm Bios and Bruno Geiser.
The decision of the Copenhagen Congress (see Note 15) of Social-Democratic can-
didates nominated for the elections to the Reichstag was directed against them. It
stated that the candidates should fully endorse the party programme, observe party
discipline and help implement party decisions (see Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 17, 19
April 1883).21
45
When the question of the merger of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Eise-
nachers) and the Lassallean General Association of German Workers was being dis-
cussed in the early 1870s, Marx and Engels considered this step to be premature.
They believed that joint political activity 'against the common foe' should precede
the establishment of a united party and the elaboration of its programme (see
K. Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme, F. Engels to A. Bebel, 18-28 March 1875,
present edition, Vol. 24, p. 78). At the Gotha Unity Congress (22-27 May 1875) the
Lassallean Wilhelm Hasenclever was elected a co-chairman of the party Executive
Committee, and in June 1875 Wilhelm Hasselmann joined the board of the party-
558
Notes
owned national German co-operative printing office in Berlin which had been
formed by decision of the Congress. 21
46
On 2 May 1883, Bebel wrote to Engels that 'Liebknecht, instead of showing the
toughness [against Right-wing and the half-and-half members of the Socialist
Workers' Party of Germany] he ought, is doing his utmost to blur and hush up the
conflicts. He has the half-and-halfs for protection.'
On the half-and-halfs, see Note 44. 21
47
The reference is to Friedrich Wilhelm Fritzsche's and Louis Viereck's journey
around the USA from February to May 1881 on an assignment for the Socialist
Workers' Party of Germany. The purpose of the journey was to engage in propa-
ganda work and collect money for the election campaign to the Reichstag. The
elections were due to take place that autumn. On Wilhelm Liebknecht's and Au-
gust Bebel's trip to the USA planned for 1884, see Note 2 9 . - 2 2 , 80
48
In the latter half of April and early May 1883 the Reichstag discussed a bill on
workers' health insurance and one providing for changes in trade regulations; the
two bills were part of Bismarck's so-called social reform (see Note 312). On 2 May
1883 Bebel informed Engels that some of the Social-Democratic deputies
including Moritz Rittingshausen and Max Kayser had intended to vote in fa-
vour of these bills. However, they had submitted to party discipline and voted
against them along with the remainder of the Social-Democratic group in the
Reichstag on 31 May and 2 June 1883, respectively. 22
49
The reference is to the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag which in 1880 was
officially recognised as the party centre at the illegal congress in Wyden, Switzer-
land, against the background of the Anti-Socialist Law (see Note 37). Prior to that
the party centre was in fact the Relief Committee for the repressed Social
Democrats set up in 1878.22, 145, 381
50
Wilhelm Bios was expelled from Hamburg in late 1880 in connection with the intro-
duction of a so-called local state of siege (see Note 67) in some places in Germany.
His letter to Engels from Bremen of 4 February 1881 showed that he was disturbed
at the reaction which had ensued and was in a liquidationist mood, which was man-
ifested in particular by his proposal to dissolve the Socialist Workers' Party of Ger-
many. 23
51
On 2 May 1883 Bebel wrote to Engels that symptoms were apparent in various
branches of the German economy which suggested the approach of a crisis.
23
52
This letter by Engels is his reply to the Italian economist Achille Loria whose arti-
cle ' Karl Marx' had been carried by the journal Nuova antologia di scienze, lettere ed
arti, ser. 2, Vol. 38, fas. 7, Rome, 1883, pp. 509-42. Engels' letter was published in
German by Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 21,17 May 1883 in the article ' On the Death of
Karl Marx' (see present edition, Vol. 24).
For a critique of Loria's article, see also Engels' Preface to Volume III oCapital
(present edition, Vol. 37). 24
53
Engels is referring to Loria's quotation in his article ' Karl Marx' of the expression
Alphonse de Lamartine used with regard to Proudhon in his work Histoire de la re-
volution de 1848, Brussels, 1849, Vol. 1, Book VII, Ch. 5 . - 2 4
Notes
559
54
The armchair socialists representatives of a trend in German bourgeois political
economy which emerged in the last third of the 19th century in response to the
growth of the workers' movement and the spread within it of the ideas of scientific
socialism. They preached bourgeois reformism at universities, passing it off as so-
cialism. They alleged that the state, specifically the German Empire, was above all
classes and could help achieve improvements in the condition of the working class
by way of social reforms.24, 138, 184, 226, 348, 385, 390, 417
55
A fragment from this letter was first published in English in: K. Marx and F. Engels,
Correspondence. 1846-1895, Martin Lawrence, London, 1934. 25, 98
56
The idea of translating Capital into English occurred to Marx as early as 1865,
when he was working on the manuscript (see Marx' s letter to Engels of 31 July
1865, present edition, Vol. 42). The British journalist and member of the Interna-
tional's General Council, Peter Fox, was to help Marx find a publisher. However,
this matter was not settled due to Fox's death in 1869. The English translation of
the first volume of Capital, edited by Engels, did not appear until after Marx' s
death, in January 1887, and was published by Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co.,
London. The translation was done by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling between
mid-1883 and March 1886. Eleanor Marx-Aveling took part in the preparatory work
for the edition (see also this volume, pp. 33 and 127-28).29, 31, 33, 52, 83,
122, 124, 130, 133, 143, 153, 202, 245, 261, 291, 306, 313, 348, 400, 401, 404, 416,
419, 421, 423, 426, 434, 436, 447, 449-50, 453, 456, 460-63, 468, 471, 474, 480, 482,
493-94, 506, 509, 522, 527-28
57
Engels is referring to the extracts from statistical reports and specialised studies of
the various forms of land ownership and the history of the village commune in Rus-
sia which Marx wrote down in the 1870s. He intended to use this material for the
section on ground rent in Book III of Capital. However, this plan did not materi-
alise (see Engels' Preface to Volume III of Capital, present edition, Vol. 37). 29,
88
58
The reference is to Marx's economic manuscripts: 1) Outlines of the Critique of Politi-
cal Economy (Rough Draft of 1857-58), and 2) the Manuscripts of 1861-63, which
Marx entitled A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (see present edition,
Vols. 28-29 and 30-34).29
59
The first volume of Capital was translated into French in full by Joseph Roy and
appeared in Paris in 1872-75 as individual instalments which were then put to-
gether to form a book. Marx gave an assessment of the translation and the work
which had been done in connection with it in the Preface and Afterword to the
French edition (see present edition, Vol. 35) and also in his letter to Nikolai Daniel-
son of 28 May 1872 (present edition, Vol. 44). The changes and additions which
Engels made to the third German edition of Volume I of Capital (1883) on the
basis of the French edition were pointed out by him in the Preface to the said edi-
tion (see present edition, Vol. 35).29, 33, 41, 42, 385
60
The reference is to Marx' s and Engels' joint work on the manuscript of The German
Ideology and to Engels' work The True Socialists (see present edition, Vol. 5) between
1845 and 1847. Not long before his death Engels dictated to Eduard Bernstein a list
560
Notes
of manuscripts from his own and Marx' s literary legacy and of other materials
stored in his archives. The list contained the following note, '... manuscript of The Ger-
man Ideology' ('Stirner, 1845/46, Moor and I', ' Feuerbach and Bauer, 1846/47,
Moor and I' , 'True Socialism, 1847, Moor and I' ). 31
6
' An excerpt from this letter was first published in English in: K. Marx, F. Engels, On
Literature and Art, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1976. 32, 90, 159, 498
62
The surviving page of the draft manuscript of chapter two of the Manifesto of the
Communist Parly is reproduced in the present edition, Vol. 6, p. 579. 34
63
On 7 June Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 24 carried a biographical outline of Georg
Weerth written by Engels and accompanied by Weerth' s poem 'Song of the Ap-
prentices' (see present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 108-11).
Weerth' s poem referred to in this letter, namely 'Die rheinischen Weinba-
uern' , was published in Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 29, 12 July 1883. 34
64
Following the assassination of Alexander II by members of the Narodnaya Volya
(People's Will) group on 1 March 1881, liberal reforms were expected in Russia;
however, in a manifesto published on 29 April 1881 Alexander III stated that he in-
tended to strengthen autocratic rule.
When King Frederick William IV of Prussia ascended the throne in 1840 the
Prussian liberal bourgeoisie had hoped he would carry out the constitutional re-
forms promised by his father, Frederick William III. However, these hopes
proved to be unfounded, and the judicial persecution of liberal bourgeois writers
and officials was begun as early as 1841. 34
65
In the 1870s and 1880s the French government pursued an active colonialist policy:
in 1876 Franco-British financial control had been established in Egypt, and inter-
ference in the country's internal affairs continued until 1882, in 1881-83 a French
protectorate was established in Tunisia. In 1882 came the provocation of an armed
conflict in Madagascar and the beginning of a colonial war in North Vietnam
(Tongking) which grew to become a war with China and led to the setting up of
a French protectorate in Vietnam in June 1884. 34, 57
66
Here Engels quotes a thesis from the Programme of the Socialist Workers' Party of
Germany adopted at the Gotha Congress in 1875 (sec Note 45). It read, ' The eman-
cipation of labour must be the work of the working class, in relation to which all
other classes are only one reactionary mass.' For comment of this thesis see Marx' s Cri-
tique of the Gotha Programme (present edition, Vol. 24, p. 88). 35
6
' The reference is to the 'local (lesser) state of siege' envisaged by paragraph 28 of
the Anti-Socialist Law (see Note 37); in certain districts and places, usually centres
of the labour movement, a state of siege was introduced, as a rule, for a year. Dur-
ing this period meetings were allowed only with police permission, the distribution of
printed material in public places was prohibited and persons considered politically
unreliable were expelled from the places concerned. However, the implementation
of these measures led to a growth in the influence of the Socialist Workers' Par-
ty and increased activity on the part of the workers' and Social-Democratic move-
ment in parts of Germany that were well awav from its traditional centres. 35,
81, 98
68
Engels is referring to the English Revolution in the 17 th century and the French
Revolution of 1789. Between 1642 and 1646 England witnessed its first civil war
Notes
561
which ended in the defeat of the monarchy and the victory of Parliament relying on
the support of the big, middle and petty bourgeoisie and the new nobility.
The years 1789 to 1793 cover the three periods of the French revolution when
power was transferred from the hands of the big bourgeoisie and the liberal
nobility (Feuillants) to the commercial, industrial and landowning bourgeoisie
(Girondists) and finally to the Jacobins who expressed the interests of the revolu-
tionary-democratic petty bourgeoisie that had allied themselves with the peasantry
and the lower urban strata. 35
69
Engels is referring to Volume II of The German Ideology (present edition, Vol. 5; see
also Note 60).37, 38
70
On 12 June 1883 Pasquale Martignetti wrote to tell Engels that he had read his
work Socialism: Utopian and Scientific and intended to publicise it in Italy. With this
in mind, Martignetti made an Italian translation from the French one by Paul La-
fargue and sent it to Engels for the latter to look through. Apart from minor inser-
tions, Engels made major additions to the text which had not featured in the French
version. 37
7
' On 20 June 1883 Laura Lafargue wrote to Engels reminding him that, during her
stay with Marx at the Swiss spa town of Vevey in August-September 1882 he had
informed her of his plans for future work and promised to give her all the docu-
ments and papers she required to write a history of the International Working
Men' s Association. He further requested her to start work on an English translation
of the first volume of Capital. 39
72
As he was sorting through Marx' s literary legacy, Engels found a number of works
relating to Marx' s preoccupation with mathematics. Marx' s interest in mathemat-
ics had emerged in the early 1850s and had grown as he worked on Capital (see
Marx' s letter to Engels of 11 January 1858, present edition, Vol. 40). The first signs
of Marx' s mathematical endeavours date back to 1846 and are to be found in his ini-
tial notebooks on political economy. In the 1850s and 1860s this work was f an auxi-
liary nature and connected with his studies of political economy, but in the latter
half of the 1870s it became systematic and more independent. Marx' s most com-
plete mathematical manuscripts were first published in full in the language of the
original (German) with a parallel Russian translation in: K. Maptcc, MameMamu-
uecKue pyKonucu, Nauka, Moscow, 1968 (see Note 79).39
73
In his article ' On the Death of Karl Marx' carried by Der Sozialdemokrat in May
1883 (see present edition, Vol. 24, p. 476) Engels announced that Marx' s works
would be published by his literary executors, Marx' s youngest daughter Eleanor
and Engels himself. 39
74
Louise Michel, a French revolutionary and participant in the Paris Commune, was
sentenced in June 1883 to six years' imprisonment and ten years' stringent police
surveillance for taking part in a Paris unemployed demonstration in March 1883.
She was amnestied in January 1886. 41, 404
7 5
The reference is to Marx' s surviving personal copy of the first volume of the second
German edition of Capital (Hamburg, 1872). All the changes and additions which
Marx made to the text are given in Marx/Engels Gesammtausgabe ( MEGA
2
) ,
Abt. II, Bd. 8, Berlin, 1988. 41, 42
562 Notes
76
This letter was first published in English with minor abridgements in Science and So-
ciety, Vol. 2, New York, 1938, No. 2 . - 4 2
77
Engels learned from Adolf Hepner, editor of the New-Yorker Volkszeitung, that an
English translation of the Manifesto of the Communist Party was being prepared in the
United States. On 7-12 May 1883 Hepner wrote to Engels, ' The Mostians and
Schewitsch, i. e. the Marx Memorial Committee, organised an English translation
of the Communist Manifesto ... naturally, without asking you or showing you the
translation... A few days ago I happened to go to the print shop and saw the proofs
of the Introduction. They included the words, "It was written by K. Marx, assisted
by Fr. Engels...".' 42
78
The Manifesto of the Communist Party appeared twice in Russian in Geneva: in 1869,
it was published by the Volnaya russkaya tipografiya publishing house and issued
for a second time in 1882. It is not quite certain whether the first translation was by
Mikhail Bakunin or Nikolai Lyubavin. The second Russian edition, supplied with
a preface specially written by Marx and Engels (see present edition, Vol. 24,
pp. 425-26), was prepared by Georgi Plekhanov and appeared in the Russian So-
cial-Revolutionary Library series. 42, 89
7 9
This apparently refers to Marx' s mathematical manuscripts which he sent to Engels
in 1881 ('ber den Begriff der Abgeleiteten Funktion' and 'ber das Differential')
(see Engels' letters to Marx of 18 August 1881 and 21 November 1882, present edi-
tion, Vol. 46; see also Note 72). 43
80
From the late 1860s Marx studied agrarian relations in the United States, Belgium
and Russia in the intention of using this material in the third book (Volume II) of
Capital when examining the emergence of ground rent. It is clear from Marx' s cor-
respondence that he obtained some of the materials he used on agrarian relations in
the United States from his friends there (see Marx' s letters to Sigfrid Meyer of
4 July and 14 September 1868, and to George Julian Harney of 21 January 1871;
present edition, Vols. 43 and 44).
On Marx' s notes from Russian sources see Note 57. 43, 88, 264
81
Following the appearance in 1875 of the French edition of Volume I of Capital (see
Note 59), the French socialist Gabriel Deville considered issuing a short conspectus
of this work (see Marx' s letter to Deville of 23 January 1877, present edition,
Vol. 45). On 2 August 1882 he met Marx in Paris where the latter looked through part
of his manuscript. On 10 August 1883 Deville wrote to Engels that Paul Lafargue
had told him he (Engels) was willing to read the rest of the work. He sent Engels the
manuscript with the request that he make the necessary corrections. Deville's book
was published that year under the title Le Capital de Karl Marx. Rsum et accom-
pagn d'un aperu sur le socialisme scientifique. In the Preface the author wrote that he
had done the work ' at the courteous request and benevolent encouragement of Karl
Marx' . Deville sent Engels a copy with his own dedication. For Engels' assessment
of the book see this volume, pp. 61, 76- 77. - 44, 50, 52, 59, 61, 63, 94, 112, 385
82
Between 17 August and 14 September 1883 Engels was on holiday in Eastbourne
on the south coast of England. 44, 45, 47, 50, 58
83
Engels is referring to his previous stay in Eastbourne from 5 to 27 August 1879. 46
84
The reference is to a winning lottery ticket (see this volume, p. 178). 46
Notes 563
85
In his letter of 10 August 1883 Wilhelm Liebknecht asked Engels to let him have
the exact dates of death of Marx' s wife and eldest daughter. He further enquired
about Heinrich Heine's links with the Paris Vorwrts! as well as Marx' s cooperation
with the same newspaper and the Deutsche-Brsseler-êitung. Liebknecht intended
to use this information in his article ' Karl Marx' which was later published in Die
Neue Zt, N- ' 0, 1883.47
86
It is clear from Heinrich Heine's letter to Marx of 21 September 1844 that on the
same day he also sent Marx some of the proofs of his book Neue Gedichte. It included
the poem ' Deutschland. Ein Wintermrchen' , which Heine intended to publish as
a separate edition. He further requested Marx to write an introduction to this poem
to appear in Vorwrts! In October 1844 the newspaper started to publish the poem,
preceded by an editorial article probably written by Karl Ludwig Bernays. 47
87
In a letter to Engels of 25 June 1883 Pasquale Martignetti thanked the recipient for
endorsing his Italian translation of Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (see Note 70).
Expressing his regret that he had not been able to translate from the German origi-
nal, Martignetti asked Engels to advise him of a textbook which might help him to
learn German; he also requested Engels to let him know where he might find works
by Marx, Engels and other authors which the recipient could recommend as read-
ing material. On 30 July Martignetti informed Engels that, as the latter had re-
quested (see this volume, p. 37), he was sending him copies of the Italian translation
of die above-mentioned work by Engels which had just appeared in Benevento. 48
88
This letter was first published in English in an abridged form in: K. Marx, F. En-
gels, Selected Correspondence, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow,
1955.49, 101, 131, 139, 147
89
In 1872 Johann Philipp Becker was a delegate to the Hague Congress of the Inter-
national Working Men' s Association. 49
90
Eduard Bernstein recommended Engels the Austrian Social Democrat Emil Kaler-
Reinthal as a secretary to prepare Marx' s works for publication. 50
91
The question of a republic in France was raised in Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 27,
28 June 1883, which carried an article entitled 'Louise Michel vor Gericht' containing
excerpts from her speech for the defence (see Note 74), and in No. 28, 5 July 1883,
in an article on the same subject under the title ' Republik oder Monarchie? Zum
Jahrestag des Bastillesturmes'. 51
92
On 4 September 1870 in Paris, following the routing of the French army by Prus-
sian forces at Sedan, a mass revolutionary uprising took place which led to the fall
of the Second Empire and the proclamation of the Third Republic headed by
a bourgeois government (see K. Marx, The Civil War in France, present edition,
Vol. 22, p. 307). 51, 324
93
The Party of Progress {Fortschrittspartei) a bourgeois-liberal party formed in Prussia
in 1861. It represented the interests of the petty bourgeoisie and the section of the
middle bourgeoisie that was involved in foreign trade. The party supported the idea
of German unification under Prussian supremacy but demanded the establishment
of a parliamentary system. In 1866 its Right wing split away to form the National
Liberal Party. In 1884 the men of Progress merged with the Left wing which had
broken away from the National Liberals to form the German Party of Free
Thinkers (Deutsche Freisinnige Partei). 51, 140, 147, 533
564 Notes
94
An excerpt from this letter was first published in English in The Labour Monthly,
London, 1933, Vol. 15, No. 9, IX. 52, 73, 80, 85, 118
95
In the Preface to Volume II of Capital (see present edition, Vol. 36) Engels de-
scribed in detail the state of Marx's surviving manuscript and recalled that shortly
before his death Marx had told his daughter Eleanor that he (Engels) should 'make
something' out of the manuscript. 53
96
The reference is to the second ballot to the Reichstag held on 29June 1883 at which
Bebel, obtaining 11,711 votes, gained a victory over the candidate from the Party of
Progress (see Note 93) who received 11,608 votes. In this way he became the thir-
teenth Social-Democratic deputy to the Reichstag (see Note 43). 53
9 7
A hint at the statement made by Bismarck with reference to his aggressive policy to-
wards France. 53
98
In January 1883 agreements were signed between Germany and Serbia on trade
and the establishment of consular relations. On 12 July 1883 an agreement on trade
and shipping was signed between Germany and Spain.
In August 1883 talks were held on Romania' s accession to the Triple Alliance
(made up of Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy); the talks ended with the
conclusion of a defensive alliance between Romania and Austria-Hungary which
reinforced Romania' s subordination to the Triple Alliance. 53
99
Democratic Federation an association of various British workers' and radical-
democratic societies formed on 8 June 1881 by a group of radical intellectuals head-
ed by Henry Mayers Hyndman. The Federation' s programme was limited to bour-
geois-democratic demands like adult suffrage, the nationalisation of land and a par-
liamentary reform. However, as it was joined by socialist intellectuals (Ernest Bel-
fort Bax, William Morris and others) and advanced workers (Harry Quelch, John
Elliot Burns), the leadership of the Federation adopted noticeably more socialist
positions.
The Federation' s conference in June 1883 adopted a Manifesto drawn up by
Hyndman and setting out its fundamental principles. It was soon put out as a se-
parate pamphlet entitled Socialism Made Plain, being the Social and Political
Manifesto of the Democratic Federation. It contained a demand for 'nationalisation
of the means of production and distribution'. In August 1884 the Democratic
Federation became the Social Democratic Federation (see Note 300). 54,
106, 114, 118, 123, 165
100
In 1881 Henry Mayers Hyndman published the pamphlet England for All
which he intended to serve as a commentary on the programme of the Democratic
Federation (see Note 99). In two of its chapters Hyndman gave an interpretation
of several sections of Volume I of Capital, in many cases failing to correctly express
their content and referring neither to the author nor the book itself. Marx ex-
pressed his resolute protest at this in a letter to Hyndman of 2 July 1881 (see
present edition, Vol. 46). 54, 114
101
The reference is to the Chartist movement in England, the first mass political and rev-
olutionary movement of the English proletariat in the 1830s and 1840s. Its slogan
was the struggle for a 'People's Charter' . This document contained six points: uni-
versal suffrage (for men of 21 and over), annual Parliaments, vote by ballot, equal
electoral districts, abolition of the property qualification for MPs, and payment of
Notes 565
MPs. Petitions urging the adoption of the People's Charter were turned down by
Parliament in 1839, 1842 and 1848.54, 422
102
The reference is to a series of concessions the British bourgeoisie made to the work-
ing class in the 1870s. In 1871 the Liberal government under Gladstone adopted
the Trade Union Act which improved the judicial status of the unions. Trade un-
ions were thus recognised for the first time, it was no longer possible to proclaim
them illegal, they were able to register their rules and determine their internal
structure and procedure of their activities without interference from the judiciary.
In 1875 Disraeli's Conservative cabinet enacted legislation permitting 'peaceful
picketing', thus giving the workers a right to strike.
1867 saw the second electoral reform in England under which the property re-
quirement for voters in the counties was reduced to 12 in rent for tenants,
whilst in the towns the right to vote was accorded to homeowners and tenants of
flats and houses who had lived in the same place for not less than a year and paid
rent of not less than 10. Some of the skilled workers also received the right to
vote. However, this law did not extend to Scotland or Ireland. 55
103
A fragment from this letter was published in English for the first time in: K. Marx
and F.Engels, On Colonialism, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1959. 55
104
In his letter of 14 September 1883 Karl Kautsky sent Engels a leaflet apparently
put out by Bruno Geiser and other adherents of the opportunist wing of the Ger-
man Social Democrats. Kautsky wrote to Engels that the leaflet was a clear dem-
onstration of how, against the background of the Anti-Socialist Law, petty bour-
geois elements in the party were advancing not socialist, but petty bourgeois, slo-
gans (the right to work and demand for a minimum wage); in order to counteract
this, Kautsky suggested to Engels that he should without delay write a piece for
Der Sozialdemokral explaining that it was impossible to implement the demand for
a ' right to work' under capitalist conditions. 55
105
The reference is to a series of articles by Karl Kautsky entitled 'Die Entstehung der
Ehe und Familie' and carried by the magazine Kosmos, Stuttgart, Vol. XI I (Octo-
ber 1882-March 1883). Engels set out his opinion of the initial articles in his let-
ters to Kautsky of 10 February and 2 March 1883 (see present edition, Vol. 46).
56
106
The reference is to the attempt to annex Port Moresby in New Guinea staged by
the British colonial authorities in Queensland, Australia, in April 1883; in Novem-
ber 1884 the British government proclaimed a temporary protectorate over the
South-Eastern part of New Guinea and the adjacent island. 57
107
The regular trade union congress was held in Nottingham from 10 to 15 Septem-
ber 1883.57
108
This is an allusion to a series of articles headed 'Die Trades Unions' which Wil-
helm Liebknecht published anonymously in Die Neue eit in early 1883. 57
109
In the first three issues of Die Neue êil for 1883 the Austrian economist Emanuel
Hans Sax (pseudonym Fritz Denhardt) published two reviews and a short article
entitled ' Zur sozialen Statistik in Deutschland' .
Replying to Engels, Kautsky wrote on 3 October 1883, ' Other contributors I
had been counting on are holding back out of cowardice. I can only ascribe it to
566 Notes
this that Braun and Fritz Denhardt have ceased to deliver material. I am becom-
ing increasingly distrustful of the "educated" socialists who have not broken with
the past.' 57
1
' Intending to become a factory inspector, Victor Adler took a trip around Ger-
many, Switzerland and Britain in 1883 to familiarise himself with the work of the
inspectors there. In Stuttgart he visited Kautsky, who gave him a reference for En-
gels. 57
111
The postcard referred to has not been found. 59, 211
112
Hermann Lopatin visited Engels on 19 September, several months after fleeing
from exile in Vologda (see Note 6). They met for the second time on 23 September.
On 20 September 1883 Lopatin wrote to Maria Oshanina, telling her about the
substance of his first conversation with Engels (see present edition, Vol. 26,
pp. 591-93).59
113
The first volume of Marx' s Capital (third German edition) was issued by the
Meissner publishing house in Hamburg and printed on Otto Wigand' s press in
Leipzig. 60
114
During his prison sentence (see Note 9) Paul Lafargue worked on an article enti-
tled ' Le bl en Amrique...' which was carried by the Journal des Economistes
in 1884.63, 71
1
'
5
The reference is to the international workers' conference held in Paris on 29 Octo-
ber 1883 by decision of the congress of the French Workers' Social-Revolutionary
Party (Possibilists; see Note 237) which took place in late September and early Oc-
tober ofthat year. The Possibilists regarded its convocation as the first step towards
the formation of a new International in which they would have the leadership.
With this in mind, invitations to the congress were issued only to the British trade
unions and the socialist movements in Italy and Spain. The decision to form an
International, like others, did not yield any practical results.
The anti-Broussists were opponents of the Possibilists. 64, 96
116
In early November 1883 Vera Zasulich asked Engels a number of questions with
a view to ascertaining his attitude to the plans to publish the second volume of
Marx' s Capital in Russian in St Petersburg. She informed him that, if they were
given the opportunity, Russian socialist migrs were prepared to take on the
translation. Together with the letter Zasulich sent Engels the announcement about
the publication of the Library of Contemporary Socialism series (see Note 124)
and the Russian translation of Marx' s Wage Labour and Capital which had just ap-
peared in Geneva. She further informed Engels that his work Socialism: Utopian
and Scientific, which she had translated into Russian, was in the press. This book ap-
peared in Geneva in 1884 under the title Pa3eumie naymaeo cou,iaRU3Ma. 65
1
' ' Hermann Lopatin began translating the first volume of Marx' s Capital into Rus-
sian during his stay in London in the summer and autumn of 1870. Before leaving
for Russia at the end of the year he translated the second, third and beginning of
the fourth chapter of the first German edition of Volume I of Capital. The transla-
tion in full was done by October 1871 by Nikolai Danielson and Nikolai Lyuba-
vin, Professor of Chemistry at Moscow University. The first Russian edition of
Volume I of Capital appeared in St Petersburg in 1872.
The second volume of Capital was published in Russian in Danielson's transla-
tion in January 1886. 65
Notes
567
1
'
B
The reference is to the German translation of Marx' s The Poverty of Philosophy. An-
swer to the 'Philosophy of Poverty' by M. Proudhon which was written in French and
appeared in Brussels and Paris in 1847. The translation into German was begun by
Eduard Bernstein who was later joined by Karl Kautsky. Engels edited the trans-
lation, wrote a special preface for it and a number of notes, using the amendments
made by Marx on a copy of the French edition of 1847. The book was published by
Dietz in Stuttgart in January 1885.66, 67, 73, 90, 124, 126, 131, 133, 135, 138,
153, 176, 186, 189, 191, 195, 196, 261
119
On 10 November 1883 Eduard Bernstein informed Engels that Max Quarck (lit-
erary pseudonym Freiwald Thringer) was the author of a book about the Thu-
ringian cottage industry; the book contained positive comments on the social re-
forms carried out by the German government. 67
120
Engels is referring to Georgi Plekhanov's translation of the Manifesto of the Commu-
nist Party by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels which appeared in 1882 (see Note
78) and also to Marx' s Wage Labour and Capital which was published in Russian in
Geneva in the autumn of 1883 as the fourth book in the Russian Social-
Revolutionary Library. The cover carried the note 'translation from the German
edition of 1880 (Breslau)' .67
'
2
' Engels wrote the essay ' The Mark' between mid-September and the first half of
December 1882 as an appendix to the German edition of his work Socialism:
Utopian and Scientific (see present edition, Vol. 24). ' The Mark' was published by
Der Sozialdemokrat in March-April 1883 and as a separate edition in Hottingen-
Zurich under the title Der deutsche Bauer. Was war er? Was ist er? Was knnte er sein?
which was specially prepared by Engels for propaganda work among the
peasants.68
122
On 10 November 1883 Eduard Bernstein informed Engels of his intention to pub-
lish in Der Sozialdemokrat Paul Lafargue's pamphlet Le Droit la Paresse which
Lafargue had prepared for publication as a separate edition in the summer of
1883, during his imprisonment in Ste-Pelagie (see Note 9). The pamphlet Le
Droit la Paresse. Refutation du 'Droit au Travail' de 1848 was published for the first
time in 1880, in l'Egalit; a separate pamphlet appeared the same year in Paris.
This was also published in German in Der Sozialdemokrat under the heading 'Das
Recht auf Faulheit' in December 1883-January 1884. 68, 86
123
Wallers (Heuler) the name the republican democrats in Germany in 1848-49
applied to the moderate constitutionalists; here Engels uses the label to describe
adherents of the Right wing of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany. 68, 125,
140, 145
124
Engels is quoting from the announcement of the publication of the Library of Con-
temporary Socialism series issued by Russian Social-Democratic emigres in Ge-
neva on 25 September 1883. The announcement set out the main aims and tasks of
the first Russian Marxist organisation, the Emancipation of Labour group. It read
in part, ' In now changing their programme to serve their struggle against abso-
lutism and the organisation of the Russian working class in a separate party with
a definite socio-political programme, the former members of the Black Redistribu-
tion group hereby form a new group Emancipation of Labour and defini-
tively break with the old anarchist tendencies'. The group regarded the following as
568
Notes
its main tasks: 1 ) the translation into Russian and dissemination of the major works
of K. Marx and F. Engels and their followers; 2) a critique of the Narodniks and ef-
forts to deal with current problems of Russian life. 68
125
Karl Kautsky was in London from late November to early December 1883. On
28 November, he attended Engels' birthday party together with Eleanor Marx
and Edward Aveling. 68, 80
126
In his letter of 26 November 1883 Johann Philipp Becker asked Engels to remind
Laura Lafargue that she had promised, in the presence and with the agreement of
Marx, to send him the letters of 1848 and 1849 which Becker had let Marx have for
his work on the pamphlet Herr Vogt 69, 98, 152, 203, 301
127
In 1849 Engels and Johann Philipp Becker took part in the Baden-Palatinate up-
rising (see Engels' ' The Campaign for the German Imperial Constitution', present
edition, Vol. 10, pp. 147-239 and also ' Johann Philipp Becker', present edition,
Vol. 26, pp. 418-23).69
128
Engels wrote the lines below on a postcard which he addressed: ' Karl Kautsky.
Esq., Wedde' s Hotel, Greek St., Soho, W. C 7 0
129
On 19 December 1883 the Paris newspaper Le Cri du Peuple published an article
by Paul Lafargue headed 'L'Assassinat d' O' Donnell' . It denounced the hostile
position adopted by George Shipton, editor of the English trade union newspaper
The Labour Standard, to the trial, taking place in London at the time, of Patrick
O' Donnell, a member of an Irish secret society. On 6 May 1882 members of this
society had killed Lord Frederic Cavendish, Principal Secretary for Irish Affairs,
and his deputy T. H. Burke. The main witness for the prosecution, James Carey,
himself one of the murderers, had subsequently been killed by O' Donnell. Flying
in the face of democratic public opinion, The Labour Standard sharply condemned
O' Donnell.72
130
On 2 December 1883 Wilhelm Ludwig Rosenberg, editor of the Mew Yorker Volks-
Zeitung, organ of the Socialist Labor Party of the USA, published an article signed
'von der Mark' . It alleged that the state was an abstract concept, a 'union of indi-
viduals'. Responding to this, Eduard Bernstein used the pseudonym ' Leo' when
publishing in Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 52, 20 December 1883 an article entitled
'Der Sozialismus und der Staat' in which he quoted verbatim Statements Engels
had made in Socialism: Utopian and Scientific about the historical role of the state
and his assessment of Lassalle's term 'free state' (see present edition, Vol. 24,
pp. 320-21). Bernstein also stressed that, in contrast to the anarchists, the Marx-
ists suggested beginning not with the abolition of the state, but with the transfer
of power to the proletariat.
On 3 January 1884 Rosenberg continued the polemic by publishing another ar-
ticle in the Mew Yorker Volkszeitung with the title ' Herr Leo'. In it he tried to prove
that Engels and Bebel were making a concession to the anarchists and alleged the
Marxists believed that, following the withering away of the state, there would
ensue a situation marked by an absence of authorities. 72, 86, 91
131
Engels is referring to Johann Karl Rodbertus' letter to Rudolf Hermann Meyer of
20 September 1871. It was published in the book Briefe und socialpolitische
Aufsaetze von Dr Rodbertus-Jagetzow. Published by Dr R. Meyer, Vol. 1, Berlin,
[1882], p. 111.72
Notes
569
132
In the 'Preface to the 1872 German Edition of the Manifesto of the Communist Party'
Marx and Engels referred readers to the passage in Marx' s work The Civil War in
France where, on the strength of the experience gathered by the Paris Commune,
he concluded that ' the working class cannot simply lay hold of the ready-made
State machinery, and wield it for its own purposes' (see present edition, Vol. 23,
p. 175).73
133
By way of a reminder the appendix to the Russian edition of the Manifesto of the
Communist Party, which appeared in Georgi Plekhanov's translation in Geneva in
1882 (see Note 78), contained an excerpt from Marx' s The Civil War in France. En-
gels is further referring to the 1883 German edition of the Manifesto for which he
wrote a special preface (see present edition, Vol. 26); this edition was published
without an appendix. 74
134
On 21 December 1883 The Times reported that on 10 December 1883, when Tsar
Alexander I I I had been out hunting, the horses had bolted and upturned the sled
in which he was sitting. 74
135
On 16 December 1883 his chief and secret police inspector Lieutenant-Colonel
Georgi Sudeikin was murdered in St Petersburg in the flat of Sergei Degayev
(Yablonsky). The terrorist act was carried out on the decision of the Executive
Committee of the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) party which, on pain of his
own death, had forced the exposed provocateur Degayev organise the murder.
The Standard, No. 18561, 11 January 1884, reported that the St Petersburg
chief of police supposed the murderers were led from Paris by Lavrov and Tikho-
mirov. 74, 79
136
On 29 December 1883 Karl Kautsky wrote to Engels that the tsarist government
had ordered from his father Johann Kautsky' s workshop in Prague the scenery
which was to capture various moments from the coronation of Alexander III in
May 1883; the scenery was to be put on public display in various Russian cities
and to be completed by May 1884. 76
137
On 29 December 1883 Karl Kautsky informed Engels that he was planning to
publish in Germany Gabriel Deville's Le Capital de Karl Marx. Rsum et accom-
pagn d'un aperu sur le socialisme scientifique (see Note 81) which had just appeared
in Paris. On Engels' advice, Kautsky decided not simply to publish a translation
but wrote a work of his own in accordance with the instructions Engels gave him in
this and subsequent letters (see this volume, pp. 101 and 462); Kautsky' s work ap-
peared under the title Karl Marx's Oekonomische Lehren. Gemeinverstndlich dargestellt
und erlutert von Karl Kautsky, Stuttgart, 1887.76, 78, 89, 101, 386, 481, 482
138
The second, illegal, edition of August Bebel's book Die Frau und der Sozialismus was
printed in Dietz's works in Stuttgart but appeared under the auspices of the Zurich
publisher Schabelitz with the title Die Frau in der Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft
in 1883. The first editon was issued in Zurich-Hottingen in 1879. 77, 81, 132,
164, 204
139
Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 1, 1883 did not appear on Thursday, as usual, but on
Monday, 1 January, whilst No. 2 was published the following Thursday, 4 Janu-
ary. The last issue for that year, No. 52, appeared on Thursday, 20 December,
whilst on 27 December the newspaper was not published at all. The following
issue, No. 1, did not appear until 3 January 1884. 77
570 Notes
140
In a letter to Engels of 7 January 1884 Paul Lafargue wrote about the ' German
"got"' (taste), illustrating it with such examples as pictures for children, toys and
artificial flowers. Lafargue continued that German producers were planning to
capture part of the French market from the domestic industrialists and, for this
purpose, the goods they exported to France were being supplied with German la-
bels, this serving to indicate that they were more competitive. 78
141
In a letter of 31 October 1883 August Bebel asked Engels to find a place in an
English family for the daughter of his associ Ferdinand Issleib. But on the very next
day Bebel apologised to Engels for the trouble he had caused him and sent him Iss-
leib's urgent request that he return Bebel's letter of 31 October.
Engels' letter to Bebel, written in pencil, has not been found. 80
142
Engels is referring to the propaganda in favour of the introduction of the right to
work carried on by the Right wing of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (see
also Note 104).81
143
During trips to England and Ireland in 1882 and 1884 the American economist
Henry George gave lectures in which he attempted to prove that the nationalisa-
tion of land was a means of settling social contradictions under the capitalist sys-
tem (see also Note 31). 82
144
The Archives of German Social Democracy were established by a decision of the
Conference of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany held in Zurich from 19 to 21
August 1882. They contained manuscripts by figures from the German workers'
movement, including Marx and Engels, literature on the history of Germany and
the international workers' movement as well as the workers' press. The archives
were originally based in Zurich and the initial documents were collected by Eduard
Bernstein. From April 1883 the archives were run by Hermann Schlter. In June
1888, following its move from Switzerland to London, the editorial board of Der
Sozialdemokrat also transferred the archives of German Social Democracy to the
same place. They were moved to Berlin following the repeal of the Anti-Socialist
La w. ^ 8 3 , 85, 95, 107, 111, 328
145
August Bebel's book Die Frau und der Sozialismus appeared in English translation
in London in 1885 under the title Woman in the Past, Present and Future. 83
146
Engels made a draft of his reply on Charles L. Fitzgerald's letter to him of 25 Janu-
ary in which the latter asked Engels to write for the recently founded newspaper
Justice. Fitzgerald's letter was written on paper belonging to the editorial board
and carrying the address, ' The Editorial Office of Justice, Palace Chambers, 9,
Bridge Street, Westminster, S.W.' . 84
1 4
' In his letter of 23 January 1884 Ludwik Krzywicki requested Engels' permission to
publish the first volume of Marx' s Capital in Polish translation. The translation
was the work of Stanislaw Krusihski, Kazimierz Plawinski, Mieczyslaw Brzezinski,
Jsef Siemaszko, Kazimierz Sosnowski, representatives of Polish revolutionary
youth, as well as Krzywicki himself, who edited the entire translation. The first in-
stalment appeared in 1884, the second in 1886 and the third in 1889. The book
was published in full in 1890 in Leipzig, and one copy of this edition was sent to
Engels. 87
148
Russian books from Marx' s library were sent to Pyotr Lavrov on 3 March 1884.
Notes
571
On 7 March he acknowledged their receipt from Engels. It is not known what hap-
pened to Lavrov' s library, including these volumes. 88
149
Engels used the manuscript when preparing the third volume of Capital (see
present edition, Vol. 37). 88
150
In his letter of reply, written on 30 January 1884, Pyotr Lavrov recommended Ka-
zimierz Sosnowski to Engels as ' a sincere and devout socialist and an excellent
young man' . Lavrov also expressed his doubts 'as to where this pretty poor group
will find enough money to publish something as large as the first volume of Capital
in Polish'. On the translation of the first volume of Capital into Polish, see Note
147.89
15
' The reference is to Marx' s article ' On Proudhon' which he wrote on 24 January
1865 at the request of the editorial board of Der Social-Demokrat (see present edi-
tion, Vol. 20). Engels planned to include it in full in the preface to the second
French edition of The Poverty of Philosophy, which Laura Lafargue was preparing
at the time. It appeared in 1896, following Engels' death. The article by Marx was
included in the appendix under the title ' Proudhon jug par Karl Marx' . In the
German edition of The Poverty, which appeared in Stuttgart in 1885, this article by
Marx came after Engels' preface. 91, 102, 107, 206
152
The New Yorker Volkszeitung, No. 12, 14 January 1884, carried an article entitled
'Ein paar Muster' . Its author advised the Social Democrats, particularly the
French and the German, to follow the example of the Irish and Russian revolu-
tionaries, who, as he put it, observed unity and displayed agreeability.
In Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 6, 7 February 1884, these views were criticised in
an article entitled ' Toleranz, aber keine Indifferenz' (Tolerance, but not indiffe-
rence) . 91
153
It is clear from Eduard Bernstein's letter to Engels of 2 February 1884 that the edi-
torial board of Der Sozialdemokrat intended to devote one of the March issues to
the memory of Marx. The article ' Marx and the Neue Rheinische Leitung (1848-49)',
which Engels wrote for this issue, was included in Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 11,
13 March 1884 (see present edition, Vol. 26).92
154
Engels is referring to the events in Vienna where Hlubek and Bloch, two secret po-
lice agents, were killed in December 1883 and January 1884. The murders were
provoked by the government, which attributed them to the anarchists and used
this as an excuse to introduce a state of siege in Vienna and its environs as well as
adopting legislation against the anarchists which was actually directed against the
socialist movement. Workers' organisations were subjected to police persecution,
their leaders deported and their press prohibited. 92
155
In his letter of 30 January 1884 Pyotr Lavrov suggested to Engels the idea of pub-
lishing the second volume of Capital in Russia in instalments parallel to it being
prepared for the press in Germany. He drew Engels' attention to the great Russian
public interest in this edition. He also wrote that Hermann Lopatin had come to
Paris for a few days and, intending to publish a Russian edition of this volume in
St Petersburg, had expressed the hope that Engels would send the proofs of the
German edition in preparation to Nikolai Danielson (see also Note 168). 93
156
On 30 January 1884 Pyotr Lavrov wrote to Engels about the need to reissue
Marx' s early works, which had already become a rarity; he further informed En-
gels that he had been given the chance to publish in BtcmuuKi Hapoduou Bom the
572 Notes
translation of Marx' s work The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850 (see present
edition, Vol. 10) which had been carried in 1850 by the Neue Rheinische Leitung. Po-
litisch-konomische Revue under the title ' Von 1848 bis 1849'. Lavrov asked Engels
for more detailed information about this work. 93, 261
15 7
The reference is to the propaganda trip Paul Lafargue, Jules Guesde, Simon Dere-
ure and Jean Dormoy made around the northern districts of France in connection
with the forthcoming congress of the French Workers' Party in Roubaix
(29 March to 7 April 1884) (see Note 195). On 27 January 1884 Lafargue, Guesde and
Dereure addressed a large rally in St Quentin. On 28 January they spoke in St-
Pierre-Calais, not having arrived until ten o'clock in the evening since they had
been forced to wait 3' /
2
hours for a train to Calais. The meeting had nevertheless
passed off successfully, as Lafargue informed Engels on 6 February 1884. 94, 96
158 Engels is referring to a series of articles carried on 23 December 1883, 13 January
and 3 February 1884 by the London weekly The National Reformer published by
Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant. The author of the first and third articles,
which appeared in the ' Daybreak' column was Annie Besant, whilst the second
was unsigned and published in the ' Crowded Table' column. 95
159
From March 1864 to his death Marx lived with his family in North West London,
first at 1 Modena Villas (renamed 1 Maitland Park Road in 1868), then in March
1875 they moved to 41 Maitland Park Road. 95, 104, 118, 121
160
Using the pseudonym ' Deux amis de la libert' (Two friends of freedom),
F. M. Kerverseau and G. Clavelin published a work in several volumes entitled
Histoire de la rvolution de 1789... in Paris between 1790 and 1803. 95
161
Blue Books collected documents of the British Parliament and Foreign Office
published since the 17th century. 95, 128
162
The reference is probably to the German Workers' Educational Society formed in
London in 1840 by Karl Schapper, Johann Moll, Heinrich Bauer, and other mem-
bers of the League of the Just. Marx and Engels took part in its activities in 1847
and 1849-50. The name of the society was changed in the following years, and
from the 1870s it was called Communist Workers' Educational Society (Kommu-
nistischer Arbeiterbildungsverein). Soon after the introduction of the Anti-
Socialist Law (see Note 37), a group of extremist-minded members gained the up-
per hand in the society. They opposed the tactics employed by the German Social
Democrats against the background of the Anti-Socialist Law, came out against
a combination of legal and illegal methods of struggle, against the Social Demo-
crats working in Parliament and for individual acts of terrorism. In March 1880
a considerable number of members left the society and formed their own organisa-
tion retaining the previous name. The refounded society announced that it in-
tended to act in accord with the principles and tactics of the German Social Demo-
crats. The remaining members, including the supporters of Most, continued to ad-
here to Leftist views and were active under the same name. 95, 119, 210, 263
163
The Cercle international of the fifth arrondissement was a workers' association in
Paris belonging to the Federation of the Centre (the Paris association of the Possi-
bilists) (see Note 237). The secretary of the association, Henri Leclre, was one of
the Possibilist leaders; it included among its members a number of German and
Russian emigres. 96
Notes
573
164
It seems likely that the French journalist Paule Mink (Pauline A. Mkarska) went
on a trip to the South of France, where she engaged in propaganda work. It is clear
from Paul Lafargue's letter to Engels of 10 April 1884 that she later joined La-
fargue and Jules Guesde (see Note 157) and visited a number of northern French
cities together with them where Lafargue gave a report on the significance of the
International Working Men' s Association. 96
165
The reference is to the second French edition of Marx' s The Poverty of Philosophy
which was being prepared at that time by Laura Lafargue (see also Note 169). The
preparatory work on this edition was protracted and it did not appear until 1896
(in Paris), after Engels' death. 97, 104, 111, 115, 124, 133
166
This letter was written by Engels in reply to Nonne' s letter of 7 February 1884.
Heinrich Nonne, an emigre from Hanover who was living in Paris and taught for-
eign languages, informed Engels of his plan to set up a kind of international centre
in Paris with a view to bringing about a rapprochement between socialists in dif-
ferent countries. Nonne asked Engels to send him statistical notes and information
about events in other countries. Later, in September 1884, it turned out that
Nonne was in the pay of the Prussian police (see Note 303). 97
167
On 5 February 1884 Johann Philipp Becker wrote to Engels saying he believed
there was a need to broaden the campaign for universal suffrage in Germany and
that the masses there were not learning to act in a collective and coordinated man-
ner. Becker wrote that this campaign was an excellent means of setting the masses
in town and country in motion, notably young people between 21 and 25, who
were deprived of the right to vote, and also of exposing the bourgeois parties. 98
168
Replying on 9 February to Engels' enquiry about the possibility of publishing
a Russian translation of the second volume of Capital in Russia (see Note 155),
Pyotr Lavrov wrote that the Russian revolutionaries had decided to bring out this
translation 'by all means' and that, should it be confiscated, the book would be put
out abroad.
The first Russian edition of the second volume of Capital appeared in
St Petersburg on 11 January 1886 with a preface by Nikolai Danielson and in
his translation. The year of publication printed on the title page was 1885.
100
169
Engels did not write a special preface to the second French edition of The Poverty of
Philosophy. This led Laura Lafargue to include in the edition Engels' preface to
the first German edition of the work (' Marx and Rodbertus' ) which had appeared
in Stuttgart in 1885 (see present edition, Vol. 26). 101, 104, 124
170
The reference is to Rudolf Meyer's book Der Emancipationskampf des vierten Standes,
Vol. 1, Berlin, 1874. Engels refers to this book in the preface to the second volume
of Capital (see present edition, Vol. 36). 101
'
7
' The reference is to Marx' s manuscript A Contribution to the Critique of Political
Economy (1861-63). Its central part is called Theories of Surplus Value (see present
edition, vols 30-34). Marx planned to revise it and then publish as a separate
book of Capital entitled ' The History of the Theory' (see Marx' s preface to the
first volume of Capital, present edition, Vol. 35). However, neither Marx nor En-
gels carried out this plan. Engels gave a detailed description of this manuscript
in the preface to the second volume of Capital (see present edition, Vol. 36).
574
Notes
Marx gives a critique of Rodbertus' theory of rent in Notebooks X-XI of the
Theories (present edition, Vol. 31).102, 104, 121, 122, 188, 244, 264, 278
1
'
2
The reference is to Karl Kautsky' s letter to Engels of 2 February 1884 in which, on
behalf of the Volksbuchhandlung in Zurich, he asked for the right to publish a new
edition of Engels' The Condition of the Working-Class in England. 102
173
The 'original cantons' was the name given to Switzerland's mountainous cantons
which formed the original core of the Swiss Federation in the 13th and 14th
centuries. 103
174
When sorting through Marx' s manuscripts after his death, Engels discovered a de-
tailed conspectus of Ancient Society or Researches in the Line of Human Progress from
Savagery, through Barbarism to Civilization, London, 1877, written by the American sci-
entist Lewis H. Morgan. The conspectus had.been drawn up by Marx in 1880-81
and contained his critical remarks, conclusions of his own and some information
from other sources (the conspectus is not included in the present edition). Believing
that Marx had intended to write a work specifically devoted to the initial period in
the history of human society, basing himself on Morgan as he did so, Engels, who
had familiarised himself with Marx' s conspectus and Morgan' s book, thought it
necessary to carry out Marx' s plan. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the
State, on which Engels worked from early April to 26 May 1884, appeared in Zu-
rich at the end of the same year. 103, 121, 123, 131, 132, 135
175
Engels' critical remarks about Taylor' s and Lubbock' s works are contained in his
preface to the fourth German edition of The Origin of the Family, Private Property and
the State which appeared in 1891 (see present edition, Vol. 27). 103
176
By 'later versions' Engels means the manuscripts of the first (1867) and third
(1865) volumes of Capital. 104
177
In his capacity as a representative of the German Social Democrats, Eduard Bern-
stein visited Lyons and Rouen in February 1884; he gave a speech at the German
Workers' Club in Paris. From 25 February to 2 March Bernstein stayed with En-
gels in London, whereupon he returned to Zurich. 104, 109
17 8
This letter by Engels was written in reply to John Darbyshire's letter of 17 Febru-
ary 1884. Reminding Engels of their meeting in 1872, Darbyshire informed him of
his efforts to 'start the International again' and continued by saying that in Man-
chester he had ' at last succeeded in forming a Committee of English, Irish, Welsh
and Scotch'. Darbyshire asked Engels to remind him of the names of members of
the International so that he might resume correspondence with them and further
promised to send him a copy of the 'Principles, Objects and Aims' of the future or-
ganisation.106
17 9
The reference is to the cycle of lectures Paul Lafargue and Gabriel Deville gave
('Cours d'conomie sociale') on Marx' s doctrine which were organised on Sundays
from 23 January 1884 by a circle at the Socialist Library of the French Workers'
Party. The cycle of lectures given by Lafargue was called 'Le Matrialisme co-
nomique de Karl Marx' . He entitled his second lecture ' Le Milieu naturel. Thorie
darwinienne' . Deville called his cycle of lectures ' L' volution du capital' . There
were five in all, entitled 'Gense du capital' , ' Formation du proltariat' , ' Coopra-
tion et manufacture' , ' Machinisme et grande industrie' and 'Fin du capital'. Th'
lectures were published in the press and also as separate pamphlets in 1884.
