Liquid Storage Tanks Chapter 7 PDF

7.
LIQUID STORAGE TANKS
This chapter presents models for estimating air emissions from organic liquid storage tanks. It also
contains detailed descriptions of typical varieties of such tanks, including horizontal, vertical, and
underground fixed roof tanks, and internal and external floating roof tanks.
The emission estimation equations presented herein have been developed by the American Petroleum
Institute (API), which retains the legal right to these equations. API has granted EPA permission for the
nonexclusive, noncommercial distribution of this material to governmental and regulatory agencies.
However, API reserves its rights regarding all commercial duplication and distribution of its material. Hence,
the material presented is available for public use, but it cannot be sold without written permission from both
the American Petroleum Institute and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
The major pollutant of concern is volatile organic compounds. There also may be speciated organic
compounds that may be toxic or hazardous.
1/95
Liquid Storage Tanks
7.0-1
7.1 Organic Liquid Storage Tanks

7.1.1 Process Description1-2
Storage vessels containing organic liquids can be found in many industries, including
(1) petroleum producing and refining, (2) petrochemical and chemical manufacturing, (3) bulk storage
and transfer operations, and (4) other industries consuming or producing organic liquids. Organic
liquids in the petroleum industry, usually called petroleum liquids, generally are mixtures of
hydrocarbons having dissimilar true vapor pressures (for example, gasoline and crude oil). Organic
liquids in the chemical industry, usually called volatile organic liquids, are composed of pure
chemicals or mixtures of chemicals with similar true vapor pressures (for example, benzene or a
mixture of isopropyl and butyl alcohols).
Six basic tank designs are used for organic liquid storage vessels: fixed roof (vertical and
horizontal), external floating roof, domed external (or covered) floating roof, internal floating roof,
variable vapor space, and pressure (low and high). A brief description of each tank is provided below.
Loss mechanisms associated with each type of tank are provided in Section 7.1.2.
The emission estimating equations presented in Section 7.1 were developed by the American
Petroleum Institute (API). API retains the copyright to these equations. API has granted permission
for the nonexclusive; noncommercial distribution of this material to governmental and regulatory
agencies. However, API reserves its rights regarding all commercial duplication and distribution of its
material. Therefore, the material presented in Section 7.1 is available for public use, but the material
cannot be sold without written permission from the American Petroleum Institute and the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
7.1.1.1 Fixed Roof Tanks
A typical vertical fixed roof tank is shown in Figure 7.1-1. This type of tank consists of a
cylindrical steel shell with a permanently affixed roof, which may vary in design from cone- or domeshaped to flat. Losses from fixed roof tanks are caused by changes in temperature, pressure, and
liquid level.
Fixed roof tanks are either freely vented or equipped with a pressure/vacuum vent. The latter
allows the tanks to operate at a slight internal pressure or vacuum to prevent the release of vapors
during very small changes in temperature, pressure, or liquid level. Of current tank designs, the fixed
roof tank is the least expensive to construct and is generally considered the minimum acceptable
equipment for storing organic liquids.
Horizontal fixed roof tanks are constructed for both above-ground and underground service
and are usually constructed of steel, steel with a fiberglass overlay, or fiberglass-reinforced polyester.
Horizontal tanks are generally small storage tanks with capacities of less than 40,000 gallons.
Horizontal tanks are constructed such that the length of the tank is not greater than six times the
diameter to ensure structural integrity. Horizontal tanks are usually equipped with pressure-vacuum
vents, gauge hatches and sample wells, and manholes to provide access to these tanks. In addition,
underground tanks may be cathodically protected to prevent corrosion of the tank shell. Cathodic
protection is accomplished by placing sacrificial anodes in the tank that are connected to an impressed
current system or by using galvanic anodes in the tank. However, internal cathodic protection against
9/97
7.1-1
corrosion is no longer widely used in the petroleum industry, due to corrosion inhibitors that are now
found in most refined petroleum products.
The potential emission sources for above-ground horizontal tanks are the same as those for
vertical fixed roof tanks. Emissions from underground storage tanks are associated mainly with
changes in the liquid level in the tank. Losses due to changes in temperature or barometric pressure
are minimal for underground tanks because the surrounding earth limits the diurnal temperature
change, and changes in the barometric pressure result in only small losses.
7.1.1.2 External Floating Roof Tanks
A typical external floating roof tank (EFRT) consists of an open- topped cylindrical steel shell
equipped with a roof that floats on the surface of the stored liquid. The floating roof consists of a
deck, fittings, and rim seal system. Floating decks that are currently in use are constructed of welded
steel plate and are of two general types: pontoon or double-deck. Pontoon-type and double-deck-type
external floating roof tanks are shown in Figures 7.1-2 and 7.1-3, respectively. With all types of
external floating roof tanks, the roof rises and falls with the liquid level in the tank. External floating
decks are equipped with a rim seal system, which is attached to the deck perimeter and contacts the
tank wall. The purpose of the floating roof and rim seal system is to reduce evaporative loss of the
stored liquid. Some annular space remains between the seal system and the tank wall. The seal
system slides against the tank wall as the roof is raised and lowered. The floating deck is also
equipped with fittings that penetrate the deck and serve operational functions. The external floating
roof design is such that evaporative losses from the stored liquid are limited to losses from the rim
seal system and deck fittings (standing storage loss) and any exposed liquid on the tank walls
(withdrawal loss).
7.1.1.3 Internal Floating Roof Tanks
An internal floating roof tank (IFRT) has both a permanent fixed roof and a floating roof
inside. There are two basic types of internal floating roof tanks: tanks in which the fixed roof is
supported by vertical columns within the tank, and tanks with a self-supporting fixed roof and no
internal support columns. Fixed roof tanks that have been retrofitted to use a floating roof are
typically of the first type. External floating roof tanks that have been converted to internal floating
roof tanks typically have a self-supporting roof. Newly constructed internal floating roof tanks may be
of either type. The deck in internal floating roof tanks rises and falls with the liquid level and either
floats directly on the liquid surface (contact deck) or rests on pontoons several inches above the liquid
surface (noncontact deck). The majority of aluminum internal floating roofs currently in service have
noncontact decks. A typical internal floating roof tank is shown in Figure 7.1-4.
Contact decks can be (1) aluminum sandwich panels that are bolted together, with a
honeycomb aluminum core floating in contact with the liquid; (2) pan steel decks floating in contact
with the liquid, with or without pontoons; and (3) resin-coated, fiberglass reinforced polyester (FRP),
buoyant panels floating in contact with the liquid. The majority of internal contact floating decks
currently in service are aluminum sandwich panel-type or pan steel-type. The FRP decks are less
common. The panels of pan steel decks are usually welded together.
Noncontact decks are the most common type currently in use. Typical noncontact decks are
constructed of an aluminum deck and an aluminum grid framework supported above the liquid surface
by tubular aluminum pontoons or some other buoyant structure. The noncontact decks usually have
bolted deck seams. Installing a floating roof minimizes evaporative losses of the stored liquid. Both
contact and noncontact decks incorporate rim seals and deck fittings for the same purposes previously
described for external floating roof tanks. Evaporative losses from floating roofs may come from deck
7.1-2
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
fittings, nonwelded deck seams, and the annular space between the deck and tank wall. In addition,
these tanks are freely vented by circulation vents at the top of the fixed roof. The vents minimize the
possibility of organic vapor accumulation in the tank vapor space in concentrations approaching the
flammable range. An internal floating roof tank not freely vented is considered a pressure tank.
Emission estimation methods for such tanks are not provided in AP-42.
7.1.1.4 Domed External Floating Roof Tanks
Domed external (or covered) floating roof tanks have the heavier type of deck used in external
floating roof tanks as well as a fixed roof at the top of the shell like internal floating roof tanks.
Domed external floating roof tanks usually result from retrofitting an external floating roof tank with a
fixed roof. This type of tank is very similar to an internal floating roof tank with a welded deck and a
self supporting fixed roof. A typical domed external floating roof tank is shown in Figure 7.1-5.
As with the internal floating roof tanks, the function of the fixed roof is not to act as a vapor
barrier, but to block the wind. The type of fixed roof most commonly used is a self supporting
aluminum dome roof, which is of bolted construction. Like the internal floating roof tanks, these
tanks are freely vented by circulation vents at the top of the fixed roof. The deck fittings and rim
seals, however, are identical to those on external floating roof tanks. In the event that the floating
deck is replaced with the lighter IFRT-type deck, the tank would then be considered an internal
floating roof tank.
7.1.1.5 Variable Vapor Space Tanks
Variable vapor space tanks are equipped with expandable vapor reservoirs to accommodate
vapor volume fluctuations attributable to temperature and barometric pressure changes. Although
variable vapor space tanks are sometimes used independently, they are normally connected to the
vapor spaces of one or more fixed roof tanks. The two most common types of variable vapor space
tanks are lifter roof tanks and flexible diaphragm tanks.
Lifter roof tanks have a telescoping roof that fits loosely around the outside of the main tank
wall. The space between the roof and the wall is closed by either a wet seal, which is a trough filled
with liquid, or a dry seal, which uses a flexible coated fabric.
Flexible diaphragm tanks use flexible membranes to provide expandable volume. They may
be either separate gasholder units or integral units mounted atop fixed roof tanks.
Variable vapor space tank losses occur during tank filling when vapor is displaced by liquid.
Loss of vapor occurs only when the tanks vapor storage capacity is exceeded.
7.1.1.6 Pressure Tanks
Two classes of pressure tanks are in general use: low pressure (2.5 to 15 psig) and high
pressure (higher than 15 psig). Pressure tanks generally are used for storing organic liquids and gases
with high vapor pressures and are found in many sizes and shapes, depending on the operating
pressure of the tank. Pressure tanks are equipped with a pressure/vacuum vent that is set to prevent
venting loss from boiling and breathing loss from daily temperature or barometric pressure changes.
High-pressure storage tanks can be operated so that virtually no evaporative or working losses occur.
In low-pressure tanks, working losses can occur with atmospheric venting of the tank during filling
operations. No appropriate correlations are available to estimate vapor losses from pressure tanks.
9/97
7.1-3
7.1.2 Emission Mechanisms And Control

