4020 Code
4020 Code
4020 Code
for
Ground Supported,
Flat Bottom Steel Tanks for
Fire Pump Suction
Foreword
The FM Approvals certification mark is intended to verify that the products and services described
will meet FM Approvals stated conditions of performance, safety and quality useful to the ends of
property conservation. The purpose of Approval Standards is to present the criteria for FM Approval
of various types of products and services, as guidance for FM Approvals personnel, manufacturers,
users and authorities having jurisdiction.
Products submitted for certification by FM Approvals shall demonstrate that they meet the intent of
the Approval Standard, and that quality control in manufacturing shall ensure a consistently uniform
and reliable product. Approval Standards strive to be performance-oriented. They are intended to
facilitate technological development.
For examining equipment, materials and services, Approval Standards:
a)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Purpose .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Basis for Requirements ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Basis for Approval ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.5 Basis for Continued Approval .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Effective Date .................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.7 System of Units ................................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.8 Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.9 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.10 Nomenclature .................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2 GENERAL INFORMATION AND REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Product Information .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Design Loads ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Individual Tank Designs ................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Materials ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8
2.5 Standard Capacities ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.6 Unit Stresses ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.7 Shell Plates ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9
2.8 Roof Supports .................................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.9 Tank Bottoms .................................................................................................................................................................. 10
2.10 Accessories .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.11 Corrosion Protection ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.12 Foundations ................................................................................................................................................................... 13
2.13 Welding .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.14 General Notes and Design Drawings ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.15 Tank Stability Against Overturning .............................................................................................................................. 16
2.16 Foundation Bolts ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.17 Earthquake Design ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
2.18 Alternative Design (Welded Tanks Only) .................................................................................................................... 19
2.19 Tank Heating and Insulation ......................................................................................................................................... 20
3 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND VERIFICATION .......................................................................................... 20
3.1 Design Attributes ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
3.2 Inspection and Testing .................................................................................................................................................... 20
3.3 Marking ........................................................................................................................................................................... 21
4 CONTINUED APPROVAL AND OPERATIONS REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................. 22
4.1 Demonstrated Quality Control Program ......................................................................................................................... 22
4.2 Follow-up Facilities and Procedures Audit (F&PA) ...................................................................................................... 22
4.3 Re-examinations .............................................................................................................................................................. 23
APPENDIX A: Approval Marks ............................................................................................................................................... 24
APPENDIX B: Units of Measurements ..................................................................................................................................... 25
APPENDIX C: Rafter Design Guidelines .................................................................................................................................. 26
C-1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 26
C-2 Nomenclature ................................................................................................................................................................... 26
C-3 Rafter Design ................................................................................................................................................................... 27
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
This standard states Approval requirements for ground supported, flat bottom steel tanks used for fire pump
suction.
1.2 Scope
1.2.1 This standard shall be used to measure and assess the ability of ground supported, flat bottom steel tanks
to provide a highly reliable source of water for fire protection at anticipated rates and durations in
emergency situations. Such tanks shall be permitted to utilize either bolted or welded shell plate designs
as submitted by the manufacturer.
1.2.2 The items addressed by this standard are limited to the tank proper, its foundation, penetrations and related
appurtenances. Excluded from the scope of this standard are pumps, pump houses, internal and external
piping and any item not specifically addressed.
1.2.3 This standard is not intended to determine the suitability for all end use conditions of a product as
conditions under which suction tanks are used vary widely. This standard therefore, does not evaluate
every condition or environment to which a suction tank might be exposed.
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American Iron and Steel Institute, Steel Plate Engineering Data, Volumes 1 and 2, December 1992.
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Manual of Steel Construction, (97), 9th edition.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, 2004
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
ASTM D 1751 (98), Specification for Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete Paving and Structural
Construction (Nonextruding and Resilient Bituminous Types
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
ASCE 7-02, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
American Water Works Association (AWWA)
AWWA D 100-96, Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage
AWWA D 102-97, Standard for Coating Steel Water Storage Tanks
AWWA D-103-97, Standard for Bolted Steel Tanks for Water Storage
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Data Sheet 1-2, July 2005, Earthquakes
Data Sheet 1-28, January 2002, Design Wind Loads
Data Sheet 1-54, September 2004, Roof Loads for New Construction
Data Sheet 3-2, September 2004, Water Tanks for Fire Protection
National Fire Protection Association
NFPA 22-2003, Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection
1.9 Definitions
For purposes of this Standard, the following terms apply:
Contractor
See manufacturer.
Dead Load
Earthquake Load
Earthquake Zone
FM Approved Tank
Design
Freeboard
The distance from the inlet of the overflow or weir box to the top of the tank
shell.
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Live Load
Manufacturer
The entity that obtains Approval recognition and listing. The manufacturer may
subcontract various aspects of their Approval but shall be responsible for the
design, fabrication and where applicable the installation or erection of the
FM Approved tank design(s). The manufacturer may also be referred to in this
standard as the contractor or tank fabricator.
Net Capacity
The volume of water, in gallons (cubic meters) available for fire protection. For
purposes of this Standard, it shall be computed as the volume of water located
between the inlet of the overflow and the bottom of the anti-vortex plate.
Nominal Capacity
Steel Tank
A cylindrical, flat bottomed, ground supported structure that utilizes either bolting
or welding to join shell, roof or floor plates together.
Tank Fabricator
See manufacturer.
Wind Load
The estimated forces applied to the tank resulting from a specified wind speed.
1.10 Nomenclature
The following nomenclature shall be used throughout this standard:
Cf
Force coefficient
Fu
Published minimum ultimate tensile stress of the steel under consideration, lbs/in2 (MPa)
Fy
Published minimum yield stress of the steel under consideration, lbs/in2 (MPa)
Importance factor
Kz
Wind pressure exposure coefficient evaluated at height z of the centroid of the projected area
Lu
MCE
MEQ
Overturning moment applied to the bottom of the tank shell due to earthquake, ft-lbs (N-m)
MW
Overturning moment applied to the bottom of the tank shell due to wind, ft-lbs (N-m)
Pw
TCL
Top capacity level the water level defined by the lip of the overflow
Total weight of the tank shell plus that portion of the roof supported by the shell, lbs (N)
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da
dsl
fb
qz
Wind pressure evaluated at height z of the centroid of the projected area, lbs/ft2 (kPa)
wt
wL
Weight of the tank contents per foot of circumference that may be used to resist the
shell overturning moment, lbs/ft (N/m)
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2.2.5 It is recommended that tanks submitted for Approval be designed based on a roof live load of 25 lbs/ft2
(1.2 kPa). Consideration of lower roof live loads shall be given for specific locations in warm weather
areas where the lowest one day mean temperature is 5F (-15C) or warmer and local experience indicates
that a smaller load may be used. The minimum roof live load shall be 15 lbs/ft2 (0.75 kPa). Conversely,
when tanks are designed for specific locations in cold weather areas, greater roof live loads may be
required. Refer to the snow maps taken from FM Global Loss Prevention Data Sheet 1-54 for guidance
in selecting the proper loading.
