Internet

Internet is a collection of millions of computers around the world that are all connected
to one another. It is a global network of computers. These computers are connected
through high speed telecommunication devices.

History:
Early 1960 during cold war of Russia and America. American wanted to communicate with
Armed Forces. A network of four computers was developed in the beginning. Project handed to
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) to connect Defense Companies.
Universities and research organizations started their own networks
SHORT CUT TO REMEMBER
WET FIGCE
Www
E-mail
Telnet
FTP
Intranet
Gopher
Chat Group
Extranet

WWW:

It is a collection of millions of websites. A web site contains different web pages containing
information. It organizes this information in such a way that user can easily search and access
the required information.
Email:
Stand for electronic mail. It is the exchange of messages and files using internet. Message
can be in the form of graphics, sounds, video clips or simple text. It is the fast way of sending
messages anywhere in the world in a very short time.

TelNet:

A program that is used to connect to a remote computer on internet. A computer can act like a
terminal directly linked to the remote computer. It allows a user to logon to a remote
computer. The user can logon to the computer and use it as if he is connected to the computer
directly.
FTP:

Used on internet for sending files from one place to another. Audio, video, graphics and data
files can be uploaded or downloaded using this protocol.
The process of transferring a file from remote computer to a local computer is called
downloading. The process of transferring a file from a local computer is called uploading.
Different software are available to use this protocol e.g: cuteFTP and WS_FTP.
Intranet:

It is a private and secure business network. It uses Internet technology to provide information
to the employees of the organization.
The information can be protected from unauthorized users. It is designed to meet the internal
needs for sharing information within a single organization or company.
Gopher:

A menu based system for exploring the internet and its resources. It provide the facilities for
search and file retrieval on the internet.
It organizes resources in such a way that finding information becomes easier on the internet.
Chat Group:

Exchanging view on the internet by typing text messages. It lsa group of users with similar
interest. Many users join chat group for exchanging views or talking for fun. The user can
interact with one another in real-time. It means that they are online at the same time.
Extranet:

It is a collection of two or more intranets. It can be accessed by authorized users from

outside the organization. Different organizations can use extranet to share the
information of their intranets. An organization can apply security
Measures to provide limited access to the employees of other organization using the
extranet.

Networking Devices
Equipment that connects directly to a network segment is referred to as a device.
These devices are broken up into two classifications.
1. End-user devices
2. Network devices

End-user devices include computers, printers, scanners, and other devices that
provide services directly to the user.
Network devices include all the devices that connect the end-user devices together to
allow them to communicate

Communication is the process of transferring messages from one

point to another. Three basic elements of any communication
system are:
A sender (source), which creates the message to be transmitted
A medium which carries the message.
A receiver (sink), which receives the message.

Data transmission modes.

Data transmission is the flow of data between two points .There

are three waysormodes, of transmitting data from one point to
another. These are simplex, half duplex and full duplex.
Simplex:
If transmission is simplex, communication can take place only one
direction. Devices connected to such a circuit are either a sendonly or a receive only device. For example, a data collection
terminal on a factory floor (send only), or printer (receive only).
Half duplex:
A half-duplex system can transmit data in both directions, but
only in one direction at a time. Hence, a half-duplex line can
alternately send and receive data. It requires two wires this is the
most common type of transmission for voice communication
because only one person is supposed to speak at a time.
Full duplex:

Data flows in both directions simultaneously. Modems are

configured to flow data in both directions.by directional both
directions simultaneously.

What is data Transmission speed? Give briefly about the data

transmission speed.
A term to describe the data handling capacity of a communication
system is bandwidth. Bandwidth is the range of frequencies that
is available for transmission of data.
Depending on their transmission speeds, communication channels
(paths) are grouped into the following three basic categories:

Narrowband:
Narrow or sub voice grade channels range in speed from 45 to
300 baud. They are used for handling low data volumes, and are
adequate for low-speed devices. They are used mainly for
telegraph lines and low speed terminals.
Voice band:
Voice band channels handle moderate data volumes, and can
transmit data at speeds up to 9600 baud. They are so called
because their major application is for ordinary telephone voice
communication. They are also used for data transmission from
slow I/O devices to CPU or vice versa.
Broadband:
Broadband or wideband channels are used when large volumes of
data are to be transmitted at high speed. These systems provide
data transmission rates of 1 million baud or more. A company

might use a broadband facility for high-speed computer-tocomputer communication or for simultaneous transmission of
data to several different devices.
Twisted pair wire:
A twisted pair wire consists to two bunches of thin copper wires,
each bunch enclosed separately in a plastic insulation, then
twisted around each other to reduce interface by adjacent wires.
It is also called unshielded twisted pair cable because other than
the plastic coating around the two individual bunches of copper
wires, nothing shields it from outside interference.
UTP cables are commonly used in local telephone communication
and short distance digital data transmission.

