A6 - Three Phase Inverter PDF
A6 - Three Phase Inverter PDF
A6 - Three Phase Inverter PDF
USING ARDUINO
Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
A. SIVA SAI
09241A02A3
A. SRI RAM
10241A0205
M. VENKATESH
10241A0232
P. RAM SREEDHAR
10241A0244
CERTIFICATE:
This is to certify that the project report entitled THREE PHASE
INVERTER USING ARDUINO that is being submitted by A. SIVA
SAI, A. SRI RAM, M. VENKATESH, P. RAM SREEDHAR in
partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering to the
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record of bonafide
work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision. The
results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to
any other University or Institute for the award of any graduation
degree.
Prof. M. Chakravarthy
HOD, EEE
GRIET, Hyderabad
G. Swapna
ASSISTANT PROFFESSOR
GRIET, Hyderabad
(GUIDE)
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Acknowledgement
This is to place on record my appreciation and deep gratitude to
the persons without whose support this project would never seen
the light of day.
I have immense pleasure in expressing my thanks and deep
sense of gratitude to my guide G. Swapna, Assistant Professor
G.R.I.E.T for her guidance throughout this project.
I also express my sincere thanks to Prof. P.M. Sarma,
Research and Development Dean for extending his help.
I express my gratitude to Prof. E.Venkateshwaralu, Project
Supervisor G.R.I.E.T for his valuable recommendations and
for accepting this project report.
Finally I express my sincere gratitude to all the members of
faculty and my friends who contributed their valuable advice
and helped to complete the project successfully.
A. SIVA SAI
A. SRI RAM
M. VENKATESH
P. RAM SREEDHAR
Table of Contents
Abstract
List of figures
Page No
Chapter I : Introduction...8
ABSTRACT
This project deals with study of a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated Inverter
and all the parameters used to reduce the harmonics and give the good efficiency of
the inverter. The project will be commenced by a basic understanding of the circuitry
of the SPWM Inverter using arduino, the components used in its design and the
reason for choosing such components in this circuitry. Generally, only single phase
SPWM inverters are used industrially, and certain instabilities have been found in
their operation. With improper selection of system parameters, the inverter suffers
different type of instabilities and many types of harmonics. Our attempt will be to
observe the same for three phase SPWM inverter and analyze its parameters used to
get a pure sinusoidal output waveform and fewer harmonic in its output current and
voltage waveform. Three phase inverters are essential in many industrial applications
for providing adjustable-frequency power.
Arduino is an open source electronic prototyping platform based on flexible
easy to use hardware and software. It is intended for artists, designers, hobbyists and
anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. The effectiveness of
using arduino is that it will directly generates the required pulses for switching the full
bridge inverter effectively
List of Figures
Page No
CHAPTER I
Introduction
What if we cannot use the stored power in a battery when we dont have power
supply? Since the energy stored in a battery is in dc form so to use this stored power
in battery we need to convert this dc form of energy to ac form. So here comes the
concept of power inverters.
The devices which can convert electrical energy of DC form into AC form is
known as power inverters. They come in all sizes and shapes, from a high power
rating to a very low power rating, from low power functions like powering a car radio
to that of backing up a building in case of power outage. Inverters can come in many
different varieties, differing in power, efficiency, price and purpose. The purpose of a
DC/AC power inverter is typically to take DC power supplied by a battery, such as a
12 volt car battery, and transform it into a 120 volt AC power source operating at 60
Hz, emulating the power available at an ordinary household electrical outlet.
DC-AC inverters have been widely used in industrial applications such as
uninterruptible power supplies, static frequency changes and AC motor drives.
Recently, the inverters are also playing important roles in renewable energy
applications as they are used to link a photovoltaic or wind system to a power grid.
Like DC-DC converters, the DC-AC inverters usually operate in a pulse width
modulated (PWM) way and switch between a few different circuit topologies, which
means that the inverter is a nonlinear, specifically piecewise smooth system. In
addition, the control strategies used in the inverters are also similar to those in DC-DC
converters. For instance, current-mode control and voltage-mode control are usually
employed in practical applications. In the last decade, studies of complex behavior in
switching power converters have gained increasingly more attention from both the
academic community and industry.
CHAPTER II
Background
Devices that convert dc power to ac power are called inverters. The purpose of an
inverter is to change a dc input voltage to ac output voltage which will be symmetric
and will have desired magnitude and frequency. The output voltage can be varied by
varying the input dc voltage and keeping constant inverter gain, however, if the input
dc voltage is fixed and cannot be controlled, the gain of the inverter has to be varied
to obtain variable output voltage. Varying the gain of the inverter is mainly done by a
scheme which is known as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The inverter gain is
basically the ratio of ac output voltage to the dc input voltage.
