Syllabus DU
Syllabus DU
Syllabus DU
(Honours)
Microbiol. 101
General Microbiology-I
(0.5 Unit)
Microbial Ecology
(0.5 Unit)
1. Basic concept of microbial ecology : the scope of microbial ecology; historical overview; relation
of microbial ecology to general ecology.
2. Microbial communities and ecosystems : development of microbial communities; structure of
microbial communities; ecosystems; microbial communities in nature.
3. Brief introduction to microorganisms in natural habitats : atmoecosphere : characteristics and
stratification of the atmosphere, the atmosphere as habitat and medium for microbial dispersal,
microorganisms in the atmoecosphere; hydrosphere ecology of fresh water, composition and activity
of fresh water, composition and activity of fresh water microbial communities. Physical and
chemical factors, estuaries, and marine water environment; characteristics and stratification of the
ocean, composition and activity of marine microbial communities, role of microbes in the aquatic
environment and lithosphere: introduction to soil formation: rocks and mineral, soil horizon, soil
texture, soil organic matter, chemical properties of soil, soil microbial communities.
4. Effect of abiotic factors on microorganisms : abiotic limitations to microbial growth, Leibigs law
of minimum; Shelfords law of tolerance, temperature, radiation, pressure, salinity, water activity,
movement, hydrogen ion concentration, redox potential, organic compounds and inorganic
compounds.
5. Adaptation & interactions of microorganisms in the extreme environments : hot spring, acid
springs and lakes, salt lakes, Antarctica, extraterrestrial system
Books Recommended :
1. Microbial Ecology : Fundamentals and Applications R.M. Atlas and Bartha
2. Microbial Ecology : A Conceptual Approach J.M. Lynch and Poole
3. Microbiology M.J. Pelczar, Jr. ; E.C.S. Char & N.R. Krieg
4. Microbiology : An Introduction G.J. Tortora et al.
Microbiol. 103
Microbial Chemistry
(0.5 Unit)
1. Biomolecules and biopolymers : Properties and functions of the major and minor essential
elements, water, carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins.
2. Molecular architecture of microbial cells : chemical composition and function of cellular
structures and organelles : capsule, flagella, pili, cell-wall, cytoplasmic membrane, pigments,
ribosome, mitochondria, cytoplasmic inclusions and endospore.
3. Antimicrobial agents : type, chemistry, mode of action, efficiency, and the antimicrobial resistance;
study of penicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nyastatin, gentamicin and griseofulvin;
effectiveness of antimicrobial agents : assay of antibiotics by chemical methods.
Books Recommended :
1. Bacterial Metabolism Gottschalk
2. Chemical Microbiology A. H. Rose
3. Antibiotics : a scientific approach N.S Agorov
4. Biochemistry A.L. Lehninger
Microbiol. 104
(0.5 Unit)
1. Microscopes and Microscopy: light spectrum, resolving power and magnification power;
microscopes : light and electron microscopes; Microscopy; bright-field, dark-field, fluorescence,
phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, transmission electron, scanning electron, scanning
tunneling and atomic force microscopy.
2. Observation of microorganisms under microscope: wet-mount and hanging-drop technique :
preparation of microorganisms for staining; chemical properties of stains; mechanisms of staining;
chemical positive and negative staining, simple, differential and special staining technique.
3. Cultivation of microorganisms: nutritional requirements; physical and gaseous requirements;
media used for cultivation microorganisms: chemically defined media, complex media, anaerobic
growth media, selective and differential media; enriched culture; anaerobic culture method; pure
culture techniques.
4. Characterization of microorganisms: morphological characteristics; nutritional and cultural
characteristics metabolic characteristics; antigenic characteristics pathogenic characteristics; genetic
characteristics.
5. Culture preservation: long-term and short-term techniques for preservation of microbial culture.
6. Measurement of growth: direct measurement of microbial growth; estimating bacterial number by
indirect methods.
7. Control of microbial growth: principles of microbial control; the rate of microbial death; the action
of microbial control agents; conditions influencing microbial control; physical and chemical methods
of microbial control.
Books Recommended :
1. General Microbiology II G. Schlegel
2. Biology of Microorganisms T.D. Brock et al.
3. Microbiology M.J. Pelezar, Jr.; E.C.S. Chan & N.K. Krieg.
4. Microbiology : An Introduction G.J. Tortora et al.
5. Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology A.J. Salle
Microbiol. 105
Practical
(1.0 Unit)
Introduction to safety regulations and hygiene practice on working in microbiology Laboratory.