Emissions from organic liquids in storage occur because of evaporative loss of the liquid
during its storage and as a result of changes in the liquid level. The emission sources vary with tank
design, as does the relative contribution of each type of emission source. Emissions from fixed roof
tanks are a result of evaporative losses during storage (known as breathing losses or standing storage
losses) and evaporative losses during filling and emptying operations (known as working losses).
External and internal floating roof tanks are emission sources because of evaporative losses that occur
during standing storage and withdrawal of liquid from the tank. Standing storage losses are a result of
evaporative losses through rim seals, deck fittings, and/or deck seams. The loss mechanisms for fixed
roof and external and internal floating roof tanks are described in more detail in this section. Variable
vapor space tanks are also emission sources because of evaporative losses that result during filling
operations. The loss mechanism for variable vapor space tanks is also described in this section.
Emissions occur from pressure tanks, as well. However, loss mechanisms from these sources are not
described in this section.
7.1.2.1 Fixed Roof Tanks
The two significant types of emissions from fixed roof tanks are storage and working losses.
Storage loss is the expulsion of vapor from a tank through vapor expansion and contraction, which are
the results of changes in temperature and barometric pressure. This loss occurs without any liquid
level change in the tank.
The combined loss from filling and emptying is called working loss. Evaporation during
filling operations is a result of an increase in the liquid level in the tank. As the liquid level increases,
the pressure inside the tank exceeds the relief pressure and vapors are expelled from the tank.
Evaporative loss during emptying occurs when air drawn into the tank during liquid removal becomes
saturated with organic vapor and expands, thus exceeding the capacity of the vapor space.
Fixed roof tank emissions vary as a function of vessel capacity, vapor pressure of the stored
liquid, utilization rate of the tank, and atmospheric conditions at the tank location.
Several methods are used to control emissions from fixed roof tanks. Emissions from fixed
roof tanks can be controlled by installing an internal floating roof and seals to minimize evaporation of
the product being stored. The control efficiency of this method ranges from 60 to 99 percent,
depending on the type of roof and seals installed and on the type of organic liquid stored.
Vapor balancing is another means of emission control. Vapor balancing is probably most
common in the filling of tanks at gasoline stations. As the storage tank is filled, the vapors expelled
from the storage tank are directed to the emptying gasoline tanker truck. The truck then transports the
vapors to a centralized station where a vapor recovery or control system is used to control emissions.
Vapor balancing can have control efficiencies as high as 90 to 98 percent if the vapors are subjected to
vapor recovery or control. If the truck vents the vapor to the atmosphere instead of to a recovery or
control system, no control is achieved.
Vapor recovery systems collect emissions from storage vessels and convert them to liquid
product. Several vapor recovery procedures may be used, including vapor/liquid absorption, vapor
compression, vapor cooling, vapor/solid adsorption, or a combination of these. The overall control
efficiencies of vapor recovery systems are as high as 90 to 98 percent, depending on the methods used,
the design of the unit, the composition of vapors recovered, and the mechanical condition of the
system.
7.1-4
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
In a typical thermal oxidation system, the air/vapor mixture is injected through a burner
manifold into the combustion area of an incinerator. Control efficiencies for this system can range
from 96 to 99 percent.
7.1.2.2 Floating Roof Tanks2-7
Total emissions from floating roof tanks are the sum of withdrawal losses and standing storage
losses. Withdrawal losses occur as the liquid level, and thus the floating roof, is lowered. Some
liquid remains on the inner tank wall surface and evaporates. For an internal floating roof tank that
has a column supported fixed roof, some liquid also clings to the columns and evaporates.
Evaporative loss occurs until the tank is filled and the exposed surfaces are again covered. Standing
storage losses from floating roof tanks include rim seal and deck fitting losses, and for internal floating
roof tanks also include deck seam losses for constructions other than welded decks. Other potential
standing storage loss mechanisms include breathing losses as a result of temperature and pressure
changes.
Rim seal losses can occur through many complex mechanisms, but for external floating roof
tanks, the majority of rim seal vapor losses have been found to be wind induced. No dominant wind
loss mechanism has been identified for internal floating roof or domed external floating roof tank rim
seal losses. Losses can also occur due to permeation of the rim seal material by the vapor or via a
wicking effect of the liquid, but permeation of the rim seal material generally does not occur if the
correct seal fabric is used. Testing has indicated that breathing, solubility, and wicking loss
mechanisms are small in comparison to the wind-induced loss. The rim seal factors presented in this
section incorporate all types of losses.
The rim seal system is used to allow the floating roof to rise and fall within the tank as the
liquid level changes. The rim seal system also helps to fill the annular space between the rim and the
tank shell and therefore minimize evaporative losses from this area. A rim seal system may consist of
just a primary seal or a primary and a secondary seal, which is mounted above the primary seal.
Examples of primary and secondary seal configurations are shown in Figures 7.1-6, 7.1-7, and 7.1-8.
The primary seal serves as a vapor conservation device by closing the annular space between
the edge of the floating deck and the tank wall. Three basic types of primary seals are used on
external floating roofs: mechanical (metallic) shoe, resilient filled (nonmetallic), and flexible wiper
seals. Some primary seals on external floating roof tanks are protected by a weather shield. Weather
shields may be of metallic, elastomeric, or composite construction and provide the primary seal with
longer life by protecting the primary seal fabric from deterioration due to exposure to weather, debris,
and sunlight. Internal floating roofs typically incorporate one of two types of flexible, productresistant seals: resilient foam-filled seals or wiper seals. Mechanical shoe seals, resilient filled seals,
and wiper seals are discussed below.
A mechanical shoe seal uses a light-gauge metallic band as the sliding contact with the shell of
the tank, as shown in Figure 7.1-7. The band is formed as a series of sheets (shoes) which are joined
together to form a ring, and are held against the tank shell by a mechanical device. The shoes are
normally 3 to 5 feet deep, providing a potentially large contact area with the tank shell. Expansion
and contraction of the ring can be provided for as the ring passes over shell irregularities or rivets by
jointing narrow pieces of fabric into the ring or by crimping the shoes at intervals. The bottoms of the
shoes extend below the liquid surface to confine the rim vapor space between the shoe and the floating
deck.
9/97
7.1-5
The rim vapor space, which is bounded by the shoe, the rim of the floating deck, and the
liquid surface, is sealed from the atmosphere by bolting or clamping a coated fabric, called the primary
seal fabric, that extends from the shoe to the rim to form an "envelope". Two locations are used for
attaching the primary seal fabric. The fabric is most commonly attached to the top of the shoe and the
rim of the floating deck. To reduce the rim vapor space, the fabric can be attached to the shoe and the
floating deck rim near the liquid surface. Rim vents can be used to relieve any excess pressure or
vacuum in the vapor space.
A resilient filled seal can be mounted to eliminate the vapor space between the rim seal and
liquid surface (liquid mounted) or to allow a vapor space between the rim seal and the liquid surface
(vapor mounted). Both configurations are shown in Figures 7.1-6 and 7.1-7. Resilient filled seals
work because of the expansion and contraction of a resilient material to maintain contact with the tank
shell while accommodating varying annular rim space widths. These rim seals allow the roof to move
up and down freely, without binding.
Resilient filled seals typically consist of a core of open-cell foam encapsulated in a coated
fabric. The seals are attached to a mounting on the deck perimeter and extend around the deck
circumference. Polyurethane-coated nylon fabric and polyurethane foam are commonly used materials.
For emission control, it is important that the attachment of the seal to the deck and the radial seal
joints be vapor-tight and that the seal be in substantial contact with the tank shell.
Wiper seals generally consist of a continuous annular blade of flexible material fastened to a
mounting bracket on the deck perimeter that spans the annular rim space and contacts the tank shell.
This type of seal is depicted in Figure 7.1-6. New tanks with wiper seals may have dual wipers, one
mounted above the other. The mounting is such that the blade is flexed, and its elasticity provides a
sealing pressure against the tank shell.
Wiper seals are vapor mounted; a vapor space exists between the liquid stock and the bottom
of the seal. For emission control, it is important that the mounting be vapor-tight, that the seal extend
around the circumference of the deck and that the blade be in substantial contact with the tank shell.
Two types of materials are commonly used to make the wipers. One type consists of a cellular,
elastomeric material tapered in cross section with the thicker portion at the mounting. Rubber is a
commonly used material; urethane and cellular plastic are also available. All radial joints in the blade
are joined. The second type of material that can be used is a foam core wrapped with a coated fabric.
Polyurethane on nylon fabric and polyurethane foam are common materials. The core provides the
flexibility and support, while the fabric provides the vapor barrier and wear surface.
A secondary seal may be used to provide some additional evaporative loss control over that
achieved by the primary seal. Secondary seals can be either flexible wiper seals or resilient filled
seals. For external floating roof tanks, two configurations of secondary seals are available: shoe
mounted and rim mounted, as shown in Figure 7.1-8. Rim mounted secondary seals are more
effective in reducing losses than shoe mounted secondary seals because they cover the entire rim vapor
space. For internal floating roof tanks, the secondary seal is mounted to an extended vertical rim
plate, above the primary seal, as shown in Figure 7.1-8. However, for some floating roof tanks, using
a secondary seal further limits the tanks operating capacity due to the need to keep the seal from
interfering with fixed roof rafters or to keep the secondary seal in contact with the tank shell when the
tank is filled.
7.1-6
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
The deck fitting losses from floating roof tanks can be explained by the same mechanisms as
the rim seal losses. However, the relative contribution of each mechanism is not known. The deck
fitting losses identified in this section account for the combined effect of all of the mechanisms.
Numerous fittings pass through or are attached to floating roof decks to accommodate
structural support components or allow for operational functions. Internal floating roof deck fittings
are typically of different configuration than those for external floating roof decks. Rather than having
tall housings to avoid rainwater entry, internal floating roof deck fittings tend to have lower profile
housings to minimize the potential for the fitting to contact the fixed roof when the tank is filled.
Deck fittings can be a source of evaporative loss when they require openings in the deck. The most
common components that require openings in the deck are described below.
1. Access hatches. An access hatch is an opening in the deck with a peripheral vertical well
that is large enough to provide passage for workers and materials through the deck for construction or
servicing. Attached to the opening is a removable cover that may be bolted and/or gasketed to reduce
evaporative loss. On internal floating roof tanks with noncontact decks, the well should extend down
into the liquid to seal off the vapor space below the noncontact deck. A typical access hatch is shown
in Figure 7.1-9.
2. Gauge-floats. A gauge-float is used to indicate the level of liquid within the tank. The
float rests on the liquid surface and is housed inside a well that is closed by a cover. The cover may
be bolted and/or gasketed to reduce evaporation loss. As with other similar deck penetrations, the well
extends down into the liquid on noncontact decks in internal floating roof tanks. A typical gauge-float
and well are shown in Figure 7.1-9.
3. Gauge-hatch/sample ports. A gauge-hatch/sample port consists of a pipe sleeve equipped
with a self-closing gasketed cover (to reduce evaporative losses) and allows hand-gauging or sampling
of the stored liquid. The gauge-hatch/sample port is usually located beneath the gaugers platform,
which is mounted on top of the tank shell. A cord may be attached to the self-closing gasketed cover
so that the cover can be opened from the platform. A typical gauge-hatch/sample port is shown in
Figure 7.1-9.
4. Rim vents. Rim vents are used on tanks equipped with a seal design that creates a vapor
pocket in the seal and rim area, such as a mechanical shoe seal. A typical rim vent is shown in
Figure 7.1-10. The vent is used to release any excess pressure or vacuum that is present in the vapor
space bounded by the primary-seal shoe and the floating roof rim and the primary seal fabric and the
liquid level. Rim vents usually consist of weighted pallets that rest on a gasketed cover.
5. Deck drains. Currently two types of deck drains are in use (closed and open deck drains)
to remove rainwater from the floating deck. Open deck drains can be either flush or overflow drains.
Both types consist of a pipe that extends below the deck to allow the rainwater to drain into the stored
liquid. Only open deck drains are subject to evaporative loss. Flush drains are flush with the deck
surface. Overflow drains are elevated above the deck surface. Typical overflow and flush deck drains
are shown in Figure 7.1-10. Overflow drains are used to limit the maximum amount of rainwater that
can accumulate on the floating deck, providing emergency drainage of rainwater if necessary. Closed
deck drains carry rainwater from the surface of the deck though a flexible hose or some other type of
piping system that runs through the stored liquid prior to exiting the tank. The rainwater does not
come in contact with the liquid, so no evaporative losses result. Overflow drains are usually used in
conjunction with a closed drain system to carry rainwater outside the tank.
9/97
7.1-7
6. Deck legs. Deck legs are used to prevent damage to fittings underneath the deck and to
allow for tank cleaning or repair, by holding the deck at a predetermined distance off the tank bottom.
These supports consist of adjustable or fixed legs attached to the floating deck or hangers suspended
from the fixed roof. For adjustable legs or hangers, the load-carrying element passes through a well or
sleeve into the deck. With noncontact decks, the well should extend into the liquid. Evaporative
losses may occur in the annulus between the deck leg and its sleeve. A typical deck leg is shown in
Figure 7.1-10.
7. Unslotted guidepoles and wells. A guidepole is an antirotational device that is fixed to the
top and bottom of the tank, passing through a well in the floating roof. The guidepole is used to
prevent adverse movement of the roof and thus damage to deck fittings and the rim seal system. In
some cases, an unslotted guidepole is used for gauging purposes, but there is a potential for differences
in the pressure, level, and composition of the liquid inside and outside of the guidepole. A typical
guidepole and well are shown in Figure 7.1-11.
8. Slotted (perforated) guidepoles and wells. The function of the slotted guidepole is similar
to the unslotted guidepole but also has additional features. Perforated guidepoles can be either slotted
or drilled hole guidepoles. A typical slotted guidepole and well are shown in Figure 7.1-11. As
shown in this figure, the guide pole is slotted to allow stored liquid to enter. The same can be
accomplished with drilled holes. The liquid entering the guidepole is well mixed, having the same
composition as the remainder of the stored liquid, and is at the same liquid level as the liquid in the
tank. Representative samples can therefore be collected from the slotted or drilled hole guidepole.
However, evaporative loss from the guidepole can be reduced by modifying the guidepole or well or
by placing a float inside the guidepole. Guidepoles are also referred to as gauge poles, gauge pipes, or
stilling wells.
9. Vacuum breakers. A vacuum breaker equalizes the pressure of the vapor space across the
deck as the deck is either being landed on or floated off its legs. A typical vacuum breaker is shown
in Figure 7.1-10. As depicted in this figure, the vacuum breaker consists of a well with a cover.
Attached to the underside of the cover is a guided leg long enough to contact the tank bottom as the
floating deck approaches. When in contact with the tank bottom, the guided leg mechanically opens
the breaker by lifting the cover off the well; otherwise, the cover closes the well. The closure may be
gasketed or ungasketed. Because the purpose of the vacuum breaker is to allow the free exchange of
air and/or vapor, the well does not extend appreciably below the deck.
Fittings used only on internal floating roof tanks include column wells, ladder wells, and stub
drains.
1. Columns and wells. The most common fixed-roof designs are normally supported from
inside the tank by means of vertical columns, which necessarily penetrate an internal floating deck.
(Some fixed roofs are entirely self-supporting and, therefore, have no support columns.) Column wells
are similar to unslotted guide pole wells on external floating roofs. Columns are made of pipe with
circular cross sections or of structural shapes with irregular cross sections (built-up). The number of
columns varies with tank diameter, from a minimum of 1 to over 50 for very large diameter tanks. A
typical fixed roof support column and well are shown in Figure 7.1-9.
The columns pass through deck openings via peripheral vertical wells. With noncontact decks,
the well should extend down into the liquid stock. Generally, a closure device exists between the top
of the well and the column. Several proprietary designs exist for this closure, including sliding covers
and fabric sleeves, which must accommodate the movements of the deck relative to the column as the
7.1-8
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
liquid level changes. A sliding cover rests on the upper rim of the column well (which is normally
fixed to the deck) and bridges the gap or space between the column well and the column. The cover,
which has a cutout, or opening, around the column slides vertically relative to the column as the deck
raises and lowers. At the same time, the cover slides horizontally relative to the rim of the well. A
gasket around the rim of the well reduces emissions from this fitting. A flexible fabric sleeve seal
between the rim of the well and the column (with a cutout or opening, to allow vertical motion of the
seal relative to the columns) similarly accommodates limited horizontal motion of the deck relative to
the column.
2. Ladders and wells. Some tanks are equipped with internal ladders that extend from a
manhole in the fixed roof to the tank bottom. The deck opening through which the ladder passes is
constructed with similar design details and considerations to deck openings for column wells, as
previously discussed. A typical ladder well is shown in Figure 7.1-12.
3. Stub drains. Bolted internal floating roof decks are typically equipped with stub drains to
allow any stored product that may be on the deck surface to drain back to the underside of the deck.
The drains are attached so that they are flush with the upper deck. Stub drains are approximately
1 inch in diameter and extend down into the product on noncontact decks.
Deck seams in internal floating roof tanks are a source of emissions to the extent that these
seams may not be completely vapor tight if the deck is not welded. Generally, the same loss
mechanisms for fittings apply to deck seams. The predominant mechanism depends on whether or not
the deck is in contact with the stored liquid. The deck seam loss equation accounts for the effects of
all contributing loss mechamisms.
7.1.3 Emission Estimation Procedures
The following section presents the emission estimation procedures for fixed roof, external
floating roof, domed external floating roof, and internal floating roof tanks. These procedures are
valid for all petroleum liquids, pure volatile organic liquids, and chemical mixtures with similar true
vapor pressures. It is important to note that in all the emission estimation procedures the physical
properties of the vapor do not include the noncondensibles (e. g., air) in the gas but only refer to the
condensible components of the stored liquid. To aid in the emission estimation procedures, a list of
variables with their corresponding definitions was developed and is presented in Table 7.1-1.
The factors presented in AP-42 are those that are currently available and have been reviewed
and approved by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. As storage tank equipment vendors
design new floating decks and equipment, new emission factors may be developed based on that
equipment. If the new emission factors are reviewed and approved, the emission factors will be added
to AP-42 during the next update.
The emission estimation procedures outlined in this chapter have been used as the basis for the
development of a software program to estimate emissions from storage tanks. The software program
entitled "TANKS" is available through the Technology Transfer Network (TTN) Bulletin Board
System maintained by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
7.1.3.1 Total Losses From Fixed Roof Tanks4,8-14
The following equations, provided to estimate standing storage and working loss emissions,
apply to tanks with vertical cylindrical shells and fixed roofs. These tanks must be substantially
liquid- and vapor-tight and must operate approximately at atmospheric pressure. The equations are not
9/97
7.1-9
intended to be used in estimating losses from unstable or boiling stocks or from mixtures of
hydrocarbons or petrochemicals for which the vapor pressure is not known or cannot be readily
predicted. Total losses from fixed roof tanks are equal to the sum of the standing storage loss and
working loss:
LT = LS + LW
(1-1)
where:
LT = total losses, lb/yr
LS = standing storage losses, lb/yr
LW = working losses, lb/yr
Standing Storage Loss - Fixed roof tank breathing or standing storage losses can be estimated from:
LS = 365 VVWVKEKS
(1-2)
where:
LS = standing storage loss, lb/yr
VV = vapor space volume, ft3
WV = vapor density, lb/ft3
KE = vapor space expansion factor, dimensionless
KS = vented vapor saturation factor, dimensionless
365 = constant, d/yr
Tank Vapor Space Volume, VV - The tank vapor space volume is calculated using the following
equation:
2
(1-3)
VV
D H VO
4
where:
VV = vapor space volume, ft3
D = tank diameter, ft, see Note 1 for horizontal tanks
HVO = vapor space outage, ft
The vapor space outage, HVO is the height of a cylinder of tank diameter, D, whose volume is
equivalent to the vapor space volume of a fixed roof tank, including the volume under the cone or
dome roof. The vapor space outage, HVO, is estimated from:
7.1-10
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
HVO = HS - HL + HRO
(1-4)
where:
HVO = vapor space outage, ft
HS = tank shell height, ft
HL = liquid height, ft
HRO = roof outage, ft; see Note 2 for a cone roof or Note 3 for a dome roof
Notes:
1. The emission estimating equations presented above were developed for vertical fixed roof
tanks. If a user needs to estimate emissions from a horizontal fixed roof tank, some of the tank
parameters can be modified before using the vertical tank emission estimating equations. First, by
assuming that the tank is one-half filled, the surface area of the liquid in the tank is approximately
equal to the length of the tank times the diameter of the tank. Next, assume that this area represents a
circle, i. e., that the liquid is an upright cylinder. Therefore, the effective diameter, DE, is then equal
to:
(1-5)
where:
DE = effective tank diameter, ft
L = length of tank, ft
D = actual diameter of tank, ft
One-half of the actual diameter of the horizontal tank should be used as the vapor space outage, HVO.
This method yields only a very approximate value for emissions from horizontal storage tanks. For
underground horizontal tanks, assume that no breathing or standing storage losses occur (LS = 0)
because the insulating nature of the earth limits the diurnal temperature change. No modifications to
the working loss equation are necessary for either above-ground or underground horizontal tanks.
2. For a cone roof, the roof outage, HRO, is calculated as follows:
HRO = 1/3 HR
(1-6)
where:
HRO = roof outage (or shell height equivalent to the volume contained under the roof), ft
HR = tank roof height, ft
9/97
7.1-11
The tank roof height, HR, is equal to SR RS

