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Chemical name
Elements contained
salt
sodium chloride
Na
Cl
magnesia
magnesium oxide
Mg
cinnabar
mercuric sulfide
Hg
laughing gas
nitrous oxide
blue vitriol
cupric sulfate
Cu
Elements contained
sodium and chlorine
Elements contained
mercuric sulfide
mercurous sufide
nitric oxide
nitrous oxide
We will spend some time later in this course working with the intricacies of chemical
names. But there are a couple important things you should learn now. One is the reason
for having a systematic method for naming chemical compounds. The other is
identifying the elements contained in compounds, which is the first step in determining
the formula and composition of compounds.
As chemists learned more and more about the composition of simple compounds, it
became important to develop a system for naming these compounds in a way that
showed their elemental composition. Common and descriptive names like salt,
cinnabar, laughing gas, and blue vitriol tell us nothing about what is in a compound.
Chemical names like sodium chloride, magnesium oxide, mercuric sulfide, nitrous oxide
and cupric sulfate do a better job of conveying information about what elements are
contained in a compound.
Generally when two elements combine, the name of the compound contains the names
of both elements with the ending on the second element changed to "-ide."
When the elements can form two compounds, the ending on the first element is
changed to indicate how much of the second element it has combined with. The "-ic"
ending indicates that the first element has combined with a large amount of the second
element. The "-ous" ending indicates that the first element has combined with a small
amount of the second element. The terms "large" and "small" are, of course, relative
and they are related to the ratios in the Law of Simple Multiple Proportions.
Sometimes you will see a Roman numeral
in parentheses attached to the end of the
Roman numerals in names of compounds
first element. These are Stock names and
iron (in a +3 state) with
the Roman numeral tells us about the
iron(III) oxide
oxygen
condition (charge or oxidation state) of the
element it follows. We will have to deal with iron(II) oxide iron (in a +2 state) with
oxygen
that when we talk about how atoms bond to
one another later in this course.
When an "-ate" ending is found in a name,
it indicates that oxygen has combined with
the other two elements.
Common Name
Chemical Name
acetone
potassium bisulfate
acid of sugar
oxalic acid
ackey
nitric acid
alcali volatil
ammonium hydroxide
alcohol, grain
ethyl alcohol
alcohol sulfuris
carbon disulfide
alcohol, wood
methyl alcohol
alum
alumina
aluminum oxide
antichlor
sodium thiosulfate
antifreeze
ethylene glycol
antimony black
antimony trisulfide
antimony bloom
antimony trioxide
antimony glance
antimony trisulfide
antimony oxysulfide
aqua ammonia
aqua fortis
nitric acid
aqua regia
nitrohydrochloric acid
ammonia in alcohol
arsenic glass
arsenic trioxide
azurite
asbestos
magnesium silicate
aspirin
acetylsalicylic acid
baking soda
sodium bicarbonate
isoamyl acetate
barium white
barium sulfate
benzol
benzene
bicarbonate of soda
bichloride of mercury
mercuric chloride
bichrome
potassium dichromate
bitter salt
magnesium sulfate
black ash
cupric oxide
black lead
graphite (carbon)
blanc-fixe
barium sulfate
bleaching powder
blue copperas
blue lead
lead sulfate
blue salts
nickel sulfate
blue stone
blue vitriol
copper sulfate
bluestone
copper sulfate
bone ash
bone black
boracic acid
boric acid
borax
bremen blue
brimstone
sulfur
burnt alum
burnt lime
calcium oxide
burnt ochre
ferric oxide
burnt ore
ferric oxide
brine
butter of antimony
antimony trichloride
butter of tin
butter of zinc
zinc chloride
calomel
carbolic acid
phenol
carbon dioxide
caustic lime
calcium hydroxide
