Gurukula Kangri University: M.Sc. Microbiology Syllabus (W.e.f. Session 2008-2009)
Gurukula Kangri University: M.Sc. Microbiology Syllabus (W.e.f. Session 2008-2009)
Gurukula Kangri University: M.Sc. Microbiology Syllabus (W.e.f. Session 2008-2009)
MICROBIOLOGY SYLLABUS
Schedule of Semesters
Semester First Second Third Fourth Duration July-November January-April July-November January-April Examination December April/May December May/June
There will be a week preparatory leave, but inter-semester breaks and gaps between theories and practical will be minimum possible (6 days including holidays). Two practical examinations in first, second and third semesters will be held each carrying 50 marks. In the fourth semester project work or industrial training of three months duration will be carried out in any national laboratory or industry (entrepreneurship). Every student has to submit the Project Work by 15th May in the same session, which will be evaluated by an external examiner working in any area of microbiology. Seminar and viva vice voce examination shall be carried out by the same evaluator. Note: There shall be FIVE UNITS in each theory paper. Each theory paper shall consist of 10 questions. Two questions will be set up from each unit. The candidate will have to attend FIVE questions in all, selecting ONE question from Each Unit. The duration of each theory paper will be of Three Hours. The duration of each practical will be of 4 hours.
MB102: Virology
UNIT I: General features Brief out lines on discovery of viruses, morphology of viruses; nomenclature and classification, distinctive properties, morphology, ultrastructure, capsid and its arrangements, types of envelops and its composition; Viral genomes, its type and structure; Viroids host range, genome and origin of viroids; cynophages- morphology, growth cycle, mycoviruses- types of mycoviruses, replication, example of mycoviruses (mycoviruses of mushrooms and pathogenic fungi); Isolation and cultivation of viruses; prions- spread of prions and diseases. UNIT II: General methods of diagnosis and serology Cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs, cell cultures and cell lines; Serological methods haemagglutination, complement fixation, immunofluorescent method, ELISA and Radioimmunoassay; Assay of viruses- physical and
chemical methods (protein; nucleic acid and radioactive tracer, electron microscopy), infectivity assay (plaque method, end point method) UNIT III : Bacteriophages- Structural organization, multiplication cycle; one step growth curve; DNA replication, eclipse phase, phage production, burst size, lysogenic cycle, bacteriophage typing, application in bacterial genetics; M13, Mu, T4, x174, phage in brief; Application of bacteriophages in health- bacteriophage therapy, bacteriophage typing. UNIT IV: Plant viruses Classification and nomenclature of plant viruses; Disease symptomshistology, physiology and cytology of plants; common virus disease of paddy, tomato and sugarcane, Type species of plant viruses (e.g. TMV, Cauliflower mosaic virus and potato virus X), transmission of plant viruses, diagnostic techniques in seeds, seed stocks and diseased plants (seed morphology, seed symptomology, serological methods, histochemical tests and fluorescent microscopy); indicator plants, prevention of crop-loss using virus-free planting material; vector control. UNIT V: Animal viruses- Classification and Nomenclature of animal and human viruses; epidemiology, life cycle, pathogenicity, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of viruses; RNA viruses- Picornaviruses, Orthomixoviruses, Paramyxoviruses, arthropod- borne viruses, Rhabdoviruses, Rotaviruses, HIV and other oncogenic viruses; DNA viruses Pox viruses, Herpesviruses, Adenoviruses, SV 40, Hepatitis viruses; Viral vaccines (conventional), interferons.
UNIT IV: Lipid and Nitrogen Matabolism: Oxidation of fatty acid (, , ), Assimilation of nitrates, ammonia assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis- glutamate family, serine family, aspartate family, histidine biosynthesis- glutamate family serine family, aspartate family, histidine biosynthesis. UNIT V: Bacterial photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation : Photosynthetic bacteria, Phytosynthetic pigments; metabolism in phytosynthetic bacteria; Phytosynthetic electron transport system; mechanism of photosynthesis, Dark reaction (Calvin Benson cycle); Asymbiotic and symbiotic nitrogen fixation systems- root nodulating symbiotic bacteria (process of root nodule formation ), Leghemoglobulin, nitrogenase types structure and function; alternative nitrogenase, substrates for nitrogenase, hydrogen evolution.
7. Isolation and identification of bacteria (E. coli; Rhizobium; Salmonella; Pseudomonads and Bacillus). 8. Isolation and identification of microorganisms- Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Nostoc, Anabaena, Osillatoria, Microcystis. 9. Isolation of actinomycetes from soil by dilution plate method. 10. Culturing of bacteriophages by double layer technique.
UNIT V: Maturation and processing of RNA, and Gene regulation- Post transcriptional processing of RNAs- methylation, polyadenylation and splicing of mRNA; cutting and modification of tRNA degradation system; Catalytic RNA, Group I and Group II intron splicing; Gene regulation- negative regulation- E. coli lac operon (structural, operator, promoter and repressor genes), Positive regulation- E. coli trp operon; antitermination- N protein and Nut sites in I. DNA binding proteins, enhance sequence and control of transcription; identification of protein binding sites on DNA, foot printing; Regulation by small molecules e.g. ppGpp and cAMP Post-translational processing (removal of fmet from polypeptide; ribosome editing; protein folding); Signal hypothesis
enzymes production amylases, proteinases, cellulases, amino acid production- glutamic acid and lysine; fermented vegetables, pickles, olives, soy sauce, genetically modified (GM) foods.
One step growth curve of bacteriophages T2. Estimation of protein by Lowery method. Estimations of reducing sugar by glucose by dinitro salysilic acid (DNSA method) Bacterial examination of milk by SPC methyline blue reductase test of milk. Determination of lactose, calcium and phosphorous in milk.
UNIT V: DNA sequencing Methods of DNA sequencing- Maxam & Gilberts method, Sanger and Coulsons method, sequence assembly; Automated DNA sequencing; Genome sequencing and physical mapping of genomes of microorganisms. UNIT V: Techniques of molecular biology and recombinant products- Electrophoresis; Blotting techniques- Southern blotting, Northern blotting, Western blotting; Nucleic acid hybridization technique; Non-radioactive labeling.; Recombinant products- human growth hormone (insulin, somatotropin), vaccines (hepatitis B virus vaccine, FMD vaccine), interferons, tPA.
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