Based on the power supply, inverters can be broadly classified into two types:
Voltage Source Inverter and Current Source Inverter. A VSI has small or negligible
impedance at its input terminal that is, it has a stiff dc voltage source, whereas for a
CSI, it is fed with adjustable current from a dc source with high impedance in this
case. For the purpose of our project, all analysis throughout this paper has been done
for Voltage Source Inverters (VSI). These can be classified into two types which are
Single Phase Inverters and Three Phase Inverters. Either type can use controllable
turn-on and turn-off devices e.g. BJTs, MOSFETs, IGBTs etc. Generally PWM
control is used to obtain ac output voltage of desired frequency and magnitude.
Since our project deals with Sinusoidal Pulse Width modulated Inverters, the basic
concepts of Sinusoidal PWM are explained below.
In this method of modulation, several pulses per half cycle are used and the
pulse width is a sinusoidal function of the angular position of the pulse in a cycle. A
high frequency triangular carrier wave Vc is compared with a sinusoidal reference
wave Vr of the desired frequency. The switching instants and commutation of the
modulated pulse are determined by the intersection of Vc and Vr waves. The carrier
and reference waves are mixed in a comparator. When the sinusoidal wave has higher
magnitude, the comparator output is high, else it is low. The comparator output is
processed in a trigger pulse generator in such a way that the output voltage wave has a
pulse width in agreement with the comparator pulse width.
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11
12
The switches of the phase legs are controlled based on the following comparison:
The gating signals of single phase inverters should be advanced or delayed by 120
with respect to each other to get 3 phase balanced voltages. The transformer primary
winding must be isolated from each other whereas secondary winding may be
connected in wither Y or .
The secondary winding of the transformer is usually connected in to get rid of triple
harmonic appearing on the output voltages. Output voltages of single phase inverters
are not balanced in magnitude or phase.
A three phase output may also be obtained by a configuration of six controllable
switches and six diodes. Two types of control signals can be applied to these switches
which are 120 and 180 modes of conduction.
13
CHAPTER III
Methodology
3.1 180 mode of operation:
Each transistor conducts for a period of 180. Three of the transistors remain on at any
instant of time. When Ta+ is switched on, terminal a is connected to positive terminal
of dc input voltage. When Ta- is switched on, terminal a is brought to negative
terminal of dc input. There are six modes of operation in a cycle and duration of each
mode is 60.
T
State
State No.
Vab
Vbc
Vca
VDC
- VDC
VDC
- VDC
a
b
T + are on
1 a
- VDC
VDC
-VDC
VDC
-VDC
VDC
VDC
-VDC
s T + , T + and
a
b
t Tc+ are on
Tc- are on
STa-, Tc+ and
wTb+ are
i
on
Tc+ are on
t T - are on
c
Three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) for 180 degree conduction
14
The load can be connected in either Y or . Switches of any leg of the inverter
cannot be switched on at the same time since this would result in a short circuit across
the dc link voltage supply. Similarly to avoid undefined states and thus undefined ac
output line voltage, the switches of any leg of the inverter may not be switched off
simultaneously since this can result in voltages that depend on respective line current
polarity.
However, for practical applications, 180 mode of conduction is preferred
since each transistor is better utilized in case of 180 mode of conduction as compared
to 120 mode of operation for similar load conditions. Nevertheless, the analysis of
the output waveforms of the inverter will not vary much for 120 since only the
amplitude will vary for the two modes and not the vital characteristics.
This conductive angle is used in many industries. It results in six modes for
each period, considering the number of transistors, which each of them is on for a half
a period.T1, T5 andT6 transistors turn on in first half time and other transistors are
off. AC voltage is produce, by repeating the same process in the next modes. Figure. 2
shows pulses and output voltage for an ohmic load.
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CHAPTER IV
Arduino Mega
4.1 Overview:
The
Arduino
Mega
2560
is
microcontroller
board
based
on
the ATmega2560 (datasheet). It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be
used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a
16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started. The Mega is compatible with most shields designed for the
Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila.
The Mega 2560 is an update to the Arduino Mega, and it has following features:
Stronger RESET circuit
Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2
Schematic, Reference Design & Pin Mapping.
EAGLE files : arduino-mega2560_R3-reference-design.zip.
Schematic
: arduino-mega2560_R3-schematic.pdf.