Notes
575
Referring to 'bon dieu', Engels means the disproof of the idealist world view
as developed by Lafargue in his first lecture 'Idalisme et matrialisme dans
l' histoire' .107, 115, 134, 143, 162, 368, 465
10
The reference is to the second congress of the League of Peace and Freedom a bour-
geois pacifist organisation formed in Switzerland in 1867 with the active involve-
ment of Victor Hugo, Giuseppe Garibaldi and other democrats. Mikhail Bakunin
took part in its work in 1867 and 1868. At the League's second congress, which
took place in Berne on 21-25 September 1868, he proposed a resolution proclaim-
ing the need for the economic and social equalisation of classes. Having failed to
win the support of the congress, which voted by a majority against his resolution,
Bakunin and his supporters left the League.108
" Engels is referring to the declaration of 21 March 1871 (' Rpublique Franaise.
Libert, galit, fraternit...') which Benot Malon signed as assistant to the
Mayor of the 17th arrondissement in Paris together with the Mayor himself and
two other assistants. The document stated that, since the Mayor and his assistants
were alienated from power by force, the validity of all acts of the municipality of
the 17th arrondissement ceased from that day.
On Malon' s activities in this period see also Marx' s and Engels' Fictitious
Splits in the International (present edition, Vol. 23, p. 94).108
2
In April 1884 Russia obtained a loan of 300 million marks from Germany. 109,
112, 148, 338, 360, 365
3
Engels wrote the following on a postcard which he addressed: Monsieur Paul Lav-
roff, 328 rue St. Jacques, Paris, France. 110
4
This letter was first published in English in: K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Corre-
spondence, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1955. 111, 155, 311
5
In her letter of 2 March 1884, Vera Zasulich, writing on behalf of the Russian
revolutionary migrs in Switzerland, requested permission from Engels to put out
a Russian edition of Marx' s The Poverty of Philosophy (see present edition, Vol. 6).
She also asked Engels to send her the text of the preface which he intended to write
for the first German edition then in preparation (see Note 118) and expressed the
hope that he would look through the proofs of the Russian edition and, if need be,
make his remarks. The Russian edition of The Poverty of Philosophy appeared in
Geneva in 1886 in the fifth issue of the Library of Contemporary Socialism se-
r i es. I l l , 432
6
The ' reactionary socialists' was the name Engels gave to the armchair socialists
(see Note 54) who spread the ' myth about Rodbertus' in their works. For a cri-
tique of them see Engels' preface to the second volume of Capital (present edition,
Vol. 36) . I l l
7
This false accusation against Marx is contained in Johann Karl Rodbertus' letters
to Rudolf Meyer of 29 November 1871 (in Briefe und socialpolitische Aufsaetze von
Dr Rodbertus-Jagetzow. Published by Dr R. Meyer, Vol. 1, Berlin, [1882], p. 134),
and to J. Zeller of 14 March 1875 (in Zeitschrift fr die gesammle Staatswissenschaft,
Vol. 35, Tbingen, 1879, p. 219). Engels rebuffed Rodbertus' accusation in the
preface to the first German edition of Marx' s The Poverty of Philosophy (' Marx and
Rodbertus' , present edition, Vol. 26) and also in the preface to the second volume
of Marx' s Capital (present edition, Vol. 36). 111, 166, 187
576 Notes
188
After the assassination of Emperor Alexander II on 1 March 1881, Alexander I I I,
his successor, was staying in Gatchina (the Russian tsars' country residence), fear-
ing that new terrorist acts would be staged by the Narodnaya Volya (People's
Will).112, 280
189
Engels is probably referring to the terrorist activities of the members of the Narod-
naya Volya (People's Will), a secret revolutionary Narodnik organisation, which
continued even after 1 March 1881 (see previous note).112
190
Engels is referring to the letter Marx wrote in the autumn of 1877 to the editorial
board of the St Petersburg magazine Otechestvenniye zapiski (see present edition,
Vol. 24, p. 196). In an effort to have it published in the Russian press after Marx' s
death, Engels made three handwritten copies of the letter. The first he gave in Sep-
tember 1883 to Hermann Lopatin, who was in London at the time (see this vo-
lume, p. 59), and the second he sent to Vera Zasulich, that being the subject of
this letter. He seems to have made the third copy in connection with Nikolai Da-
nielson's unsuccessful attempt in the autumn of 1885 to have Marx' s letter pub-
lished in the journal Severny vestnik (see this volume, pp. 322 and 347).
A Russian translation of Marx' s letter was first published in Russia in 1885 in
the form of a lithograph; the translation was most likely the work of Vera Zasulich.
A large part of the edition was confiscated by the police, a fate it shared with ano-
ther illegal hectographic version of the letter which appeared that December in
St Petersburg.
Marx' s letter was first published in Russian abroad in Geneva in BumnuKb Ha-
podHo Bojiu, No. 5, 1886. The following year it appeared in German in the Ameri-
can newspaper New-Yorker Volkszeitung (3 May) and Der Sozialdemokrat (Zurich,
3 June). 113
19
' An excerpt from this letter was first published in English in The Socialist Review,
London, March 1908. 113
192
In the 1880 general election Henry Mayers Hyndman stood as an independent
candidate for Marylebone constituency. However, his extremely moderate pro-
gramme (he did not support the demand for the nationalisation of land and op-
posed universal suffrage) lost him votes among the workers and provided Gladstone,
who was registered as a voter in the said constituency, with the occasion to de-
nounce him as a Tory. Hyndman' s attempt to be elected to Parliament failed.
114
193
On 10 February 1884 Friedrich Adolph Sorge informed Engels that George Stie-
beling was about to criticise Marx' s concept of history. 114
194
The reference is to the regular elections to the German Reichstag which took place
on 28 October 1884.114, 150, 152, 185, 192, 198, 201
195
The congress of the French Workers' Party met in Roubaix from 29 March to
7 April 1884. It was attended by 26 delegates representing about 60 groups, circles
and trade unions. The delegates unanimously endorsed the programme adopted at
Le Havre in 1880 (see also Note 201). Also present at the congress were Ernest Bel-
fort Bax and Harry Quelch, representatives of the Democratic Federation (see
Note 99). An address was read out from the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany,
proclaiming solidarity between the workers of all countries. The reply to this ad-
dress adopted at the congress expressed regret that no German delegation was pre-
Notes 577
sent and stated that no government measures could destroy the solidarity between
the French and German proletariat.115, 118, 123, 125, 129
196
This letter was first published in English in: F. Engels, Paul and Laura Lafargue,
Correspondence, Vol. 1, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1959. 116,
129, 134, 179, 255, 444
197
In his letter to Laura and Paul Lafargue of 21 February 1884 (see this volume,
p. 107), Engels asked them to look through his French translation of Marx's ' On
Proudhon' (see present edition, Vol. 20). In this letter Engels examines the correc-
tions they sent him to the translation. Marx' s article was included in the appendix
to the second French edition of his work The Poverty of Philosophy (see Note 165).
116
198
The reference is to Proudhon' s bopk Si les traits de 1815 ont cess d'exister? Actes du
futur congrs, Paris, 1863, in which he opposed a revision of the decisions on Poland
taken by the 1815 Vienna Congress. He also spoke out against support for the Pol-
ish national liberation movement by European democrats and, in so doing, ac-
tually backed up the foreign policy of Russian tsarism. 117
199
On 16 March 1884 London witnessed a workers' demonstration in connection
with the anniversary of Marx' s death and in commemoration of the Day of the
Paris Commune. A meeting was held at Marx' s grave in Highgate Cemetery.
118
20 Engels is referring to the review of the March issue of To-Day published in Justice,
No. 8, 8 March 1884. The author criticised the publication of Edward Aveling's
article 'Christianity and Capitalism' and believed that the views it presented on re-
ligious and atheist issues were well known. The reviewer also considered Eleanor
Marx's article 'Dr Marx and Mr Gladstone's Budget Speech of 1863' to be 'scarce-
ly suited' to appear in the journal. In it, Eleanor Marx disproved the allegations
made by the English economist Sedley Taylor who had accused Marx of citing
Gladstone's 1864 budget speech in a distorted way. This accusation by Taylor was
the continuation of the campaign of slander begun back in 1872 which Engels ex-
posed in 1891 in his work In the Case of Brentano Versus Marx (see present edition,
Vol. 27).118
201
Following the adoption of a programme based on Marxist positions at the 1880
Congress of the French Workers' Party in Le Havre (see K. Marx, ' Preamble to
the Programme of the French Workers' Party' , present edition, Vol. 24), the strug-
gle between the Possibilists (see Note 237) and the Guesdists was aggravated; the
latter represented the party' s revolutionary wing and favoured the revolutionary
transformation of society. The struggle led to a split in the party at its 1882 Con-
gress in St Etienne. The Guesdists, who were in a minority, gathered together their
representatives in Roanne and formed their own party, retaining the previous
name. 118, 444, 445
202
'Ex-President of Mankind' was the name Marx and Engels gave to Bernhard
Becker, who had been President of the General Association of German Workers
(Lassalleans). This was an allusion to Marx's article ' The "President of Manki nd' "
(see present edition, Vol. 20, pp. 92-96) containing a critique of Becker's activi-
ties.119
203
The German People's Party (Deutsche Volkspartei) appeared in Stuttgart in 1868.
It consisted of democratic elements from the petty and middle bourgeoisie, mainly
578
Notes
from the South German states, and thus was also called South German and
Swabian. Opposing the establishment of Prussian hegemony in Germany and ad-
vancing general democratic slogans, the German People's Party at the same time
expressed the particularist aspirations of the bourgeoisie in a number of German
states. This was manifested in its campaign against the unification of Germany to
become a single centralised democratic republic, in favour of a federal German
state and a republican form of government. From the late 1870s the party took
a negative stance on the Anti-Socialist Law (see Note 37). In an effort to gain con-
trol of the workers' movement, the party repeatedly came out in favour of joint ac-
tion with the German Social Democrats during the election campaigns to the
Reichstag. The party's permanent leader and the chairman of its parliamentary
group from its foundation up to the 1890s was Leopold Sonnemann. The party
ceased to exist in 1910 when it merged with the People's Party of Progress (Fort-
schrittliche Volkspartei).119, 282, 502
204
Engels is probably referring to the part of Karl Kautsky' s letter of 12 March 1884
dealing with the English socialist William Morris. Kautsky wrote that he had in-
correctly understood Eleanor Marx' s remark about William Morris and, in one of
his articles, had therefore called him a 'Gefhlssozialist' (socialist by feeling). The
offended Morris categorically rejected this opinion. 121
20 5
n
g
e
i
s
i
s
referring to the newspaper Rvolutions de Paris published by Elise Lous-
talot, the newspaper Feuille Villageoise and Maurice Alhoy's and Louis Lu-
rine's book Les prisons de Paris. Histoire, types, moeurs, mystres, Paris, 1846.122
206
The magazine To-Day, No. 4, April 1884, carried the articles by M. Davitt, ' The
Irish Social Problem' and P. Lafargue, ' Peasant Proprietary in France' .
The newspaper Justice, No. 11, 29 March 1884, reported that To-Day was about
to publish Lafargue's article ' On Peasant Proprietary in France' and described
the author as ' perhaps the greatest living authority on the French peasantry' .
122
207
The letter referred to by Marx was probably written in the spring of 1882 and has
not been found. Engels quotes Marx' s opinion of Richard Wagner in Chapter II of
his work The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (see present edition,
Vol. 26, p. 147).124
208
On 7 April 1884 Eduard Bernstein informed Engels that the second and third
parts of his work Anti-Diihring ('Political Economy' and 'Socialism', see present edi-
tion, Vol. 25) were almost sold out and that 300 copies remained of the first part
('Philosophy'). He therefore suggested that a new edition of the work be prepared,
but this time as a single volume and not in separate parts. The second German edi-
tion of Anti-Dhring appeared in Zurich at the beginning of December 1885 with
additions made by Engels to the second chapter of the third part. The title page
gave the year of publication as 1886. 124, 126, 130, 131, 142, 249, 251, 263, 310,
324, 327, 346, 371, 372
209
On 11 October 1880 Heinrich Wilhelm Fabian, a German migr living in the
United States, wrote to Marx and Engels asking them to contribute to a weekly
journal called Einheit which he planned to start publishing in an American city on
1 January 1881. The journal' s programme was compiled by Fabian together with
Wilhelm Ludwig Rosenberg and sent together with the letter.
Notes
579
On 6 November 1880 Fabian wrote to Marx about V 1 (on this, see Ch. XI I
of the first part of Anti-Dilhring; present edition, Vol. 25, p. 112).
In April 1884 Fabian published in the Freidenker newspaper an article di-
rected against Marx' s and Engels' doctrine of the state.124, 295
2
' On 22 March 1884, during a reception on the occasion of his birthday for a delega-
tion made up of representatives from the Federal Council, the German Reichstag
and Prussian Landtag, Emperor William I (nicknamed Lehmann) of Germany ex-
pressed his displeasure at the Reichstag's decision at the first reading to reject the
prolongation of the Anti-Socialist Law. The Emperor made it plain that he re-
garded opposition to this law as opposition to him personally.124, 147
21
' On 7 April 1884 Karl Kautsky informed Engels that on 1 April a legal newspaper
called the Berliner Volksblatt had begun to appear in the German capital. Its
first editor-in-chief, Wilhelm Bios, belonged to the Right wing of the Social-
ist Workers' Party. The members of the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag,
including Bios himself, opposed Liebknecht playing any part in the newspaper's
publication. 124
2
'
2
Engels is referring to the decision taken at the congress of the French Workers'
Party in Roubaix (see Note 195) to call an international congress in London for
spring 1885 to discuss factory law. The congress took place m Antwerp in August
1885.125
2
'
3
The reference is to Engels' plans to revise The Peasant War in Germany (see present
edition, Vol. 10), which he failed to carry out. For the fragments which have sur-
vived and plans of the book see present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 554-55.130, 131, 133,
142, 217, 244, 245, 249, 328, 363, 371, 374, 419
214
Legend has it that Martin Luther, speaking in the Diet of Worms on 18 April
1521, answered the question as to whether he stood by his works or rejected them
as heresy by saying: ' Here stand II can do no other' .132
2
'
5
Apparently Ludwig Kugelmann sent Engels Leibniz' correspondence as pub-
lished in Hanover, first in the journal Zeitschrift des historischen Vereins fr Miedersach-
sen for 1881 and 1884 and later as separate offprints from this journal: Leibnizens
Briefwechsel mit dem Minister von Bernstorff und andere Leibniz betreffende Briefe und
Aktenstcke aus den Jahren 1705-1716, Hanover, 1882, and Briefwechsel zwischen Leib-
niz und der Herzogin Elisabeth Charlotte v. Orlans in den Jahren 1715 und 1716, Hano-
ver, 1884.133
216
At the elections to the Paris municipal council, which were set for 4 May 1884, the
French Workers' Party decided to put up its own candidates only in those con-
stituences where no candidates were standing from the Possibilists (see Note
237) or from other socialist tendencies. 134
2
" Paul Lafargue's letter to Engels of 9 May 1884 gives reason to believe that the
reference is to Engels' article on Marx's Capital which he (Lafargue) found at home
('Review of Volume One of Capital for The Fortnightly Review', present edition,
Vol. 20). It is clear from Marx' s correspondence with Engels that they intended to
publish this review in Lafargue's French translation in Le Courier franais, the news-
paper of the Left-wing republicans (see Marx to Engels, 1 February 1868, present
edition, Vol. 42, p. 532). However, the article was not published in Marx' s and
Engels' lifetimes.134
580
Notes
2
'
8
Engels' work 'Prussian Schnapps in the German Reichstag' (see present edition,
Vol. 24) was written in February 1876. The publication of this work, which ex-
posed the Prussian Junkers, in Der Volksstaat and as a separate offprint caused
consternation in government quarters. 136
219
Here Engels is apparently referring to several representatives of the Right wing in
the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany such as Bruno Geiser, editor of the Stutt-
gart-based Die Neue Welt, and to journalists who were close to this trend, like
Karl Frohme, Wilhelm Bios, Louis Viereck, etc.136, 145, 153, 160, 169
220
Eugen Richter, one of the leaders of the German Party of Free Thinkers (see Note
231) opposed the schnapps monopoly as lucrative for the Junkers.137
221
In a letter of 29 April 1884 Karl Kautsky suggested to Engels that his work The
Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (see present edition, Vol. 26)
should be published in Germany at what was, in his opinion, an opportune mo-
ment during the Reichstag discussion on the prolongation of the Anti-Socialist
Law. He believed that on the eve of the elections all parties would have to reckon
with the voters' opinion and the government would therefore not risk banning Die
Neue eit and the publication of Engels' work. 137
222
On 12 May 1884 the Reichstag voted by a majority of 189 to 157 at the third read-
ing to prolong the Anti-Socialist Law (see Note 37) until 1886.137, 140
223
The Social-Democratic newspaper Sddeutsche Post was banned on 19 May 1884
because of its 'general tendency' and, in particular, for publishing a leader in
No. 57 entitled ' Recht auf Arbeit' (' The Right to Work' ). Under Paragraph 11 of
the Anti-Socialist Law the newspaper was accused of attempting to overthrow
the state and social system. 137
224
At Engels' request (see this volume, pp. 85 and 95) he was sent the following mate-
rials from the Archives of the German Socialist Workers' Party (see Note 144):
1 ) Rodbertus, Offener Brief an das Comit des Deutschen Arbeitervereins zu Lpzig, Leipzig,
1863, and 2) Der Social-Demokrat, Nos. 16, 17 and 18 of 1, 3 and 5 February 1865
containing Marx' s article ' On Proudhon' (see Note 151).138, 139
225
Engels is referring to the accusation made by Rodbertus-Jagetzow that in Capital
Marx plagiarised his work %ur Erkenntniss unsrer staatswirtschaftlichen Zustnde,
Neubrandenburg and Friedland, 1842 (see also Note 187 and Engels' Preface to
Volume II of Capital, present edition, Vol. 36).138, 319
226
Karl Kautsky gave a detailed critical analysis of Rodbertus-Jagetzow's views in
'Das "Capi t al " von Rodbertus' , published in Die Neue eit, Nos. 8 and 9, August
and September 1884 (see also Note 254).138
227
The reference is to a group of persons who took part in publishing Rodbertus-
Jagetzow' s literary legacy, notably his work Das Kapital. Vierler socialer Brief an
von Kirchmann, Berlin, 1884. This work was published by Theophil Kozak who also
wrote an introduction, a preface was written by the German economist Adolph
Wagner. 138
228
Given the fact that tighter controls on the Swiss-German border were causing diffi-
culties in transporting the printed edition of Der Sozialdemokrat from Zurich to Ger-
many, Eduard Bernstein went to Belgium with a view to organising the rerouting
of the newspaper via the Belgian-German border. 139
Notes
581
229
The Centre a political party of German Catholics formed in June 1870; it ex-
pressed the separatist and anti-Prussian tendencies that were widespread in West
and South-West Germany (the deputies representing this party had their seats in
the centre of the chamber). The Centre Party united different social sections of
the Catholic clergy, landowners, bourgeoisie, sections of the peasantry and, as a
rule, occupied an intermediate position, manoeuvring between the parties which
supported the government and the Left opposition groups in the Reichstag. The
Centre was in opposition to the Bismarck government from the mid-1870s to the
early 1880s but still voted for the measures it took against the workers' and socialist
movement. Engels described the Centre in detail in The Role of Force in History
and in ' What Now?' (see present edition, Vol. 26). 140, 192, 216, 222, 343,
361
230
The Conservatives expressed the interests of the German Junkers, the aristocracy,
the generals, the Lutheran clergy and senior officials. In the Reichstag they were
represented by the German Conservative Party and the Free Conservative
Party.140, 147, 192
231
The reference is to the German Party of Free Thinkers formed in March 1884 through
the merger of the Party of Progress with the Left wing of the National Liberal
Party (see notes 93 and 243). Reflecting the interests of banking and trading capi-
tal, the middle and petty bourgeoisie, in the 1880s it was in opposition to the Bis-
marck government on a number of domestic policy issues and took a hostile stance
towards the Social Democrats. The party fell apart in 1893.140, 149, 389
232
During the ballot on the prolongation of the Anti-Socialist Law held in the Reichs-
tag on 10 May 1884 (see Note 222) the majority of deputies including 27 mem-
bers of the German Party of Free Thinkers and 39 deputies of the Centre (see Note
229) voted in favour of its prolongation. The total vote in favour was 189, with
157 against. Fearing a possible dissolution of the Reichstag (see Note 244) and the
calling of new elections, the leaderships of the German Party of Free Thinkers and
the Centre, by supporting Bismarck's domestic policy, weakened the liberal oppo-
sition to the government. 140
233 When the bill to prolong the Anti-Socialist Law was being discussed in the Reichs-
tag on 9 May 1884 Bismarck declared that he recognised the 'right to work'. On
17 May, the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Leitung, the mouthpiece of the government, de-
clared in its evening edition by way of explanation that Bismarck had meant the
use of unemployed labour in workhouses (like those in Britain) or in places of de-
tention. It was planned to use the unemployed in Germany to carry out.physically
arduous work repairing the roads, breaking up stones, chopping wood, etc.
and to pay them in money or food. 140, 150
234
Phalanstre palaces in which, according to the French Utopian socialist, Charles
Fourier, members of producer and consumer associations were to live and work in
an ideal socialist society.
The ideas which Engels goes on to advocate in this letter were used in an edito-
rial article probably written by Eduard Bernstein and carried by Der Sozialdemok-
rat, No. 22, 29 May 1884 under the heading ' Reklame und Wirklichkeit'.141
235
The national workshops (ateliers) were instituted by the Provisional Government
immediately after the February revolution of 1848. By this means the government
582
Notes
sought to discredit Louis Blanc's ideas on 'the organisations of labour' in the eyes of
the workers and, at the same time, to utilise those employed in the national work-
shops, organised on military lines, against the revolutionary proletariat.
For an assessment of the national workshops, see K. Marx, The Class Struggles
in France, 1848 to 1850 (present edition, Vol. 10, p. 63). 141
236
Opportunists was the name given in France to the party of moderate bourgeois re-
publicans after its split in 1881 and the formation of a radical party based on the
Left wing and headed by Georges Clemenceau.
The reason for this name, introduced in 1877 by the journalist Henri Roche-
fort, was the statement by Lon Gambetta, the party' s leader, that reforms should
be carried out ' at an opportune time' . 141, 314, 413, 444
237
Possibilistsfollowers of a reformist trend in the French socialist movement be-
tween the 1880s and the beginning of the 20th century. It was led by Paul Louis
Marie Brousse and Benot Malon who caused a split in the French Workers' Party
in 1882 by forming their own party called the Workers' Social-Revolutionary
Party (see Note 201). Its ideological basis was the theory of municipal socialism.
The Possibilists proclaimed the 'policy of possibilities' to be their principle; at the
beginning of the 20th century they became part of the French Socialist
Part y. 141, 320, 425, 442
238
In connection with Wilhelm Liebknecht's trip to Paris in mid-May 1884 German
newspapers reported that preparations were underway there for a conference of so-
cialists from several European countries.144
239
From 29 May to 4 June 1884 Engels stayed in Hastings with Sigismund Borkheim,
a participant in the revolution of 1848-49 in Germany. 144, 152, 381
240
On 29 May 1884 Kautsky informed Engels of the differences of opinion which had
arisen on the editorial board of Die Neue Zeit between himself and the publisher Jo-
hann Heinrich Wilhelm Dietz. The latter thought it essential to make the journal
more up to date by introducing a new column headed 'Politische Rundschau'
which, he intended, should be run by Wilhelm Bios in Stuttgart. Then Dietz insist-
ed on Bios being appointed editor of Die Neue eit. This situation prompted Edu-
ard Bernstein, in a letter to Engels of 29 May 1884, to suggest that for the time be-
ing no chapters should appear there from Engels' work The Origin of the Family,
Private Property and the State. 145, 153
241
The reference is to the ' Programm der sozialistischen Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands'
adopted at the unification congress in Gotha in May 1875. On this document see
K. Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme (present edition, Vol. 24). 146
242
Engels is referring to the system of provocation, espionage, false evidence and for-
geries employed by the Prussian police officer Wilhelm Stieber, who organised the
Cologne trial of members of the Communist League in 1852. 147
243
The reference is to the National Liberals, a Prussian, and from 1871 all-German,
Right-wing bourgeois party which existed from 1867 to 1918. It was one of the pil-
lars of the Junker-bourgeois bloc. The party' s programme called for civil equality
and bourgeois-democratic freedoms, but as the workers' movement in Germany
strengthened it abandoned these demands and contented itself with Bismarck's
half-hearted reforms. Following the unification of Germany it definitively took
shape as a party of the big, mainly industrial, bourgeoisie and for all practical
purposes disavowed the demands it had made earlier. 147, 192, 428, 439
Notes 583
244
On 9 May 1884, during the discussion on the prolongation of the Anti-Socialist
Law (see Note 37) Bismarck read out to the Reichstag a letter written by William I
in March 1884 following the assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia (see
Note 188). The author referred to the need for joint action by the great powers to
combat ' the threat of assassination attempts hanging over the whole of Europe' .
Bismarck then announced his intention to dissolve the Reichstag immediately in
the event of the bill being defeated. 147
2 , 5
In late February 1884 a major strike began at the coal mines in Anzin, Denain
district, department Nord, France. Involving more than 10,000 workers, the strike
was in protest at the prohibition of trade unions and lasted until mid-April when
the employers reversed their decision to introduce harder working conditions.
149
246
Under the English Act for the Reliefs of the Poor (43rd Elizabeth) (1601) a special
tax was levied in each parish to help the poor. Those residents who were unable to
provide for themselves and their families received help from the poor fund.
An Act for the Amendment and Better Administration of the Laws Relating to the Poor in
England and Wales (1834) provided for only one form of assistance to the poor,
namely their accommodation in workhouses, otherwise known as 'bastilles for
the poor'. The aim of the act was to force the poor to agree to harder working
conditions and, in this way, to provide the industrial bourgeoisie with a more
plentiful supply of cheap labour. 150
247
The reference is to the Act against the Criminal Use of Explosives. It was intro-
duced in response to the unsuccessful assassination attempt organised by a provoca-
teur in Niederwald on 27-28 September 1883. During the discussion of the bill in
May 1884 the Social-Democratic deputies announced their refusal to discuss or
vote on it. The act was passed by the Reichstag on 15 May 1884 and subjected to
police surveillance the production, use, storage and import of explosive substances.
Violations of the act were punished by long terms of imprisonment or even the
death sentence. 150
248
Sigismund Ludwig Borkheim's autobiography was published posthumously in Die
Neue %eil, Nos. 3, 5, 6 and 7 for 1890 under the heading ' Erinnerungen eines
deutschen Achtungvierzigers'. 152, 381
249
This letter was published in English for the first time in The Labour Monthly, Lon-
don, 1933, Vol. 15, No. 10, X. 153
250
In Salzburg Karl Kautsky met some Austrian Social Democrats who told him that
the anarchists did not wield any appreciable influence among the masses. He in-
formed Engels about the details of this meeting on 23 June 1884. 153
251
A number of explosions occurred in London on 30 May 1884, including one at
Scotland Yard when a dynamite charge was set off in a public convenience. Irish
nationalists claimed responsibility for the explosions. 154
252
An anarchist newspaper called L'Explosion began to appear in Carouge near Ge-
neva in April 1884. One of the men behind it was the former Bakuninist Carlo Ter-
zaghi (see also K. Marx and F. Engels, The Alliance of Socialist Democracy and the
International Working Men's Association, present edition, Vol. 23). 154
253
The reference is to the anarchists who were expelled from Vienna and its surround-
584 Notes
ings due to the introduction of a state of siege there on 30 January 1884 (see Note
154). Some of them emigrated to Britain.154
254
On 23 June 1884 Karl Kautsky sent Engels the beginning of his article 'Das
"Kapi t al " von Rodbertus' (see also this volume, p. 138) so that the latter might
familiarise himself with its contents. The article was published in Die Neue eit,
Nos. 8 and 9 for 1884. It marked the start of Kautsky' s polemic with Carl August
Schramm (see Engels to Bebel, 20-23 January 1886, this volume, pp. 386-87).155
255
The reference is to the work: J. K. Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Z
ur
Erkennlniss unsrer staats-
wirtschaftlichen Zustnde, Neubrandenburg and Friedland, 1842. Rodbertus' treat-
ment of the constituted value as referred to in this letter is examined by Engels in
the article ' Marx and Rodbertus' which he wrote by way of a preface to the first
German edition of Marx' s The Poverty of Philosophy (see present edition,
Vol. 26).156
256
Engels is replying to Evgenia Papritz's letter of 26 June 1884 in which she wrote
that, with a view to spreading the ideas of scientific socialism in Russian society,
a start had been made in Moscow on publishing the lithographed journal Cou,iajiuc-
muuecKoe manie. The journal was to publish translations of works by West European
authors and articles on socio-political issues. Informing Engels that she was trans-
lating his work Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy (see present edition,
Vol. 3), Papritz enquired where she could obtain little-known works by Marx and
himself for translation and asked where she might find ' the last manifesto to the
English workers' as well as Engels' work Anti-Dhring. Herr Eugen Dhring's Revo-
lution in Science (see present edition, Vol. 25). 157
257
In the 1880s a number of works by Marx and Engels were published in Russian in
Geneva: in 1882, the Manifesto of the Communist Party (see present edition, Vol. 6
and this volume, Note 120), and also the Provisional Rules of the Association, writ-
ten by Marx (Vol. 20); in 1883, Marx' s Wage Labour and Capital (Vol. 9), and in
1884, Engels' Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Marx' s The Poverty of Philosophy (see
Note 185) appeared in 1886. The second volume of Capital by Marx was pub-
lished in St Petersburg in 1885 (see Note 155).158
258
Marx' s work Wage Labour and Capital (see present edition, Vol. 9) was first pub-
lished in 1849 as a series of leading articles in the Neue Rheinische Leitung. The first
separate edition of the work appeared in Breslau (Wroclaw),. Silesia in 1880 with-
out Marx' s involvement. The second edition was published in the same place in
1881. In 1884, with Engels' participation and a short Introductory Note written
by him on the history of its publication (see present edition, Vol. 26), the work was
published in Hottingen-Zurich. 159
259
In his letter of 20 June 1884 Eduard Bernstein asked Engels to send him a photo-
graph of Marx for a chromolithograph a comrade of his was planning. For the orig-
inal Bernstein wished to have either the drawing in chalk which he had seen at
Engels' home in his study, or else a photograph of Marx. 159
260
On 20June 1884 Eduard Bernstein wrote to Engels saying that the Zurich publish-
ing house Die Volksbuchhandlung was planning to publish a collection of socialist
poetry. Bernstein enquired in this conjunction about previous editions of verse by
Georg Weerth. Engels is probably referring to the collection of Weerth' s poems se-
lected from two previous editions, Jahrbuch fr Kunst und Poesie, Barmen, 1843, and
Notes
585
Album. Originalpoesien von Georg Weerth, Borna, 1847. Moreover, Weerth com-
pleted another collection of poems in 1848, which was not, however, published in
his own lifetime. It was included in Georg Weerth' s Smtliche Werke published in
Berlin in 1956-57.160
261
Hermann Schlter, the keeper of the Archives of German Social Democracy (see
Note 144) asked Bernstein to remind Engels that he had agreed to send him
a number of materials for the archives. Bernstein did this in his letter to Engels of
20 June 1884, remarking that Schlter had 'a real mania for collecting things'.
160
262
A draft of this letter was written by Engels on the back of Sarah Allen's letter to
him of 5 July 1884.161
263
An excerpt from this letter was published in English for the first time in The Labour
Monthly, London, 1933, Vol. 15, No. 10, X. 164, 176, 197, 206, 212, 244, 299,
315, 340
264
Following prolonged and unsuccessful talks with the publisher Dietz on printing
Engels' work The Origin of the Family, Private Properly and the State in Stuttgart, Karl
Kautsky wrote to Engels on 16 July 1884 that this work could be issued by the So-
cial Democratic publishing house Die Volksbuchhandlung in Hottingen-Zurich
where Hermann Schlter was a member of staff. Of the total edition of 5,000
copies, 1,000 would be passed on to the publisher Jakob Schabelitz for distribution
in Germany. 164, 172
265
In their letters to Engels of 16 July 1884 Karl Kautsky and Eduard Bernstein in-
formed him that the Stuttgart publisher Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Dietz was plan-
ning to cease issuing Die Neue %eil because of financial difficulties. However,
a month later, on 18 August, Kautsky wrote to tell Engels that he and Dietz had
discussed plans for moving the journal' s place of publication to Hamburg. This
plan was not carried out and Die Neue êit continued to appear in Stuttgart up to
1923.164, 189
266
Nos. 20, 21 and 22 of Die Neue Welt for 1884, the editor being Bruno Geiser, pub-
lished an article by Karl du Prel called ' Der Somnambulismus' . 165, 170
267
The 'Sozialpolitische Rundschau' column of Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 28, 10 July
1884, carried a report about the spread of cholera among the poor in Europe. In
a note on the report the author severely criticised 'the scholars from the Volkszei-
tung and other German papers' for using the word 'bacillum'. Among others, this
note was directed against Bruno Geiser. Die Neue Well, of which he was the editor,
had used the word in its report on the cholera epidemic. 166
268
Given the fact that a cholera epidemic was expected in Paris in the summer of
1884, Engels and Paul Lafarguc agreed to persuade Laura Lafargue to move to
England for some time. However, Laura did not arrive at Engels' home until the
autumn of 1884.167, 171, 224
269
Le quart d'heure de Rabelais the moment of settling accounts, an unpleasant inter-
lude. This expression originates from an episode which allegedly happened to the
French author Rabelais and was retold by Voltaire. On his way from Rome to
Paris, Rabelais stopped off at a hotel in Lyons and, not having any money to live
on, thought up an original way of solving his problem. With the assistance of the
son of the hotel's owner, he made some labels on which he wrote 'Poison to kill the
586
Notes
King' and 'Poison to kill the Queen' to be attached to bottles. After that Rabelais,
having now eaten his fill for free, was taken to Paris in the company of two police-
men.167
270
The editorial board of the Journal des Economistes, which carried Paul Lafargue's
article ' Le bl en Amrique' , added an accompanying note to the article express-
ing regret that Lafargue had not 'devoted his excellent enquiring mind and good
style to political economy'. 168
271
On 16 July 1884 Eduard Bernstein wrote to Engels that the voters' mood did not
favour the Social Democrats in the constituencies where August Bebel and Wil-
helm Liebknecht were standing at the forthcoming elections (see Note 194) and
that the Right-wing Social Democrats Bruno Geiser and Louis Viereck had the
better constituencies. 169
272
Engels is referring to Bruno Geiser's attacks on atheism in his article 'Das Innere
der Erde. Eine Auseinandersetzung ber den gegenwrtigen Stand einiger Fragen
der Wissenschaft' which was published in Die Neue Welt, Nos. 14 and 15, 1884.
170
273
In a letter of 25 July 1884 Paul Lafargue asked Engels to look through his rsum
of P. P. Leroy-Beaulieu's book Le Collectivisme... in which the author set out to
disprove some of the propositions of Marx' s economic theory. For Engels' remarks
on Lafargue's work ' La thorie de la plus-value de Karl Marx et la critique de
M. Paul Leroy-Beaulieu' see this volume, pp. 179-83. 171, 175, 178
274
In Eduard Bernstein's correspondence published by the International Institute of
Social History, Amsterdam, this excerpt from Engels' letter is dated: [Hastings,
c. 5 July 1884?] (see Eduard Bernsteins Briefwechsel mit Friedrich Engels, herausgege-
ben von H. Hirsch, Assen, Van Gorcum, 1970, pp. 282-83). However, since the
date and place of writing are doubted by the publishers themselves, the present
edition has retained the traditional dating.173
275
Epistolae ohscurorum virorum (Letters of obscure men) a collection of satirical let-
ters in two parts (Part I1515, Part II1517), probably written by members of
a humanists' club in Erfurt who supported Reichlin. A major role in the second
(and perhaps also the first) part of the Letters was played by Ulrich von Htten.
The letters were directed against Cologne-based theologians. 173
276
This letter was first published in the language of the original (English) in: Fried-
rich Engels, Paul et Laura Lafargue, Correspondance, t. I, 1868-86, Paris, Editions
sociales, 1956.174
277
Engels vacationed in Worthing on the South coast of England from about 5 Au-
gust to 1 September 1884.174, 176, 178, 190
278
The annual conference of the Democratic Federation (see Note 99) was held in
London in early August 1884; the conference resolved to rename the Democratic
Federation and call it the Social Democratic Federation (see Note 300). 177
279
The beginning of the letter has not been found.
In this letter Engels sets out his remarks on the manuscript of Paul Lafargue's
rsum of the book Le Collectivisme. Examen critique du nouveau socialisme by the
French economist and sociologist Paul Leroy-Beaulieu. Part of the book was devot-
ed to a denial of Marx's economic doctrine, particularly his theory of surplus va-
Notes
587
lue. Taking account of Engels' remarks, Lafargue's article was published in the
Journal des Economistes, No. 9, 1884 under the heading ' La thorie de la plus-value
de Karl Marx et la critique de M. Paul Leroy-Beaulieu'. 179
i 0
Here, the direct form of the circulation of commodities means the form: com-
moditymoneycommodity, and the second form: moneycommodity
money.180
' ' The editor-in-chief of the Journal des Economistes, Gustave Molinari, assured Paul
Lafargue that he would be given the opportunity to make a reply should Paul Le-
roy-Beaulieu raise objections to his rsum (see Note 279), whereupon the discus-
sion would be considered finished. However, the one to raise objections was not
Beaulieu, but Maurice Block, who published an article in the Journal des Economis-
tes entitled ' Le Capital, de Karl Marx, propos d' une anticritique' . Lafargue re-
plied to him in the Journal des Economistes, No. 11, 1884, with an article called 'Le
"Capi t al " de Karl Marx et la critique de M. Block'. 183, 224
12
In a letter of 6 August 1884 Georg Heinrich von Vollmar asked Engels to advise
him of a suitable higher educational establishment for Miss Kjellberg who was
planning to embark on a thorough study of the social sciences.184
13
Manchesterism the Manchester Schoola trend in economic thought which ref
r
lected the interests of the industrial bourgeoisie. Its supporters, known as Free
Traders, advocated freedom of trade and non-interference by government in eco-
nomic life. The centre of the Free Traders' agitation was Manchester.
Marx dealt in detail with Frdric Bastiat's views in the Economic Manuscripts of
1857-58 (see present edition, Vol. 28, pp. 5-16).184
4
On 12 August 1884, Marya Jankowska (pseudonym Stefan Leonowicz), the repre-
sentative of a Polish Social-Democratic group in Geneva, wrote to Engels request-
ing permission to publish a Polish edition of his work The Origin of the Family, Pri-
vate Property and the State. Engels wrote a draft of his reply on the back of the letter
from Jankowska. 185
5
I n a letter of 18 August, 1884 Karl Kautsky suggested to Engels that he should ad-
vertise the forthcoming publication of his work The Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State and include its preface in Die Neue eit with a view to prevent-
ing the book being banned in Germany. The September issue of the journal car-
ried an announcement that this work was to appear shortly together with excerpts
from Engels' preface (see present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 129-276).187
6
On 18 August 1884 Eduard Bernstein wrote to inform Engels that translation
work had been completed on Marx' s The Poverty of Philosophy (see Note 118). He
also offered to compile an index to Capital together with Karl Kautsky. 188
7
Engels wrote this letter on a postcard. The address it bears is also in his handwrit-
ing and reads: ' Herrn K. Kautsky, 38, Berglistr.; Riesbach-Zrich, Switzer-
land.' 189, 200, 205
8
In his letter of 26 August 1884 Karl Kautsky drew Engels' attention to the fact
that, in his work Rodbertus, der Begrnder des wissenschatftlichen Sozialismus, Georg
Adler described as mistaken Engels' claim that Rodbertus had borrowed his doc-
trine of crises from Sismondi (see present edition, Vol. 25, p. 273, Engels' foot-
note).189
588 Notes
289
The reference is to a number of polemical articles in Der Sozialdemokrat. In No. 36,
3 September 1884 there was a leading article called 'Hheres Blech' directed
against an article praising Rodbertus by the Austrian journalist Hermann Bahr
which had appeared in the Viennese Deutsche Wochenschrift in August.
In the same issue of Der Sozialdemokrat, Eduard Bernstein, using his pseudo-
nym Leo, published an article ('Ein Ketzerriecher' ) against Heinrich Wilhelm
Fabian, a German socialist living in the United States who had published ar-
ticles against Marx' s and Engels' doctrine of the state in the April issue of Der Frei-
denker and the New Yorker Volkszeitung.
Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 37, 11 September 1884 carried an article called 'Wie
stellen wir uns zur Brsensteuer?' evidently written by Abraham Gumbel. The
article said that the German Social Democrats should support the bill on the
stock exchange tax proposed by Bismarck. Taking up the polemics on this issue,
the editorial board of Der Sozialdemokrat declared that, in its opinion, the bill
accorded merely with the interests of the big landowners' party (see ' In Sachen
der Brsenstcuer', Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 39, 25 September 1884).191
290
Engels' reply to the editors of To-Day has not been found. 192, 195
291
The Klnische Leitung, No. 241, 30 August 1884 (first edition) carried an article
headed 'Professor Schweifurth ber den Congo' on the activities of the Association
Internationale Africaine which had been founded in Brussels in 1876 by King Leo-
pold II of Belgium. The organisation was renamed the Comit d' Etudes du Haut-
Congo in 1878. Among those taking part in its work was the famous explorer
Henry Morton Stanley. The actual aim of the association was to seize and exploit
the Congo basin. The article reported that, alongside their philanthropic and sci-
entific work, the Belgian settlers were buying slaves in the Congo, employing the
slave labour of the indigenous population, buying ivory, palm oil and other local
commodities for export. 192
292
German colonial policy became much more active in 1884. The first congress of
the German Colonial Union took place on 5 January in Frankfurt-am-Main. The
same year saw the organisation of the first German trading station on the South-
West coast of Africa, which served as a base for expanding the role played by Ger-
man capital in Africa. 192, 199
293
The reference is to the manuscripts of Carl Schramm' s and Karl Kautsky' s arti-
cles. Engels goes on in the letter to examine the latter's article against Schramm.
The German Social Democrat and reformist Carl Schramm sent the editors of Die
Neue eit his manuscript ' K. Kautsky und Rodbertus' for publication in which he
sharply attacked Kautsky' s article 'Das "Kapi t al " von Rodbertus' which the jour-
nal had published previously. Schramm' s article and Kautsky's reply, entitled
'Eine Replik', were carried by Die Neue Jêit, No. 11, 1884. 193
294
The neo-Malthusian Charles Robert Drysdale published an article entitled ' The
State Remedy for Poverty' in the September issue of To-Day. Referring to Karl
Kautsky's book Der Einfluss der Volksvermehrung auf den Fortschritt der Gesellschaft
(Vienna, 1880), he wrote that the ' ardent Socialist' Kautsky 'fully admits the truth
of the generalisation of Malthus and Darwin' . 195
295
This letter was written by Engels on a postcard. On it he wrote the following ad-
Notes
589
dress: ' Herrn H. Schlter, Volksbuchhandlung, Hottingen-Zrich, Switzer-
land.' 196
296 This letter was written by Engels on a postcard. He provided it with the following
address: ' Herrn H. Schlter, Volksbuchhandlung, Kasinostr. Hottingen-Zrich,
Switzerland.' 196
297
On 15-17 September 1884, a meeting took place in Skierniewice, Poland, be-
tween the emperors of Germany, Austria and Russia and their foreign ministers.
The result was the prolongation for three years of the agreement reached between
Russia and Germany in June 1881 on the maintenance of benevolent neutrality
should the other country be attacked. 198
298
Engels seems to be referring to the impression the results of the German Reichstag
elections of 10 January 1874 had in Europe, when the Socialist Workers' Party of
Germany scored a considerable victory: nine of its candidates (including August
Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht) were elected and the party won over six per cent
of the poll. 198
299
In 1884 the third parliamentary reform was carried out in England, as a result of
which the suffrage was extended to include small farmers and the farm workers
who were homeowners or householders. Suffrage was not extended to the poorer
rural and urban sections of the population (tenants and domestic servants), nor to
women. The first elections under the new electoral law took place in November-
December 1885, with the electorate having a numerical strength of two million
higher than at the previous poll (see Note 487). 198, 270, 304, 314, 317, 318,
320, 341, 497
300
Social Democratic Federation an English socialist organisation founded in August
1884 and based on the Democratic Federation (see Note 99); it united different so-
cialist elements, mainly drawn from the intelligentsia and part of the politically ac-
tive workers. The Federation's programme stated that all the wealth should belong
to labour its only source, it called for the socialisation of the means of produc-
tion, distribution and exchange, for the set-up of society of' complete emancipation
of labour' . It was the first socialist programme in England, which was on the main
based on Marx' s ideas. The leadership of the Federation was in the hands of Henry
Mayers Hyndman, who was prone to use authoritarian methods, and his support-
ers, who denied the need to work in the trade unions. This doomed the organisa-
tion to isolation from the working masses. As a counter to Hyndman' s line, a group
of socialists within the Federation (Eleanor Marx-Aveling, Edward Aveling, Tom
Mann, William Morris and others) campaigned for the establishment of close links
with the mass workers' movement. The disagreements in the Federation over ques-
tions of tactics and international cooperation (attitude to the split in the French
Workers' Party; see notes 201 and 348) led in December 1884 to a split and the
foundation of an independent organisation called the Socialist League (see Note
346). In 1885-86 the local branches of the Federation took an active part in the un-
employed movement, supported the strike campaign and the fight for an eight-
hour working day. 198, 207, 224, 236, 245, 341,^376, 384, 394, 403, 471, 492,
526, 529, 533
301
The reference is to the German edition of Marx' s The Poverty of Philosophy, which
appeared in Stuttgart in January 1885 (see Note 118). The book included, in place
of Marx' s preface, his article ' On Proudhon' (see present edition, Vol. 20) and two
590
Notes
appendices: an excerpt from Marx' s work A Contribution to the Critique of Political
Economy on the theory of the English socialist John Gray (see present edition,
Vol. 29, pp. 320-23), and a translation of the 'Speech on the Question of Free
Trade' (Vol. 6).
At one time Die Neue eit was printed in a distinctive orthography proposed by
Bruno Geiser.200, 205, 206, 208, 216
302
The Italian translation of Engels' work The Origin of the Family, Private Property and
the State was done by Pasquale Martignetti and edited by Engels himself (see this
volume, p. 215). The Polish edition appeared in Paris in 1885, and the Russian
translation was published in St Petersburg in 1894. 205, 421
303
In a note headed 'Excution d' un agent provocateur' the Paris newspaper Le Cri
du Peuple, No. 356, 18 October 1884 reported that Heinrich Nonne, a Hanoverian
living in Paris, had been exposed as a provocateur and police spy and expelled
from the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (see also Note 166). 207
304
When he visited his relatives in Darmstadt in the summer of 1884, Carl Schorlem-
mer was detained by the authorities on suspicion of bringing illegal literature into
Germany. Being a British subject, however, he succeeded in avoiding punishment
(see also F. Engels, ' Carl Schorlemmer', present edition, Vol. 27). 209, 245
305
An excerpt from this letter was first published in English in: K. Marx, F. Engels,
On the Paris Commune, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1971. 210
306
At the Reichstag elections on 28 October 1884 the outcome of which August Be-
bel telegraphed to Engels and at the second ballots held in early November, the
Socialist Workers' Party of Germany was able to increase its number of seats to 24
as against 13 at the previous elections. It received 549, 990 votes, or 238,029 more
than at the 1881 elections.210, 216, 221
307
The election result meant that the Social-Democratic group was able to initiate
legislation for the first time, since the Reichstag's rules accorded this right only to
parliamentary groups with 15 or more seats. 210, 217
308
Bebel was elected to the Reichstag in Hamburg I (12,282 votes) and Dresden I
(8,620 votes at the first ballot and 11,106 at the second) constituencies. He did
not receive the required number of votes in Leipzig and Cologne. 211
309
The Reichstag elections of 28 October 1884 brought fresh success to the German
Social Democrats when compared with the 1878 elections held before the Anti-
Socialist Law came into force; their vote increased from 493,000 to 549,900. 212
310
Wilhelm Liebknecht failed to obtain the required number of votes at the first bal-
lot in Offenbach-Dieburg, but he was elected at the second ballot with 10,505
votes.212
3
' ' Following August Bebel's failure at the first ballot in Cologne, representatives of
the National Liberals and the Centre stood at the second ballot (see notes 229 and
243).
In its reports headed 'Die Stichwahlen...' (second edition), No. 307, 4 Novem-
ber 1884; 'Die Reichstags-Stichwahl in Kln...' (second edition), No. 309,
6 November 1884 and 'Noch einmal die Klner Stichwahl...' (second edition),
No. 311, 8 November 1884, the Klnische Leitung called upon the Social-Democratic
Notes
591
electors to vote for the National Liberal candidate and demanded that they
publicly disavow revolutionary principles. 213, 231
3
'
a
Bismarck's social reform was a distinctive method employed by the ruling classes in
their fight against the revolutionary workers' movement during the period when
the Anti-Socialist Law (see Note 37) was in force in Germany. Having failed to de-
stroy the Social Democrats in the initial years of this law (see notes 307 and 309),
in late 1881 Bismarck set out to achieve his objective through a carrot and stick
policy. On 17 November, a proclamation was published by the Emperor announcing
a number of reforms (social insurance laws in cases of industrial accident, illness,
old age and invalidity). Bismarck hoped that their introduction would split the So-
cial Democrats and isolate the working class from the Socialist Workers' Party of
Germany. 213
313
In this letter Pasquale Martignetti asked for Engels' permission to translate his
work The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the Stale into Italian and for his
agreement to look through the translation; the book appeared in Benevento in
1885.215
3
'
,
In his reply to Engels of 18 November, Pasquale Martignetti informed him that he
had conducted talks with the publisher Gennaro, who had issued the Italian trans-
lation of Engels' Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, and that the latter had agreed to
publish The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. 215
3 , 5
On the back of this letter Engels wrote: ' London 11. Novbr. 1884 Friedrich
beantw. 13 Novbr. wie immer' (London 11. Novbr. 1884 Friedrich repl. 13 Novbr.
as always). 218
316
This letter was first published in English in an abridged form in: K. Marx and
F. Engels, Correspondence. 1846-1895, Martin Lawrence, London, 1934.220, 231, 279
317
As a result of the War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740-48) Frederick II of Prussia
seized Silesia from Austria. Frederick II waged the war against Austria in alliance
with France and Bavaria and twice during its course betrayed his allies by con-
cluding a separate peace treaty with Austria (1742 and 1745).
Prussia was among the participants in the Seven Years' War from 1756 to
1763.
