IEEE CED SubDesign Full Size
IEEE CED SubDesign Full Size
IEEE CED SubDesign Full Size
Applications and
Considerations
Dominik Pieniazek, P.E.
IEEE CED Houston Chapter
October 2-3, 2012
Agenda
Substation Basics
Electrical Configuration
Physical Design
Protection and Controls
Design and Construction Coordination
2
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Electrical System
Substation - A set
of equipment
reducing the high
voltage of electrical
power transmission
to that suitable for
supply to
consumers.
Switching Station A set of equipment
used to tie together
two or more electric
circuits.
161 kV
138 kV
115 kV
15 kV
4.16 kV
480 V
Typical 138 kV Substation Four (4) Breaker Ring Bus w/ Oil Circuit Breakers
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
765 kV Generating Substation Four (4) Breaker Ring Bus w/ Live Tank GCBs
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
19
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Service Conditions?
Location, Altitude
High and Low Mean Temperatures
Temperature Extremes
Wind Loading and Ice Loading
Seismic Qualifications
Area Classification
Contamination
Local Utility
Nominal Voltage
Maximum Operating Voltage
System Frequency
System Grounding
System Impedance Data
Load Type
Average Running Load
Maximum Running Load
On-Site Generation
Future Load Growth
Harmonic Loads
Equipment Ratings
Insulation Requirements
BIL
Insulator and Bushing Creep
Minimum Clearances
Phase Spacing
Arrester Duty
Current Requirements
Rated Continuous Current
Maximum 3-Phase Short-Circuit Current
Maximum Phase-to-Ground Short-Circuit
Current
Sh.
24
Contamination Levels
Multiplier applied to
phase-to-ground voltage
Electrical Studies
Power/Load Flow
Short-Circuit / Device Evaluation
Device Coordination
Arc-Flash Hazard Assessment
Motor Starting, Transient Stability
Insulation Coordination
Harmonic Analysis
Utility Requirements?
Manned or Unmanned
Power Management/Trending
Fault Recording
Local & Remote Annunciation
Local & Remote Control
Automation
Communication Protocol
Communication/Monitoring Requirements
Electrical Configuration
32
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Configuration
Relative Cost
Comparison
100%
120% (with sect. breaker)
Main-Transfer Bus
140%
Ring Bus
125%
145%
190%
It should be noted that these figures are estimated for discussion purposes. Actual costs vary
depending on a number of variables, including:
Real Estate Costs
Complexity of Protective Relaying Schemes
Raw material costs
Local Labor Costs
Reference: Reliability of Substation Configurations, Daniel Nack, Iowa State University, 2005
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Reliability Models
IEEE Gold Book
For high voltage equipment data is a generic
small sample set
Sample set collected in minimal certain
conditions (i.e. what really caused the outage)
Calculated indices may not represent reality
Tap Substation
37
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Tap Substation
38
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Pros
Cons
Tap Substation
39
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Basic Design
One Circuit Breaker
per Circuit
One Common Bus
No Operating
Flexibility
Widely Used at
Distribution Level
Limited Use at High
Voltage
40
Pros
Each Circuit has Breaker
Only One Set of VTs
Required
Simple Design
Cons
Bus
Fault
Failed
Breaker
Similar to Single
Breaker Single Bus
Add Transfer Bus
Transfer Bus Switches
Normally Open
Only 1 Circuit
Operated From
Transfer Bus
Widely Used in
Outdoor Distribution
Applications
Operating Bus
Optional Tie
43
Pros
Cons
Ring Bus
45
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Pros
Cons
Ring Bus
46
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Ring Bus
Line/Bus Fault
Failed Breaker
Breaker-And-A-Half
48
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Pros
Cons
Robust
Highly Expandable
Failed Outer Breakers
Result in Loss of One
Circuit Only
Breaker Maintenance
w/o Circuit Interruption
Cost
Physically Large
Failed Center Breaker
Results in Loss of Two
Circuits
Breaker-And-A-Half
49
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Highly Flexible
Arrangement
Two Buses, Each
Separated by Two
Circuit Breakers
Two Circuit Breakers
per Circuit
All Breakers
Normally Closed
50
Pros
Cons
Cost Two Breakers & Four
Switches per Circuit
Physical Size
Physical Arrangement
Sh.
52
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
NEMA SG-6
Withdrawn, but still used by many
BIL Based
Provides
Bus spacings
Horn Gap Spacings
Side Break Switch Spacings
Minimum Metal-to-Metal
Minimum Phase-to-Ground
BIL/BSL Based
Rec. Phase-to-Phase
Min. Metal-to-Metal
Min. Phase to Ground
Rec. Bus Spacings including Horn Gap
50
52.5
63
IEEE 1427
49
N/A
54
BIL/Voltage Ratio
Table 8 shows the comparison between various maximum system voltages and
BILs associated with these voltages. The comparison is intended ONLY to
illustrate the ratio has decreased with use of higher system voltages.