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Pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new
pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the
voltage provided from the board.In future, shields will be compatible both with the
board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Mega that
operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future
purposes.
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4.2 Summary:
Microcontroller
ATmega2560
Operating Voltage
5V
7-12V
6-20V
16
40 mA
50 mA
Flash Memory
SRAM
8 KB
EEPROM
4 KB
Clock Speed
16 MHz
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4.3 Power:
The Arduino Mega can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into
the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin
headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be
unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the
board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source).
You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack,
access it through this pin.
5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.
4.4 Memory:
The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8 KB is
used for the bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read
and written with the EEPROM library).
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AREF : Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset : Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
4.6 Communication:
The Arduino Mega2560 has a number of facilities for communicating with a
computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega2560 provides
four hardware UARTs for TTL (5V) serial communication. An ATmega16U2
(ATmega 8U2 on the revision 1 and revision 2 boards) on the board channels one of
these over USB and provides a virtual com port to software on the computer
(Windows machines will need a .inf file, but OSX and Linux machines will recognize
the board as a COM port automatically. The Arduino software includes a serial
monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX
and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
ATmega8U2/ATmega16U2 chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for
serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Mega2560's
digital pins.
The ATmega2560 also supports TWI and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the TWI bus; see the documentation for
details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.
4.7 Programming:
The Arduino Mega can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). For
details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega2560 on the Arduino Mega comes preburned with a bootloader that
allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C
header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
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The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is
available in the Arduino repository. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by:
On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map
of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. You can then use Atmel's FLIP
software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new
firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting
the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.
EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor
from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.
25
CHAPTER V
INTERFACING OF PS21765
PS21765 is a 600V, 20 Ampere short pin DIP Intelligent Power Module.
26
5.1: Interfacing:
The PWM pulses required for the switching mode of the inverter are
generated using arduino software program illustrated below:
Program:
#include<GraphSeries.h>
GraphSeries pin8 = GraphSeries("Pin 8");
GraphSeries pin9 = GraphSeries("Pin 9");
GraphSeries pin10 = GraphSeries("Pin 10");
GraphSeries pin11 = GraphSeries("Pin 11");
GraphSeries pin12 = GraphSeries("Pin 12");
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void setup()
{
pinMode(8,OUTPUT);
pinMode(9,OUTPUT);
pinMode(10,OUTPUT);
pinMode(11,OUTPUT);
pinMode(12,OUTPUT);
pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
double d = 3.333;
// 180 degree conduction mode - s1:0-180,s2:60-240,s3:120-300,s4:180-360,s5:24060,s6:300-120
digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
delay(d);
pin8.SendData(2);
digitalWrite(12,LOW);
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);
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delay(d);
pin9.SendData(3);
digitalWrite(13,LOW);
digitalWrite(10,HIGH);
delay(d);
pin10.SendData(4);
digitalWrite(8,LOW);
digitalWrite(11,HIGH);
delay(d);
pin11.SendData(5);
digitalWrite(9,LOW);
digitalWrite(12,HIGH);
delay(d);
pin12.SendData(6);
digitalWrite(10,LOW);
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
delay(d);
pin13.SendData(7);
digitalWrite(11,LOW);
}
The above program generates the gate pulses in which each switch conducts
for a period of 60 degrees following 180 degree conduction mode.
This inverter kit is designed in our college and it consists of the following circuits
which are mounted on it.
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Fig 9. PS21765
30
31
32
ARDUINO PINS
PS 21765 PINS
S1
S2
10
S3
11
S4
12
S5
13
S6
GND
GND
3.3V
3.3V
5.4: APPLICATIONS:
Refrigerators
Air Conditioners
Solar panels
33
CHAPTER VI
RESULTS AND OUTPUT
Input of 26V is taken from the diode bridge rectifier and is applied to the inverter, the
following results were obtained during simulation process.
34
35
36
OUTPUT:
37
Output VoltageY-Phase
38
39
6.2: Conclusions:
Pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters, can provide higher quality of output voltage.
The PWM inverter may be a preferred choice on account of its simplicity and low
cost. The switch control circuit is very simple and the switching frequency is
significantly lower. This results in low switching losses.
6.3: References:
1. Bhimbra P.S., Power Electronics, Khanna Publishers, 4th edition
2. Chattopadhyay and Rakshit P.C., Electronics, Fundamentals and Applications,
New Age International P Limited, Publishers, 2007
3. Arduino Mega Reference arduino.cc.
4. PS21765 Application note.
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