caustic potash
potassium hydroxide
caustic soda
sodium hydroxide
chalk
calcium carbonate
Chile saltpeter
sodium nitrate
Chile nitre
sodium nitrate
Chinese red
Chinese white
zinc oxide
chloride of soda
sodium hypochlorite
chloride of lime
calcium hypochlorite
chrome alum
chrome green
chromium oxide
chrome yellow
chromic acid
chromium trioxide
copperas
ferrous sulfate
corrosive sublimate
cream of tartar
potassium bitartrate
crocus powder
ferric oxide
crystal carbonate
sodium carbonate
dechlor
sodium thiophosphate
diamond
carbon crystal
emery powder
epsom salts
magnesium sulfate
ethanol
ethyl alcohol
farina
starch
ferro prussiate
potassium ferricyanide
ferrum
iron
flores martis
fluorspar
fixed white
barium sulfate
flowers of sulfur
sulfur
formalin
French chalk
French vergidris
galena
Glauber's salt
sodium sulfate
green verditer
green vitriol
gypsum
hard oil
heavy spar
barium sulfate
hydrocyanic acid
hydrogen cynanide
hypo (photography)
Indian red
ferric oxide
Isinglass
agar-agar gelatin
jeweler's rouge
ferric oxide
killed spirits
zinc chloride
lampblack
laughing gas
nitrous oxide
lead peroxide
lead dioxide
lead protoxide
lead oxide
lime
calcium oxide
lime, slaked
calcium hydroxide
limewater
liquor ammonia
litharge
lead monoxide
lunar caustic
silver nitrate
liver of sulfur
sufurated potash
sodium hydroxide
magnesia
magnesium oxide
manganese black
manganese dioxide
marble
mercurous oxide
methanol
methyl alcohol
methylated spirits
methyl alcohol
milk of lime
calcium hydroxide
milk of magnesium
magnesium hydroxide
milk of sulfur
precipitated sulfur
"muriate" of a metal
muriatic acid
hydrochloric acid
natron
sodium carbonate
nitre
potassium nitrate
nordhausen acid
oil of mars
oil of vitriol
sulfuric acid
phosphoric acid
Paris blue
ferric ferrocyanide
Paris green
copper acetoarsenite
Paris white
isoamyl acetate
pearl ash
potassium carbonate
permanent white
barium sulfate
plaster of Paris
calcium sulfate
plumbago
graphite
potash
potassium carbonate
potassa
potassium hydroxide
precipitated chalk
calcium carbonate
Prussic acid
hydrogen cyanide
pyro
tetrasodium pyrophosphate
quicklime
calcium oxide
quicksilver
mercury
red lead
lead tetraoxide
red liquor
potassium ferrocyanide
sodium ferrocyanide
Rochelle salt
rock salt
sodium chloride
rouge, jeweler's
ferric oxide
rubbing alcohol
isopropyl alcohol
sal ammoniac
ammonium chloride
sal soda
sodium carbonate
salt, table
sodium chloride
salt of lemon
potassium binoxalate
salt of tartar
potassium carbonate
saltpeter
potassium nitrate
silica
silicon dioxide
slaked lime
calcium hydroxide
soda ash
sodium carbonate
soda nitre
sodium nitrate
soda lye
sodium hydroxide
soluble glass
sodium silicate
sour water
spirit of hartshorn
spirit of salt
hydrochloric acid
spirit of wine
ethyl alcohol
ethyl nitrate
sugar, table
sucrose
sugar of lead
lead acetate
sulfuric ether
ethyl ether
talc or talcum
magnesium silicate
tin crystals
stannous chloride
trona
unslaked lime
calcium oxide
Venetian red
ferric oxide
verdigris
Vienna lime
calcium carbonate
vinegar
vitamin C
ascorbic acid
vitriol
sulfuric acid
washing soda
sodium carbonate
water glass
sodium silicate
white caustic
sodium hydroxide
white lead
white vitriol
potassium ferrocyanide
sodium ferrocyanide
zinc vitriol
zinc sulfate
zinc white
zinc oxide
sodium
calcium
potassium
Zn2+
H+
Sr2+
zinc
hydrogen
strontium
Some metals form positive ions in more than one oxidation state. One of the earliest
methods of distinguishing between these ions used the suffixes -ous and -ic added to
the Latin name of the element to represent the lower and higher oxidation states,
respectively.
Fe2+
Sn2+
Cu+
ferrous
stannous
cuprous
Fe3+
Sn4+
Cu2+
ferric
stannic
cupric
Chemists now use a simpler method, in which the charge on the ion is indicated by a
Roman numeral in parentheses immediately after the name of the element.
