Room Temperature Ferromagnetism of Ni Implanted Sno Nanopowders

J. Pure Appl. & Ind. Phys. Vol.
2 (1), 1-7 (2012)
Room Temperature Ferromagnetism of Ni Implanted

SnO2 Nanopowders
K.VADIVEL, V. ARIVAZHAGAN and S. RAJESH
Department of Physics, Karunya University, Coimbatore-641 114, India.
ABSTRACT
A novel material of Sn1-xNixO2 nano powders were synthesized by
sol-gel method. As prepared samples were characterized by X-ray
Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopes, Photoluminescence
and Elemental Dispersive X-ray analysis. By Ni-doping, not only
the grain size reduces, but also the lattice volume and Intensity
ratio also reduces. The crystallization becomes better with Ni
concentration increasing. The EDAX analysis shows the
percentage of doping. Room temperature PL signal of sample has
a split in the blue green emission band. The SEM images show
that the sample comprises of crystalline nanosized grains. The
VSM analysis shows, the increase of concentration of Ni induce
ferromagnetic property.
Keywords: Ni doped SnO2, XRD, EDAX, SEM, PL, and VSM.
INTRODUCTION
It is of great interest in the dilute
magnetic semi conductors produced by
doping transition metal ions into a n-type
semi conductor with a wide band gap energy
rutile type SnO2 lattice.Sno2 has been doped
separately with In, Ti, As, Sb etc to modify
its properties. Recently, SnO2 doped with
3dtransition metals has displayed some
interesting semi conductivity, which may
result in novel devices. In the present work,
SnO2 semi conduction has been doped with
Ni to induce ferromagnetism, owing to its
metal like conductivity. comparing with
other preparation methods, such as PLD,
MBE, sputtering and so on, sol-gel method
is lower cost and easier to control the

composition of DMS .In this work, we
report on the structural, photoluminescence
and magnetic of Ni doped SnO2 nano
powders with different Ni content from
x=0.01 to 0.10 by a simple sol-gel method
and obtained polycrystalline structure.
Experimental Method
The basic precursors used for the
preparation of Sn1-xNixO2, ox0.10
nanopowders are SnCl4.5H2O for Sn,
NiCl2.6H2O for Ni were dissolved in double
distilled
water.
The solution
was
circumfluencing and an aqueous ammonia
solution (1:1) was added to the above
Journal of Pure Applied and Industrial Physics Vol.2, Issue 1, 1 January, 2012, Pages (1-83)
K. Vadivel, et al., J. Pure Appl. & Ind. Phys. Vol.2 (1), 1-7 (2012)
solution drop wise. For the chemical

homogeneity the dropping rate is controlled
and stirring rate be controlled. Finally
resulting gel was collected and washed in
double distilled water. After several washing
in double distilled water, the gel dried at 80c
for four hours in hot air woven. The
synthesized powders were under heat
treatment for 1 hour at 450 c separately. The
crystalline structure of the synthesized
material was analyzed by x-ray diffraction
using shimadu XRD 6000 diffractometer.
The surface morphology was obtained by
using JeolJsm 6390 scanning electron
microscope.
The
photoluminescence
measurements
were
performed
by
horibaJobinyvonfluvrolog3with an applied
wavelength of 365nm.The composition
analysis was perform by oxford instrument
INCAPENTAFET-X3 Elemental dispersive
x-ray analyzer. The magnetic property of the
as prepared samples was analysized by
Vibrating sample magnetometer using
LAKE SHORE-7410(US).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure (1a) shows the XRD patterns
of the Sn1-xNixO2, 0x0.10 samples .XRD
measurement indicate that the samples have
pure rutile type tetragonal structure. The Ni
doping does not impact the crystal structure
of SnO2 and also there is no trace of
impurity. The full width half maximum of
(110) peak decrease with Ni concentration,
indicating the decrease of the crystallite size.
For the tetragonal structure, the lattice
parameters can be calculated from,
1 h2 +k2 l2
= 2 + 2
d2
a
b
(1)
Fig (1a). XRD patterns of Sn 1-x NixO2 with

(a) x=0.01 (b) x=0.02 and (c) x=0.05 (d) x=0.10
where h, k, l are all integers, a and c are

lattice constants. The obtained Lattice
constant are tabulated in table1.The a and
c decrease with x, which could be
attributed to the difference between the
effective ionic radius of Ni while it is
smaller than that of Sn. The little change in
the Lattice constant indicates that there is a
small change in Lattice volume. The
intensity ratio of I(101) to I(110) decreases
from 1.017 to 0.840 when the Ni
concentration of Ni in the SnO2 Lattice. The
observed decrease in the intensity ratio is
ascribed to the substitution of Sn by Ni in
the Lattice of SnO2.The crystalline size of
the Sn1-xNixO2, 0x0.10 samples were
calculated by the Debye-Scherrers equation
which is given by
D =
k
cos
(2)
where k is the Extinction co-efficient,

is the wavelength of x-rays used, is the full
width half maximum of the peak and is the
glancing angle.
Table.1. Structural parameters of Sn1-xNixO2, as a function of Ni concentration.

