Topic 2

Oscillators
Sudahkah anda mengisi COURSE
ENTRANCE SURVEY? Hanya 4
orang sahaja yang mengisinya
sehingga 16/1/2013
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

(CLO)
CLO1. explain correctly the principles of electronic
circuits by using block diagram or circuit diagram (C4)
CLO2. conduct the construction of electronic circuits
application during practical works based on the theory
and principle operation of the circuits. (P4)
CLO3. deliver an oral presentation to display good
communication skills. (A2)

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this topic students should be able to:

2.1

Draw block diagram of an oscillator

2.2

Explain requirements of oscillator circuit

2.3

Construct the oscillator circuit

2.4

Explain applications each oscillator

2.5

Compare the performance of the oscillator

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

Oscillator
Oscillators are devices that can
convert the DC voltage to AC voltage
without any external source at a
particular frequency.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

Basic oscillator block diagram

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

Oscillator
Oscillator is divided into two classes
depending on the waveform produced as
follows:
i. Harmonic oscillator - the sine wave.
ii. Non-harmonic oscillator - in terms of the
fourth wave, triangle wave, etc..

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

Oscillator

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

Oscillator circuit
All the basic oscillator circuit consists of
three parts:
i. Amplifier
ii. Feedback
iii. Frequency Generation Circuit

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

Block diagram of oscillator

circuit

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

Question
Draw the block diagram of an oscillator
and name each block

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

10

Answer

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

11

Amplifier
Generally, an amplifier or simply amp is a
device for increasing the power of a signal.
For electronic amplifier, the input "signal"
is usually a voltage or a current.
In this case oscillator requires DC power
supply to produce output. That means this
DC power supply is used as an input of
the amplifier
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

12

Feedback
Feedback is a condition where part of the
output signal supplied to the input.
Since the oscillator has no input signal, the
feedback signal is the input signal to the
amplifier in the oscillator circuit.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

13

Feedback
There are two principles of feedback,
positive feedback and negative feedback.
Oscillators using the principle of positive
feedback.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

14

Concept feedback

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

15

Feedback
Figure below shows the basic block diagram of a feedback
system that are commonly used:

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

16

Feedback

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

17

An audio oscillator produces frequencies in the

audio range, about 16 Hz to 20 kHz

Frequency generation circuit

Generally, the frequency of the oscillator
circuit generation in consumer goods is
divided into two categories:
i. Audio frequency oscillator which
generates: Oscillator Network RC
(resistance-capacitor). It is to produce low
and medium frequency signal.
Example is the oscillator RC type oscillator
phase shift and Wein bridge Oscillator.
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

18

A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is an electronic oscillator that generates a frequency below

20 Hz. This term is typically used in the field of audio synthesizers, to distinguish it from an
audio frequency oscillator.

Frequency generation circuit

ii. Radio frequency generating oscillator:
Oscillator Networks LC (inductorcapacitor). It is also known as tank circuits.
It is to produce a high frequency signal (>
1MHz), and usually it produces a stable
frequency.
LC oscillator is an example of Armstrong
Oscillator, Colpitts, Hartley and crystal.
An RF oscillator produces signalshttp://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
in the radio frequency (RF) range of about 100 kHz to
19
100 GHz

RC Oscillator
Combination of resistors and capacitors.
Operate in low frequency. Two types of
RC oscillator: Phase shift oscillator
Wein bridge oscillator

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

20

LC Oscillator

Armstrong Oscillator
Crystal Oscillator
Hartley Oscillator
Colpitts Oscillator

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

21

LC Oscillator

Combination of inductor and

capacitor.
Operate in high frequency

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

22

Armstrong Oscillator
Using a combination of a transformer to step the phase of 180.
FEEDBACK NETWORK

FREQUENCY-DETERMINING DEVICE

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

23

Operation
Resistors R1, R2 and R3 is usage
to provide bias voltage to the
transistor. Capacitors C1 and C2
are used to block an alternating
signal. This configuration will
provide 180 phase difference of
output signal.
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

24

Operation
The transformer Tr is selected to produce
a phase shift of 180 to get the feedback
voltage in phase with the input transistor.
Usually the ratio between the coil windings
L1 with L2 coil arranged.
So that the product of the gain, A, with the
feedback factor, , is a (| A| = 1).
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

25

The frequency of oscillation

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

26

Colpitts Oscillator
Using a separate capacitor for resonant circuit.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

27

Operation
Transistors and resistors R1, R2, R3 and
R4 is a combination of amplifier circuit
(amplifier manufacturers Common Voltage
Divider bias technique). Capacitors C3
and C4 are used to intercept an alternating
signal to the ground.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

28

Operation
The amplifier will provide 180 phase
difference of the output signal. LC circuit in
the feedback loop will produce a phase
shift of 180. So the feedback voltage will
be in phase with the input voltage on the
transistor.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

29

The frequency of oscillation

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

30

Example
A Colpitts Oscillator circuit having two capacitors of 10pF and
100pF respectively are connected in parallel with an inductor of
10mH.