On 5 April 1795 Prussia concluded the separate Peace of Basle with the French
Republic, thus betraying its allies in the first anti-French coalition. 221
318
German Confederation (der Deutsche Bund) was an ephemeral union of German
states formed by decision of the Congress of Vienna in June 1815 and originally
comprising 35 absolutist feudal states and four free cities. The central body of the
German Confederation was the Federal Diet, which consisted of representatives of
the German states. The Confederation sealed Germany' s political and economic
fragmentation and retarded her development. After the defeat of the revolution of
1848-49 and the failure of the attempts to establish a more stable political union,
the German Confederation was restored in its old decentralised and amorphous
form.
The German Confederation finally ceased to exist during the Austro-Prussian
war of 1866. This war ended the long-standing rivalry for supremacy in Germany
between Austria and Prussia in favour of the latter and marked an important
592
Notes
stage in the unification of Germany from above under the hegemony of Junker-
bourgeois Prussia. 221
3
'
9
Engels is referring to the annexation and incorporation into Prussia of the King-
dom of Hanover, the Electorate of Hessc-Kassel, the Duchy of Nassau and the free
city of Frankfurt-am-Main. This occurred after Prussia's victory in the war with
Austria, in which they had supported the latter, and were the subject of legislation
adopted on 20 September 1866.221
320
Engels is apparently referring to the confiscation of the property and lands belong-
ing to George V, the King of Hanover, who had fought on the Austrian side. This
decision was adopted by the Prussian government on 2 March 1868. 221
321
The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund) a federative state formed
in 1867 after Prussia's victory in the Austro-Prussian war to replace the disintegrat-
ed German Confederation (see Note 318). It initially included 19 states and three
free cities, which were formally recognised as autonomous. In 1870 Bavaria, Baden
and Wrttemberg joined the Confederation. The establishment of the North Ger-
man Confederation and its Constitution securing Prussian domination, was a ma-
j or step towards the national unification of Germany. The Confederation ceased to
exist in January 1871, when the German Empire was formed. 221
322
The reference is to the November coup d' tat in Prussia which ended on 5 Decem-
ber 1848 in the dispersal of the Prussian National Assembly and the publication of
the so-called imposed constitution (see also present edition, Vol. 11,
pp. 66-70).222
323
Edda a collection of epic poems and songs about the lives of the Scandinavian
gods and heroes. It has come down to us in a manuscript dating from the 13th cen-
tury, discovered in 1643 by the Icelandic bishop Sveinsson the so-called Elder
Edda and in a treatise on the poetry of the scalds compiled in the early 13th cen-
tury by Snorry Sturluson (Younger Edda). 224
324
Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 47, 21 November 1884 reported that the French socialists
had held a major rally on 15 November 1884 in solidarity with the German work-
ers. It also published excerpts from an article carried by the Lyon-Socialiste, No. 9,
9 November 1884 and welcoming the German Social Democrats' victory in the
Reichstag (see Note 306). 225
325
During the second ballot to the Reichstag, Philipp Heinrich Mller, the Social-
Democratic candidate in Darmstadt constituency, issued a leaflet in response to
one put out by the National Liberals (see Note 243). Mller declared that he and
millions more Germans supported the Republic and resolutely defended the Paris
Commune. The text of the leaflet was reprinted in Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 46, 14
November 1884.
Jules Guesde quoted Mller in the leading article carried by Le Cri du Peuple,
No. 387, 18 November 1884, which was headed 'Nouvelle victoire'.
What Engels meant by the Hanoverian programme was the election leaflet is-
sued in Hanover stating that the growth in reaction in Germany could be explained
by the cowardice of the National Liberals and their grovelling to Bismarck. The
text of the leaflet was carried by Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 47, 21 November 1884.
225, 232
326
With regard to the preparations for a meeting of solidarity with the German Social
Democrats scheduled to take place in Redoute (France) on 15 November 1884 (see
Notes 593
Note 324) Eduard Bernstein wrote to Paul Lafargue asking him to refrain from
sharp criticism of Lassalle. Lafargue informed Engels of the same on 18 November
1884.225
327
This letter was first published in the language of the original (English) in: Thomp-
son E. P., William Morris. Romantic to Revolutionary, Lawrence and Wishart, Lon-
don, 1955, p. 861.227
328
The English worker and socialist John L. Mahon wrote to Engels on 26 November
1884 requesting that he receive him to discuss a number of issues concerning the
English workers' movement, in particular, an opportunity of setting up a workers'
party.228
329
The reference is to the events of May 1860; see Engels' letter to Emile Engels of
11 April and Engels' letters to Marx of 7 and 10 May 1860 (present edition,
Vol. 41, pp. 120-21, 134 and 137; see also this volume, Note 23).229
330
Engels wrote this letter on a postcard which he addressed ' Herrn Karl Kautsky,
Hungelbrunngasse, 14, Wien IV, Austria'.
In a letter of 2 December 1884, Karl Kautsky, who was preparing to move from
Zurich to London and was to stop off in Vienna and Berlin, gave Engels his Vien-
na address and also asked him to receive his correspondence at his (Engels') Lon-
don address for a start. Kautsky further inquired whether Engels thought it bet-
ter to publish Marx' s 'Speech on the Question of Free Trade' as a separate pamph-
let or as an appendix to the German edition of The Poverty of Philosophy (see Note
301) being printed by Dietz's publishing house in Stuttgart at the time. 230
331
The original of this letter contains a number of changes written in an unknown
hand, perhaps that of August Bebel. The present edition reproduces Engels' text
and gives the changes in footnotes. 231
3 3 2
Speaking on 10 May 1884 in the Reichstag debate on the prolongation of the An ti-
Socialist Law (see Note 37), Bruno Geiser stated that the Social Democrats did not
seek to use violence to overthrow the existing state and society. He described Bis-
marck' s statement in the Reichstag of 9 May 1884 in which the latter acknowl-
edged the right to work (see Note 233) as evidence of a social revolution in progress.
Speaking in the debate on 12 May 1884, August Bebel declared, in contrast to
Geiser, that the law's prolongation would not effect the development and imple-
mentation of socialist ideas and that 'sooner or later they will quite certainly come
to play the dominant role in state and society'.
Geiser's and Bebel's speeches were published in a pamphlet entitled Aus den
Verhandlungen ber die Verlngerung des Sozialistengesetzes which appeared in Nu-
remberg in 1884.231
333
The reference is to the five thousand millions of golden francs which France paid
under the peace treaty it concluded with Germany on 10 May 1871 in Frankfurt-
am-Main after losing the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. 233
334
The reference is to the representatives of the radical bourgeoisie in the Prussian
National Assembly which met in Frankfurt-am-Main from 1848 to 1849 (see also
Note 322).234
3 3 5
The reference is to the party of moderate Republicans headed by Armand Marrast
which formed around the newspaper Le National in the 1840s; it was supported by
594
Notes
the industrial bourgeoisie and a section of the liberal intellectuals connected with
it.234
336
The interim government formed on 24 February 1848 during the bourgeois-
democratic revolution in France was a coalition of three political groupings: the
bourgeois republicans, the petty bourgeois democrats and the petty bourgeois so-
cialists. The representatives of the two latter groupings made up the 'Social-
Democratic minority' accounting for four of the 11 members of the govern-
ment and were unable to exert any influence in their own right on government
decisions. 234
337
This excerpt from the letter was reproduced by Paul Lafargue in the article 'De-
scendre dans la rue' published in the Lyon-Socialiste, No. 15, 21 December 1884.
The original has not been found.
The surviving fragment of the letter is published in English for the first time in
the present edition, Vol. 26. 235
338
This letter was first published in an abridged form in The Labour Monthly, Lon-
don, 1933, Vol. 15, No. 10, X. 236
339 This evidently refers to the trips to Scotland undertaken by Andreas Scheu (in No-
vember 1884) and Henry Mayers Hyndman (in early December 1884). In Edin-
burgh Scheu took part in the founding of the Scottish Land and Labour League
from among the local socialists. In an effort to extend the organisation's influence
to other Scottish cities, Scheu contacted socialists in Glasgow and called on them
to form a branch of this League. However, a gathering of socialists took place in
Glasgow on 1 December at which Hyndman was present and which proclaimed
the formation of the Glasgow branch of the Social Democratic Federation. This
was reported in Justice, No. 47, 6 December 1884. 237
340
At a meeting of the executive of the Social Democratic Federation chaired by
H. Quelch on 27 December 1884 a vote of no-confidence in Hyndman was passed
by ten to eight and the behaviour of Andreas Scheu was endorsed. Immediately af-
ter this, ten members (Eleanor and Edward Aveling, R. Banner, B. Bax,
W. J. Clark, J. Cooper, J. Lane, J. L. Mahon, S. Mainwaring and W. Morris) de-
clared that they were leaving the Federation. 238
341
The fragment below from Engels' letter was reproduced by Liebknecht in his arti-
cle ' Zur Dampfersubvention' published in Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 2, 8 January
1885. The whereabouts of the original is unknown. 239
342
In late 1884, Bismarck, seeking to step up German colonial policy (see Note 292)
demanded that the Reichstag approve annual subsidies for steamship companies
to organise regular services to Eastern Asia, Australia and Africa. This demand led
to disagreements within the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag. The Left
wing headed by August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht came out against support-
ing the government's policy. The Right-wing majority in the group (Dietz,
Frohme, Grillenberger, etc.) intended to vote for the subsidies under the pretext
that they promoted international links. Under pressure from the majority, the par-
liamentary group decided to declare the subsidies issue to be of no major impor-
tance and give each member the right to vote as they thought fit (see Der Sozialde-
mokrat, No. 50, 11 December 1884).
The sharp criticism expressed in Der Sozialdemokrat and the resolutions adopted by
Notes
595
the party leadership led the majority of the parliamentary group to somewhat mo-
dify their attitude to the government' s project when it was discussed in the Reichs-
tag in March 1885 and to make their support conditional on the Reichstag accept-
ing a number of the group' s proposals. It was not until after the Reichstag de-
clined to endorse the proposals made by the Social-Democratic group that they vot-
ed against the subsidies.239, 240, 242, 245, 268, 295, 388
343
The reference is to the speech made by Max Kayser on 17 May 1879 with the ag-
reement of the entire Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag in support of the
government plan to introduce protective customs tariffs. Marx and Engels sharply
condemned Kayser's action in defending a proposal put before the Reichstag in
the interest of large industrialists and big farmers and to the detriment of the
masses. They further criticised the lax attitude shown to Kayser by a number of
German Social-Democratic leaders (see present edition, Vol. 24, pp. 259-
61).241
344
In a letter written on 28 December 1884 Bebel informed Engels that on 31 Decem-
ber he intended to surrender his shares in the workshop producing door and
window handles which had been formed in Berka a. W. in 1876. 243
345
In a letter of 18 November 1884 Pasquale Martignetti requested Engels' permis-
sion to publish in one volume two works, namely The Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State and The Peasant War in Germany, the former of which he was
translating into Italian at the time. 243
346
The reference is to the Social Democratic Federation (see Note 300) and the So-
cialist League.
The Socialist League was formed in December 1884 by a group of English social-
ists who had left the Social Democratic Federation. Its organisers included Elea-
nor Marx, Ernest Belfort Bax, William Morris and others. ' The Manifesto of the
Socialist League' (see The Commonweal, No. 1, February 1885) proclaimed that its
members advocate ' the principles of Revolutionary International Socialism' and
'...seek a change in the basis of Society ... which would destroy the distinctions of
classes and nationalities' . The League set itself the task of establishing a national
workers' party adhering to international stand, assisting the trade union and co-
operative movements. In its initial years the League and its officials took an active
part in the workers' movement. However, in 1887 the League's leadership split
into three factions (anarchist elements, the ' parliamentarians' and the ' antiparlia-
mentarians' ); its links with the day-to-day struggles of the English workers were
gradually weakened and there was a growth in sectarianism. In 1889-90 the
League fell apart . 245, 247, 265, 275, 321, 394, 431, 434, 443, 446, 451, 471, 492,
526, 529, 534
347
The fragment below from Engels' letter to the editor of Der Sozialist Joseph Diet-
zgen was first published in the same, No. 4, 24 January 1885 (New York) in the
column 'Sozial-politische Nachrichten der letzten Tage' . An editorial note placed
before the fragment read as follows: ' In a communication from London of 31 De-
cember 1884, Fred. Engels tells us that Volume II of Marx' s Capital, so long and
eagerly awaited, is now ready to go to press, and likewise gives us the glad tidings
that, exceeding all our expectations, the third and fourth volumes are also to be
bestowed upon us.'
The whereabouts of the original letter is not known. 246
596
Notes
348
The reference is to the rapprochement between the leadership of the Social Demo-
cratic Federation and the French Possibilists (see notes 300 and 237).
On 27 December 1884 the newspaper Justice, No. 50 published a letter from
Adolphe Smith under the heading ' France and the International Congress'.
The author considered it essential that the Social Democratic Federation, hav-
ing proposed the convocation of an international socialist congress, should rec-
ognise the Possibilists as the main organisation of the French socialists and
not maintain relations with the French Workers' Party. 247
349
The reference is to the manuscript of the English translation of Engels' book The
Condition of the Working-Class in England (present edition, Vol. 4) prepared by the
American socialist Florence Keliey-Wischnewetzky for publication in the United
States (see also Note 360).248, 257, 373, 382, 419
350
Engels is referring to the review of the pamphlet G. Gro, Karl Marx, Leipzig,
1885 being prepared by Karl Kautsky. The review was published in Die Neue êit,
No. 6, 1885.250
35
' On 9 January 1885 Kautsky wrote to Engels to say that the German Social Demo-
crat Louis Viereck had offered him a temporary or permanent post with one of the
newspapers he published. 250
352
Hermann Schlter asked Engels to send him a set of the Neue Rheinische Leitung. Po-
litisch-konomische Revue since he was intending to publish in the Sozialdemokrati-
sche Bibliothek series a number of works by Marx and Engels which the said
journal had carried in 1850. 251
353
Reptiles (grovellers) is a term which became widespread after Bismarck used it in
his speech before the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 January 1869 to describe
the government' s opponents. The left-wing press took up this expression and began
to describe as reptilian the semi-official press which was in the pay of the govern-
ment, labelling the relevant category of journalists as reptiles. 253
354
Engels' negative attitude to Franz Mehring which he expresses in this letter had to
do with the fact that from the mid-1870s Mehring started to criticise Social-
Democratic theory and tactics in the bourgeois-democratic press. His position was
summarised in the pamphlet Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie, ihre Geschichte und ihre
Lehre; eine historisch-kritische Darstellung, three editions of which were issued in
1877, 1878 and 1879, respectively, by the publishing house belonging to the Weser-
eitung, a National-Liberal (see Note 243) newspaper based in Barmen. Captivated
by the Kantian philosophy, Mehring believed that the history was made by the
'strong personalities', while the workers' movement and, consequently, Social
Democracy were not the natural result of the social development.
In the early 1880s Mehring had been revising his views on the socialist move-
ment. Having joined the Socialist Party of Germany in 1891 he became one of its
left-wing leaders. Engels' attitude to Mehring changed accordingly; right up to
his death in 1895 Engels repeatedly praised Mehring' s journalistic and academic
endeavours. 253, 316
355
This letter, which Paul Lafargue passed on to Jules Guesde, formed the basis for
Guesde's leading article in the newspaper Le Cri du Peuple, No. 461, 31 January
1885. The excerpt published here was included in the article in full, where it was
Notes
597
stated that a letter written by 'one of the veterans of our great social battles' had
been received from London. Engels examined the issue to which he refers in this
excerpt in the article ' Real Imperial Russian Privy Dynamiters' carried by Der
Sozialdemokrat, No. 5, 29 January 1885 (see present edition, Vol. 26). The where-
abouts of the original letter are unknown. 255
356
Nihilists a term used in the 1860s to describe the progressive-minded Russian
intellectuals of different social estates. The Nihilists refused to recognise the domi-
nant ideology and morality, rejected religion and demanded freedom of the per-
sonality. They advocated equality between the sexes and called for the study of
the natural and exact sciences. Towards the end of the 1860s the term almost com-
pletely disappeared from polemic writing, although it was used later on occasions
by reactionary political commentators as a label for revolutionaries. In West Euro-
pean writing, the term was applied to participants in the Russian revolutionary
movement of the 1870s and 1880s, notably the members of the Narodnaya Volya
(People's Will).256, 275, 279, 338, 378, 484, 486, 505, 513, 520, 525
3 5
' On 13 (1) January 1885 Russia and Prussia exchanged notes on the extradition of
persons accused of criminal offences against the monarchs of the contracting par-
ties or members of their families, as well as of persons found guilty of manufactur-
ing or storing explosives. This was the subject of a report in The Times, 24 January
1885 (No. 31352) entitled ' Extradition by Russia and Prussia. Berlin, Jan. 23' .
256
358
The series of explosions which Engels is writing about took place on Saturday,
24 January 1885. The investigation showed that the man responsible for the explosion
in the Tower was the same one who had organised the explosion on the under-
ground railway two years previously, when bombs had been placed at Charing
Cross and Praed Street stations. He was sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment and
hard labour. See also Note 251. 256
359
The reference is to Engels' preface to the first edition of his work The Condition of the
Working-Class in England (see present edition, Vol. 4, pp. 302-04) and his dedica-
tion of this book 'to the Working-Classes of Great-Britain' (ibid., pp. 297-301). The
preface and dedication were not included in the edition of this work which ap-
peared in the United States (see Note 349). 257, 420
360
In February 1886 Engels wrote an article as a preface or epilogue to the American
edition of The Condition of the Working-Class in England (see present edition,
Vol. 26). When publication was delayed, Engels considered it essential to write
another preface in January 1887 (ibid.). The first article was included as an ap-
pendix in the American edition. 257, 259, 415
361
To speed up the Russian translation of the second volume of Capital Engels sent
Nikolai Danielson the proofs of the German edition as they were printed. The
volume appeared in January 1886.260, 265, 278, 289, 294, 303, 311
362
Hermann Lopa tin was arrested in St Petersburg on 6 October 1884 and was under
investigation up to May 1887; on 4 June 1887 he was sentenced to death, later
commuted to life imprisonment in Schlisselburg fortress. Lopatin was released on
28 October 1905.260, 319, 349, 401, 525
363
Engels' pseudonym in his correspondence with Nikolai Danielson; Engels used the
598
Notes
name of the husband of his wife's niece Percy White Rosher. 260, 278, 294,
319, 322, 350, 402, 523
364
Pyotr Lavrov enquired as to whether the information about Marx contained in
Gro' pamphlet was correct (see Note 350) and whether Engels had made any ad-
ditions or changes to the 1885 German edition of Marx' s The Poverty of Philos-
ophy. 261
365
Karl Kautsky lived in London from early 1885 to June 1888.262, 265
366
To Engels' enquiry about the rumours regarding the prohibition in Germany of
his work The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (see this volume,
p. 252), Hermann Schlter replied that, according to his information, the work had
not been officially banned, but there had been a case of a large number of copies
being confiscated in Leipzig. Although they had all been returned, booksellers re-
fused to stock the book any longer and from that time it was being distributed di-
rectly from Zurich on advance order only. 263
367
In a letter published in Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 9, 26 February 1885, Karl Varen-
holz, a member of the Social Democratic Federation, came out in defence of Henry
Hyndman' s policy and attempted to disprove the reasons for the split in the Social
Democratic Federation reported by the same newspaper, No. 3, 15 January 1885;
the report reflected Engels' views (see this volume, pp. 236-38). Bernstein's letter to
Engels of 15 January gives reason to believe that the report was written by Eleanor
Marx-Aveling. Edward Aveling's reply to Varenholz was carried by Der Sozial-
demokrat, No. 13, 26 March 1885. Aveling exposed Hyndman' s activities in trying
to take over the presidency of the Federation, his intrigues against Andreas Scheu
and other members of the Federation and the authoritarian practices employed by
the editors of Justice, which carried material for the most part reflecting the posi-
tion of Hyndman and his supporters. 265
368
The reference is to Maitland Park Crescent, which led into Maitland Park Road.
In the 1870s, this street, together with Modena Villas, Maitland Park Villas and
Maitland Park Road was given the single name Maitland Park Road (see also
Note 159).
Eleanor Marx-Aveling lived at 67, Maitland Park Road. 265
369
Jenny and Karl Marx were buried at Highgate Cemetery in London (see also
Note 36). 14 March 1885 was the second anniversary of Marx' s death. 265
3 7 0
The reference is to the group of French workers in the Montceau-les-Mines coal-
field who were arrested in November 1884 on a charge of organising explosions in
the mine and the town. The immediate reason for their arrest was the explosion of
7 November organised by the agent provocateur Claude Brenin, who was in the
pay of local police commissar Thvenin. Those arrested included activists in the
workers' movement who had no connection with these explosions. The role played
by Brenin as a provocateur was exposed by the socialist newspaper Le Cri du Peu-
ple, 16 February 1885. At the trial in late May the accused were sentenced to vari-
ous terms of imprisonment. 265
371
On 21 March 1885 Richard Stegemann asked Engels to let him know where he
could obtain personal information about Marx for inclusion in a work he was pre-
paring for the press about the latter's economic doctrine. Stegemann requested
Notes
599
Engels, in the absence of printed sources for a biography of Marx, to send him his
own thoughts about Marx as a man. 266
372
The French government under the leader of the moderate Republicans Jules
Ferry, who had held the post since 1883, resigned on 30 March 1885 due to an un-
successful colonial adventure in Indochina. 267, 270
3 , 3
Following the elections in 1884 (see Note 306), the Social-Democratic group in the
Reichstag was made up of a right-wing majority led by Wilhelm Bios, Bruno Gei-
ser, Karl Frohme, Wilhelm Hasenclever and others, and a left-wing minority led
by August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht. 268, 300
374
The majority of the Social-Democratic group in the German Reichstag, consisting
of reformists, tried to dispute the right of the party newspaper Der Sozialdemo-
krat to criticise the action of the parliamentary group and its attitude towards the
bill envisaging the payment of subsidies to steamship companies (see Note 342).
They published a statement to this effect in Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 14, 2 April
1885.
However, the majority of the local Social-Democratic organisations resolutely
supported the editors. The reformists were virtually forced to renounce their objec-
tions and, in a joint statement with the editors of Der Sozialdemokrat published on
23 April, they recognised the newspaper's status as the 'organ of the whole party'
(see also notes 380 and 390).268, 269, 275, 290, 300, 313, 323
3 7 5
Until 1885, France was divided into 'small constituencies', each sending one repre-
sentative to the Chamber of Deputies. In June 1885, on the initiative of the moder-
ate bourgeois republicans, a system of voting by department lists was introduced.
Under this system, which operated until 1889, small constituencies were combined
to form larger ones each corresponding to a department. Now a voter received
a ballot paper with names of candidates from different parties, but he was obliged
to vote for the total number of candidates to be elected, with one deputy for every
70,000 people. A deputy was considered elected in the first ballot provided he
had received an absolute majority of votes; a relative majority was sufficient in the
second ballot.270, 314, 317, 320, 326, 330, 489, 508
376
Engels is referring to Gladstone's Liberal administration which had formed the
government in Britain from 1880 (see Note 414). 270
377
Der Sozialdemokrat, Nos. 2, 3, 5 and 7 of 8, 15 and 29 January and 12 February 1885
published articles and editorial comments criticising the attitude taken by the ma-
jority of the parliamentary group to the bill on subsidies to steamship companies
(see Note 342). The first article was signed ' W. L.', the second was without a signa-
ture, the third carried the initials J . A.' and the fourth, ' H. R. ' . 271, 284
378
In March and April 1885 there was a conflict between Britain and Russia caused
by their rivalry over the area around the North-West frontier of Afghanistan. Fol-
lowing the annexation of Southern Turkestan by Russia there was a clash between
Russian and Afghan forces, the latter supported by Britain, which threatened to
escalate into an armed conflict between the two powers. However, the diplomatic
isolation of Britain due to the position taken by Germany, forced the Gladstone ad-
ministration to step down in its dispute with Russia about the division of spheres of
influence in Central Asia.
The April issue of the organ of the Socialist League The Commonweal
600
Notes
(No. 3) carried an article by Ernest Belfort Bax entitled ' At Bay!' in which he set
out his views on the foreign policies pursued by Britain and Russia, including
those on the Anglo-Russian conflict. 275
9
In his letter to Engels of 27 March 1885 Paul Lafargue asked what the former
thought of his hypothesis about the origin of certain legal terms. 275
0
With regard to the conflict between the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag
(see Note 49) and the editors of Der Sozialdemokrat (see Note 374) August Bebel
sent the parliamentary group a note of protest on 5 April 1885 in which he re-
served the right to appeal to the party should the parliamentary group conti-
nue to suppress the freedom of opinion.
The parliamentary group completed three days of debates on 15 April
1885.277
1
Nikolai Danielson provided Engels with some figures about the length of the work-
ing day and the wages paid to workers in Russia as well as about the extent to
which peasants had joined the ranks of the proletariat. He also was ready to send
Engels the following books by Russian economists: H. H. 3n6ep, /Jaeud Putcapdo
u KapA Mapuc e ux o6iu,ecmeeHHO-3KOHOMUuecKux uccjiedoeauuHX (2nd edition, St Peters-
burg, 1885), H. H. RmnyA, <J>a6puuuu 6um MocKoecKo eyepuuu (Moscow, 1882)
and n . A. necKOB, Canumapuoe uccnedoeanue (aipuK no o6pa6omice soROKHUcmux eewpcme
ez.Mocnee (Moscow, 1882).277
2
A draft of this letter in Engels' handwriting has survived. All substantial variations
are given in footnotes. 279
3
The reference is to the first Russian Marxist organisation, the Emancipation of La-
bour group (see Note 124). 279
4
In his book Hauiu pamozjiacin (Our Differences), Geneva, 1884, Plekhanov re-
peatedly used the expression ' unstable balance' to describe relations in the
Russian village commune. 280
5
The reference is to the following passage in Plekhanov's letter to Pyotr Lavrov of
22 July 1884, which appeared in place of a preface in Plekhanov's book Our Differ-
ences: ' I think that the Russian revolution has an enormous, invincible potential
energy, and that reaction is raising its head only because we are unable to trans-
form that energy from potential into kinetic' 280
6
Here, Engels quotes Hegel from the second volume of his work Vorlesungen ber die
Geschichte der Philosophie (see Werke, Bd. XIV, Berlin, 1833, S. 62). Explaining the
expression 'Socratic irony', Hegel wrote: 'All dialectics regard as valid what should
be valid, as if it were valid, have the inner destruction develop of its own accord on
this account general irony of the world.' 281, 348
7
This letter is Engels' reply to Richard Stegemann' s second request (see Note 371)
that he write a short personal description of Marx for a work Stegemann was pre-
paring on the latter' s economic doctrine. Stegemann justified his request with
a need to reply to the efforts being made by bourgeois authors in various countries
to distort Marx' s personality. 282
8
Tuileries documents is the name Engels gives to the lists of agents in the pay of
Napoleon III found in the Tuileries in 1870 and published by the government of
the Third Republic in September 1871. Under the letter ' V was the note 'Vogt
Notes
601
in August 1859 has been sent a remittance of 40,000 francs.' This bore out Marx' s
assumption that Karl Vogt was a Bonapartist agent (see K. Marx, Herr Vogt;
present edition, Vol. 17, pp. 190, 212). Engels wrote about this document in the
article ' Once Again "Herr Vogt "' published in May 1871 (see present edition,
Vol. 22, p. 303).282
389
On the conflict between the parliamentary group and the editorial board, see
Note 374. The original text of the parliamentary group' s decision of 20 March 1885
carried by Der Sozialdemokrat contained a clause saying that the parliamentary group
bore ' moral responsibility' for the newspaper's contents. This met with objections
on the part of members of the editorial board, including Eduard Bernstein. The
parliamentary group had sent Wilhelm Liebknecht to Zurich, the place of publica-
tion, to settle the conflict. The text published by Der Sozialdemokrat on 2 April
1885 contained, among other things, the following remark: ' the party organ must
under no circumstances become opposed to the parliamentary group, which bears
the moral responsibility for the contents of the same', and continued, ' It is not the
paper which has to determine the stance of the parliamentary group, but the par-
liamentary group which has to monitor the stance of the paper.' 284
390
The reference is to the statement by the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag
and the editors of the paper carried by Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 17, 23 April 1885,
in which it was stated that any attempt to limit criticism in the party would be
a violation of party principles and would shake it to the foundations. As for the re-
lations between the parliamentary group and the editorial board, the statement
represented a compromise. It pointed out, on the one hand, that Der Sozialdemok-
rat was the organ of the party as a whole but that, on the other hand, the parlia-
mentary group was the party' s representative body and had a right to monitor the
work of the editorial board. On the parliamentary group's first statement, see
Note 374. - 284
391
The protective tariffs system was introduced by Bismarck in 1879 in the interest of the
landowners and large industrialists and remained in force throughout the 1880s (in
1885 and 1887 it was supplemented by further rises in the duties payable on import-
ed agricultural produce). To a certain extent it promoted the growth of German
industry, but brought a major deterioration in the situation of the masses. This led
to major discontent, not only among the proletariat, but also the middle and petty
bourgeoisie. 285
392 Th;
s
letter was first published in English in an abridged form in Science and So-
ciety, New York, 1938, Vol. 2, No. 3 . - 2 8 6
393
In a letter of 13 May 1885 Hermann Schlter asked Engels to help him select revo-
lutionary poems and songs for inclusion in a collection from a series of poems for
workers which he was preparing for the press. Among other things, Schlter was
interested in songs and poems originating from the period of peasant uprisings in
the 15th and 16th centuries, the revolution of 1848 in Germany and the
time of the English Chartists which had been in general circulation. (The collec-
tion appeared in Zurich in 1886 under the title Vorwrts! Eine Sammlung von Gedich-
tenfr das arbeitende Volk.) In the same letter Schlter informed Engels of his inten-
tion to publish a number of minor works and articles by Marx, including some
documents from the International, within the framework of the Sozialdemokrati-
sche Bibliothek series (see also Note 352). 286
602 Notes
394
Engels is referring to Luther' s choral 'Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott' ('God is our
firm stronghold' ), which Heine, in his %ur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in
Deutschland, called the 'Marseillaise of the Reformation' (Der Salon, Vol. 2, Ham-
burg, 1835, p. 80).
In the Introduction to his Dialectics of Nature Engels calls this choral the ' Mar-
seillaise of the sixteenth century' (see present edition, Vol. 25, p. 319). 286
395
The reference is to a song written in 1844 by Matthus Friedrich Chemnitz and
beginning with the words 'Schleswig-Holstein, meerumschlungen' (Schleswig-
Holstein, surrounded by the sea). It was particularly popular in 1848-50, during
the struggle for Schleswig-Holstein's liberation from Danish rule.
The Heckerlied is a revolutionary song about the Baden-Palatinate uprising of
1848 led, among others, by Friedrich Hecker, a prominent figure among the South
German petty bourgeoisie. Engels gave the version of the chorus cited below in his
work The Campaign for the German Imperial Constitution (present edition, Vol. 10,
p. 149).287
396
The Marseillaisea French, revolutionary song. The words and music were
written in Strasbourg in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle. Its original title
was ' Chant du guerre pour l' arme du Rhin' (' War chant for the Rhine army' ).
Having become widespread in the Republican army, it made its way to Marseilles,
thus receiving the name 'Marseilles March' or 'Marseillaise', and later became
popular in Paris. 287
397
A conflict arose between Prosper Lissagaray, editor-in-chief of La Bataille and its
publisher Prinet. With assistance from Paul Brousse and his supporters, Prinet
staged an abortive attempt to gain control of the editorship and pocket 10,000
francs donated to the newspaper by Capoul, a former singer. 288
398
The article by Louis-Edouard Grimaux referred to below ('Les substances collo-
dales et la coagulation', Revue scientific, Vol. XXXV, 1885) contains the follow-
ing quote from Carl Schorlemmer, 'If chemists ever succeed in artificially obtain-
ing proteins, they will be in the form of living protoplasm.' And later on, ' The
enigma of life can only be resolved by protein synthesis.' 289
399 The reference is to sections 5 and 6 of Volume III of Capital (see present edition,
Vol. 37).290
400
An incomplete copy of this letter signed by Engels is to be found at the Interna-
tional Institute of Social History in Amsterdam. The copy carries the address of
the sender and the date of writing ('London, 19 May 1885, 122, Regent' s Park
Road, N. W. ' ), the first paragraph of the draft and the following note by Engels:
' The original of this letter was sent to Nitti in Naples on 26.5.92.' 291
401
Engels wrote the note on Mark (see present edition, Vol. 26, p. 236) for Chapter
VII (' The Gens Among the Celts and Germans' ) of the Italian translation of his
work The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. 291
402
On 21 May 1885 Paul Lafargue was sent to Ste Plagie prison, Paris, for two
months for failing to pay a fine of 100 francs imposed on him in April 1883 by
a jury in Moulins as punishment for his public speeches (see Note 9). To begin
with, Lafargue was kept in the cell reserved for criminals, but later transferred to
Notes
603
the part of the prison where the political detainees were kept. 292, 297, 301, 303,
310, 495
4 0 3
Paul Lafargue intended to translate Engels' The Origin of the Family, Private Prop-
erty and the State into French, but failed to carry out this plan. The French transla-
tion was done by Henri Rave from the fourth German edition edited by Laura La-
fargue and looked through by Engels; it appeared in Paris in 1893. 293, 394
404
On 24 May 1885 a demonstration was organised in Paris in memory of the mem-
bers of the Paris Commune. Carrying red flags, the demonstrators made their way
to the Mur des Fdrs in Pre-Lachaise cemetery where 200 members of the Com-
mune had been shot on 27 May 1871. The police attacked the demonstrators on
the pretext that it was forbidden to carry red flags on demonstrations in Paris.
A clash ensued in which a number of people were killed and injured.
Engels expected that the police would try to organise a similar act of provoca-
tion on 1 June during the funeral of Victor Hugo who had died on 22 May 1885.
293, 297
405
This letter was first published in English in: K. Marx and F. Engels, Letters on
'Capital', New Park Publications, London, 1983. 294
406
Between 1869 and 1873 Marx maintained regular correspondence with Nikolai
Danielson, who systematically sent him Russian books and articles in journals
dealing with the agrarian question in Russia. In his letter of 24 April (6 May)
1885, Danielson enquired of Engels whether the statistics on the Russian econo-
my had been included in the third volume of Capital.
The chapter on ground rent to which Engels refers forms part of Section 6 of
Volume III of Capital (see present edition, Vol. 37). 294
407
A fragment from this letter was first published in English in: K. Marx and F. En-
gels, Letters to Americans. 1848-1895. A Selection, International Publishers, New
York, 1953.295
408
Here, Engels uses an expression from the speech made by the Prussian officer
Prince Lichnowski in the Frankfurt Assembly on 31 August 1848. Lichnowski used
a double negative ('With regard to historical right there does not exist no date' ).
See also present edition, Vol. 7, p. 369. 296
4 0 9
The reference is to the work De origine actibusque Getarum by the Gothic historian
Jordanes. It is a short conspectus oiHistoria Gothorum by Cassiodorus, which is not
extant, and to which Jordanes added surviving oral pieces, legends of the Ger-
manic tribes and material from other sources. 296
410
This letter has survived in the form of an excerpt (the beginning of the letter and
name of the addressee are missing). According to the International Institute of So-
cial History in Amsterdam, where the original is kept, it was written on the letter
which A. N. Davisson sent to Engels on 10 June 1885. The note 'Soc. League' on
Engels' letter suggests that the addressee was John Lincoln Mahon, the secretary
of the said organisation (see Note 346). 298
41
' Frederick Charles, Prince of Prussia and inspector-general of the cavalry, died on
15 June 1885.300, 302, 304
412
Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 17, 23 April 1885 published a statement adopted by
a meeting of Social Democrats in Frankfurt-am-Main and sharply criticising the
604 Notes
position of the majority of the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag and its at-
tempts to impose this position on the party as a whole (see Note 374). On 7 May
1885 Karl Frohme, one of the leaders of the parliamentary group, published a let-
ter attacking this statement in response to this in the bourgeois Frankfurter Journal.
The editorial board of Der Sozialdemokrat reprinted Frohme' s letter (No. 20,
14 May 1885) and in the next issue, 21 May 1885 published August Bebel's article
in reply called 'Auch "ein Protest" ' in which he criticised Frohme' s position.
302, 307
4
'
3
The Hamburg party organisation, which supported the Social-Democratic group
in the Reichstag in its conflict with the editorial board of Der Sozialdemokrat (see
Note 374), donated 1,000 francs to the French socialists' election fund. 303
414
Engels is referring to the resignation in June 1885 of the Liberal cabinet under
Gladstone due to the refusal of the majority in parliament (Conservatives and Irish
members) to vote for the government proposal to increase taxes on spirits. The real
reasons for the resignation were the failures in colonial policy the concessions to
Russia when it came to dividing up spheres of influence in Central Asia (see
Note 378) and the major defeats inflicted on the British forces by rebels in the Su-
dan as well as the government' s refusal to grant Irish self-administration in the
framework of the British Empire. 303
415
Toriestraditional name of the Conservative Party.
The Whigs were the right wing of the Liberal Party, and the Radicals its left
wing. The Whigs expressed the interests of the landed, and in part, financial aris-
tocracy, of the big and medium capitalist farmers, whilst the Radicals were th
representatives of large sections of the trading and industrial bourgeoisie, the bour-
geois intelligentsia and the rich trade unions. The Liberal Party exerted an influ-
ence on the trade unions through the Radicals, who recognised the need for demo-
cratic social reforms. The differences between the Whigs and the Radicals became
particularly clear during the preparations for the electoral reform of 1884, when
the Whigs opposed the extension of the suffrage to Irish peasants and the establish-
ment of constituencies of equal size, thus backing the Conservatives. Most of the
Radicals favoured Home Rule and improvements in the agrarian law. However
some of them, headed by J. Chamberlain, wanted to keep the Union of 1801 in-
tact. The rivalry between the Whigs and the Radicals became aggravated on the
eve of the 1885 general election which the Radicals expected would bring them
victory in the party and the country as a whole (see notes 299 and 487). It was at
this time that the political outlook of the Radical movement took its final shape, as
expressed in ' The Radical Programme with a Preface of J. Chamberlain', London,
1885 (see also Note 430).304, 326, 345, 367, 369, 389
416
The trials of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung and the Rhenish district committee of
Democrats took place in Cologne on 7 and 8 February 1849. The accused at the
first trial were Karl Marx as editor-in-chief, Frederick Engels as co-editor and
Hermann Korff as responsible publisher. Those indicted at the second trial were
Marx, Karl Schapper and the lawyer Schneider II. The trials ended with the ac-
cused being acquitted. They were reported in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung the first
on 14 February and the second on 19, 25, 27 and 28 February 1849. In October
1885 the report on the trial of the Rhenish district committee of Democrats was
published as a separate pamphlet in the Sozialdemokratische Bibliothek series in
Notes 605
Hottingen-Zurich. Entitled Karl Marx vor den Klner Geschwornen. Proze gegen den
Ausschu der rheinischen Demokraten wegen Aufrufs zum bewaffneten Widerstand, it in-
cluded a preface by Engels (see present edition, Vol. 26, p. 304). 304
4
'
7
There was no separate collected edition of Marx' s and Engels' articles about the
June insurrection (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 121, 123-28, 130-64). 305, 309,
332
4
'
8
The reference is to a separate edition of Wilhelm Wolffs series of articles on the
situation of the Silesian peasants called Die schlesische Milliarde and printed in
a number of issues of the Neue Rheinische Leitung between 22 March and 22 April
1849. Engels included a preface in this edition, which came out in 1886. Its first
section was a biography of Wolff which he had written back in 1876 (see F. Engels,
'Wilhelm Wolff, present edition, Vol. 24) but in a much abbreviated form, whilst
the second section was the article ' On the History of the Prussian Peasants. Intro-
duction to Wilhelm Wolffs pamphlet The Silesian Milliard (Vol. 26) specially
for that edition.-^ 309, 324, 328, 332, 346
419
In his letter of 24 June 1885 Hermann Schlter informed Engels that Meissner,
whose publishing house had issued Capital, was offering Der Sozialdemokrat pub-
lishers in Zurich copies of the second volume of Capital to distribute on terms he
considered unfavourable. 309
420
Engels is referring to the report in Justice, No. 73, 6 June 1885 that the publisher
William Reeves intended to put out Gabriel Deville's book Le Capital de Karl
Marx. Resume... (see Note 81) in an English translation by John Broadhouse
(Hyndman' s pseudonym). At that time Engels was negotiating with the publish-
ers Kegan Paul and Co. about publishing the English translation of the first
volume of Capital (see Note 56). These negotiations ended without success. Marx's
work was put out by another publishing house and Deville's book did not appear
in English.310, 313
421
Engels spent his holidays on the island of Jersey from 14 August to 14 September
1885.310, 315, 321-25, 328, 358
422
The German socialist Gertrud Guillaume-Schack, who was preparing an article
on the limitation of female labour, wrote to Engels on 1 July 1885 to ask whether it
was true that he and Marx had been involved in drawing up the programme of the
French Workers' Party, which contained the demand that equal pay be given for
equal work.
Following the establishment of the French Workers' Party at a congress in
Marseilles in October 1879, the French socialist Jules Guesde began work on the
party programme and, through Paul Lafargue, requested Marx and Engels to help
draw up a draft election manifesto for the French Workers' Party. The theoretical
introduction was formulated by Marx and dictated to Guesde (see K. Marx, ' Pre-
amble to the Programme of the French Workers' Party' , present edition, Vol. 24,
p. 340). The practical part of the programme (minimum programme, see Vol. 24,
Note 384) was compiled by Guesde and Lafargue. The programme was endorsed
at the party congress held in Le Havre in 1880.
On the Rouen tendency, or the Guesdists, see Note 201. 311
4 2 3
The whereabouts of the original of this letter are not known. The draft of the letter
606 Notes
was written by Engels on a letter which John Lincoln Mahon had written to him
(on paper used by the editorial board of The Commonweal) on 11 July 1885. 312
4 5 4
Under the heading ' The Parting of the Waters' , The Edinburgh Review, No. 331,
July 1885, contained a summary of the parliamentary debates for 1884-85. It sharp-
ly criticised the policies pursued by the Radical wing of the Liberal Party (see
Note 415). The author of the summary called on the Whigs to split with the Radi-
cal wing, describing this act as a ' watershed' . 314
425
In a letter of 10 July 1885 to the German Workers' Educational Society in London
(see Note 162) Wilhelm Liebknecht objected to the Society's proposal that an
extraordinary party congress be held due to the conflict between the reformist ma-
jority in the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag and the editorial board of
Der Sozialdemokrat. He supposed that the disagreements, including that between
the Frankfurt organisation and Karl Frohme (see Note 412), were not of a major
nature and could thus quickly be settled with his mediation. 315
4 2 6
On 14 Jul y 1885 Wilhelm Liebknecht spoke to a meeting of Social Democrats in
Offenbach and criticised the letter by the group of Frankfurt Social Democrats
which had been published in Der Sozialdemokrat (see Note 412). His words ap-
peared in the Berliner Volksblatt, 18 July 1885. The dissatisfaction his speech created
in the Frankfurt Social-Democratic organisation led to Liebknecht publishing
a statement in Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 32, 6 August 1885, claiming that his criti-
cism only related to the tone of the letter and that he rated highly the fight waged
against the Anti-Socialist Law by the Social Democrats in Frankfurt. 315
427
Engels is evidently referring to Karl Kautsky' s book Der Einfluss der Volksvermeh-
rung auf den Fortschritt der Gesellschaft, Vienna, 1880, which he sharply criticised
for its Malthusian errors in a letter to Kautsky of 1 February 1881 (see present edi-
tion, Vol. 46) and also to a series of articles about marriage in primitive society
with the general heading 'Die Entstehung der Ehe und Familie' published in Kos-
mos, Jg. VI, Stuttgart, 1882-83 (see Engels' letters to Laura Lafargue of
16-17 February and to August Bebel of 7 March 1883; present edition, Vol. 46,
and also this volume, p. 56). 316
4 2 8
Maybe this refers to Franz Mehring' s articles on Rodbertus in Demokratische Blt-
ter, Nos. 19, 20 and 21, 13, 20 and 28 May 1885, or his article 'Der soziale Beruf des
Adels' in Volks-Zeitung, Nos. 155 and 156, 7 and 8 July 1885. 316
429
The Radicals in the 1880s and 1890s a parliamentary group which had split
away from the party of moderate republicans in France (' Opportunists', see
Note 236). The Radicals had their main base in the petty and, to some extent, the
middle bourgeoisie and continued to press for a number of bourgeois-democratic
demands: a single-chamber parliamentary system, the separation of the Church from
the State, the introduction of a system of progressive income taxes, the limitation of
the working day and settlement of a number of other social issues. The leader of
the Radicals was Clemenceau. The group formed officially as the Republican
Party of Radicals and Radical Socialists [Parti rpublicain radical et radical-
socialiste) in 1901.317, 326, 330, 343, 354, 409-10, 414, 418, 424, 428, 430, 438,
441, 445, 470, 489, 493, 497, 508
430
Engels is referring to the disagreements within the Liberal Party (see Note 415)
and the noticeable rapprochement between its right wing the Whigs and the
Notes 607
Conservatives. In 1886 this wing, which opposed the granting of Irish self-
administration, split off and a Liberal-Unionist bloc headed by Joseph Chamber-
lain was formed of supporters of the 1801 Union of Ireland with Great Britain; the
Liberal-Unionists backed the Conservatives on most issues. They constituted a po-
litical expression of a major regrouping among the British ruling classes and signi-
fied a shift to the right. 317, 391
431
In 1688-89, as a result of the coup d' tat which brought William III (of Orange)
to power in England, absolutism was abolished as the form of government and re-
placed by a constitutional monarchy. Parliament became the supreme organ of
state power, carrying out the will of the bourgeoisie and the new nobility. 317
4 3 2
The envelope has survived and carries in Engels' handwriting ' N. F. Danielson
Esq., Moika 27, St. Petersburg, Russia'. The name of the street and of the addressee
have been written by an unknown hand in Cyrillic script. 318
4 3 3
Engels did not write a special preface for the Russian translation of the second
volume of Capital. The Russian edition contained an abbreviated version of his pre-
face to the first German edition of the second volume. The second half of the pre-
face, including the criticism of Rodbertus, was omitted. 318
434
Paul Lafargue was planning to visit his mother in Bordeaux. 320
4 3 5
In connection with Engels' fears about the planned publication in England of De-
ville's book Le Capital de Karl Marx. Rsum... (see Note 420), Laura Lafargue
wrote to Engels on 7 August 1885 saying that the French publisher Henri Oriol
had said he could prevent the book being translated into English. 320
4 3 6
'Aprs moi (or nous) le dlugeV words uttered to Louis XV and attributed to
Mme Du Barry or to Mmle Pompadour. 320, 354
437
Engels wrote this letter on a postcard. It carries the following address in his hand-
writing: ' K. Kautsky Esq., care of Mrs Huggetts' Dew House, Camden Road,
Eastbourne.' 321
438
In this letter (see present edition, Vol. 26) written on the advice of Nikolai Daniel-
son, Engels suggested to the editors of Severny vestnik that they print Marx' s unpub-
lished letter to the editorial board of Otechestvenniye zapiski which he had written
in response to Nikolai Mikhailovsky's article 'KapAS MapKct nepe/ti. cyAOMt
r. K). >KyKOBCKaro' (see Note 190). 322, 347
439
Engels wrote this letter on a postcard carrying the following address in his hand-
writing: ' Herrn H. Schlter, Volksbuchhandlung, Kasinostr. 3, Hottingen-Zrich,
Switzerland.' 322, 324
440
A hint that Louis Viereck was the illegitimate son of Emperor William I of Ger-
many. Engels is referring to Viereck's speech on 8 August at a workers' meeting in
Munich in which he said that the emperor would give the workers much more if he
knew how poorly they lived. The Munich Social Democrats protested at Viereck's
speech (see Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 34, 20 August 1885). In his reply, published in
the Munich-based Deutsches Wochenblatt, No. 30, 30 August and Der Sozialdemok-
rat, No. 36, 3 September 1885, Viereck, to all intents and purposes, supported Bis-
marck's social reform (see Note 312). 324, 328
441
Engels is referring to the conflict which emerged between Germany and Spain in
August-September 1885 as a result of Germany' s attempts to seize the Caroline is-
608 Notes
lands to which Spain laid claim. The German government sent a gunboat to one of
the islands, where the German flag was raised. This led to tension in the relations
between the two states. Pope Leo XI I I , who acted as arbitrator, supported the
Spanish claims. 324
442
On 20 September 1885 in Paris, during the funeral of Antoine Jules Arnaud,
a member of the Paris Commune, the police used the excuse that processions with
red banners were prohibited to attempt to seize the red cover which had been
placed over the deceased and attacked those attending the funeral. 326
4 4 3
The reference is to the English socialists' free speech struggles against the police
suppression of outdoor meetings. Between July and September 1885 the London
police on several occasions arrested socialist speakers at meetings in the East End.
One of them, John E. Williams, a member of the Social Democratic Federation,
was sentenced to a month' s hard labour. This prompted the Social Democratic
Federation, the Socialist League, the Labour Emancipation League and the London
Radical Clubs (see Note 659) to organise a joint meeting on 20 September in the
area of Dod Street, which was attended by several thousand people. The police
tried to arrest the speakers, but met with resistance. Several people were detained,
but released the next day. This was reported in The Daily News of 21 and 22 Sep-
tember. 326
444
Laura Lafargue's French translation of the Manifesto of the Communist Party was
published in Le Socialiste, Nos. 1-11, from late August to early November 1885. It
was published with Engels' changes as an appendix to Mermeix (pseudonym), La
France Socialiste, Paris, 1886.326, 328, 333, 342
4 4 5
The reference is to the so-called Bulgarian crisis which began in September 1885.
In the night of 5-6 September an uprising of Bulgarian patriots occurred in Plovdiv,
the capital of Eastern Roumelia (Southern Bulgaria), which, according to the 1878
Treaty of Berlin, was under the control of Turkey (see present edition, Vol. 45,
Note 430). The Turkish governor was overthrown. Roumelia was reunited with
Bulgaria and Grand Duke (formerly Prince) Alexander Battenberg of Bulgaria
proclaimed himself ruler of the united Bulgaria on 8 September. Russia, showing
its displeasure at the rapprochement between Battenberg and Austria-Hungary
which had begun some time previously, recalled its officers from the Bulgarian
army. Reports on this were carried by the Klnische Leitung, Nos. 276, 277, 278 and
279, 5, 6, 7 and 8 October 1885.