Con.of Ni
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.1
hkl
FWHM
d-spacing
Grain size
Lattice
Lattice constant
(deg)
(A)
(nm)
Volume(A)3
a(A)
c(A)
101
1.0607
2.63991
110
1.1706
3.34732
7.4
72.2
4.737
3.211
101
1.4786
2.64898
110
1.5750
3.34995
6.2
72.0
4.733
3.180
101
1.2867
2.63141
110
1.4728
3.32919
5.1
70.3
4.708
3.173
101
0.3376
2.60493
110
0.2000
3.22930
2.4
66.1
4.566
3.172
Figure (1b) Lattice volume of Sn1-xNixO2, 0x0.10

0.10 as a function of Ni concentration.
Journal of Pure Applied and Indu
Industrial Physics Vol.2, Issue 1, 1 January, 2012, Pages (1--83)
SEM pictures are taken for all the

Sn 1-xNixO2, 0x0.10 samples calcining for
1 hour at 450 C. All SEM pictures have
been magnified to the same magnification,
which is useful when comparing the sizes of
the crystallites of various samples. The
images show that the sample comprise of
single crystalline nanosized grains. The
grain size of the sample is also determined

manually from the SEM micrographs. It is
clearly observed that the as prepared Sn1xNixO2, 0x0.10, nanoparticles are extra
fine; with an average grain size of 6nm.The
result is similar to that obtained from XRD
analysis.
Figure (2) SEM pictures of Sn1-xNixO2 with (a) x=0.01 (b) x=0.02 and (c) x=0.05 (d) x=0.10
Fig (3) The EDAX spectrum of Sn0.99 Ni0.01O2

Figure (3) shows, the EDAX
spectrum of Sn0.99 Ni0.01O2. The EDAX
spectrum shows the compositional wt% of
the used materials. The weight and atomic
percentage of Sn was observed as 84.19 %
and 18.91 % respectively, the weight and
atomic percentage of doped Ni was observed
as 0.40 % and 0.18 % respectively.
Figure (4) shows the photoluminescence spectra of samples with Ni
concentration of 0.01 and 0.1 annealed at

450 C for 1 hour. The PL spectra of the
sample Sn0.99 Ni0.01O2 show a broad blue
green emission near 450 nm. Since the
emission is lower than the band gap of pure
SnO2 (Eg=3.56eV).The spectra near 420 nm,
440 nm are split in to two peaks. From these
peaks we concluded that the doping of Ni
into SnO2.
Figure (2) Room temperature PL spectra of SnO2 with Ni concentrations of 0.01 and 0.1
Figure (5) shows the VSM

hysteresis loops for Sn1-x NixO2,0X0.10
Nano powders on at room temperature.
From the hysteresis loops of x=0.01,0.02
and 0.05 shown to be of diamagnetic
behavior. Further increasing the Ni
concentration x=0.10, we get the
ferromagnetic behavior of the sample. The
magnetic moment of the sample is
25.05memu/g. The Coercivity of the sample
is 47.011emu. Now, before ascribing the
observed room-temperature ferromagnetism
to be intrinsic in our case, one should rule
out the possibility that the impurity phase is

responsible for ferromagnetism, although no
secondary phase was observed in the XRD
pattern. Since no additional phases such as
Ni clusters and NiO were seen in the sample.
Thus, the Ni-related secondary phases
cannot be responsible for the ferromagnetic
behavior in our case. Hence, the observed
ferromagnetism could be due to the
incorporation of Ni ions into the Sno2.
Lattice and has an intrinsic origin. Much of
the magnetic moment however is associated
with electronic defects or lattice defects. The
dopants somehow serve to activate the

defect moment, since the undoped Sno2 are
not ferromagnetic. The doping of magnetic
Ni icons could introduce defects into Sno2

lattice and thus long-range magnetic
ordering in grains could be interrupted.
Fig.5. VSM plot of Sn1-xNixO2 with different Ni concentrations
This results in relatively weak

coupling between the sub-lattices and gives
rise to ferromagnetism by double exchange
through the introduced magnetic Ni ions and
free charge carriers. Thus Ni doping in Sno2
seems to offer a great deal of interest as a
potential candidate for spintronics because
of its RTFM behavior. This behavior can be
understood as the Ni concentration plays an

important role in producing ferromagnetic
property in Sn1-x NixO2 Nano powders.
CONCLUSION
SnO2: Ni Nano Powders have been
prepared by sol-gel method.XRD
measurements indicate that the grain size
decrease and the lattice volume decrease
with nickel content increasing. The PL
spectrum consist of a strong UV peak, but it
is not clear and a broad blue green peak. The
EDAX spectrum confirm the doping
composition and SEM images show that
samples comprise of crystalline nanosized
grains. A systematic change in magnetic
behavior from diamagnetic to ferromagnetic
was observed with increase in doping
composition from x=0.01 to x=0.10 has been
observed in Sn1-x Nixo2, x=0.01 to x=0.10
Nanopowders synthesized at 450C. The
present study reveals a strong magnetostructural correlation in Sn1-x NixO2
Nanopowders and its dependence of Ni
doping composition. Thus Ni concentration
plays an important role in inducing the
ferromagnetism in Sn1-x NixO2 Nanopowders.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors would like to thank SAIF,
IIT, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
14.
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J. Pure Appl. & Ind. Phys. Vol.

2 (1), 1-7 (2012)

Room Temperature Ferromagnetism of Ni Implanted

is lower cost and easier to control the

solution drop wise. For the chemical

Fig (1a). XRD patterns of Sn 1-x NixO2 with

where h, k, l are all integers, a and c are

where k is the Extinction co-efficient,

Table.1. Structural parameters of Sn1-xNixO2, as a function of Ni concentration.

Figure (1b) Lattice volume of Sn1-xNixO2, 0x0.10

SEM pictures are taken for all the

grain size of the sample is also determined

Fig (3) The EDAX spectrum of Sn0.99 Ni0.01O2

concentration of 0.01 and 0.1 annealed at

Figure (5) shows the VSM

out the possibility that the impurity phase is

dopants somehow serve to activate the

Ni icons could introduce defects into Sno2

Fig.5. VSM plot of Sn1-xNixO2 with different Ni concentrations

This results in relatively weak

understood as the Ni concentration plays an

K. Vadivel, V. Arivazhagan, S. Rajesh

J. Joseph, V, K. E. Abraham, Chinese

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