SUMMER Remediation Lingva LATINA VII Grammar I, Ii, Iii: Lessons 1 - 2 - 3
SUMMER Remediation Lingva LATINA VII Grammar I, Ii, Iii: Lessons 1 - 2 - 3
SUMMER Remediation Lingva LATINA VII Grammar I, Ii, Iii: Lessons 1 - 2 - 3
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Word in Latin
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Part of Genitive
Speech Or
Principal Parts
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Word in Latin
Lessons 1 2 3
Part of Genitive
Speech Or
Principal Parts
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PARTS OF SPEECH (POS) and GRAMMAR TERMS that you must know!!!
There are other grammatical terms you will learn as we progress through our lessons.
case: there are five in Latin. You only need to know the nominative this lesson.
o they are used to identify the job a noun or pronoun does in a sentence.
o in Latin the endings of nouns and adjectives change to show the case.
declension: there are five in Latin. This lesson you will learn the first declension.
o They are nouns grouped according to the endings they use
complement: a word or phrase used after a verb to complete a grammatical construction in the predicate and that
describes or is identified with the subject or object, as small in The house is small or president in They elected her
president.
predicate nominative: a noun which follows a state of being (SOB or linking) verb and equals the subject
predicate adjective: an adjective which follows a state of being (SOB or linking) verb and equals the subject
predicate: the group of words which says something about the subject, including the verb and everything
modifying the verb.
tense: the term used to identify the TIME in which an action occurs, such as Past, Present and Future; refers only
to VERBS
to parse to analyze (a word or sentence) in terms of grammatical parts, identifying the parts of speech, GNC, etc
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Part of Speech
Use
Examples
Noun
Pronoun
replaces a noun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
Conjunction
and, but, or
Interjection
Article
Preposition
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Parts of a Sentence
In a sentence with an action verb, the following sentence patterns may occur :
S - AV
The dog ran.
S - AV - prepositional phrase ( preposition followed by a noun or pronoun, which is the object of the
preposition; modifiers may be included in the prep. phrase)
The dog ran under the car.
The dog ran into the deep, dark cave.
S - AV - DO (answers the question subject-verb-what?)The dog chased the cat. (The dog chased what? The
cat.)
S - AV - IO - DO (answers the question subject-verb-do- to or for whom or what?; and indirect object can only
be added in some situations and always comes before the direct object) The dog gave the cat a bite. (The dog
gave a bite to whom?)
Linking verbs include the forms of be and other verbs that show being, not action.
S - LV -PN ( The predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that is equal to the subject. Switch the two
around and the sentence will have the same meaning)
That woman is our senator. (woman and senator are the same person)
Our senator is that woman. (Both sentences are the same; it's not always that clear, but the trick always works)
S-LV-PA ( An adjective is usually followed by the noun it modifies. A predicate adjective is not followed by a
noun because it modifies the subject)
That woman is talented.
Our senator is a talented woman. (In this sentence, the word talented modifies woman, so it's just a regular
adjective and woman is a predicate nominative, a noun that equals the subject.)
Pronoun Usage
Nominative pronouns are used for the subject or predicate nominative. Nominative pronouns are:
he
she
it
we
they
who
Objective pronouns are used for objects (direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition). Objective
pronouns are:
him
her
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it
us
them
whom
me
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B) I bought a new felt-tip pen. The sentence base, I bought, does not seem complete. You want to ask "I
bought what?"
The first sentence has no complement; the second one does. The complement (from the word complete) is the
what. The complement is pen.
You can know whether a sentence base has a complement very easily. All you do is ask the question: I bought
(subject -- verb) what? If there is an answer to that question, the answer is the complement of the sentence. (The
what may be a person or a thing.) If there is no answer, the sentence has no complement.
For example, try this sentence.
We ran to school this morning.
Step 1. The verb is ran.
Step 2. It is an action verb.
Step 3. Who/What ran? We is the subject.
Step 4. We ran what? There is no answer. There is no complement in this sentence. The sentence base is this:
We - ran.
Try this sentence. Somebody spanked me on my birthday.
Step 1. The verb is spanked.
Step 2. It is an action verb.
Step 3. Who/What spanked? Somebody is the subject.