2.2.5.1 In cases where a tank is to be erected in a locale that requires a snow load greater than that
originally FM Approved, revised drawings and calculations shall be submitted to FM Approvals
for review and Approval.
2.2.5.2 In cases where a tank is to be erected in a locale that requires a snow load less than that originally
FM Approved, the FM Approved roof design shall be utilized unless revised drawings and
calculations are submitted to FM Approvals for review and Approval.
2.2.6 A wind load shall be considered for all designs submitted for Approval. The resulting pressure shall be
based upon a minimum wind speed of 90 miles per hour (145 km/hr) and a wind Exposure C. The wind
speed referenced in this document shall be considered as a (three) 3 second peak gust wind speed. Many
codes, Authorities Having Jurisdiction or other documents (including FM Global Loss Prevention Data
Sheet 1-28 and ASCE 7) require that wind loadings be based on the three (3) second peak gust wind speed
which is greater than the fastest mile wind speed. See Table 2.2.6 for a correlation between 3 second peak
wind gusts and fastest mile wind speeds. Approval shall be permitted to be granted for Exposure D.
Table 2.2.6
Saffir-Simpson
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
Category 5
2.2.6.1 The wind pressure shall be calculated using the following formula:
Pw = qzG Cf 30 Cf where
Cf
1.0
0.6
0.5
2.2.6.3 The wind pressure exposure coefficient, Kz, shall be permitted to be calculated in accordance with
ASCE 7 or the following coefficients shall be used.
Height above finished grade, ft (m)
Exposure C
Exposure D
0 to 50 ft (15.2 m)
1.09
1.27
1.27
1.43
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See ASCE 7
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2.2.6.4 Certain locations, particularly along coastal areas subjected to high wind events, may require a
tank to be designed for wind loadings for wind speeds greater than 90 miles per hour (145 km/hr).
In such cases, the wind speed shall be increased in multiples of 5 miles per hour (8 km/hr). Refer
to the wind maps taken from FM Global Loss Prevention Data Sheets 1-28.
2.2.6.5 The wind pressures defined by the above shall be applied to the vertical projected areas of the tank.
The wind speed, Exposure type and notation that the wind pressures are based on a 3 second peak
gust shall be shown on the design drawings.
2.2.6.6 In cases where a tank is to be erected in a location that requires a wind speed greater than that
originally FM Approved, revised drawings shall be submitted to FM Approvals for review and
Approval.
2.2.7 An earthquake load shall be considered for all tanks located in FM Global Earthquake Zones 50-year
through 500-year. The method to be used takes into account impulsive and convective (sloshing) actions
of the liquid in flexible steel tanks fixed to rigid or flexible foundations. For details, see paragraph 2.17
of this Standard.
2.2.7.1 FM Approvals recognizes five (5) earthquake zones: 50-year; 100-year; 250-year; 500-year; and
>500-year. With this methodology, Earthquake Zone 50-year is the most severe. These earthquake
zones are unique to FM Global and FM Approvals and do not necessarily correlate with the zoning
of other code bodies such as the AWWA. Refer to the earthquake maps contained in FM Global
Loss Prevention Data Sheet 1-2 to determine the applicable earthquake zone. An approximate
correlation is shown in Table 2.2.7-1.
Table 2.2.7-1
New FM
Earthquake Zone
Designation
Return Period of
Damaging
Ground Motion
Former FM
Earthquake Zone
Designation
Probable AWWA
Earthquake Zone
Designation
50-year
Up to 50 years
40
100-year
51 to 100 years
70
250-year
No correlation
500-year
150
>500-year
>500 years
1000
0, 1 or 2
2.2.7.2 Tanks erected in FM Global Earthquake Zone >500-year do not require a seismic analysis to
comply with this standard but may be required by other codes or regulations. Tanks that are
analyzed for erection in a particular zone may be erected in other, less severe earthquake zones.
For example, a tank Approved for Earthquake Zone 50-year shall be permitted to be erected in any
of the zones. A tank Approved for Earthquake Zone 250-year shall be permitted to be erected only
in Earthquake Zones 250-year, 500-year or >500-year.
2.2.7.3 When tanks have been seismically designed, the Approval Guide listing shall show the
FM Earthquake Zone Designation(s) where the tank is permitted to be erected (see Table 2.2.7-1).
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2.4 Materials
2.4.1 All materials incorporated into any FM Approved steel tank shall be new, previously unused, in first class
condition, and shall comply with all the requirements of this Standard.
2.4.2 All steel incorporated into any FM Approved steel tank shall have their properties verified for compliance
to the material specifications. Verification shall be in the form of a mill test report that lists the physical,
dimensional and chemical properties of the material. Steel materials of an unidentified specification shall
be tested by a qualified testing laboratory and found to be in compliance with all physical, dimensional
and chemical requirements of this Standard prior to use.
2.4.3 Allowable design stresses shall be based on the published yield stress of the material. Increasing allowable
design stresses based on the results of mill test reports shall not be allowed.
2.4.4 Use of materials other than those contained in AWWA D103-97 (for bolted tanks) or AWWA D100-96
(welded tanks) shall be handled on a case-by-case basis. Materials specifications shall be submitted to
FM Approvals.
2.4.5 All material specifications, minimum and maximum thicknesses and size requirements for bolts, anchor
bolts, rods, reinforcing steel, plates, sheets, structural shapes, forgings, pins, filler metals, electrodes and
components not specifically addressed in this Standard shall be as specified in the applicable AWWA
standard.
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2.8.2.1 The roof rafters shall utilize an allowable bending stress which shall be the greater of
15,000 lbs/in2 (103 MPa) or 0.4Fy, unless the rafter compression flange is laterally supported.