On the subsequent course of the Bulgarian crisis, see Engels' article ' The Po-
litical Situation in Europe' (present edition, Vol. 26, and also this volume,
pp. 512-20 and notes 478 and 634).329, 364, 378-79, 417, 485, 488
446
The reference is to the trial of a group of German Social Democrats at the Saxon
provincial court in Chemnitz between 28 and 30 September 1885. Auer, Bebel,
Dietz, Mller, Ulrich, Viereck, Vollmar, Frohme and Heinzel were charged with
belonging to a secret society seeking by illegal means to hinder the implementation
of laws and regulations issued by the authorities. The reason for the indictment
was their participation in the 1883 congress of the Socialist Workers' Party of Ger-
many in Copenhagen (see Note 15). In the, absence of proof of their guilt, the court
acquitted them. The government appealed to the imperial court which passed on
the case for re-examination at the provincial court in Freiberg, Saxony (see
Note 602).330
Notes
609
447
At the elections held on 4 October 1885 to the French Chamber of Deputies, nu-
merous candidates failed to receive the number of votes required for election, so
that a second ballot was scheduled for 18 October. This ballot brought a republi-
can majority, comprising representatives of the party of moderate republicans
(' Opportunists') and the party of Radicals (see notes 236 and 429). The Chamber
of Deputies was made up of 382 republicans (including 180 Radicals) and 202
monarchists.330, 364, 430
448
The views about the elections in France which Engels sets out in this letter were re-
flected in the leading article in Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 42, 15 October 1885. 330
449
The results of the first ballot gave rise to' particular disappointment among the
French socialists. This prompted Engels to explain to Paul Lafargue the essence of
the situation in France. An excerpt from his letter was printed in Le Socialiste with
the title ' The Situation' (see present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 331-32). The
whereabouts of the full text of the letter are not known. 331
450
Apart from the works mentioned in the text, Engels also included in the new edi-
tion of Marx' s pamphlet Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne
a fourth appendix ' The Communist Trial in Cologne' to Marx' s work Herr
Vogt (see present edition, Vol. 17, pp. 305-11 ) and his afterword to the second Ger-
man edition of the pamphlet (see present edition, Vol. 24, pp. 51-54). 332
451
This letter was written on a postcard and carries the following address in Engels'
handwriting: 'Monsieur P. Lavroff, 328 rue St. Jacques, Paris, France.' 337
452
In a letter of 19 October 1885 Pyotr Lavrov asked Engels to let him know what
materials he might use for a work he was planning to write on Chartism. 337
4 5 3
Engels attached great importance to publicising the experience of Chartism as the
first political movement of the British working class. It is thought that in the
1880s he wrote special notes for inclusion in Die Chartistenbewegung in England by
the German democrat Sigismund Borkheim, although Engels' text has not yet
been found. Die Chartistenbewegung in England (Zurich, 1887) by the German social-
ist Hermann Schlter was based on a chronology of Chartism compiled in August
1886 by Engels at the request of the author (see present edition, Vol. 26). 337
454
The Social Democrat Salo Faerber from Breslau suggested that Engels write an ar-
ticle on the financial position of Russia in the Volks-Leitung, Berlin, with a view to
hindering subscriptions to Russian loan bonds in Germany. 337
4 5 5
Here, Engels is alluding to the following statement in the Reichstag by Heinrich
von Stephan, head of the postal and telegraph service: ' The secrecy of the mail
rests just as firmly on the conscience of the German Empire' s postal officials as the
Bible does on the altar. ' 337, 361
456
The reference is to the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78 which was caused by
a growth in the activities of the national liberation movement in the Balkans and
the exacerbation of international conflicts in the Middle East. The war ended in
victory for Russia.
In 1806, Prussia joined the fourth anti-French coalition, and its army was soon
routed by the Napoleonic forces at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt. 339
457
The reference is to Wilhelm Liebknecht's reply to Salo Faerber' s letter requesting
him to shed light on the state of Russian finances in his Reichstag speech during
610
Notes
the third reading of the budget. In the letter Liebknecht explained the reasons why
he had not made any speech. 339
458
At the elections to the Saxon Provincial Diet on 15 September 1885 Liebknecht,
who was standing for the rural district around Leipzig, lost at the hands of a can-
didate jointly nominated by the Conservatives (see Note 230) and the National Li-
berals (see Note 243).
The poll was held in line with the electoral qualifications set out in the law of
1868; the vote extended to persons of 25 and over who had paid at least three
marks in direct taxes, whilst to stand as a candidate it was necessary to be not less
than 30 years of age, to have paid at least 30 marks in direct taxes and have been
a Saxon citizen for a minimum of three years. 340
459
The French Utopian socialist Etienne Cabet tried to organise a communist colony
in North America made up of several hundred of his followers drawn from among
the French workers. The colony existed from 1848 to 1856. The last communist
community in the United States, which had been formed by adherents of Cabet,
ceased to exist in 1895. 342
460
In 1880, at the request of Paul Lafargue, Engels transformed three chapters of his
Anti-Diihring (Chapter I of the ' Introduction' and Chapters I and II of Part
three see present edition, Vol. 25, pp. 16-27 and 244-71) into a popular work in
its own right. Entitled Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, it was published under the
heading 'Socialisme utopique et socialisme scientifique' in the French journal La
Revue socialiste, Nos. 3, 4 and 5, 20 March, 20 April and 5 May 1880, and later
that year under the same heading as a separate pamphlet in Paris. 342
461
The words by Reichstag deputy Ludwig Bamberger which became a standard
phrase were uttered at one of the 1876 sittings to describe the manner in which Bis-
marck dealt with the National Liberals. 342
462
Engels is referring to the Kulturkampf, a word which has come to describe the meas-
ures taken by the Bismarck government in the 1870s against the Catholic Church
and the Party of the Centre, which was closely associated with it (see Note 229).
Between 1871 and 1875 a number of laws were passed which were designed to
weaken the Party of the Centre and the Catholic clergy who supported it. How-
ever, the Church refused to submit. In the latter half of the 1870s and the early
1880s, given the growth of the labour movement, Bismarck sought to rally all reac-
tionary forces and steered a course of reconciliation with the Catholic Church, as
a result of which most of these laws were repealed. 343, 434, 511
4 6 3
The reference is to an attempted coup aimed at restoring the monarchy in France
and staged in 1877 by Marshal Mac-Mahon, President of the Third Republic.
However, Mac-Mahon failed to gain support not only from large sections of the
general public but also from a section of the officers and rank-and-file soldiers, who
reflected the republican sentiments among the French peasantry. The parliamen-
tary elections of October 1877 brought victory for the republicans and the forma-
tion of a government made up of bourgeois republicans; Mac-Mahon resigned in
January 1879.343, 430
464
The reference is to the following passage contained in the preface to the 1872 Ger-
man edition of the Manifesto of the Communist Party: '... in view of the practical expe-
rience gained ... in the Paris Commune, where the proletariat for the first time held
Notes
611
political power for two whole months, this programme has in some details become
antiquated. One thing especially was proved by the Commune, ... that "the work-
ing class cannot simply lay hold of the ready-made state machinery, and wield it
for its own purposes"' (see present edition, Vol. 23, p. 175). 344
4 6 5
Olivia, written by the English playwright W. G. Wills, is an adaptation of Oliver
Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield. 345
466
In a letter of 8 August 1885 the French socialists Paul Lavigne asked Engels to look
through the manuscript of his translation of Marx' s The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis
Bonaparte. 345, 358
46
' This is the number of votes Paul Lafargue received at the election to the French
Chamber of Deputies in October 1885 (see Note 447). 345
468
Engels is referring to the passage in his work On the History of the Communist League
where he deals with the activities of Stephan Born, a member of the League; at this
point he also indicates that Born's real surname was Buttermilch (see present edi-
tion, Vol. 26, pp. 325-26). Born does not figure among the list of names Georg Adler
thanks for their assistance in the preface to the said book by Adler. 346
469
The Thirty Years' War (1618-48) a general European war in which the Pope, the
Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs and the Catholic German princes fought against
the Protestant countries: Bohemia, Denmark, Sweden, the Republic of the Nether-
lands, and a number of German states. The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) sealed
political dismemberment of Germany. 348
470
Nikolai Danielson attached to his letter of 25 August 1885 several excerpts from
letters which Marx had written to him on 12 December 1872, 15 and 28 November
1878, 10 April 1879, 12 September 1880 and 19 February and 13 December 1881
(see present edition, Vols. 44, 45 and 46).
Danielson believed that these excerpts which contained a description of the
economic, notably the financial and agrarian, crisis in Britain and several other
countries, as well as advice on translating the first volume of Capital into Rus-
sian might be of use to Engels in his work on the third volume of'Capital and the
preface to the second volume. In his letter of 10 April 1879 Marx also explained
why he had not yet completed the second and third volumes of Capital. 348
471
The reference is to the economic crisis in Britain and other capitalist countries
which Marx dealt with in his letter to Nikolai Danielson of 10 April 1879 (see
4 7 2
This letter is Engels' reply to Paul Lafargue's request (voiced in his letter of 13 No-
vember 1885) for information on his involvement in the May 1849 uprising in
Dresden and the Rhine Province. Lafargue intended to include the information in
a biography of Engels he was preparing for publication between 14 November
1885 and 28 August 1886 in the 'Galerie socialiste internationale' column of Le So-
cialiste. Engels' letter formed the basis for the second part of the biography which
appeared unsigned in No. 13 of the newspaper, 21 November 1885. The same issue
carried a portrait of Engels by the artist Clarus; Lafargue sent Engels a copy of
this portrait together with the letter mentioned. 350
473
Engels gives a detailed analysis of the reasons behind the movement in support of
the Imperial Constitution and the course of armed hostilities in Rhenish Prussia,
612
Notes
Baden and the Palatinate in The Campaign for the German Imperial Constitution (see
474
Landwehrthe army reserve formed in Prussia during the struggle against Napo-
leon. In the 1840s it consisted of men under forty who had done three years active
service and not less than two years in the reserve. In contrast to the regular army,
conscription to the army reserve took place in cases of extreme necessity (war, or
threat of war). 351, 485
4 7 5
The sitting of the Reichstag opened on 19 November 1885. 352
476
The German Social Democrat and Reichstag deputy Georg Schumacher wrote to
Engels on 14 August 1885 in an attempt to justify the position taken by those who
had voted in favour of state subsidies for steamship companies in the Reichstag (see
Note 342). On Engels' attitude to this issue, see this volume, pp. 240-42. 353
477
Wilhelm Liebknecht served a four-week prison sentence in Leipzig beginning on
29 September 1885. It is roughly during this period that Der Sozialdemokrat car-
ried a series of his articles headed ' Ueber den Normalarbeitstag' (22 and 29 Octo-
ber, 5, 12 and 19 November 1885).353
478
The reference is to the first battle of the Serbian-Bulgarian war, which took place
on 16 November 1885. The war was caused by the so-called Bulgarian crisis (see
notes 445 and 634). Under the influence of Austria-Hungary, Serbia declared war
on Bulgaria on 14 November 1885, demanding territorial compensation for the
growth in Bulgarian territory. The Bulgarian forces inflicted a crushing defeat on
the Serbian army in the very first month and entered Serbia. Bulgaria ceased its
advance under pressure from Austria-Hungary and, on 3 March 1886, a peace
treaty was concluded in Bucharest under which Serbia recognised the borders of
the reunited Bulgaria. 353, 515
479
An excerpt from this letter was published in English for the first time in: K. Marx
and F. Engels, Literature and Art, International Publishers, New York, 1947. 355
480 This letter is the reply to that of 15 October 1885 from Minna Kautsky, Karl
Kautsky' s mother, who had got to know Engels during her stay in London in the
summer of 1885. She described her impressions of London and Berlin to Engels
and asked his opinion of her book Die Alten und die Neuen. 355
481
It follows from Paul Lafargue's letter to Engels of 4 November 1885 that Engels
asked Lafargue for information on Paul Lavigne. Lafargue wrote: 'The question you
ask concerning Lavigne is difficult to answer. One fine day he appeared in our
midst saying that he had translated Marx' s 18th Brumaire and The Holy Family,
that Fortin did not know the ABC of German.... Believing him to be a giant re-
freshed in German we commissioned him to translate the Manifesto. But after going
over the translation for the first number, we decided it had to be thrown into the
waste-paper basket. ...Lavigne seems to me slightly mad....'
Lavigne wrote to Engels on 8 August 1885 saying, among other things, that he
intended to translate the second volume of Marx' s Capital. 358
482
Apart from Paul Lavigne's manuscript, this refers to the translation of Marx' s The
Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (present edition, Vol. 11 ) done by Edouard
Fortin (see this volume, p. 345). This translation, edited by Engels, was published
Notes
613
in Le Socialiste, January-November 1891 and appeared as a separate volume dur-
ing the same year in Lille. 358, 528
4 8 3
Edouard Fortin repeatedly wrote to Marx in 1881 in connection with his study of
the first volume of Capital (see K. Marx to Charles Longuet of 4 January 1881;
484
An excerpt from this letter was first published in English in: K. Marx and F. En-
gels, Ireland and the Irish Question, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1971. 359, 363,
448
485
Liebknecht wrote to Engels on 26 November 1885 asking his assistance in obtain-
ing material in English on the financial situation of Russia for a'speech he was to
make in the Reichstag about the granting of a German loan to Russia. Liebknecht
made use of Engels' recommendations during his Reichstag speech of 8 February
1886 (see also Note 551).359, 365, 377
486
The speech by Wilhelm Liebknecht to which Engels refers was made in the
Reichstag on 24 November 1885. In it, Liebknecht sharply criticised Bismarck's
home and foreign policy, for which he was called to order. 361
487
The British general election took place from 23 November to 19 December 1885.
The Liberals obtained 335 seats of which 4 belonged to the ' independents' , the
Conservatives 249 and the supporters of Irish Home Rule, 86 seats. These were the
first elections held after the parliamentary reform of 1884 (see Note 299). 361,
364, 367, 390
488
At the beginning of the 1880s, the English bourgeoisie started to call for protective
tariffs due to growing competition on the world market from the United States and
Germany, thus departing from the principles of free trade as advocated by the
Manchester school (see Note 283). 361
489
The slogan The Church in danger\ was advanced by the Conservatives during the
British election campaign in the autumn of 1885. It was prompted by the fact that
the Liberals supported the demand raised by bourgeois-radical elements and Irish
Catholics for the separation of the Anglican Church from the state. When the Con-
servative propaganda attracted a favourable response among a large number of
voters, the Liberals to all intents and purposes ceased to support this demand.
361
490
This letter was written in connection with the preparatory work Karl Kautsky was
doing at Engels' initiative and on his instructions (see this volume, p. 344) on
a rsum of Die Geschichte der ersten Sozialpolitischen Arbeiterbewegung in Deutschland
by the German Journalist Georg Adler. The book depicted the history of the Com-
munist League and Marx' s revolutionary activities in a distorted manner. The r-
sum was published in Die Neue Zeit, No. 2, February 1886. 362
491
In his book Georg Adler wrote that, as editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, Marx
had allegedly been constantly subjected to insults and physical attacks which
posed a serious threat to his life. In his rsum of the book, Karl Kautsky ridiculed
this allegation as instructed by Engels. By way of proof he cited an episode recalled
to him by Engels. Two armed non-commissioned officers had appeared at Marx' s
home demanding retribution for his alleged derision of the title of non-
commissioned officer. Marx had greeted them in a dressing gown with the butt of
614
Notes
an unloaded pistol protruding from the pocket. At the sight of this, the NCOs had
quickly taken their leave (see present edition, Vol. 38, pp. 192-93). 362
492
Georg Adler claimed in his book (see Note 490) that Moses Hess had taken part in
the South German uprising of May 1849, for which he had been sentenced to
death. In his rsum, Karl Kautsky refuted this unsubstantiated claim on Engels'
instructions. 362
4 9 3
The reference is to the works by Marx which were prepared for republication
and issued with Engels' prefaces by the German Social-Democratic publishing
house in Hottingen-Zurich in 1885-86: ' The Preface to the Pamphlet Karl Marx
Before the Cologne Jury'; On the History of the Communist League (see present edition,
Vol. 26), and also Engels' work ' On the History of the Prussian Peasants. The In-
troduction to Wilhelm Wolffs Pamphlet The Silesian Milliard' (see present edi-
tion, Vol. 26) . 363
494
In the course of 1884 and 1885 Engels edited the German translation of The Poverty
of Philosophy (present edition, Vol. 5), the English translation of The Condition of the
Working-Class in England (Vol. 2), the Italian and Danish translations of The Ori-
gin of the Family, Private Property and the State (Vol. 26) as well as the translations of
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (Vol. 11 ) and the Manifesto of the Commu-
nist Party (Vol. 6) into French and other languages. 364
495
This letter was first published in English in an abridged form in The Labour
Monthly, London, 1933, Vol. 15, No. 11, XI. 366
496
Henry Mayers Hyndman and Henry Hyde Champion, the leaders of the Social
Democratic Federation (see Note 300) received money from the Conservative
Party to put up their candidates at the 1885 general election (see Note 487). The
Federation fielded candidates in London constituencies Hampstead and Ken-
sington where they had no prospects of winning but could capture a proportion
of the Liberal vote to the benefit of the Conservatives. The Federation' s leadership
attempted to justify their agreement to these conditions by claiming that the elec-
tion campaign merely served as propaganda for the future revolution. This created
displeasure among many of the Federation's members, as a result of which a num-
ber of them resigned and several local organisations split from the Federation. The
Echo, Nos. 5285 and 5287, 5 and 7 December 1885 carried a statement from John
Edward Williams, one of the Federation's candidates, claiming he was not aware
of the receipt of any money from the Tories, an editorial giving details of how the
money had been received and a note by Federation member Charles L. Fitzgerald
criticising the leadership. Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 51, 17 December 1885, pub-
lished an editorial based on this letter by Engels, material from The Echo and a let-
ter by Hubert Bland, one of the Federation officials, dealing with the meetings of
the Executive Committee on 9 and 12 November at which Hyndman and Cham-
pion had been censured for their actions. 366-67, 369, 376, 394, 404, 406
497
The reference is to the attempt made by the leaders of the German Conservative
Party (see Note 230) and the Christian-Social Party, Adolph Wagner and Adolf
Stoecker, to conclude an electoral alliance with the Social Democrats against the
candidates of the Party of Progress (see Note 93) during the Berlin elections of No-
vember 1881. They agreed to support Social-Democratic candidates (August Be-
bel and Wilhelm Hasenclever) in two Berlin constituencies on condition that the
Notes
615
Socialist Workers' Party acknowledged the 'social reforms' being carried out by
Bismarck's government and backed the implementation of these 'reforms' with
a view to warding off a revolution. On behalf of the party, Bebel and Liebknecht
sharply rebuffed these manoeuvres on the part of the reactionaries. Their state-
ment was published in the Volks-êitung, 19 November 1881. 367
498
In a statement headed ' The Socialists and the General Election' and carried by
The Pall Mall Gazette, 4 December 1885, John Hunter Watts, the treasurer of
the Social Democratic Federation (see Note 300), tried to justify the actions of' an
ill-advised few London Socialists' by claiming that they intended 'to take ammuni-
tion from the enemy in order to blaze it in their faces'. 367
499
The substance of this letter formed the basis for the editorial ' Angleterre' published
in Le Socialiste, No. 16, 12 December 1885.368
500
The Republican Social Economy Society (Socit Rpublicaine d'conomie sociale)
was founded on 7 November 1885 at the initiative of the Possibilist (see Note 237)
leader Benot Malon. The society set itself the aim of studying the social question
and putting forward plans for imminent reforms. 368
501
In its leading article ' En Angleterre', dealing with the results of the elections to the
House of Commons, Le Socialiste, No. 15, 5 December 1885 quoted from the elec-
tion platform put forward by John Edward Williams, a candidate for the Social
Democratic Federation (see Note 300), and also mentioned other candidates from
this party. 368
502
The reference is to two notes by Henry Mayers Hyndman published in Justice,
No. 90, 3 October and No. 92, 17 October 1885 where he accuses Edward Aveling of
offending against an agreement concluded between various socialist organisations
about speeches to be made by socialists at the Dod Street demonstration of 27 Sep-
tember 1885. Hyndman' s accusation was refuted in a statement signed by 31 mem-
bers of socialist organisations. The statement together with both notes from Justice
was carried by The Commonweal, No. 10, November 1885 in an article entitled
'Free Speech and the Police'.370, 394
503
On 16 November 1885 Hermann Schlter wrote to Engels asking for the address of
Johann Georg Eccarius, the former secretary of the General Council of the First
International. He intended to reissue the latter's book Eines Arbeiters Widerlegung
der national-konomischen Lehren John Stuart Mill's in the Social-Democratic pub-
lishing house in Zurich; Schlter believed that Eccarius would revise his book. It
appeared in 1888, without any changes on Engels' advice. 371
504
Engels is referring to the Prussian armed intervention of 1787 in the Netherlands,
which was aimed at crushing the uprising by the opposition party of' patriots' . The
party had used the defeat of the Dutch in the war with Britain (1784) to seize
power and expel Stadtholder William V. The Prussian forces invaded the country
and restored him to power. 372
505
The reference is to the short biography of Marx carried by Le Socialiste, No. 12,
14 November 1885 and probably written by Paul Lafargue. 373, 374
506
Hermann Schlter wrote to Engels on 19 December 1885 that Lothar Bucher, in
his pamphlet Der Parlamentarismus wie er ist claimed a Journalist in the pay of Pal-
merston had written a pamphlet entitled Palmerston, What Has He Done? at the latter's
616 Notes
bidding. Schlter asked Engels whether Bucher was not perhaps alluding to
Marx' s pamphlet Lord Palmerston (present edition, Vol. 12). 374
507
The reference is to Paul Lafargue's letter to Engels of 21 January 1885 in which he
asked Engels to send him a cheque for 12 (see F. Engels, Paul and Laura La-
fargue, Correspondence, Vol. 1, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow,
1959, p. 322).375
508
In his letter of 21 December 1885 Paul Lafargue asked Engels to send him Justice,
No. 100, 12 December 1885 containing a statement by Henry Mayers Hyndman
and other leaders of the Social Democratic Federation in which they sought to re-
fute the accusations levelled at Hyndman for his having received money from the
Conservatives to finance the election campaign (see this volume, pp. 366-
68).376
509
Engels is playing on the fact of which Paul Lafargue informed him that the
oldest of all bridges in Paris, the Pont Neuf, which became proverbial for its
strength, was partly destroyed when the Seine burst its banks. It is an allusion to
Lafargue's illnesses. 376
5
' The obituary to Sigismund Borkheim was carried by Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 3,
15 January 1886 under the heading 'In memoriam!'. It was probably written by Wil-
helm Liebknecht. The factual inaccuracies it contained were corrected by the au-
thor in the following issue in a note headed 'Sigismund Borkheim' [Der Sozialde-
mokrat, 21 January 1886). The date, year and place of Borkheim's birth were put
right, as were the years he attended school and a number of facts associated with
the events of 1848.
Engels wrote a short biographical sketch of Borkheim by way of an introduc-
tion to S. Borkheim, ûr Erinnerung fr die deutschen Mordspatrioten. 1806-1807, Hottin-
gen-Zurich, 1888. It was published on Engels' initiative and with his assistance (see
present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 446-51).377, 379
51
' Engels wrote this letter by way of a supplement to his letter of 28 December 1885
to Wilhelm Liebknecht in which he had requested Liebknecht to place the obitu-
ary of Borkheim in Der Sozialdemokrat (see this volume, p. 377). 380
512
The Paris Peace Treaty, which ended the Crimean War of 1853-56, was signed by
representatives of Russia, Austria, France, Great Britain, Sardinia, Turkey and
Prussia on 18 (30) March 1856.380
5
'
3
The reference is to the clashes of ideas which occurred under the Anti-Socialist
Law (see Note 37) in the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany between December
1884 and mid-July 1885. The question was whether it was possible for two ideolog-
ical tendencies revolutionary-proletarian and opportunistto coexist within
the framework of a single party in the German workers' movement. Differences of
principle on a wide range of issues emerged between the representatives of these
two tendencies within the Socialist Workers' Party: the strategy and tactics of the
workers' movement, inner-party discipline, the significance of parliamentary,ac-
tivity by socialist deputies, the role of the bourgeois state and the social reforms being
carried out by the government, etc.
Engels wrote to Bebel setting out his attitude to Liebknecht's position in the
conflict as described in this letter (see this volume, p. 387). 382
5
'
4
The reference is to the annual reports of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor. From
Notes
617
1869 onwards these bureaus were set up in numerous US states under pressure
from workers' organisations. 382, 396
5
'
5
An allusion to Wilhelm Bios' speech in the Reichstag on 9 January 1886 during the
first reading of the bill on the construction of a Baltic canal (see Note 519). 383
516
The reference is to the attempt of 14 June 1848 by German workers and artisans
during the revolution to seize an arsenal in Berlin. 383
517
Engels provided Liebknecht with additional brief biographical details of Bork-
heim for the obituary (see this volume, pp. 379 and 381). 383
518
The reference is to Bebel's and Liebknecht's planned trip to the United States to
raise funds for the German Social Democrats' election campaign (see this volume,
pp. 14 and 114). Liebknecht departed alone on the trip, which lasted from Sep-
tember to December 1886, whilst Eleanor Marx-Aveling and Edward Aveling
stayed in the United States almost concurrently with him (see Note 600). 383,
391, 429, 446
5
'
9
The reference is to the project for the construction of a ship canal in Schleswig-
Holstein connecting the harbour of Kiel with the mouth of the River Elbe near
Brunsbttel, subsequently called the Kiel Canal (alternatively, the North Sea-
Baltic Canal, Kaiser Wilhelm Canal). The bill providing for its construction was
presented to the Reichstag by Bismarck on 12 December 1885 and discussed on
9 Januar y and 20 February 1886. It was enacted at the third reading on 25 Febru-
ary 1886.
On Engels' attitude to the bill, see also this volume, p. 388. 383
520
In 1884 and 1885 Die Neue Zjil carried a number of articles by Max Quarck. En-
gels vehemently protested against Quarck contributing to the journal (see this
volume, pp. 164 and 258).385, 418
521
A fragment from this letter was published in English for the first time in The Labour
Monthly, London, 1933, Vol. 15, No. 11, XL386, 393, 426, 439, 445
522
This letter is Engels' reply to August Bebel's letter of 7 December 1885 in which
Bebel insisted on publishing in the press a critique of C. A. Schramm, Rodbertus,
Marx, Lassalle. Sozialwissenschaftliche Studie and asked Engels to assist Karl
Kautsky with the same.
Schramm' s book was the continuation of the polemic between Kautsky and him-
self (see Note 523). In it the author once again tried to play down the signifi-
cance of Marx' s theoretical and practical work. Eduard Bernstein provided a criti-
cal analysis of this work in a series of articles headed 'Ein moralischer Kritiker
und seine kritische Moral' and published in Der Sozialdemokrat, Nos. 4-7, 21, 28 Janu-
ary, 5 and 12 February 1886.387, 391
5 2 3
Kautsky began the polemic with Schramm by publishing a critique of Rodbertus'
Das Kapital von Rodbertus in Die Neue eit, Nos. 8 and 9, 1884. This was occasioned
by the attempts of the armchair socialists (see Note 54) to set Rodbertus against
Marx and depict him as the most outstanding theoretician of political economy.
Engels looked through the article (see this volume, pp. 193-94). Schramm defend-
ed Rodbertus in the article ' K. Kautsky und Rodbertus' carried by Die Neue eit,
No. 11, 1884. The same issue contained Kautsky's reply, 'Eine Replik'. Following
the inclusion under the heading ' Marx und Rodbertus' in the January issue of Die
Neue Jêit of Engels' preface to the German translation of Marx' s La Misere de la
618
Notes
philosophie, the polemic continued in Die Neue Zjil, No. 5, 1885 with the publication
of Schramm' s ' Antwort an Herrn K. Kautsky' and Kautsky's reply headed ' Das
Schlusswort'. That marked its end. 387
524
The reference is to the expulsion of 30,000 Poles who were not German subjects
from the Eastern provinces of Prussia. This prompted Dr Ludwig von Jazdzewski
to request an explanation on behalf of the Polish faction in the Reichstag on 28 No-
vember 1885, a move supported by the Social-Democratic deputies. At the Reichs-
tag sitting of 1 December 1885 Bismarck made use of a message from William I in
an attempt to prevent the matter being discussed. He claimed that it came under
the jurisdiction of the Prussian government and could not therefore be debated by
the Reichstag. However, the Social Democrats successfully insisted on a discussion,
which took place on 15-16 January 1886. 389
525
This is Engels' reply to a letter from Edward R. Pease, a member of the Executive
Committee of the Fabian Society, who had requested him to write a brief rsum
of the most important economic, social and political proposals of the party for
a pamphlet called What Is Socialism? that was in preparation.
The Fabian Society an organisation founded in 1884 by democratically-
minded intellectuals. The society took its name from a Roman general who lived in
the third century B. C, viz. Quintus Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator ('the
delayer') for his cautious tactics in the war against Hannibal. A leading role in the
society was played by Sidney and Beatrice Webb, George Bernard Shaw and oth-
ers. The branches of the society included among their members workers attracted
by the sharp criticism of capitalist relations contained in the Fabians' publications.
The Fabians rejected Marx' s and Engels' doctrine of class struggle and the revolu-
tionary transformation of bourgeois society, considering it possible to carry out the
transition from capitalism to socialism by way of a number of reforms within the
framework of what they called municipal socialism. 392
526
Marx' s comments on the English translation of Volume I of Capital in the margins
of the manuscript in 1877 were occasioned by the planned publication of the book
in the United States, which failed to materialise. Marx then sent the manuscript to
Friedrich Adolph Sorge. Having discovered that Engels was editing the English
translation of the first volume, Sorge wrote to him on 3 August 1885 offering to
send him the manuscript. Engels received it in early 1886. 393, 439
527
In October 1885 To-Day began to publish the English translation of the first vol-
ume of Capital done by Henry Mayers Hyndman (pseudonym John Broadhouse).
Engels criticised the beginning of this translation (of the first and a part of the sec-
ond sections of Chapter One) carried by To-Day, vol. 4, No. 22, in his article ' How
Not to Translate Marx' (see present edition, Vol. 26). The translation was pub-
lished in the journal up to May 1889 inclusive; it covered the first seven chapters
and a large part of Chapter Eight of the first volume. 393, 419, 424, 440
528
The English edition of Engels' Socialism: Utopian and Sdentific was published in Ed-
ward Aveling's translation in London in 1892. 394, 416, 464, 523
529
Engels is referring to Joseph Dietzgen's contributions to the American newspapers
Der Sozialist and the New Yorker Volkszeitung, organs of the Socialist Labor Party
(see Note 549) in which the Lassalleans held leading positions at the time. Sorge
Notes
619
repeatedly informed Engels that Dietzgen's articles in these newspapers were being
altered and distorted. 395, 441
530
This letter is Engels' reply to that from Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky of 10 Ja-
nuary 1886 in which she asked him to send her the corrected manuscript of her En-
glish translation of The Condition of the Working-Class in England for dispatch to the
United States via R. M. Foster. 395
531
Engels is replying to a number of questions Nieuwenhuis posed in his letter of
28 January 1886 in connection with his work on the Dutch translation of the pam-
phlet Socialism: Utopian and Scientific; the pamphlet also included Engels' article
' The Mark' as an appendix (see present edition, Vol. 24).
A fragment of this letter was first published in English in: K. Marx, F. Engels,
V. l . Lenin, On Scientific Communism, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1967. 397
532
Under the rundale system Irish tenant farmers each paid rent separately for his
plot of the land which had formerly belonged to the entire gens but later had been
seized by the British invaders. However, they then put all the arable and grazing
land together and divided it into strips according to location and quality, with
each farmer receiving a share of each lot. For Engels' description of this system, see
present edition, Vol. 26, p. 234. - 398
533
Engels wrote this letter on a postcard addressed as follows: 'Monsieur P. Lavroff,
328 rue St. Jacques, Paris, France.' It is his reply to Lavrov's request, voiced in
a letter of 23 January 1886 for a publication in which he might find a description of
the external appearance, habits, etc., of the 'foremost English worthies'. 399
534
The reference is to Nikolai Danielson's preface to the first Russian edition of Vol-
ume II of Capital (see notes 155 and 168). In his letter to Engels of 31 December
1885 Danielson informed the recipient that he had completed the Russian transla-
tion of the second volume of Capital and was waiting for the third volume to ap-
pear. 400
535
It is probable that Nikolai Danielson's remarks about the economic situation in
Russia were contained in his letters of 30 November, 7 January and 20 January
whose whereabouts are unknown. 401
536
Greenbackersa political party in the Western American states formed in March
1875 and chiefly composed of farmers. It opposed the removal from circulation of
the paper money (bills with a green reverse) issued during the Civil War of 1861-
65, a measure carried out due to its devaluation. The Greenbackers wrongly
thought that the retention of a large volume of paper money would bring about
a rise in the price of agricultural produce. Following the inclusion of a number of
working-class demands in the party programme, a considerable number of workers
joined the party, which became known as the Greenback Labor Party. The party
fell apart after 1884.401
537
Engels wrote this letter on a postcard addressed: ' F. A. Sorge Esq., Hoboken N. Y.,
U. S. America.'
On its first publication in English, see Note 27. 402
538
The supporters of protective tariffs, including pro-Conservative trade union offi-
cials (S. Peters, T. M. Kelly, W. Kenny and T. Lemon, who were expelled at the
Trades Union Congress in Manchester in 1882) held a meeting in Trafalgar
Square on 8 February 1886. The Social Democratic Federation (see Note 300) or-
620 Notes
ganised a meeting and unemployed demonstration in opposition to the Conserva-
tive campaign for protective tariffs. This demonstration (see this volume, pp. 403-
04 and 406-08) was joined by the lumpenproletarian elements, who began to be-
have in an unruly manner and loot shops. The police subsequently arrested Henry
Mayers Hyndman, John Burns, Henry Hyde Champion and John Edward Wil-
liams, the leaders of the Federation, on a charge of making 'inciting speeches'. The
trial ended on 10 April with their acquittal. 403, 407, 427, 434
539
Karl Kautsky published a report on the events of 8 February 1886 in Der Sozialde-
mokrat, No. 8, 19 February under the heading 'Der anarchistisch-sozialistische
Aufruhr in London' and in the Viennese newspaper Die Deutsche Wochenschrift,
No. 8, 21 February under the heading ' Arbeiterunruhen in London' . 404, 407
540
The reference is to the conviction of E. Jones, J. Fussell, I. Williams, A. Sharpe
and T. Vernon, who were arrested in early June 1848 in connection with a Char-
tist demonstration planned for 12 June in London; they were each sentenced to two
years' imprisonment and fined on a charge of incitement to revolt and overthrow
the government. Harney was not among those arrested; it was at his initiative that
a special fund was set up to assist the convicted and their families. 404
54
' On 12 February 1886 Bebel requested Engels to provide him with information on
the activities of the Social Democratic Federation (see Note 300) and on the events
in London (see Note 538), since the German reactionary press was using them as
an excuse in support of the need to prolong the Anti-Socialist Law (see Note 37).
Bebel intended to take part in the discussion of this matter in the Reichstag.
On the letter's first publication in English, see Note 521. 406
542
The Conservative government of Lord Robert Arthur Salisbury resigned on 26 Jan-
uary 1886; it was replaced in early February by a Liberal government formed by
William Ewart Gladstone. 407
543
Fair Trade the name given in 1881 in Great Britain to a movement to protect in-
dustry from foreign competition by means of import duties. The movement was or-
ganised by certain quarters from the Conservative Party who founded the Fair
Trade League that same year. The League was joined by a small group of trade
union officials. 407
544
According to The Annual Register: A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad, for
the year 1886, New Series, London, 1887, the subscription fund amounted to
78,000, or 28,000 more than the official estimation of the damage. 409
545
3,500 miners went on strike in Decazeville (department of Aveyron) on 26 (27?)
January 1886 in response to the ruthless exploitation to which they were exposed
by the owners of the Aveyron Association of Coalmines and Foundries. At the be-
ginning of the strike, the miners killed W
r
atrin, the manager of the collieries, who
had refused to heed their demands. The government sent troops to Decazeville.
The strike continued until mid-June and evoked a broad response in France; the
events led to the formation in the Chamber of Deputies of a workers' group which
supported the miners' demands. The strike ended in the surrender of the company
to the miners; an increased rate was promised, and the obnoxious officials dis-
missed.409, 424, 428, 434, 437, 442, 470, 478, 489, 507
546
An excerpt from this letter has survived only as a newspaper publication in Le So-
cialiste, No. 115, 24 November 1900 with the heading 'Engels et les radicaux' .
On the letter's first publication in English, see Note 196.410
Notes
621
547
This letter was written by Engels on a postcard addressed: ' Herrn E. Bernstein,
Asylstr. 43, Hottingen-Zrich, Switzerland.'
It was used in the editorial note 'Aus Frankreich' , Der Sozialdemokrat,
No. 10, 5 March 1886.414
548
This is Engels' reply to Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky's letter of 22 February in
which she wrote about the forthcoming publication in America of the English
translation of his The Condition of the Working-Class in England, the major impor-
tance of this publication for the American workers and the need for translations of
other works by Engels. 415
549
The Socialist Labor Party of the United States (originally called the Workingmen's
Party) was founded at the unification congress held in Philadelphia on 19-22 June
1876 as a result of the merger between the American sections of the First Interna-
tional, led by Friedrich Adolph Sorge and Otto Weydemeyer, and the Labor
Party of Illinois and Social Democratic Party, led by Adolph Strasser, A. Gabriel
and Peter J. McGuire. However, the party failed to become a mass organisation
throughout the country due to the sectarian policies pursued by the leadership
which neglected to form links with the mass organisations of the indigenous Ameri-
can proletariat, and due to the predominance of the Lassallean influence in a num-
ber of local organisations. 415, 491, 530
550
On the instructions of Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky, the translator of Engels'
The Condition of the Working-Class in England, R. Foster secretary of the Na-
tional Women Suffrage Association sought a publisher to put out the book in
the USA. She turned to the Executive Committee of the Socialist Labor Party (see
Note 549) for help, and on 8 February 1886 the latter set up a special commission
for the purpose of negotiating with publishing houses. However, the negotiations
were protracted, and the book was issued in May 1887 without any involvement
on the part of the Committee. 415, 441
551
On 8 February 1886 Wilhelm Liebknecht took part in the Reichstag discussion of
the imperial budget, which provided for financial assistance to the Russian govern-
ment. Relying on advice from Engels and the material he had sent him, Lieb-
knecht analysed the state of the Russian Empire's finances and stressed that Bis-
marck was rendering it financial assistance in order to help government overcome
economic difficulties and prevent them growing into a domestic political crisis (see
this volume, pp. 360, 365).417
552
For the appropriate passage in Engels' 'Appendix to the American edition of The
Condition of the Working Class in England
1
, see present edition, Vol. 26, p. 400.
420
553 When addressing his letter of 21 December 1885 to Martignetti, Engels mistakenly
gave his name as Paolo instead of Pasquale (see this volume, p. 374), which de-
layed delivery. 421
554
The Volks-Kalender published in Brunswick in 1878 contained Engels' work
' Karl Marx' (see present edition, Vol. 24) which Pasquale Martignetti was trans-
lating into Italian for publication in one volume together with Marx' s Wage Labour
and Capital. Since two pages were stuck together in Martignetti' s copy of the
622 Notes
Volks-Kalender, he was not able to translate them in full and asked Engels to fill in
the missing text in the manuscript sent to him for editing. 421, 494
555
On 10 March 1886 Schlter informed Engels that Dietz had received 1,000 copies
of his The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State from the Social-
Democratic publishing house in Zurich and provided them with a new title page
for sale as the second edition in Germany. 422, 475
5 5 6
Hermann Schlter intended to publish as a separate volume the reports of the Gen-
eral Council to the congresses of the International Working Men' s Association
and therefore enquired of Engels when and where they had been printed. He
further informed him that 'a translation into Armenian of Marx' s Wage Labour and
Capital recently appeared in Constantinople' . 422
557
On 10 March 1886 Hermann Schlter informed Engels that he intended to pub-
lish as a separate pamphlet a speech by the Reverend Joseph Stephens, one of the
leaders of the Chartist movement, which had been printed in Georg Weerth' s arti-
cle 'Joseph Rayner Stephens, Prediger zu Staleybridge, und die Bewegung der en-
glischen Arbeiter im Jahre 1839' contained in Rheinische Jahrbcher zur gesellschaft-
lichen Reform, Herausgegeben unter Mitwirkung Webserer von Hermann Ptt-
mann, Vol. II, Belle-Vue, near Constanz, 1846. Schlter asked Engels to look
through the introduction he had written for this publication. He later changed his
plans and published the manuscript anonymously after Engels had looked through
it under the title Die Chartistenbewegung in England, Hottingen-Zrich, 1887 (see
also Note 453).422, 453, 467, 475, 528
558
Engels is replying to Hermann Schlter's question about when the People's Char-
ter was drawn up.
The purpose of the mass demonstration planned for 10 April 1848 was to present
to Parliament the Chartists' third petition supporting the admission of the People's
Charter. Unconfirmed reports said the petition was signed by some five mil-
lion people. However, the demonstration was prohibited by the government and
did not take place. 422
559
Engels is probably referring to the article ' French Socialists at the Ballot Box' by
A. S. Headingley, carried by The Justice, No. 113, 13 March 1886. The article de-
scribes the Possibilists (see Note 237) as the main socialist organisation in France
but fails to mention the formation of a workers' group in the Chamber of Deputies
(see this volume, pp. 409-10). 424
560
On 18 March 1886 two thousand people gathered in Paris to commemorate the fif-
teenth anniversary of the Paris Commune. The meeting was addressed by Paul La-
fargue, Jules Guesde, Louise Michel, Gabriel Deville and Oury. Engels sent a let-
ter of greetings which was published in Le Socialiste, No. 31, 27 March 1886 (see
present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 406-07). 425
561
In connection with Wilhelm Liebknecht's forthcoming 60th birthday, on 29 March
1886, a group of Social-Democratic deputies in the Reichstag (Ignaz Auer, August
Bebel, Paul Singer and others) proposed setting up a fund to assist him and his
family. Bebel attached the group's appeal to his letter to Engels of 9 March and
requested him to make his contribution. 426
562
At the sitting of 18 February 1886 in the Reichstag Paul Singer exposed Ferdinand
Ihring, an employee of the police criminal investigation department, who had in-
Notes 623
filtrated a workers' society in Berlin under the name of Mahlow and incited the
workers to carry out acts of terrorism for the purpose of provocation. 426
563
This probably refers to Wilhelm Liebknecht's speech at the workers' meeting on
8 March 1886 in Berlin. Liebknecht rebuffed the claims by government circles that
the Anti-Socialist Law was of an 'educative significance' for the Social Democrats
and exposed the attempts to pass off the introduction of a state monopoly on spirits
as a 'socialist' measure. 427
564
The Chamber of Deputies passed the resolution on 15 March 1886 by 379 votes to
100.428
565
On 17 March 1886 Paul Lafargue wrote to Engels that Benot Malon, one of the
Possibilist (see Note 237) leaders, was seeking to set up a parliamentary group
made up of socialists of all complexions except those who were 'too red' . 430
566
On 1 March 1886 La Nouvelle Revue, whose editor-in-chief was Juliette Adam,
published Paul Lafargue's article 'Le Matriarcat...' . On 17 March 1886 he wrote
to Engels, 'You will have received the copy of La Nouvelle Revue which I sent you
yesterday. So as to correspond to the magazine's level of publications I have made
the theoretical part much shorter; in the proofs Mme Adam has abridged it even
more... However one should not blame her since she has dropped rather serious
things which would have shocked brave philistines who subscribe to it. The prud-
ery of the Parisian journals is incredible...' 431
567
In 1884 the Journal des Economistes. Revue de la science conomique et de la statistique
carried the following articles by Lafargue: in Nos. 7 and 8, 'Le bl en Amrique,
production et commerce' ; in No. 9, ' La thorie de la plus-value de Karl Marx et la
critique de M. Paul Leroy-Beaulieu'; in No. 11, 'Le "Capital" de Karl Marx et la
critique de M. Block'. The Revue philosophique de la France et de l'tranger,
Vol. XX, September 1885, published Lafargue's article 'Recherches sur les ori-
gines de l'ide du bien et du juste' . 431
568
Each issue of La Nouvelle Revue contained a section headed 'Lettres sur la polit-
ique extrieure' and signed ' J. Adam' . 431
569
On 18 March 1886 South Place Chapel in London was the venue for a meeting to
commemorate the anniversary of the Paris Commune. The meeting was addressed
by representatives of the Socialist League (see Note 346) (Eleanor Marx-Aveling,
Frank Kitz and others), the Social Democratic Federation (see Note 300) (Tom
Mann, Harry Quelch and others), Friedrich Lessner from the German Workers'
Educational Society (see Note 162) and also a number of anarchists, including
Pyotr Kropotkin. 431
5
' In her letter of reply written in April 1886, Vera Zasulich thanked Engels for send-
ing her the Russian translation of the second volume of Capital and gave her pre-
cise address: ' Madame Beldinsky, Maison Goss-Renevier, Chemin de la Queue
d'Arve, Plain palais, Genve.' 432
571
The reference is to the Reichstag repeated debates on the prolongation of the Anti-
Socialist Law held on 30 and 31 March and 2 April 1886. Engels is alluding to the
bold interventions by the leaders of the German Social Democrats. Speaking on
31 March, for example, August Bebel stated that the government would not require
any anti-socialist law if it was in a position to halt the proletarianisation of the
624 Notes
masses but since it was not in a position to do so no anti-socialist laws would
help it. In his speech of 2 April Wilhelm Liebknecht severely criticised Bismarck's
speech in which he had accused Bebel of advocating terror, and compared Bis-
marck' s regime with that of the Second Empire in France.
On 2 April 1886 the Anti-Socialist Law was prolonged for two years at the
third reading by 169 votes to 137.433, 437, 442
572
Engels is quoting from a popular satirical song dating from 1844-45. Tschech's At-
tentat relates to the unsuccessful attempt on the life of Frederick William IV staged
on 26 July 1844 by H. L. Tschech, the mayor of Storkow.
The second song, Freifrau von Droste-Vischering, is a parody directed against the
Catholic clergy in Trier. 434
573
In the Reichstag discussion on the prolongation of the Anti-Socialist Law on
31 March 1886, Bismarck turned to August Bebel and said that, although he could
not prove that Marx had engaged in ' training murderers' , Ferdinand Blind who
had made an attempt on his life on 7 May 1866 was a pupil of Marx. At Engels'
insistence, Laura Lafargue and Eleanor Marx-Aveling made a statement on the
matter in which they categorically rejected this false allegation. The statement was
published in Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 16, 15 April 1886 and reprinted in Le Socia-
liste, No. 35, 24 April 1886.435, 437
574
Engels is referring to the formation of a workers' group in the French Chamber of
Deputies (see this volume, pp. 409-10 and 413). 437
575
The reference is to the sentence passed by the criminal court in Villefranche on
17 April 1886 on the socialists Ernest Roche and Albert Duc-Quercy. As special cor-
respondents of L'Intransigeant and Le Cri du Peuple during the strike at Decazeville
(see Note 545), they had been arrested there on a charge of inciting acts of violence
and the organised downing of tools. Roche and Duc-Quercy were each sentenced
to 15 months' imprisonment. 438, 442
576
The reference is to the by-elections to the Chamber of Deputies held in Paris on
2 May 1886. The socialist parties and groups (with the exception of the Possibilists,
see Note 237) put forward Ernest Roche as their candidate, whilst the Radicals no-
minated Alfred Nicholas Gaulier. Roche received 100,000 votes, and Gaulier
146,000. At the previous elections on 4 October 1885 the socialist vote had been
over 35,500.
At the poll to elect part of the Paris municipal council on 31 October 1886
the socialist candidate Duc-Quercy received 901 votes, whilst Faillet collected
988 votes for the Possibilists.438, 442, 444, 446, 470
577
In May 1886, The Commonweal started to appear weekly instead of monthly. Ed-
ward Aveling used this as an occasion to leave the editorial board which was in-
creasingly being influenced by anarchist ideas. Aveling's letter of resignation was
made public in the first weekly issue (No. 16) of 1 May 1886. The letter merely said
that 'the necessary demands of a weekly on an editor's time can only be met by
those in relatively more fortunate positions'. Thereafter Aveling contributed to
The Commonweal from time to time on a freelance basis. 438, 443, 446
578
In the article 'Ein Musterbourgeois ist Herr Kalle...' published in the 'Sozialpoli-
tische Rundschau' column, Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 16, 15 April 1886 carried a re-
port on the speech made in the Reichstag on 2 April by manufacturers' association
Notes 625
president Fritz Kalle during the debate on the prolongation of the Anti-Socialist
Law (see Note 571). Kalle claimed that the Social Democrats aspired to the 'com-
munality of wives' (Weibergemeinschaft) and quoted in a distorted manner from
the Manifesto of the Communist Party to back up his claim. At the same sitting Wil-
helm Liebknecht sharply rebuffed Kalle and provided documentary evidence to
show that the quotation was not from Marx, but from Pastor Schuster. 438
'
9
Engels is referring to Pionier. Illustrirter Volks-Kalender fr 1886, New York,
which carried a biographical article entitled 'Aus dem Leben eines alten Sozialde-
mokraten' about Carl Daniel Adolph Douai, a German socialist who had partici-
pated in the 1848 revolution and was living as an migr in the United States.
440
10
The reference is to the critical remarks about the style of the second volume of Cap-
ital which Friedrich Adolph Sorge received from a German socialist emigre in
the United States and communicated to Engels in his letter of 28 February 1886.
440
1
' Engels is referring to the mass campaign for the eight-hour working day which de-
veloped in major centres of US industry (Chicago, New York, Pittsburgh, Cinci-
natti, St Louis, Boston, Baltimore, Milwaukee) in the spring of 1886. The cam-
paign culminated in a general strike and mass demonstrations on 1 May 1886 in-
volving over 350,000 people. Almost 200,000 workers secured a shorter working
day as a result. 441, 452
12
In the spring of 1886 the United States witnessed a mass proletarian campaign for
the eight-hour working day (see Note 581). Up to 65,000 people went on strike in
Chicago in the first days of May. Workers clashed with police at a meeting held on
3 May. During the following day' s protest meeting in Haymarket Square an agent
provocateur threw a bomb which exploded and killed seven policemen and four
workers. The police opened fire on the crowd, as a result of which a number were
killed and over 200 wounded. Mass arrests were carried out and the leaders of the
Chicago Labor Union brought before the court. Despite the broad campaign in
defence of the accused in the United States and a number of European countries,
four of them Albert R. Parsons, August Spies, Adolph Fischer and George En-
gel were hanged on 11 November 1887 on the decision of the US Supreme
Court.
In memory of the events of 1886 in Chicago, the International Socialists' Con-
gress held in Paris in 1889 resolved to proclaim 1 May International Workers'
Day.446, 449, 451
3
This letter is Engels' reply to that of 10 May 1886 from the Hamburg publishers
F. H. Nestler und Melle asking him to edit the ' Handbibliothek der Sozial-
Oekonomie' which they were planning to issue. The edition was to be a series of
pamphlets containing statements on social issues by prominent academics.
The letter was first published abridged in English in: K. Marx, F. Engels,
V. I. Lenin, The Communist View on Morality, Novosti Press Agency Publishing
House, Moscow, 1974. 447
4
The debates on the Irish Arms Bill to which Engels refers occurred at the second
reading in the House of Commons on 20 May 1886. The purpose of the bill was to
prolong the ban on the sale, carrying and importation of arms for certain areas of
626 Notes
Ireland which had been instituted with The Peace Preservation (Ireland) Act of 1881.
In his substantiation of the bill, John Morley, Secretary of State for Ireland, said
that it was particularly important in the North of Ulster, where an overt campaign
for the organisation of resistance to the introduction of Irish Home Rule was being
carried on among the Protestant population (Englishmen). Randolph Churchill
set out to show that these steps were legitimate by referring to Lord Althorp and
Sir Robert Peel, who in 1833 had spoken of a possible justification for civil war
should a threat emerge to the integrity of the British Empire. In his reply, Glad-
stone accused Churchill of supporting resistance to government measures. The bill
was adopted in the House of Commons by 303 votes to 89.