Part A (Microscopy)
1. Use & function of microscopes
2. Observation of stained cell preparations
3. Observation of living bacterial cells
4. Observation of living yeasts & molds
5. Micrometry : measurement of microbial cell.
Viva voce
(Auxiliary) Computer Applications
(0.5 Unit)
(1.0 Unit)
2. Nutritional requirements for microbial growth : chemical elements as nutrients ; organic growth
factors; nutritional classification of microorganisms; nutrient uptake processes.
3. Culture media : criteria for an ideal culture medium; complex media; chemically-defined media;
selective and differential media; enrichment media; anaerobic growth media special purpose media
for eukaryotic microorganisms tissue culture media.
4. Growth of bacteria : bacterial multiplication; generation: time; mathematic expression of growth
phases of growth; synchronous growth; batch, fed-batch and continuous culture.
5. Microbial systematics : microbial evolution and physiology; microbial taxonomy and classification
taxonomic hierarchies: classical systems of microbial classification, phenetic and phylogenetic
approaches to microbial classification; numerical taxonomy; molecular based classification;
dendograms and similarity matrices.
6. Atypical bacteria : general characteristics and importance of actinomyces, cyanobacteria,
mvcoplasmas, rickettsias and chlamydias, spirochetes and gliding, sheathed, budding and
appendaged bacteria.
Books Recommended :
1. Principles of Microbiology R.M. Atlas
2. Biology of Microorganisms T.D. Brock et al.
3. Microbiology M. J. Pelezar, Jr.; E.C.S. Chan & N.R. Krieg
4. Microbiology: An Introduction G.J. Tortora et al.
Microbiol. 202
Environmental Microbiology
(0.5 Unit)
1. Biological interactions : microbial interaction within a single microbial populations, positive and
negative interaction, interaction between diverse microbial population. neutralism. commensalisms,
synergism, mutualism, competition. ammensalism, parasitism, predation; microbe-plant interaction
and microbe animal interaction.
2. techniques for the study of environmental microbes : sample collection, sample processing,
detection of microbial populations. Determination of microbial numbers. Determination of microbial
biomass, and measurement of microbial metabolism.
3. Microbiology of potable water : introduction to indicator organisms, water borne pathogens,
isolation and identification of indictor bacteria and water borne pathogens.
4. Sanitation and public health microbiology with special reference to Bangladesh : water supply,
the use o safe water, public tube well coverage, sanitation, disposal of human excreta and refuse.
5. Microorganisms and some novel pollutation problem : persistence and biomagnification of
xenobiotic molecules; recalcitrant halocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBS), alkyl benzyl
sulfonates, synthetic polymer.
6. Sewage treatment : primary secondary treatment aerobic and anaerobic and tertiary treatment.
Books Recommended :
1. Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications R.M. Atlas and Bartha
2. Microbial Ecology: A Conceptual Approach J.M. Lynch and Poole
3. Microbiology M.J. Pelezar, Jr. ; E.C.S. Char & N.R. Krieg
4. Microbiology: An Introduction G.J. Tortora et al.
5. Microbial Ecology: Organisms, Habitats and Activities Heinz & Stolph.
Microbiol. 203
Microbial metabolism - I
(0.5 Unit)
(0.5 Unit)
1. Mendelism : Mendels experiments and his interpretation; the basic principles of dominance,
segregation and independent assortment; misinterpretations of Mendelian principles.
2. Chromosomal basis of inheritance : the chromosome theory of heredity : sex chromosomes and
sex determination; sex-linked genes in human beings; variation in chromosome number and
structure.
3. Chemical nature of hereditary material : experiments with bacteria and bacteriophage indicating
DNA to the material of heredity; Chromosome structure in prokaryotes; the Watson and Crick model
of DNA structure; alternate forms of the double value and hybridization kinetics.
4. Replication of DNA : Semi-conservative replication: experiments of Meselson and Stahl; DNA
polymerases; proofreading activities of DNA polymerases; the mechanism of DNA replication;
circular DNA replication.
5. Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes : different types of RNA molecules; prokaryotic and
eukaryotic RNA polymerases; mechanisms of transcription in prokaryotes and eukarvotes: posttranscription modification of RNA; interrupted genes in eukarytoes; mechanism of removal of intron
sequences.
