Point Defects

1
Chapter 5
Linear, Planar, and Volume Defects
Introduction
Linear Defects, Slip and Plastic Deformation
Planar Defects
Volume Defects
2
Line Defect
A one-dimensional (linear) region in
the lattice characterized by local
faults in the atomic arrangement
Dislocations
are line defects
cause slip between crystal plane when they move
produce permanent (plastic) deformation
Slip? e.g.) Zn (HCP)
3
Slip
4
Shear Strength of Deformable Single Crystal
Normal Force
Shear Force
Permanent displacement of atoms within a crystal
Plastic deformation

Requirement?
Sufficient magnitude of force (stress or pressure)
Normal stress ()
Stress in the direction parallel to
the plane normal vector

Shear stress ()
Stress in the direction
perpendicular to the plane normal
vector
5
When the plastic deformation happens.
1. It results from shear stresses.

2. Plastic deformation is anisotropically occurring on high-density planes
and in close-packed direction.

3. For each crystalline material, there is a critical value of shear stress
i) on the favored plane
ii) in the favored direction
at which plastic deformation will begin
the favored plane slip plane
the favored direction slip direction
Slip Systems
6
High-Density Plane? Lets see Planar Density
FCC lattice
Portion of
sphere
on the plane
cell unit one within contained plane the of Area
cell unit one within plane a an centered atoms of Number
P

Close-packed Plane:
1. The plane with the highest
planar density
2. The atoms are in direct
contact.
FCC (111):
2
3 2
1
r
L

FCC (110):
2
2 4
1
r
L

Plastic deformation takes place anisotropically on high-density planes and in
close-packed direction
Why high-density plane?
Bond break and bond reformation
is easy in high-density plane.
7
high-density planes
Not high-density planes
x
x
x
x
8
cosqcosf
Extensive variable
Intensive variable
F
s
/A
s
= ( F / A )cosqcosf
Tensile axis
Force
Normal
Slip
plane
Slip
direction
Tensile axis
Force
Normal
Slip
plane
Slip
direction
Slip Plane & Slip Direction
: shear stress in the slip direction on
the slip plane
: applied normal stress
f
q
cos
cos
A
A
F F
s
s
F
s
f cos
s
A A
9
Tensile axis
Force
Normal
Slip
plane
Slip
direction
Tensile axis
Force
Normal
Slip
plane
Slip
direction
A
B
C
O
D
90
90

AOC
BOC
AOB
f
f
90

AOD
BOD
AOB
q
f
OC and OB OA,
are on the same plane.
OD and OB OA,
are not on the same plane.
Then, what determines the slip direction?
More specifically?
10
Tensile axis
Force
Normal
Slip
plane
Slip
direction
Tensile axis
Force
Normal
Slip
plane
Slip
direction
Slip Plane & Slip Direction
A normal stress applied to a single crystal
causes a shear stress on the slip plane
along the slip direction.

Critical resolved shear stress (
CR
):
1. the magnitude of shear stress that
initiates slip
2. A constant for a given slip system in a
given crystal (a material constant)

Critical normal stress (
c
)

The value of normal stress causes plastic
deformation (not a material constant)
CR

c
cosqcosf
f q
cos cos
CR
c
Schmids law
F
s
11
Question) Calculate the resolved shear stress on the (111)
Slip system of a unit cell in an FCC nickel single crystal if a stress
of 13.7 MPa is applied in the direction of a unit cell.
] 1 1 0 [
] 1 0 0 [
Tensile axis
Force
Normal
Slip
plane
Slip
direction
Tensile axis
Force
Normal
Slip
plane
Slip
direction
13
Question) Consider a single crystal of BCC iron oriented such that
a tensile stress is applied along a [010] direction.

(a) Calculate the resolved shear stress along a (110) plane and in
a direction when a tensile stress of 52 MPa is applied.

(b) If slip occurs on a (110) plane and in a direction, and the
critical resolved shear stress is 30 MPa, calculate the magnitude of
the applied tensile stress necessary to initiate slip.
] 1 1 1 [
Tensile axis
Force
Normal
Slip
plane
Slip
direction
Tensile axis
Force
Normal
Slip
plane
Slip
direction
] 1 1 1 [
15
Dislocation
Edge dislocation Screw dislocation
An edge dislocation is a defect
where there is an extra half-plane
introduced mid way through the
crystal which distorts the lattice
Imagine cutting a crystal along a
plane and slipping one half across
the other by a lattice vector, the
halves will fit back together without
leaving a defect. If the cut only goes
part way through the crystal, and
then slipped, the boundary of the cut
is a screw dislocation.
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Edge Dislocation
Edge dislocation line
Extra half plane
of atoms
An edge dislocation is a defect where there is an extra half-plane
introduced mid way through the crystal which distorts the lattice
Q) How to generate this edge dislocation?
17
Theoretical Critical Resolved Shear Strength
Macroscopic
view
Atomic scale
view
Broken plane
of atoms
One atomic plane slides over another, which requires sufficient force to
simultaneously break all of the atomic bonds across the slip plane
Fe
Critical resolved shear stress
(MPa)

Theoretical 21.00 X 10
3

Experimental 27.44
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Edge Dislocation: Dislocation glide
The process of breaking and reestablishing one row of atomic bonds may
continue until the dislocation passes completely out of the crystal.
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Edge Dislocation: Dislocation glide
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Burgers Circuit, Burgers Vector (b)
and Unit Tangent Vector (t)
b
Burgers Circuit: a clockwise circuit around a specific point.
Burgers Vector (b): a vector defined by joining the endpoint to the
starting point (Slip direction).
When a clockwise circuit is made around a region of material that
contains a dislocation, the circuit does not close upon itself.
21
Dislocation
line
Unit tangent Vector (t): tangent to the direction of a dislocation at the
point of interest
t b
At edge dislocation,
Burgers Circuit, Burgers Vector (b)
and Unit Tangent Vector (t)
22
Screw Dislocation
A spiral planar ramp resulting from shear stress
t b||
At screw dislocation,
Unit tangent
vector (t)
Top View
24
Slip is not easy in ionic solid such as ceramics
Why?
25
Creation of an Edge Dislocation
in Ionic Crystal
If we choose a bad direction for an edge dislocation, two half planes are required.
26
Deformation in NiO
Except for a specific slip direction, most of the slip directions make unstable
charge-charge repulsion.
Structure would be broken easily.
Only the specific direction is fine to have the slip.

Point Defects

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