The material which Engels sent and the ideas expressed in his letter formed
the basis for the leading article 'Das Recht zur Rebellion' in Der Sozialdemokrat,
No. 22, 27 May 1886.448
585
On the eve of the by-elections to the Chamber of Deputies in Paris (see Note 576)
Justice, No. 120, 1 May 1886 carried an item by A. S. Headingley headed ' The So-
cialists and the Paris Elections' in support of the position taken by the Possibilists
(see Note 237). They had declined to support the candidature of Ernest Roche
which had been put forward by the Workers' Party (see Note 201) together with
all the other socialist groups and had nominated their own candidate in the shape
of a working miner named Soubri. In response to this, Eleanor Marx-Aveling
published a short note in The Commonweal, No. 18, 15 May 1886 stating that one
of its coming issues would carry an article by Lafargue about the strike in Decaze-
ville (see Note 545) and the Paris elections. Lafargue did, indeed, write such an ar-
ticle, which was carried by The Commonweal, No. 22, 12 June 1886 under the
heading ' The Decazeville Strike'; the article explained that the Possibilists' posi-
tion had facilitated the victory of the bourgeois candidate. 450
58 6 -phe
s e c o n c
j annual conference of the Socialist League, held at 13 Farringdon
Road on 13 June 1886 with 19 delegates attending, revealed a growth in disag-
reements between the anarchist-influenced supporters of 'direct action' and the
proponents of a struggle by parliamentary means. 451
587
Engels' reference to the collapse of the Decazeville strike (see Note 545) is evi-
dently based on incorrect sources, possibly the report by Le Socialiste, No. 38,
15 May 1886 that the strike was nearing its end. In reality the strike did not end until
mid-June. 451
588
Engels is replying to Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky's letter of 31 May 1886 in
which she informed him that she had sent him the manuscript and proofs of the
' Appendix to the American Edition of The Condition of the Working Class in Eng-
land
1
, wrote about the quality of the print of Engels' book and the importance for
the American reader of its publication. 451
589
Schlter replied to Engels' letter on 8 June 1886. He wrote out Florence Kelley-
Wischnewetzky's address on a postcard: 'Drexel, Haryes & Co., Paris' . 453
590
Engels was on holiday in Eastbourne approximately from 25 June to 7 July
1886.454, 455
591
The British parliament was dissolved on 26 June 1886. The elections to the House
of Commons began on 2 July and were not completed before 20 July 1886. They
brought defeat for the Liberals, who obtained 191 seats as against 316 for the Con-
Notes
627
servatives, 78 for the Liberal Unionists (see Note 430), and 85 for the supporters of
Home Rule in Ireland. 454
592
On 3 July 1886 Kautsky wrote to tell Engels that he had been visited by Mrs Guil-
laume-Schack who wished to see him in Eastbourne. She obtained Engels'
address and wrote the same day asking him to receive her. 455
593
Becker wrote to Engels on 18-22 June 1886 suggesting that they meet in the au-
tumn in Paris where he intended to visit the family of his eldest daughter. 456
594
Karl Kautsky was on holiday in Deal near Dover from the latter half of July to the
beginning of August. 458-60
595
The reference is to the unsigned article 'Die Kathederweisheit der "christlich-
ethischen" Nationalkonomie', a rsum of Gustav Cohn's book System der National-
konomie, Vol. 1, Stuttgart, 1885, published in Deutsche Worte, Nos. 7, 8 and 9,
1886. Its author was the Zurich economist Julius Platter. 458
596
In August 1885, the British Liberal politician Charles Dilke Deputy Foreign
Secretary in Gladstone's Cabinet was forced to surrender his seat in Parliament
and undertake to refrain from political activity due to his involvement in the di-
vorce proceedings of Donald Crawford, Liberal M. P. for Lanark. A certain Cap-
tain H. Forster likewise figured amongst those involved in the proceedings. 458
5 9
' Engels wrote this letter on a postcard addressed: ' F. A. Sorge, Esq. in Hoboken,
JV. T., U. S. America.' The address was crossed out by an unknown hand and re-
placed with ' Mt . Desert, Maine' . It follows from Sorge's letter to Engels of 20 July
1886 that at this time Sorge and his wife were on holiday in Mount Desert
(Maine), a small island in the north-east of the United States. 460
598
The reference is to the interview which Engels gave to J. T. McEnnis, a correspon-
dent for The Missouri Republican (see this volume, p. 443). Following the publica-
tion of the interview, Sorge placed in the New Torker Volkszeitung, No. 162, 8 July
1886 the statement sent to him by Engels (see present edition, Vol. 26, p. 408).
460-61, 491
599
Engels was on holiday in Eastbourne from 7 August to 4 September 1886. 460,
466-67, 471, 475, 477-79, 482, 488, 491
600
At the invitation of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Labor Party (see
Note 549) Wilhelm Liebknecht took part in a campaign tour of the United States
to raise money for the German Social Democrats' election fund. Eleanor Marx-
Aveling and Edward Aveling made a trip around the United States at approxima-
tely the same time (see Note 601). Liebknecht stayed in Eastbourne with Engels for
four days, left Liverpool on 4 September and arrived in New York on 13 Septem-
ber where he met the Avelings. In New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Detroit, Chi-
cago, Pittsburgh, Washington and other cities he gave talks and lectures on the
theory and history of socialism, the state of the workers' movement in Europe and
other subjects. This trip, which he completed on 26 November, raised 16,000
marks for the German Social Democrats' election fund. On his way back to
Germany, Liebknecht stayed with Engels in London from 5 to 10 December, fol-
lowing which he set off on his way home to Borsdorf near Leipzig. 461,. 469,
478, 480, 483, 489, 496, 500, 531, 535
60
' Like Wilhelm Liebknecht, Eleanor Marx-Aveling and Edward Aveling toured the
628
Notes
United States giving lectures and talks at the invitation of the Executive Committee
of the Socialist Labor Party (see Note 549). They left Liverpool on 31 August and
arrived in New York on 10 September. Their trip was a great success, ending on
25 December. On 4 January 1887 the Avelings returned to London. In early
1887 they gave numerous lectures and talks on the labour movement in the
United States to a working-class audience in London. 461, 478, 494, 496, 506,
525, 536, 540
602
As a re-examination of a sentence passed by a court in Chemnitz (see Note 446),
a new trial began on 25 July 1886 in Freiberg (Saxony) of a group of leading fig-
ures in the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany. On 4 August 1886 the local provin-
cial court sentenced Ignaz Auer, August Bebel, Carl Ulrich, Louis Viereck, Georg
Heinrich von Vollmar and Karl Franz Egon Frohme to nine months' , as well as
Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Dietz, Philipp Heinrich Mller and Stefan Heinzel, to
six months' imprisonment on a charge of belonging to a 'secret society'. Bebel ser-
ved his prison sentence in Zwickau from mid-November 1886 to 14 August 1887.
461, 468, 482, 500, 502, 511
6 0 3
On 3 August 1886 Karl Kautsky informed Engels that from that autumn Victor
Adler was planning to publish a socialist weekly in Vienna which he wished to put
at the party's disposal. Adler published the socialist weekly Gleichheit from Decem-
ber 1886 to June 1889.461
604
This is Engels' reply to the request made by Kautsky in his letter of 9 August 1886
that Engels look through the manuscript of the book Karl Marx's Oekonomische
Lehren which he was preparing for the press at the time (see also Note 137). Engels
read the manuscript in the first half of September and made a number of remarks
which the author took into account when publishing the book. 462
6 0 5
This evidently refers to the Italian translation of Marx' s Wage Labour and Capital
and Hermann Schlter's work on the history of the Chartist movement (see Note
557).462
606
There was no English translation of The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the
State made during Engels' lifetime. 464
607
The substance of this letter by Engels was used in the editorial carried by Der So-
zialdemokrat, No. 34, 18 August 1886. 466
608 This letter was first published in English abridged in The Labour Monthly,
London, 1934, No. 2 . - 4 6 8 , 490
609 "pjjg Knights of Labor (The Noble Order of the Knights of Labour) is the name of an
American workers' organisation founded in Philadelphia in 1869 and constituting
a secret society until 1881. The bulk of the members of the ' Order' were unskilled
workers, including a large number of Blacks. Its aims were to set up cooperatives
and organise mutual assistance, and it took part in a considerable number of work-
ing-class campaigns. However, the leadership of the ' Order' to all intents and
purposes rejected the idea of workers' taking part in political struggle and advo-
cated cooperation between classes. In 1886 the leadership worked against the
general strike, forbidding its members to take part. Rank-and-file members of the
' Order' nevertheless did so, and after this the ' Order' began to lose influence
among the working masses, falling apart by the end of the 1890s. 470, 491, 525,
530, 532, 541
Notes
629
610
During the run-up to the elections for the Chamber of Deputies on 2 May 1886
(see Note 576) the socialist organisations and groups who had put forward Ernest
Roche set up an election committee. After the elections, the leadership of the So-
cialist Federation of the department of Seine published an official report on the
meeting of 9 May 1886 in Le Socialiste, No. 38, 15 May. It was announced in the
report that the committee members had decided to maintain the coalition of these
organisations and groups and had set up a standing commission including among
its members Paul Lafargue from the Paris organisation of the Workers' Party.
470
611
A fragment of this letter was first published in English in: K. Marx, F. Engels, On
Reactionary Prussianism, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1943.
472
6 , 2
In the letter referred to Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Dietz suggested to Kautsky
that, for the duration of the six months' imprisonment to which he had been sen-
tenced by the court in Freiberg (see Note 602), Wilhelm Bios should be entrusted
with editing Die Neue %eil in Stuttgart (Kautsky had just done the general editing
of the journal from London). Kautsky sent this letter to Engels on 19 August, ask-
ing his opinion on the matter and requesting permission to publish his name on the
list of the journal' s regular contributors in the prospectus for 1887. 472
6 1 3
Engels is referring to the following event: On 25 July 1886 the police in Amster-
dam had tried to break up a traditional fete on the grounds that its participants
were playing a forbidden game known as 'eel-snatching'. The police action met
with considerable resistance, and clashes continued until the following day. Sever-
al dozen people were killed and an even greater number injured. Government bo-
dies and the press used these events to launch a provocative campaign against the
Socialist Party. Persecution began on a massive scale, a number of socialists were
arrested and brought before the court. 473
6
' * The reference is to the parcel from Swan Sonnenschein & C publishers which was
addressed to Engels in London and forwarded by Karl Kautsky to the recipient in
Eastbourne. 473
6
'
5
Engels is evidently referring to the General Council reports which Schlter
planned to publish as a separate volume (see Note 556). 475
616
Engels wrote this letter on a postcard addressed: ' K. Kautsky Esq., 50, Maitland
Park Road, N. W. London.' 476
6
' ' On 23 August Karl Kautsky wrote to Engels that Wilhelm Liebknecht had asked
him to purchase an easel which he could hang around his neck by means of a belt
and on which he could write whether standing or walking. (Play on words: Esel
meant both 'ass' and ' easel' .)477
6
'
8
On 16 August 1886 Gertrud Guillaume-Schack informed Engels that she intended
to come to London in mid-September in the company of the Wischnewetzkys.
477, 478
6
'
9
The reference is to the strike by the workers at the Vierzon (department of Cher)
factory of the Socit franaise de construction de matriel agricole which began
on 4 August 1886 in response to the dismissal of some of them due to the crisis in
the engineering industry. The events in Vierzon were widely reflected in the
630 Notes
French press, as Laura Lafargue wrote in her letter to Engels of 20 August 1886.
478, 489, 507
6 2 0
On 25 August 1886 George Julian Harney informed Engels that he had intended
to visit him in Eastbourne on 29 August but was no longer able to do so due to
changed circumstances. On 26 August, Harney sent two consecutive letters to let
Engels know he would visit him in London. 479
621
Engels wrote this letter on a postcard addressed: ' F. A. Sorge Esq., Hoboken jV. Y.,
U. S. America. ' 480
622
The Mew Yorker Volkszeitung, No. 200, 21 August 1886 carried an item headed
' Ein Bedrfni und eine Schmach' expressing surprise at the lack of a complete
English translation of Volume I of Capital. It stated that the translation being
printed by To-Day (see Note 527) could not meet with the readers' satisfaction
since it was being published in numerous short parts. The author of the item de-
scribed this situation as disgraceful and suggested that the funds for an English edi-
tion of Capital might be obtained from some well-to-do Social Democrat. 480
623
In the letter referred to, the Hamburg publishers F. H. Nestler und Melle ac-
cused Engels, once he had refused to edit the 'Handbibliothek der Sozial-Oekono-
mie' (see this volume, p. 448 and Note 583), of having passed on the offer to Karl
Kautsky and then Die Neue 2êit. Dietz's publishing house was advertising the
forthcoming appearance of a series called 'Klassiker der Nationalkonomie
und des Sozialismus', whilst Kautsky had also been planning a similar edition
for some considerable time. 481
624
Engels is referring to the trial of Jules Guesde, Paul Lafargue, Etienne Suisini and
Louise Michel for the speeches they had made in the Thtre du Chteau-d' Eau
on 3 June 1886. The trial took place on 12 August 1886, but Guesde, Lafargue and
Suisini refused to appear before the court, so that only Louise Michel was present.
All four of them were sentenced to terms of imprisonment between four and six
months and fined 100 francs. On 24 September 1886 Guesde, Lafargue and Suisini
appealed against the court's decision and all four were acquitted. 483, 494
625
Engels analysed Bismarck's relations with Russia in his letter to Paul Lafargue of
25-26 October 1866 (see this volume, pp. 512-18) which was subsequently pub-
lished as an article entitled ' The Political Situation in Europe' (see present edition,
Vol. 26). 483, 488, 493
626
Engels is apparently referring to the article ' Haben wir etwas mit den Anarchisten
gemein?' carried by Vorbote, the weekly supplement to the Chicagoer Arbeiter-Leitung,
on 9 June 1886.491
6 2
' In his letter of 10-11 August 1886 Sorge informed Engels that the Reverend
J . G. Brooks from Brockton near Boston (Massachusetts) had asked for Edward
Aveling and Eleanor Marx-Aveling to visit him during their tour of the United
States. Brooks promised them the opportunity to address a large working-class au-
dience. 491
628
From 17 to 28 September 1886 Johann Philipp Becker stayed with Engels in Lon-
don, and from 29 September to 4 October with the Lafargues in Paris. 495, 498,
501
629
An allusion to the following passage in Marx' s The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bo-
Notes
631
naparte: ' The French bourgeoisie had long ago found the solution to Napoleon' s di-
lemma: "Dans cinquante ans, l' Europe sera rpublicaine ou cosaque." It had
found the solution to it in the "rpublique cosaque" ' (the words are taken from the
book: Las Cases, Mmorial de Sainte-Hlne, ou journal o se trouve consign, jour par
jour, ce qu'a dit et fait Napolon durant dix-huit mois, Paris, 1823-24) (see present
edition, Vol. 11, p. 182).496
6 3 0
In his letter to Engels of 30 September 1886 Paul Lafargue described the acquittal
at his trial (see Note 624) as a manifestation of the fact that ' the bourgeois have ri-
pened to appreciate some part of our theories'. 497
631
At that time Johann Philipp Becker was a contributor to Deutsch-Italienische Kor-
respondenz published by Franz Julius Schneeberger in Vienna. 499, 501
632
As an migr in Paris, in 1857 Becker engaged in applied chemistry; an explosion
occurred during one of his experiments. 499, 501
633
The reference is to Eduard Bernstein's letter to Engels of 17 September 1886.
500
634
The reference is to the political crisis which emerged in Bulgaria in the autumn of
1886 after Prince Alexander Battenberg was toppled from the throne by a group of
military conspirators associated with the secret service of the Russian government.
The interim government set up on 9 August survived for just a few days and was
replaced by a pro-Austrian regency. An attempt to restore Alexander Battenberg
to the throne was unsuccessful, meeting with overt Russian resistance. In Septem-
ber 1886, the Russian government sent Major-General Nikolai Kaulbars to Sofia
with the mission of preparing the ground for the installation of a Russian candi-
date on the Bulgarian throne. The mission was unsuccessful, pardy due to the posi-
tion taken by the West European powers, notably Britain. On 5 November Kaul-
bars was recalled and the government of the Russian Empire broke off diplomatic
relations with Bulgaria (see also Note 445). 503, 505, 517
6 3 5
The reference is to August Bebel's letter to Engels of 12 October 1886. 504
636
Several newspapers reported that the supporters of Dragan Zankoff, the leader of
Bulgaria's liberal party, had spread rumours to the effect that the Russian govern-
ment had concluded a secret agreement with Turkey. They alleged that the agree-
ment guaranteed the inviolability of the Sultan' s possessions and reduced the out-
standing war debt to be paid by the Turks in return for the right to set up Russian
fortifications in the Dardanelles. 505
637
The Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi was signed by Russia and Turkey on 8 Jul y 1833. It
provided for mutual aid in the event of war with a third power. A secret article in
the treaty freed Turkey from the obligation to give military aid to Russia in return
for an undertaking to close the Straits to all foreign men-of-war on Russia's de-
mand. 505
638
The reference is to the bombardment of Alexandria by the British Navy under Ad-
miral Beauchamp Seymour on 11 Jul y 1882. It represented one of the crucial ac-
tions carried out by the British in their quest to colonise Egypt. Following the sei-
sure of Alexandria on 2 August, units of the Anglo-Indian army occupied the Suez
Canal zone, and on 15 September Cairo was taken. Whilst nominally remaining
a part of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt was actually turned into a British colony.
632 Notes
The British colonisers' penetration into the Sudan from the early 1870s met with
stiff resistance from the local people; an uprising of national liberation in 1881 drove
British forces from almost the entire country. An independent centralised state was
formed in the course of the uprising, and the British did not manage to break the
Sudanese until 1899.505
639
It was announced in Vienna in early October 1886 that the police had uncovered
an ' anarchist conspiracy', allegedly to organise fires and explosions in various parts
of the city with the aim of creating panic among the public. It was also reported
that the police had found a number of caches with explosives and side-arms; some
20 people were arrested as a result. 507
640
The first national congress of the French trade unions was held in Lyons from 11 to
17 October 1886, with representatives of more than 700 trade councils (chambres
syndicales) taking part. The congress adopted a resolution recognising that the ge-
nuine liberation of the proletariat was not to be had by way of cooperation, profit-
sharing for workers and similar measures, as proposed by the bourgeoisie, but only
through the abolition of private property and its replacement by collective, social
property, through the socialisation of the means of production. The congress also
adopted a resolution on the need to campaign for an eight-hour working day and
on the establishment of a National Federation of Trade Unions (La Fdration natio-
nale des Syndicats).
Commenting on the outcome of the congress in his letter to Engels of 22 Oc-
tober 1886, Paul Lafargue wrote that ' the congress in Lyons will be a crucial
means for attracting the French workers to communism' . 507
641
The events in Vierzon (see Note 619) and Henry Maret' s interpellation about the
dispersal of a strikers' demonstration by gendarmes on 5 October and the arrest of
demonstrators meant that Internal Affairs Minister Jean Sarrien was forced to re-
sign on 18 October 1886. This coincided with the announcement of Finance Minis-
ter Sadi Carnot' s resignation and raised the danger of a government crisis. How-
ever, President Jules Grvy and Prime Minister Charles de Freycinet were success-
ful in persuading both ministers to withdraw their resignations. 507
642
The reference is to the statement by the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag
that Der Sozialdemokrat was no longer to be called the party' s official printed or-
gan; on 5 November 1886 the newspaper started to appear with the subheading
' Organ der Sozialdemokratie deutscher Zunge' (Organ of Social Democracy in the
German tongue).
This decision was occasioned by the confirmation on the part of the criminal
chamber of the imperial court of the sentence imposed by the Saxon provincial
court in Freiberg against a group of German Social-Democratic leaders on
4 August 1886 (see Note 602). They were accused of belonging to a 'secret society',
the grounds behind the accusation including their links with Der Sozialdemokrat
which carried the subheading ' Zentral-Organ der deutschen Sozialdemokratie'
(Central Organ of German Social Democracy). 509
6 4 3
Engels is referring to Die Neue Zeit, No. 11,1886, which carried August Bebel's arti-
cle ' Deutschland, Ruland und die orientalische Frage' .
In his letter of 12 October 1886 Bebel expressed the view that one of the reasons
for Bismarck's efforts to achieve a rapprochement with Russia was his fear that
a European war might give rise to social upheavals. 509
Notes 633
644
In his speech of 20 May 1886 to the Prussian Chamber of Deputies, the National
Liberal Louis Berger stated that he and his friends did not expect the establishment
of a liberal cabinet and were prepared to content themselves with a moderate con-
servative one. August Bebel wrote to Engels on 12 October that, if the liberals
came to power, all their 'opposition' to the present regime would come to an
end.510
645
This letter was published slightly abridged and with editorial alterations as an ar-
ticle headed 'Situation politique de l' Europe' in Le Socialiste, No. 63, 6 November
1886 (see present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 410-17).
On its first publication in English, see Note 196. 512
646
The preliminary Peace Treaty of San Stefano, which ended the Russo-Turkish war of
1877-78, was concluded on 3 March (February 19) 1878 at the place of the same
name near Constantinople. It provided for the establishment of an autonomous
Bulgarian principality with nominal dependence on Turkey; for state independ-
ence for Serbia, Montenegro and Romania and their territorial enlargement, etc.
The treaty considerably strengthened Russian influence in the Balkans and gave
rise to sharp opposition from Britain and Austria-Hungary with the tacit support of
Germany. Under diplomatic and military pressure, the Russian government was
forced to agree to an international congress to reconsider the treaty, given that it
concerned 'general European' issues. The congress was held in Berlin from 13 June
to 13 July 1878 and attended by representatives of Russia, Germany, Austria-
Hungary, France, Britain, Italy and Turkey. The outcome was the Treaty of Ber-
lin, which represented a major deterioration in the conditions of the Treaty of San
Stefano for Russia and the Slavs of the Balkan Peninsula. The size of self-governing
Bulgaria was reduced to less than half that specified in San Stefano; an auto-
nomous province Eastern Rumelia was set up under the Sultan's rule in the
parts of Bulgaria located south of the Balkans; the size of Montenegro was consi-
derably reduced. The Treaty of Berlin endorsed the return to Russia ofthat part of
Bessarabia which had been cut off from it in 1856 and at the same time sanctioned
the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. 512
647
The suppression of the Polish national insurrection (1794) was followed, in 1795,
by the third partition of Poland between Austria, Prussia and Russia, and the final
abolition of the Polish state. By a decision of the Vienna Congress (1814-15), the
Kingdom of Poland was established as part of the Russian Empire and included
a large part of the lands seized by Prussia and Austria in the third partition of
Rzecz Pospolita. 512
648
In the 1870s, Britain and France, Egypt's main creditors, used the Egyptian gov-
ernment' s financial difficulties, notably its large external debts, to impose their fi-
nancial control on the country. This led in the 1880s to a growth in the national li-
beration movement and efforts by the Egyptians to free themselves from depend-
ence on foreign powers. In the summer of 1882, Britain provoked a conflict with
Egypt, took military action and seized the country, turning it into a British colony
to all intents and purposes (see also Note 638). 514
649 Welcoming Alexander III back from the Crimea at a meeting in Moscow on
25 May 1886, Nikolai Alexeyev, the mayor of the city, stated: ' Our hope gains wings,
634 Notes
and strength is imparted to our belief that the Cross of Christ will shine upon
St Sophia' (Alexeyev was referring to St Sophia's Church in Constantinople). 516
650
The Congress of Vienna was held by European monarchs and their ministers in Sep-
tember 1814-June 1815. They established the borders and status of the Euro-
pean states after the victory over Napoleonic France and sanctioned, contrary to
the national interests and will of the peoples, the reshaping of Europe' s political
map and the restoration of the 'legitimate' dynasties. 519
651
In Das Recht auf den vollen Arbeitsertrag in geschichtlicher Darstellung, which ap-
peared in 1886, the Austrian sociologist and lawyer Anton Menger set out to prove
the ' unoriginality' of Marx' s economic theory, claiming he had borrowed some of
his conclusions from the English Utopian socialists of the Ricardian school
(Thompson, etc.). Laura Lafargue wrote to Engels on 30 October 1886, informing
him of the book's appearance. Feeling that if he personally was to oppose Menger
in public, the latter might use this to boost his image, Engels thought it expedient
to rebuff Menger with an editorial in Die Neue eit or a rsum of the book in the
name of Karl Kautsky, the editor of the said journal. Engels originally intended to
write the bulk of the article himself, but was unable to continue his work on it due
to illness. The article was completed by Kautsky in line with Engels' instructions.
It appeared unsigned in Die Neue Zeit, No. 2, 1887 and was headed 'Juristen-
Sozialismus' (see present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 597-616). 521, 527
652
The reference is to I, Part I; I, Part V; II, Part VI of the third volume of Capital
(see present edition, Vol. 37). 522
6 5 3
This letter is Engels' reply to a certain E. T. who had published in The Common-
weal an item called 'Socialisme utopique et socialisme scientifique' containing the
following: 'Please say if there is an English translation of Engels' "Socialisme Utop-
ique et Socialisme Scientifique". If not, do you know if Engels has given permission
to any particular person to translate it; and is there any likelihood in that case of its
being issued shortly? Or is it open to any one who wishes to translate it into En-
glish, to do so?' 523
654
Engels is probably referring to Marx' s prefaces to the first and second editions of
Volume I of Capital, which were included in the English edition, and also his own
preface to this edition. 524
65
.
5
This seems to refer to letters by Eleanor Marx-Aveling and Edward Aveling who
were on a tour of the United States with Wilhelm Liebknecht at the time (see Note
601).524
656
Paul Lafargue signed his articles in La Nouvelle Revue with the pseudonym
' Fergus' . 524
657
Engels is referring to the election for the mayor of New York which took place on
2 November 1886. Henry George, the candidate from the United Labor Party, re-
ceived 68,110 votes, or 31 per cent of the poll. Workers' candidates were elected in
Chicago, Milwaukee, Stanton and other cities.
The United Labor Parly was formed in the run-up to the New York municipal elec-
tions in the autumn of 1886 to promote joint political action on the part of the work-
ing class. The initiative for its foundation was taken by the Central Labor Union
of New York, an association of the city's trade unions established in March 1882.
Notes
635
Following the New York example, similar parties were set up in other cities,
including Baltimore, Milwaukee, Detroit, Chicago, etc. 525, 531
658
A special meeting of the General Council of the Social Democratic Federation on
Tuesday (October 5) decided to call on the unemployed of London to follow the
Lord Mayor' s Show on 9 November 1886. The authorities banned all demon-
strations in the vicinity of the procession and deployed a large number of police in
the area. The leadership of the Federation nevertheless held a meeting in Trafalgar
Square on 9 November without any of the rioting and disorder the authorities did
so much to provoke. On 21 November the greatest working-class demonstration
ever seen in London was held in Trafalgar Square. The demonstration, with tens
of thousands participating, passed off without any incidents and contributed to
a certain growth in the authority the Federation enjoyed among working people in
London.526, 534
659
The Radical Clubs began to appear in London and other cities during the 1870s.
They united bourgeois radicals and workers. The proletarian element was predo-
minant in the poorest areas of the capital, like the East End. The clubs were dis-
tinctive for the fact that they criticised Gladstone's policy on Ireland and called for
greater democracy (extension of the suffrage and other reforms). Socialist ideas
were spread in the Radical Clubs from the early 1880s. In 1885 the Radical Clubs
in London merged to form the Metropolitan Radical Federation. 526, 529
660
Engels is referring to the bourgeois press' attacks on Marx which were directly oc-
casioned by the pamphlet: K. Vogt, Mein Prozess gegen die Allgemeine Leitung. Ste-
nographischer Bericht. Dokumente und Erluterungen. Published in Geneva in Decem-
ber 1859, it was directed against Marx and his associates in the Communist
League. Marx exposed Vogt's attacks in his work Herr Vogt (see present edition,
Vol. 17).527
661
A fragment of this letter was first published in English in: K. Marx, F. Engels, On
the United States, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1979. 528
662
On 4 November 1886 Schlter wrote to Engels informing him of the successful
conclusion of talks with Johann Philipp Becker on the granting of material assis-
tance in return for his writing his memoirs (see this volume, pp. 498-500). The
plan did not materialise as Becker died on 7 December 1886. 528
663
This is Engels' reply to the suggestion made by Schlter that he revise three chap-
ters' from the second part of Anti-Diihring for publication as a separate pamphlet
under the title The Theory of Force. They contain an exposition of the materialist
views of the correlation between economics and politics. Engels subsequently chan-
ged his plans and decided to add a fourth chapter giving concrete form to the main
propositions using the example of the history of Germany from 1848 to 1888 and
analysing them from the viewpoint of a critique of Bismarck's policies. The pam-
phlet was to be called The Role of Force in History. Engels worked on the fourth
chapter at a later date, between late December 1887 and March 1888, but did not
complete it. The unfinished work, as well as various plans and fragments, were not
published until after Engels' death (see present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 452-510, 511,
578-80).529
664
The reference is to the article ' On Social Relations in Russia' from the Refugee Li-
terature series, published in Der Volksstaat from 1874 to 1875 (see present edition,
636 Notes
Vol. 24, pp. 3-50); this article also appeared as a separate pamphlet in late June-
early July 1875 in Leipzig. The third and fourth articles of the series to which En-
gels refers did not have any titles of their own.
Schlter's plans to publish a pamphlet Soziales aus Ruland were not carried
out at the time. The first, second and fifth articles in the series, together with an
afterword specially written by Engels ('Afterword (1894) to On Social Relations in
Russia*, present edition, Vol. 27) appeared as a collection of articles by Engels
published in Berlin in 1894 as Internationales aus dem 'Volksstaat' (1871-75). 529
665
A fragment of this letter was first published in English in The Socialist Review, Lon-
don, 1908, I I I - VI I I , and in full in: K. Mar x, F.Engels, Selected Correspondence,
Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1955. 531
666
In late November 1886 a Leipzig jury court sentenced the joiner and Social Demo-
crat Karl Schumann to four years' and several others to various terms of imprison-
ment on a charge of' insurrection' . They were accused on the strength of the seeing-
off ceremony which Leipzig workers organised for Schumann on 25 September
1886 in connection with his expulsion from the city under the Anti-Socialist Law
(see Note 37).534
667
Engels wrote this letter on a postcard addressed: ' Herrn H. Schlter, Volksbuch-
handlung, Casinostrae, Hottingen-Zrich, Switzerland.' 535
668
Schlter wrote to Engels on 4 December 1886 describing his plans to reissue En-
gels' pamphlet The Bakuninists at Work together with his article ' On Social Rela-
tions in Russia' as an issue in the Sozialdemokratische Bibliothek series (see Note
664). Schlter further wrote about Eduard Bernstein's proposal that this issue
be supplied with a preface from the publishers. 535
669
This apparently refers to the English translation of Engels' The Condition of the
Working-Class in England made by Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky (see Note
550).535
670
On 28 November 1886 Laura Lafargue wrote to Engels saying that she would be
arriving in London on 23 or 24 December. 536
671
Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky wrote to Engels on 10 December 1886 asking
him to write a preface to the American edition of her translation of The Condition of
the Working-Class in England in 1844 (see Note 550). She explained that the after-
word Engels had written for this edition in February 1886 had become outdated
and asked him to concentrate in the new preface on a critique of Henry George's
doctrine, notably his plan for land reform. In the same letter Florence Kelley-
Wischnewetzky asked Engels whether he was agreeable to omitting 'in 1844' from
the title. 540
672
Engels may have meant the following works by Henry George: Our Land and Land
Policy (1871), Progress and Poverty (1880), The Irish Land Question (1881), Social
Problems (1883), Protection or Free Trade (1886).540
673
Engels is referring to the following passage from the Manifesto of the Communist
Party: ' The Communists fight for the attainment of the immediate aims, for the en-
forcement of the momentary interests of the working class; but in the movement of
the present, they also represent and take care of the future ofthat movement' (see
present edition, Vol. 6, p. 518). 541
Notes 637
674
This is Engels' reply to the invitation to join Karl Pearson's Club (see Note 678)
which Dr Horatio Bryan Donkin passed on to him via Eleanor Marx-Aveling (see
Eleanor Marx-Aveling's letter to Horatio Bryan Donkin of 8 February 1886, this
volume, pp. 547-48).
The original is kept in the library at University College, London (Pearson Pa-
pers, 10/36). It was found by the German scholar Erhard Kiehnbaum and published
in German translation in Die Wahrheit, 1/2 October 1988. We were kindly present-
ed with a x-copy of the original for publication in Marx' s and Engels' Collected
Works. 543
675
The reference is to Engels' editing of the English translation of Volume I of Marx' s
Capital (see this volume, Note 56). 543
676
Engels is probably referring to the discussions at Pearson's Club of issues relating
to the family and the social emancipation of women (see Note 678). He dealt with
these questions in The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the Stale (see notes
174, 264 and 555).543
677
The original of this letter is kept in the library at University College, London
(Pearson Papers, 10/37). It was published in German translation by the German
scholar Erhard Kiehnbaum in Die Wahrheit, 1/2 October 1988. We were kindly
presented with a x-copy of the original for publication in Marx' s and Engels'
Collected Works. 547
678
The reference is to the Club established by Karl Pearson, an English biologist and
philosopher, to encourage free and unbridled discussions on questions connected in
some way or another with relations between men and women. Its members were
15-20 intellectuals, among them Horatio Bryan Donkin, a doctor who had treated
Marx, and Olive Schreiner, a friend of Eleanor who had written a book entitled
Woman and Labour. The discussions centred on Pearson's books The Woman Question
and Socialism and Sex. Pearson, who sympathised with the workers' and socialist
movement, wished to recruit Engels and Eleanor Marx-Aveling as members of the
Club; in the summer of 1885 the latter had published a review of Bebel's book Die
Frau und der Sozialismus (see Note 145). 547
679
It is clear from the correspondence between Donkin and Pearson that Eleanor
Marx-Aveling intended to visit the Club in April 1886 but never carried out this
plan. The Club' s minutes contain no record of any contributions made by Engels
or Eleanor. 547
638
NAME INDEX
A
Abdul-Hamid II (1842-1918) Sultan of
Turkey (1876-1909).515
Adam, Jean Victor Vincent (1801-
1867) French artist and lithogra-
pher. 79
Adam, Juliette (ne Lamber, pseudonym
Comte Paul Vasili) (1836-
1936) French writer, a founder and
editor of the Nouvelle Revue (1879-
99).431
Adler, Georg (1863-1908) German eco-
nomist and journalist, wrote on social
and political questions.189, 344,
346, 362
Adler, Victor (1852-1918) Austrian
journalist, a leader of Austrian Social
Democrats, delegate to international
socialist workers' congresses in 1889,
1891 and 1893; Engels' correspondent
in 1889-95.57
Aeschylus (525-456 B. C. )Greek dra-
matist. 357
Ahn, Johann Franz ( 1796-
1865)German teacher and gram-
marian, noted for his methods of teach-
ing modern languages. 48
Alexander II (1818-1881) Emperor of
Russia (1855-81).517
Alexander HI (1845-1894) Emperor of
Russia ( 1881 -94). 34, 41, 54, 74, 112,
148, 256, 275, 281, 467, 484, 485, 493,
505, 509-10, 513, 515-19
Alexander Karl (1805-1863) Duke of
Anhalt-Bernburg (1834-63).199
Alekseyev, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1852-
1893) Mayor of Moscow (1886-
93).515
Allen, Sarah. 161
Althorp, John Charles Spencer, Earl
(1782-1845) English statesman,
Whig M. P. 449
Anderfuhren. 204
Ariosto, Lodovico (1474-1533)Italian
poet of the Renaissance, author of
U Orlando furioso. 48
Aristophanes (c. 446-c. 385 B. C.) Greek
comic dramatist and poet. 357
Arnim, Ludwig Achim (Joachim) von (1781-
1831) German romantic poet.
286
Auer, Ignaz (1846-1907) German sad-
dler, a leader of the Socialist Workers'
Party of Germany; deputy to the Re-
ichstag several times.162, 169,
442
Aveling, Edward Bibbins (1851-
1898) English writer and journalist,
socialist, a translator of Volume I of
Capital into English; member of the
Name Index
639
Social Democratic Federation from
1884, later a founder of the Socialist
League, an organiser of the mass mo-
vement of unskilled workers and unem-
ployed in the 1880s-90s, delegate to
the international socialist workers'
congress of 1889 in Paris; husband of
Eleanor Marx. 7, 74, 78, 94, 119,
122, 127, 129, 143, 155, 161, 165, 167,
168, 172, 177, 191, 202, 207, 214, 224,
237-38, 245, 247, 248, 261, 265, 274,
275, 297, 303, 320, 323, 326, 345, 366,
369, 370, 376, 378, 386, 391, 394, 395,
399, 402, 404, 405, 416, 424, 436, 438,
443, 446, 449, 450, 458, 461, 464, 465,
471, 478, 482, 489, 491, 496, 500, 504,
506, 524, 540
Aveling see Marx, Eleanor
Avenel, Georges (1828-1876) French
historian and journalist, author of
works on history of the French Revolu-
tion. 398-99
B
Bachofen, Johann Jakob (1815-
1887) Swiss historian of law, author
of works on ancient history.189,
205, 207
Bahr, Hermann (1863-1934)Austrian
journalist, critic, novelist and play-
wright. 191
Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-
1876) Russian revolutionary and
journalist; participant in the 1848-49
revolution in Germany; subsequently
an ideologist of Narodism and anar-
chism; opposed Marxism in the First
International; was expelled from the
International at the Hague Congress
(1872) for his splitting activities. 10,
108, 198, 430
Balzac, Honor de (1799-1850) French
realist writer. 71, 320
Bamberger, Ludwig (1823-
1899) German democratic journal-
ist; took part in the 1849 Baden-
Palatinate uprising; emigrated to
France in the 1850s, returned to Ger-
many in 1866, later National Liberal
and deputy to the Reichstag (1871-
93).427
Baron see Kaulsky, Karl Johann
Basly, Emile Joseph (1854-
1928) French miner, socialist, trade
unionist, member of the Chamber of
Deputies several times. 409, 414,
418, 424-25, 429-31, 441
Bastiat, Frdric (1801-1850) French
economist and politician. 184
Battenberg, Alexander (1857-1893) son
of Prince Alexander of Hesse; first
Prince of Bulgaria (1879-86), pursued
pro-Austrian and pro-German po-
licy.329, 513-15, 517
Bax, Ernest Beljort (1854-
1926) English historian, philosopher
and journalist, socialist, an editor of
The Commonweal from 1884, member
of the Social Democratic Federation,
a founder of the Socialist League in
1884; was on friendly terms with En-
gels from 1883.74, 105, 114, 122-23,
"127-29, 155, 165, 172, 177, 207, 224,
236, 238, 245, 248, 275, 405, 406, 431,
432, 438, 443, 446, 471, 484, 504
Bebel, Ferdinand August (1840-1913) a
leading figure in the German and in-
ternational working-class movement; tur-
ner; President of the Union of German
Workers' Associations from 1867; mem-
ber of the First International; deputy
to the Reichstag from 1867; a founder
(1869) and leader of the Socialist Work-
ers' Party of Germany; opposed the
Lassalleans; took an internationalist
stand during the Franco-Prus-
sian war of 1870-71; came out in sup-
port of the Paris Commune; friend
and associate of Marx and Engels.
14, 20, 22-23, 32, 47, 52-55, 68, 77, SO-
SS, 99, 114, 146-48, 150, 151, 153, 162,
164, 169, 187, 195, 197-202, 204, 209-
13, 220-23, 225, 231, 234, 235, 240-43,
245, 253-55, 268-71, 285, 306-09, 315-
17, 329, 340-44, 352-54, 361, 386, 387,
391, 395, 406, 409, 410, 425-29, 433-
640
Name Index
35, 437-38, 442, 446, 468-69, 471, 485,
488, 489, 498-500, 502, 504, 509, 511
Becker, Bernhard (1826-1891) German
journalist; follower of Lassalle; Presi-
dent of the General Association of Ger-
man Workers (1864-65); subsequently
supported Eisenachers; withdrew from
the working-class movement after
1874.119
Becker, Elisabeth (d. 1884) wife of Jo-
hann Philipp Becker. 98
Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-
1886)German revolutionary, took
part in the democratic movement of
the 1830s-50s, the international work-
ing-class movement and the 1848-49
revolution; after the defeat of the Ba-
den-Palatinate uprising (1849) left
Germany; prominent figure in the First
International and delegate to all its
congresses, editor of Der Vorbote; active
in the Swiss working-class movement;
friend and associate of Marx and En-
gels.25-27, 49, 69-70, 98-99, 151,
152, 201-03, 267-69, 299-301, 363-64,
379, 456, 457, 478, 490, 495, 498-502,
504-05, 528
Behrens engineer, Bismarck's partner in
the Varzin paper mill.199, 202
Berger, Louis Konstanz (1829-
1891) German industrialist and po-
litician, member of the Party of Prog-
ress, deputy to the Reichstag from
1874.510
Bernstein, Caroline (1855-
1884) Eduard Bernstein's sister.
236
Bernstein, Eduard (1850-1932) German
Social Democrat, journalist, editor of
Der Sozialdemokrat (1881-90); later re-
visionist.7, 12, 15, 22, 26, 32, 33, 36-
38, 49-50, 63-64, 66-67, 72-74, 77, 85-
86,90-92, 102, 104, 107, 109, 111, 118-
20, 123-26, 134-37, 139-42, 144-47,
153, 154, 157, 159-62, 164, 169-70,
173, 174, 176, 177, 187-92, 195, 196,
201, 204-09, 214-16, 218, 225, 227,
236, 237, 251, 252, 263, 270-71, 282-
86, 301, 302, 306, 307, 318, 323, 329-
31, 346, 366-68, 386, 391, 405, 414,
415, 448-50, 453, 465-67, 471, 473-75,
499-505, 529
Bernstein, Jakob (d. 1884) Eduard
Bernstein's father, engine-driver. 236
Bernstein, Regina (Gine) (ne Zdek, by first
marriage Schattner) Eduard Bern-
stein's wife from 1886. 501
Besant, Annie (1847-1933) English poli-
tician, Radical, member of the Fabian
Society and of the Social Democratic
Federation. 94
Bismarck-Schnhausen, Otto Eduard Leopold,
Prince von (1815-1898)statesman of
Prussia and Germany, diplomat; En-
voy to St Petersburg (1859-62) and to
Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia
(1862-71; 1873-90); Chancellor of the
North-German Confederation (1867-
71) and of the German Empire (1871-
90); carried through the unification of
Germany under the aegis of Prussia;
one of the authors of the Anti-Socialist
Law (1878).22, 34, 35, 53, 54, 69,
83, 92, 110, 112, 124, 130, 131, 137-39,
140, 147, 148, 150, 190, 192, 202, 209,
211, 213, 216, 225, 235, 237, 267, 281,
329, 338, 343, 348, 360, 365, 372, 378,
417, 428, 435, 437, 440, 461, 467, 468,
483-84, 486, 489, 493, 510-12, 516-18,
520, 527, 5-33
Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis (1811-
1882) French historian; socialist;
member of the Provisional Govern-
ment and President of the Luxem-
bourg Commission in 1848; a leader of
the petty-bourgeois refugees in London
from August 1848; deputy to the Na-
tional Assembly in 1871; opposed the
Paris Commune. 71, 342, 354, 413,
429, 470, 505
Bland, Hubert (1856-1914) English
journalist; socialist; a founder of the
Fabian Society; member of the Social
Democratic Federation. 366, 367,
369, 394
Bleichrbder, Gerson von (1822-
Name Index 641
1893) German financier, Bismarck's
personal banker and his unofficial ad-
viser on financial matters.109, 112,
377
Blenker, Ludwig (Louis) (1812-
1863) German ex-officer; democrat;
took part in the Baden-Palatinate up-
rising of 1849; emigrated to the USA
and fought in the Civil War on the side
of the Union.287
Blind, Karl (1826-1907)German
democratic journalist; took part in the
Baden revolutionary movement in
1848-49; a leader of the German petty-
bourgeois refugees in London in the
1850s-early 1860s; later National Libe-
ral.368
Block, Maurice (1816-1901) French
statistician and economist. 224, 225
Bios, Wilhelm (1849-1927) German
journalist; member of the Socialist
Workers' Party of Germany from 1872;
an editor o Der Volksstaat (1872-74),
sided with the reformist wing of Ger-
man Social Democrats from the 1880s;
deputy to the Reichstag (1877-
1918).21, 23, 34, 150, 173, 296, 383,
472
Blowilz, Henri Georges Stephan Adolphe
Opper de (1825-1903) French jour-
nalist, Austrian by birth; correspon-
dent of The Times in Paris from 1871.
431
Blum, Robert (1807-1848) German
democrat; journalist; leader of the Left
wing in the Frankfurt National Assem-
bly; participated in the defence of
Vienna in October 1848, court-
martialled and executed after the fall
of the city.287
Bbdiker, Tonio (Anton) Wilhelm Laurenz
Karl Maria (1843-1907) German
government official, adviser of the Im-
perial Home Ministry from 1881, was
engaged in trade and insurance legisla-
tion, delivered reports in the Reichstag
on behalf of the ministry on these mat-
ters, headed the Imperial Insurance
Ministry in 1884-97.34
Boelling, Hedwig (ne Engels) (1830-
1904) Frederick Engels' sister, wife
of Friedrich Boelling.220
Bonaparte see Napoleon III
Borde, Frederic French journalist; social-
ist.36
Borkheim, F. Sigismund Ludwig Bork-
heim's son.380, 381
Borkheim, Sigismund Ludwig (1825-
1885) German democratic journal-
ist; took part in the 1849 Baden-
Palatinate uprising, emigrated after its
defeat; merchant in London from
1851; was on friendly terms with Marx
and Engels.152, 203, 269, 377, 379,
380, 383, 472, 475
Born, Stephan (real name Buttermilch, Si-
mon) (1824-1898) German typeset-
ter; member of the Communist
League; leaned towards reformism
during the 1848-49 revolution; turned
his back on the workers' movement af-
ter the revolution. 346
Bougeart, Alfred (1815-1882) French
Left journalist; author of several works
on the French Revolution. 399
Boulanger, Georges Ernest Jean Marie
(1837-1891) French general, War
Minister (1886-87); strived to establish
his own military dictatorship. 519
Boyer, Antoine Jean Baptiste (Antide) (1850-
1918) French potter; member of the
Chamber of Deputies several times.
409, 414, 418
Bracke, Wilhelm (1842-1880)
German Social Democrat; publisher
of socialist literature in Brunswick;
a founder (1869) and leader of the
Socialist Workers' Party of Germany
(Eisenachers); member of the Social-
Democratic parliamentary group in
the Reichstag (1877-79); represented
the revolutionary wing of German So-
cial Democracy. 20, 374
Bradlaugh, Charles (1833-1891)
English journalist and politician,
642
Name Index
bourgeois Radical; editor of The
National Reformer from 1860. 94,
115, 405
Bray, John Francis (1809-1895) English
economist, Utopian socialist, follower of
Robert Owen; supporter of the theory
of labour money. 156
Brenin, Claude (b. c. 1851) French mi-
ner, an organiser of the provocative ex-
plosions in Montceau-les-Mines in
1884.265
Brentano, Clemens ( 1778-1842)
German romantic poet. 286
Brentano, Lujo (Ludwig Joseph) (1844-
1931) German economist, professor,
armchair socialist. 422
Bright, John (1811-1889) English man-
ufacturer and politician, a leader of the
Free Traders and founder of the Anti-
Corn Law League; M. P. (from 1843);
leader of the Left Wing of the Liberal
Party from the early 1860s, held seve-
ral ministerial posts. 389
Broadhouse, John see Hyndman, Henry
Mayers
Broadhurst, Henry (1840-1911) English
bricklayer, a trade union leader, secre-
tary of the parliamentary committee of
the Trades Unions Congress (1875-
90), Liberal M. P. from 1880, Under-
Secretary of State for the Home De-
partment (1886). 57
Brocher, Gustave (1850-1931) teacher,
French by birth, lived in Russia in the
late 1860s-early 1870s and took part in
the Narodnik movement; lived in Lon-
don in 1874-93, sided with the anar-
chists; moved to Switzerland in 1893;
atheist.13
Brooks, J.G. American clergyman, ad-
vocated socialist views. 491
Brousse, Paul Louis Marie ( 1844-
1912) French socialist, physician;
member of the First International (up
to 1872); participant in the Paris Com-
mune, after its defeat lived in Spain
and Switzerland; sided with the anar-
chists; returned to France in 1880 and
became a member of the French Work-
ers' Party; a Possibilist leader. 68,
107, 123, 225, 289, 425
Bucher, Lothar (1817-1892) Prussian of-
ficial and journalist; deputy to the
Prussian National Assembly (Left
Centre) in 1848; after the defeat of the
1848-49 revolution emigrated to Lon-
don, later National Liberal, supporter
of Bismarck. 374
Bckler, Johann (1780-1803)German
robber nicknamed Schinderhannes (Hans
the Skin-flint); in a number of literary
works depicted as a 'noble robber' and
defender of the poor. 198
Bunge, Nikolai Kristianovich (1823-
1895) Russian lawyer, economist
and politician, professor at Kiev Uni-
versity from 1850, Minister of Finance
in 1881-86, Chairman of the Com-
mittee of Ministers in 1887-95. 360
Buonarroti, Filippo Michle (1761-
1837) Italian revolutionary, Utopian
communist, a leader of the revolution-
ary movement in France at the end of
the 18th and the beginning of the 19th
centuries, Babeufs comrade-
in-arms. 226
Burdett-Coutts, Angela Georgina, Baroness
(1814-1906)English aristocrat, phi-
lanthropist. 400
Burns, John Elliot (1858-1943)
English worker, activist of the English
working-class movement, a lead-
er of the new trade unions (late 1880s-
early 1890s), organiser of the London
dock strike (1889), M. P. from 1891,
minister in the Liberal cabinets in
1905-14.366, 368
Burrows, Herbert (1845-1922)English
official, a founder of the Social Demo-
cratic Federation; helped found trade
unions of the unskilled workers. 195,
238, 245, 369
C
Cabet, Etienne (1788-1856) French jour-
nalist, Utopian communist, author of
Name Index
643
Voyage en Lcarie. 117, 342
Caldern de la Barca, Pedro (1600-
1681) Spanish dramatist. 48
Camlinal, ^phirin Remy (1840-
1932) French bronze-worker; a
leader of the Paris sections of
the First International, took part
in the Paris Commune, after its
defeat moved to England, returned to
France after the 1880 amnesty; active
in the socialist movement, member of
the Chamber of Deputies in 1885-89;
member of the French Communist
Party from 1920.- 409-10, 414, 418,
425, 428-31, 441
Campbell, Sir George ( 1824-
1892) British official in India (1843-
74), subsequently Liberal M. P. (1875-
92), author of works on India. 179
Capefigue, Jean Baptiste Honor Raymond
(1802-1872) French journalist and
historian, monarchist. 71
Carpenter, Edward (1844-1929) English
poet and journalist, took part in the so-
cialist movement in the 1880s. 236,
238
Cassiodorus, Flavius Magnus Aurelius (c.
490-c. 580) Roman author and
monk; politician of the Ostrogothic
Kingdom, aristocrat by birth, author of
Historia Gothorum. 296
Cave, Sir Lewis William (1832-
1897) English lawyer, member of
the High Court from 1881.434
CerioliItalian socialist. 205
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-
1616) Spanish writer.48, 357
Chamberlain, Joseph (1836-1914)
British statesman, Liberal, Mayor
of Birmingham in 1873-76, M. P.
from 1876, member of the Cabi-
net, Liberal Unionist after 1886.