6. Translation and the genetic code : polypeptides and proteins; synthesis o polypeptide chain;
nonsense mutation and suppressor mutation; the genetic code; Wobble hypothesis; post-translation
modification of protein.
Books Recommended :
1. Genetics M.W. Striekberger
2. Molecular Biology of the Gene Watson, Hopkins, Roberts, Sgteitz and Weiner
3. Molecular Biology David Freifelder
4. Essential Genetics Peter J. Russel
5. Principles of Genetics D.P. Snustad, M. J. Simmons & J.B. Jenkins.
Microbiol. 205
Medical Microbiology - I
(0.5 Unit)
1. Infection and infectious diseases : Concept of infection and infectious diseases; pathogenesis of
infectious diseases; virulence (ID 50, LD50).
2. Brief introduction to virulence factors: Adherence factors; invasion of host cells and tissues;
toxins; enzymes; intracellular pathogenesis; antigenic heterogeneity; iron acquisition.
3. Identification of microbes that cause disease : Kochs postulates and their limitations.
4. Host-Microbe interaction : normal resident micro flora of human body and their role; initial
colonization of a new born; introduction to resident flora of skin, mouth, upper-respiratory tract,
intestinal tract, uro-genital tract, eye.
5. Non-specific host defenses against microbial pathogen : primary defenses conferred by tissues
and blood.
6. Major reservoirs of microbial pathogens : acquisition of and mode of transmission of diseases.
7. Epidemiology : study of infectious diseases in population.
8. The progress of an infection : true and opportunistic pathogens; portal of entry; size of inoculums;
stages in the courses of infections and diseases; mechanism of invasion and establishment of the
pathogens; signs and symptoms of a disease; portal of exit.
9. Nosocomial infection : hospital as a source.
10. Brief introduction to the microbiology of major infectious diseases : skins : respiratory system ;
nervous system : genito-urinary tract; gastro-intestinal tract; circulatory system.
Books Recommended :
1. Review of Medical Microbiology E. Jawetz, J.L. Melnick & E.A. Adelberg
2. Essential Clinical Microbiology : An introductory Test E.M. Cooke & G. L. Gibson.
3. Manual of Clinical Microbiology H. Lennette
4. Modern Medical Microbiology M.R. Chowdhury
5. Medical Microbiology- J.P. Duguld, B.P. Marimian & R.H.A. Swain.
6. Microbial Pathogenesis : A Molecular Approach A. A. Salvers & D.D. Whitt.
7. Medical Microbiology Mims, Playfair, Roitt, Wakelin & Williams.
8. Medical Microbiology Robert F. Boyed & J. Joseph Marr.
Microbiol. 206
Human Physiology
(0.5 Unit)
1. Digestion and digestive system : mechanisms and control of the secretion: composition of digestive
juices; digestion and absorption of foodstuffs.
2. Blood and circulatory system : composition, formation, destruction and function; blood
coagulation; blood groups; tissue fluid; cardiovascular system.
3. Respiratory system and respiratory stimulants : structures and functions of lungs, liver, kidney,
pancreas, spleen and nervous system.
4. Water and electrolytic balance.
5. Lymphoid and lymphatic system.
6. Endocrinology : functions, mechanisms and function of testis, ovary, uterus and placenta.
Books Recommended :
1. Introduction of Human Physiology M. Grifiths
2. Human Physiology R.F. Schumddt and G. Thews.
3. Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathohysiology G. Thews, F. Mustscheler & P. Vaupe.
Microbiol. 207
Practical
(1.0 Unit)
B (Environmental influences) :
Effect of temperature on growth
Effect of heat on vegetative cells and spores of bacteria and on spores of yeast and mold.
Effect of osmotic pressure on growth.
Effects of pH, energy and buffer on growth.
Viva voce
Biostatistics (Auxiliary)
(0.5 Unit)
(1.0 Unit)
1. Organizing and summarizing data : some basic concepts; statistics; biostatistics, variables,
population and sample, random samples, distribution. tabulation, processing and summarizing of
numerical data; the frequency distribution, graphical representation of frequency table; measures of
central tendency; measures of dispersion skewness of kurtosis; measures of exploratory data analysis
by plotting.
2. Probability : Introduction; some elementary probability; the binomial distribution; the normal
distribution; the Chi-square distribution; the distribution of Students.
