TECH

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GALVALUM

III
GALVALUM

is the exclusive trademark of Cathodic Protection Technology Pte Ltd (CP TECH)*.
CP TECHs proprietary GALVALUM

III material has been long-term tested by Det Norske Veritas

(DNV) and obtained its Type Approval Certificate, complying with DNV's recommended
practice B401 and NORSOK Standard M-503 Cathodic Protection Long-Term Testing.

GALVALUM

III represents the latest technological breakthrough in aluminium alloying for sacrificial
anode applications. Its unique properties overcome many of the shortcomings of aluminium and
zinc anode materials. It is the most versatile aluminium anode with advantages in a variety of
environments.

GALVALUM

I was introduced in 1966 following research and testing to replace zinc and
magnesium-based alloys used at that time.

GALVALUM

II followed in 1972 for application in anaerobic conditions existing in saline mud at the
bottom of the sea.

GALVALUM

III offers the widest use of the three alloys in general seawater and saline mud
applications.

GALVALUM

III
PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES

Although GALVALUM

III is designed for general seawater use, experience has shown it to be

especially suited for protection of hot pipelines in saline mud environments. The higher potential of
GALVALUM

III also permits its use in semi-saline or brackish water environments with resistivities up
to about 400 ohm-cm. Although GALVALUM

III has a slightly lower ampere hour capacity in

seawater than GALVALUM

I, its higher driving voltage results in more current output for any anode
size and weight. More current per anode means that cathodic protection systems can be
designed using fewer GALVALUM

anodes. Fewer anodes means lower installation costs. In the

case of diver-installed anodes, the total installed cost of a 10 year GALVALUM

III design in
seawater depths up to 46 metres (150 feet) is approximately 19% below that for other anodes. A
20 year GALVALUM

III design costs 13% less than designs using other anodes. In water depths of
46 to 92 metres (150 to 300 feet), savings using GALVALUM

III are 26% and 20%.

F FI IG GU UR RE E 1 1


* for more information on CP TECH, please refer to http://www.cptech.net


TECH
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GALVALUM

III
PROVES TO BE VERSATILE FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION IN SALINE AREA

The GALVALUM

III anode has proven to be better and more economical than zinc based material
in saline muds, for protecting buried pipelines and similar applications.

GALVALUM

III has proven itself in low and high temperatures and at great depths. The alloy does
not show intergranular cracking at elevated mud temperatures.

Figure 3 demonstrates GALVALUM

III behaviour versus high purity zinc with respect to temperature.

Zinc showed voltage polarisation at elevated temperature.


F FI IG GU UR RE E 2 2




F FI IG GU UR RE E 3 3
Curves comparing GALVALUM

III and high purity zinc anodes in 1-4 month exposures at 1,076
mA/m. Points are average of 2-6 anodes. Potentials are negative Ag/AgCl.


TECH
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GALVALUM

III
OFFERS ADVANTAGES IN A VARIETY OF SALINE ENVIRONMENTS

SALINE MUD
ATAMBIENT
TEMPERATURE
GALVALUM

III anodes provide higher current capacity and more negative

potentials than aluminium-zinc-mercury anodes or zinc alloy anodes for superior
cathodic protection.

SALINE MUD
ATELEVATED
TEMPERATURES
Functioning effectively at elevated temperatures, GALVALUM

III anodes
protect hot oil pipelines that most other anodes cannot. GALVALUM

III anodes
are not susceptible to intergranular corrosion and can be used in applications
where zinc anodes made to MIL-A-18001K cannot be employed.

SEAWATER Cathodic protection systems can be designed to use fewer anodes because
GALVALUM

III anodes have a higher driving potential than either aluminium-

zinc-mercury or zinc alloy anodes. Fewer anodes mean significantly lower
installation costs.

HOTBRINE GALVALUM

III outperformed other aluminium alloy tested in a variety of hot

brine applications.

ALL
ENVIRONMENTS
GALVALUM

III does not contain any environmentally controversial elements, a

factor which makes GALVALUMIII the best choice for applications of special
environmental concern.


GALVALUM

III
THE CHOICE OF IS CLEAR

FOR SUBSEA PIPELINES
GALVALUM

III costs 1/3 less than zinc bracelet anodes.

GALVALUM

III has less potential decline than other aluminium anodes in higher resistivity saline
environments such as those typical of ocean bottom muds (see Figure 1).
GALVALUM

III is the only anode material with proven performance in hot saline muds and
hence is particularly well suited for hot oil pipelines (see Figures 2 & 3).


FOR OFFSHORE PLATFORMS
GALVALUM

III is the most economical anode material when both labour and material costs
are considered.
GALVALUM

III contains no environmentally controversial elements.