Friction between the roof plate and the top flange of the rafter shall not be considered as a means
of providing lateral support of the rafter compression flange for purposes of this Standard. When
the compression flange is provided with lateral support, the allowable rafter bending stress may
be increased to 0.6Fy. In such cases, the unbraced length of the rafter compression flange shall not
exceed the maximum allowable unbraced length of the compression flange, LU, as shown in the
AISC Manual of Steel Construction.
2.8.2.2 Columns supporting roofs shall be designed as secondary members. The maximum slenderness
ratio, L/r, for columns supporting rafters shall be 175. The maximum permissible compressive
stress shall be determined as shown in AWWA D-100-96 and D103-97.
2.8.2.3 Consideration shall be given to column cap plates and column base plates designed to utilize an
allowable bending stress of 20,000 lbs/in2 (140 MPa).
2.8.2.4 The minimum thickness of all roof support members shall be 316 in. (5 mm).
2.8.3 Consideration shall be given to roofs made from other types of materials if in accordance with AWWA
D100-96 and AWWA D103-97.
2.8.4 For rafter design guidelines, see Appendix C of this Standard.
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2.10 Accessories
2.10.1 Accessories shall be provided in accordance with the following. The criteria is consistent with NFPA 22.
2.10.1.1 A shell manhole shall be provided in the 1st ring of the tank. The minimum size shall be 24 in.
(600 mm) in diameter for circular manholes and 18 in. 22 in. (450 mm 550 mm) for
elliptical shaped manholes. All portions including the neck, bolting and cover shall be designed
to withstand the weight and pressure of the tank contents. Fillet welds between the manway
neck and cover flange shall be equal or greater than the minimum material thickness of the
neck or flange.
2.10.1.2 A roof vent located above the maximum water level and near the center of the roof. The
screened area of the vent shall have an area at least 112 times the cross-sectional area of the
suction line or fill line, whichever is larger. The screening shall have either 38 in. (10 mm) or
12 in. (13 mm) openings and be fabricated from a corrosion resistant metal. The overflow pipe
shall not be considered as part of the roof vent.
2.10.1.3 A roof manway located near the center of the roof. It shall have a removable cover, have a
minimum dimension of 20 in. (500 mm) or be at least 20 in. (500 mm) in diameter, and have
a 4 in. (100 mm) minimum curb height. The roof manway is optional when a flanged roof vent
is provided.
2.10.1.4 A roof hatch located near the outside tank ladder. It shall have a clear opening dimension of
at least 24 in. (600 mm) in one direction and 15 in. (380 mm) in the other direction, or have
a minimum diameter of 24 in. (600 mm). It shall be provided with a hinged cover and hasp
suitable for a lock. It shall have a 4 in. (100 mm) minimum curb and the cover shall have a
downward overlap of at least 2 in. (50 mm). As an alternative, a gasketed watertight cover may
be provided in lieu of the 4 in. (100 mm) curb and 2 in. (50 mm) overlap.
2.10.1.5 A fill line capable of filling the tank in less than eight (8) hours. It shall have a minimum
diameter of 2 in. (50 mm). If an over the top fill line is utilized, the water shall be directed
downward as it discharges from the pipe. If an automatic fill line is used, it shall be located
so as to discharge into a different quadrant (more than 90 away) from the suction line. Fill
lines that penetrate the tank roof shall be provided with a watertight seal.
2.10.1.6 A suction line that is sized according to the anticipated rating of the suction pump. Normally,
the suction line penetrates the tank shell and is terminated with a 90 elbow pointing downward. An anti-vortex plate is attached to the inlet and shall be located 6 in. (150 mm) or
one-half the suction line diameter, whichever is greater, above the tank floor. The anti-vortex
plate shall be fabricated from 14 in. (6 mm) minimum thickness steel with each side of the
plate, or its diameter, at least twice the diameter of the suction line. Alternatively, the suction
line may penetrate the tank bottom. In such cases, it shall extend at least 4 in. (100 mm) above
the tank bottom. The anti-vortex plate, sized as described above, shall be located 6 in.
(150 mm) or one-half the diameter of the suction line, whichever is greater, above the rim of
the inlet. All anti-vortex assemblies shall be securely attached to either the suction line or the
tank bottom.
2.10.1.7 An overflow pipe at least one pipe size larger than the fill line, terminating at the top with a
weir box or other appropriate intake. When a stub overflow is utilized, it shall project at least
12 in. (300 mm) beyond the tank shell. When an overflow to ground is utilized, it shall be
placed down the outside of the tank, be supported at proper intervals, terminate with an elbow
and discharge over a drainage inlet or splash block. The discharge end of the overflow shall
be covered with corrosion resistant metal screening having either 38 in. (10 mm) or 12 in.
(13 mm) openings. The overflow shall be sized to provide a capacity at least equal to the
pumping rate with a water level not more than 6 in. (150 mm) above the weir.
2.10.1.8 A domestic suction line for plant use is optional. Design drawings shall clearly state the
elevation of this line and the resulting capacity available for fire protection purposes. The
capacity available for fire protection shall be determined as the volume of water between the
domestic suction inlet to the antivortex plate. When a domestic suction line has been provided,
a bottom drain line flush with the tank bottom shall also be provided.
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2.10.1.9 Relief and test lines are optional. If they are capable of discharging while the suction pump
is operating, they shall be located such that they discharge into a different quadrant (more than
90 away) from the suction line.
2.10.1.10 A water level gauge shall be provided as a means of monitoring the water level in the tank.
An exterior gauge board with a target is preferred. Alternatively, a high water/low water level
electric alarm shall be permitted to be used. When used, the high level alarm shall be located
within 2 in. (50 mm) of the overflow inlet. The low level alarm shall be located within 12 in.
(300 mm) of the overflow inlet. They shall be connected to a central supervising station.
2.10.1.11 An exterior ladder shall be provided, beginning at 8 ft (2.4 m) above the level of the tank
bottom, and located to provide access to the roof hatch. The side rails shall not be less than
2 38 in (50 x 10 mm) with a spacing between the side rails not less than 16 in. (400 mm).
The rungs shall not be less than 34 in. (19 mm) round or square bars, spaced 12 in. (300 mm)
apart on centers. The maximum spacing of supports attaching the ladder to the tank shall not
exceed 10 ft (3 m).