268, 361, 367, 369, 407
Champion, Henry Hyde (1857-
1928) English publisher and jour-
nalist, socialist, member of the Social
Democratic Federation up to 1887, la-
ter a leader of the Labour Electoral As-
sociation in London, publisher and
editor of the Labour Elector, emigrated
to Australia in the 1890s.177, 236-
38, 245, 367, 369, 403
Chemnitz, Matthus Friedrich (1815-
1870) German lawyer and journal-
ist, author of the song Schleswig-
Holstein meerumschlungen. 287
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-
1889) Russian revolutionary demo-
crat, socialist, materialist philosopher,
writer and literary critic, a precursor of
Russian Social Democrats. 158
Chevremont, Franois author of Jean-
Paul Marat. 399
Churchill, George Charles Spencer, 8th
Duke of Marlborough (1844-
1892) English aristocrat, elder
brother of Randolph Churchill. 449
Churchill, Randolph Henry Spencer, Lôrd
(1849-1895) English statesman,
a Conservative leader, Secretary for
India (1885-86), Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer and leader of the House of
Commons from July to December
1886.238, 449
Clarus French artist, contributed to Le
Socialiste. 352
Clemenceau, Georges (Eugene Benjamin)
(1841-1929)French politician and
journalist, leader of the Radicals from
the early 1880s; editor and publisher of
La Justice from 1880, Prime Minister
(1906-09 and 1917-20).97, 149,227,
268, 270, 300, 314, 317, 320, 331, 409,
413, 418, 429, 442, 445, 489, 533
Cloots, Jean Baptiste du Val-de-Grce, Ba-
ron de ( Anacharsis ) ( 1755-
1794) participant in the French Re-
volution, Dutch by birth, prior to the
Revolution Prussian Baron, close to
the Left Jacobins, member of the Con-
vention. 399
Cohn, Gustav (1840-1919) German eco-
nomist, professor at polytechnical insti-
tute in Riga and, from 1875, in Zurich,
professor at Gttingen University from
1884.458
644
Name Index
Colsman Charlotte Engels' son-
in-law.228
Crawford, Emily (ne Johnson) (1831-
1915) Irish journalist, correspon-
dent of The Daily News, Truth and
New York Tribune in Paris. 417
Cremer, Sir William Randall (1838-
1908) a founder of the Amalgamat-
ed Society of Carpenters and Joiners
(1860); member of the London Trades
Council; member of the Central Coun-
cil of the International (1864-68) and
its General Secretary, Liberal M. P.
(1885-95 and 1900-08), active in the
pacifist movement. 321
Cumberland, Ernst August, Duke of (1845-
1923) son of the King of Hanover
George V, claimant to the Hanoverian
(from 1878) and Brunswick (from
1884) thrones, was prevented from be-
coming the ruler due to the negative
attitude of the Bismarck govern-
ment.222
Cuno, Theodor Friedrich (1846-
1934)German engineer, socialist,
member of the First International, de-
legate to the Hague Congress (1872),
after the Congress moved to the USA
and took part in the American work-
ing-class and socialist movement. 13,
511
Cyon, Ilya Faddeyevich (1842-
1912) Russian physiologist, journal-
ist, professor at the St Petersburg
University and at the Medical Surgical
Academy; under public pressure
refused from professorship and moved
to Paris in 1875, representative of
the Russian Ministry of Finances in
Paris in 1875-91.524
D
Daniels, Roland (1819-1855) Ger man
physician, member of the Cologne
Central Authority of the Communist
League from 1850, one of the accused
in the Cologne Communist Trial
(1852), acquitted by the jury; friend of
Marx and Engels, was the first to at-
tempt to apply dialectical materialism
to natural sciences. 351
Danielson, Nikolai Frantsevich (pen-name
Nikolai on) ( 1844-1918) Russian
writer on economics, an ideologist of
Narodism in the 1880s-90s; correspon-
dent of Marx and Engels, translated
into Russian volumes I, II and III of
Marx' s Capital (Volume I jointly with
Hermann Lopatin and Nikolai Lyuba-
vin). 88, 95, 100, 129, 260, 265, 277-
78, 289, 294, 318-19, 322, 347-50, 400-
02, 522, 523
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) Italian
poet.48, 357
Darbyshire, John member of the Man-
chester section of the First Interna-
tional, later of the Social Democratic
Federation. 106
Darwin, Charles Robert ( 1809-
1882) English naturalist, founder of
the theory of natural selection of spe-
cies. 103, 226
Davitt, Michael (1846-1906) Irish re-
volutionary democrat, a leader of the
Irish national liberation movement in
the 1880s-90s, an organiser (1879) and
leader of the Land League, advocate of
Home Rule; M. P. (1895-99).122,
368
Davout, Louis Nicolas, due d'Auerstoedt,
prince d'Eckmiihl (1770-
1823) Marshal of France, participa-
ted in the wars of Napoleonic
France.332
Defoe, Daniel (c. 1661-1731)English
writer and journalist, author of The
Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of
Robinson Crusoe. 194
Demosthenes (c. 384-322 B.C.) Greek
orator and politician, champion of
democracy in the slave-owning so-
ciety.202
Demuth, Helene (Lenchen) (1820-
1890) housemaid and devoted
friend of the Marx family.28, 29, 31,
41, 45, 46, 58, 59, 61, 63, 76, 78, 80, 94-
Name Index
645
95, 104-06, 107, 115, 118, 120, 122,
123, 126, 130, 131, 135, 144, 167, 168,
175, 178, 224, 226, 248, 265, 272, 274,
276, 289, 292, 293, 304, 315, 321, 327,
345, 350, 357, 376, 378, 399, 423, 438,
439, 458, 459, 463, 473, 477, 478, 483,
496, 508, 527, 536-38
Denhardt, Fritz see Sax, Emanuel Hans
Dereure, Louis Simon (1838-
1900) French shoemaker, promin-
ent figure in the French and interna-
tional working-class movement, Blan-
quist, member of the Paris section of
the First International, member of La
Marsellaise editorial board; member
of the Paris Commune, emigrated to
the USA after its suppression, member
of the General Council of the Interna-
tional elected by the Hague Congress,
member of the French Workers' Party
from 1882.141
Deville, Gabriel Pierre (1854-
1940) French journalist, socialist,
member of the French Workers' Party,
author of the popular exposition of Vo-
lume I of Marx' s Capital and some
other works on philosophy, economy
and history; withdrew from the work-
ing-class movement in the early 20th
century.44, 46, 50, 59-63, 76-78, 89,
90, 94, 96, 101, 112, 113, 115, 134, 144,
162, 183, 310, 313, 320, 384-86, 405,
417, 442, 465, 508
Dietz, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm (1843-
1922) German Social Democrat,
founder of the Social-Democratic pub-
lishing house in 1881, deputy to the
Reichstag (1881-1918).17, 20, 27,
36, 58, 77, 102, 162-64, 200-01, 204-07,
210, 212, 230, 249, 251, 346, 422, 461,
462, 472, 474, 481, 482
Dietzgen, Joseph (1828-1888)German
leather-worker, philosopher, Social
Democrat, member of the First Inter-
national, delegate to the Hague Con-
gress (1872.). 246, 297, 394, 395, 441,
491
Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, Baronet
(1843-1911) English politician and
writer, a leader of the Radical wing of
the Liberal Party; M. P. 268, 458
Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st Earl of Beacons-
field (1804-1881) British statesman
and writer; leader of the Conservative
Party in the second half of the 19th
century; Chancellor of the Exchequer
(1852, 1858-59, 1866-68); Prime Mi-
nister (1868, 1874-80).512
Dobrolyubov, Nikolai Alexandrovich
(1836-1861) Russian revolutionary
democrat; literary critic and material-
ist philosopher; one of the predecessors
of Russian Social Democracy. 158
Donkin, Horatio Bryan (1845-
1927) English physician, doctor of
the Marx family in 1881-83.274,
543
Dormoy, Jean (1851-1898) French me-
tal-worker, socialist, sentenced for
a term in prison together with Guesde
and Lafargue in 1883. 115
Douai, Karl Daniel Adolph (1819-
1888)German journalist, petty-
bourgeois democrat, later socialist;
French by birth; took part in the 1848-
49 revolution in Germany, emigrated
to the USA in 1852 and took part in its
socialist movement; edited a number of
socialist papers including the New
Yorker Volkszeitung (1878-88); contri-
buted to the Vorwrts!\Z, 296, 440
Drumont, Edouard Adolphe (1844-
1917) French politician and jour-
nalist, author of anti-Semitic books
and articles. 520
Drysdale, Charles RobertEnglish phy-
sician, supported neo-Malthusia-
nism.195
Duc-Quercy, Albert (1856-1934)
French journalist, took part in
the working-class and socialist move-
ment, a founder of the French Work-
ers' Party (1879), an editor of Le Cri du
Peuple. 442
Dhring, Eugen Karl (1833-
1921) German philosopher and eco-
646
Name Index
nomist; lecturer at Berlin University
(1863-77).251, 289, 529
Dupont, Eugne (c. 1837 (1831?)-
1881) prominent figure in the
French and international working-
class movement, musical instrument-
maker; took part in the June 1848 in-
surrection in Paris; lived in London
from 1862, member of the General
Council of the First International (No-
vember 1864 to 1872), participant in
all congresses (except the Basle Con-
gress) and conferences of the Interna-
tional; member of the British Federal
Council (1872-73); emigrated to the
USA in 1874; associate of Marx and
Engels.310
E
Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-
1889) prominent figure in the Ger-
man and international working-class
movement; tailor, journalist; member
of the Communist League; member of
the First International and of its Gene-
ral Council (1864-72); took part in the
British trade union movement. 371,
468
Ede see Bernstein, Eduard
Edwardsee Aveling, Edward Bibbins
Eisengarten, Oskar German typesetter,
Social Democrat, emigrated to Lon-
don, secretary of Engels in 1884-
85. 153, 160, 170, 177, 190, 279
Elisabeth I (1533-1603) Queen of En-
gland and Ireland (1558-1603).150
Ely, Richard Theodore (1854-
1943) American economist, profes-
sor of political economy at the Wiscon-
sin University. 295
Engels, Charlotte (ne Bredt) (1833-
1912) wife of Emil Engels, Frederick
Engels' brother.228-30, 538
Engels, Elisabeth Franziska Maurita (ne
van Haar) (1797-1873) Frederick
Engels' mother. 229
Engels, Emil (1828-1884) Frederick
Engels' brother; a partner in the Er-
nten & Engels firm in Engelskirchen.
218, 220, 228, 229, 538
Engels, Emil (1858-1907) Emil En-
gels' son, nephew of Frederick Engels,
employee, and from 1889 a partner in
the Ermen & Engels firm in Engelskir-
chen.538-39
Engels, Emil (b. 1885)son of Frede-
rick Engels' nephew, Emil Engels.
539
Engels, Emma (ne Croon) (1834-
1916) Her mann Engels' wife.220
Engels, Friedrich ( 1796-
1860) Frederick Engels' father.
219, 229
Engels, Hermann (1822-
1905)Frederick Engels' brother;
manufacturer in Barmen, a partner in
the Ermen & Engels firm in Engelskir-
chen.218-20, 228, 539
Engels, Hermann Friedrich Theodor ( 1858-
1926) Hermann Engels' son,
nephew of Frederick Engels; manufac-
turer, a partner in the Ermen & Engels
firm in Engelskirchen.219, 220, 539
Engels, Johanna Klara (b. 1862)wife
of Emil Engels, Frederick Engels'
nephew. 539
Engels, Rudolf (1831-1903) Frederick
Engels' brother; manufacturer in Bar-
men, a partner in the Ermen & Engels
firm in Engelskirchen. 219
Engels, Rudolf Moritz (1858-
1893) Frederick Engels' nephew,
son of Rudolf Engels; employee, and
from 1889 a partner in the Ermen
& Engels firm in Engelskirchen. 539
F
Fabian, Heinrich Wilhelm German So-
cial Democrat.124, 191, 295
Faerber, Salo German Social Demo-
crat, merchant in Breslau. 337-39,
417
Faraday, Michael (1791-1867) English
physicist and chemist, founder of the
teachings on the electromagnetic
field.--400
Name Index
647
Ferry, Jules Franois Camille (1832-
1893) French lawyer, journalist,
a moderate Republican leader, mem-
ber of the Government of National De-
fence and Mayor of Paris (1870-71),
Prime Minister (1880-81 and 1883-
85).109, 267, 270
Fielding, John member of the Social
Democratic Federation in England.
366, 368
Fitzgerald, Charles L. English journal-
ist, deputy-secretary of the Social
Democratic Federation and an editor
of the Justice m 1884-85.84, 236-38,
245
Fleischmann, Adolf German big
merchant, Counsellor of Justice. 64
Flgel, Johann Gottfried ( 1788-
1855) German lexicographer, com-
posed English-German and German-
English dictionaries. 375
Fock^-196
Forster, HenriEnglish officer, in 1885-
86 was engaged in the divorce case
which caused retirement of Minister
Dilke.458
Fortin, EdouardFrench journalist, so-
cialist, member of the Workers' Party
of France.62, 310, 333, 345, 358,
359
Foster, Rachel American public figure,
secretary of the Women' s Rights so-
ciety.396, 415, 441, 465
Fourier, Franois Marie Charles (1772-
1837) French Utopian socialist.
132, 141, 184
Frankel, Leo (Lo) (1844-
1896)jeweller, prominent figure in
the Hungarian and international
workin'g-class movement; member of
the Paris Commune and the General
Council of the First International
(1871-72); a founder of the General
Workers' Party of Hungary (1880); as-
sociate of Marx and Engels. 76, 250
Frederick Charles (Friedrich Karl Niko-
laus), Prince (1828-1885) Prussian
general and field marshal general
(1870), commanded the Second Army
during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-
71). 300, 302, 304
Frederick William (1831-1888)
Prussian Crown Prince, gener-
al and field marshal general (1870),
took part in the Franco-Prussian war
(1870-71); after William I's death in
1888, King of Prussia and German
Emperor under the name of Frederick
III. 34, 148, 149, 268, 435
Frederick William HI (1770-
1840) King of Prussia (1797-
1840).148
Frederick William IV (1795-
1861)King of Prussia (1840-
61).34
Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810-
1876)German poet; member of the
Communist League; an editor of the
Neue Rheinische Leitung (1848-49); with-
drew from revolutionary activity in the
1850s.34, 52, 470
Freycinet, Charles Louis de Saulces de
(1828-1923) French statesman and
diplomat, moderate Republican;
Prime Minister (1879-80, 1882, 1886,
1890-92). 425
Freytag, Otto German lawyer, Social
Democrat, deputy to the Saxon Land-
' tag (1877-79).102, 124, 248, 251,
253-54, 509
Fritzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1825-
1905) Ger man tobacco-worker; took
part in the 1848-49 revolution,
a founder and leader of the General
Association of German Workers
(1863), member of the International,
sided with the Eisenachers in 1869; de-
puty to the North German (1868-71)
and the German (1877-81) Reichstag;
emigrated to the USA in 1881.22,
80
Frohme, Karl Franz Egon (1850-
1933) German journalist, a leader of
the Right wing of the Socialist Work-
ers' Party of Germany; deputy to the
648 Name Index
Reichstag (1881-1918).118, 119,
125, 296, 307, 315, 426
G
Gambetta, Lon Michel (1838-
1882) French statesman, bourgeois
republican; member of the Govern-
ment of National Defence (1870-71);
founded the paper Republique Franaise
in 1871; Prime Minister and Minister
of Foreign Affairs (1881-82).413
Gartman, Lev Nikolayevich (1850-
1913)Russian revolutionary, Na-
rodnik, took part in the terroristic act
of the People's Will organisation
against Alexander II after which emig-
rated to France and later to England,
settled in the USA in 1881, withdrew
from politics. 13, 256
Gaulier, Alfred Nicolas (b. 1829)
French politician and journalist, Radi-
cal, member of the Chamber of Depu-
ties (1886-89).438, 445
Geiser, Bruno ( 1846-1898) German
journalist, edited Die Neue Welt (1877-
86), deputy to the German Reichstag
(1881-87) where he belonged to the
Right wing of the Social-Democratic
group; expelled from the Socialist
Workers' Party of Germany in the late
1880s.21, 34, 81, 124, 140, 150, 165-
66, 173, 187, 204, 218, 231, 296, 307,
442, 489
Gendre see Nikitina, Varvara Niko-
layevna
George, Henry (1839-1897)American
economist and journalist; favoured na-
tionalisation of land by the state. 14,
42, 74, 82, 114, 237, 525, 531-32, 540-42
Gerville-Rache, Gaston Marie Sidoine
Thonile (b. 1854) French lawyer
and politician, member of the Cham-
ber of Deputies for Guadeloupe. 180
Gier s, Nikolai Karlovich (1820-
1895) Russian diplomat, envoy to
Teheran (from 1863), Berne (from
1869), and Stockholm (from 1872);
Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs
(1875-82), Minister for Foreign Affairs
(1882-95).461, 467, 484, 516, 517
Giffen, Sir Robert (1837-1910) English
economist and statistician, specialist on
finances, publisher of the Journal of the
Statistical Society (1876-91); head of the
statistical department at the Board of
Trade (1876-97).5
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-
1898) British statesman, first Tory,
later a leader of the Liberal Party in
the latter half of the 19th century;
Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55,
1859-66) and Prime Minister (1868-
74, 1880-85, 1886 and 1892-
94).109, 227, 267, 281, 303, 361,
449, 497, 505, 514
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-
1832)German poet.30, 48, 92,
253
Gray, John (1798-1850)English econo-
mist, Utopian socialist; follower of Ro-
bert Owen; an author of the labour
money theory. 208
Grvy, Franois Paul Jules (1807-
1891) French statesman, bourgeois
republican; President of the Republic
(1879-87).41, 303
Grillenberger, Karl (1848-
1897)German worker, later jour-
nalist; deputy to the German Reichs-
tag from 1881, where belonged to the
Right wing of the Socialist Workers'
Party of Germany. 231
Grimaux, Louis Edouard (1835-
1900)French chemist.289
Gronlund, Laurence ( 1846-
1899) American journalist, Dutch
by birth, a member of the Executive of
the Socialist Labor Party from 1887.
192, 295
Gro, Gustav (1856-1935) Austrian po-
litician, economist and journalist, lec-
turer at Vienna University. 250,
261, 522
Guesde, Jules (pen-name for Mathieu Ju-
les Bazile) (1845-1922)prominent
figure in the French and international
Name Index
649
socialist movement; a founder (1880)
and leader of the French Workers'
Party up to 1901; for some years on,
a leader of the revolutionary wing in
the French socialist movement. 28,
30, 41, 61, 64, 74, 94, 115, 141, 225,
409, 414, 442, 508
Guillaume-Schack, Gertrud (ne countess
Schock) (1845-1903) Ger man social-
ist, took part in the women workers'
movement in Germany. 311, 454,
455, 473, 477, 478
Guizot, Franois Pierre Guillaume (1787-
1874)French historian and states-
man; Orleanist; Foreign Minister
(1840-48); in 1847-48 also Prime Mi-
nister; virtually directed France' s
home and foreign policy from 1840 to
the February revolution of 1848; ex-
pressed the interests of the big financial
bourgeoisie. 95
Gumbel, Abraham German Social
Democrat, migr in France in the
early 1880s, bank employee in Paris
in 1883. 191
Gumpert, Eduard (d. 1893)German
physician in Manchester; friend of
Marx and Engels. 62
H
Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich (1834-
1919) German biologist, follower of
Darwin, adherent of materialism in na-
tural science, atheist; formulated the
biogenetic law of the relationship be-
tween phylogenesis and ontogenesis;
ideologist of' social Darwinism' . 289
Hagen correspondent of Engels in
Bonn.252
Hamel, Ernest (1826-1898) French his-
torian and journalist, author of works
on history of the French Revolution.
399
Hand, Albert (1833-1918) German
lawyer and politician, a leader of the
Party of Progress, member of the Prus-
sian Chamber of Deputies (1867-88)
and deputy to the German Reichstag
(1867-93 and 1898-1903).435
Harney, George Julian (1817-
1897) prominent figure in the En-
glish labour movement, a Chartist lea-
der (Left wing); editor of The Northern
Star and other Chartist periodicals; an
migr in the USA in 1863-88; mem-
ber of the First International, was on
friendly terms with Marx and En-
gels.274, 289, 292, 293, 337, 404,
422, 467, 475, 479, 537
Hartmann see Gartman, Lev Nikolayevich
Hasenclever, Wilhelm (1837-
1889) German Social Democrat,
edited the .Neuer Social-Demokrat, Presi-
dent of the General Association of Ger-
man Workers in 1871-75, a chairman
of the Socialist Workers' Party of Ger-
many from May 1875; edited together
with Liebknecht the Vorwrts/ in
1876-78; deputy to the Reichstag
(1874-88).21
Hasselmann, Wilhelm (b. 1844)one
of the leaders of the Lassallean General
Association of German Workers; editor
of the Neuer Social-Demokrat in 1871-
75; member of the Socialist Workers'
Party of Germany from 1875; expelled
from the Party for his anarchist views
in 1880.21
Haug German Social Democrat. 209
Haxthausen, August Franz Ludwig Maria,
Baron von (1792-1866) Prussian offi-
cial and economist, conservative, au-
thor of works on the agrarian system
and the peasant commune in Russia.
179
Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz (1811-
1881 ) German democrat, a leader of
the Baden republican uprising in April
1848; after its defeat emigrated to
Switzerland and later to the USA, took
part in the Civil War on the side of the
Union.287
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-
1831) German philosopher. 35,
126, 186, 189, 281, 348, 356, 438
650
Name Index
Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856) German
revolutionary poet. 33, 47, 78, 167,
226
Heinzel, Stefan {1841 -1899) German
tailor, Social Democrat, was sentenced
to imprisonment (1886) for participa-
tion in the illegal party congress in Co-
penhagen in 1883, after release took
part in the Social-Democratic move-
ment. 461
Heinzen, Karl Peter (1809-
1880) German radical journalist;
took part in the Baden-Palatinate up-
rising of 1849; emigrated to Switzer-
land, later to England and in the au-
tumn of 1850 to the USA. 47, 114,
198
Hepner, Adolf ( 1846-1923) German
Social Democrat, an editor of Der
Volksstaat (1869-73); member of the
First International, emigrated to the
USA (1882); in 1908 returned to Ger-
many. 13, 43
Hermann French socialist. 425
Hess (He), Moses (1812-
1875) German radical journalist;
' true socialist' in the mid-1840s; mem-
ber of the Communist League; after
the split in the League sided with the
sectarian Willich-Schapper group;
Lassallean in the 1860s; member of the
First International. 160, 362, 475
Hess (He), Sibylle (ne Pesch) (1820-
1903) Moses Hess' wife.226
Hilderbrand, Bruno (1812-
1878) German economist and statis-
tician, represented historical school in
political economy, published Jahr-
bcher fr Nationalkonomie und Statistik
from 1863.522
Hirsch, Carl (1841-1900) German So-
cial Democrat, Journalist, member of
the General Association of German
Workers; member of the Socialist
Workers' Party of Germany from 1869,
Paris correspondent of German So-
cial-Democratic newspapers after
1872.207, 253
Hing, Eugen ( 1808-1880) German
poet. 33
Hohenzollerns dynasty of Brandenburg
electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings
(1701-1918) and German emperors
(1871-1918).67, 385
Howell, George (1833-
1910) bricklayer; Secretary of the
London Trades Council (1861-62);
member of the General Council of the
International (October 1864 to 1869);
Secretary of the Reform League (1864-
67) and the Parliamentary Committee
of the British Congress of Trade Un-
ions (1871-75); Liberal M. P. (1885-
95). 8
Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885) French
writer; deputy to the Constituent and
Legislative assemblies during the Sec-
ond Republic; lived in emigration in
1851-70, from 1876 member of the
Senate.293, 297, 303
Hugues, Clovis (1851-1907)French
poet, journalist and politician, suppor-
ted the Paris Commune, deputy to the
National Assembly from 1881. 409,
414, 418
Htten, Ulrich von (1488-
1523) German poet, advocate of the
Reformation, ideologist of and parti-
cipant in the knights' uprising in 1522-
23.173
Hyndman, Henry Mayers (1842-
1921) English socialist, founder
(1881) and leader of the Democratic
Federation which was transformed
into Social Democratic Federation in
1884; later a leader of the British So-
cialist Party, was expelled from it for
his support of the imperialist war in
1916.54, 74, 85, 105, 114, 118-19,
123, 127-28, 155, 165, 177, 207, 236-
38, 245, 247, 265, 313, 342, 345, 366-
70, 376, 384, 393-94, 403, 404, 406-08,
424, 427, 431, 434, 440, 443, 446, 484,
521, 526, 529, 534
Name Index
651
I
Hiring, Ferdinand officer of the German
political police, agent provocateur in
a Berlin workers' society under the
name of Mahlow; was exposed in Feb-
ruary 1886.426
Irving, Sir Henry (John Henry Brodribb)
(1838-1905) English producer and
actor; engaged in some plays by Shake-
speare. 345
Issleib daughter of Ferdinand Issleib,
August Bebel's partner. 80
J
Jagemann, Christian Joseph ( 1735-
1804) German philologist, wrote on
the Italian literature history, composed
an Italian-German dictionary. 85
Jankowska, Marya (ne âleska, pseudo-
nym Stefan Leonowicz) (1850-
1909) Polish socialist, journalist,
member of the First International;
lived in emigration in the 1880s-90s,
delegate to the international socialist
congresses in Paris (1889), Brussels
(1891) and Zurich (1893); took part in
the foundation of the Polish Socialist
Party in 1892; married Polish socialist
Stanislaw Mendelson in 1889.
185-86
JoJJrin, Jules Franois Alexandre (1846-
1890) French mechanic, socialist, an
organiser of the mechanics' trade un-
ion; took part in the Paris Commune,
after its defeat an migr in England
(1871-81); member of the French
Workers' Party, a leader of the Possibi-
list wing; member of the town's council
of the 18th arrondissement of Paris.
134, 141-42
Johny see Longuet, Jean Laurent Frdric
(Johny)
Jollymeier see Schorlemmer, Carl
Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-
1869) proletarian poet and journal-
ist, prominent figure in the English
working-class movement, Left-wing
chartist leader, friend of Marx and En-
gels. 404
Jordanes (Jemandes, Jordanis) (b. c.
500) historian, wrote a work on the
Goths.296
Jornandes see Jordanes
Joynes, James Leigh (1853-
1893) English journalist and trans-
lator, a leader of the Social Democratic
Federation, an editor of the To-Day,
contributed to the Justice and The Com-
monweal, translated Marx' s Wage la-
bour and Capital into English. 74,
105, 127, 129, 172, 207, 236
Juta, Johann Carl (Jaan Carel) (1824-
1886)Dutch merchant, husband of
Karl Marx' s sister Louise, bookseller
in Capetown (South Africa). 71
Juta, Louise (1821-1893) Karl Marx' s
sister, Johann Carl Jut a' s wife. 71
K
Kaler-Reinthal, Emil (1850-
1897)Austrian journalist, Social
Democrat, withdrew from the workers'
movement in the late 1880s, opposed
Social Democracy. 50
Kalle, Fritz (1837-1915) German in-
dustrialist, National Liberal, deputy to
the Reichstag in 1884-90. 438, 439
Kdlnoky, Gustav, Count von (1832-
1898) Austro-Hungarian statesman,
ambassador to St Petersburg (1880-
81), chairman of the Imperial Council
of Ministers and Foreign Minister
(1881-95).517
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) German
philosopher.114, 122
Kaulbars, Nikolai Vasilyevich, Baron
(1842-1905) Russian general, mili-
tary attach in Austria (1881-86), was
on special diplomatic mission in Bulga-
ria in 1886.505, 517
Kautsky, Karl Johann (1854-
1938) German journalist, economist
and historian, Social Democrat, edited
Die Neue Z
eil
(1883-1917), wrote on
652 Name Index
Marxist theory, later an ideologist of
centrism in German Social Democracy
and the Second International. 17,
27, 55-58, 63-64, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75-78,
80, 81, 85, 86, 89, 90, 101-03, 109-10,
120-21, 123-25, 131-33, 135-39, 144,
147, 153-57, 160, 162-66, 170, 174-77,
186-87, 189-90, 192-95, 201, 203-08,
210, 212, 218, 230, 236, 250, 251, 262,
265, 270, 272, 274, 283, 285, 302, 303,
307, 316, 321-25, 329, 334, 344, 357,
360, 362, 366, 378, 385, 386, 399, 404,
407, 417, 422, 425, 427, 448, 454, 455,
458-59, 460-63, 472-74, 476-79, 481-
82, 504, 521, 526, 530, 537
Kautsky, Louise (ne Strasser) (1860-
1950) Austrian socialist, first wife of
Karl Kautsky, secretary of Engels from
1890.262, 265, 273, 320-25, 357,
378, 386, 399, 454, 458, 459, 461, 463,
473, 477, 480, 531, 537
Kautsky, Minna (ne Jaich) (1837-1912)
German writer of social novels;
Karl Kautsky's mother.320, 321,
355-58
Kayser, Max (1853-1888) German
journalist, Social Democrat, deputy to
the Reichstag (1878-84), sided with
the Reformist wing of the Social-
Democratic group. 21
Kelley-Wischnewetzky, Florence (1859-
1932)American socialist, translated
Engels' The Condition of the Working-
Class in England into English; Lazar
Wischnewetzky's wife. 248, 256-59,
373, 382, 393, 395-97, 405, 415-16,
419, 420, 441, 451-53, 463-66, 477,
478, 540-42
Kjellberg, Julia daughter of the
Swedish industrialist, wife of Georg
Heinrich von Vollmar. 185
Klopfer, Ludwig German Social
Democrat, an migr in Switzer-
land.25-28
Knowles, Sir James Thomas ( 1831 -
1908) English architect, writer and
publisher, founded and edited The Ni-
neteenth Century (1877-1908).8, 12
Kock, Charles Paul de (1793-
1871) French novelist and drama-
tist.170
Kol, Henri Hubert van (1852-1925) a
founder and leader of the Dutch So-
cial-Democratic Workers' Party.
477, 499, 501
Kolb, Georg Friedrich (1808-
1884) German politician, journalist
and statistician; democrat. 359
Krantz see Lavrov, Pyotr Lavrovich
Kravchinsky, Sergei Mikhailovich (pseudo-
nym Stepnyak) (1851-1895)Russian
author and journalist, revolutionary
Narodnik in the 1870s; an migr after
he took part in the revolutionary ac-
tion against the police chief in St Pe-
tersburg in 1878; lived in England
from 1884.256, 443
Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich, Prince (1842-
1921)Russian geographer, geologist
and revolutionary; theoretician of
anarchism, an migr in 1876-
1917.431
Krzywicki, Ludwik Joachim Franciszck
( 1859-1941 ) Polish anthropologist,
sociologist, economist and journalist;
professor at Warsaw University; took
part in the socialist movement in the
1880s, a translator into Polish and edi-
tor of the first volume of Capital; prop-
agated Marxism in Poland. 87, 89
Kugelmann, Ludwig ( 1828-
1902)German physician, took part
in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany;
member of the First International,
Marx' s regular correspondent (1862-
74), friend of Marx and Engels. 133,
134
Kuropatkin, Alexei Nikolayevich (1848-
1925) Russian general, took part in
the Russo-Turkish war (1877-78) and
campaigns to the Central Asia (1879-
83).339
L
Labruyhe, Georges de French journalist,
contributed to Le Cri du Peuple. 376
Name Index
653
La/argue (b. 1803) Paul Lafargue's
mother. 4
La/argue, Laura, (ne Marx) (1845-
1911) Karl Marx' s second daughter,
wife of Paul Lafargue (from 1868);
took part in the French working-class
movement.4-6, 28-32, 39-41, 45, 46,
49, 58-63, 69, 71-72, 78-80, 94-97, 104-
06, 111, 117, 118, 121-23, 127-29, 135,
142-44, 162, 166-68, 170-71, 174-75,
178, 183, 191, 202, 206, 207, 211, 224-
27, 237, 247, 248, 250, 264-66, 273-76,
288-90, 292-93, 301-04, 310-11, 313,
319-21, 325-27, 333, 334, 342, 344,
345, 352, 370, 375-76, 384, 386, 403,
405, 406, 423-26, 435-37, 450, 451,
456, 477, 478, 482, 483, 490, 494, 496-
98, 506-08, 521, 524-27, 526-39
Lafargue, Paul (1842-1911) prominent
figure in the international and French
working-class movement; member of
the General Council of the First Inter-
national; took part in elaboration of
the programme of the French Workers'
Party; wrote on history and theory
of Marxism, disciple and associate of
Marx and Engels, husband of Marx' s
daughter Laura. 4, 5, 20, 28, 30, 32,
39, 41, 46, 48, 59-60, 63-64, 68, 71-72,
78-80, 86, 94-96, 104, 105, 107, 115-18,
121-23, 129, 130, 134, 139, 143, 162,
168, 170-71, 175, 179-83, 191, 224-27,
235-36, 255-57, 264-66, 275, 276, 290,
292-93, 297, 301, 310, 313, 314, 326,
331, 333, 345, 350, 352, 368, 370, 375-
76, 384, 405, 409, 410, 425, 430-32,
438, 439, 442, 444, 445, 451, 456, 465,
477, 483, 490, 494, 497, 507, 508, 512,
518, 520, 524, 527, 538, 539
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis (1790-
1869) French poet, historian and
politician, a leader of the moderate re-
publicans in the 1840s; Foreign Minis-
ter and virtually head of the Provi-
sional Government in 1848. 24
Lasker, Eduard (1829-1884) German law-
yer, politician, a founder and leader
of the National Liberal Party, with-
drew from it in 1880; deputy to the
North German and Imperial Reichs-
tag from 1867.440
Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864)
German journalist and lawyer;
socialist, founder of the General As-
sociation of German Workers (1863)
and its chairman. 35, 175, 188, 192,
225, 241, 305, 342, 367, 370, 389
Lavigne, PaulFrench socialist. 345,
358, 359
Lavrov (Lavroff, Lawroff), Pyolr Lavrovich
(1823-1900) Russian sociologist and
journalist, an ideologist of Narodism;
an emigre from 1870; member of.the
First International, took part in the
Paris Commune; edited the Vperyod!
(Forward!) magazine (1873-76) and
the newspaper Vperyod! (1875-76);
friend of Marx and Engels. 3,
4, 68, 79, 87-89, 92-95, 100, 101, 106,
110, 261, 262, 264, 273, 274, 302,
337, 399, 400, 525, 529
Leclere, Henri Alfred Albert Adhmar
(1853-1917) French printer; took
part in the socialist movement in the
1870s-80s, Possibilist, contributed to
some socialist and radical papers; offi-
cial of the colonial administration in
Cambodia from 1886.96, 144
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-
1716)German philosopher and
mathematician. 133
Lehmann see William I
Lenchen see Demuth, Helene
Leopold (1790-1852) Gr and Duke of
Baden (1830-52).350
Leopold II (1835-1909)King of the
Belgians (1865-1909).192
Leroux, Pierre (1797-1871) French wri-
ter, Utopian socialist, a representative
of Christian socialism. 342
Leroy- Beaulieu, Pierre Paul (1843-
1916) French economist, professor
at Collge de France. 171, 174, 175,
178, 179, 181-83, 225
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-
1781)German writer, critic and
654
Name Index
philosopher of the Enlightenment.
440
Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910)
prominent figure in the German
and international working-class
movement; tailor; member of the Com-
munist League from 1847, took part in
the 1848-49 revolution; prosecuted at
the Cologne Communist trial in 1852,
emigrated to London in 1856, member
of the General Council of the First
International (November 1864 to
1872), member of the British Federal
Council (1872-73); friend and associ-
ate of Marx and Engels. 139, 371,
422, 460
Lexis, Wilhelm (1837-1914)German
economist and statistician, professor of
economics at the universities of Strass-
burg, Dorpat, Freiburg, Breslau and
Gttingen (1887-1914).421, 474,
522
LAebig, Justus, Baron von ( 1803-
1873) German agrochemist. 107
Liebknecht, Natalie (ne Reh) (1835-
1909)Wilhelm Liebknecht's second
wife (from 1868).495-96, 530, 531, 537
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900)
prominent figure in the German
and international working-class
movement; took part in the 1848-49 re-
volution, member of the Communist
League and the First International; de-
puty to the North German (1867-70)
and the German Reichstag from 1874
(with intervals); a founder and leader
of the Socialist Workers' Party of Ger-
many; editor of Der Volksstaat (1869-
76) and the Vorwrts! (1876-78 and 1890-
1900); friend and associate of Marx
and Engels.5, 14, 16-22, 26, 27, 32,
35, 36, 38, 47, 48, 54, 55, 57, 80, 83-84,
99, 102, 114, 123, 124, 144, 146, 169,
212, 239-41, 243, 245, 253, 258, 275,
284, 285, 290, 303, 307, 339, 340, 353,
359, 361, 362, 365, 366, 377-82, 385,
387, 391, 395, 417, 418, 426, 427, 433,
438, 442, 445, 446, 461, 469, 476, 478-
80, 482, 484, 488, 489, 491, 495, 498-
501, 508, 509, 511, 530, 535- 38
Lippert, Julius (1839-1909) Austrian
historian and ethnographer.-207
Lissagaray, Hippolyte Prosper Olivier
(1838-1901) French journalist; took
part in the Paris Commune, after its
suppression emigrated to England;
wrote Histoire de la Commune de
1871.288, 376
Longuet, Charles Flix Csar (1839-
1903)journalist, socialist, member
of the General Council of the First
International (1866-68 and 1871-72),
member of the Paris Commune, later
emigrated to England; joined the Pos-
sibilists in the 1880s, was elected to the
Paris Municipal Council; husband of
Marx' s daughter Jenny. 4, 106, 409,
413, 417, 425, 445
Longuet, Edgar (1879-1950)physician,
member of the Socialist Party of
France; son of Marx' s daughter Jenny
and Charles Longuet. 60, 94, 105,
106, 127, 248
Longuet, Henri (Harry) (1878-1883)son
of Marx' s daughter Jenny and Charles
Longuet.17
Longuet, Jean Laurent Frederic (Johny)
(1876-1938) lawyer, a leader of the
Socialist Party of France, son of Marx' s
daughter Jenny and Charles Lon-
guet. 5, 60, 99, 105, 106, 127, 248,
333, 376, 386
Longuet, Jenny (ne Marx) (1844-
1883)Karl Marx' s eldest daughter,
wife of Charles Longuet from 1872.
47, 226
Longuet, Jenny (1882-1952) daught er of
Jenny and Charles Longuet, grand-
daughter of Karl Marx. 60, 94, 105,
106, 127, 248
Longuet, Marcel (1881-1949)son of
Jenny and Charles Longuet. 60, 94,
105, 106, 127, 248
Lopatin(e), Hermann Alexandrovich (1845-
1918) Russian revolutionary, Na-
rodnik; member of the General Coun-
Name Index 655
cil of the First International (1870),
a translator of the first volume of
Marx' s Capital into Russian; friend of
Marx and Engels.4, 59, 60, 65, 93,
100, 129, 260, 319, 349, 401, 525-26
Loria, Achille (1857-1943) Italian so-
ciologist and economist, professor at
Siena, Padua and Turin. 24-25, 226
Louis Bonaparte see Napoleon 111
Louis Napoleon see Napoleon 111
Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)Duke of
Orleans, King of the French (1830-
48).221
Louis Philippe Albert d'Orlans, comte de
Paris (1838-1894) Louis Philippe's
grandson, pretender to the French
throne under the name of Philippe
VII. 519
Loustalot, Elise (1762-1790)French
journalist, revolutionary democrat,
took part in the French Revolution.
95, 122
Lowrey partner in the firm William
Swan Sonnenschein & Co. 480
Lubbock, Sir John, 1st Baron Avebury ( 1834-
1913) English naturalist, follower of
Darwin, wrote on zoology and history
of the primitive society. 103
Lderitz, Franz Adolf Eduard (1834-
1886) merchant from Bremen, an
initiator of German expansionism in
Africa.199
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)prominent
figure of the Reformation, founder of
Protestantism (Lutheranism).132
M
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de (1709-
1785) French sociologist, proponent
of Utopian egalitarian communism.
95
MacMahon, Marie Edme Patrice Maurice,
comte de, duc de Magenta (1808-
1893) French marshal, senator, Bo-
napartist, took part in the Crimean,
Italian and Franco-Prussian wars; took
part in the suppression of the Paris
Commune; President of the Third Re-
public (1873-79).430
Mahon, John Lincoln (1865-
1933) English mechanic; member of
the Executive of the Social Democratic
Federation (from 1884); member of the
Socialist League (from December
1884), and its secretary (from 1885),
organised the North of England Social-
ist Federation (1887).227-28, 298,
312
Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner (1822-
1888) English lawyer and his-
torian.179
Malon, Benot (1841-1893) French so-
cialist, member of the First Interna-
tional and of the Alliance of Socialist
Democracy (1868); member of the
Central Committee of the National
Guard and of the Paris Commune; af-
ter the Commune was suppressed,
emigrated to Italy and later to Swit-
zerland where he joined the anarchists;
after the 1880 amnesty returned to
France; a Possibilist leader. 64, 68,
74, 96, 108, 368, 430
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-
1834) English clergyman and eco-
nomist, author of a theory of popula-
tion.77, 95
Manz-Schppi, Karl (1856-1917)
German book-binder, Social Demo-
crat; emigrated to Vienna and later
to Zurich after the introduction in
1878 of the Anti-Socialist Law. 170,
204
Marat, Jean Paul (1743-1793)a Jaco-
bin leader in the French Revolution.
399
Mark, von dersee Rosenberg, Wilhelm
Ludwig
Marlborough see Churchill, George
Charles Spencer, 8th Duke of Marlbor-
ough
Martignelti, Pasquale (1844-1920)
Italian socialist, translated works
by Marx and Engels into Ita-
lian.37, 38, 48, 49, 205, 243, 244,
656 Name Index
272, 291-93, 298-99, 373-74, 420-21,
493-94
Marx, Eleanor (Tussy) (1855-
1898) Karl Marx' s youngest daugh-
ter; took part in the British and inter-
national working-class movement in
the 1880s-90s; wife of Edward Aveling
from 1884; member of the Social
Democratic Federation, a founder of
the Socialist League (1884); was active
in foundation of trade unions of unskil-
led workers in England in the late
1880s.3, 5, 6, 14, 31, 39-41, 53, 58-
60, 63, 69-71, 74, 76-78, 83, 85, 87-89,
91, 92, 94, 111, 115, 120, 124, 128, 167,
175, 195, 214, 224, 237, 245, 247, 250,
261, 265, 274, 275, 297, 301, 303, 320,
323, 326, 368, 375, 376, 378, 383, 386,
391, 399, 402, 424, 435-37, 443, 458,
461, 469, 478, 482, 489, 494, 498, 500,
506, 508, 524, 525, 527, 537, 540
Marx, Heinrich (1777-1838) Karl
Marx' s father, lawyer, Counsellor of
Justice in Trier. 29
Marx, Jenny (ne von Westphalen) (1814-
1881) Kar l Marx' s wife.34, 39,
47, 152
Marx, Karl (1818-1883).3, 6-18, 24,
25, 29, 31, 33, 36, 39-44, 47-51, 53-54,
60, 67, 72, 73, 78, 79, 84, 88-94, 100,
103, 111, 114, 117, 122, 124, 128-29,
133, 138, 150, 152, 158-59, 163, 165,
166, 175, 181, 182, 184, 186, 192-94,
202, 204, 206, 214, 224, 226, 229, 233,
251, 258, 260, 262, 265, 266, 279-80,
282, 283, 287-88, 291, 295, 305-07,
309, 311, 316, 319, 328, 329, 332, 333,
344, 351, 358, 371, 373-75, 385, 389,
391, 393-94, 396, 400, 402, 416, 420,
422, 435, 439, 447, 452, 457, 465, 470,
475, 481, 483, 488
Maurer, Georg Ludwig von ( 1790-
1872) Ger man historian, studied the
social system of ancient and medieval
Germany. 179, 398
May, lie Henri (1842-1930)French
socialist, Possibilist; a founder of La So-
cit rpublicaine d'conomie sociale,
later supported Boulanger. 368
Mayallphotographer in London.
15, 18
McEnnis, J. T. correspondent of the
Missouri Republican in Saint Louis
(USA).443, 460, 490, 491
Mead, Edward P. English workers' poet,
contributed to the Chartist newspaper
The Northern Star. 92
Mehring, Franz ( 1846-1919) German
philosopher, historian and journalist,
took part in the working-class and so-
cialist movements; author of works on
history of Germany and of Social
Democracy; biographer of Karl Marx,
member of the German Social-Demo-
cratic Party (from 1891); permanent
contributor to Die Neue %eil. 253,
255, 316
Meissner, Otto Karl (1819-
1902) Hamburg publisher, pub-
lished Capital and some other works
by Marx and Engels. 17, 20, 26, 40,
60, 76-78, 89, 92, 96, 101, 121, 122,
190, 309, 319, 328, 384, 400, 417, 494,
496
Mendelssohn bank manager in Berlin.
338
Menger, Anton (1841-1906)Austrian law-
yer and politician, sociologist, profes-
sor at Vienna University. 521, 526
Meyer, Mathilde (ne Trautow)wife of
Rudolf Hermann Meyer. 507
Meyer, Rudolf Hermann (1839-
1899)German economist and jour-
nalist, conservative, biographer of
Rodbertus. 54, 79, 101, 138, 250,
375, 483, 507
Michel, Louise (pseudonym Enjolras)
(1830-1905 ) French teacher, was ac-
tive in the Paris Commune; supported
Blanquists during the Second Empire,
was exiled to New Caledonia after the
suppression of the Commune; after the
1880 amnesty took part in the work-
ing-class movement in France, Belg-
ium and Holland, sided with the anar-
Name Index
657
chists; emigrated to England in 1890
where cooperated with Kropotkin.
41, 404
Mignet, Franois Auguste Marie (1796-
1884) French historian.399
Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Konstantinovich
( 1842-1904) Russian sociologist,
journalist and literary critic, ideologist
of liberal Narodism, an editor of the
Otechestvenniye apiski (Fatherland' s
Notes) and Russkoye Bogalstvo (Russian
Wealth) magazines.112
Mink, Paule (pseudonym Mekarska, Pau-
line Adle) (1839-1901)French
journalist, took part in the Paris Com-
mune; emigrated to Switzerland after
the Commune was suppressed; was ac-
tive in the French socialist movement
after the 1880 amnesty. 96
Mirbach, Otto von (born c. 1800)
Prussian retired artillery officer; demo-
crat, took part in the 1848-49 revolu-
tion; commandant of Elberfeld during
the May 1849 uprising; emigrated
from Germany. 351
Molinari, Gustave de (1819-
1912)Belgian economist, professor
at Brussels University; Free Trader;
edited Journal des Economistes. 225
Mollke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Count
von (1800-1891) Prussian military
leader and writer; general, field
marshal general from 1871, Chief of
the Prussian (1857-71) and the Im-
perial (1871-88) General Staff.211
Mommsen, Theodor (1817-
1903) German historian, professor
of ancient history at Berlin University
(from 1857), wrote on ancient
Rome. 207
Money, J. W.B. 102, 179
Moore, Samuel (1838-1911) English
lawyer; member of the First Interna-
tional, translated into English the first
volume of Marx' s Capital (together
with Edward Aveling) and the Mani-
festo of the Communist Party; friend of
Marx and Engels.9, 24, 28, 29, 31,
33, 40, 46, 59, 79, 95, 122, 124, 127-29,
143, 245, 247, 261, 289, 292, 401, 402,
424, 436, 455, 506, 527
Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818-
1881)American ethnographer, ar-
chaeologist and historian of primitive
society.103, 115, 120, 123, 131-32,
207
Morley, John, Viscount Morley of Black-
hum (1838-1932) English statesman,
journalist and historian; Liberal; edi-
tor-in-chief of the Fortnightly Review
(1867-82), Secretary of State for Ire-
land (1886 and 1892-95).449
Morris, William (1834-1896)English
poet, writer and artist; socialist; a lea-
der of the Socialist League in 1885-
89.105, 155, 165, 214, 224, 237, 238,
245, 247-48, 376, 427, 431, 438, 443,
446, 471, 484
Most, Johann Joseph (1846-1906)
German book-binder; deputy to
the German Reichstag (1874-78);
emigrated to England after the intro-
duction of the Anti-Socialist Law in
1878 where he published Die Freiheit,
expelled from the Socialist Workers'
Party of Germany as anarchist (1880);
emigrated to the USA (1882).9, 11,
14, 15, 44, 91, 114, 198
Motteler, Julius (1838-1907) German
Social Democrat; deputy to the Re-
ichstag (1874-78, 1903-07); at the time
of the Anti-Socialist Law, an migr in
Zurich and later in London; was re-
sponsible for transportation of Der So-
zialdemokrat and illegal Social-Demo-
cratic literature to Germany. 77, 498
Mozin (c. 1771-1840) French clergy-
man, philologist. 85, 375
Mller, Philipp Heinrich German So-
cial Democrat, convicted at the Frei-
berg trial in 1886 for his participation
in the illegal party congress at Copen-
hagen (1883).225, 461
658
Name Index
N
Napoleon see Napoleon III
Napoleon I Bonaparte ( 1769-
1821) Emperor of the French ( 1804-
14 and 1815).451, 496
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napolon
Bonaparte) (1808-1873)nephew of
Napoleon I, President of the Second
Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the
French (1852-70).51, 237, 330, 513,
514, 518
Nelson, Horatio Nelson, Viscount (1758-
1805) English admiral.407
Nieuwenhuis, Ferdinand Domela (1846-
1919) a founder of the Dutch Social-
Democratic Party (1881), M. P. from
1888, anarchist from the 1890s.6,
7, 372, 397-99
Nikitina, Varvara Nikolayevna (ne Gendre)
(1842-1884) Russian journalist, lived
in Italy from the late 1860s, later in
France; contributed to the Justice and
Nouvelle Revue. 5
Nim see Demuth, Helene
Nonne, Heinrich German agent provo-
cateur, member of the German Work-
ers' Educational Society in London,
lived in Paris from spring 1883, expo-
sed in 1884.96-97, 108-09, 206
Norgatebookseller in London. 375
Novikova, Olga Alexeyevna (ne Kireyeva)
(1840-1925)Russian journalist, for
a long time lived in London, favoured
an Anglo-Russian alliance. 256
O
O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847) Iri sh
lawyer and politician, leader of the li-
beral wing in the national liberation
movement; organiser and leader of the
Repeal Association (1840). 422
Oriol, Henriclerk in Lachtre' s pub-
lishing house in Paris; owner of a print-
shop which put out socialist literature
in Paris (1883-86).104
Orlans branch in the house of Bour-
bons in Fr a nc e . ^ 518, 519
Owen, Robert (1771-1858)English
Utopian socialist. 184, 422, 470
P
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Vis-
count (1784-1865) British statesman,
Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41,
1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55)
and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-
65).374
Papritz, Evgenia Eduardovna (Lineva by
marriage) ( 1854-1919) Russian sin-
ger and collector of folk songs; took
part in the work of the illegal Moscow
Society of Translators and Publishers
(1882-84) where some works by Marx
and Engels were published in Russian,
migr in 1884-96.157, 158
Paquet, Just. 226
Parker, Sarah Frederick Engels' house-
maid. 459
Parnell, Charles Stewart (1846-
1891) Irish politician and states-
man, Liberal M. P. (from 1875); lea-
der of Home Rule League (1877-90);
President of the Irish Land League
(from 1880).361, 367, 369
Paulsee Laforgue, Paul
Paul, Kegan (1828-1902) English pub-
lisher.31, 33, 40, 128, 143, 313, 405,
423, 437, 450
Pauli, Clara Philipp Viktor Pauli's
daughter. 436
Pauli, Philipp Viktor (1836-d. after
1916) German chemist. 436
Peabody, George (1795-1869)American
merchant, financier and philanthro-
pist; headed a bank in London (from
1837).400
Pearson, Karl (1857-1936) British
mathematician, biologist and philoso-
pher; professor in the University
College (London) from 1884.543,
548
Pease, Edward Reynolds ( 1857-
1955) English socialist, a founder
Name Index
659
and secretary of the Fabian Society.