where:
SR = tank cone roof slope, if unknown, a standard value of 0.0625 ft/ft is used, ft/ft
RS = tank shell radius, ft
3. For a dome roof, the roof outage, HRO, is calculated as follows:
H 2
R
H RO H R 1/2 1/6
R
(1-7)
where:
HRO = roof outage, ft
The tank roof height, HR, is calculated:
HR = RR - (RR2 - RS2)0.5
(1-8)
where:
RR = tank dome roof radius, ft
The value of RR usually ranges from 0.8D - 1.2D, where D = 2 RS. If RR is unknown, the tank
diameter is used in its place. If the tank diameter is used as the value for RR, Equations 1-7 and 1-8
reduce to HR = 0.268 RS and HRO = 0.137 RS.
Vapor Density, WV - The density of the vapor is calculated using the following equation:
WV
M V P VA
(1-9)
RT LA
where:
MV = vapor molecular weight, lb/lb-mole; see Note 1
7.1-12
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
R = the ideal gas constant, 10.731 psia ft3/lb-mole R

PVA = vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia; see Notes 1 and 2
TLA = daily average liquid surface temperature, R; see Note 3
Notes:
1. The molecular weight of the vapor, MV, can be determined from Table 7.1-2 and 7.1-3 for
selected petroleum liquids and volatile organic liquids, respectively, or by analyzing vapor samples.
Where mixtures of organic liquids are stored in a tank, MV can be calculated from the liquid
composition. The molecular weight of the vapor, MV, is equal to the sum of the molecular weight,
Mi, multiplied by the vapor mole fraction, yi, for each component. The vapor mole fraction is equal
to the partial pressure of component i divided by the total vapor pressure. The partial pressure of
component i is equal to the true vapor pressure of component i (P) multiplied by the liquid mole
fraction, (xi). Therefore,
Px
i
(1-10)
M V M iy i M i
P
VA
where:
PVA, total vapor pressure of the stored liquid, by Raoults Law, is:
PVA = Pxi
(1-11)
For more detailed information, please refer to Section 7.1.4.

2. True vapor pressure is the equilibrium partial pressure exerted by a volatile organic liquid,
as defined by ASTM-D 2879 or as obtained from standard reference texts. Reid vapor pressure is the
absolute vapor pressure of volatile crude oil and volatile nonviscous petroleum liquids, except liquified
petroleum gases, as determined by ASTM-D-323. True vapor pressures for organic liquids can be
determined from Table 7.1-3. True vapor pressure can be determined for crude oils using
Figures 7.1-13a and 7.1-13b. For refined stocks (gasolines and naphthas), Table 7.1-2 or
Figures 7.1-14a and 7.1-14b can be used. In order to use Figures 7.1-13a, 7.1-13b, 7.1-14a, or
7.1-14b, the stored liquid surface temperature, TLA, must be determined in degrees Fahrenheit. See
Note 3 to determine TLA.
Alternatively, true vapor pressure for selected petroleum liquid stocks, at the stored liquid
surface temperature, can be determined using the following equation:
PVA = exp [A - (B/TLA)]
where:
(1-12a)
exp = exponential function

A = constant in the vapor pressure equation, dimensionless
B = constant in the vapor pressure equation, R
9/97
7.1-13
TLA = daily average liquid surface temperature, R

PVA = true vapor pressure, psia
For selected petroleum liquid stocks, physical property data are presented in Table 7.1-2. For
refined petroleum stocks, the constants A and B can be calculated from the equations presented in
Figure 7.1-15 and the distillation slopes presented in Table 7.1-4. For crude oil stocks, the constants
A and B can be calculated from the equations presented in Figure 7.1-16. Note that in
Equation 1-12a, TLA is determined in degrees Rankine instead of degrees Fahrenheit.
The true vapor pressure of organic liquids at the stored liquid temperature can be estimated by
Antoines equation:
B
log PVA A
(1-12b)
TLA C
where:
A = constant in vapor pressure equation
B = constant in vapor pressure equation
C = constant in vapor pressure equation
TLA = daily average liquid surface temperature, C
PVA = vapor pressure at average liquid surface temperature, mm Hg
For organic liquids, the values for the constants A, B, and C are listed in Table 7.1-5. Note
that in Equation 1-12b, TLA is determined in degrees Celsius instead of degrees Rankine. Also, in
Equation 1-12b, PVA is determined in mm of Hg rather than psia (760 mm Hg = 14.7 psia).
3. If the daily average liquid surface temperature, TLA, is unknown, it is calculated using the
following equation:
where:
TLA = 0.44TAA + 0.56TB + 0.0079 I
(1-13)

TAA = daily average ambient temperature, R; see Note 4
TB = liquid bulk temperature, R; see Note 5
= tank paint solar absorptance, dimensionless; see Table 7.1-6
I = daily total solar insolation factor, Btu/ft2 d; see Table 7.1-7
If TLA is used to calculate PVA from Figures 7.1-13a, 7.1-13b, 7.1-14a, or 7.1-14b, TLA must be
converted from degrees Rankine to degrees Fahrenheit (F = R - 460). If TLA is used to calculate
PVA from Equation 1-12b, TLA must be converted from degrees Rankine to degrees Celsius
7.1-14
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
(C = [R - 492]/1.8). Equation 1-13 should not be used to estimate liquid surface temperature from
insulated tanks. In the case of insulated tanks, the average liquid surface temperature should be based
on liquid surface temperature measurements from the tank.
4. The daily average ambient temperature, TAA, is calculated using the following equation:
TAA = (TAX + TAN)/2
(1-14)
where:
TAA = daily average ambient temperature, R
TAX = daily maximum ambient temperature, R
TAN = daily minimum ambient temperature, R
Table 7.1-7 gives values of TAX and TAN for selected U. S. cities.
5. The liquid bulk temperature, TB, is calculated using the following equation:
TB = TAA + 6 - 1
(1-15)
where:
TB = liquid bulk temperature, R
TAA = daily average ambient temperature, R, as calculated in Note 4
= tank paint solar absorptance, dimensionless; see Table 7.1-6.
Vapor Space Expansion Factor, KE - The vapor space expansion factor, KE, is calculated using the
following equation:
KE
T V
T LA
P V P B
P A P VA
(1-16)
where:
TV = daily vapor temperature range, R; see Note 1
PV = daily vapor pressure range, psi; see Note 2
PB = breather vent pressure setting range, psi; see Note 3
PA = atmospheric pressure, psia
9/97
7.1-15
PVA = vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia; see Notes 1 and 2 for
Equation 1-9
TLA = daily average liquid surface temperature, R; see Note 3 for Equation 1-9
Notes:
1. The daily vapor temperature range, TV, is calculated using the following equation:
TV = 0.72 TA + 0.028 I
where:
(1-17)
TV = daily vapor temperature range, R