2.10.1.12 An internal ladder shall be permitted only when the location where the tank is to be erected
is located on the warm side of either the 5F (-15C) lowest one day mean or the 30F (-1C)
normal daily minimum for January as shown on the isothermal maps contained in FM Global
Loss Prevention Data Sheet 1-2. If provided, its construction shall be in accordance with the
requirements for the external ladder shown above.
2.10.1.13 Consideration shall be given to additional accessories, such as drains, safety cages, platforms,
or roof ladder handrails. These items shall be permitted to be provided if detailed drawings are
submitted for review and Approval.
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2.11.3 Tanks shall be permitted to be provided with a synthetic rubber liner supported at the top edge of the
tank.
2.12 Foundations
2.12.1 All tanks shall be supported on a concrete ringwall, concrete slab or compacted berm with steel retainer
ring. When a steel retainer ring has been provided, it shall contain a protective coating or galvanizing.
Tanks that require anchor bolts shall be supported on a concrete ringwall or a concrete slab.
2.12.2 Concrete foundations shall be built of concrete with a specified compressive strength of not less than
3000 lbs/in2 (21 MPa). Design, materials and construction shall conform to ACI 318 with water
considered as the live load.
2.12.3 The tops of foundations shall project at least 3 in. (75 mm) beyond the tank shell. The top corners shall
be neatly rounded or finished with a suitable bevel. When foundation bolts are required, the foundations
shall extend at least 9 in. (230 mm) beyond the tank shell.
2.12.4 If a reinforced concrete ringwall is used, it shall extend below the frost line, be at least 2.5 ft (0.8 m)
deep and 10 in. (250 mm) thick, and shall be placed directly beneath the tank shell for tanks supported
on crushed stone or granular bases. It shall project at least 6 in. (150 mm) above the finished grade with
the surrounding grade sloped for positive drainage away from the tank. It shall be reinforced against
temperature and shrinkage with additional reinforcement as required for resisting lateral earth pressure.
The minimum vertical temperature reinforcing shall be .0015 of the cross-sectional area and the
minimum horizontal temperature reinforcing shall be .0025 of the cross-sectional area unless a greater
amount of reinforcing steel is required by ACI 318. Ringwalls and slabs, after grouting or before placing
the cane fiber joint filler, shall be level within 18 in. (3 mm) in any 30 ft (9.1 m) circumference under
the shell. The levelness on the circumference shall not vary by more than 14 in. (6 mm) from an
established plane. The tolerance on poured concrete before grouting shall be 1 in. (25 mm).
2.12.4.1 Tank bottoms shall be placed on at least 4 in. (100 mm) of crushed stone, or clean sand, laid
on the compacted grade. It shall slope uniformly upward towards the center of the tank at a
minimum slope of 1 in. (25 mm) vertical to 10 ft (3.0 m) horizontal.
2.12.4.2 A mixture of 1:1.5 cement-sand grout shall be placed beneath the tank bottom and top of the
ringwall. The cement-sand grout shall be a minimum of 1 in. (25 mm) thick and shall fill the
entire space beneath the tank bottom to the sand cushion. The minimum width of the cementsand grout shall be 6 in. (150 mm). In lieu of the 1 in. (25 mm) of grout, cane joint filler, 12 in.
(13 mm) thick, conforming to the requirements of ASTM D1751 may be used as a sealant.
When the tanks have been designed for Earthquake Zones 50-year, 100-year, 250-year or
500-year, see paragraph 2.12.11.
2.12.4.3 All topsoil, organic material and undesirable material within the ringwall shall be removed and
replaced with a controlled, load-bearing compacted backfill. The natural soils and load bearing
backfills within the ringwall shall be capable of supporting the tank bottom without general
settling or localized settling, causing breakdown of the tank bottom adjacent to the ringwall.
2.12.5 Tanks that are supported on concrete slabs shall project at least 6 in. (150 mm) above the finished grade
with the surrounding grade sloped for positive drainage away from the tank and have a sand cushion at
least 1 in. (25 mm) thick placed between the tank bottom and the concrete slab. In place of a sand
cushion, a 12 in. (13 mm) thick layer of cane fiber joint filler meeting the requirements of ASTM D1751
shall be provided. The space between the tank bottom and the concrete slab, from the outside edge of
the tank bottom inward for a distance of not less than 6 in. (150 mm) shall be filled with a
1:1.5 cement-sand grout. As an alternative, this space may also be filled with a cane fiber joint meeting
the requirements of ASTM D 1751. An exception to this rule is when a tank bottom plate has not been
provided as shown in paragraph 2.9.2. When tanks have been designed for Earthquake Zones 50-year,
100-year, 250-year or 500-year, see paragraph 2.12.11.
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2.12.6 Tanks that are supported on well-graded stone or gravel berms with steel retainer rings shall have the
retainer rings located at least 12 in. (300 mm) from the shell to ensure berm stability. They shall project
at least 6 in. (150 mm) above the finished grade with the surrounding grade sloped for positive drainage
away from the tank.
2.12.6.1 Steel retainer rings shall be either welded or bolted together. If bolted, the threaded ends of the
bolts shall be peened to prevent loosening of the nuts. As an alternative, lock washers may be
used.
2.12.6.2 All surfaces of the steel retainer ring (and bolts, if provided) shall be provided with a suitable
coating for corrosion protection.
2.12.6.3 Steel retainer rings shall be provided with weep holes to allow rainwater to exit. A suitable
non-biodegradable fabric shall be placed over the weep holes to prevent sand within the
retainer ring from escaping.
2.12.7 The minimum depth of foundations below the ground line shall extend below the extreme frost
penetration depth as shown in AWWA D100 or D103. The minimum depth shall be 12 in. (300 mm).
2.12.8 In cases where an FM Approved tank design is subsequently erected, alternate foundation designs shall
be permitted due to variability in site conditions. Design drawings and calculations shall be submitted
to the local FM Global Service Office for review and acceptance.
2.12.9 Foundations supplied by the tank fabricator shall show the following:
Foundation height, width and depth below grade
Amount and spacing of circumferential and vertical reinforcing steel as well as the grade of
reinforcing steel
Compressive strength of the concrete
Indication that the foundation must extend below the frost line
Either 12 in. (13 mm) of cane fiber or 1 in. (25 mm) of grout between the tank bottom and the top
of the ringwall (except when paragraph 2.12.11 applies)
A minimum 4 in. (100 mm) thick cushion of crushed stone or clean sand
The tank bottom sloped up to the center 1 in in 10 ft (25 mm in 3 m)
The top of the foundation at least 6 in. (150 mm) above the grade level with the surrounding grade
sloping away from the tank
2.12.10 When the foundation is not supplied by the tank fabricator, a note shall be added to the drawings stating
that The foundation shall be supplied and designed by others. Details shall be submitted to the
appropriate FM Global Service Office for review and acceptance. In such cases, guidance shall be
provided so that a suitable foundation can be designed. It is preferred that a ringwall be shown in
phantom on the drawings along with the last five bulleted items shown in paragraph 2.12.9.