3. Hypothesis testing/statistical inference : statistical hypothesis : simple and composite hypothesis;
significance test; type-1 and type-II errors; power of a test; P-value; testing hypothesis of a single
population mean, proportion, variance; comparison between two population means and between two
population variance.
4. Analysis of frequency using x2 distributions : the x2 criterion; tests of goodness of fit; homogeneity
of two-cell samples; test of independence.
5. Correlation simple regression and Multiple regression : correlation : linear regression model;
evaluating the regression equation; the multiple regression model; evaluating multiple regression
model; choosing independent variables for multiple regression model.
6. Analysis of variance : experiment; experimental unit; treatment; replication; analysis of variance for
the completely randomized design; the randomized complete block design and the Latin square.
7. Statistical methods in Epidemiology : basic incidence measures; risk and rate; prevalence
measures; measures of association; risk ratio or relative risk; exposure odds ratio; risk odds ratio;
measures of potential impact; attributable risk.
8. Survival analysis : introduction; basic designs; follow-up studies; ross-sectional studies and case
control studies; survival function; hazard function the product limit estimate of survival function; the
life table analysis; the log rank test for comparing survival distributions.
Microbiol 301
Virology-I
(0.5 Unit)
(0.5 Unit)
2. DNA repair mechanism: Nature of DNA damage; Light dependent repair; excision repair; mismatch
repair; post-replication repair; SOS repair.
3. Gene transmission in bacteria: mutant phenotypes in bacteria; basic test for transmission;
conjugation and transduction; transformation and gene mapping conjugation and gene mapping; the
evolutionary significance of sexuality in bacteria.
4. Plasmids: basic features; size and colony number; conjugation and compatibility; plasmid
classification; plasmids in organisms other than bacteria.
5. Regulation of bacterial gene expression: Constitutive; inducible; and repressive gene expression;
lactose operand in E. coli , induction and catabolic repression; tryptophane operand in E. coli ,
repressor and attenuation; arabionse operand in E. coli ; positive and negative control;
transcriptional; translational and post-translational regulatory mechanisms.
6. Genetic-recombination: types of recombination; models of general recombinations; molecular basis
of homologous and non-homologous recombinations.
7. Transposable genetic elements: Transposable elements in prokaryotes; IS elements; composite
transposons; Tn3 elements; the medical significance of bacterial transposons; transposable elements
in eukaryotes; Ac, Ds, elements in Maize; P. elements and hybrid dysgenesi in Drosophila.
Books Recommended:
1. Principles of Genetics E.J. Gardner, M.J. Simmon & D.P. Snustad
2. Molecular Biology of the Gene Watson, Hopkins Roberts, Steitz & Weiner
3. Gene VI B. Lewin
4. Principles of Genetics D.P. Snustad, M.J. Simmon & J.B. Jenkins.
Microbial 304
Medical Microbiology II
(0.5 Unit)
1. Morphological and cultural properties, clinical manifestation, pathogenesis, virulence factors,
prevention and treatment of the following microbes causing diseases: Streptococcus
penumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Staphylococcus aureus; Corynebacteriaum diphtheriae;
Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Clostridium tetani; Vibrio cholerae; Escherichia coli; Salmonella
typhi; Neisseria spp. Terponema palidium; Bordetella pertusis; Giardia; Entamoeba.
2. Brief introduction to mitotic infection: cutaneous; sub-cutaneous; systemic and opportunistic
mycoses.
Books Recommended:
1. Microbial Pathogenesis : A Molecular Approach A.A. Salyers & D.D. Whitt.
2. Medical Microbiology R. Crukkshank, ELBS,E. & S. Livingstone.
3. Review of Medical Microbiology E. Jawets, J.l. Mclnick, E.A. Adelbug.
4. Medical Microbiology R.F. Boyd, J.J. Marr
5. Manual of Clinical Microbiology H. Lennette
6. Medical Microbiology Mims, Playfair & Roitt
7. Medical Microbiology Robert F. Boyed & J. Joseph Marr.
Microbial 305
Immunology
(0.5 Unit)
1. History and introduction of immunology: History and development of immunology; introduction
to immune system; basic concept of innate and adaptative immunity; cellular and humoral immunity.
2. Cells involved in immune response: General features and functions of lymphoid cells; mononuclear
phagocytes; antigen presenting cells; polymorphs; mast cells and platelets.
3. Lymphoid system: Primary and secondary lymphoid tissue; primary lymphoid organs; secondary
lymphoid organs and tissue.