Fe2+
Sn2+
Cu+
iron(II)
tin(II)
copper(I)
Fe3+
Sn4+
Cu2+
iron (III)
tin(IV)
copper(II)
Polyatomic positive ions often have common names ending with the suffix -onium.
H3O+
NH4+
hydronium
ammonium
-1 ions
bicarbonate
acetate
nitrate
nitrite
permanganate
cyanide
HSO4ClO4ClO3ClO2ClOOH-
O22CrO42Cr2O72HPO42-
peroxide
chromate
dichromate
hydrogen phosphate
AsO43-
arsenate
-2 ions
carbonate
sulfate
sulfite
thiosulfate
-3 ions
phosphate
borate
At first glance, the nomenclature of the polyatomic negative ions in the table above
seems hopeless. There are several general rules, however, that can bring some order
out of this apparent chaos.
The name of the ion usually ends in either -ite or -ate. The -ite ending indicates a low
oxidation state. Thus,the NO2- ion is the nitrite ion.
The -ate ending indicates a high oxidation state. The NO3- ion, for example, is the
nitrate ion.
The prefix hypo- is used to indicate the very lowest oxidation state. The ClO- ion, for
example, is the hypochlorite ion.
The prefix per- (as in hyper-) is used to indicate the very highest oxidation state. The
ClO4- ion is therefore the perchlorate ion.
There are only a handful of exceptions to these generalizations. The names of the
hydroxide (OH-), cyanide (CN-), and peroxide (O22-) ions, for example, have the -ide
ending because they were once thought to be monatomic ions.
hydro -ic
acid
hydrochloric
Clchloride
HCl
acid
hydrofluoric
Ffluoride
HF
acid
hydrosulfuric
S2sulfide
H2S
acid
Acids containing ions ending with ate usually become -ic acid
CH3CO2acetate
CH3CO2H
acetic acid
Acids containing ions ending with ide often become
CO32BO33NO3SO42-
carbonate
borate
nitrate
sulfate
H2CO3
H3BO3
HNO3
H2SO4
carbonic acid
boric acid
nitric acid
sulfuric acid
perchloric
ClO4
perchlorate
HClO4
acid
phosphoric
3PO4
phosphate
H3PO4
acid
permanganic
MnO4permanganate
HMnO4
acid
2CrO4
chromate
H2CrO4
chromic acid
ClO3chlorate
HClO3
chloric acid
Acids containing ions ending with ite usually become -ous acid
ClO2chlorite
HClO2
chlorous acid
NO2
nitrite
HNO2
nitrous acid
SO32sulfite
H2SO 3
sulfurous acid
hypochlorous
ClOhypochlorite
HClO
acid
Complex acids can be named by indicating the presence of an acidic hydrogen as
follows.
NaHCO3
NaHSO3
KH2PO4
Compounds
Name based on shape
Barrelene
Cubane
Olympic rings.
Olympicene
Prismane
Bullvalene
Josiphos
Collinemycin
Ranasmurfin
A blue protein from the foam nests of a tropical frog, named after the
Smurfs.
Mimimycin
Musettamycin
Marcellomycin
Pikachurin
Crapinon
Cumene
Earthcide,
or Fartox
Fucitol
Fukalite
Ru(Tris)BiPyon-a-stick
Pizda
Spermine,
Spermidine,
or
polyamine
growth factors involved in cellular metabolism.[3]
Related to body (mal)functions
BARF
Constipatic
acid
[2-(14-hydroxypentadecyl)-4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylic
acid], an aliphatic acid derived from the Australian Xanthoparmelia
lichen.[3][24]
Nonanal
(C9H18O), an aldehyde derived from nonane.
Uranate
Uranocene
Draculin
A glycoprotein found in Miracle Fruit that makes sour foods taste sweet after
contact with taste buds.
Naftazone
PEPPSI
Germane
HeH+
[36][37]
Magic acid
Megaphone
Moronic acid
Performic acid
Periodic acid
Psicose
Rhamnose
Traumatic acid
A substance occurring in plants, with a role in healing damaged
tissue.
Just sounds silly
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Other
Carbonite
Dinocap
(HBF4), tetrafluoroborate or
tetrafluoroboric acid.[citation needed]
Homocubane