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GALVALUM

I ANODES
HIGH CURRENT CAPACITY FOR SEAWATER APPLICATIONS
The most often used material for cathodic protection systems are alloys of zinc, magnesium and
aluminium. Until the mid-60's, alloys of zinc constituted the most widely used anode in saline
environments. Magnesium alloy anodes gained reasonable acceptance in this environment in
applications which required higher driving potentials or voltages.
The use of larger structures offshore increased the need for an anode with a potential lower than
magnesium and a current capacity greater than zinc.
Aluminium was considered to be the best candidate for such an anode because of its
theoretically high ampere-hour capacity per kilogram. Since 1966, it has been available to industry
an alloy trademarked as GALVALUM

. The alloy has a nominal composition of 0.45% zinc and

0.045% mercury in an aluminium purity of approximately 99.85% and requires no heat treatment.
This alloy was later designated GALVALUM

I after other commercial alloys were introduced.

A comparison of nominal GALVALUM

I properties with zinc and magnesium is shown in Table 1.

Typical Current Capacity
Operating Potential
Ag/AgCl (Reference)
Amp-hr/kg Amp-hr/cm Negative Volts
GALVALUM

I Anode 2,877 7.45 1.05

Magnesium Anode (AZ63A) 990 1.89 1.53
Zinc Anode (high purity) 780 5.49 1.03

T TA AB BL LE E 1 1

WHY GALVALUM

I OFFSHORE?

PROPERTIES
Properties of GALVALUM

I anodes that make them stand out from other seawater anodes:
1. High current capacity under variable conditions.
2. Current capacity maintenance with time.
3. Desirable operating potential.
4. Constant potential with time (no polarisation).

CURRENT CAPACITY CHARACTERISTICS
The current capacity of an anode is a very important consideration in anode selection because it
is ampere hours per unit currency that the corrosion engineer is buying for any cathodic protection
system. Field testing of the GALVALUM

I anode has proved its reproducible current capacity

under the full range of the environmental and operational variables encountered in seawater.
Figure 4 provides data on GALVALUM

I anodes of various sizes and shapes operating for nearly

two years in flowing and still seawater at current densities ranging from 860 - 15,100 mA/m. These
data illustrate that the current capacity is not significantly affected by environmental and
operational variables.

OPERATING POTENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
The operating potential of a galvanic anode also is very important and should be; (a) high enough
to provide the driving voltage needed to furnish the current required to protect a structure, (b) not
too high or excessive current will be produced resulting in shortened anode life, (c) relatively
unaffected by current density, (d) constant during the life of the installation and not subject to
polarisation.


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GALVALUM

I anodes meet all of these requirements. In Figure 5 the potential of 1.05 volts
(Ag/AgCl ref.) exhibited by GALVALUM

I anodes over a wide range of current densities is a highly

desirable value for seawater applications. The consistency and maintenance of voltage was
demonstrated by potential measurements made in conjunction with the 21-month field test
reported in Figure 4.
The consistency in both capacity and potential behaviour exhibited by GALVALUM

I anodes
enables the corrosion engineer to design a highly reliable and efficient cathodic protection
system.


F FI IG GU UR RE E 4 4



F FI IG GU UR RE E 5 5


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GALVALUM

I: THE PROVEN ANODE OFFSHORE...

As a customer you can be sure of protection with GALVALUM

I since 65,000 tons of this material is

currently in service and doing the job as designed.
GALVALUM

I anodes provide economic cathodic protection for offshore and marine structure
including not only platforms but tanks, steel piers, ballast tanks, marine hulls and a variety of
support structures. On offshore structures, an anode system design life of ten or twenty years is
routine using GALVALUM

I anodes weighing up to 329kg (725lb).

GALVALUM

II ANODES

A high current capacity anode for cathodic protection applications where a mixed seawater and
seabed (saline mud) service may be encountered.
The GALVALUM

II anode was specifically developed to overcome the lower performance shown

by GALVALUM

I in mud covered with seawater compared to its performance in open seawater. A

tenfold increase in the zinc concentration over that of GALVALUM

I was found to be beneficial.

The action of sulphate reducing bacteria in the muds is the likely cause of reduced current
capacity occuring within aluminium anodes.
One possibility is that the microorganisms remove the protective hydrogen from the cathodic
areas of the anode, thereby making it easier for local corrosion to take place on the anode.
Another possibility is that H2S generated by microorganisms reacts with the aluminium anode.
Hydrogen sulphide has been detected in mud electrolytes where low current capacities were
observed.
The ability of high zinc concentrations to offset the effects of microorganisms is thought to be due
to the insolubility of zinc sulphide. The formation of a substantial amount of this material apparently
blocks the aluminium anode from attack by hydrogen sulphide.
The current capacity-current density relationship for this anode in seawater-covered mud is given
in Figure 6.