4. Innate immunity: Phagocytosis; process of phagocytosis; complement system; activation and
biological function of complements.
5. Immunoglobulins: basic structure and function of imunoglobulins; immunoglobulins classes and
sub-classes; physiochemical properties; distribution and function of different classes and subclasses
of immunoglobulins; memory B cell; genetic basis of antibody heterogenecity; antibody class
switching.
Microbial. 307
Food Microbiology- I
(0.5 Unit)
1. Food and food borne microbes: Introduction to various types of food; food preparation and
spoilage; food borne diseases.
2. Factor effecting microbial growth in foods: Intrinsic and extrinsic parameters.
3. Food preservations: General principles; preservation by high temperature; low temperature; drying;
using food additives; and radiation.
4. Food spoilage and preservation: Cereal and cereal products; sugar and sugar products; vegetables
and fruits; meat and meat products; fish and other sea-foods poultry milk and milk products; heated
canned foods.
5. Preparation of fermented foods: Bakery products; dairy products; cheese; yogurt and curd;
vegetables products; cabbage; cucumbers; oriental fermented foods; miso; idli; tempe; and tofu.
Books Recommended:
1. Food Microbiology W.C. Frazier & D.C. Westhoff
2. Modern Food Microbiology, 3rd edn. James M. Jay
Microbial. 308
Industrial Microbiology
(0.5 Unit)
1. Microorganisms and industry: historical developments scope and major classes of microbial
products and processes.
2. Industrially important microorganisms: Yeasts; molds; bacteria and actinomycetes; screening and
selection of microorganisms for usual products.
3. Microbiological production of foods: SCP and MBP; bakers yeast; food additives; fermented
sausage.
4. Microbiological production of beverage: beers; wines and distilled spirits.
5. Production of industrial chemicals pharmaceuticals: Organic acids ;acetate; citrate; lactate and
amino acids; solvents; alcohol; butanol and acetone; enzymes; pharmaceuticals; antibiotics; steroids;
vaccines and antibiotics.
6. Production of biogas: Domestic and industrial scale production from waste materials.
7. Visit some food and beverage industrials.
Books Recommended:
1. Industrial Microbiology Miller & Lidsky
2. Prescott and Dunns Industrial Microbiology G. Reed.
3. Biotechnology(Vol-1):Microbial FundamentalsH.J.Rehm, G.Reed & H.Pape.
4. Industrial Applications of Microbiology J. Riviere
5. Applied Biochemistry and Bioengineering L.B. Wingard, Jr.; E. Katchalski-Katzir & LeonGoldster
6. Comprehensive Biotechnology (vol. 1-4) Murray Moo Young.
Microbial. 309
Enzymology
(0.5 Unit)
1. The properties and functions of enzymes: remarkable properties catalytic power; specificity and
regulation; different forms; cofactors; coenzymes and vitamins.
2. Nomenclature and classification of enzymes: General classification; isoenzymes and multienzymes; allosteric enzymes.
3. Structure of enzymes: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure; folding and domains;
molecular chaperones.
4. Catalysis and mechanism of action of enzymes: Active site, substrate binding; general acid base
catalysis; covalent catalysis; non-protein catalytic groups and metal ions.
5. Kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions: factors influencing catalytic activity; simple enzyme
kinetics with single and multi-substrate; Michaelis-Menten kinetics; turnover number; Km and
Vmax; other influences on enzyme activity; pH; temperature; fluid forces; chemical agents and
irradiation.
Microbiol. 312
Practical
(2.0 Unit)
Part A (Virology-1)
1. Cultivation and enumeration of bacteriophages.
2. Isolation of bacteriophages from raw sewage.
3. Detection of HBs Ag from patients serum by serological methods.
4. Isolation of TMV virus and infecting plants.
Part B (Microbial Nutrition and Metabolism)
1. Relationship of free oxygen to microbial growth
2. Anaerobic culture of bacteria
3. Degradation of polymer by exoenzymes
4. Actions of antiseptics, disinfectants, UV light and photo reactivation and antimetabolites.
Part C (Microbial Molecular Genetics)