2.12.11 When the tank has been designed for erection in Earthquake Zones 50-year, 100-year, 250-year or
500-year, the space between the tank bottom and the top of the ringwall shall be shimmed with steel
plates prior to the placement of the cement-sand grout mixture. The use of cane fiber shall not be
permitted.
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2.13 Welding
2.13.1 Welded tanks All welding shall be in accordance with AWWA D 100-96, Section 8, as summarized
below.
2.13.1.1 Tanks may be welded by any process that does not include the application of pressure. The
welding shall be performed manually, semi-automatically, automatically or by machine
welding.
2.13.1.2 Specifications for each welding procedure shall be qualified in accordance with the rules in
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, except as stated below for horizontal
joints and fillet welds. The contractor shall conduct tests of the procedures to demonstrate their
suitability in making welds that conform to specified requirements.
2.13.1.3 All welders and welding operators shall be qualified in accordance with ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX. The contractor shall conduct tests for all welders assigned
to manual or semiautomatic welding, and all welding operators assigned to automatic or
machine welding, in order to demonstrate their ability to make welds.
2.13.1.4 The tests shall be as described in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX.
2.13.1.5 Tests conducted by one contractor shall not qualify a welder or welding operator to do the
work for another contractor.
2.13.1.6 The contractor shall maintain a record of all welders showing the date and results of tests and
the identifying mark assigned to each.
2.13.2 Bolted tanks all welding shall be limited to the shop installation of nozzles, vents, manways,
connections and subassemblies.
2.13.2.1 Welders shall be certified to a nationally recognized welding code.
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a) Tank heating and insulation (if required) shall be in accordance with FM Global Loss
Prevention Data Sheet 3-2. Details shall be forwarded to the appropriate FM Global
Service Office for review and acceptance.
b) All nozzles, fittings and accessories may be oriented by the customer, however, any
nozzle that can possibly be discharging while the pump is operating (automatic fill,
recirculation lines) shall be located such that it discharges into a different quadrant
(more than 90 away) from the suction inlet.
c) All shell plates shall be cold rolled to the proper radius.
d) The overflow pipe shall be at least one pipe size larger than the fill line.
16
FM APPROVALS
where
MW = 0.5 D H2 PW and
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2.15.4 The design tensile load per bolt can be determined using the following formula:
T = (4MW / ND) (W/N)
2.15.5 When the tank is full, it is susceptible to overturning during a seismic event (if applicable). It is possible,
however, for a flat-bottomed tank to survive a seismic event without anchorage by considering a portion
of the liquid contents near the shell as resisting the overturning forces. To determine whether anchorage
is needed, the value for J in the following formula must be found:
J=
M
2
D (wt + wL )
a) Resistance to seismic overturning needs to be addressed only when the tank is located within
FM Global Earthquake Zone 50-year, 100-year, 250-year or 500-year.
b) If J 0.785, there is no uplift
If J > 0.785 but < 1.54, uplift exists
If J 1.54 but < 2, the tank must be anchored or the bottom annular ring thickened
If J 2, the tank must be anchored.
c) The design tensile load per bolt can be determined by the following formula:
(1.273M / 2) (w +w )
EQ D
t
L
T =
S
2.15.6 When foundation bolts are required, an analysis shall be provided verifying that the foundation design
provides a sufficient weight acting downward to overcome the upward tensile load in the bolt thereby
preventing the tank from overturning. In determining the total weight acting downward, credit shall be
given for the weight of the concrete in the foundation as well as the weight of the soil and/or water
directly above the foundation. When determining the weight of the water acting downward, and resisting
overturning, only the amount in excess of wL shall be considered (since wL has already been subtracted
from the pullout force). See Appendix E for guidance on determining wL and wt).
2.15.7 For foundation anchor bolt design requirements, see paragraph 2.16.
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2.16.4 Foundation bolts shall be designed to resist the maximum anticipated uplift force. The allowable stress
on the bolts shall be 15,000 lbs/in2 (103 MPa) when the tensile stress area is used. This allowable may
be increased by 33% due to wind or seismic loadings. The allowable stress on bolts shall be permitted
to be 0.33 Fu when the nominal bolt diameter is used. This allowable stress shall not be increased by
33% due to wind or seismic loadings when the nominal bolt diameter is used.
2.16.5 Foundation bolt embedment length shall be determined based on a shear cone analysis method (see
Appendix D).
2.16.6 Foundation bolt design shall be based on the assumption that they are unable to resist any shear loads.
2.16.7 Foundation bolts shall not extend closer than 3 in. (75 mm) to the bottom of the foundation. They shall
be headed bolts. The use of washers or plates welded to the bottom of the anchor bolts is an acceptable
method to reduce the required embedment length. In such cases, supporting calculations shall be
submitted verifying the additional resistance provided by the washers or plates. Hooked bolts shall not
be allowed.
2.16.8 Post installed anchor design shall conform to the requirements of ACI 318-02, Appendix D of this
standard and the anchor manufacturers requirements. In the case of conflicting requirements, the more
stringent shall govern. Anchor manufacturers capacity data shall indicate the failure mode and shall
provide a minimum factor of safety of 4 to 1 against failure based on the allowable stress (service load)
design.
2.16.9 Anchor bolts shall be attached to the tank shell plates using anchor bolt chairs. The analysis of the
anchor bolt chairs shall be in accordance with AISI Steel Plate Engineering Data, Volumes 1 and 2,
December 1992.
18
FM APPROVALS
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2.17.3 All seismically designed tanks shall be provided with a sufficient amount of freeboard in an attempt to
minimize damage to the roof and loss of contents from the sloshing wave during a seismic event. The
sloshing wave height, dsl, shall be determined as shown in Appendix E. When the provided freeboard,
da is less than dsl, a portion of the tank roof will be wetted by the sloshing wave. This causes uplift forces
on the tank roof. In addition, the constraining action of the roof on the sloshing motion causes a portion
of the convective liquid to act as an impulsive force. When this condition occurs, the roof shall be
designed to withstand these uplift forces. See Appendix F, Roof Loads in Suction Tanks With
Insufficient Freeboard, for guidance on determining these uplift forces.