Grounding Methods
NFPA 70E
Safe Working Clearances for Low and Medium-Voltage
Equipment
NESC Fence
Safety
Clearance
IEEE C37.32
Typical 138 kV Substation Four (4) Breaker Ring Bus w/ Oil Circuit Breakers
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Applied Forces
Wind
Ice
Forces from Short-Circuit Faults
Design Considerations
Insulator strength to withstand forces from short-circuit
faults
Structural steel strength under short-circuit fault forces
(moments)
Foundation design under high moments
Ice loading, bus bar strength, and bus spans
Thermal expansion and use of expansion joints
IEEE 605 IEEE Guide for Design of Substation Rigid-Bus
Structures
Structural Requirements
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Structural Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Structural Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Bus Supports
Short-Circuit Forces
Wind Loading
Ice Loading
Seismic Forces
Structural Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Short-Circuit Forces
Structural Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Short-Circuit Forces
Structural Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Short-Circuit Forces
Structural Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Short-Circuit Forces
Structural Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Short-Circuit Forces
Structural Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Short-Circuit Forces
Structural Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Short-Circuit Forces
Structural Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Current Ratings
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Bus Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Conventional Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Conventional Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Conventional Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Conventional
Low Profile
Maintenance
Equipment Removal
Vehicle Mobility
Exterior Access
Common Designs
A-Frame or H-Frame
Lattice, Wide Flange, Structural Tubing
Inboard or Outboard Leg Design
Deadend Structures
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Sh.
95
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Design Problems
Common Approaches
Lower voltages (69 kV and below): Simplified rules of thumb and
empirical methods
Fixed Angle
Empirical Curves
Lightning Protection
Strokes to Tall Structures; Strokes to Ground
Frequency Isokeraunic Levels at Station Location
Design Methods
Fixed Angles (good at or below 69 kV, generally applied
up to 138 kV)
Empirical Curves (not used widely)
Whiteheads EGM
Revised EGM
Rolling Sphere
Combination of Surge Arresters and Lightning Shielding
Provides Acceptable Levels of Protection
IEEE 998 IEEE Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of
Substations
Grounding Considerations
Sh.
105
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Grounding
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Grounding Exothermic
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Grounding Compression
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Grounding Mechanical
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
OBJECTIVES
To Identify Components of a Grounding System
To Review Key Design Considerations and Parameters
Needed for a Grounding Analysis
To Review the Grounding Problem
To Identify Grounding Analysis Methods and Applicability
Grounding Design
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
1.
2.
Grounding Objectives
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
115
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
One-Line Diagrams
The one-line diagram is probably the single most
important document in the substation design
package.
The one-line diagram defines the design
parameters and scope of the designa road map
One-Line Diagrams
Key elements that should be included on relaying
one-lines
Substation Configuration
Equipment Ratings
Design Parameters
Phasor Rotation Diagram
Delineation of Scope
Provisions for Future Expansion
One-Line Diagrams
One-Line Diagrams
Device
Function
Table
Phasor
Rotation
Future
Equipment
Equipment
Provided by
Others
Extent of Scope
One-Line Diagrams
Modern microprocessor relays are fairly complex
Functionality typically can not be adequate
illustrated between the one-line diagram and
schematic diagrams
Creating Logic Diagrams is strongly
recommended.
A.C. Fundamentals
Phasor Relationships
ia
ib
ic
ia+ib+ic
51
N
51
50
Residual CT connection
51
50
ia+ib+ic
Ia
Ib
Ic
51G
Zero sequence CT
87B
51
50
Improperly
connected
CTs. 87B will
NOT operate
for bus fault
as shown.
Protected
Bus
122
A.C. Fundamentals
Phasor Relationships
ia
ib
ic
ia+ib+ic
51
N
51
50
Residual CT connection
51
50
ia+ib+ic
Ia
Ib
Ic
51G
Zero sequence CT
87B
51
50
Properly
connected
CTs. 87B will
operate for
bus fault as
shown.
Protected
Bus
123
A.C. Fundamentals
ig
51
N
51
N
51
50
51
50
Ig
ig=0
ig
51
50
51
NT
51
N
51
50
Ig
Ig=0
Ig=0
Ig=0
51
N
ig
Ig
51
NT
124
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Tap Substation
125
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Tap Substation
Should 50
elements be set
on all relays?
Phase
Protection
- Overcurrent
51
50
51
50
51
50
51
50
51
50
126
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Tap Substation
Should 50
elements be set
on all relays?
Phase
Protection
- Overcurrent
51
50
51
50
51
50
51
50
To low
impedance
circuit
(i.e.
downstream
switchgear)
51
50
To high
impedance
circuit
(i.e. motor
or xfmr)
127
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Tap Substation
Should 50
elements be set
on all relays?