1. Isolation of plasmid and chromosomal DNA
2. Detection of DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis
3. Transformation of E. coli by plasmid
4. Study of gene expression in E. coli.
Part D (Medical Microbiology II)
1. Isolation, identification and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of pathogenic microorganisms from clinical
specimens;
(a) Stool, (b) Urine, (c) Pus, (d) Blood, (e) CSF and (f) Biopsy
Part E (Immunology-I)
1. Preparation of bacterial whole cell extract
2. Preparation of outer membrane protein
3. Immunization protocol for animals
4. Collection of serum and plasma
5. Separation of blood leucocytes
6. Test for cell viability
7. Phagocytosis by neutrophils.
Part F (Agricultural Microbiology)
1. Microbial population of soil, rhizosphere and rhizoplane
2. Denitrification and ammonification
3. Nitrogen fixation test
4. Identification of plant pathogens
Part G (Food Microbiology)
1. Quantitative examination of bacteria in raw and pasteurized milk
2. Methylene blue reduction test
3. Microbiological analysis of fermented foods and nonfermented foods.
4. Detecting Salmonella spp. on poultry
Part H (Industrial Microbiology)
1. Production of microbial extracellular enzymes
2. Production of SCP
3. Production of antibiotics
4. Production of alcohol from molasses
Part I (Enzymology)
1. Determination of enzyme activity (qualitative and quantitative)
2. Determination of kinetic properties of an enzyme
3. Determination of activators and inhibitors of enzymes
4. Determination of molecula weight and substrate specificity of enzyme
Part J (Pharmaceutical Microbiology)
1. Microbiological assay of pharmaceutical raw material
2. Microbiological assay of pharmaceutical solids ointments & oral liquids
3. Bioassay of potency of antibiotics
4. Sterilization and sterility test, pyrogen test.
Viva voce
(0.5 Unit)
Books Recommended:
1. Immunology I.M. Roitt et al.
2. Essential Immunology I.M. Roitt et al.
3. Advanced Immunology D.K. Male et al.
4. Text Book of Immunology T.J. Barrett.
5. mmunology : An Introduction I.R. Tizard
Microbiol. 403
Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation
(1.0 Unit)
1. Biodeterioration of materials : basis concepts, factors involved in biodeterioration;
biodeterioration of leather, wool, fur, feather, stones, plastics and rubber; microbial production of
bioplastics. Control of biodeterioration physical, chemical and biological methods.
2. Biodegradation of recalcitrant industrial wastes: xenobiotic chemicals in the environment;
biodegradable, persistent and recalcitrant wastes; structure-recalcitrance relationship, ring cleavageortho and para cleavage; factors affecting microorganisms to degrade xenobiotics.
3. Biodegradation and metabolism: removal of substituent groups and ring opening in model
molecules: biodegradation of pesticides; choloroorganics; organic days; phenols and petroleum
hydrocarbons.
4. Enrichment and isolation of degradative microbes: recent approaches to enrich and isolate
microbes having catabolic properties.
5. Biotechnological aspects for effluent treatment: genetic manipulation, enzyme and specialized
bacteria; biodegradability testing; monitoring of the bioremediation of xenobiotic pollutants.
6. Biosensor: use and application of biosensor for detection of pollutants.
7. Approaches to bioremediation: environmental modification for bioremediation; microbial seeding
and bioengineering approaches to the bioremediation of pollutants.
8. Biological control of insects and pests: biopesticides of microbial origin; viral bacterial, protozoan
and fungal pesticides.
9. Water treatment systems: coagulation and flocculation: sedimentation; filtration; disinfection use
of ozone, UV and activated carbon; measurement of treatment efficiency; recent advances in
biochemical, serological and molecular techniques for the detection of indicators and pathogenic
microorganisms in surface, ground and potable waters.
10. Toxicity testing in wastewater: impacts of toxicity on wastewater treatment; heavy metals; organic
toxicants; enzymatic assays and microbial bioassays.
11. Pollution control biotechnology: production of microbial seeds; use of bioaugmentation in waste
treatment, use of enzymes and immobilized microbial cells; removal of metals by microbes.
Books Recommended:
1. Microbial Ecology Atlas & Bartha
2. Current perspective in Microbial Ecology - Klug & Reddy
3. Ecological Systems and the Environment I. Foin
4. Biotreatment Systems, volume-II D.L. Wise
5. Wastewater Microbiology Gabriel Bitton
Microbiol. 404
Food Microbiology-II
(0.5 Unit)
1. Indicators of food microbial quality and safety: criteria for selecting indicators; general character
of indicator microbes and microbial products.