392, 393
Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850)British
statesman, Tory; Home Secretary
(1822-27, 1828-30); Prime Minister
(1834-35, 1841-46).374, 449
Percy see Rosher, Percy White
Peschier, Charles Jaques (nickname
Adolphe) (1805-1878)professor of
French literature at Tbingen; a com-
piler of the French-German diction-
ary. 85, 375
Petrarch or Petrarca, Francesco (1304-
1374) Italian poet of the Renais-
sance. 48
Pfnder, Karl (c. 1819-1876)German
painter, took part in the German and
international working-class movement;
emigrated to London in 1845; member
of the German Workers' Educational
Society in London, of the Communist
League and of the General Council of
the International; friend and associate
of Marx and Engels. 468
Pfnder. 447
Philippe VIIsee Louis Philippe Albert
d'Orlans, comte de Paris
Planteau, Franois Edouard (b. 1838)
French radical politician; member of
the Chamber of Deputies (from 1885);
sided with the socialists (1887-89); fol-
lower of Boulanger (from 1889). 409,
414
Platter, Julius (1844-1923) Swiss eco-
nomist, professor at Zurich University
(1879-84).458
Plekhanov ( Plechanoff), Georgi Valenti-
novich (1856-1918)Russian philoso-
pher, propagated Marxism in Russia;
founder of the first Russian Marxist or-
ganisation, the Emancipation of
Labour group (1883).67, 264,
279-80
Potter, George (1832-1893)British
worker, carpenter; leader of the Amal-
gamated Union of Building Workers
and of the trade union movement;
member of the London Trades Coun-
cil; founder, editor and publisher of
The Bee-Hive Newspaper. 320
Powderly, Terence Vincent (1849-
1924) mechanic, a leader of the
working-class movement in the USA
(1870s-90s); a leader of the Knights of
Labor (1879-93); sided with the Re-
publicans in 1896.532, 541
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-
1865) French writer, economist and
sociologist; founder of anarchism.
102, 105, 117, 156-57, 208, 342, 354,
413, 429, 470
Pumpssee Rosher, Mary Ellen
Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich (1799-
1837) Russian poet.48
Putnam, George Haven (1844-
1930) owner of a New York publish-
ing house (from 1872); Liberal. 259
Puttkamer, Robert Victor von (1828-
1900)Prussian statesman, Minister
of Home Affairs (1881-88).--138, 473
Q.
Quarck, Max (pseudonym Freiwald Th-
ringer) (1860-1930) German lawyer
and journalist; Right-wing Social
Democrat; deputy to the German
Reichstag (1912-18).64, 67, 138,
164, 258, 384, 385, 405, 417
Quelch, Harry ( 1858-1913) English
worker; a leader of the new trade un-
ions; socialist; delegate to international
socialist congresses of 1891 and 1893.
123
R
Rackow, Heinrich (d. 1916) Ger man So-
cial Democrat; a refugee in London
(from 1879); owner of a tobacco
shop; member of the German Workers'
Educational Society in London. 118
Radford, ErnestEnglish lawyer. 40
Rae, John (1845-1915) English econo-
mist and sociologist; contributed to the
660 Name Index
Contemporary Review magazine in the
1880s.398
Ranc, Arthur (1831-1908) French jour-
nalist; moderate Republican; member
of the Chamber of Deputies, later sena-
tor.413
Riachesee Gerville-Rache, Gaston Ma-
rie Sidoine Thonile
Redgrave, AlexanderEnglish inspector
of factories. 334
Reeves, William Dobson (c. 1827-
1907)English publisher and book-
seller.40, 310, 320, 345
Retis, Alexandre (1852-1894) French
trackwalker, Possibilist. 141
Reuchlin, Johann (1455-1522) German
scientist, philologist and lawyer, repre-
sentative of humanism.173
Rvillon, Antoine (1832-1898)French
writer and journalist; Left radical;
member of the Chamber of Deputies
(from 1881).292
Rihol, Alexandre Flix Joseph (1842-
1923) French lawyer and statesman;
a leader of the right Republicans;
member of the Chamber of Deputies
(from 1878); Minister of Foreign Af-
fairs (1890-92); Chairman of the
Council of Ministers (1893, 1895).
330
Ricardo, David (1772-1823) British clas-
sical economist. 82, 126, 163, 166,
181, 184, 194, 210, 226
Richter, Eugen ( 1838-1906) German
politician, leader of the Liberals; a
founder of the Party of Progress
from March 1884, deputy to
the North German (1867) and Ger-
man Reichstag (1871-1906).137,
268, 427
Riltinghausen, Moritz (1814-
1890) German journalist and politi-
cian, democrat, took part in the 1848-
49 revolution; contributed to the Neue
Rheinische Leitung; member of the First
International; member of the Socialist
Workers' Party of Germany (prior to
1884); deputy to the German Reichs-
tag (1877-78, 1881-84).21, 209
Robelet, Gustave French employee; so-
cialist; candidate of the Workers' Party
at the municipal elections (July
1887).96
Roche, Ernest Jean (1850-1917)French
engraver, later journalist; socialist, edi-
tor of L'Intransigeant, organised strikes
in Anzin (1885) and Decazeville
(1886); member of the Chamber of De-
puties (from 1889), follower of Boulan-
ger in the late 1880s, later sided with
the Independent Socialists. 438, 442,
443, 470
Rockefort, Victor Henri, marquis de Rochefort-
Luay (1830-1913) French journalist
and politician; Left-wing Republican;
a member of the Government of Na-
tional Defence after the revolution of
4 September 1870, was exiled to New
Caledonia after the suppression of the
Paris Commune; escaped to England;
returned to France after the 1880 am-
nesty, published VIntransigeant; monar-
chist (from the late 1880s).435
Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Johann Karl ( 1805-
1875)German economist, leader of
the Left Centre in the Prussian Na-
tional Assembly (1848); subsequently
theoretician of 'state socialism'. 72,
101, 102, 111, 124-26, 138-39, 154,
156, 163, 166, 175, 176, 187-89, 193-
95, 204, 206, 208, 211, 220, 262, 296,
301, 319, 385, 521
Rhrig, Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1826)
owner of a factory in Barmen. 539
Rosenberg, Wilhelm Ludwig (pseudonym
von der Mark) (b. 1850)American
journalist, socialist; secretary of the
National Executive of the Socialist La-
bor Party of the USA and leader of the
Lassallean faction in it; expelled from
the party in 1889.72, 86, 91, 124
Rosher, Charley. 276
Rosher, Emily. 46
Rosher, Mary Ellen Catherine (Pumps)
(ne Burns) (born c. 1860) niece of
Name Index 661
Engels' wife, Lydia Burns. 5, 31, 45,
58, 59, 71, 94, 136, 143, 168, 171, 174,
178, 214, 217, 265, 292, 304, 314, 321,
345, 357, 376, 378, 386, 423, 438, 455,
463, 473, 477, 478
Rosher, Percy White English trader, hus-
band of Mary Ellen Burns from
1881. - 5, 45, 59, 71, 78, 143, 171, 174,
178, 265, 273, 303, 304, 315, 357
Russell, John Russell, 1st Earl (1792-
1878)British statesman, Whig lea-
der; Prime Minister (1846-52, 1865-
66); Foreign Secretary (1852-53, 1859-
65).217
S
Sabor, Adolf (1841-1907) Ger man tea-
cher; Social Democrat; deputy to the
German Reichstag (1884-90).225
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte
de (1760-1825) French Utopian so-
cialist.184
Sax, Emanuel Hans (pseudonym Fritz Den-
hardt) (1857-1896)Austrian econo-
mist and poet, contributed to Die Neue
eit; professor at the agricultural school
in Vienna. 57, 79
Schabelitz, Jakob (1827-1899)Swiss
publisher and bookseller. 164, 253,
263, 346
Schffle, Albert Eberhard Friedrich (1831-
1903) German economist and so-
ciologist; armchair socialist. 179, 267
Schattner, Regina see Bernstein, Regina
(Gine)
Scheu, Andreas (1844-1927) a leader in
the Austrian and British socialist move-
ment; member of the First Interna-
tional; emigrated to England (1874);
a founder of the Social Democratic Fe-
deration; member of the Socialist
League.237, 537
Schewilsch, Sergei Tegorovich (1844-
1912)American socialist, Russian
by birth; an editor of the Mew Yorker
Volkszeitung (1870s-80s); editor of The
Leader (from 1886).13, 44, 91
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von
(1759-1805)German poet, drama-
tist, historian and philosopher. 357
Schippel, Max (1859-1928) Ger man
economist and journalist; follower of
Rodbertus; Social Democrat (from
1886); sided with the semi-anarchist
group of the ' Young' , deputy to the
German Reichstag (1890-
1905).163, 165
Schlter, Friedrich Hermann (1851-
1919)German Social Democrat;
head of the Zurich Social-Democratic
publishing house (1880s); a founder of
the archive of German Social Demo-
cracy; emigrated to the USA in 1889;
took an active part in the socialist
movement; wrote on the history of the
British and US working-class move-
ment . 171, 172, 196, 197, 248-49,
251, 263, 286-88, 304-06, 309-10, 322-
24, 327-29, 331, 332, 346, 347, 371,
373, 374, 418, 419, 421, 422, 450, 453,
467, 472, 474, 475, 528
Schneeberger, Franz Julius (1827-
1892)Austrian writer and play-
wright, editor and publisher of the
Deutsch-Italienische Korrespondenz. 501
Schorlemmer, Carl (Jollymeier) (1834.-
1892) Ger man organic chemist, dia-
lectical materialist, professor at Owen
College in Manchester; member of
Royal Society; member of the First
International and of the German So-
cialist Workers' Party; friend of Marx
and Engels.5, 31, 33, 45-48, 55, 61,
62, 71, 74-77, 79, 91, 123, 129, 132,
160, 168, 170-71, 174, 209, 229,
245, 247, 289, 314, 315, 318, 320, 325,
375, 376, 378, 384, 438, 439, 454, 455,
458, 477, 478, 483, 490, 495, 506, 539
Schorlemmer, Ludwig Carl Sehorlem-
mer's brother. 160, 209
Schramm, Carl (Karl) August (1830-
1905) German economist; ,Social
Democrat; an editor of the Jahrbuch fr
Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik;
withdrew from the working-class
662
Name Index
movement in the 1880s.193, 194,
204, 211, 386-87, 391, 414
Schuberth, Julius German publisher;
published the Neue Rheinische Zeitung.
Politisch-konomische Revue in Hamburg
in 1850.261
Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann (1808-
1883) German economist and politi-
cian; advocated unification of Ger-
many under the Prussian supremacy;
a founder of the National Association
(1859); a leader of the Party of Prog-
ress in the 1860s; sought to divert the
workers from revolutionary struggle by
organising cooperative societies. 389
Schumacher, Georg Gerber (1844-
1917)German tanner, later trader;
Social Democrat; deputy to the Ger-
man Reichstag (1884-98); was expel-
led from the German Social-
ist Workers' Party (1898) for his adopt-
ing liberal stand during the elections to
the Reichstag.209, 352, 427
Schweichel, Robert (pseudonym Rosus)
(1821-1907) Ger man writer, literary
critic and journalist; took part in the
1848-49 revolution; emigrated to Swit-
zerland; active in the working-class
movement (from the late 1860s); con-
tributed to Die Neue %eil and other so-
cialist press.164
Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von (1833-
1875)German lawyer; a Lassallean
leader; edited Der Social-Demokrat
(1864-67); President of the General As-
sociation of German Workers (1867-
71); expelled from the General Asso-
ciation (1872) for his contacts with the
Prussian authorities. 475
Sverine, Caroline Rmy (Guebhard by mar-
riage) (1855-1929) French journal-
ist, active participant in the socialist
movement (1880s); headed Le Cri du
Peuple (1886-88); supported Boulan-
ger (from the late 1880s).376
Shaw, George Bernard (1856-
1950) Irish-English playwright and
journalist; a founder of the Fabian
Society (1884) and its active mem-
ber.207, 238
Shipton, George Ball (1839-
1911) English trade unionist; secre-
tary of the Amalgamated Society of
House Painters and Decorators; editor
of The Labour Standard (1881-85); secre-
tary of the London Trades Council
(1872-96).72
Simoneau Radical candidate at the
Paris municipal elections in May
1884.141
Simrock, Karl Joseph (1802-
1876) German poet and philolo-
gist.226
Singer, Paul ( 1844-1911 ) prominent
figure in the German working-class
movement; member of the German
Socialist Workers' Party (from
1878), deputy to the German Reichs-
tag ( 1884-1911 ) and head of its Social-
Democratic group (from 1885); mem-
ber of the party Executive (from 1887)
and its chairman (from 1890). 140,
218, 232, 240, 243, 284, 426, 433, 535
Sketchley, John (b. 1822)English jour-
nalist, Chartist and prominent figure
in the English socialist workers' move-
ment; member of the Social Democra-
tic Federation and of the Socialist
League. 238
Skrebitsky, Alexander Ilyich (1827-
1915) Russian liberal historian.
339
Smith, Adam (1723-1790) Scottish clas-
sical economist. 95, 166, 184
Smith (Smith- Headingley), Adolphe
(Adolphus) English journalist and so-
cialist; member of the Social Democra-
tic Federation (1880s).247
Sonnenschein, William Swan (1855-
1931 ) English publisher; put out the
first English edition of Volume I of
Marx' s Capital (1887).421, 449,
450, 460, 473, 480, 484, 494, 521, 524,
527
Sorge, Adolf (1855-1907) son of Fried-
Name Index 663
rich Adolph Sorge, mechanical engi-
neer. 43, 116, 246, 297, 393, 395, 491
Sorge, Friedrich Adolph (Adolf) (1828-
1906)German teacher, prominent
figure in the international and Ameri-
can working-class and socialist move-
ment; took part in the 1848-49 revolu-
tion in Germany; emigrated to the
USA in 1852; member of the First
International; delegate to the Hague
Congress (1872); member of the Gene-
ral Council in New York and its Gene-
ral Secretary (1872-74); a founder of
the Socialist Labor Party (1876);
friend and associate of Marx and En-
gels.10, 13-16, 18, 42, 91, 113-16,
192, 244-46, 295-97, 393-95, 402, 403,
439, 443, 460, 480, 490-93, 531, 534
Sorge, Katharina Friedrich Adolph Sor-
ge's wife.113, 460
Sosnowski, Kasimierz (1857-1930) Polish
engineer, socialist; an organiser of the
workers' societies in Warsaw (late
1870s); an migr in Paris (from 1881);
translated Volume I of Capital into
Polish; later withdrew from the revolu-
tionary movement. 89
Sparling, H. Halliday English jour-
nalist; member of the Socialist League
(from 1884), an editor of The Common-
weal. 535-36
Stanley, Sir Henry Morion (original name
John Rowlands) (1841-1904)
English journalist; explorer of Africa;
head of the English expedition to the
Equatorial Africa (1887-89).
192
Staples, John Lord Mayor of London
(1885-86).534
Stegemann, RichardGerman econo-
mist.266-67, 282
Stephan, Heinrich von (1831-
1897) German statesman; organiser
and head of the post and telegraph ser-
vice in the German Empire. 337
Stephens, Joseph Rayner (1805-
1879) English clergyman; took part
in the Chartist movement (late
1830s).422
Stepnyak see Kravchinsky, Sergei Mikhai-
lovich
Stiebeling, George American statistician
and journalist; member of the Socialist
Labor Party; wrote on economical
questions. 114, 296
Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)chief of
the Prussian political police (1852-60);
an organiser of and principal witness
for the prosecution at the Cologne
Communist trial (1852); chief of mili-
tary police and of the German intellig-
ence and counter-intelligence in
France during the Austro-Prussian
(1866) and the Franco-Prussian (1870-
71) wars.305, 329, 344, 346
Stoecker, Adolf (1835-1909) Ger man
clergyman, founder (1878) and leader
of the Christian-Social Party; opposed
the socialist working-class movement;
advocated Anti-Semitism; deputy to
the German Reichstag (1881-93 and
1898-1908).367
Struve, Gustav von (1805-1870)German
journalist, democrat; a leader of the
Baden uprising (April-September
1848) and of the Baden-Palatinate up-
rising (1849), a leader of the German
refugees in England; took part in the
US Civil War on the side of the Union,
returned to Germany in 1862. 287,
383
Sudeikin, Georgi Porfiryevich (1850-
1883) Russian police officer, inspec-
tor of the St Petersburg secret police,
assassinated by the Narodnaya Volya
members. 74
T
Terry, Ellen Alicia (1847-
1928) English actress.345
Terzaghi, Carlo (b. 1845) Italian law-
yer and journalist; secretary of the
Federazione operaia and VEmancipazione
664 Name Index
del proletario societies in Turin; police
agent from 1872. 154
Thvenin (d. 1885) French police com-
missar; an organiser of the provocative
explosions in Montceau-les-Mines
(1884).265
Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin ( 1795-
1856) French historian.226
Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-
1877) French historian and states-
man; Prime Minister (1836, 1840); de-
puty to the Constituent (1848) and Le-
gislative (1849-51) assemblies; head of
the Orleanists after 1848; chief of the
executive power (1871); dealt brutally
with the Paris Communards (1871);
President of the Republic (1871-
73). 117, 399, 430
Thringer, Freiwaldsee Quarck, Max
Tikhomirov (Tichomiroff), Lev Alexandro-
vich (1852-1923) Russian journalist,
member of the Narodnaya Volya
party; monarchist from the late
1880s 264
Tkachov, Pyotr Mkitich (1844-
1886) Russian revolutionary jour-
nalist, ideologist of Narodism (Popu-
lism) in Russia. 529
Tschech, Heinrich Ludwig (1789-
1844) Prussian official, democrat;
burgomaster of Storkow (1832-41),
executed for an attempt on the life of
Frederick William IV. 433
Tucker, E. London publisher. 374
Tussy see Marx, Eleanor
Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett (1832-
1917) English anthropologist,
ethnographer and historian of primi-
tive culture, supporter of the evolu-
tion doctrine. 103
V
Vaillant, Edouard Marie (1840-
1915) French physician and engi-
neer; Blanquist; member of the Paris
Commune; member of the General Coun-
cil of the First International (1871-72);
member of the Paris Municipal Council
(from 1884); a founder of the Socialist
Party of France (1901).134, 141,
342, 489
Vaillant, Marie Anne Ccile Ambroisine
(ne Lachouille) Edouard Vail-
lant' s mother. 320
Van Patten, Philipp American business-
man; took part in the American social-
ist movement; National Secretary of
the Workingmen's Party of North
America (from 1876) and Socialist La-
bor Party (1877-83); later, an offi-
cial. 9-11, 14
Varenhok, Karl ( 1858-1930) English
socialist, German by birth; member of
the Social Democratic Federation in
1884-85.265
Varnhagen von Ense, Rahel Antoine Frederike
(neLevon) (1771-1833)wife of Karl
August Varnhagen von Ense, well
known for her literary salon in Ber-
lin.356
Vaulabelle, Achille Tenaille de
(1799-1879) French historian and
politician; bourgeois republican. 71
Vico, Giambattista (1668-1744) Italian
philosopher and lawyer. 276
Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa (1840-
1901) Queen Victoria's elder
daughter; wife (from 1858) of the Prus-
sian Crown Prince Frederick Wil-
liam.268
Viereck, Louis (1851-1921) Ger man
publisher and journalist; illegitimate
son of the German Emperor William I;
Social Democrat; leader of the Right
wing of the Socialist Workers' Party of
Germany (second half of the 1870s);
deputy to the Reichstag (1884-87);
emigrated to the USA (1890) and
withdrew from the socialist move-
ment.22, 80, 187, 218, 250, 258,
323, 328, 442, 449, 489
Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maroj (70-19
B. C. ) Roman poet. 413
Vogt, Karl (Carl) (1817-1895)
German natural scientist; democrat;
deputy to the Frankfurt National
Name Index
665
Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49;
one of the five imperial regents (June
1849); emigrated to Switzerland in
1849; received subsidies from Napo-
leon III in the 1850s-60s.282, 587
Vollmar, Georg Heinrich von (1850-
1922) German army officer; Social
Democrat; a leader of the Right wing
in German Social Democracy; an edi-
tor of Der Sozialdemokrat (1879-80);
deputy to the German Reichstag
(1881-87 and 1890-1918).184, 185,
433
W
Wagner, Adolph (1835-1917)German
economist and politician, professor of
political economy and finance;
a founder of socio-legal school in politi-
cal economy; armchair socialist. 138
Wagner, Richard (1813-1883)German
composer, conductor and musical wri-
ter.124, 174, 283
Walther German physician, acquain-
tance of the Bebel family. 316
Watrin (d. 1886) French engineer,
manager of the mines in Decazeville.
409
Watts, John Hunter ( 1853-1923) English
socialist, a leader of the Social Demo-
cratic Federation; later member of the
British Socialist Party. 367
Weerth, Georg (1822-1856) German pro-
letarian poet and journalist; member of
the Communist League; edited the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49;
friend of Marx and Engels. 34, 160,
161, 422, 475
Wegmann German confectioner, rela-
tive of A. Wegmann, a member of the
First International. 293
Wehner, J. G. German refugee in Man-
chester; Treasurer of the Schiller Insti-
tute in the 1860s; Engels' acquain-
tance. 204
Weiler, G.Adam (1841-1894) Ger man
joiner; refugee in the USA and from
1862 in England; member of the First
International (from 1865) and of the
British Federal Council (1872-73);
member of London Trades Union
Council (1872-73) and of the Social
Democratic Federation (from 1883).
57
Werder, Bernhard Franz Wilhelm von
(1823-1907) Prussian general and
diplomat, military attach in St Peters-
burg (1869-86), governor of Berlin
(1886-88), ambassador to St Peters-
burg (1892-95).467
Wermuth, Karl Georg Ludwig (1804-
1867) chief of police in Hanover; an
organiser of and witness for the prose-
cution at the Cologne. Communist trial
(1852); in collaboration with Stieber
wrote the book Die Communisten-
Ver schwrungen des neunzehnten Jahrhun-
derts.^, 329, 344, 346
Westphalen, Johann Ludwig von (1770-
1842)Jenny Marx' s father, Privy
Councillor in Trier. 332
Weydemeyer, Otto son of Joseph Weyde-
meyer; took part in the US working-
class movement. 14
Wicksteed, Philip Henry (b. 1844)
British Unitarian minister, Christian
socialist.192, 195
William I (1797-1888) Ki ng of Prus-
sia (1861-88) and Emperor of Ger-
many (1871-88).34, 81, 124, 130,
140, 147, 268, 299, 304, 317, 318, 320,
324, 328, 329, 383, 467, 469, 473, 484,
486, 487, 493, 505, 510, 520
Williams, John Edward (1854-1917)a
founder and leader of the Social Demo-
cratic Federation (1881).366-69,
375
Willich, August (1810-1878) Prussian
army officer; member of the Commu-
nist League; took part in the Baden-
Palatinate uprising of 1849; a leader of
the sectarian group in the Communist
League in 1850; emigrated to the USA
in 1853, general in the Northern army
during the Civil War. 352
Willis, Edwin. 118
666 Name Index
Wills, William Gorman (1828-
1891) Irish dramatist. 345
Wischnewetzky see Kelley- Wischnewetz-
ky, Florence
Wischnewetzky, Lazarphysician, Polish
by birth; emigrated to the USA in
1886, member of the Socialist Labor
Party, Florence Kelley-Wischne-
wetzky's husband. 441, 477, 478
Woermann, Adolf (1847-1911) bi g Ger-
man merchant; National Liberal; de-
puty to the Reichstag (1884-90); active
participant in the colonial expansio-
nism in Africa. 199
Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-
1864)German teacher, proletarian
revolutionary; member of the Central
Authority of the Communist League
from March 1848; an editor of the Neue
Rheinische Z
e
^
un
S
m
1848-49, took an
active part in the 1848-49 revolution in
Germany; emigrated to Switzerland
and later to England; friend and asso-
ciate of Marx and Engels. 309, 324,
328
WrightEnglish socialist, member of the
Social Democratic Federation. 224
Y
Tanson, Tuli Eduardovich (1835-
1892) Russian statistician and eco-
Ahriman (Gr. myt h. )Greek name for
the Persian source of all evil in the
world, Angro Mainyush, contrasts
with Good Spirit, Ahura Mazda
(Greek Ormazd). 13
Ahura Mazda (Ormazd, Ormuzd)
Persian god of Good Spirit. 13
Arnolda character in Minna Kaut -
sky's Die Alten und die Neuen. 356
Brunhildthe legendary heroine in the
Old German and Scandinavian epic
nomist, professor at St Petersburg Uni-
versity (from 1865) and at some other
educational institutions, head of the
statistical bureau of the Petersburg
municipal board (from 1881); wrote
fruitfully on the theory and history of
statistics. 339
Z
Zasulich ( Zasoulitch), Vera Ivanovna
(1849-1919) participant in the Na-
rodnik (from 1868) and later in the So-
cial-Democratic movements in Russia;
a founder (1883) and active member of
the Emancipation of Labour group.
63-67, 93, 111-13, 204, 264, 279, 281,
400, 432
Zhukovsky, Tuli Galaktionovich (1822-
1907) Russian economist and jour-
nalist; manager of the State Bank; au-
thor of the article ' Karl Marx and His
Book on Capital' . 112
Zitz, Franz Heinrich (1803-
1877) German lawyer, deputy to the
Frankfurt Assembly (Left wing) in
1848; took part in the Baden-
Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated
to the USA.287
and in the German medieval poem,
Nibelungenlied; Queen of Island, wife
of Gnther, King of the Burgun-
dians. 224
Droste-Fischeringa character in a Ger-
man satirical folk song. 434
Elsa a character in Minna Kautsky's
Die Alten und die Neuen. 357
Freya (Sc. myth.) goddess of fertility
I NDEX OF LI TERARY AND MYTHOLOGI CAL NAMES
Name Index 667
and love, wife of god Freyr, her
brother; character in the Scandinavian
epic the Elder Edda 173, 174
Friday one of the two main characters
in Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.194
John Bull the title hero of John Ar-
buthnot' s book The History of John
Bull (1712), the name is often used to
personify England or the English peo-
ple.155, 165, 256, 303
Mary (Bib.),35
Meleager (Gr. myt h. )son of Oeneus,
legendary King of Calydon and Al-
thaea; killed his maternal brothers.
189
Michael (Bib.)one of the seven ar-
changels.300, 304
Odin (Othin) supreme deity of ancient
Scandinavian mythology. 173
Ormuzdsee Ahura Mazda
Procrustes (Gr. myth.) giant robber
who entrapped travellers and forced
them to lie down on a bed on which his
victims had to fit, either by being ham-
mered out and stretched, or by having
their limbs lopped off. 204
Rinaldo Rinaldini robber, title charac-
ter in the chivalrous romance by
Christian August Vulpius. 198
Robinson Crusoethe title character in
Daniel Defoe's novel. 194
Rodrigo (Roderich) (d. 711)Visigoth
King.289
Saucissarda character in Paul de
Kock's L'amant de la lune. 170
Sigurd (Siegfried) one of the main cha-
racters in the Old German and Scandi-
navian epic. 224
Tyr (Eru)god of war of ancient Ger-
mans and Scandinavians.173
Volkerknight and musician in the Old
German epic and in the medieval epic
Nibelungenlied. 498
Zius see Tyr
668
INDEX OF QUOTED
AND MENTIONED LITERATURE
WORKS BY KARL MARX AND FREDERI CK ENGELS
Marx, Karl
Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. I, Book One: The Process of Production of
Capital (present edition, Vol. 35).26, 56, 77, 107, 111, 115, 183, 184, 188, 194,
353, 385, 465
Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomic: Erster Band, Buch I: Der Pro-
duktionsprocess des Kapitals. Hamburg, 1867.8, 127, 154, 225, 264, 267, 278,
310
Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomie: Erster Band, Buch I: Der Pro-
duktionsprocess des Kapitals. Zweite verbesserte Auflage. Hamburg, 1872. 11,
60, 124, 128
KanHTaA-b. KpHTHKa noAHTHqecKo BKOHOMIH. CoiHHeiiie KapAa MapKca. Ile-
peBO/fb CT> HT>Mem<aro. TOMT> nepBbifi. Kmira I: LTpoLjeccb npoH3B04CTBa icann-
TaAa. C.-rieTep6yprc, 1872.8, 65
Le Capital. Traduction de M. J. Roy, entirement revise par Fauteur. [Vol. 1.]
Paris, [1872-1875].8, 29-31, 33, 41-42, 182, 313, 342, 385, 424, 439, 440
Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomie. Erster Band, Buch I: Der Pro-
duktionsprocess des Kapitals. Dritte vermehrte Auflage. Hamburg,.1883. 14,
20, 29, 32-33, 39, 41-44, 47-49, 52, 58, 60, 63, 65, 71, 76, 83, 89, 113, 125-26, 129-
30, 153, 182, 385, 436, 439, 440, 450, 460, 494, 506
Kapital. Krytyka ekonomii politycznej. Tom pierwszy. Ksiega I: Wytwarzanie
kapitalu. Lipsk, 1884 [-1889].87, 89
Capital. A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production. By Karl Marx. Translated
from the third German edition by Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling and edit-
ed by Frederick Engels. Vol. 1. [Parts 1-2]. London, 1887.29, 31, 33, 40,
46, 50, 52, 59, 83, 95, 122, 124, 127-30, 133, 143, 153, 191, 198, 202, 244, 261,
289-91, 306, 310, 313, 328, 348, 374, 393, 400-02, 404, 416, 419-21, 423, 426,
434, 436, 443, 447, 449-50, 453, 456, 460-64, 468, 471, 474, 480, 484, 490, 492-
94, 506, 509, 522, 527-28, 531
Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature 669
Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. II, Book Two: The Process of Circulation of
Capital (present edition, Vol. 36)
Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomie. Zweiter Band, Buch II: Der Cir-
kulationsprocess des Kapitals. Hamburg, 1885. 3, 5-8, 14, 17, 25, 26, 29, 33,
39, 42-44, 53, 58-59, 65, 88, 92-93, 100, 102, 115, 121, 122, 130, 133, 138, 143,
151-54, 157, 160, 186-88, 190, 197, 202, 206, 217, 220, 244, 249, 260, 262-67,
271, 278, 283, 289, 292-93, 296, 303, 308-09, 316, 319, 328, 347-48, 359, 494, 522
KanHTaAt. KpiiTHKa noAHTmiecKoft aKOHoMni. nepeBo/rt CT. HbMeijKaro. TOMT>
BTopofi. Kmira II: poiJeccT. opaujemH KamrraAa. C.-IIeTepyprh, 1885.
65, 93, 100, 260, 261, 266, 289, 294, 303, 311, 318, 400, 432
Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Vol. I l l , Book Three: The Process of Capitalist
Production as a Whole (present edition, Vol. 37)
Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomie. Dritter Band, Buch I I I : Der
Gesamtprocess der kapitalistischen Produktion. Hamburg, 1894. 3, 29, 88-89,
102, 121, 122, 152, 160, 179, 188, 224, 244, 249, 261-64, 267, 271, 277-78, 286,
289, 292, 296, 301, 304, 306, 308, 310, 316-17, 348-49, 358, 363, 374, 394, 400,
402, 405, 416, 434, 484, 492, 522-23, 534
The Civil War in France. Address of the General Council of the International Working Men's
Association. London, 1871 (present edition, Vol. 22).158
Der Brgerkrieg in Frankreich. Adresse des Generalraths der Internationalen
Arbeiter-Assoziation an alle Mitglieder in Europa und den Vereinigten Staaten.
Separatabdruck' aus dem Volksstaat. Leipzig, 1871. 73-74, 287, 389
[Extract from Chapter I I I ] . In: Mauufiecmi KOMMymcmuuecKou napmiu Kapna Map-
Kca u 0p. Smeiibca. riepeB04T> CT> Ht.Meri.Karo H3AaHia 1872. CT. npe^HCAOBieM aB-
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The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850 (present edition, Vol. 10)
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3, 5-6, Januar, Februar, Mrz, Mai bis Oktober 1850.93, 251, 261, 305
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. Part One (present edition, Vol. 29)
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[Extract from Chapter 2]. In: Marx, K. Das Elend der Philosophie. Antwort auf
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A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1861-63) (present edition, vols 30-
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Critical Marginal Notes on the Article ' The King of Prussia and Social Reform. By a Prus-
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Kritische Randglossen zu dem Artikel: 'Der Knig von Preuen und die Social-
reform. Von einem Preuen' ('Vorwrts!', Nr. 60). Paris, den 31. Juli 1844. In:
Vorwrts!, Nr. 63, 64; 7'., 10. August 1844.47
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The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (present edition, Vol. 11). 51, 93, 251
Der Achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte. Zweite Ausgabe. Hamburg,
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670 Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature
Der Achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte. Dritte Auflage. Hamburg,
1885.292
Le dix-huit Brumaire de Louis Bonaparte. In: Le Socialiste, janvier-novembre
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Epilogue [to 'Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne'} (present edition,
Vol. 24)
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Neuer Abdruck. Leipzig, 1875. 305
Excerpts from Lewis Henry Morgan 'Ancient Society'. 103, 120
Herr Vogt (present edition, Vol. 17)
Herr Vogt. London, I860.282
Illustrations of the Latest Exercise in Cabinet Style of Frederick William IV (present edi-
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(anon.) Illustrationen zu der neuesten Cabinetsstylbung Friedrich Wilhelm IV.
In: Vorwrts/, Nr. 66, 17. August 1844. 47
Inaugural Address of the Working Men's International Association, Established September 28,
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The June Revolution (present edition, Vol. 7)
Franzsische Republik. In: Neue Rheinische Leitung, Nr. 29, 29. Juni 1848. 36,
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[Letter to 'Otechestvenniye âpiski'] (present edition, Vol. 24)
la rdaction de 1' 'OTeqecTBeHHhia 3anHCKn'. 112-13
Lord Palmerston (present edition, Vol. 12)
Palmerston and Russia. Palmerston, What Has He Done? In: Tucker's Political
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An Schweitzer. In: Marx, K. Das Elend der Philosophie. Antwort auf Proudhons
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KapAi. MapKCT. o ITpyôHe. In: Kapm MapKCb. Huvgema cunocociu. Ometmi na cu-
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Misre de la philosophic Rponse la philosophie de la misre de M. Proudhon.
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Stuttgart, 1885.64, 66-67, 73, 90, 101-02, 107, 111, 115, 124-26, 130, 134-35,
138, 176, 186, 189, 191, 195, 198, 201, 206, 211, 220, 250, 261
HnnjeTa <j>HAOco(j>iH. OTBBTT, Ha HAOco<J>iio HHUJCTW r. IlpyÔHa. CT> npe/tn-
CAOieM H npHMbiaHiMH Opn^pHxa Sra-eAbca H .ABVMA npHAoaceHinMH. >KeHeBa,
1886.112, 115, 158, 432
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Avec une prface de Friedrich Engels. Paris, 1896.96, 101, 104, 111, 115, 124,
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Programme lectoral des travailleurs socialistes. In: L'Egalit, No. 24, 30 juin,
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[Preface to the First German Edition of the First Volume of 'Capital'] (present edition,
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Author' s Prefaces. I. To the First Edition. London, July 25, 1867. In:
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[Preface to the Second German Edition of the First Volume of 'Capital'] (present edition,
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Author' s Prefaces. II. To the Second Edition. London, February 24, 1873. In:
Marx, K. Capital: a Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production. Vol. I, London,
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Report of the General Council to the Fifth Annual Congress of the International Working
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Offizieller Bericht des Londoner Generalraths, verlesen in ffentlicher Sitzung
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672
Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne (present edition, Vol. 11)
Enthllungen ber den Kommunisten-Proze zu Kln. Basel, 1853. 288, 305
Enthllungen ber den Kommunisten-Proze zu Kln. Neuer Abdruck. Leip-
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Enthllungen ber den Kommunisten-Proze zu Kln. Neuer Abdruck, mit
Einleitung von Friedrich Engels, und Dokumenten. Hottingen-Zrich, 1885.
288, 305, 309, 328, 329, 331, 402
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Lohnarbeit und Kapital. Breslau, 1880.67, 159, 306
HaeMHbi Tpy^-b H KannraAT,. nepeBo^T. CT> HbMeijKaro H3AaHis 1880 r. CT. ^BVMH
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Lohnarbeit und Kapital. Hottingen-Zrich, 1884.158-59, 416
Wage-Labour and Capital. London, 1886. 463
Capitale e salario. Prima traduzione italiana di P. Martignetti. Milano, 1893.
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Herrn Eugen Dhring's Umwlzung der Wissenschaft. Philosophie. Politische
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Herrn Eugen Dhring's Umwlzung der Wissenschaft. Zweite Auflage. Zrich,
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11 February 1886].409
No. 888, 4 avril 1886.434
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No. 123p8, September 22, 1885: The Socialists and the Free Speech Question. 326
No. 12515, May 21, 1886: Last Night in Parliament. 449
The Echo, No. 5287, December 7, 1885.366
The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journal, No. 331, July 1885: The Parting of the Waters.
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e
dition franaise trs-
augmente. Tomes 1-4, Paris-Genve, 1836. 95
Maurer, G. L. von. Einleitung zur Geschichte der Mark-, Hof-, Dorf- und Stadt-Verfassung
und der ffentlichen Gewalt. Mnchen, 1854. 398
Geschichte der Dorfverfassung in Deutschland. Bd. I-II. Erlangen, 1865-1866. 398
Geschichte der Fronhfe, der Bauernhfe und der Hofverfassung in Deutschland. Bd. I-IV.
Erlangen, 1862-1863.398
Geschichte der Markenverfassung in Deutschland. Erlangen, 1856. 398
Geschichte der Stdteverfassung in Deutschland. Bd. I-IV. Erlangen, 1869-
1871.398
Mead, E. P. The Steam King. In: The Northern Star, Vol. VI, No. 274, February 11,
1843.92
Menger, A. Das Recht auf den vollen Arbeitsertrag in geschichtlicher Darstellung. Stutt-
gart, 1886.521
Meyer, R. Der Emancipationskampf des vierten Standes. Bd. I. Berlin, 1874.101
Mignet, F. A. Histoire de la rvolution franaise, depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1814. Tomes I-II.
Bruxelles, 1828.399
[Mikhailovsky] M[nxaAOBCKn], H. [K.] KapJib MapKCb nepedb cydojnb z. K). yKj/Koec-
Kazo. In: OmeuecmeeHHbiH sanucxu, No. 10, OKTs6pb 1877, in the column 'CoBpeMeHHoe
o6o3peHie'. 112
Mommsen, Th. Rmische Forschungen. Erster Band. Zweite unveraenderte Auflage. Ber-
lin, 1864.207
Money, J. W. B. Java; or, how to manage a colony. Showing a practical solution of the ques-
tions now affecting British India. In two volumes. London, 1861.102, 179
Morgan, L. [H.] Ancient Society or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery,
through Barbarism to Civilization. London, 1877.103, 120, 123, 131-32
Ibid. New York, 1877.103, 115, 120
Morris, W. The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Nibelungs, 1877. 224
Most, J . Kapital und Arbeit. Ein populrer Auszug aus 'Das Kapital' von Karl Marx.
Chemnitz, [1873].11
Kapital und Arbeit. Ein populrer Auszug aus 'Das Kapital' von Karl Marx. 2 ver-
besserte Auflage. Chemnitz, [1876]. 11
Mozin-Peschier. Dictionnaire complet des langues franaise et allemande, rsum des meil-
leurs ouvrages anciens et modernes sur les sciences, les lettres et les arts, avec le concours de
M. Guizot pour les synonymes. Quatrime dition. Tomes 1-4. Stuttgart, 1863. 85,
375
Mller, Ph. [Leaflet]. In: Der Sozialdemokrat, Nr. 46, 14. November 1884, in the col-
umn 'Sozialpolitische Rundschau' . 225, 232
Nibelungenlied. 498
Nieuwenhuis, F. D. Hoe ons land geregeerd wordt op papier en in de werkelijkhid. Graven-
hage, 1885.397, 398
(anon.) Karl Marx. In: Recht voor Allen, No. 4, 24 maart 1883. 6
Novikova, O. The Russification of England. In: The Pall Mall Gazette, January 15,
1885.256
Paquet, J. Des institutions provinciales et communales et des corporations des pays de l'ancienne
France l'avnement de Louis XI. Paris, 1860. 226
[Platter, J. ] Die Kathederweisheit der 'christlich-ethischen' Nationalkonomie. In: Deutsche
Worte, VI. Jg. , Nr. 7, 8-9, 1886.458
[Plekhanov] IL\exaHOBT>, T. [B.] Hauiu pamoznacia. >KeHeBa, 1884. 264, 279-81
Cou,iajiu3Mh u nojiumuuecKan 6opt6a. ^KeHeBa, 1883. 67
Prel, K. du. Der Somnambulismus. In: Die Neue Welt, Neunter Band, Nr. 20-22,
1884.165, 170
Proudhon, P. J. Si les traits de 1815 ont cess d'exister? Actes du futur congrs. Paris, 1863.
117
[Quarck, M.] Kommer zienrath Adolf Fleischmann als Nationalkonom und die Thringer
Hausindustrie. Soziale Studie in kritischen Anmerkungen. Leipzig, 1883. 64, 67
Rae, J. The Scotch Village Community. In: The Fortnightly Review, Vol. XXXVI I I ,
New Series. July 1 to December 1, 1885, No. CCXXVI I , November 1, 1885.398
Richter, [E.] [Speech in the Reichstag on 4 March 1886]. In: Stenographische Berichte
ber die Verhandlungen des Reichstags. VI. Legislaturperiode. II. Session 1885J86. Zweiter
Rodbertus-Jagetzow, j j . K.] Briefe und Socialpolitische Aufsaetze. Herausgegeben von
Dr. R. Meyer. Bd. 1, Berlin, [1882].188, 262, 301
Das Kapital. Vierter socialer Brief an von Kirchmann. Herausgegeben und einge-
leitet von Theophil Kozak. In: Aus dem literarischen Nachlass von Dr. Carl Rod-
bertus-Jagetzow. IL Berlin, 1884.138, 262
[Letter to R. Meyer of 20 September 1871]. In: Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Q. K.]
Berlin, [1882].72
[Letter to R. Meyer of 29 November 1871]. In: Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Q. K.]
Berlin, [1882].187
[Letter to J. Zeller of 14 March 1875]. In: Zeitschrift fr die gesammte Staatswissen-
schaft. Bd. 35, H. 2. Tbingen, 1879.111, 166, 187, 262
Der Normal-Arbeitstag. (Separat-Abdruck aus der 'Berliner Revue'.) Berlin, 1878.
139, 166
Offener Brief an das Comit des Deutschen Arbeitervereins zu Leipzig. Leipzig, 1863.
102, 124, 138
Sociale Briefe an von Kirchmann. Briefe 1-3. Berlin, 1850-1851.111
Zur Erkenntniss unsrer staatswirthkhaftlichen Zustnde. Neubrandenburg und Fried-
land, 1842.156, 163, 166, 175-76, 206, 262
695
INDEX OF PERIODICALS
La Bataille a daily of Left Radicals edited by Prosper Lissagaray and published in
Paris from 1882 to 1892 in two series.288
Berliner Volksblatta German Social-Democratic daily founded in 1884; by the de-
cision of the Halle Party Congress it became a central organ (from 1891) of the Ger-
man Social-Democratic Party and was published under the editorship of Wilhelm
Liebknecht as Vorwrts. Berliner Volksblatt. 124
The Bullionist. A Weekly Financial and Commercial Journal for Bankers, Merchants and
Investors a weekly published in London from 1866 to 1899; renamed The Daily
Bullionist in 1899 and The Financier and Bullionist after it merged with The Finan-
cier in 1900.360, 365
Brger-Leitung a German Social-Democratic newspaper published in Hamburg from
1881 to 1887 under the editorship of Johannes Wedde.426, 427
Le Citoyen a socialist daily published under different titles in-Paris from 1881 to 1884;
Jules Guesde, Paul Lafargue, Emile Massard, Benot Malon, Achille Secondign
and others were among its editors. 96
The Commonweala weekly organ of the Socialist League published in London in
1885-91 and 1893-94.238, 275, 295, 298, 345, 394, 406, 417, 434, 438, 440, 446,
450, 460, 492, 504, 536
Le Cri du Peuple a socialist daily published in Paris in February-May 1871 and from
October 1883 to February 1889.72, 225, 265, 409, 414, 434, 435, 437, 438, 445,
451, 507, 512
The Daily Mewsa liberal daily of the British industrial bourgeoisie published
under this title in London from 1846 to 1930.57, 64, 227, 326, 417, 448, 467, 474
La Dfense des travailleurs. Organe des groupes ouvriers socialistes de la rgion du Mord-
696
Index of Periodicals
Est a French socialist weekly published in Rheims from 2 December 1883 to
1885.115
La Dmocratie pacifique a daily published in Paris from 1843 to 1851 under the editor-
ship of Victor Considrant; organ of the Fourierists. 141
Demokratische Blttera weekly of the German Party of Progress published in Berlin
from 1884 to 1886.255
Deutsche-Brsseler-Zeitung a newspaper founded by the German refugees in Brussels
and published from January 1847 to February 1848. 47
Deutsche Worte aj our nai on economic, social and political questions published in
Vienna from 1881 to 1904; weekly from 1881 to June 1883 and monthly from July
1883.458
Deutsches Tageblatt a conservative newspaper published in Berlin from 1881 to
1891.119
The Echo a liberal daily published in London from 1868 to 1907. 366, 367, 369
The Economist. Weekly Commercial Times, Bankers' Gazette, and Railway Monitor: A Po-
litical, Literary, and General Newspapera weekly published in London from
1843.360, 365
The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journala liberal literary and political journal pub-
lished in Edinburgh and London from 1802 to 1929, quarterly in the 1850s. 314
L'Egalita socialist paper founded by Jules Guesde in 1877; from 1880 to 1883 it
was published in Paris as an organ of the French Workers' Party. It appeared in six
series, each with its own subtitle; the first three series were published weekly (113 is-
sues in all), the fourth and fifth, daily (56 issues in all). Of the sixth series only one
issue appeared in 1886. 227
L'Explosion. Organe de la lutte pour la vie an anarchist newspaper published in Ga-
rouge (suburb of Geneva) from April 1884. 154
La Feuille Villageoise a weekly published in Paris in 1790-95. 122
Le Figaro a conservative daily published in Paris from 1854; was connected with the
government of the Second Empire. 119
The Fortnightly Review a historical, philosophical and literary magazine founded in
1865 by a group of radicals, subsequently it became liberal in character, under this
title was published in London till 1934. 398
Frankfurter Zeitung und Handelsblatt a German democratic daily published in Frank-
furt am Main from 1856 (under this title from 1866) to 1943.207, 302
Freiheit a German-language weekly of the anarchist Most-Hasselmann group pub-
lished in London (1879-82), and in New York (1882-1908).11
Gesellschaftsspiegel. Organ zur Vertretung der besitzlosen Volksklassen und zur Beleuch-
tung der gesellschaftlichen Zustnde der Gegenwart a German monthly, organ of the
' true Socialists', published under the editorship of Moses Hess in Elberfeld in 1845-
46, altogether twelve issues appeared; Frederick Engels was one of its founders.
160
697
L'Intransigeanta newspaper published in Paris in 1880-1948; its founder and editor-
in-chief was Henri Rochefort (1880-1910); in the 1880s it was a mouthpiece of radi-
cal republicans. 435, 437, 445
Jahrbcher fr Nationalkonomie und Statistik a fortnightly founded in Jena in 1863,
came out till 1943.522
Journal des Dbats politiques et littraires a daily published in Paris from 1789 to
1944, was of conservative trend in the 1870s and 1880s. 330
Journal des Economistes. Revue mensuelle d'conomie politique et des questions agricoles, man-
ufacturires et commerciales a liberal monthly published in Paris from December
1841 to 1943.168, 431
Journal de Roubaix. Politique, industriel el commercial a French Republican daily
published in Roubaix from 1856.129
Justicea weekly of the Social Democratic Federation published in London from Ja-
nuary 1881 to December 1933; appeared under this title in 1884-1925 and then as
Social-Democrat Incorporating Justice.M, 85, 105, 106, 108, 122, 142, 165, 166, 205,
236, 238, 245, 247, 310, 321, 376, 394, 424, 434, 450, 471
La Justicea daily of the Radical Party published in Paris from 1880 to 1930. In 1880-
96, under the leadership of its founder Georges Clemenceau, the paper was the or-
gan of the Left-wing radicals advocating a programme of democratic and social re-
forms. In 1880 Charles Longuet became its editor. 445-46
Klnische Leitung a daily published under this title in Cologne from 1802 to 1945; it
voiced the interests of the Prussian liberal bourgeoisie. 52, 192, 213, 231, 254, 329,
391
Kniglich privilegirte Berlinische Leitung von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen a daily pub-
lished in Berlin from 1785; also known as Vossische Leitung after its owner Christian
Friedrich Voss. 33
The Labour Standard. An Organ of Industry a trade union weekly published in London
from 1881 to 1885.72
Londoner Leitung a German-language weekly published in London from 1870 to
1914.119
Lyon-Socialiste a French socialist weekly published in Lyons from September 1884 to
1885.225
Missouri Republican a daily of the US Democratic Party; published in St Louis under
this title from 1822 to 1888 and as St Louis Republic until 1919. 443, 461
The Money Market Review. A Weekly Commercial and Financial Journala weekly
published in London from 1860 to 1921.360
Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science a British journal published in Lon-
don from 1869.454, 462
Neue Rheinische Leitung see Neue Rheinische Leitung. Organ der Demokratie
Neue Rheinische Leitung. Organ der Demokratie a daily of the revolutionary proletarian
wing of the democrats during the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; was published in
698
Cologne under Marx' s editorship from 1 June 1848 to 19 May 1849. Engels was
among its editors.26, 36, 52, 92, 287, 288, 304, 305, 310, 332, 351
Neue Rheinische Leitung. Politisch-konomische Revuea theoretical journal of the Com-
munist League founded by Marx and Engels in December 1849 and published from
March to November 1850.93, 251, 261, 305
Die Neue Welt. Illustriertes Unterhaltungsblatt fr das Volk a German socialist
fortnightly published in Leipzig from 1876 to 1881, then in Stuttgart and Hamburg
till 1919; Wilhelm Liebknecht was its editor in 1876- 80. - 7, 160, 165, 173, 174,309,
324, 363, 498, 502
Die Neue Zeita theoretical journal of the German Social Democrats; published mon-
thly in Stuttgart from 1883 to October 1890 and then weekly till the autumn of
1923; Engels contributed to it from 1885 to 1895.26, 27, 57, 103, 121, 132, 135,
137, 144, 153, 163, 164, 189, 204, 212, 220, 250, 274, 307, 385, 448, 458, 509, 527
New Yorker Volkszeitung. Den Interessen des arbeitenden Volkes gewidmeta German-
language socialist daily published in New York from 1878 to 1932. 13-14,91, 143,
165, 246, 394, 402-03, 440, 441, 443, 458, 461, 462, 496, 511, 533
The Nineteenth Century. A Monthly Review a liberal review published in London from
1877 to 1900. - 8
The Northern Starcentral organ of the Chartists, published weekly from 1837 to 1852,
first in Leeds, and, from November 1844, in London. Its founder and editor was
Feargus O' Connor. Engels contributed to the paper from 1843 to 1850. 337, 442
La Nouvelle Revue a French republican journal founded by Juliette Adam and pub-
lished in Paris from 1879.431
The Pall Mall Gazette. An Evening Newspaper and Review a daily published in Lon-
don from 1865 to 1920, in the 1860s and 1870s pursued a conservative line; Marx
and Engels maintained contacts with it from July 1870 to June 1871. 256, 367
Pionier. Illustrierter Volks-Kalendera German-language annual published by the
Socialist Labor Party in New York in 1883-1904.440
Progress. A Monthly Magazine a monthly on science, politics and literature published
in London from 1883 to 1887; Eleanor Marx-Aveling and Edward Aveling contri-
buted to it. 7, 71, 74, 75
Recht voor Allen a Dutch socialist newspaper founded by Ferdinand Nieuwenhuis
in Amsterdam in 1879 and published till 1900. 6
The Republican British journal of radical trend published in London under this title
between 1880 and 1886 and as The Radical from 1886 to 1889.7
La Rpublique Franaise a radical daily founded by Lon Gambetta and published in
Paris from 1871 to 1924.398-99
Rvolutions de Paris a revolutionary-democratic weekly published in Paris from July
1879 to February 1894; till September 1890 the paper was edited by Elise Lousta-
lot. 95, 122
Revue philosophique de la France et de l'trangera monthly journal published in Paris
from 1876.431
699
Rheinische Jahrbcher zur gesellschaftlichen Reform a German magazine, organ of the
' true Socialists', published by Hermann Pttmann; the magazine carried Engels' El-
berfeld speeches. 475
Der Social-Demokrat an organ of the Lassallean General Association of German
Workers. It was published under this title in Berlin from December 1864 to 1871,
then since 1871 renamed Neuer Social-Demokrat; was edited by J . B. Schweitzer in
1864-67.91, 102, 104, 111, 139, 206, 209, 286, 381
El Socialista a weekly of the Socialist Workers' Party of Spain, published in Mad-
rid from 1885.462
Le Socialiste. Organe du Parti ouvriera French weekly founded by Jules Guesde in
Paris in 1885, appeared with intervals till September 1890; press organ of the Work-
ers' Party up to 1902.368, 373, 374, 424, 437, 462, 492
Le Soira daily published in Paris from 1867 to 1932. 53
Der Sozialdemokrat. Organ der Sozialdemokratie deutscher Zungea German-language
weekly, central organ of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany, published in Zu-
rich from September 1879 to September 1888 and in London from October 1888 to
27 September 1890. In 1879-80, the paper was edited by Georg von Vollmar, and by
Eduard Bernstein from 1881 to 1890.3, 7, 12, 14, 26, 37, 47, 49-51, 56, 64, 68, 73,
77, 78, 81, 85, 86, 91, 96, 103, 144-46, 160, 169, 177, 195, 209, 216, 225, 227, 240,
245, 265, 268-71, 274, 281, 309, 329-30, 331, 346, 377, 379, 386, 438, 449, 454, 462,
476, 509
Der Sozialist a German-language weekly published in New York from 1885 to 1892,
organ of the Socialist Labor Party.295-97, 303, 415, 440, 443, 461, 462, 491, 533
The Standarda conservative daily published in London from 1827 to 1916. 64, 79,
87, 134, 417, 434, 466, 486
The Statist. A Journal of Practical Finance and Trade a weekly on economic and politi-
cal questions published in London from 1878. 360
Sddeutsche Post. Unabhngiges demokratisches Organ fr jedermann aus dem Volkea Ger-
man democratic newspaper published three times a week in Munich from 1869 to
1884.137
The Times a conservative daily founded in London in 1785 under the title Daily
Universal Register, appears as The Times from 1788. 64
To-Day. The Monthly Magazine of Scientific Socialism a socialist monthly published
in London from April 1883 to June 1889; was edited first by E. B. Bax and later by
H. M. Hyndman (July 1884-1886).74, 75, 78, 84, 85, 91, 106, 114, 118, 122, 155,
165, 172, 177, 192, 195, 205, 207, 236, 238, 245, 247, 295, 321, 393-94, 402, 403, 419,
424, 440, 460, 492
Le Travailleura French socialist weekly published in Saint-Pierre-le-Calais (su-
burb of Calais) and founded by Jules Guesde, Paul Lafargue and Gabriel Deville.