2.17.4 Tanks may be designed using the spectral acceleration zone factors shown in Appendix E. When
designed using these zone factors, the tank shall be permitted to be erected anywhere within the zone
under consideration as well as any less severe seismic zone.
2.17.4.1 Tanks shall be permitted to be designed using site specific spectral acceleration factors. When
site specific seismic response factors are used, they shall be selected in accordance with ASCE
7 (02). The MCE values of 5% damping bedrock outcrop spectral acceleration at 0.2 seconds
and 1.0 seconds (SS and Sl respectively) shall be read from the maps. These values shall be
multiplied by the soil amplification factors Fa and Fv, to obtain the free surface spectral
accelerations SMS and SMl where SMS = SS Fa and SMl = Sl Fv.
2.17.4.2 The design values used in the calculations shall be 23 of SMS and SMl as follows:
SDS = 23 SMS and SDl = 23 SMl
2.17.4.3 For locations outside the USA, the design response spectra shall be 23 of the 2475-year
response spectrum or the 475-year response spectrum, depending on the design practice in the
respective country.
2.17.4.4 When tanks are designed using site specific seismic response spectra, it shall be so noted in
the listing and on the nameplate indicating Approval.
2.17.5 The analysis shall consider 25% of the roof live load acting simultaneously with the seismic event in
determining the overturning moment. The roof live load shall not be considered when determining the
weight of the tank resisting overturning. In lieu of this approach, two separate analyses shall be
performed. The first shall consider 100% of the roof live load acting simultaneously with the seismic
event in determining the overturning moment. In this case, 100% of the roof live load shall be
considered in determining the weight of the tank resisting overturning. The second analysis shall
consider none of the roof live load when determining overturning moment or resisting tank weight.
2.17.6 Tanks shall be designed using an importance factor of I = 1.25.
2.17.7 Seismically designed tanks shall be analyzed assuming the water level is at the TCL.
FM APPROVALS
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December 2005
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3.3 Marking
3.3.1 All tanks fabricated and erected in accordance with an FM Approved design shall be identified by a
corrosion resistant metal nameplate denoting Approval. The nameplate shall be permanently attached to
the exterior of the tank adjacent to the shell manway. A sample or facsimile shall be kept on file at FM
Approvals.
3.3.2 All nameplates shall contain the following information:
the Approval mark of FM Approvals
the manufacturers name and address
the nominal tank capacity, diameter and height
roof type, FMS (supported roofs) or FMSS (self supported)
date of fabrication/erection
manufacturers contract/job name
3.3.3 FM Approved tank designs that have been seismically analyzed shall show each FM Global Earthquake
Zone where it can be erected. If the tank has been designed using site specific seismic response spectra,
the words (site specific response spectra) shall be shown after the earthquake zone designation.
3.3.4 FM Approved welded steel tanks which have been designed utilizing increased design allowables in
accordance with AWWA D100-96, Section 14 shall so indicate on the nameplate denoting Approval.
3.3.5 Tanks that are designed for the dual purpose of fire protection and plant usage shall also show the amount
of water available for fire protection purposes assuming that all water dedicated to plant usage is unavailable for fire protection purposes.
FM APPROVALS
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FM APPROVALS
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4.2.3 Such audits shall be conducted periodically, but at least annually, by FM Approvals or its representatives.
Additional audits may be conducted based on jurisdictional requirements or at the sole discretion of
FM Approvals.
4.3 Re-examinations
4.3.1 FM Approvals may require re-examination of any type of individual or class of FM Approved products.
The basis for, and extent of the re-examination may vary. Re-examinations may be required to verify the
continued suitability of the tank design, for unsatisfactory product performance, unsatisfactory quality
control or modifications that have left the integrity of the design in question.
4.3.2 Fabricators and/or erectors failing to comply with all terms of the re-examination shall forfeit Approval
recognition of the tank design(s) in question.
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NOTE: These Approval marks are to be used only in conjunction with products or services that have been
FM Approved. The FM Approval marks should never be used in any manner (including advertising, sales or promotional
purposes) that could suggest or imply FM Approval or endorsement of a specific manufacturer or distributor. Nor should
it be implied that Approval extends to a product or service not covered by written agreement with FM Approvals. The
Approval marks signify that products or services have met certain requirements as reported by FM Approvals.
24
FM APPROVALS
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LENGTH:
AREA:
VELOCITY:
LIQ VOLUME:
gal - gallon
(L - liter)
L = gal 3.7854
DENSITY:
PRESSURE:
FORCE:
TEMPERATURE:
F - degrees Fahrenheit
(C - degrees Celsius)
C = (F - 32) 5/9
FM APPROVALS
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C-2 Nomenclature
The following nomenclature shall be used throughout this appendix.
26
Di
Do
Fb
Fy
Rc
Shear at the end of the rafter supported by the center column, lbs (N)
Rsh
Shear at the end of the rafter supported by the tank shell, lbs (N)
Si
So
Load on the rafter due to the uniformly increasing load, lbs (N)
Wi
Uniform load at the bearing point of the rafters on the column top plate, lbs/ft (N/m)
Wo
fb
Number of rafters
we
wr
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and
Si = Di/n
WO = SO (we + 40.83t)
and
Wi = Si (we + 40.83t)
where
fb Fb
When lateral bracing consists only of the frictional resistance between the roof plate and the
rafter compression flange, Fb = 15,000 lbs/in2 (105 MPa) or 0.4Fy. Stresses up to 0.6Fy can be
accepted if adequate lateral bracing (angles, etc) are provided, or if the roof plate is welded or
bolted to the rafter top flange.
C-3.1.6 Shear forces at each end of the rafter are determined as follows:
Rc = (W/3) + (wL/2)
and
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D-2 Nomenclature
The following nomenclature shall be used throughout this appendix.
fc
Acp
AS
Fu
Fut
LB
PC
D-3 Background
D-3.1 The capacity of foundation bolts is based on the pullout strength of the concrete failing in a shear cone
type failure (a cone of concrete with an apex below the bottom of the foundation bolt). See Figure D-1.