2. Food-borne diseases caused by: Gram positive bacteria: Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp.,
Yearsinia spp., Listeria spp. and Clostridium spp. Gram negative bacteria: Salmonella spp., Vibrio
spp., Aeromonus spp., Escherichia coli and Psenlomonus spp., scombrotoxic fish poisoning,
ciguatera poisoning, gastro-enteritis of viral or unknown aetiology.
3. Mycotoxins: aflatoxins and ochratoxin.
4. Recent trends and prospects for the future of food borne infection and intoxication: food
poisoning and infection; new or less common food-borne infections and intoxications:
Compylobacter enteritis.
5. Assessment of food poisoning toxins and infection: whole animal and cell culture systems;
investigation of food-borne disease outbreaks, factors contributing to outbreaks of food poisoning;
economic impact of food poisoning; methods for detecting food poisoning toxins; food sanitation,
control and inspection.
Books Recommended:
1. Advances and prospects T.A. Roberts & F.A. Sleinna
2. Food Microbiology W.C. Frazier & D.C. West fhofi.
3. Modern Food Microbiology- J.M. Jay
4. Prescott and Dunns Industrial Microbiology G. Reed.
Microbiol. 405
Genetic Engineering
(0.5 Unit)
1. Purification of DNA : preparation of total cell DNA; preparation of plasmid DNA; preparation of
bacteriophage DNA.
2. Techniques of molecular genetics: production of recombinant DNA in vitro; amplification of
recombinant DNA in cloning vector; construction of DNA, RNA and protein by blot techniques,
amplification of DNA by PCR: in vitro site specific mutagenesis.
3. DNA manipulative enzymes: restriction endonucleases and other nucleases; ligases; polymerases
DNA modifying enzymes; topoisomerases.
4. Cloning vectors: cloning vectors for prokaryotic organisms; bacteriophage M13, bacteriophage
plasmid pBR322, plasmid pBR325, pUC119, cosmids, phagemids, and charomid: cloning vectors for
eukaryotic organisms: yeast episomal plasmid (2 um circle), cloning vectors for higher plants and
mammalian cells.
5. Ligation systems: blunted ligation; sticky-end ligation; putting sticky ends on to a blunt-ended
molecule: homopolymer tailing, use of linkers and adaptors.
6. Introduction of recombinant DNA into living cells: transformation of bacterial cells and selection
of recombinants; introduction of phage DNA into bacterial cells and selection of recombinant phage;
transformation of non-bacterial cells.
7. Gene location and gene structure: locating the position of a cloned gene; chromosome walking;
DNA sequencing; the Sanger-Coulson method and the Maxam-Gilbert method; restriction fragment
length polymorphism (PFLP) analysis.
8. Expression of cloned gene: requirements for gene expression: expression vectors; transcript of a
cloned gene; regulation of gene expression; identifying and studying the translation product of
cloned gene;
Books Recommended:
1. Principle of Gene Manipulation R.W. Old & Primrose.
2. Molecular Biology of the Gene J. Watson
3. Genetic Engineering Kingsman & Kingsman
4. Principles of Genetics D.P. Snustad, M.J. Simmon & J.B. Jenkins
5. Gene Cloning: An Introduction T.A. Brown
6. Molecular Cloning : A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. J. Sambrook & T. Maniatis
7. Principles of Gene manipulation: An Introduction R.W. Old.
8. Current Protocol in Molecular Biology J.A. Smith & K. Struhl.
Microbiol. 406
Fermentation Technology
(0.5 Unit)
1. Introduction to fermentation processes: range of fermentation processes; chronological
development of the fermentation industry; component parts of fermentation process.
2. Fermentor/bioreactor: types, configuration, mixing and aeration; power requirements, impeller
designs baffle and aeration.
3. Inoculam preparation and inoculam development: development of inoculam for yeast processes;
development of inocula for bacterial processes; development of inocula for fungal processes.
4. Fermentation modeling: rate equations for cell growth, substrate utilization, product formation;
transfer across phase boundaries.
5. Mode of fermentations: fed-batch and continuous culture processes and their control.
6. Sterilization of fermenters and liquid media: medium sterilization; the design of batch sterilization
processes; the design of batch sterilization processes; the design of continuous sterilization of feed
and air.
7. Instrumentation and control: control systems: manual, automatic, and combinations of methods of
control; methods o control of process variables temperature, pH, flow measurement, pressure
measurement, pressure control, safety valves, agitation-shaft power, rate stirring, foam sensing and
control weight, measurement and control of dissolved oxygen; exit-gas and analysis; redox, and
carbondioxide electrodes.