Step 4. Somebody spanked what? Me is the complement. The sentence base is this: Somebody - spanked - me.
Try this sentence. I am a good person.
Step 1. The verb is am.
Step 2. It is a linking verb.
Step 3. Who/What am? I is the subject.
Step 4. I am what? Person is the complement. The sentence base is this: I - am - person
There are two main kinds of complements:
A) DIRECT OBJECT - Something happens to it.
This is the complement after an action verb. It receives the action of the verb. Me in the sentence Somebody
spanked me on my birthday, for example, receives the spanking action; me is a direct object.
B) SUBJECT COMPLEMENT - Nothing happens to it.
This is the complement after a linking verb. It receives no action because the verb has no action; it just renames
or describes the subject. Person in the sentence I am a good person, for example, receives no action; it renames
the subject. Person is a subject complement.
Examples:
Please open the window in the back of the room. Sentence base:
(You) - subject
open - verb
window - direct object
Something happens to the window. It gets opened by you.
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Sometimes the subject of the sentence is you, implied (It is not stated). If I say: "Raise your hand," you know I
mean whomever I am talking to (You raise your hand). This implied subject (always you) occurs in imperative
sentences like those below:
Please wait for me. (YOU - wait)
Open my present first. (YOU - open)
Sometimes the subject of the sentence comes after the verb. This often occurs in sentences thatbegin with "Here
is..." or "There goes..." or "Where are..."
Where are the chocolate-chip cookies? (Cookies - are)
Here is the best uncle in the world. (Uncle - is)
Words like here, there, and where cannot be subjects. They are not doers; they are not nouns or pronouns.
Sometimes the verb is more than one word. Helping verbs are sometimes needed to provide a specific time or
condition of a verb. They are considered to be part of the verb.
a. I have known them for at least six years.
b. They will be going to college next September.
c. He could not finish his science project.
Common helping verbs include can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would), must; any form of have,
any form of be, and any form of do.
If your sentence is interrogative, the subject may be in the middle of the verb:
Are you coming with us or not? (You - are coming)
Directions for the ten sentences below:
Find the subject and verb of each sentence.
Sample: The best part (subject) of the movie is (verb) the title. ("Of the movie" is a prepositional phrase. Words
that are part of a prepositional phrase are NEVER part of the sentence base.)
COVER THE ANSWERS BELOW TO SEE IF YOU CAN DO THIS.
1. The school bus arrived early today.
2. There are at least three windows in his room.
3. Somebody might have told the class that rumor.
4. Jeremiah is the best musician in the school.
5. The people at the party were all senior citizens.
6. The puppy in the pet store window looks lonesome.
7. John must have given you our new address.
8. I knocked my elbow on the railing this morning.
9. There goes the fastest runner on the track team.
10. Has anybody seen the new Robin Williams movie?
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Nomen et Cognomen_________________________________
___________________________
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Remember from Lesson 1 that we learned that there are five cases in Latin, and that the NOMINATIVE was
used for the subject, predicate nominative and predicate adjective?
Viae in Italia sunt. (Subject)
Britannia est insula. (PN)
Aqua est bona. (PA)
Well, now we add the ACCUSATIVE for a different type of complement!!! The Direct Object of a
sentence will be in this new case.
The direct object receives the action of the verb. It answers Whom or What.
For each of the following sentences, circle the verb and decide whether it is an action verb or a state of
being verb. Then, find the complement and decide whether it is a predicate nominative (underline once)
or a direct object (underline twice).
Finally, imagine you were going to translate the complement into Latin. What would be its number? its
case?