Figure D-1
28
FM APPROVALS
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D-3.2 Foundation bolt manufacturers publish values that include minimum center to center and free edge
distance requirements that are needed in order for the bolt to develop its full strength. When these values
are not maintained, the capacity of the bolt must be reduced because of the reduction of amount of
concrete available to develop a shear cone. When bolts are spaced too close together, the capacity must
be reduced to account for the fact that a certain portion of the shear cone is needed by both bolts in order
to develop their full strength. In the case of bolts being placed too close to the edge of the concrete, the
necessary area required for the development of the full strength in unavailable. See Figure D-2.
Figure D-2
D-3.3 The goal in using this method is to develop the concrete pull-out strength, PC, such that it is greater than
the ultimate tensile strength of the foundation bolt, Fut, therefore,
PC Fut
where
Fut = ASFu.
D-3.4 The minimum Acp is determined from the formula Acpmin = Fut/[4 (fc0.5)].
D-3.5 Based on Figure D-1, the area of the concrete cone radiating at a 45 from the bolt head (size of bolt head
assumed to be 1.5d) is:
Acp = [R2 - (1.5d/2)2] where R = LB + 1.5d/2 therefore the minimum foundation bolt embedment
length, LB = R - 1.5d/2.
D-3.6 The minimum center to center bolt spacing 2R.
D-3.7 The minimum foundation bolt edge distance is:
m = [0.25 Fut/(4 (fc0.5))]0.5
D-3.8 When the center to center spacing or minimum edge distance is less than required, the capacity of the
bolt shall be reduced in proportion to the reduction in the area of the conical surface.
FM APPROVALS
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E-2 Nomenclature
The following nomenclature shall be used throughout this appendix.
A
Cc
Ci
Specific gravity
Hsh
Importance factor
MCE
MEQ
Overturning moment applied at the base of the tank shell due to earthquake, ft-lbs (N-m)
MEQ (z) Overturning moment at a height z above the tank base, ft-lbs (N-m)
30
MEQ
Overturning moment below the base of the tank due to earthquake, ft-lbs (N-m)
RC
Ri
SAc
SAi
SAv
SDl
SDS
Tc
Ti
TS
VEQ
Design shear at the base of the tank shell due to earthquake, lbs (N)
VRES
Actual shear resistance at the base of the tank shell due to earthquake, lbs (N)
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dsl
da
hc
hc
Height of the convective mass for obtaining the convective moment below the base plate,
ft (m)
hi
hi
Height of the impulsive mass for obtaining the impulsive moment below the base plate,
ft (m)
hr
Distance to the center of gravity of the roof measured from the tank base, ft (m)
hsh
Distance to the center of gravity of the tank shell measured from the tank base, ft (m)
mb
mc
mC-IF
Weight of the convective liquid in the tank with insufficient freeboard, lbs (N)
mi
mi-IF
Weight of the impulsive liquid in the tank with insufficient freeboard, lbs (N)
ml
mr
Weight of the roof (dead load and live load), lbs (N)
msh
tb
ts
tz
teq
wL
The maximum weight of the tank contents per foot of circumference that may be used to
resist the shell overturning moment, lbs/ft (kg/m)
wt
The weight of the tank shell per foot of circumference, lbs/ft (kg/m)
Factor for reducing the convective moment with height z from the base
Factor for reducing the impulsive moment with height z from the base
pv
The hoop tensile stress at any point z from the tank base, lbs/in2 (MPa)
FM APPROVALS
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D SAc
2
(Eq. 1)
d
mi-IF = mi + mc 1 - a
(Eq. 2)
dsl
mC-IF = ml - mi-IF
(Eq. 3)
D2 H
(Eq. 4)
ml =
32
FM APPROVALS
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MEQ =
2
2
[(mi hi) + (msh hsh) + (mr hr)] SAi
(mc hc SAc )
Rc
Ri /I
(Eq. 5)
where
MEQ (z) =
2
2
[(mi hi i) + (msh (hsh i)) + (mr (hr - z))] SAi
(mc hc c SAc )
+
Ri /I
Rc
(Eq. 6)
where
E-5.4 The overturning moment below the base plate shall be determined as follows: [used in the design of mat
and pile foundations]
MEQ
2
2
[(mi hi) + (msh hsh) + (mr hr)] SAi
mc hc SAc
Rc
Ri/I
(Eq. 7)
where
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E-5.5 The natural periods of the impulsive (Ti) and the convective (Tc) modes of vibration, in seconds, shall be
determined as follows*:
Ti =
Ci H
teq
6D
(Eq. 8)
144 Eg
where
Tc = Cc 0.5 D
(Eq. 9)
where
teq is the equivalent uniform tank shell thickness using only the normally wetted portions of
the tank shell
[teq is a weighted average based on the thickness of each shell plate and the distance from the
centroid of that shell plate to the top of the overflow see paragraph E-12.3]
E-5.6 The shear force at the base of the tank shall be determined as follows:
VEQ =
2
2
(mi + msh + mr + mb) SAi
(mc SAc )
Rc
Ri /I
(Eq. 10)
(1.1*)
Table E-1
Recommended design values for the impulsive and convective modes of vibration as a function of the
liquid height to radius ratio (H/R) for the tank.
H/R
mi /ml
mc /ml
Ci
Cc*
Cv
hi /H
hc /H
hi /H
hc /H
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
0.3
0.176
0.824
9.28
1.153
9.83
0.400
0.521
2.640
3.414
0.5
0.300
0.700
7.74
0.959
7.91
0.400
0.543
1.460
1.517
0.7
0.414
0.586
6.97
0.881
7.04
0.401
0.571
1.009
1.011
1.0
0.548
0.452
6.36
0.838
6.43
0.419
0.616
0.721
0.785
1.5
0.686
0.314
6.06
0.820
6.03
0.439
0.690
0.555
0.734
2.0
0.763
0.237
6.21
0.817
5.87
0.448
0.751
0.500
0.764
2.5
0.810
0.190
6.56
0.817
5.80
0.452
0.794
0.480
0.796
3.0
0.842
0.158
7.03
0.817
5.75
0.453
0.825
0.472
1.825
*Cc expressed in s / ft
Note values are to be interpolated where appropriate.