TA = daily ambient temperature range, R; see Note 4
= tank paint solar absorptance, dimensionless; see Table 7.1-6
I = daily total solar insolation factor, Btu/ft2 d; see Table 7.1-7
2. The daily vapor pressure range, PV, can be calculated using the following equation:
PV = PVX - PVN
where:
(1-18)
PV = daily vapor pressure range, psia

PVX = vapor pressure at the daily maximum liquid surface temperature, psia; see Note 5
PVN = vapor pressure at the daily minimum liquid surface temperature, psia; see Note 5
liquids:
The following method can be used as an alternate means of calculating PV for petroleum
P V
0.50 B P VA T V
T LA2
(1-19)
where:
B = constant in the vapor pressure equation, R; see Note 2 to Equation 1-9
PVA = vapor pressure at the daily average liquid surface temperature, psia; see Notes 1 and 2
to Equation 1-9
TLA = daily average liquid surface temperature, R; see Note 3 to Equation 1-9
TV = daily vapor temperature range, R; see Note 1
7.1-16
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
3. The breather vent pressure setting range, PB, is calculated using the following equation:
where:
PB = PBP - PBV
(1-20)
PB = breather vent pressure setting range, psig

PBP = breather vent pressure setting, psig
PBV = breather vent vacuum setting, psig
If specific information on the breather vent pressure setting and vacuum setting is not
available, assume 0.03 psig for PBP and -0.03 psig for PBV as typical values. If the fixed roof tank is
of bolted or riveted construction in which the roof or shell plates are not vapor tight, assume that
PB = 0, even if a breather vent is used. The estimating equations for fixed roof tanks do not apply
to either low or high pressure tanks. If the breather vent pressure or vacuum setting exceeds 1.0 psig,
the standing storage losses could potentially be negative.
4. The daily ambient temperature range, TA, is calculated using the following equation:
where:
TA = TAX - TAN
(1-21)
TA = daily ambient temperature range, R

TAX = daily maximum ambient temperature, R
TAN = daily minimum ambient temperature, R
Table 7.1-7 gives values of TAX and TAN for selected cities in the United States.11
5. The vapor pressures associated with daily maximum and minimum liquid surface
temperature, PVX and PVN, respectively are calculated by substituting the corresponding temperatures,
TLX and TLN, into the vapor pressure function discussed in Notes 1 and 2 to Equation 1-9. If TLX
and TLN are unknown, Figure 7.1-17 can be used to calculate their values.
Vented Vapor Saturation Factor, KS - The vented vapor saturation factor, KS, is calculated using the
following equation:
1
KS
(1-22)
1 0.053 P VAH VO
where:
KS = vented vapor saturation factor, dimensionless
PVA = vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia; see Notes 1 and 2 to
Equation 1-9
HVO = vapor space outage, ft, as calculated in Equation 1-4
9/97
7.1-17
Working Loss - The working loss, LW, can be estimated from:

LW = 0.0010 MVPVAQKNKP,
where:
(1-23)
LW = working loss, lb/yr

MV = vapor molecular weight, lb/lb-mole; see Note 1 to Equation 1-9
PVA = vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia; see Notes 1 and 2 to
Equation 1-9
Q = annual net throughput (tank capacity [bbl] times annual turnover rate), bbl/yr
KN = turnover factor, dimensionless; see Figure 7.1-18
for turnovers > 36, KN = (180 + N)/6N
for turnovers 36, KN = 1
N = number of turnovers per year, dimensionless
N
5.614 Q
V LX
(1-24)
where:
N = number of turnovers per year, dimensionless
Q = annual net throughput, bbl/yr
VLX = tank maximum liquid volume, ft3
and
V LX
2
D H LX
4
(1-25)
where:
D = diameter, ft
HLX = maximum liquid height, ft
KP = working loss product factor, dimensionless, 0.75 for crude oils. For all other organic
liquids, KP = 1
7.1.3.2 Total Losses From Floating Roof Tanks3-5,13,15-17
Total floating roof tank emissions are the sum of rim seal, withdrawal, deck fitting, and deck
seam losses. The equations presented in this subsection apply only to floating roof tanks. The
equations are not intended to be used in the following applications:
1. To estimate losses from unstable or boiling stocks or from mixtures of hydrocarbons or
petrochemicals for which the vapor pressure is not known or cannot readily be predicted;
7.1-18
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
2. To estimate losses from closed internal or closed domed external floating roof tanks (tanks
vented only through a pressure/vacuum vent); or
3. To estimate losses from tanks in which the materials used in the rim seal and/or deck
fittings are either deteriorated or significantly permeated by the stored liquid.
Total losses from floating roof tanks may be written as:
LT = LR + LWD + LF + LD
(2-1)
where:
LT = total loss, lb/yr
LR = rim seal loss, lb/yr; see Equation 2-2
LWD = withdrawal loss, lb/yr; see Equation 2-4
LF = deck fitting loss, lb/yr; see Equation 2-5
LD = deck seam loss (internal floating roof tanks only), lb/yr; see Equation 2-9
Rim Seal Loss - Rim seal loss from floating roof tanks can be estimated using the following equation:
LR = (KRa + KRb vn)DP*MVKC
(2-2)
where:
LR = rim seal loss, lb/yr
KRa = zero wind speed rim seal loss factor, lb-mole/ft yr; see Table 7.1-8
KRb = wind speed dependent rim seal loss factor, lb-mole/(mph)nft yr; see Table 7.1-8
v = average ambient wind speed at tank site, mph; see Note 1
n = seal-related wind speed exponent, dimensionless; see Table 7.1-8
P* = vapor pressure function, dimensionless; see Note 2
P
P VA/P A
[1 (1 [P VA/P A])0.5]2
(2-3)
where:
PVA = vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia;
See Notes 1 and 2 to Equation 1-9 and Note 3 below
9/97
7.1-19
D = tank diameter, ft
MV = average vapor molecular weight, lb/lb-mole; see Note 1 to Equation 1-9,
KC = product factor; KC = 0.4 for crude oils; KC = 1 for all other organic liquids.
Notes:
1. If the ambient wind speed at the tank site is not available, use wind speed data from the
nearest local weather station or values from Table 7.1-9. If the tank is an internal or domed external
floating roof tank, the value of v is zero.
2. P* can be calculated or read directly from Figure 7.1-19.
3. The API recommends using the stock liquid temperature to calculate PVA for use in
Equation 2-3 in lieu of the liquid surface temperature. If the stock liquid temperature is unknown,
API recommends the following equations to estimate the stock temperature:
Average Annual Stock
Temperature, Ts (F)
TAA + 0a
TAA + 2.5
TAA + 3.5
TAA + 5.0
Tank Color
White
Aluminum
Gray
Black
aT
AA
is the average annual ambient temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
Withdrawal Loss - The withdrawal loss from floating roof storage tanks can be estimated using
Equation 2-4.
(0.943)QCW L
N CF C
(2-4)
1
L WD
D
D
where:
LWD = withdrawal loss, lb/yr
Q = annual throughput (tank capacity [bbl] times annual turnover rate), bbl/yr
C = shell clingage factor, bbl/1,000 ft2; see Table 7.1-10
WL = average organic liquid density, lb/gal; see Note 1
0.943 = constant, 1,000 ft3 gal/bbl2
NC = number of fixed roof support columns, dimensionless; see Note 2
FC = effective column diameter, ft (column perimeter [ft]/); see Note 3
7.1-20
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Notes:
1. A listing of the average organic liquid density for select petrochemicals is provided in
Tables 7.1-2 and 7.1-3. If WL is not known for gasoline, an average value of 6.1 lb/gal can be
assumed.
2. For a self-supporting fixed roof or an external floating roof tank:
NC = 0.
For a column-supported fixed roof:
NC = use tank-specific information or see Table 7.1-11.
3. Use tank-specific effective column diameter or
FC =
1.1 for 9-inch by 7-inch built-up columns, 0.7 for 8-inch-diameter pipe
columns, and 1.0 if column construction details are not known
Deck Fitting Loss - Deck fitting losses from floating roof tanks can be estimated by the following
equation:
LF = FF P*MVKC
where:
(2-5)
LF = the deck fitting loss, lb/yr

F = total deck fitting loss factor, lb-mole/yr
F
FF
[(N F K F ) (N F K F ) ... (N F K F )]
1
1
2
2
nf
nf
(2-6)
where:
NF = number of deck fittings of a particular type (i = 0,1,2,...,nf), dimensionless
i
KF = deck fitting loss factor for a particular type fitting

i
(i = 0,1,2,...,nf), lb-mole/yr; see Equation 2-7
nf = total number of different types of fittings, dimensionless
P*, MV, KC are as defined for Equation 2-2.
The value of FF may be calculated by using actual tank-specific data for the number of each
fitting type (NF) and then multiplying by the fitting loss factor for each fitting (KF).
The deck fitting loss factor, KF for a particular type of fitting, can be estimated by the
i
following equation:
9/97
7.1-21
KF
K Fa
mi
K Fb (K vv)
i
(2-7)
where:
KF = loss factor for a particular type of deck fitting, lb-mole/yr
i
KFa = zero wind speed loss factor for a particular type of fitting, lb-mole/yr
i
KFb = wind speed dependent loss factor for a particular type of fitting, lb-mole/(mph)m yr
i
mi = loss factor for a particular type of deck fitting, dimensionless

i = 1, 2, ..., n, dimensionless
Kv = fitting wind speed correction factor, dimensionless; see below
v = average ambient wind speed, mph
For external floating roof tanks, the fitting wind speed correction factor, Kv, is equal to 0.7.
For internal and domed external floating roof tanks, the value of v in Equation 2-7 is zero and the
equation becomes:
(2-8)
KF
K Fa
i
Loss factors KFa, KFb, and m are provided in Table 7.1-12 for the most common deck fittings
used on floating roof tanks. These factors apply only to typical deck fitting conditions and when the
average ambient wind speed is below 15 miles per hour. Typical numbers of deck fittings for floating
roof tanks are presented in Tables 7.1-11, 7.1-12, 7.1-13, 7.1-14, and 7.1-15.
Deck Seam Loss - Neither welded deck internal floating roof tanks nor external floating roof tanks
have deck seam losses. Internal floating roof tanks with bolted decks may have deck seam losses.
Deck seam loss can be estimated by the following equation:
LD = KDSDD2P*MVKC
(2-9)
where:
KD = deck seam loss per unit seam length factor, lb-mole/ft-yr
= 0.0 for welded deck
= 0.14 for bolted deck; see Note
SD = deck seam length factor, ft/ft2
Lseam
= ______
Adeck
7.1-22
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
where:
Lseam = total length of deck seams, ft
Adeck = area of deck, ft2 = D2 4
D, P*, MV, and KC are as defined for Equation 2-2
If the total length of the deck seam is not known, Table 7.1-16 can be used to determine SD.
For a deck constructed from continuous metal sheets with a 7-ft spacing between the seams, a value of
0.14 ft/ft2 can be used. A value of 0.33 ft/ft2 can be used for SD when a deck is constructed from
rectangular panels 5 ft by 7.5 ft. Where tank-specific data concerning width of deck sheets or size of
deck panels are unavailable, a default value for SD can be assigned. A value of 0.20 ft/ft2 can be
assumed to represent the most common bolted decks currently in use.
Note:
Recently vendors of bolted decks have been using various techniques, such as gasketing the
deck seams, in an effort to reduce deck seam losses. However, emission factors are not
currently available in AP-42 that represent the emission reduction, if any, achieved by these
techniques. Some vendors have developed specific factors for their deck designs; however,
use of these factors is not recommended until approval has been obtained from the governing
regulatory agency or permitting authority.
7.1.3.3 Variable Vapor Space Tanks18

Variable vapor space filling losses result when vapor is displaced by liquid during filling
operations. Since the variable vapor space tank has an expandable vapor storage capacity, this loss is
not as large as the filling loss associated with fixed roof tanks. Loss of vapor occurs only when the
tanks vapor storage capacity is exceeded. Equation 3-1 assumes that one-fourth of the expansion
capacity is available at the beginning of each transfer.
Variable vapor space system filling losses can be estimated from:
where:
LV=(2.40 x 10-2) (MVPVA/V1) [(V1) - (0.25 V2N2)]
(3-1)
LV = variable vapor space filling loss, lb/1,000 gal throughput