Determine the frequency of oscillations of the circuit.

The frequency of oscillations for a Colpitts Oscillator is given as:

The circuit consists of two capacitors in series, so the total capacitance is given as:

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

The inductor is of 10mH then the frequency of oscillation is:

Then the frequency of oscillations for the Oscillator is 527.8kHz

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

33

Hartley Oscillator

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

34

Hartley oscillator.
VCC
RFC

R1

vout

Using a tapped
inductor for the
resonant circuit

L1

VCC

C1
R2

L2

RE

fr

RFC
R1

1
2

LP C1

vout
L T L1 L 2
fr

1
2

C1
R2

RE

LP

LT C 1
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

35

Operation
Transistors and resistors R1, R2, R3 and
R4 is a combination of amplifier circuit
(amplifier manufacturers Common Voltage
Divider bias technique). Inductance L1 and
L2 are used to intercept an alternating
signal to the ground

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
Intercept - memintas

36

Operation
The amplifier will provide 180 phase
difference of the output signal. LC circuit in
the feedback loop will produce a phase
shift of 180. So the feedback voltage will
be in phase with the input voltage on the
transistor.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

37

The frequency of oscillation

The Hartley oscillator was extensively used on all broadcast bands including the
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
FM 88-108 MHz band.

38

Example

A Hartley Oscillator circuit having two individual inductors of 0.5mH each, are
designed to resonate in parallel with a variable capacitor that can be varied from 100pF to
500pF. Determine the upper and lower frequencies of oscillation and also the Hartley
oscillators bandwidth.
The frequency of oscillations for a Hartley Oscillator is given as:

The circuit consists of two inductive coils in series, so the total inductance is given as:

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

Lower Frequency

Upper Frequency

Oscillator Bandwidth

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

Question
With reference to Figure below,
i. Name the type of oscillator
ii. Calculate the oscillation frequency of the circuit.
iii. Name the components that affect the oscillation
frequency

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

41

Answer

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

42

Crystal oscillator

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

43

Crystal oscillator
The most stable oscillator and precisely
using a piezoelectric crystal in the
feedback circuit. When an alternating
voltage applied to these crystals, the
mechanical vibrations and these vibrations
occur with the natural resonance
frequency depends on the thickness of the
crystal. To obtain a high frequency crystal
to be thinner.
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

44

Crystal oscillator
Electrical properties of crystals can be
expressed with resonant circuit in Figure
below. Inductance Lh represents the
electrical equivalent of the mass of the
crystal. Capacitance, Ch represents the
elasticity of crystals, Rh represents the
frictional resistance in the crystal structure.
Cm represents the capacitance of the
capacitor crystal loaded containers.
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

45

Represents the capacitance of the capacitor

Cm crystal loaded containers.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

46

The frequency of oscillation

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

47

Crystal oscillator
Wide frequency range (depending on the
size of the crystal) are often used in the
emitter circuit

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

48

Example
A series resonant crystal has the following values after
being cut, R = 1k, C = 0.05pF and L = 3H. Calculate the
fundamental frequency of oscillations of the crystal.

The frequency of oscillations for Crystal Oscillators is given

as:

Then the fundamental frequency of oscillations for the crystal is

given as

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

Phase shift oscillator

Phase shift oscillator comprising an
amplifier and feedback network with three
RC circuit.

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

50

Phase shift oscillator

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

51

Operation
The output signal from the amplifier
different phase 180o with the input signal.
To generate a positive feedback signal,
the output signal phase should be shifted
by 180o to be in phase with the input. RC
network to produce a phase shift of 180o
RC network where each one will transfer
phase by 90o.
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

52

If all the resistors, R and the capacitors, C in the phase shift

network are equal in value, then the frequency of
oscillations produced by the RC oscillator is given as:

Where:

is the Output Frequency in Hertz

R is the Resistance in Ohms
C is the Capacitance in Farads
N is the number of RC stages. (in our example N = 3)
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

Example
Determine the frequency of oscillations of a RC
Oscillator circuit having 3-stages each with a resistor
and capacitor of equal values. R = 10k and C = 500pF
The frequency of oscillations for a RC Oscillator is given
as:

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

The circuit is a 3-stage oscillator which consists of three

10k resistors and three 500pF capacitors therefore
the frequency of oscillation is given as:

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

THE END

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

56

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

57

http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/

58