Coaxial cable:
Coaxial cables are groups of specially wrapped and insulated wire
lines, which are able to transmit data at high rates. They consist
of a central copper wire surrounded by a pvc insulation over
which a sleeve of copper mesh is placed. The metal sleeve is
again shielded by an outer shield of thick PVC material. The signal
is transmitted by the inner copper wire, and is electrically
shielded by outer metal sleeve.
Coaxial cables offer much higher bandwidths than UTP cables,
and are capable of transmitting digital signals at rates of 01
megabits per second. They are extensively used in long distance
telephone lines and as cables for cable tv.
Microwave system:
Another popular transmission media is microwave. This is a
popular way of transmitting data, since it does not incur the
expense of laying cables. Microwave systems use very high

frequency radio signals to transmit data through space. However

at microwave frequencies, the electromagnetic waves cannot
bend or pass obstacles like hill. Hence it is necessary for
microwaves transmission to be in line of-sight. In other words the
transmitter and receiver of a microwave system. This may not be
possible for very long distance transmission. Moreover, the
signals become weaker after traveling a certain distance and
require a power amplification.
In order to overcome the problems of line-of sight and power
amplification of weak signals, microwave systems use repeaters
at intervals of about 25 to 30 kms in between transmitting and
receiving stations.

Communications satellite:
A satellite is an object that goes around, or orbits, a larger object,
such as a planet. While there are natural satellites, like the Moon,
hundreds of man-made satellites also orbit the Earth.
Components of a satellite
communication capabilities with earth
a power source
a control system to accomplish its mission

Several repeater stations are normally required for long distance

transmission, which increases the cost of data transmission
between two points, which increases the cost of data transmission
between two points, which normally impossible for microwave
communication. This problem is overcome by using satellites.

A communication satellite is basically a microwave relay station

placed in the outer space. These satellites are launched either by
rockets or space shuttles, and are precisely positioned 36,000
kms above the equator with an orbit speed, which exact matches,
the earth rotation speed. Since satellite are positioned in
geosynchronous orbit, it is stationary relative to earth, and always
stays over the same point on the ground. This allows a ground
station to aim its antenna at a fixed point in the sky. Each satellite
can receive and retransmit signals to slightly less than half of the
earths surface. Therefore, at therefore, at least three satellites
are needed in geosynchronous orbit to provide worldwide data
transmission service.
Satellite communication systems have following advantages:
A satellite, which is essentially a microwave relay station visible
from any point of a very large area, can be used for data
transmission between any two randomly chosen points in that
area.
Data transmission costs are independent of the distance between
two points as long as the two points are within the area covered
by satellite.
A satellite having many transponders has enormous data
communication capability.
Error direction is trivial in a satellite communication system
because a transmitting station can receive back its own
transmission and check whether the satellite has transmitted the
information correctly. If not, it can retransmit the data.

A satellite communication system, however, suffers from the

following disadvantages:
The initial cost of placing a satellite into its orbit is very high.

Owing to the travel of microwave signal from the sending earth

station to the satellite and then back to the receiving earth
station, there is a 270msec propagation delay between the sender
and receiver of any information.
The manner in which a satellite communication system works ,
any data sent to the satellite for transmission, automatically gets
broadcast to all receiving stations within the satellites range.
Hence, special security measures are needed to prevent
unauthorized tempering of information.
Atmospheric disturbances, like thunder and lightning affect the
ku

-band transmission of a satellite communication system.

Hence-band transmission is recommended during bad weather.

Optical fibers:
A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. A fiber optic
cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting
messages modulated onto light waves.

Optical fibers have following advantages:

Large bandwidth:
Optical fibers can transmit massive ammounts of data at very
high speed and long distances. They can have 10 to 100 times
greater bandwidths than the best coaxial cables.
Low loss:
As compared to electrical signals, light signals can travel at very
high speed with no significant loss of intensity over long
distances.
Immunity to electromagnetic interface:
Because they are made of insulators, optical fiber transmissions
are not affected by magnetic or electrical interference.