MV = molecular weight of vapor in storage tank, lb/lb-mole; see Note 1 to Equation 1-9
PVA = true vapor pressure at the daily average liquid surface temperature, psia; see Notes 1
and 2 to Equation 1-9
V1 = volume of liquid pumped into system, throughput, bbl/yr
V2 = volume expansion capacity of system, bbl; see Note 1
N2 = number of transfers into system, dimensionless; see Note 2
9/97
7.1-23
Notes:
1. V2 is the volume expansion capacity of the variable vapor space achieved by roof lifting or
diaphragm flexing.
2. N2 is the number of transfers into the system during the time period that corresponds to a
throughput of V1.
The accuracy of Equation 3-1 is not documented. Special tank operating conditions may result
in actual losses significantly different from the estimates provided by Equation 3-1. For example, if
one or more tanks with interconnected vapor spaces are filled while others are emptied simultaneously,
all or part of the expelled vapors will be transferred to the tank, or tanks, being emptied. This is
called balanced pumping. Equation 3-1 does not account for balanced pumping, and will overestimate
losses under this condition. It should also be noted that, although not developed for use with heavier
petroleum liquids such as kerosenes and fuel oils, the equation is recommended for use with heavier
petroleum liquids in the absence of better data.
7.1.3.4 Pressure Tanks
Losses occur during withdrawal and filling operations in low-pressure (2.5 to 15 psig) tanks
when atmospheric venting occurs. High-pressure tanks are considered closed systems, with virtually
no emissions. Vapor recovery systems are often found on low-pressure tanks. Fugitive losses are also
associated with pressure tanks and their equipment, but with proper system maintenance, these losses
are considered insignificant. No appropriate correlations are available to estimate vapor losses from
pressure tanks.
7.1.3.5 Variations Of Emission Estimation Procedures
All of the emission estimation procedures presented in Section 7.1.3 can be used to estimate
emissions for shorter time periods by manipulating the inputs to the equations for the time period in
question. For all of the emission estimation procedures, the daily average liquid surface temperature
should be based on the appropriate temperature and solar insolation data for the time period over
which the estimate is to be evaluated. The subsequent calculation of the vapor pressure should be
based on the corrected daily liquid surface temperature. For example, emission calculations for the
month of June would be based only on the meteorological data for June. It is important to note that a
1-month time frame is recommended as the shortest time period for which emissions should be
estimated.
In addition to the temperature and vapor pressure corrections, the constant in the standing
storage loss equation for fixed roof tanks would need to be revised based on the actual time frame
used. The constant, 365, is based on the number of days in a year. To change the equation for a
different time period, the constant should be changed to the appropriate number of days in the time
period for which emissions are being estimated. The only change that would need to be made to the
working loss equation for fixed roof tanks would be to change the throughput per year to the
throughput during the time period for which emissions are being estimated.
Other than changing the meteorological data and the vapor pressure data, the only changes
needed for the floating roof rim seal, deck fitting, and deck seam losses would be to modify the time
frame by dividing the individual losses by the appropriate number of days or months. The only
change to the withdrawal losses would be to change the throughput to the throughput for the time
period for which emissions are being estimated.
7.1-24
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Another variation that is frequently made to the emission estimation procedures is an

adjustment in the working or withdrawal loss equations if the tank is operated as a surge tank or
constant level tank. For constant level tanks or surge tanks where the throughput and turnovers are
high but the liquid level in the tank remains relatively constant, the actual throughput or turnovers
should not be used in the working loss or withdrawal loss equations. For these tanks, the turnovers
should be estimated by determining the average change in the liquid height. The average change in
height should then be divided by the total shell height. This adjusted turnover value should then be
multiplied by the actual throughput to obtain the net throughput for use in the loss equations.
Alternatively, a default turnover rate of four could be used based on data from these type tanks.
7.1.4 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) Speciation Methodology
In some cases it may be important to know the annual emission rate for a component (e. g.,
HAP) of a stored liquid mixture. There are two basic approaches that can be used to estimate
emissions for a single component of a stored liquid mixture. One approach involves calculating the
total losses based upon the known physical properties of the mixture (i. e., gasoline) and then
determining the individual component losses by multiplying the total loss by the weight fraction of the
desired component. The second approach is similar to the first approach except that the mixture
properties are unknown; therefore, the mixture properties are first determined based on the composition
of the liquid mixture.
Case 1 If the physical properties of the mixture are known (PVA, MV, ML and WL), the
total losses from the tank should be estimated using the procedures described previously for the
particular tank type. The component losses are then determined from either Equation 4-1 or 4-2. For
fixed roof tanks, the emission rate for each individual component can be estimated by:
LT
(4-1)
(Z V )(L T)
i
where:
LT = emission rate of component i, lb/yr
i
ZV = weight fraction of component i in the vapor, lb/lb

i
LT = total losses, lb/yr

For floating roof tanks, the emission rate for each individual component can be estimated by:
LT
(Z V )(L R
i
L F L D)
(Z L )(LWD)
i
(4-2)
where:
LT = emission rate of component i, lb/yr
i
ZV = weight fraction of component i in the vapor, lb/lb

i
LR = rim seal losses, lb/yr

LF = deck fitting losses, lb/yr
9/97
7.1-25
LD = deck seam losses, lb/yr

ZL = weight fraction of component i in the liquid, lb/lb
i
LWD = withdrawal losses, lb/yr

If Equation 4-1 is used in place of Equation 4-2 for floating roof tanks, the value obtained will be
approximately the same value as that achieved with Equation 4-2 because withdrawal losses are
typically minimal for floating roof tanks.
In order to use Equations 4-1 and 4-2, the weight fraction of the desired component in the
liquid and vapor phase is needed. The liquid weight fraction of the desired component is typically
known or can be readily calculated for most mixtures. In order to calculate the weight fraction in the
vapor phase, Raoults Law must first be used to determine the partial pressure of the component. The
partial pressure of the component can then be divided by the total vapor pressure of the mixture to
determine the mole fraction of the component in the vapor phase. Raoults Law states that the mole
fraction of the component in the liquid (xi) multiplied by the vapor pressure of the pure component (at
the daily average liquid surface temperature) (P) is equal to the partial pressure (Pi) of that component:
Pi
(P)(x i)
(4-3)
where:
Pi = partial pressure of component i, psia
P = vapor pressure of pure component i at the daily average liquid surface temperature,
psia
xi = liquid mole fraction, lb-mole/lb-mole
The vapor pressure of each component can be calculated from Antoines equation or found in
standard references, as shown in Section 7.1.3.1. In order to use Equation 4-3, the liquid mole
fraction must be determined from the liquid weight fraction by:
xi
(Z L )(M L) / (M i)
i
(4-4)
where:
xi = liquid mole fraction of component i, lb-mole/lb-mole
ZL = weight fraction of component i in the liquid, lb/lb
i
ML = molecular weight of liquid stock, lb/lb-mole

Mi = molecular weight of component i, lb/lb-mole
If the molecular weight of the liquid is not known, the liquid mole fraction can be determined by
assuming a total weight of the liquid mixture (see Example 1 in Section 7.1.5).
7.1-26
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
The liquid mole fraction and the vapor pressure of the component at the daily average liquid
surface temperature can then be substituted into Equation 4-3 to obtain the partial pressure of the
component. The vapor mole fraction of the component can be determined from the following
equation:
Pi
yi
(4-5)
P VA
where:
yi = vapor mole fraction of component i, lb-mole/lb-mole
PVA = total vapor pressure of liquid mixture, psia
The weight fractions in the vapor phase are calculated from the mole fractions in the vapor phase.
ZV
yi Mi
i
(4-6)
MV
where:
ZV = vapor weight fraction of component i, lb/lb
i

MV = molecular weight of vapor stock, lb/lb-mole
The liquid and vapor weight fractions of each desired component and the total losses can be
substituted into either Equations 4-1 or 4-2 to estimate the individual component losses.
Case 2 For cases where the mixture properties are unknown but the composition of the
liquid is known (i. e., nonpetroleum organic mixtures), the equations presented above can be used to
obtain a reasonable estimate of the physical properties of the mixture. For nonaqueous organic
mixtures, Equation 4-3 can be used to determine the partial pressure of each component. If
Equation 4-4 is used to determine the liquid mole fractions, the molecular weight of the liquid stock
must be known. If the molecular weight of the liquid stock is unknown, then the liquid mole fractions
can be determined by assuming a weight basis and calculating the number of moles (see Example 1 in
Section 7.1.5). The partial pressure of each component can then be determined from Equation 4-3.
For special cases, such as wastewater, where the liquid mixture is a dilute aqueous solution,
Henrys Law should be used instead of Raoults Law in calculating total losses. Henrys Law states
that the mole fraction of the component in the liquid phase multiplied by the Henrys Law constant for
the component in the mixture is equal to the partial pressure (Pi) for that component. For wastewater,
Henrys Law constants are typically provided in the form of atm m3/g-mole.
9/97
7.1-27
Therefore, the appropriate form of Henrys Law equation is:

Pi = (HA) (Ci)
(4-7)
where:
Pi = partial pressure of component i, atm
HA = Henrys Law constant for component i, atm m3/g-mole
Ci = concentration of component i in the wastewater, g-mole/m3; see Note
Section 4.3 of AP-42 presents Henrys Law constants for selected organic liquids. The partial pressure
calculated from Equation 4-7 will need to be converted from atmospheres to psia (1 atm = 14.7 psia).
Typically wastewater concentrations are given in mg/liter, which is equivalent to g/m3. To
convert the concentrations to g-mole/m3 divide the concentration by the molecular weight of
the component.
Note:
The total vapor pressure of the mixture can be calculated from the sum of the partial pressures:
PVA = Pi
(4-8)
where:
PVA = vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia
This procedure can be used to determine the vapor pressure at any temperature. After
computing the total vapor pressure, the mole fractions in the vapor phase are calculated using
Equation 4-5. The vapor mole fractions are used to calculate the molecular weight of the vapor, MV.
The molecular weight of the vapor can be calculated by:
MV = Miyi
(4-9)
where:
MV = molecular weight of the vapor, lb/lb-mole
Another variable that may need to be calculated before estimating the total losses, if it is not
available in a standard reference, is the density of the liquid, WL. If the density of the liquid is
unknown, it can be estimated based on the liquid weight fractions of each component (see
Section 7.1.5, Example 3).
7.1-28
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
All of the mixture properties are now known (PVA, MV, and WL). These values can now be
used with the emission estimation procedures outlined in Section 7.1.3 to estimate total losses. After
calculating the total losses, the component losses can be calculated by using either Equations 4-1 or
4-2. Prior to calculating component losses, Equation 4-6 must be used to determine the vapor weight
fractions of each component.
9/97
7.1-29
Figure 7.1-1. Typical fixed-roof tank.1
7.1-30
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Figure 7.1-2. External floating roof tank (pontoon type).20
9/97
7.1-31
Figure 7.1-3 External floating Roof Tank (Double Deck)
9/97
7.1-31
Figure 7.1-4. Internal floating roof tank.20

7.1-32
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Figure 7.1-5. Domed external floating roof tank.20

9/97
7.1-33
Figure 7.1-6. Vapor-mounted primary seals.20

7.1-34
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Figure 7.1-7. Liquid-mounted and mechanical shoe primary seals.20

9/97
7.1-35
Figure 7.1-8. Secondary rim seals.20

7.1-36
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Figure 7.1-9. Deck fittings for floating roof tanks.20

9/97
7.1-37
Figure 7.1-10. Deck fittings for floating roof tanks.20

7.1-38
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Figure 7.1-11. Slotted and unslotted guidepoles.20
9/97
7.1-39
Figure 7.1-12. Ladder well.20
7.1-40
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
9/97
Figure 7.1-13a. True vapor pressure of crude oils with a Reid vapor
pressure of 2 to 15 pounds per square inch.4
7.1-41
7.1-42
Figure 7.1-14a. True vapor pressure of refined petroleum stocks with a Reid vapor
pressure of 1 to 20 pounds per square inch.4
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
2,799
exp
2.227 log10 (RVP)
T 459.6
7,261
T 459.6
12.82
Where:
P = stock true vapor pressure, in pounds per square inch absolute.
T = stock temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit.
RVP = Reid vapor pressure, in pounds per square inch.
Note:
This equation was derived from a regression analysis of points read off Figure 7.1-13a over the full
range of Reid vapor pressures, slopes of the ASTM distillation curve at 10 percent evaporated, and
stock temperatures. In general, the equation yields P values that are within +0.05 pound per square
inch absolute of the values obtained directly from the nomograph.
Figure 7.1-13b. Equation for true vapor pressure of crude oils

with a Reid vapor pressure of 2 to 15 pounds per square inch.4
exp 0.7553
2,416
T 459.6
413.0 0.5
S log10 (RVP)
T 459.6
2.013log10 (RVP)
1.854
8,742
T 459.6
1,042 0.5
S
T 459.6
15.64
Where:
P
T
RVP
S
Note:
=
=
=
=
stock true vapor pressure, in pounds per square inch absolute.