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FM APPROVALS
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Table E-2
Tank type
Ri
Rc
3.5
SDS
SD1
50-year
1.3 g
0.8 g
100-year
0.9 g
0.45 g
0.55 g
0.25 g
250- / 500-year
FM APPROVALS
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Factors for Reducing Impulsive and Convective Overturning Moments with Height (z) from the Base
Figure E-3
36
FM APPROVALS
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E-6.3 The impulsive spectral acceleration, SAi is determined from Figure E-1 for the various period ranges
defined as follows:
SDS
4SD1 /Ti2
Ti < Ts
Ts Ti 4 sec
Ti > 4 sec
(Eq. 11)
where
Ts =
SD1
(Eq. 12)
SDS
E-6.4 The convective spectral acceleration, SAc, is determined from Figure E-2 for the various period ranges
defined as follows:
1.5 S
DS
6SD1 /Tc2
Tc < Ts
Ts Tc 4 sec
Tc > 4 sec
(Eq. 13)
Tv =
teq
6D
144 Eg
(Eq. 14)
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E-8.3 The weight of the tank shell and the deadload of the roof supported by the shell, wt, in pounds per foot
of circumference, shall be determined as follows:
wt =
where
msh + mr
D
mr = the weight due to the deadload of the roof acting on the shell (lbs)
E-9 Resistance to Sliding
For unanchored tanks, the resistance to sliding shall be determined as follows:
VRES = tan 20 (msh + mr + mi + mc + mb) (1.0 [ 0.4 SAv] )
VRES VEQ
where SAv is the spectral acceleration of vertical motion. It is taken as 23 the spectral acceleration read from
the 5% damping response spectrum (Fig. E-1) for the period T = Tv.
38
FM APPROVALS
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MEQ
D2 (wt + wL)
1.273 MEQ
c = wt +
D2
1
12 ts
E-10.3 When there is uplift but the tank has not been anchored, the maximum longitudinal shell compression
stress at the bottom of the shell shall be determined as follows:
wt + wL
c =
MEQ
0.607 - 0.18667
D2 (w +w )
t L
2.3
- wL
1
12 ts
(Eq. 15)
E-10.4 The allowable seismic stress, e, shall be determined in accordance with AWWA D100-96 (welded
tanks) or D103-97 (bolted tanks).
. SAv . H
(Eq. 16)
(Ri /I)
E-11.2 The hoop tensile stress due to vertical motion at any height z from the tank base is determined as
follows:
h =
H-z
pv D
24 tz
H
(Eq. 17)
t = h + (H - z)
D
24 tz
(Eq. 18)
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where
14
24 - = 22.8 ft
12
H=
R = 47.83
2
H
R
22.8 ft
23.92 ft
= 23.92 ft
= .95
(47.83)2 (25)
= 44,920 lbs
4
E-12.2.1 Interpolating from Table E-1:
40
mi
ml = .526
Ci = 6.46
mc
ml = .474
Cc = .845
hi
= .769
H
hi = 17.53
hc
= .823
H
hc = 18.76
hc
= .609
H
hc = 13.89
hi
= .416
H
hi = 9.48
FM APPROVALS
Cv = 6.53
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E-12.3 Determine the equivalent uniform shell plate thickness. Each shell ring is 8 ft in height:
Ring
3 (Top)
0.25 in.
0.25 in.
0.313 in.
0.313
+ 0.25 8 22.8-12 + 0.25 8 22.8-19.4*
12 8 22.8-4
12
12
teq =
(8 18.8) + (8 10.8) + (6.8 3.4)
6.289 = 0.024 ft = 0.29 in
259.92
(22.8-16)
+ 8 + 8
2
msh = 0.313 + 0.25 + 0.25 490 8
12
yA
.25
12 8 = .167
20
3.33
.25 8
12
= .167
12
2.00
.313 8 = .201
12
.83
= .535
= 6.16
y =
yA
6.16
=
= 11.5 ft = hsh
A
.535
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(6) (47.83)
(144) (2910 ) (32.2)
= .101 sec
(Eq. 8)
(Eq. 9)
(Eq. 14)
SD1
SDS
SD1 = .45 g
=
.45 g
.9 g
= .5 sec
(Eq. 12)
Ts = .5 sec
(Eq. 11)
(6) (0.45)
4.132
(Eq. 13)
= .158 g
(47.83) (0.158)
= 3.78 ft
2
42
FM APPROVALS
(Eq. 1)
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(see E-12.2)
(see E-12.2)
(Eq. 4)
2,556,290 lbs
1 - 1.17
3.78
(Eq. 2)
= 2,181,246 lbs
(Eq. 3)
**Note: mi-IF and MC-IF are substituted for mi and mc only when the freeboard is insufficient.
E-12.9 Determine the overturning moments (using 100% of the roof live load) [A second analysis
would also be required using 0 lbs as the roof live load per paragraph 2.17.5]
E-12.9.1 MEQ the moment above the base plate (used for shell plate stresses)
2
4/1.25
(375,044)(13.89)(.158)
= 6,403,017 ft-lbs
(Eq. 5)
E-12.9.2 MEQ (z) The moment at any height above the base plate. Use z = 8 ft
E-12.9.2.1 Determine i + c @ z = 8
z = 8 = .35
H
22.8
i = .38
Fig. E-3
c = .58
4/1.25
2
(Eq. 6)
= 2,604,032 ft-lbs
the moment below the base plate (used for designing the foundation)
E-12.9.2.3 MEQ
2
[(2,181,246)
(17.53)
+
(39,906)(11.4)+(21,000
+44,920)(24)](.9)
MEQ =
+
4/1.25
(375,044)(18.76)(.158)
= 11,341,883 ft-lbs
(Eq. 7)
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E-12.10
2
4/1.25
= 715,398 lbs
(375,044) (.158)
2
2
(1.1)
(Eq.10)
(see E-8.2)
but is limted to
(1.28)(22.8)(47.83)(1) = 1396 lbs/ft (controls)
wt =
(42,115 + 21,000)
= 420 lbs/ft
(47.83)
(see E-8.3)
(see E-9.1)
J=
44
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SAc
dsl
da
hr
The maximum height of the cone/dome roof measured from the top of the tank shell, ft (m)
xf
FM APPROVALS
45
4020/4021
December 2005
F-3.3 The maximum uplift force per circumferential with of the roof to shell connection is estimated from the
following equation, or it may be calculated more accurately:
0.5 xf2 SAc
Fmax
Figure F-1. Top view of a tank showing the wetted portion of the roof.
Figure F-2. Normalized wetted width of the tank roof, xf /D as a function of the actual/required freeboard.
46
FM APPROVALS
Printed in USA