F FI IG GU UR RE E 6 6


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GALVALUM

ANODES: ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Electrolyte Temp.
C
Current Capacity
Amp-hr/kg
Ref. Ag/AgCl
Negative Volts
Current Density
mA/m
2

G
A
L
V
A
L
U
M

I


Seawater

7% Brine

7% Brine


0 - 35
40
40
80
80


2,756 - 2,877
2,640
2,778
1,980
2,400


1.05
1.03
1.03
1.01
1.01


860 - 15,100
2,155
6,460
2,155
6,460
G
A
L
V
A
L
U
M

I
I


Seawater


Below Mudline


10 - 35

10 - 35


2,680 - 2,750

2,400


1.10

1.10


860 - 15,100

500 - 1,000
G
A
L
V
A
L
U
M

I
I
I


Seawater

Below Mudline




Hot Brine
3% NaCl
7% NaCl
7% NaCl +500 ppm H2S
15% NaCl
27% NaCl


0 - 35
0 - 35
40
60
80
105

66
66
66
77
43


2,535 - 2,650
2,100 - 2,200
2,050
1,323
880
880

2,690
2,690
2,094
2,095
2,560


1.10
1.10
1.08
1.05
1.04
1.02

1.03
1.06
1.01
1.08
1.09


860 - 15,100
500 - 1,000
1,076
1,076
1,076
1,076

2,153 - 6,460
2,153 - 6,460
4,300 - 12,900
2,153
2,153

GALVALUM

ANODES: SOME TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

GALVALUM

I Offshore structures and allied equipment; marine hull; sheet piling with seawater
contact; ballast tanks; jetties, seawater inlet cooling systems (power plants);
offshore pipelines in seawater service.

GALVALUM

II Offshore pipelines which may encounter intermittent seawater-saline mud service,

seabed service where H2S generated by micro-organisms may react with the
aluminium anode (an extension of GALVALUM

I but not restricted to seawater

applications).

GALVALUM

III Offshore structures and related equipment; steel piling; bulkheads; dolphins (sea or
brackish waters); marine hulls, ballast tanks, compartments of tankers, ore carriers,
ore/oil carriers and dry cargo carriers; offshore pipelines in seawater and saline
mud; brine treatment equipment; inlet water systems; heat exchangers; jetties and
oil field heat treaters.


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GALVALUM

ANODES
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
ALUMINIUM
GALVALUM

III
ALUMINIUM
GALVALUM

I
ZINC
US MIL SPECS 18001K
Fe 0.13 max 0.13 max 0.005 max
Si 0.08 - 0.20 0.11 - 0.21 0.125 max
Cu 0.006 max 0.006 max 0.005 max
Cd 0.025 - 0.070
Hg 0.03 - 0.05
In 0.01 - 0.02
Pb 0.006 max
Al Remainder Remainder 0.10 - 0.50
Zn 2.00 - 6.00 0.35 - 1.00 Remainder
Others 0.02 max 0.02 max

Other compositions also available on request.

GALVALUM

III, an aluminium-zinc-indium alloy developed for use in seawater, saline mud, hot
brines, estuarine applications.

GALVALUM

I, an aluminium-zinc-mercury alloy developed for seawater applications.

GALVALUM

is a registered Trade Mark of CP TECH.

ZINC is a well proven anode material in use since 1824 with stable current capacity, virtually
unaffected by the operating current density. CP TECH manufactures zinc anodes conforming to
the composition of US Mil Spec 18001K.

CP TECHs GALVALUM

III material has undergone type approval by Det Norske Veritas (DNV) and
comply with DNV's recommended practice B401 and NORSOK Standard M-503 Cathodic
Protection Long Term Testing.

GALVALUM

III represents technological break through in aluminium alloying for sacrificial anode
applications. Its unique properties overcome many of the shortcomings of aluminium and zinc
anode materials. GALVALUM

III was developed specifically for all offshore conditions. The series
began with GALVALUM

I in 1966 following research and testing to replace zinc and magnesium

based alloys used at that time. GALVALUM

II followed in 1972 for application in anaerobic

conditions existing in saline mud at the bottom of the sea. GALVALUM

III offers the widest use of

the three alloys in general seawater and saline mud applications.


TECH
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LIST OF GALVALUM

ANODE PUBLICATIONS

1*. Lennox, J .R., T.J ., R.E. Groover and M.H. Peterson, "Electrochemical Characteristics of Six
Aluminium Galvanic Anode Alloys in the Sea", Paper 104, NACE 26th National Conference,
March 2-6, 1970. This paper by the Naval Research Laboratory presents field test data for the
Galvalum

I composition and other anode compositions.

2*. Reding, J .T., "Sacrificial Anodes for Ocean Bottom Applications", Paper 70, NACE 28th National
Conference, March 22-26, 1971. This paper was presented at the introduction of the Galvalum

II composition. It presents long term field test data for this alloy.

3*. Schrieber, C.F. and R.W. Murray, "Supplementary Studies of the Galvalum

III Anode - Hot Saline

Mud and Brine Environments", Materials Performance, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 19-23 (1981) March.
This paper presents additional performance data for the Galvalum

III composition in a variety

of saline environments.

4*. Schrieber, C.F. and R.W. Murray, "Effect of Hostile Marine Environments on the Al-Zn-In-Si
Sacrificial Anode", Materials Performance, Vol. 27, No. 7, pp. 70-77 (1988) J uly. This paper
presents performance data for the Galvalum

III composition in a wide variety of saline

environments.

5*. C.F. Schrieber, "The Aluminium Anode in Deep Ocean Environments", Paper No. 580,
Corrosion/89, April 17-21 (1989), New Orleans Convention Centre, New Orleans, Lousiana. This
paper presents results of field and miniplant studies on Galvalum

anodes in varying depths of

natural seawater.

* above publications available for purchase from NACE International (www.nace.org)












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