stock temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit.
Reid vapor pressure, in pounds per square inch.
slope of the ASTM distillation curve at 10 percent evaporated, in degrees Fahrenheit per percent.
This equation was derived from a regression analysis of points read off Figure 7.1-14a over the full range of
Reid vapor pressures, slopes of the ASTM distillation curve at 10 percent evaporated, and stock temperatures.
In general, the equation yields P values that are within +0.05 pound per square inch absolute of the values
obtained directly from the nomograph.
Figure 7.1-14b. Equation for true vapor pressure of refined

petroleum stocks with a Reid vapor pressure of
1 to 20 pounds per square inch.4
A = 15.64 - 1.854 S0.5 - (0.8742-0.3280 S0.5)ln(RVP)
B = 8,742 - 1,042 S0.5 - (1,049-179.4 S0.5)ln(RVP)
where:
RVP = stock Reid vapor pressure, in pounds per square inch
ln = natural logarithm function
S = stock ASTM-D86 distillation slope at 10 volume percent
evaporation (F/vol %)
Figure 7.1-15. Equations to determine vapor pressure constants A and B for refined
petroleum stocks.8
9/97
7.1-43
A = 12.82 - 0.9672 ln (RVP)

B = 7,261 - 1,216 ln (RVP)
where:
RVP = Reid vapor pressure, psi
ln = natural logarithm function
Figure 7.1-16. Equations to determine vapor pressure Constants A and B for crude oil stocks.8
Daily Maximum and Minimum Liquid Surface Temperature, (R)

TLX = TLA + 0.25 TV
TLN = TLA - 0.25 TV
where:
TLX
= daily maximum liquid surface temperature, R
TLA is as defined in Note 3 to Equation 1-9

TV is as defined in Note 1 to Equation 1-16
TLN
= daily minimum liquid surface temperature, R
Figure 7.1-17. Equations for the daily maximum and minimum liquid surface temperatures.8
7.1-44
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Figure 7.1-18. Turnover factor (KN) for fixed roof tanks.8
9/97
7.1-45
7.1-46
Figure 7.1-19. Vapor pressure function.4

EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
9/97
Table 7.1-1. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TANK EQUATIONS

Variable
Description
Variable
Description
Variable
Description
LT
LS
LW
VV
WV
KE
total losses, lb/yr

standing storage losses, lb/yr
working losses, lb/yr
vapor space volume, ft3
vapor density, lb/ft3
vapor space expansion factor,
dimensionless
vented vapor saturation factor,
dimensionless
tank diameter, ft
vapor space outage, ft
tank shell height, ft
liquid height, ft
roof outage, ft
tank roof height, ft
tank cone roof slope, ft/ft
tank shell radius, ft
tank dome roof radius, ft
vapor molecular weight,
lb/lb-mole
ideal gas constant,
(10.731 psia ft3/lb-mole R)
vapor pressure at daily average
liquid surface temperature, psia
daily average liquid surface
temperature, R
molecular weight of
component i, lb/lb-mole
vapor mole fraction of
component i, lb-mole/lb-mole
liquid mole fraction of
component i, lb-mole/lb-mole
true vapor pressure of

component i, psia
constant in vapor pressure
equation, dimensionless
constant in vapor pressure
equation, R
daily average ambient
temperature, R
liquid bulk temperature, R
tank paint solar absorptance,
dimensionless
daily total solar insolation
factor, Btu/ft2 d
daily maximum ambient
temperature, R
daily minimum ambient
temperature, R
effective tank diameter, ft
length of tank, ft
daily vapor temperature range,
R
daily vapor pressure range, psi
breather vent pressure setting
range, psig
atmospheric pressure, psi
daily ambient temperature
range, R
vapor pressure at the daily
maximum liquid surface
temperature, psia
vapor pressure at the daily
minimum liquid surface
temperature, psia
PBP
breather vent pressure setting,

psig
breather vent vacuum setting,
psig
annual net throughput, bbl/yr
turnover factor, dimensionless
number of turnovers per year,
dimensionless
constant, (3.14159)
tank maximum liquid volume,
ft3
maximum liquid height, ft
working loss product factor for
fixed roof tanks, dimensionless
rim seal loss, lb/yr
withdrawal loss, lb/yr
deck fitting loss, lb/yr
zero wind speed rim seal loss
factor, lb-mole/ft yr
wind speed dependent rim seal
loss factor, lb-mole/
(mph)nft yr
average wind speed, mph
seal-related wind speed
exponent, dimensionless
vapor pressure function,
dimensionless
rim deck loss factor,
lb-mole/ft yr
product factor for floating roof
tanks, dimensionless
shell clingage factor,
bbl/1,000 ft2
average organic liquid density,
lb/gal
total deck fitting loss factor,
lb-mole/yr
KS
D
HVO
HS
HL
HRO
HR
SR
RS
RR
MV
R
PVA
TLA
Mi
yi
xi
A
B
TAA
TB
I
TAX
TAN
DE
L
TV
PV
PB
PA
TA
PVX
PVN
PBV
Q
KN
N
VLX
HLX
KP
LR
LWD
LF
KRa
KRb
v
n
P*
FR
KC
C
WL
FF
7.1-47
7.1-48
Table 7.1-1 (cont.).

Variable
Description
Variable
Description
NF
number of deck fittings of a

particular type, dimensionless
number of columns
number of vacuum breakers
number of drains
number of deck legs
total number of different types
of fittings, dimensionless
loss factor for a particular type
of deck fitting, lb-mole/yr
zero wind speed loss factor for
a particular type of deck
fitting, lb-mole/yr
wind speed dependent loss
factor for a particular type of
fitting, lb-mole/ mphm yr
fitting wind speed correction
factor, dimensionless
loss factor for a particular type
of deck fitting, dimensionless
1,2,.....n, dimensionless
deck seam loss, lb/yr
number of columns, dimensionless
effective column diameter, ft
deck seam loss per unit seam
length factor, lb-mole/ft-yr
deck seam length factor, ft/ft2
total length of deck seam, ft
area of deck, ft2
partial pressure of component
i, psia
liquid weight fraction of
component i, lb/lb
molecular weight of liquid
mixture, lb/lb-mole
ZV
vapor weight fraction of

component i, lb/lb
total number of moles in
mixture, lb-mole
liquid density of component i,
lb/ft3
emission rate of component i,
lb/yr
variable vapor space filling
loss, lb/1,000 gal throughput
volume of liquid pumped into
system, bbl/yr
volume expansion capacity, bbl
number of transfers into
system, dimensionless
Nc
Nvb
Nd
Nl
nf
KF
NFa
EMISSION FACTORS
NFb
Kv
mi
i
LD
NC
FC
KD
SD
Lseam
Adeck
Pi
ZL
ML
NTOTAL
Wi
LT
LV
V1
V2
N2
9/97
9/97
Table 7.1-2. PROPERTIES (MV, WVC, PVA, WL) OF SELECTED PETROLEUM LIQUIDSa
Petroleum Liquid
Vapor
Condensed
Molecular
Vapor Density
Weight at 60F,
At 60F,
MV
WVC
(lb/lb-mole)
(lb/gal)
Liquid
Density At
60F,
WL
(lb/gal)
True Vapor Pressure, PVA (psi)

40F
50F
60F
70F
80F
90F
100F
Gasoline RVP 13
62
4.9
5.6
4.7
5.7
6.9
8.3
9.9
11.7
13.8
Gasoline RVP 10
66
5.1
5.6
3.4
4.2
5.2
6.2
7.4
8.8
10.5
Gasoline RVP 7
68
5.2
5.6
2.3
2.9
3.5
4.3
5.2
6.2
7.4
Crude oil RVP 5
50
4.5
7.1
1.8
2.3
2.8
3.4
4.0
4.8
5.7
Jet naphtha (JP-4)
80
5.4
6.4
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.4
2.7
Jet kerosene
130
6.1
7.0
0.0041
0.0060
0.0085
0.011
0.015
0.021
0.029
Distillate fuel oil No. 2
130
6.1
7.1
0.0031
0.0045
0.0074
0.0090
0.012
0.016
0.022
Residual oil No. 6
190
6.4
7.9
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00006
0.00009
0.00013
0.00019
References 10 and 11.
7.1-49
7.1-50
Table 7.1-3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED PETROCHEMICALSa
EMISSION FACTORS
Name
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acrylonitrile
Allyl alcohol
Allyl chloride
Ammonium hydroxide
(28.8% solution)
Benzene
iso-Butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl alcohol
n-Butyl chloride
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chloroprene
Cyclohexane
Cyclopentane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
cis-1,2- Dichloroethylene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Diethylamine
Diethyl ether
Di-iso-propyl ether
1,4-Dioxane
Dipropyl ether
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl alcohol
Boiling
Point At
Liquid
1 Atmosphere Density At
(F)
60F (lb/gal)
133.0
6.628
178.9
6.558
173.5
6.758
206.6
7.125
113.2
7.864
Formula
CH3COCH3
CH3CN
CH2:CHCN
CH2:CHCH2OH
CH2:CHCH2Cl
Molecular
Weight
58.08
41.05
53.06
58.08
76.53
NH4OH--H2O
C6H6
(CH3)2CHCH2OH
(CH3)3COH
CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl
CS2
CCl4
CHCl3
CH2:CCl.CH:CH2
C6H12
C5H10
CH3CHCl2
CH2ClCH2Cl
35.05
78.11
74.12
74.12
92.57
76.13
153.84
119.39
88.54
84.16
70.13
98.97
98.97
83.0
176.2
227.1
180.5
172.0
115.3
170.2
142.7
138.9
177.3
120.7
135.1
182.5
96.95
96.95
73.14
74.12
102.17
88.10
102.17
88.10
100.11
46.07
CHCl:CHCl
CHCl:CHCl
(C2H5)2NH
C2H5OC2H5
(CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2
O CH2CH2OCH2CH2
CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH3
C2H5OOCCH3
C2H5OOCCH:CH2
C2H5OH
Vapor Pressure (psia) At

40F
1.682
0.638
0.812
0.135
2.998
50F
2.185
0.831
0.967
0.193
3.772
60F
2.862
1.083
1.373
0.261
4.797
70F
3.713
1.412
1.779
0.387
6.015
80F
4.699
1.876
2.378
0.522
7.447
90F
5.917
2.456
3.133
0.716
9.110
100F
7.251
3.133
4.022
1.006
11.025
7.481
7.365
6.712
6.595
7.430
10.588
13.366
12.488
8.046
6.522
6.248
9.861
10.500
5.130
0.638
0.058
0.174
0.715
3.036
0.793
1.528
1.760
0.677
2.514
1.682
0.561
6.630
0.870
0.097
0.290
1.006
3.867
1.064
1.934
2.320
0.928
3.287
2.243
0.773
8.480
1.160
0.135
0.425
1.320
4.834
1.412
2.475
2.901
1.218
4.177
2.901
1.025
10.760
1.508
0.193
0.638
1.740
6.014
1.798
3.191
3.655
1.605
5.240
3.771
1.431
13.520
1.972
0.271
0.909
2.185
7.387
2.301
4.061
4.563
2.069
6.517
4.738
1.740
16.760
2.610
0.387
1.238
2.684
9.185
2.997
5.163
5.685
2.610
8.063
5.840
2.243
20.680
3.287
0.541
1.702
3.481
11.215
3.771
6.342
6.981
3.249
9.668
7.193
2.804
140.2
10.763
1.450
2.011
2.668
3.461
4.409
5.646
6.807
119.1
131.9
94.3
153.5
214.7
195.8
170.9
211.8
173.1
10.524
5.906
5.988
6.075
8.659
6.260
7.551
7.750
6.610
2.552
1.644
4.215
1.199
0.232
0.425
0.580
0.213
0.193
3.384
1.992
5.666
1.586
0.329
0.619
0.831
0.290
0.406
4.351
2.862
7.019
2.127
0.425
0.831
1.102
0.425
0.619
5.530
3.867
8.702
2.746
0.619
1.102
1.489
0.599
0.870
6.807
4.892
10.442
3.481
0.831
1.431
1.934
0.831
1.218
8.315
6.130
13.342
4.254
1.141
1.876
2.514
1.122
1.682
10.016
7.541
Boils
5.298
1.508
2.320
3.191
1.470
2.320
9/97
9/97
Name
Freon 11
n-Heptane
n-Hexane
Hydrogen cyanide
Isooctane
Isopentane
Isoprene
Isopropyl alcohol
Methacrylonitrile
Methyl acetate
Methyl acrylate
Methyl alcohol
Methylcyclohexane
Methylcyclopentane
Methylene chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl propyl ether
Nitromethane
n-Pentane
n-Propylamine
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Toluene
Vinyl acetate
Vinylidene chloride
a
Reference 11.
Formula
CCl3F
CH3(CH2)5CH3
CH3(CH2)4CH3
HCN
(CH3)3CCH2CH(CH3)2
(CH3)2CHCH2CH3
(CH2):C(CH3)CH:CH2
(CH3)2 CHOH
CH2:CH(CH3)CN
CH3OOCCH3
CH3OOCCH:CH2
CH3OH
CH3 C6H11
CH3C5H9
CH2Cl2
CH3COC2H5
CH3OOC(CH3):CH2
CH3OC3H7
CH3NO2
CH3(CH2)3CH3
C3H7NH2
CH3CCl3
CHCl:CCl2
CH3 C6H5
CH2:CHOOCCH3
CH2:CCl2
Molecular
Weight
137.38
100.20
86.17
27.03
114.22
72.15
68.11
60.09
67.09
74.08
86.09
32.04
98.18
84.16
84.94
72.10
100.11
74.12
61.04
72.15
59.11
133.42
131.40
92.13
86.09
96.5
Boiling
Liquid
Point At
Density At
1 Atmosphere 60F (Pounds
(F)
Per Gallon)
75.4
209.2
155.7
78.3
210.6
82.1
93.5
180.1
194.5
134.8
176.9
148.4
213.7
161.3
104.2
175.3
212.0
102.1
214.2
96.9
119.7
165.2
188.6
231.1
162.5
89.1
12.480
5.727
5.527
5.772
5.794
5.199
5.707
6.573
6.738
7.831
7.996
6.630
6.441
6.274
11.122
6.747
7.909
6.166
9.538
5.253
6.030
11.216
12.272
7.261
7.817
10.383
Vapor Pressure (Pounds Per Square Inch Absolute) At