Books Recommended:
1. Fermentation: A Practical Approach B. McNeil Harvey
2. principle of Fermentation Technology P.F. Stanbury & A. Whitaker.
Microbiol. 407
Microbial Biotechnology
(1.0 Unit)
1. Historical development, scope and essential features of microbial biotechnology.
2. Energy and biotechnology: biomass fuel; conservation to fuel-ethanol and methane fermentation;
biofuel cells and other bioelectrochemical devices.
3. Food, drink and biotechnology: dairy products cheese, yogurt butter and cultured milk; cereal
product-bread and baked goods, starch hydrolysates; cider, food additives and ingredients.
4. Chemistry and biotechnology: the current development, generation of chemicals from biomass.
5. Materials and biotechnology: microbial leaching, metal transformation and immobilization;
biopolymers; biodegradation of materials.
6. Environment and biotechnology: microbial waste treatment system; biological processing of
industrial wastes.
7. Genetics and biotechnology: conventional routs to strain improvement, in vivo genetic
manipulation and in vitro genetic manipulation.
8. Chemical engineering and biotechnology: microbial factors and process engineering factors
affecting process performance and economics; future development in industrial biotechnological
processes.
9. Biotransformations:
10. Immobilized enzyme technology: principles benefits, methods of immobilization of enzymes and
cells.
11. Visit to biotechnological research institutions and industries.
Books Recommended:
1. Biotechnology Priniples J.E. Smith
2. Prescott & Dunns Industrial Microbiology G. Reed
3. Comprehensive Biotechnology Murray Moo-Youn
4. Introduction to Biotechnology C.M. Brown, I. Campbell & F.G. Priest
5. Biotechnology: Principles and Applications I.J. Higgins, D.J. Best & J. Jones.
Microbiol. 408
Clinical and Diagnostic Microbiology
(0.5 Unit)
1. Laboratory diagnoses of infections agents: different types of and approaches to clinical sample
collection, maintenance and laboratory management.
2. Diagnostic studies: principles of diagnoses of bacterial, fungal, rickettsial, parasites, spirochetal,
viral and mycoplasmal diseases.
3. Diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases.
4. Immunodiagonotic studies: collection of serum; antibody titer (such as ASO, Widal); agglutination,
double diffusion; counter immuno-electrophoresis and immuno-fluorescence; complement fixation
test; fluorescent antibody test (FAT and IFA); radio immunoassay (RIA); enzyme immunoassay
(EIA) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
5. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): detection of genes for toxins and virulence.
6. Vaccine approaches and immunization.
Books Recommended:
1. Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principle and Applications David H. Persing, Thomas, F.
Smith-Fred & Teaver T.J. Wire.
2. Hand Book of Serodiagnosis in Infections Diseases- Ruth Mathews
(0.5 Unit)
1. Introduction: importance of quality control of food, fish, beverage and mineral water.
2. The organization of quality control: the principles, application, organization, problems and
techniques of quality control; the future of quality control.
3. Microbiological quality control: principle and pitfaills; fundamentals of microbiological quality
control; chemical and microbiological quality for quality assurance, standards monitoring to assess
compliance with good practices.
4. Sanitation and inspection: sanitation and hygiene of processing plant, water in processing and
cleaning, waste/effluent treatment packaging, equipment, handling.
5. Quality assurance: sampling, testing panel-sensory assessments in quality control; hazard analyses
and critical control point (HACCP) systems; identification of potential hazards; monitoring system
for critical control point (CCP), corrective actions, verifications.
6. Food laws and regulation: national and international standards and guidelines.
Books Recommended:
1. Quality Control in the Food Industry vol. 1. S.M. Herschdoerfer.
Microbiol. 411
Practical/Research Project
(2.0 Unit)
Part A (Virology II)
1. Detection of viral Ags/Abs from patients sera by immunological techniques.
2. PCR Amplification of HBV core and surface gene
3. Detection of viral DNA by PCR amplification and dot-blot hybridization.
4. Use of RPHA method for the detection of viral Ag/Ab
5. Titration of virus using immunofluorescent microscope.
Part B (Immunology II)
F (Fermentations Technology)
Dough fermentation by bakers yeast for bread making
Production of acetic acid by Acetobacter aceti
Demonstration of fermentor
Yogurt production by lactic starter
Production of citric acid by A. niger
Viva voce
(0.5 Unit)