91, 94, 115
Voice of the People a weekly of the Socialist Labor Party published in New York from
early 1883.11
700
Volksfreund. Organ der Social-demokratischen Arbeiterpartei Oesterreichs an Austrian so-
cialist newspaper founded in Brunn in 1881. 462
Volks-Kalender a Social-Democratic miscellany published in Brunswick from 1875
to 1878; its editor-in-chief and publisher was Wilhelm Bracke. 373-74, 494
Der Volksstaatcentral organ of Social-Democratic Workers' Party published in
Leipzig from 2 October 1869 to 29 September 1876, first twice a week, and, from
1873, three times a week; a new subtitle Organ der Sozialistischen Arbeiterpartei
Deutschlands was introduced in 1875. 253, 529
Volkszeitung see New Yorker Volkszeitung
Volks-Zeitung. Organ fr jedermann aus dem Volke a liberal daily published in Berlin
from 1853 to 1897 (under this title to 1889).316, 323
Vorwrts. Central-Organ der Socialdemokratie Deutschlands a newspaper published in
Leipzig from October 1876 to October 1878. It appeared as a result of the merger of
Neuer Sozialdemokrat and the Volksstaat. The publication was stopped when the
Anti-Socialist Law was introduced. 253
Vorwrts! Pariser Deutsche Z
e
scnr
ifi
a
German-language newspaper published in
Paris from January to December 1844 twice a week. 47
Vossische Zeitung see Kniglich privilegirle Berlinische ^tang von Staats- und gelehrten
Sachen
Wochenblatt der N. T. Volkszeitung. Den Interessen des arbeitenden Volkes gewidmet a
weekly supplement to the New Yorker Volkszeitung. 114, 246, 402
OmenecmeeHHbiH sanucnu (Fatherland' s Not es)a literary and socio-political monthly
published in St Petersburg from 1868 to 1884 when it was closed down by the gov-
ernment. 112
CieepHbi sbcmHUKb (Northern Herald) a literary, scientific and political monthly of
a liberal Narodnik trend (up to mid-1891) published in St Petersburg from 1885 to
1898.322, 347
Cjioeo (The Word) a Russian liberal literary and scientific monthly published in
St Petersburg from 1878 to April 1881. 112
Couiajiucmuuecxoe manie (The Socialist Knowledge) lithographical journal published
in Moscow in 1884 by the Society of Translators and Publishers; only one issue ap-
peared. 157
701
SUBJECT INDEX
A
Adventurism (in politics)
of anarchist tactics10, 154, 408
of the Social Democratic Federa-
tion sectarian leaders 471
See also Anarchism, anarchists; Bakuni-
nism, Bakuninists; Blanquism, Blan-
quists; Bonaparlism; Putsch, putschism
Agricultural workers180-81, 235, 239,
241, 353, 388-89
Agriculture115, 156, 179-80, 213-14,
224, 232-33, 234-35, 241, 316, 389
See also Landed property; Nationalisation
of land
Alsace 483, 485, 503, 514
See also Lorraine.
Anarchism, anarchists10-11, 154, 198,
408
in England 430-31, 438, 443,
446, 451, 471, 534
See also Adventurism; Bakuninism, Baku-
ninists; Putsch, putschism
Anglo-Egyptian war, 1882505, 510, 514
Armchair socialism 24, 138, 184, 226,
348, 385, 389-90, 417
Army 234, 235, 339, 343, 486-87, 499-
500, 512, 515
Austrian 339, 486, 515
French149, 343, 485, 486
German 234, 235, 343, 487
Prussian 339, 486, 515, 519-20
Russian 339, 485, 487
Art 78-79, 154, 224, 285, 359
Austria (before 1867) 503, 510, 513,
515
Austria-Hungary (from 1867)
and Bosnia, annexation of505,
513, 514
and Slav peoples 505, 513-15
foreign policy and diplomacy
505, 513-17
and Germany 486, 513, 516-18
and Russia 486, 513-18
and Turkey 505, 510, 513-15,
518
Austro-Prussian war, 1866217, 221-22
Average rate of profit 182-83, 226
B
Bakuninism, Bakuninists 10, 198, 470
See also Adventurism; Anarchism, anar-
chists
Banks 156, 281, 340
and bank (money) capital 88-89,
224, 338-39
and foreign loans 338-39, 359-
60, 365, 377-78
702
Subject Index
Marx' s analysis of bank capital in
Capital8% 289-90, 522
Berlin 217, 356
Blanquism, Blanquists280, 342
See also Adventurism
Bonapartism 51, 282, 487, 514-15
Bosnia see Austria-Hungary
Bourgeois political economy 24-25, 193
contradictions and evolution
183-84, 348, 388-89
schools in183-84, 348
Bourgeoisie 51, 317, 497-98
Bourgeoisie, German 213, 268, 269, 434,
487, 493, 498, 510
See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Ger-
many
Bourgeoisie, Russian 281, 365, 498
British Museum 187, 400, 448
Capital42, 154, 193-94, 224-25, 338,
452
See also Capitalist mode of production;
Money capital; Primitive accumulation of
capital
'Capital' by Karl Marx 226
history of writing 29, 102, 104,
122-23, 188, 244
its third and the subsequent ver-
sions: the manuscripts of 1863-
65 88-89, 264, 293-94
plans for publication102, 122-
23, 244, 264
agreement on publication17,
76, 85-86, 120-21
subject index 188
manuscripts of Capital left by
Marx 3 , 6, 39-41, 53
See also Marxist political economy
'Capital'', Volume I
subject-matter 224-25
Engels on its contents and signifi-
cance214, 224-25
dissemination among workers 8-9,
115, 342, 385, 464-65, 471
reaction on it by bourgeois and
petty-bourgeois circles16-17,
111, 166, 181-83, 187,209-10,212,
224-25, 266-67, 318-19
its popularisation 8, 11, 44, 45,
50, 58-64, 76-78, 89-90, 93-94, 96,
101, 112, 115, 310, 384-86, 417,
465, 482
'Capital', Volume II
its significance 58, 93, 100, 154,
206, 265
subject-matter294, 296
Engels' work on the first edition
3, 14, 18, 26, 29, 33, 39, 42-43, 53,
57-58, 88, 120, 122-23, 134, 151,
153, 154, 156, 160-61, 187, 190,
198, 202, 210, 212, 217, 244, 249,
262, 263, 265, 267, 270-71, 277-78,
289, 292, 297, 308, 310, 316, 328,
349-50
Engels' work on the Preface 187,
210, 212, 219, 262, 292-93, 297,
318
work on the Russian edition
65-66, 92-93, 100, 260, 272, 277-
78, 289, 293, 310, 318-19, 400-01,
432
work on the French edition
359
bourgeois economists' response
17, 348, 522
'Capital', Volume III
its significance 93, 161,262,264,
265, 270-71, 277-79, 286, 289, 297,
300, 308, 317, 348
history of writing 29, 43, 88-89,
264, 289-90, 293-94
subject-matter 224, 290, 295-97
work on the first edition 3, 18,
29, 33, 88-100, 120, 122-23, 151,
244, 249, 262-65, 270-71, 277-78,
286, 289-91, 293, 294, 296, 301,
305-06, 308, 310, 316-17, 348-49,
358, 374, 394, 400, 402, 405, 416,
484, 521-22
'Capital', Volume IV
subject-matter 29, 102, 104, 120,
122-23, 188, 226, 244, 279
Engels' plans for publication 29,
Subject Index
703
102, 104, 120, 122-23, 188, 244,
270
Capitalist10, 58, 179-80, 181, 182,
340, 452
See also Bourgeoisie; Bourgeoisie, German;
Bourgeoisie, Russian; Capital; Capitalist
mode of production; Exploitation of labour
power by capital; Petty bourgeoisie
Capitalist mode of production 24, 141-42,
155, 156, 178, 179, 180, 390
See also Society, bourgeois
Chartism, Chartist movement308, 337
China 254, 428
Circulation 180
analysis of circulation of capital
3, 88, 122-23, 159
Class (es) 10, 51, 86-87, 132, 452, 491,
497
See also Bourgeoisie; Class struggle;
Peasantry; Petty bourgeoisie; Working
class
Class struggle 51, 452-53, 470
See also Class(es); Revolution, prole-
tarian, socialist; Socialist movement,
international; Tactics of the proletarian
class struggle; Working-class movement
Communism (socio-economic formation)
10, 74, 86-87, 119-20, 182, 194,
223, 234, 235, 236, 241-42, 313, 343,
388-89, 391-92, 397-98, 487, 501,
503
See also Revolution, proletarian, social-
ist; Transitional period from capitalism to
communism (socialism)
Communism, Icarian (Cabet's communism)
117, 342
Communism in Germany (theories and
trends) 263, 350-51
See also Socialism in Germany
Communism, primitive 82, 102-03, 116
Communism, Utopian 263, 342
Communists, communist movement17, 86-
87, 542
See also Marxism
Community (commune)82, 102, 103, 132,
178, 179, 279, 281, 398, 503
See also Gens, gentile constitution
Competition 54-55, 107, 181-82
Constitutional monarchy (bourgeois)51,
119-20
See also England (Great Britain); France
Contradiction117', 132, 175, 330-31,
390
Co-operative movement101, 235, 239,
241-42, 353, 389, 465
Cottage industry 81-82, 179, 213-14, 232-
34
Credit89, 137-38, 204, 241-42, 289,
338, 340, 377-78, 428
See also Banks; Monetary market; Money
capital
D
Democracy, bourgeois (political movement)
see Germany democrats, demo-
cratic movement
Democracy, bourgeois (state and political
system) 119, 343
See also Republic, bourgeois; Society,
bourgeois
Democratic Federation (England, 1881)
54, 114, 118, 123, 165, 177
Depression see Economic crises
Dialectics3b, 38, 71, 330-31, 438,
492
Marx' s outline of dialectics 3
See also Singular, particular and univer-
sal
Dogmatism 90, 93-94, 391-92, 541
E
Eclectism see Socialism eclectic
Economic crises23, 75, 81-82, 213-14,
232, 340, 349, 365, 390, 396-97, 402,
407, 428
Economic doctrine of Marxism see 'Capi-
tal' by Karl Marx; 'Capital', Volume
I; 'Capital', Volume II; 'Capital', Vo-
lume III; 'Capital', Volume IV; Mar-
xist political economy
Egypt505, 510, 514
See also Anglo-Egyptian war, 1882
704
Subject Index
Emancipation of Labour group, first Russian
Marxist organisation
Engels' contacts with its mem-
bers64-67, 93, 111-13, 204, 264,
279-80, 281-82, 400, 432
Emigration 26, 225, 283-84
German in the USA 225, 491,
524-25, 530
Russian 68, 88; see also
Bakuninism, Bakuninists
Engels, Frederick
main biographical information
25, 26, 39, 69, 92-93, 108, 202,
228-29, 235, 287, 307, 316, 416
in 1844-February 1848 31, 37,
158, 541
in 1874-83 3, 6, 14, 16, 17, 24,
25, 26, 29-33, 39-41, 47-48, 50, 59-
62, 69, 84, 279-80, 393, 529
in 1884-86 84-89, 92-95, 97-98,
104-07, 111, 113, 114, 122, 134-35,
141-43, 145, 147, 151-53, 158, 197-
98, 202, 203, 215, 217, 228, 238,
244-45, 249, 260-65, 267-70, 277-
79, 286, 289, 293-94, 301, 305-06,
316, 332, 348, 349, 363, 391-94,
396-97, 416-17, 422, 423-24, 425,
434, 447, 456-57, 472, 484, 489,
492-94, 498-99
Engels' study of languages 49,
113, 279, 280, 282, 363, 447
Marx' s literary execut or3, 6, 26,
29-33, 38-41, 50, 69, 84, 86, 87, 92-
95, 104, 152, 203, 332, 349, 447,
457
See also 'Capital' by Karl Marx; 'Capi-
tal', Volume I; 'Capital', Volume - II;
'Capital', Volume III; 'Capital', Vol-
ume IV; Communists, communist move-
ment; German Social Democracy Marx
and Engels as representatives and
leaders of the party; Marxism; Marx-
ist philosophy; Marxist political economy;
Natural science Marx' s and En-
gels' study of; Party, proletarian; Rus-
sia Marx' s and Engels' study of
the Russian language; Russia
Marx and Engels on their study of
Russian literature on economics and
social relations in Russia; Russia
Marx' s and Engels' contacts with Rus-
sian men of letters in the 1870s-early
1880s; Socialist movement, international;
Working-class movement
England (Great Britain) 135-36, 141,
448-49, 491
in the 1870s-80s 23, 51, 55, 82,
213, 260, 304, 314, 340, 349, 361,
390, 396, 397, 402, 407-08
industrial revolution, its social con-
sequences213, 232, 259
trade and industrial monopoly on
the world market 54-55, 213,
254-55, 396-97
large-scale industry 213, 254
political parties of the ruling clas-
ses304, 314-15, 317
radicals 268, 304, 314, 317, 326,
367, 389
radical clubs (in the 1880s)
28, 526, 529
electoral reform of 1884198,
314, 317, 341
colonial policy in Ireland 448-49
Europe 221, 357, 487-88, 509, 518-19
Exploitation of labour power by capital
179, 181-82
See also Factory legislation; Female
labour; Working day
F
Factory, factory system 259, 338
See also Large-scale industry; Machinery
Factory legislation 57', 216-17, 241-42
Family and marriage 56, 431, 501
Female labour 313, 314
Feudalism 51, 156, 178, 179-80
See also Community (commune)
Force, its role in history 528-29
Fourierism, Fourierists133, 141, 185
France 51, 52, 149, 213, 221, 326, 330-
31, 340, 342, 343, 354, 497, 510
industrial revolution 213, 232
during the Third Republic (after
the defeat of the Paris Commune of
Subject Index
705
1871) 5 1 , 119, 149, 300, 323,
326, 330-31, 343
home policy, home situation
149, 226-27, 270-71, 291-93, 300,
330-31, 441-42
electoral system 270-71, 314,
317, 320, 326, 330, 488-89, 507
National Assembly 343, 409,
413-14, 418, 425, 429-30, 441-42
ses149, 314, 317, 330-31, 430-31
Monarchists 326, 330, 343, 430,
518-19
bourgeois republicans141, 268,
270, 314, 317, 326, 330-31, 343,
412, 413, 430, 519
Radicals (Clemenceau's supporters)
98, 141, 149, 226-27, 268, 270,
300, 314, 317, 320, 326, 330-31,
343, 354, 363, 409-12, 418, 424,
429-31, 441-45, 470, 488-89, 497,
507
and prospects of the revolution
354, 486, 518
and Russia 518-19
See also Army French; Language
French; Literature French; Napoleo-
nic Wars; Paris Commune of 1871; Petty
bourgeoisie in France; Socialism, so-
cialists in France; Socialist movement in
France; Working-class movement in France
Franco-Prussian war, 1870-71 342, 481,
485-86
French Workers' Party
its programme 311
struggle of Guesdists against Possi-
bilists141, 425
'Guesdists' party after the split in
St Etienne in 1882115, 131
party congresses115, 131
propaganda of Marxi sm111,
112, 115, 131, 134, 135, 143-44,
332, 333
agitation115, 488-89
participation in the electoral
struggle134, 141-42, 442, 445-
46, 488-89, 507
parliamentary activity 425, 508
and bourgeois parties 413, 442,
444, 445-46, 488-89, 507
See also Socialist movement in France
G
Gens, gentile constitution103, 132, 503,
515
See also Community (commune); Family
and marriage; Society, primitive
German Empire (after 1871) 5 1 , 53, 149-
50, 213, 221-22, 343, 348, 485-86, 510
political system 435
constitution 34
Reichstag 342, 417, 418
Bonapartist character of Bismarck's
politics51, 488
suffrage 236, 341
factory legislation 216-17, 241-
42
ses51, 119, 140, 141, 147, 149,
150, 234-35, 282, 311, 316, 333,
342-43, 345, 363, 389, 428, 438,
502, 553
home policy, domestic situation
34, 35, 53, 135, 140-41, 147-49,
213, 266, 335, 434-35, 468, 473,
484, 510
police 8 1 , 98-99, 141, 435
Anti-Socialist Law (1878-90) 34,
35, 98-99, 139, 141-42, 148,
213, 216, 217, 232, 242, 278,
304, 526
Kulturkampf345, 434, 511
revolutionary situation in the
1880s 51-52, 335, 516
colonial policy192, 199-200
foreign policy 53-54, 69, 211,
484, 485-86, 513, 516-18
and England 485-86
and France 53, 514
and Romania 53
and Russia148, 256, 335, 360,
378, 417, 466-67, 484, 486, 488,
493, 509-10, 516-18
and Serbia 53, 513
706
Subject Index
and Spain 53
See also Bourgeoisie, German; Peasantry,
German; Petty bourgeoisie in Germany;
Working class in Germany
German philosophy105, 173, 491
See also Hegel, Hegelianism
German Social Democracy 26-27, 126,
211, 213, 419
Gotha congress of 1875, foundation
of the united Socialist Workers'
Party 2 1 , 22
Gotha programme, its critique by
Marx and Engels146
struggle against Dhringianism
(1876-78) 126, 250
under the Anti-Socialist Law
(1878-90), policy and tactics of
21, 27, 53, 81, 99-100, 114, 115,
141, 144-46, 148-50, 165, 167, 169,
188, 213, 216-18, 223, 225, 269,
274, 286-87, 291, 436, 534
Copenhagen congress (1883) 14,
21
struggle against the reformist wing
in 1870-80 21-23, 27, 32, 36, 55-
56, 80-81, 123-24, 130, 141, 144-46,
149-50, 153-54, 165, 169, 184, 188,
199, 216, 217, 225, 231-32, 245,
257-58, 267-71, 275, 282-86, 290,
296, 300-01, 303, 306-08, 314-16,
340, 353, 387-88, 418, 427, 433-34,
437, 442, 446, 449, 487-88, 497,
509
its revolutionary proletarian
wing 99, 144-45, 151, 169, 188,
199, 201-02, 217, 225, 231, 232,
290, 307-08, 314, 316, 340
leaders and masses 22, 27, 99,
124, 130, 144, 152, 169, 188, 217,
267-68, 316, 340
participation in the elections (gene-
ral principles) 140, 169, 198-99,
209-10, 213, 342
participation in the election cam-
paign in the 1880s 53, 115, 149,
152, 184, 192, 209-10, 213, 216,
217, 221, 225, 245
parliamentary activities, fac-
tions20-22, 149, 154, 199, 210,
216-17, 221, 231-32, 235, 239-43,
245, 267-70, 275, 282-85, 290, 296,
303, 307-08, 314, 353, 361, 387,
388, 409, 418, 427, 433-34, 437,
442
the press and publishing activities
27, 144-45, 163, 169, 268, 285,
329-30
scientific and theoretical activity
240-41-
and trade unions and strikes 242
and peasantry and agrarian ques-
t i on235, 239, 241-42, 353, 389
and bourgeois parties140, 148,
216, 231, 232
and the army 235, 236, 343
and prospects of a revolution in
Germany 35, 235, 236, 354-55,
487-88
and socialist parties in other coun-
tries95, 126, 130, 225, 303, 331,
409, 414-15, 425, 437, 442
Marx and Engels as representatives
and leaders of the party 36, 235
its role in the international socialist
movement of the last third of the
19th century 36, 198-99, 211,
213-14, 342
German Workers' Educational Society in Lon-
don 261-62
after 1874 95, 119, 209-10
Germany 53, 81-82, 98-99, 213, 270,
348, 391, 482, 484
survivals of feudalism and their li-
quidation 51, 234
fragmentation, and the task of uni-
fication of217, 221-22
industry 79, 81-82, 199-200,
213-14, 232-34, 254-56, 338
industrial revolution199-200,
214, 232-34, 260
agriculture, agricultural rela-
t i ons81, 214, 232-33, 235
foreign trade 79, 81, 199-200,
214, 233, 254-55, 285, 349, 402
bureaucracy 468, 510
Subject Index
707
Philistinism 213, 268, 287, 296,
300-01, 308, 427, 442
bourgeois liberals in the 1840s-
60s 222, 234
democrats, democratic move-
ment 119, 234-35
science191, 348
education 343
and Russia 484
See also Emigration; German Empire;
Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Ger-
many; Working class in Germany; Work-
ing-class movement in Germany
Gold and silver2$, 377, 378
See also Monetary market; Money
Greenback Labor Party (USA)401
H
Handicrafts, handicraftsmen 81, 155-56,
214
Hegel, Hegelianism 35, 281, 348, 356,
438
and Marxi sm126, 187, 189
Historical approach 119, 156, 193, 194
Historical materialism, materialist under-
standing of history103, 115, 116, 127,
133, 528-29
See also Class (es); Class struggle;
Historical approach; History
Historical sources 295-97, 337, 339,
421-22, 498-500
Historiography 103, 115-16, 133, 178-79,
207, 337, 345, 346-47, 362, 398-99, 422
formation and development of the
Marxist school of history132,
133, 194, 251, 305-06, 422, 467,
475, 498-502, 528
See also History (as a science)
History 343, 519
See also Historical approach; Historical
materialism, materialist understanding of
history; 'Irony of history'; Working class
History (as a science) 103, 132-33, 305-
06
See also Historical materialism,
materialist understanding of history; Historio-
graphy
Holland 57, 82-83, 102-03, 372, 397
Housing question 259, 475
I
Ideological struggle in the working-class
movement 10-11, 145-46, 151-52, 198-
99, 257-58, 290, 300-01, 307, 318
See also Marxism attitude towards
opportunism and reformism
India 103, 179, 253-55
Industrial reserve army141, 407, 408-09
Industrial revolution 214, 259
See also Large-scale industry; Machinery
Industry see Cottage industry; Factory, fac-
tory system; Handicrafts, handicraftsmen;
Large-scale industry; Machinery; Manu-
facture
Instruments of production156, 179, 181,
338
See also Means of production
Interests 117', 194, 389, 491
International socialist and workers' con-
gresses and conferences
international workers' conference
in Paris (1883)64, 95-96
See also Socialist movement, interna-
tional
Internationalism, proletarian 225, 415
Ireland 361, 364, 367, 398
Irony of history' 34-35, 281, 288, 348
Italy 24, 179, 514
J
Junkers, Prussian 138, 388, 468, 516
See also Nobility, aristocracy, German
K
Knights of Labor (USA)470, 491, 525,
530, 532, 541-42
L
Labour aristocracy 54-55, 64, 260
See also Reformism; Trade unionism;
Trade unions in England
Land156, 234-35, 389
708
Subject Index
See also Land rent; Landed property; Natio-
nalisation of land
Land rent
as a subject of Marx' s studies 29,
88, 264-65, 289-90, 293-94, 348-50,
522
in Rodbertus' theory102, 138,
204
See also Landed property; Nationalisation
of land
Landed property 82-83, 102-03, 132, 179-
80, 239, 389
Language!, 43, 49, 90, 173-74, 275-76,
291, 292, 333, 363, 397, 440
English 363, 396
French 37, 333, 363, 431
German 49, 90, 113, 173, 174,
291, 333, 396, 440
Italian 37, 49, 290, 292, 363
Russian113; see also Russia
Marx' s and Engels' study of the
Russian language
Large-scale industry 23, 81-82, 156, 178,
213-14, 232-33, 259, 338, 428, 450-51,
465
See also Cottage industry; Factory, factory
system; Industrial reserve army; Industrial
revolution; Machinery
Lassalleanism, Lassalleans35, 225,
305
demand of state assistance to work-
ers' cooperatives 241, 389
concept of' one reactionary mass'
34-35, 149, 234, 235
See also German Social Democracy
Gotha congress of 1875, foundation of
the united Socialist Workers' Party;
German Social Democracy Gotha
programme, its critique by Marx and
Engels
Law (right) 156, 221-23
'Left' opportunism see Anarchism, anar-
chists; Bakuninism, Bakuninists
Liberal Parly (Engl and) 54-55, 121-22
general characteristic 303, 314-
15, 317, 345, 361
See also England (Great Britain)
political parties of the ruling classes;
Parliament, English
Literature25, 33, 37, 42, 90, 92, 161,
286-87, 290-91, 320, 356-58, 440
English 95, 194, 224, 238, 239,
427
Fr ench71, 167, 320, 427
German 30, 48, 92, 165, 253,
320, 356-58
Italian 48, 357
old German 226, 498
old Norse 224, 226
Russian 48, 158, 357
Spanish 48, 357
Loans (state) 109, 338-39, 359-60, 364-
65, 516
London 355-56, 458
Lorraine 503, 514
See also Alsace
M
Machinery 82, 156, 181, 233
Manchester school, Manchesters 184
new Manchester school 361,
389, 407
'Manifesto of the Communist Party' by Marx
and Engels 10, 299
See also Marxism
Manufacture 61, 76, 101, 465
Market
and economic crises 23, 340,
349-50, 365, 390, 396-97, 402, 407,
428
See also Monetary market; Trade (com-
merce); World market
Marx, Karl 36, 351
Engels on Marx and his role in the
international working-class move-
ment 17-19, 26, 33, 40, 213, 214,
234, 264-66, 283, 316, 416
See also 'Capital' by Karl Marx; Ger-
man Social DemocracyMarx and En-
gels as representatives and leaders of
the party; 'Manifesto of the Communist
Party' by Marx and Engels; Marxism;
Marxist philosophy; Marxist political
economy; Russia
Marxism 54, 214, 234, 270, 279, 471
Subject Index
709
component parts of 126-27, 270-
71, 280, 464-65
shaping, major stages in its deve-
lopment136-37, 393
creative nature of391, 530-31,
541-42
dissemination of its ideas 54,
111-12, 115, 126-27, 194, 211,280,
363, 469-70, 507
attitude towards opportunism and
reformism165, 270, 285, 307
See also Dialectics; Engels, Frederick;
Historical materialism, materialist under-
standing of history; Marx, Karl; Marx-
ist philosophy; Marxist political economy
Marxist philosophy128-29
See also Historical materialism, mate-
rialist understanding of history
Marxist political economy182-83, 214,
270-71, 393
and bourgeois and petty-bourgeois
political economy157, 163,
181-83, 214, 264, 267, 279-81,
297
See also 'Capital' by Karl Marx; 'Capi-
tal', Volume I; 'Capital', Volume II;
'Capital', Volume HI; 'Capital', Vo-
lume, IV
Materialism132, 173
See also Dialectics; Historical mate-
rialism, materialist understanding of his-
tory
Mathematics124, 296
Marx' s and Engels' studies of39,
43
Means of communication 239, 241-42,
335, 353, 376, 388, 419, 450
Means of production 156, 157, 193, 390
Mode of production 141, 157, 194, 274-75
Monetary market340, 365
See also Gold and silver; Market;
Money; World market
Money 157, 180-81
metallic 377-78
credit 88, 338-39, 377-78
- quantity in circulation 76, 401
depreciation 378, 401, 516
and wages 365, 401
on the significance of Marx' s
theory of money 154
on the analysis of money in Marx' s
Capital 89, 154
Money capital340, 365
N
Napoleonic wars339
Narodism, Narodniks in Russia 74, 112,
148, 158, 256, 275, 280, 281, 338, 378,
485-86, 520
Nationalisation of land82, 239, 389
Natural science
Marx' s and Engels' studies of43,
126, 328
Nobility, aristocracy, German 234, 354,
510
See also Junkers, Prussian; Revolution of
1848-49 in Germany
O
Opportunism (in socialist movement) 22,
150
its essence and social root s151,
165, 184, 199, 217, 270, 295-96,
300-01, 306-07, 437
distortion of revolutionary theory,
programme, tactics and organisa-
tional principles of the proletarian
party 22, 145, 164-65, 258, 259,
268-70, 307
See also Reformism; Trade Unionism
Oriental (Eastern) question, the 485-86,
505, 512-18
See also Russo-Turkish war, 1877-78
Owenism, Owenites184, 422
P
Panslavism 486, 488
Paris 107, 342, 356
Paris Commune of 1871 74, 119, 211
Parliament (in bourgeois state)
use of parliament by working-class
representatives 198-99, 235, 239-
42, 308, 413-14
710
Subject Index
Parliament, English 300, 345, 361,
364, 367
See also England (Great Britain)
Party, political 221
bourgeois 343, 525; see also Eng-
land (Great Britain)political
parties of the ruling classes; Liberal
Party (England); German Empire (af-
ter 1871)political parties of the
ruling classes
Parly, proletarian22-23, 27, 32, 145,
150, 223, 235, 236, 239, 242, 284-85,
290, 296, 306-08, 343, 434-35, 503,
532, 541-42
importance of revolutionary theory
forits practical activity 280, 441,
541
its programme, aims of struggle
146, 542
agrarian programme 241-42,
388-89
its internationalism 225, 414
struggle within the party145-46,
151, 199, 258-59, 290, 300-01, 307,
316
struggle against reformism and op-
port uni sm32, 145-46, 150-51,
164-65, 169, 199, 217-18, 258-59,
270, 296, 300-01, 306-07, 317-18,
427, 437
struggle against sectarianism and
dogmatism 408, 531, 539, 541-
42
its tactics 22, 95, 96-97, 108, 140,
149, 217-18, 223, 235, 240-42, 280,
285, 299, 303, 331, 343-44, 367,
370, 388, 425, 435, 444, 541-42
its parliamentary tactics, signifi-
cance of its members' speeches in
parliament 21-23, 140, 169, 235,
239-42, 367, 388-89, 409, 425, 429-
30
and masses 2 3 , 27, 99, 145, 169,
217-18, 308, 444, 446, 532
and various opposition parties
343, 427, 429-30
propaganda, agitation 99, 363,
464-65, 499
struggle against the threat of war,
for maintenance of peace 343,
363, 487, 519-20
after the proletariat' s coming to po-
wer235, 388-89, 391-92
See also Communists, communist movement;
Marxism
Peasant war in Germany, 1524-25217, 244
Peasantry 119, 179-80, 235, 388-89
See also Community (commune); Peasantry,
German; Peasantry, peasant movements in
Russia
Peasantry, German 214, 233, 235, 353,
388
See also Germany; Peasant war in Ger-
many, 1524-25
Peasantry, peasant movements in Russia
122-23, 338, 520
See also Community (commune)
Petty bourgeoisie119, 223, 497
in England 317
in France 330, 497
in Germany 223, 497
See also Peasantry; Socialism (theories
and trends) petty-bourgeois
Philosophy126-27, 194, 432
See also Dialectics; Historical mate-
rialism, materialist understanding of his-
tory; Marxist philosophy; Materialism
Physiocrats 180, 184
Poetry
proletarian 92, 160, 286, 287
English 92, 224, 238, 286-87
German 33, 47, 160, 286-87, 433
See also Literature
Political economy163, 182, 271-72,
297, 348
See also Bourgeois political economy;
Marxist political economy; Physiocrats;
Ricardian school in bourgeois political
economy; Ricardian Socialists; Vulgar
bourgeois political economy
Possibilism, Possibilisls
as opportunist trend in the French
socialist movement 64, 141, 320,
425, 430, 431, 442
See also Socialist movement in France
Subject Index
711
during the Third Republic (from
1871); French Workers' Party
Press, the
socialist press 285, 307
Prevision, forecast 23, 64-66, 75, 82, 354,
391-92, 481-87, 497
Primitive accumulation of capital
its analysis in Marx' s Capital
194, 465
Productive forces157, 401
Profit 16, 24-25, 54-55, 163, 166, 180,
181-82, 209-10, 226, 233, 256-57
See also Average rate of profit; Land rent;
Rate of profit; Surplus value
Protectionism 255, 361, 402, 407
Proudhonism, Proudhonists
Proudhon as a French socialist
thinker of the 1840s116-17
Proudhonism as a form of the pre-
Marxian socialism 410
criticism of Proudhon' s economic
views158, 208
Proudhonism as a trend in the
French working-class movement in
the 1860s-70s 208, 342, 343, 354,
410, 429, 470
Prussia 137, 221-22, 270, 371-72, 388,
468-69, 484, 513
and the French Revolution and
Napoleonic wars 339
in 1815-early 1848 34, 137
finance, budget, taxes148, 339
bureaucracy 397-98, 468-69
and Germany 221, 485-86
See also German Empire; German Social
Democracy; Germany; Working-class mo-
vement in Germany
Putsch, putschism149, 2g7
See also Adventurism; Bakuninism, Baku-
ninists; Blanquism, Blanquists
R
Radicalism, radicals
as bourgeois and petty-bourgeois
political trend 226-27, 300, 317,
321, 343, 497; see also England
radicals; France Radicals
bourgeois radicals and working-
class movement 98, 149, 267-68,
269-71, 321, 326, 331, 343, 354,
364, 409-14, 424, 428-29, 441-42,
470, 489, 508
Rate of profit 89, 348, 522-23
See also Average rate of profit; Profit
Rate of surplus value
and rate of profit 89, 348-49,
522-23
See also Exploitation of labour power by
capital
Reformism 16, 54-55, 63-64, 341, 449,
450-51, 533
See also Lassalleanism, Lassalleans; Op-
portunism (in socialist movement); Par-
ty, proletarian struggle against refor-
mism and opportunism; Possibilism,
Possibilists; Proudhonism, Proudhonists;
Trade unionism
Religion 173, 416, 491, 533
See also Contradiction
Republic, bourgeois 74, 119-20
and class struggle 51, 120, 470-
71
and working class, working-class
movement 51-52, 119-20,470-71
See also Democracy, bourgeois (state and
political system); France; Revolution of
1848 in France. Second Republic; United
States of America
Revolution 52, 74, 221-23, 234, 280,
343, 354
See also Revolutionary situation, revolu-
tionary crisis; Revolution, bourgeois, bour-
geois-democratic; Revolution, permanent;
Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Revo-
lution, social; War(s) and revolu-
tion and revolutionary movement
Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-
democratic 223, 234, 281
as a step to the proletarian revolu-
t i on35, 343, 487-88
See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe;
Revolution, permanent; Revolution, so-
cial
Revolution, economic 214
See also Industrial revolution
Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe223, 338
712
Subject Index
See also Revolution of 1848-49 (in diffe-
rent countries)
Revolution of 1848 in France. Second Repub-
lic 52, 140-41, 234
Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany
221-22, 233, 234, 350-51, 499-500
Revolution, permanent 34-35, 51-52, 149,
281, 487-88
bourgeois-democratic34-35, 281,
343, 487-88
proletarian revolution 34-35, 51-
52, 119-20, 149, 343, 487-88
Revolution, proletarian, socialist10,
74, 223, 235, 236, 343, 389
See also Communism; Internationalism,
proletarian; Paris Commune of 1871; Revo-
lution, permanent; Revolution, social;
Transitional period from capitalism to
communism (socialism)
Revolution, social10, 214
See also Revolution; Revolution, bour-
geois, bourgeois-democratic; Revolution,
proletarian, socialist
Revolutionary situation, revolutionary cri-
sisWl, 471
See also Revolution
Ricardian school in bourgeois political eco-
nomy 127-28, 184
Ricardian Socialists126, 156, 163, 194,
208
Right to wort141-42, 150
Russia (Russian Empire)
after 1861279-81, 338, 366
development of capitalism
280-81, 338, 366, 401
- industry 277, 281, 338
finances 112, 277, 338, 366, 378,
401, 516
internal and foreign loans
109-10, 148, 338-39, 359-60, 365,
366, 377-78, 516
students, youth 68, 279-80, 281
science, literature, culture156,
357
revolutionary-critical thought in
the 19th cent ury111, 156, 279-
80
revolutionary terror of the Narod-
niks 279-81
beginning of dissemination of Marx-
i sm42, 74, 89, 93, 111, 112-13,
115, 126, 158, 279-80, 432
development of revolutionary
situation in the 1870s-80s 65, 74,
99, 109, 112, 148, 234, 279-80, 338,
378, 487, 488, 504, 505, 509, 516-
20
possibilities for a revolution and its
international significance 99,
109, 234, 452, 487, 488, 505, 509,
516, 519
Marx' s and Engels' study of the
Russian language 48, 112-13,
278, 279, 281, 364
Marx and Engels on their study of
Russian literature on economics
and social relations in Russia 68,
88, 100, 112-13, 277, 339, 401, 488
Marx' s and Engels' contacts with
Russian men of letters in the 1870s-
early 1880s 260, 293-94, 349
Engels and Russian men of letters
in the 1880s102, 129, 158, 260,
265, 276-78, 289, 293-94, 318-19,
322, 348-50, 400-02, 521
foreign policy and diplomacy in the
late 19th century 256, 466-67,
473-74, 485, 509, 512-19
and Bulgaria 329, 466, 485, 503-
04, 513-15, 517
and England 256, 514
and France 485-86, 518-19 .
and Germany148, 256, 338,
360, 466-67, 484, 509, 510, 516-17
and Turkey 485-, 505, 513, 515,
518
See also Army Russian; Bourgeoisie,
Russian; Emancipation of Labour group,
first Russian Marxist organisation; Maro-
dism, Narodniks in Russia; Peasantry, peas-
ant movements in Russia
Russo-Turkish war, 1877-78339, 512-14
Subject Index
713
S
Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonists185
Science56, 116-17, 158, 183, 191, 240,
301, 348, 356
Marx as a scientist 264
See also History (as a science); Natu-
ral science; Political economy; Philo-
sophy
Serbia, Serbs 503, 513-15, 517
See also Serbo-Bulgarian war, 1885-86
Serbo-Bulgarian war, 1885-86 329,
353, 363-64, 378, 417, 485, 488, 514-
21
Seven Years' War, 1756-63221
Singular, particular and universal389,
464-65
Slave trade 56-57, 194
Slavophilism, Slavophiles 515-16
See also Panslavism
Slavs 503, 515
Social-Democratic Association of the Mether-
lands see Working-class and socialist
movement in the Netherlands
Social Democratic Federation (England,
1884) 525-26, 529, 533-34
criticism of its sectarianism199,
238, 245, 248, 320, 341-42, 366-70,
384-85, 394-95, 403-04, 406-07,
427-28, 433-34, 443, 446, 471, 492,
529, 534
split in the Federation (December
1884) 237-38, 245, 247, 376
its Left wing 238, 368
See also Democratic Federation; Socialist
League; Socialist movement in England
Socialism (theories and trends)
pre-Marxian 211, 214, 412-13,
507
Christian 238, 342, 423-24
bourgeois199, 469-70
petty-bourgeois199, 208, 296,
300-01, 307, 314, 449, 469-70; see
also Lassalleanism, Lassalleans;
Proudhonism, Proudhonists
proletarian 51
vulgar 58, 80
sentimental 484-85
eclectic see Socialism, socialists
in Franceeclectic socialism in the
1870s-80s
petty-bourgeois socialism of Louis
Blanc 342, 354, 413, 429, 470
pseudosocialism of Rodbertus
101, 111, 126, 138, 156, 163, 188-
89, 194, 208, 211, 385
and bourgeois political economy
126, 163, 194
See also Communism in Germany (theo-
ries and trends); Marxism; Ri-
cardian Socialists; Socialism in Germany;
Socialism, socialists in England; So-
cialism, socialists in France; Socialism,
socialists in Russia; Socialism, Utopian;
Socialist movement,, international; 'State
socialism'
Socialism in Germany16, 79, 192, 296
See also Communism in Germany (theories
and trends)
Socialism, socialists in England163,
194, 438
dissemination of socialist ideas in
the late 19th cent ury115, 195
See also Social Democratic Federation;
Socialist League; Socialist movement in
England
Socialism, socialists in France 211, 442
eclectic socialism in the 1870s-
90s 342, 343, 356, 413, 414, 429,
469-70
See also Fourierism, Fourierisls; French
Workers' Party; Possibilism, Possibilists;
Proudhonism, Proudhonists; Socialism
(theories and trends) petty-bourgeois
socialism of Louis Blanc
Socialism, socialists in Russia 111, 158
See also Emancipation of Labour Group,
first Russian Marxist organisation; Naro-
dism, JVarodniks in Russia
Socialism, Utopian194, 413
See also Fourierism, Fourierists; Owenism,
Owenites; Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonists
Socialist Labor Party of the United States
(from 1876)415-16, 441, 491, 530
See also Socialist movement in the USA
Socialist league (England, from late
1884) 245, 248, 275, 320-21, 395,
714
Subject Index
431, 434, 443, 446, 450-51, 470, 492,
526, 529, 534
Socialist legislation see Factory legis-
lation
Socialist movement in England54, 105,
367, 370, 395, 433-34, 437, 470, 492,
529-30
See also Social Democratic Federation;
Socialist League
Socialist movement in France
during the Third Republic (from
1871) 112, 115, 149, 331, 333,
342, 343, 354, 412-14, 425, 429,
442, 444, 445, 449, 469, 470, 478,
488-89, 493, 507
socialist faction in the National As-
sembly412-15, 418, 425, 429-31,
441, 442, 444, 469
its theoretical level141, 333,
342, 354, 507
See also French Workers' Party; Possibi-
lism, Possibilists; Socialism, socialists
in France; Working-class movement in
France
Socialist movement in the Netherlands see
Working-class and socialist movement in
the Netherlands
Socialist movement in Russia see Social-
ism, socialists in Russia
Socialist movement in the USA 44, 114,
197-98, 469, 491, 530-32
See also Socialist Labor Party of the Uni-
ted States; Working-class movement in the
USA
Socialist movement, international (after
the First Int ernat i onal )98, 446,
470
See also International socialist and work-
ers' congresses and conferences; Party, pro-
letarian; Socialist movement (in different
countries); Working-class movement
Society 85-86, 103, 156
Society, bourgeois 85-86, 141, 156
See also Capitalist mode of production;
Exploitation of labour power by capital;
State, bourgeois
Society, primitive103, 106, 133, 156
See also Communism, primitive; Commu-
nity (commune); Gens, gentile constitution
Song 286-87, 433
Marseillaise 286, 287
State, the 10, 74, 86, 343, 354
See also State, bourgeois
State, bourgeois 10, 86, 241-42, 354
State propertyK2, 241-42, 388-89
See also Nationalisation of land; 'State
socialism'
'State socialism'82, 102-03
Prussian 82, 102-03, 111, 140,
151, 189, 235, 348, 384, 417, 427
See also Lassalleanism, Lassalleans;
Socialism (theories and trends)
pseudosocialism of Rodbertus
Statistics 43, 184, 294, 336
Stock exchange 56, 191, 270, 365
Strikes, strike movement434, 507
Surplus value16, 24-25, 163, 179-80,
181-82, 225
in Ricardo' s theory166, 209-10
in Rodbertus' theory 163, 166,
209-10, 262
See also Land rent; Profit; Rate of surplus
value
T
Tactics of the proletarian class struggle
96-97, 223, 279-80, 297, 541, 542
during the parliamentary elections
and within parliament140, 141-
42, 169, 223, 241, 242, 388, 389;
see also Parliament (in bourgeois
state)
use of parliament by working-class
representatives
See also Class struggle; Communists,
communist movement; German Social
Democracy; Revolution, proletarian, so-
cialist; Socialist movement, interna-
tional; Working-class movement
Tenant, lease 179-80, 239, 388
Terrorism see Russia (Russian Empi-
r e) revolutionary terror of the Na-
rodniks
Theory and practice141, 158, 182-83,
202, 214, 279-80, 349, 378-79, 390,
Subject Index
715
393, 441, 464-65, 470, 491, 507, 530,
533, 541
See also Marxism
Trade (commerce) 199-200, 234, 387,
428
See also World market
Trade unionism 340-41, 450, 451
See also Reformism
Trade unions in England54-55, 57, 82,
341-42, 364, 388, 450, 451
See also Working-class movement in Eng-
land
Trade unions, trade-union movement
and proletarian party 242
critique of the views of the reformist
trade-union leaders 55, 57, 170,
341, 449-50, 451
See also Trade unions in England
Transitional period from capitalism to com-
munism (socialism) 10, 77, 119-20,
235, 242, 388-89, 503
See also Party, proletarian after the
proletariat' s coming to power
Treaty of San Stefano (1878) see Russo-
Turkish war, 1877-78
'True socialism' 37, 257-59, 300-01
Tsarism, autocracy in Russia 281, 338,
452, 488, 509, 516
See also Emancipation of Labour group,
first Russian Marxist organisation; Naro-
dism, Narodniks in Russia
Turkey 503-04, 505, 510, 513, 514, 515,
518
See also Oriental (Eastern) question,
the
U
Uneven development of capitalism 259,
349
See also Economic crises
United Labor Party (USA) 525
United States of America, the 55, 73, 120,
259, 343, 391, 396, 465, 470, 491, 525,
533, 540
development of capitalism 259,
380, 395-97
Utopism141, 176-77, 208, 344, 391-93
See also Communism, Utopian; Socialism,
Utopian
V
Value 126, 157, 163, 180-81, 194
See also Money
Vulgar bourgeois political economy
24-25, 166, 174, 181-84, 209-10, 224,
348, 389-90, 401, 452
W
Wages180-81, 277, 365, 401, 429
labourers in the cottage industry
79, 82, 214, 233
and working day 225, 276-77,
450
their reduction below the normal
level 8 1 , 199-200
and money 365, 401
War (s) 485
and politics 517-18
consequences of wars of conquest,
their influence on the economic
and social development 354,
487, 488
and revolution and revolutionary
movement 354, 363, 484, 487,
488, 509-10, 517-20
and the working-class move-
ment 354, 363, 486-88, 509-10,
518-20
threat of war in the last third of the
19th century 353, 363, 485-86,
517-20
See also Army; Austro-Prussian war,
.1866; Napoleonic wars; Russo-Turkish
war, 1877-78; Seven Tears' War, 1756-
63
Working class^W, 85, 119, 157, 259,
497
See also Agricultural workers; Class
struggle; Internationalism, proletarian;
716
Subject Index
Party, proletarian; Revolution, proleta-
rian, socialist; Working class (in diffe-
rent countries); Working-class movement
(in different countries)
Working class in England54-55, 343
and its representatives in Parlia-
ment and local government300,
341, 364
See also Labour aristocracy; Socialist
movement in England; Trade unions in
England; Working-class movement in
England
Working class in France140-41, 342
during the Third Republic 410,
425, 469-71
See also Paris Commune of 1871; Working-
class movement in France
Working class in Germany 53, 99, 211,
223, 234, 308
in the 1880s 53, 99, 199, 211,
223, 308
agricultural proletariat see also
Agricultural workers
See also Working-class movement in Ger-
many
Working class in Russia 365
Working class in the USA 441, 449
See also Working-class movement in the
USA
Working-class movement 81, 225, 434-
35, 446, 497, 541-42
its immediate and ultimate objecti-
ves119, 533
stages of development 450-51,
469-70
and revolutionary theory 214,
507, 541; see also Marxism
significance of workers' struggle for
electoral rights and of their parlia-
mentary activity 53, 198, 210-
11, 213, 217, 341, 371, 417, 425,
441-42, 469-70, 542
actions against wars, militarism
and annexations 354, 363, 486-
88, 509, 518-20
working-class movement in the
period between the disbandment of
the First and the founding of the
Second International 354, 363,
507
See also Chartism, Chartist movement;
Class struggle; Ideological struggle in
the working-class movement; Party, prole-
tarian; Socialist movement (in different
countries); Strikes, strike movement; Tact-
ics of the proletarian class struggle;
Trade unions, trade-union movement; Work-
ing class; Working-class movement (in
different countries)
Working-class movement in England
in the 1870s-early 1880s16, 54,
75, 82, 317
in the late 1880s 403-04, 407-08,
492-93, 534
and reformism16, 54-55, 64,
300, 364
See also Chartism, Chartist movement; La-
bour aristocracy; Reformism; Socialist
movement in England; Trade unions in
England
Working-class movement in France
during the Third Republic (after
the Paris Commune of 1871)
141-42, 149, 409, 413-15, 425, 429,
430, 441-42, 469-70, 478, 488-89,
493, 507
strike movement149, 409, 413,
425, 429, 430, 441-42, 469-70, 478,
488-89, 507
See also French Workers' Party; Paris
Commune of 1871; Socialist movement in
France
Working-class movement in Germany150,
214, 234, 304, 532
during the Anti-Socialist
Law140, 199, 232, 311-12,
534
See also German Social Democracy
Working-class movement in the USA
114, 441, 446, 449, 451, 464-66,
469-70, 491, 524-25, 530-33, 537-38,
541
See also Greenback Labor Party (USA);
Knights of Labor (USA); Socialist move-
ment in the USA; United Labor Party
(USA)
Subject Index
717
Working-class and socialist movement in the
Netherlands 6, 371-72
Working day\27-28, 216-17, 225, 276-
78, 449
See also Female labour
World market
and competition 23, 54-55, 79, 81-
82, 199-200, 204, 213, 214, 259, 349-
50, 390, 396-97, 402, 407-09, 428
See also Market; Monetary market

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362

213. Engels to Kautsky. 2 December 1885

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