40F
50F
7.032
8.804
0.290
1.102
6.284
0.213
5.878
4.757
0.213
0.483
1.489
0.599
0.735
0.309
0.909
3.094
0.715
0.116
3.674
0.213
4.293
2.456
0.909
0.503
0.174
0.735
4.990
0.406
1.450
7.831
0.387
7.889
6.130
0.329
0.657
2.011
0.773
1.006
0.425
1.160
4.254
0.928
0.213
4.738
0.251
5.454
3.191
1.218
0.677
0.213
0.986
6.344
60F
70F
80F
90F
100F
10.900
0.541
1.876
9.514
0.580
10.005
7.677
0.483
0.870
2.746
1.025
1.412
0.541
1.644
5.434
1.199
0.348
6.091
0.348
6.828
4.157
1.586
0.889
0.309
1.296
7.930
13.40
0.735
2.436
11.853
0.812
12.530
9.668
0.677
1.160
3.693
1.354
1.953
0.735
2.224
6.787
1.489
0.541
7.058
0.503
8.433
5.250
2.030
1.180
0.425
1.721
9.806
16.31
0.967
3.055
15.392
1.093
15.334
11.699
0.928
1.470
4.699
1.798
2.610
0.986
2.862
8.702
2.069
0.773
9.417
0.715
10.445
6.536
2.610
1.508
0.580
2.262
11.799
19.69
1.238
3.906
18.563
1.392
18.370
14.503
1.296
1.934
5.762
2.398
3.461
1.315
3.616
10.329
2.668
1.064
11.602
1.006
12.959
8.044
3.307
2.030
0.773
3.113
15.280
23.60
1.586
4.892
22.237
1.740
21.657
17.113
1.779
2.456
6.961
3.055
4.525
1.721
4.544
13.342
3.345
1.373
13.729
1.334
15.474
9.572
4.199
2.610
1.006
4.022
23.210
7.1-51
Table 7.1-4. ASTM DISTILLATION SLOPE FOR SELECTED REFINED

PETROLEUM STOCKSa
Reid Vapor Pressure, RVP
(psi)
ASTM-D86 Distillation Slope

At 10 Volume Percent
Evaporated, (F/vol%)
Aviation gasoline
ND
2.0
Naphtha
2-8
2.5
Motor gasoline
ND
3.0
Light naphtha
9-14
3.5
Refined Petroleum Stock
Reference 8. ND = no data.
7.1-52
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Table 7.1-5. VAPOR PRESSURE EQUATION CONSTANTS

FOR ORGANIC LIQUIDSa
Name
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Aniline
Benzene
Butanol (iso)
Butanol-(1)
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroprene
Cresol(-M)
Cresol(-O)
Cresol(-P)
Cumene (isopropylbenzene)
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
Dichloroethane(1,2)
Dichloroethylene(1,2)
Diethyl (N,N) anilin
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethyl hydrazine (1,1)
Dimethyl phthalate
Dinitrobenzene
Dioxane(1,4)
Epichlorohydrin
Ethanol
Ethanolamine(mono-)
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl chloride
Ethyl ether
Formic acid
Furan
Furfural
Heptane(iso)
Hexane(-N)
9/97
Vapor Pressure Equation Constants

A
B
C
(Dimensionless)
(C)
(C)
8.005
1600.017
291.809
7.387
1533.313
222.309
7.149
1444.718
199.817
7.117
1210.595
229.664
7.119
1314.4
230
11.2932
3939.877
273.16
5.652
648.629
154.683
7.038
1232.53
222.47
7.32
1731.515
206.049
6.905
1211.033
220.79
7.4743
1314.19
186.55
7.4768
1362.39
178.77
6.942
1169.11
241.59
6.934
1242.43
230
6.978
1431.05
217.55
6.493
929.44
196.03
6.161
783.45
179.7
7.508
1856.36
199.07
6.911
1435.5
165.16
7.035
1511.08
161.85
6.963
1460.793
207.78
6.841
1201.53
222.65
6.255
912.87
109.13
7.8492
2137.192
273.16
7.025
1272.3
222.9
6.965
1141.9
231.9
7.466
1993.57
218.5
6.928
1400.87
196.43
7.408
1305.91
225.53
4.522
700.31
51.42
4.337
229.2
-137
7.431
1554.68
240.34
8.2294
2086.816
273.16
8.321
1718.21
237.52
7.456
1577.67
173.37
7.101
1244.95
217.88
7.9645
1897.011
273.16
6.975
1424.255
213.21
6.986
1030.01
238.61
6.92
1064.07
228.8
7.581
1699.2
260.7
6.975
1060.87
227.74
6.575
1198.7
162.8
6.8994
1331.53
212.41
6.876
1171.17
224.41
7.1-53
Name
Hexanol(-1)
Hydrocyanic acid
Methanol
Methyl acetate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl styrene (alpha)
Methylene chloride
Morpholine
Naphthalene
Nitrobenzene
Pentachloroethane
Phenol
Picoline(-2)
Propanol (iso)
Propylene glycol
Propylene oxide
Pyridine
Resorcinol
Styrene
Tetrachloroethane(1,1,1,2)
Tetrachloroethane(1,1,2,2)
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
Trichloro(1,1,2)trifluoroethane
Trichloroethane(1,1,1)
Trichloroethane(1,1,2)
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoromethane
Trichloropropane(1,2,3)
Vinyl acetate
Vinylidene chloride
Xylene(-M)
Xylene(-O)
aReference
7.1-54
Vapor Pressure Equation Constants

A
B
C
(Dimensionless)
(C)
(C)
7.86
1761.26
196.66
7.528
1329.5
260.4
7.897
1474.08
229.13
7.065
1157.63
219.73
6.9742
1209.6
216
6.672
1168.4
191.9
8.409
2050.5
274.4
6.923
1486.88
202.4
7.409
1325.9
252.6
7.7181
1745.8
235
7.01
1733.71
201.86
7.115
1746.6
201.8
6.74
1378
197
7.133
1516.79
174.95
7.032
1415.73
211.63
8.117
1580.92
219.61
8.2082
2085.9
203.540
8.2768
1656.884
273.16
7.041
1373.8
214.98
6.9243
1884.547
186.060
7.14
1574.51
224.09
6.898
1365.88
209.74
6.631
1228.1
179.9
6.98
1386.92
217.53
6.995
1202.29
226.25
6.954
1344.8
219.48
6.88
1099.9
227.5
8.643
2136.6
302.8
6.951
1314.41
209.2
6.518
1018.6
192.7
6.884
1043.004
236.88
6.903
788.2
243.23
7.21
1296.13
226.66
6.972
1099.4
237.2
7.009
1426.266
215.11
6.998
1474.679
213.69
12.
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Table 7.1-6. PAINT SOLAR ABSORPTANCE FOR FIXED ROOF TANKSa

Paint Factors ()
Paint Condition
Paint Color
Paint Shade Or Type
Good
Poor
Aluminum
Specular
0.39
0.49
Aluminum
Diffuse
0.60
0.68
Gray
Light
0.54
0.63
Gray
Medium
0.68
0.74
Red
Primer
0.89
0.91
White
NA
0.17
0.34
a
Reference 8. If specific information is not available, a white shell and roof, with the paint in good
condition, can be assumed to represent the most common or typical tank paint in use. If the tank
roof and shell are painted a different color, is determined from = (R + S)/2; where R is the
tank roof paint solar absorptance and S is the tank shell paint solar absorptance. NA = not
applicable.
9/97
7.1-55
7.1-56
Table 7.1-7. METEOROLOGICAL DATA (TAX, TAN, I) FOR SELECTED U.S. LOCATIONSa
Property
Monthly Averages
EMISSION FACTORS
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
Average
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
52.7
33.0
707
57.3
35.2
967
65.2
42.1
1296
75.2
50.4
1674
81.6
58.3
1857
87.9
65.9
1919
90.3
69.8
1810
89.7
69.1
1724
84.6
63.6
1455
74.8
50.4
1211
63.7
40.5
858
55.9
35.2
661
73.2
51.1
1345
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
57.0
36.4
752
60.9
38.8
1013
68.1
45.5
1341
77.0
53.3
1729
83.6
61.1
1897
89.8
68.4
1972
91.5
71.8
1841
91.2
71.1
1746
86.9
66.4
1468
77.5
53.1
1262
67.0
43.0
915
59.8
37.9
719
75.9
53.9
1388
Homer, AK
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
27.0
14.4
122
31.2
17.4
334
34.4
19.3
759
42.1
28.1
1248
49.8
34.6
1583
56.3
41.2
1751
60.5
45.1
1598
60.3
45.2
1189
54.8
39.7
791
44.0
30.6
437
34.9
22.8
175
27.7
15.8
64
43.6
29.5
838
Phoenix, AZ
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
65.2
39.4
1021
69.7
42.5
1374
74.5
46.7
1814
83.1
53.0
2355
92.4
61.5
2677
102.3
70.6
2739
105.0
79.5
2487
102.3
77.5
2293
98.2
70.9
2015
87.7
59.1
1577
74.3
46.9
1151
66.4
40.2
932
85.1
57.3
1869
Tucson, AZ
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
64.1
38.1
1099
67.4
40.0
1432
71.8
43.8
1864
80.1
49.7
2363
88.8
57.5
2671
98.5
67.4
2730
98.5
73.8
2341
95.9
72.0
2183
93.5
67.3
1979
84.1
56.7
1602
72.2
45.2
1208
65.0
39.0
996
81.7
54.2
1872
Fort Smith, AR
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
48.4
26.6
744
53.8
30.9
999
62.5
38.5
1312
73.7
49.1
1616
81.0
58.2
1912
88.5
66.3
2089
93.6
70.5
2065
92.9
68.9
1877
85.7
62.1
1502
75.9
49.0
1201
61.9
37.7
851
52.1
30.2
682
72.5
49.0
1404
Little Rock, AR
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
49.8
29.9
731
54.5
33.6
1003
63.2
41.2
1313
73.8
50.9
1611
81.7
59.2
1929
89.5
67.5
2107
92.7
71.4
2032
92.3
69.6
1861
85.6
63.0
1518
75.8
50.4
1228
62.4
40.0
847
53.2
33.2
674
72.9
50.8
1404
Bakersfield, CA
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
57.4
38.9
766
63.7
42.6
1102
68.6
45.5
1595
75.1
50.1
2095
83.9
57.2
2509
92.2
64.3
2749
98.8
70.1
2684
96.4
68.5
2421
90.8
63.8
1992
81.0
54.9
1458
67.4
44.9
942
57.6
38.7
677
77.7
53.3
1749
Long Beach, CA
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
66.0
44.3
928
67.3
45.9
1215
68.0
47.7
1610
70.9
50.8
1938
73.4
55.2
2065
77.4
58.9
2140
83.0
62.6
2300
83.8
64.0
2100
82.5
61.6
1701
78.4
56.6
1326
72.7
49.6
1004
67.4
44.7
847
74.2
53.5
1598
Los Angeles AP, CA
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
64.6
47.3
926
65.5
48.6
1214
65.1
49.7
1619
66.7
52.2
1951
69.1
55.7
2060
72.0
59.1
2119
75.3
62.6
2308
76.5
64.0
2080
76.4
62.5
1681
74.0
58.5
1317
70.3
52.1
1004
66.1
47.8
849
70.1
55.0
1594
Sacramento, CA
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
52.6
37.9
597
59.4
41.2
939
64.1
42.4
1458
71.0
45.3
2004
79.7
50.1
2435
87.4
55.1
2684
93.3
57.9
2688
91.7
57.6
2368
87.6
55.8
1907
77.7
50.0
1315
63.2
42.8
782
53.2
37.9
538
73.4
47.8
1643
San Francisco AP,