Phase
Protection
- Overcurrent
51
51
51
50
To low
impedance
circuit
51
(i.e.
downstream
switchgear)
51
50
To high
impedance
circuit
(i.e. motor
or xfmr)
128
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Tap Substation
This configuration
is not preferred.
Phase Protection
- Unit Differential
- Overcurrent
87
U
51
50?
51
50
51
51
51
50?
Pros
- Lower cost
Cons
- Lower selectivity
129
IEEE CED Houston Chapter 2012-2013
Tap Substation
Phase Protection
- Full Differential
- Overcurrent
51
87
BL
51
50?
87
T
87
BH
51
50
51
51
50?
Pros
- Higher selectivity
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Cons
- Higher cost
130
IEEE CED Houston Chapter 2012-2013
Tap Substation
Ground Protection
Ground coordination on each side of
the transformer are performed
independently
87
BL
*
51
N
87
BH
51
N
87
G
51
N
51G
50G
51
N
51G
50G
51
N
51
NT
131
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
51
N
51
P
51
NT
N.O.
132
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
51
N
51
P
51
NT
N.O.
133
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
51
N
51
NT
51
P
134
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
51
NT
51
P
135
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
51
N
51
N
51
N
51
P
51
P
51
P
136
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Pros:
Use one (1) less relay
Eliminate one (1) level of coordination
Cons:
Require one (1) extra set of CTs on the tie breaker
Can not set 67 element on mains because currents are summed before the relay
51P
67
N.C.
138
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
51P
67
N.C.
139
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
51P
67
N.C.
140
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Bus Protection
Differential Protection
Most sensitive and most reliable
Linear couplers do not saturate (no iron core)
Multi-restraint differential use restraint and variable
percentage slopes to overcome iron core deficiencies at
high currents
High impedance differential forces false differentials
through CTs and not relay
Bus Protection
Bus Protection
Current Differential
Not Recommended
Bus Protection
Current Differential
Not Recommended
Bus Protection
Transformer Protection
Considerations
Differential Protection
Overcurrent Protection
Transformer Type
Delta-Wye
Zig-Zag Grounding Transformer
Autotransformer with Delta Tertiary
Phase-Shifting Transformer
Motor Protection
Low-Voltage Protection
Time-delayed undervoltage (27)
Phase Rotation/Reversal Protection
Not typically necessary
Negative Sequence Overvoltage Protection (47)
Time-delayed depending on amount of V2
Phase Unbalance/Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46)
Select curve below (I2)2t = k damage curve
k = 40 generally considered conservative value
Out-of-Step Protection/Loss of Excitation
Power Factor Sensing (55)
Distance Relay
Motor Protection
Source:
Schweitzer
SEL651A
Application
Guide
Motor Protection
Abnormal Conditions
Faults in Windings
Excessive Overloads
Reduction or Loss of Supply Voltage
Phase Reversal
Phase Unbalance
Out-of-step Operation (Synchronous Machines)
Loss of Excitation (Synchronous Machines)
Motor Protection
Failed Breaker
Other Considerations
Redundant DC power sources
SER and DFR (oscillography) default settings enable
only basic functionality at best case. Default settings
by some manufacturers disable the SER and DFR.
Synchronization of clocks
Integration of protective relays with other IEDs
Utilize outputs from non-intelligent devices as inputs
to IEDs
Dont forget about test switches!!!
Sh.
156
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Engineering Process
Building
Plans/Details
Electrical
Plans/Details
Site,
Grading &
SPCC
Foundation
Plans/Details
Conduit
Plans/Details
Grounding
Plans/Details
Wiring Diagrams
One-Lines &
Specifications
Protection &
Control
Schemes
Relay Settings
Relay Panel
Specifications &
Elevations
Construction Process
Site Prep
Foundation
Installation
Conduit
Installation
Grounding
Installation
Station Yard
Installation
Building
Installation
Commission
Supplemental Topics
Sh.
159
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Tap to Ring
Build as Loop Tap
Add switches to facilitate expansion
Initial layout considerate of final ring bus configuration
Ring to Breaker-And-A-Half
Build as elongated ring bus
Allows future bay installations (i.e. additional circuits, two
per bay
Example: Industrial
High-Voltage Ring Bus
Two Single Breaker
Single Bus MediumVoltage Systems with
Tie Breaker (a.k.a.
Secondary Selective)
162
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Variations
Variations Exist
Swap Line and
Transformer
Positions
Add 2nd Tie
Breaker
163
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Conclusion
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Questions?
www.hv-eng.com
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Sh.
165
IEEE CED Houston Chapter 2012-2013
Appendix
www.hv-eng.com
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
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IEEE CED Houston Chapter 2012-2013
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HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
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HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
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HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
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HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Sh.
174
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Arcing Horn
Magnetic Interrupter
Sh.
176
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations
Sh.
177
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations