4.3 Application of Fluid Mechanics in Mine Ventilation - Flow in Underground Mines
4.3 Application of Fluid Mechanics in Mine Ventilation - Flow in Underground Mines
4.3 Application of Fluid Mechanics in Mine Ventilation - Flow in Underground Mines
REFERENCES
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Before we begin it is important for you to know that the expression for
pressure loss which we arrived for laminar flow is purely analytical. However in case
of turbulent flow, the expression is empirical (based on observation). Local eddies
and propagating eddies that develop in case of turbulent flow worsen the situation
and because of that till now we have not arrived at any analytical approach.
Now, let
d = diameter of pipe (m)
L = length of pipe (m)
= shear stress (N/m2)
A = cross sectional area of the pipe (m2)
Scientist Antoine de Chezy (1719 -1798), started research on many canals and
tunnels during his period of study and came out with following conclusions for open
ducts. He noticed that the mean velocity of fluid in open ducts follow the following
trend:
u , where
u ()
u = c
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.(1)
.(2)
(3)
Thus, =
Now we know the well-known equation p= gh. Using this in the above equation,
we get
.(4)
Now we know that, shear stress is directly proportional to the inertial stress.
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Hence, =
2
2
..(5)
2
=
Thus , =
..(6)
Here,
f= friction factor called fanning friction factor or skin friction factor. It is unit less.
Therefore, 2 =
2 2
4
2
4
This is called Chezy- Darcy equation or simply Darcy equation or Darcy Weisbach
equation.
Therefore, =
42
2
42
2
pascal
16
= 16 (
) =
In terms of Darcy friction factor, the pressure difference will be in the form
2
=
2
64
Thus 4 = =
=
Therefore,
= 16
And we get
=
16
Thus, coefficient of friction factor asked in the problem is fanning friction factor or
skin friction factor.
Let me tell you that, these values of friction factors are for laminar flow in circular
pipe and it changes with change in the geometry of the opening as given in Table 1.
Table 1 Friction factor for fully developed laminar flow in pipes of various
cross-sections
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We can also notice the difference in the friction factor for different types of flow.
The relationship of friction factor with geometry of the opening has been ignored to
avoid complexity at this stage.
2.0 WORK DONE AGAINST FRICTION
Fig. 2
Let us consider Fig. 2. It may be considered a typical duct or airway in mines. Then
for steady flow, the energy at point 1 must be equal to that at point 2 (applying
conservation of energy).
1 2
2
+ 1 +
2 2
2
+ 2 +
+ 12
All the symbols in the above equation have their standard meaning. 12 in the
above expression must be equal to the energy needed to overcome the pressure
drop, if we assume no change in elevation as well as velocity.
Thus we can write, 12 =
1 2
= /
(as =
32
)
2
, (as =
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42
)
2
Laminar
Turbulent
Eddy formation
Pressure drop in
case of circular
pipe
Heat transfer
Mine condition
i.e. .
Thus pressure drop is less compared
to turbulent flow
Heat transfer is comparatively much
lesser to the underground mine
environment than that when flow is
turbulent
Very
less
dirty
compared
to
turbulent, as suspended dust is
lesser in the mine environment
Promotes methane layering
Methane
layering
Analysis of flow Simple
and
other
considerations
Velocity of air
Low
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32
2
i.e. 2
Promotes heat flow and
adds more heat to the
underground environment
Full of dust
Resist methane layering
Complex
High
Thus, on the basis of the above comparison, now you may be in a position to
decide, which type of flow is better for underground workings. The comparison of
Table 1 shows that laminar flow may be better for underground environment as it
creates healthy working environment with lower pressure drop thereby saving in
the power and the cost.
Though, it comes out that flow should be maintained laminar in mines. But, is it
possible to do so? Let us find it.
We know the value of Re for flow to be either turbulent or laminar. It is 2000 for
laminar and 4000 for turbulent. Viscosity of air has value of 1. 8 105 kg/ms .
The density of air is 1.2 /3 . If we consider the value of diameter of duct to be 1
m, the lower critical velocity comes out to be 0.03 m/s and upper critical velocity
comes out to be 0.06 m/s. This value will further reduce, if we increase hydraulic
diameter of airway. This is a very low value of velocity compared to the velocity at
which air should flow in mines for comfortable working conditions. Thus, laminar
flow is ruled out.
Thus, based on the above discussion, it may be concluded that, the flow in mines in
general is turbulent in nature. May be in some part of the mine flow may be
laminar.
4.0 EDDY FORMATION
Let us try to understand the concept of eddy formation during the flow of gases. Let
us have a look at the flow of air in auxiliary ventilation system as shown in Fig. 3.
Let us now discuss about whether eddy formation is desirable or not? Does it have
any impact on mine environment?
Consider Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 4(b) wherein methane layering for level airway and
descentionally ventilated airway are shown.
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However, formation of eddies in the air at the same time is also dangerous as it
mixes coal dust and fumes at all levels of the airway. Further, because of eddy
formation, air molecules move in a highly disordered manner and increasing the
amount of heat addition to the underground mine atmosphere which is highly
undesirable. Thus eddy formation in mines should be avoided.
REFERENCES
Hartman, H. L., Mutmansky, J. M. & Wang, Y. J. (1982); Mine Ventilation and Air
Conditioning; John Wiley & Sons, New York.
McPherson, M. J. (1993); Subsurface Ventilation and Environmental Engineering;
Chapman & Hall, London.
Vutukuri, V. S. & Lama, R. D. (1986); Environmental Engineering in Mines;
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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