Small size and lightweight:

Fiber optic cables are much smaller in size and lighter in weight
than copper wires or coaxial cables. The use of smaller and lighter
fiber optic cables is very effective.
Security:
Optical fiber offers increased security against unauthorized
tempering of information since it is extremely difficult and
expensive to tap optical signals.
Safety and electrical insulation:
Optical fibers, being insulators, provide electrical isolation
between the source and the destination. Hence, they present no
electrical spark hazards and can be safety used in those places
where it is unsafe to use electrical conductors.
Analog and digital signals transmission:
Both analog and digital signals can be transmitted by the use of
optical fibers. In analog transmission the light is varied
continuously. On the other hand, in digital transmission the light
source is turned on or off.
Optical fibers, however, suffer from the following disadvantages:
Optical fibers, beingfragile, cannot be turned at sharp corners.
They can turn only those corners, which have radius of at least
few inches. This creates problem in the physical laying of the fiber
optic cable.
Aligning and joining two fiber optic cables is not so simple and
easy as for twisted copper wire pairs or coaxial cables. It requires
special equipment to do so.

When multiple paths exists between the source and destination

nodes of a packet, any one of the paths may be used to transfer
the packet.
The two popularly used routing algorithms are:
Source rounting:
In this method , the source node selects the entire path before
sending the packet. That is, all intermediate nodes, via which the
packet will be transferred to its destination,are decided at the
source node of the packet, and this routing information is included
along with the packet.
Hop-by-hop routing:
In this method, each node along the path decides only the next
node for the path. That is,each node maintains information about
the status of all its outgoing channels and the adjacent nodes,
and then selects a suitable adjacent nodes, and then selects a
suitable adjacent node for the packet and transmits it to that
node. The routing decisions are typically based on the channel
availability and the readiness of the adjacent nodes to receive
and relay the packet.
model
B2C

B2B

B2G

description
Sells products or
service directly to
the customers
Sells products or
services to other
business or brings
multiple buyers and
sellers together in
central marketplace.
Business selling to
local, state , and

examples
Amazon.com

SHOP2gather.com

iGov.com

federal agencies.
Consumer
sells ebay.com
directly
to
other
consumers.
Consumers fix price Priceline.com
on their own,which
business accept or
decline.

C2C

C2B

business

business

government

consumer

consumer

Brokerage model:
The characteristics of brokerage model are as follows:
The price discovery mechanism is its key principle.
It is a meeting point for sellers and buyers.
Auctions and exchanges are the modes of transactions.
It is a free market

Consists of global network of buyers and sellers

It is a virtual marketplace enabled by the internet.
It encompases all types of organizations now.

Advantages of brokerage model:

C2C tradingAllows buyers and sellers to trade directly bypassing
intermediates, and
Reduces cost for both the parties.
Global reach
Trading convenience,which
Allows trading at all hours and
Provides continually updated information.
Sence of community through direct buyer and seller
communication.
Efficient access to information
Allevation of the risks of anonymous trading.

Information flow

sellers

Info-mediary

Flow of products/services

buyers

Web pricing model:

CPM or impression only(set costs-per thousand of guranted
AD views)
Click-through(the advertiser pays based on the number of
times the banner is clicked by the user)
Sponsorships(Package deals of impressions and click through
)
Cost-per-lead(the advertiser pays when a viewer registers or
submits personal information)
Cost-per-sale(agreed upon charge for the viewers who
actually purchase a product or service based on the AD.)
Straight revenue sharing deals(the publisher receives a
commission which is paid upon sales from an ad.)

Subscription model:
Users aree charged a periodic- daily,monthly, or annual- fee
to subscribe to a service.
Content services:
Provide text,audio, or video conten to userfs wwho subscribe
for a fee to gain access to the service.
Persion-to-person:

Networking service are cconduits for the distribution of user

submitted information,such as individual searching for formal
schoolmates. Example: schoolmates.com, google.com
Trust servies:
Come in the form of membership associations that abide by
an explicit code of conduct, and in wwhich members pay a
subscription fee. Example: truste.com
Internet service providers:
Offer network connectivity and related services on a monthly
subscription. Example: America online.