number
case
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
6. By next week the Red Sox will have lost the pennant.
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
Case
Plural
Nominative
insul_______
insul_______
Genitive
insul_______
insul_______
Dative
insul_______
insul_______
Accusative
insul_______
insul_______
Ablative
insul_______
insul_______
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Lesson 2: Worksheet #2
1. Familiae aquam bonam amant.
What is the case of aquam? ________________________________
What is the pos of bonam? ________________________________
What is the number of the verb? ________________________________
2. Silva et aqua bonae sunt.
What is the number of bonae? ________________________________
What is the case of bonae? ________________________________
What is the complete subject. ________________________________
3. Puella pupam portat.
What is the direct object? ________________________________
How do you know? ________________________________
What is its case? ________________________________
4. Insulae magnae sunt.
What is the predicate adjective? ________________________________
What is its case? ________________________________
What does magnae mean? ________________________________
5. Puellae magnas silvas non amant.
What is the case of silvas? ________________________________
What is the number of silvas? ________________________________
6. Familia duram terram non amat.
What is the adverb? ________________________________
What is the subject? ________________________________
What is its gender? ________________________________
7. Insula et via parvae sunt.
What is the declension of insula and via? ________________________________
What is the number of parvae? ________________________________
What is its case? ________________________________
What does it mean? ________________________________
8. Ana puella est.
What is the predicate nominative? ________________________________
What does puella mean? ________________________________
9. Vitoria et Diana puellae magnae sunt.
What is the conjunction? ________________________________
What does it mean? ________________________________
Is there a PN or a PA? What is it? ________________________________
10. Terram et aquam amant.
What is the case of terram and aquam? ________________________________
What does amant mean? ________________________________
What is the complete subject? ________________________________
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Latin 7 L2 Worksheet #3
Translate from English into Latin. Then translate the whole sentence back into English.
Read the following guidelines before you start.
A) Always find the verb first. Be careful that the verbs agree (singular or plural) with their SUBJECT.
B) Be careful that the adjectives agree with the nouns they modify.
C) Be careful to decide what kind of complement you have (p.n., p.a. or d.o.)
If you have a linking verb (form of to be) then pn or pa.
If a transitive (action) verb, then d.o.
D) Be careful to choose carefully whether the nouns are in the nominative or accusative case.
1. _________________________ portant aquam. (Girls)
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Puellae non ___________________ aquam. (carry)
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Puellae non portant ________________________. (earth)
________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________ non sunt magnae in Sicilia. (Forests)
________________________________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________ non sunt in Hispania. (Large islands)
________________________________________________________________________________
6. Puellae _____________________ portant pupam. (dont)
________________________________________________________________________________
7. Insulas _______________________ amant. (small)
________________________________________________________________________________
8. Sunt ________________________ viae. (large)
________________________________________________________________________________
9. Est vita ________________________? (hard)
________________________________________________________________________________
10. Fama et fortuna __________________________ sunt. (great)
________________________________________________________________________________
11. Sicilia et Sardinia _____________________________ sunt. (islands)
________________________________________________________________________________
12. Familiae puellas _____________________ amant. (good)
________________________________________________________________________________
13. Puellae _____________________ bonam amant. (life)
________________________________________________________________________________
14. In Europa silvae magnae sunt _________________________ in Antarctica non sunt. (but)
________________________________________________________________________________
15. Familiae aquam bonam ________________________________. (like)
________________________________________________________________________________
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The English pronoun that corresponds to the first person singular is__________.
6.
The English pronoun that corresponds to the second person singular is __________.
7. The English pronouns that corresponds to the third person singular are_________, _______ and
_________.
8. The English pronoun that corresponds to the first person plural is ___________.
9. The English pronoun that corresponds to the second person plural is__________.
10. The English pronoun that corresponds to the third person plural is______________.
11. ______________ _______________ go at the end of the verb to what the subject is.
12. In English, the infinitive is introduced by what preposition?___________
13. In Latin, the present infinitive is indicated in all regular verbs by what ending?___________
14. How many tenses are formed with the present stem of a verb?_____________
15. Latin verbs are divided into four classes called _____________________.
16. How many present tenses are there in English? _____________________.
17. Give an example of all of these present tenses of the verb to play with the subject of we.
_______________________________________________________
18. How may present tenses are there in Latin?________________________
19. Give an example of the present tenses(s) in Latin. _________________________________
20. Now translate the Latin verb you chose for 19 and translate it the correct number of ways into English.
__________________________________________________________________
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Conjugating Verbs
Remember that while a declension is a family of Latin nouns, a conjugation is a family
of Latin verbs. There are four conjugations in Latin.
To conjugate a verb means to run it through its various forms in a specific tense.
