Tugas Paper PCD 12621068
Tugas Paper PCD 12621068
Tugas Paper PCD 12621068
Asst.professor, S.S.I.E.T
Asst.professor, R.V.R.I.E.T
Abstract
Digital image Processing is one of the basic and important
tool in the image processing and computer vision. In this
paper we discuss about the extraction of a digital image
edge using different digital image processing techniques.
Edge detection is the most common technique for
detecting discontinuities in intensity values. The input
image or actual image have some noise that may cause the
of quality of the digital image. Firstly, wavelet transform
is used to remove noises from the image collected.
Secondly, some edge detection operators such as
Differential edge detection, Log edge detection, canny
edge detection and Binary morphology are analyzed. And
then according to the simulation results, the advantages
and disadvantages of these edge detection operators are
compared. It is shown that the Binary morphology
operator can obtain better edge feature. Finally, in order to
gain clear and integral image profile, the method of
ordering closed is given. After experimentation, edge
detection method proposed in this paper is feasible.
I. Introduction
An edge in a digital image is a boundary or contour at
which a significant change occurs in some physical aspect
of an image, such as the surface reflectance, illumination
or the distances of the visible surfaces from the viewer.
Changes in physical aspects manifest themselves in a
variety of ways, including changes in color, intensity and
Texture. Edge always indwells in two neighboring areas
having different grey level. It is the result of grey level
being discontinuous. Edge detection is a kind of method
of image segmentation based on range non-continuity.
Image edge detection is one of the basal contents in the
image processing and analysis, and also is a kind of issues
which are unable to be resolved completely so far [1].
When image is acquired, the factors such as the
projection, mix, aberrance and noise are produced. These
factors bring on image feature is blur and distortion,
consequently it is very difficult to extract image feature.
Moreover, due to such factors it is also difficult to detect
edge. The method of image edge and outline
characteristic's detection and extraction has been research
hot in the domain of image processing and analysis
technique.Detecting edges is very useful in a number of
Issn 2250-3005(online)
September| 2012
Page 1562
Pretreating
Sub-scale denoising
]. The maximum
of direction derivative is
September| 2012
Page 1563
(7)
(8)
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
(4)
Fig.4.prewitt operator
(5)
(9)
(6)
G [f (i, j)] =/X/+/Y/
(10)
0 - -1
0 - -1
- -1
0 - -2
- 1
0 - -1
Fig.3.Roberts Operator
(2) Sobel and Prewitt operator
To reduce the influence of noise when detecting edge, the
Prewitt operator enlarges edge detection operator template
from two by two to three by three to compute difference
operator. Using the Prewitt operator can not only detect
edge points, but also restrain the noise. The Sobel
operator counts difference using weighted for 4
neighborhoods on the basis of the Prewitt operator. The
Sobel operator has the similar function as the Prewitt
operator, but the edge detected by the Sobel operator is
wider. Suppose that the pixel number in the 33 subdomain of image is as follows:
A0
A7
A6
- -1 - -2
Fig.5.Sobel Operator
The original image of cable insulation layer and the edge
detection drawing of Sobel operator gained using Mat Lab
simulation are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig.7
A1
A2
(x, y) A3
A5
A4
Fig.6. Original image
We order that
X =(A0+2A1 +A2) -(A6+2A5+A4 )
And Y = (A0+2A7 +A6) -(A2+2A3+A4 ) .
Issn 2250-3005(online)
September| 2012
Page 1564
(11)
-1
0 - -1
- -1
8 -
-1
-1
- -1 -
-1 -
-1
0 - -1 -
0
-1
-1
14)
Maximal strengths:
0=
[g
(15)
D. Binary morphology:
Mathematical morphology is a new method applied in
image processing. The basic idea is to measure and
extract the corresponding shape from image with
structural elements having stated form. So that the image
processing and analyzing can be completed [2].Using
mathematical morphology to detect the edge is better than
using differential treatment. Because it is not sensitive to
noise, and the edge extracted is relatively smooth. Binary
image is also known as black-and-white image. The
object can be easily identified from the image
background. So we adopt the combination of binary
image and mathematical morphology to detect edge. It is
called Binary morphology. Suppose that the region is
shown in form of the set A. Its border is (A) . B is an
appropriate structure element, and it is symmetrical
around the origin. Firstly we corrupt A with Recorded as
AB ={x|(B)xA},
Where (B)x is a translation B along the vector. The
interior of region is available with AB. And A (AB) is
the borderline naturally. Then (A) is obtained. The
equation of edge extraction can be said,
(A) = A (AB) .
Structuring element is larger, the edge gained will be
wider.
E. Simulative results analysis
In order to know about the advantages and disadvantages
of these edge detection operators, we detect edge using
these different operators respectively. The simulation
results are shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10.
Oririnal
Image
Binary
image
Extracted edge
C. Canny operator
The Canny operator is a sort of new edge detection
operator. It has good performance of detecting edge,
which has a wide application. The Canny operator edge
detection is to search for the partial maximum value of
Issn 2250-3005(online)
September| 2012
Page 1565
Original image
Binary
image
Extracted edge
Roberts operator
sobel operator
(16)
(x,y)-(x,t)|A
(17)
canny operator
log operator
V. CONCLUSION
These edge detection operators can have better edge effect
under the circumstances of obvious edge and low noise.
But the actual collected image has lots of noises. So many
noises may be considered as edge to be detected. In order
to solve the problem, wavelet transformation is used to
denoising the paper. Yet its effect will be better if those
simulation images processed above are again processed
through edge thinning and tracking.
Although there are various edge detection methods in the
domain of image edge detection, certain disadvantages
always exist. For example, restraining noise and keeping
detail cant achieve optimal effect simultaneously. Hence
we will acquire satisfactory result if choosing suitable
edge detection operator according to specific situation in
practice.
References:
[1]
Fig. 10 several edge detection algorithm comparison
From the simulation results we can conclude that: the
effect of detecting edge with sobel operator after wavelet
de-noising and with Binary morphology directly is better.
So these two methods can be used. But finally we choose
Binary morphology method based on specific
measurement errors.
IV. BORDERLINE CLOSED
Although image is denoised before detecting edge, yet
noises are still introduced when detecting edge. When
noise exists, the borderline, which is obtained using
derivative algorithm to detect image, usually produces the
phenomenon of break. Under this situation, we need to
connect the edge pixels. Thus, we will introduce a kind of
method closing the borderline with the magnitude and
direction of pixels gradient. The basis of connecting edge
Issn 2250-3005(online)
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
698.
September| 2012
Page 1566