Setting up the process of conjugating always begins in this way in English:
Verb: ____________________
Tense: ___________________________________
S
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
I
you
he,she,it
PL
we
you
they
Nowjust plug in the specific verb forms for that tense. Try the process with the verbs
talk, carry, pass and magnify in the present tense. What do you notice about the third
person singular?
Principal Parts- English has Four Principal Parts to all verbs. They are the
building blocks for all of the forms which the verb may use. They are
Present
love
Present Participle
(is) loving
Past
loved
Past Participle
(has) loved
Remember: If an English verb forms its Past with an ed we call it a regular verb,
if not, its an irregular verb. (What about run, talk, give, push??)
Latin also has principal parts for its verbs. They are
Present
amo
Infinitive
amare
Perfect
amavi
Perfect Passive
amatus
To conjugate the verb amo in the present tense, focus on the 1st Principal Part. Use the
following chart of Latin verb endings (refer to these as person endings):
S
PL
st
1 Per.
I
= o
we = mus
2nd Per.
you
= s
you = tis
3rd Per. he,she,it = t
they = nt
and the following recipe: To conjugate a verb in the present tense take the 1st Principal Part, knock off the
o, add the magic letter a, and then the person ending.
The conjugation of amo in the present now looks like this:
1st Per.
2nd Per
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S
amo
amas
PL
amamus
amatis
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3rd Per.
amat
amant
The same pattern would work with any verb of the 1st conjugation.
Finally: Note that we have three forms of the present tense in English: the Simple Present, the Progressive
Present, and the Emphatic Present.
e.g I love, I am loving, I do love.
They would all be translated by the same word in Latin: amo. If you were going from
Latin to English, any of the three English translations would be correct.
16. I do watch__________________
2. amat______________________
17. Laborare___________________
3. portamus___________________
4. spectatis____________________
5. we are getting________________
6. they do work_________________
7. amat________________________
22. Est_______________________
8. laboras______________________
23. We do like_________________
9. I am watching________________
24. Amare____________________
10. sunt________________________
26. You(s)prepare_____________
12. to get_______________________
27. Spectas__________________
13. portant______________________
14. I am working_________________
29. Portatis__________________
15. spectamus___________________
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_________________________________
_________________________________
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Pars II Complete the translation of each of the following sentences by writing the bold words in Latin.
16. There are forests.
______________silvae.
22. nominative
c. singular or plural
24. case
25. declension
26. verb
27. gender
28. noun
30. adverb
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Pars I Find and assess the complement. On the first line tell what kind of complement it is (p.n., p.a., d.o.) we
have. On the second line tell what case the complement would be in. (20 points)
Type of Comp.
Case
1. I often shave my yak.
__________________
_________________
__________________
_________________
__________________
_________________
__________________
_________________
__________________
_________________
__________________
_________________
__________________
_________________
__________________
_________________
__________________
_________________
__________________
_________________
Pars II: Answer the following questions about each sentences. (20 points)
1. Puellae bonam fortunam amant.
What is the subject?
_____________________________________
Is it singular or plural?
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Is it singular or plural?
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Is it singular or plural?
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Pars III Translate each of the following sentences into good English. Remember that you may insert articles
when necessary. (40 points)
1. Vita est dura in Sicilia et viae non bonae sunt. (8)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Familiae fama et fortuna bonae amant. (5)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Est aqua in Antarctica, sed silvae non sunt in Antarctica. (6)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Pars IV Translate each of the following English sentences into Latin.
1. The water and the land in Sicily are not great. (6)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Large families do not love the small roads. (6)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The good girls carry water, but they do not like the land. (9)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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In each of the following sentences put one line under the subject and a circle around the verb. Put a box around
any predicate nominatives. Put two lines under all predicate adjectives. Put a triangle around all direct objects.
1. The small puppy watched the fat cat eat his food.
2. The women are teachers at a great Jesuit school, McQuaid Jesuit High School.
3. She regularly provides financial support to her struggling offspring.
4. Do you want to be a cowboy?
5. We all love the smell of the spices in Indian food.
6. The savage parrot chewed through the bars of the cage.
7. The chosen baseball team will win the World Series.
8. Posada is a phenomenal catcher and a reliable hitter,
9. The students who study are amazed with their success.
10. My twisted brother loves the taste of dog biscuits.
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