CA
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
55.5
41.5
708
59.0
44.1
1009
60.6
44.9
1455
63.0
46.6
1920
66.3
49.3
2226
69.6
52.0
2377
71.0
53.3
2392
71.8
54.2
2117
73.4
54.3
1742
70.0
51.2
1226
62.7
46.3
821
56.3
42.2
642
64.9
48.3
1608
Location
Symbol
Units
Birmingham, AL
TAX
TAN
I
Montgomery, AL
9/97
9/97

Property
Monthly Averages
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
Average
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
62.8
38.8
854
64.2
40.3
1141
63.9
40.9
1582
65.6
42.7
1921
67.3
46.2
2141
69.9
49.6
2349
72.1
52.4
2341
72.8
53.2
2106
74.2
51.8
1730
73.3
47.6
1353
68.9
42.1
974
64.6
38.3
804
68.3
45.3
1608
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
43.1
15.9
840
46.9
20.2
1127
51.2
24.7
1530
61.0
33.7
1879
70.7
43.6
2135
81.6
52.4
2351
88.0
58.7
2273
85.8
57.0
2044
77.5
47.7
1727
66.8
36.9
1301
52.4
25.1
884
46.1
18.9
732
64.3
36.2
1568
Grand Junction, CO
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
35.7
15.2
791
44.5
22.4
1119
54.1
29.7
1554
65.2
38.2
1986
76.2
48.0
2380
87.9
56.6
2599
94.0
63.8
2465
90.3
61.5
2182
81.9
52.2
1834
68.7
41.1
1345
51.0
28.2
918
38.7
17.9
731
65.7
39.6
1659
Wilmington, DE
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
39.2
23.2
571
41.8
24.6
827
50.9
32.6
1149
63.0
41.8
1480
72.7
51.7
1710
81.2
61.2
1883
85.6
66.3
1823
84.1
65.4
1615
77.8
58.0
1318
66.7
45.9
984
54.8
36.4
645
43.6
27.3
489
63.5
44.5
1208
Atlanta, GA
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
51.2
32.6
718
55.3
34.5
969
63.2
41.7
1304
73.2
50.4
1686
79.8
58.7
1854
85.6
65.9
1914
87.9
69.2
1812
87.6
68.7
1709
82.3
63.6
1422
72.9
51.4
1200
62.6
41.3
883
54.1
34.8
674
71.3
51.1
1345
Savannah, GA
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
60.3
37.9
795
63.1
40.0
1044
69.9
46.8
1399
77.8
54.1
1761
84.2
62.3
1852
88.6
68.5
1844
90.8
71.5
1784
90.1
71.4
1621
85.6
67.6
1364
77.8
55.9
1217
69.5
45.5
941
62.5
39.4
754
76.7
55.1
1365
Honolulu, HI
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
79.9
65.3
1180
80.4
65.3
1396
81.4
67.3
1622
82.7
68.7
1796
84.8
70.2
1949
86.2
71.9
2004
87.1
73.1
2002
88.3
73.6
1967
88.2
72.9
1810
86.7
72.2
1540
83.9
69.2
1266
81.4
66.5
1133
84.2
69.7
1639
Chicago, IL
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
29.2
13.6
507
33.9
18.1
760
44.3
27.6
1107
58.8
38.8
1459
70.0
48.1
1789
79.4
57.7
2007
83.3
62.7
1944
82.1
61.7
1719
75.5
53.9
1354
64.1
42.9
969
48.2
31.4
566
35.0
20.3
402
58.7
39.7
1215
Springfield, IL
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
32.8
16.3
585
38.0
20.9
861
48.9
30.3
1143
64.0
42.6
1515
74.6
52.5
1866
84.1
62.0
2097
87.1
65.9
2058
84.7
63.7
1806
79.3
55.8
1454
67.5
44.4
1068
51.2
32.9
677
38.4
23.0
490
62.6
42.5
1302
Indianapolis, IN
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
34.2
17.8
496
38.5
21.1
747
49.3
30.7
1037
63.1
41.7
1398
73.4
51.5
1638
82.3
60.9
1868
85.2
64.9
1806
83.7
62.7
1644
77.9
55.3
1324
66.1
43.4
977
50.8
32.8
579
39.2
23.7
417
62.0
42.2
1165
Wichita, KS
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
39.8
19.4
784
46.1
24.1
1058
55.8
32.4
1406
68.1
44.5
1783
77.1
54.6
2036
87.4
64.7
2264
92.9
69.8
2239
91.5
67.9
2032
82.0
59.2
1616
71.2
46.9
1250
55.1
33.5
871
44.6
24.2
690
67.6
45.1
1502
Location
Symbol
Units
Santa Maria, CA
TAX
TAN
I
Denver, CO
7.1-57
7.1-58

Property
Monthly Averages
EMISSION FACTORS
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
Average
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
40.8
24.1
546
45.0
26.8
789
54.9
35.2
1102
67.5
45.6
1467
76.2
54.6
1720
84.0
63.3
1904
87.6
67.5
1838
86.7
66.1
1680
80.6
59.1
1361
69.2
46.2
1042
55.5
36.6
653
45.4
28.9
488
66.1
46.2
1216
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
61.1
40.5
785
64.5
42.7
1054
71.6
49.4
1379
79.2
57.5
1681
85.2
64.3
1871
90.6
70.0
1926
91.4
72.8
1746
90.8
72.0
1677
87.4
68.3
1464
80.1
56.3
1301
70.1
47.2
920
63.8
42.3
737
78.0
57.0
1379
Lake Charles, LA
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
60.8
42.2
728
64.0
44.5
1010
70.5
50.8
1313
77.8
58.9
1570
84.1
65.6
1849
89.4
71.4
1970
91.0
73.5
1788
90.8
72.8
1657
87.5
68.9
1485
80.8
57.7
1381
70.5
48.9
917
64.0
43.8
706
77.6
58.3
1365
New Orleans, LA
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
61.8
43.0
835
64.6
44.8
1112
71.2
51.6
1415
78.6
58.8
1780
84.5
65.3
1968
89.5
70.9
2004
90.7
73.5
1814
90.2
73.1
1717
86.8
70.1
1514
79.4
59.0
1335
70.1
49.9
973
64.4
44.8
779
77.7
58.7
1437
Detroit, MI
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
30.6
16.1
417
33.5
18.0
680
43.4
26.5
1000
57.7
36.9
1399
69.4
46.7
1716
79.0
56.3
1866
83.1
60.7
1835
81.5
59.4
1576
74.4
52.2
1253
62.5
41.2
876
47.6
31.4
478
35.4
21.6
344
58.2
38.9
1120
Grand Rapids, MI
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
29.0
14.9
370
31.7
15.6
648
41.6
24.5
1014
56.9
35.6
1412
69.4
45.5
1755
78.9
55.3
1957
83.0
59.8
1914
81.1
58.1
1676
73.4
50.8
1262
61.4
40.4
858
46.0
30.9
446
33.8
20.7
311
57.2
37.7
1135
MinneapolisSt. Paul, MN
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
19.9
2.4
464
26.4
8.5
764
37.5
20.8
1104
56.0
36.0
1442
69.4
47.6
1737
78.5
57.7
1928
83.4
62.7
1970
80.9
60.3
1687
71.0
50.2
1255
59.7
39.4
860
41.1
25.3
480
26.7
11.7
353
54.2
35.2
1170
Jackson, MS
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
56.5
34.9
754
60.9
37.2
1026
68.4
44.2
1369
77.3
52.9
1708
84.1
60.8
1941
90.5
67.9
2024
92.5
71.3
1909
92.1
70.2
1781
87.6
65.1
1509
78.6
51.4
1271
67.5
42.3
902
60.0
37.1
709
76.3
52.9
1409
Billings, MT
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
29.9
11.8
486
37.9
18.8
763
44.0
23.6
1190
55.9
33.2
1526
66.4
43.3
1913
76.3
51.6
2174
86.6
58.0
2384
84.3
56.2
2022
72.3
46.5
1470
61.0
37.5
987
44.4
25.5
561
36.0
18.2
421
57.9
35.4
1325
Las Vegas, NV
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
56.0
33.0
978
62.4
37.7
1340
68.3
42.3
1824
77.2
49.8
2319
87.4
59.0
2646
98.6
68.6
2778
104.5
75.9
2588
101.9
73.9
2355
94.7
65.6
2037
81.5
53.5
1540
66.0
41.2
1086
57.1
33.6
881
79.6
52.8
1864
Newark, NJ
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
38.2
24.2
552
40.3
25.3
793
49.1
33.3
1109
61.3
42.9
1449
71.6
53.0
1687
80.6
62.4
1795
85.6
67.9
1760
84.0
67.0
1565
76.9
59.4
1273
66.0
48.3
951
54.0
39.0
596
42.3
28.6
454
62.5
45.9
1165
Location
Symbol
Units
Louisville, KY
TAX
TAN
I
Baton Rouge, LA
9/97
9/97

Property
Monthly Averages
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
Average
Location
Symbol
Units
Roswell, NM
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
55.4
27.4
1047
60.4
31.4
1373
67.7
37.9
1807
76.9
46.8
2218
85.0
55.6
2459
93.1
64.8
2610
93.7
69.0
2441
91.3
67.0
2242
84.9
59.6
1913
75.8
47.5
1527
63.1
35.0
1131
56.7
28.2
952
75.3
47.5
1810
Buffalo, NY
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
30.0
17.0
349
31.4
17.5
546
40.4
25.6
889
54.4
36.3
1315
65.9
46.3
1597
75.6
56.4
1804
80.2
61.2
1776
78.2
59.6
1513
71.4
52.7
1152
60.2
42.7
784
47.0
33.6
403
35.0
22.5
283
55.8
39.3
1034
New York, NY
(LaGuardia
Airport)
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
37.4
26.1
548
39.2
27.3
795
47.3
34.6
1118
59.6
44.2
1457
69.7
53.7
1690
78.7
63.2
1802
83.9
68.9
1784
82.3
68.2
1583
75.2
61.2
1280
64.5
50.5
951
52.9
41.2
593
41.5
30.8
457
61.0
47.5
1171
Cleveland, OH
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
32.5
18.5
388
34.8
19.9
601
44.8
28.4
922
57.9
38.3
1350
68.5
47.9
1681
78.0
57.2
1843
81.7
61.4
1828
80.3
60.5
1583
74.2
54.0
1240
62.7
43.6
867
49.3
34.3
466
37.5
24.6
318
58.5
40.7
1091
Columbus, OH
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
34.7
19.4
459
38.1
21.5
677
49.3
30.6
980
62.3
40.5
1353
72.6
50.2
1647
81.3
59.0
1813
84.4
63.2
1755
83.0
61.7
1641
76.9
54.6
1282
65.0
42.8
945
50.7
33.5
538
39.4
24.7
387
61.5
41.8
1123
Toledo, OH
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
30.7
15.5
435
34.0
17.5
680
44.6
26.1
997
59.1
36.5
1384
70.5
46.6
1717
79.9
56.0
1878
83.4
60.2
1849
81.8
58.4
1616
75.1
51.2
1276
63.3
40.1
911
47.9
30.6
498
35.5
20.6
355
58.8
38.3
1133
Oklahoma City, OK
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
46.6
25.2
801
52.2
29.4
1055
61.0
37.1
1400
71.7
48.6
1725
79.0
57.7
1918
87.6
66.3
2144
93.5
70.6
2128
92.8
69.4
1950
84.7
61.9
1554
74.3
50.2
1233
59.9
37.6
901
50.7
29.1
725
71.2
48.6
1461
Tulsa, OK
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
45.6
24.8
732
51.9
29.5
978
60.8
37.7
1306
72.4
49.5
1603
79.7
58.5
1822
87.9
67.5
2021
93.9
72.4
2031
93.0
70.3
1865
85.0
62.5
1473
74.9
50.3
1164
60.2
38.1
827
50.3
29.3
659
71.3
49.2
1373
Astoria, OR
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
46.8
35.4
315
50.6
37.1
545
51.9
36.9
866
55.5
39.7
1253
60.2
44.1
1608
63.9
49.2
1626
67.9
52.2
1746
68.6
52.6
1499
67.8
49.2
1183
61.4
44.3
713
53.5
39.7
387
48.8
37.3
261
58.1
43.1
1000
Portland, OR
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
44.3
33.5
310
50.4
36.0
554
54.5
37.4
895
60.2
40.6
1308
66.9
46.4
1663
72.7
52.2
1773
79.5
55.8
2037
78.6
55.8
1674
74.2
51.1
1217
63.9
44.6
724
52.3
38.6
388
46.4
35.4
260
62.0
44.0
1067
Philadelphia, PA
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
38.6
23.8
555
41.1
25.0
795
50.5
33.1
1108
63.2
42.6
1434
73.0
52.5
1660
81.7
61.5
1811
86.1
66.8
1758
84.6
66.0
1575
77.8
58.6
1281
66.5
46.5
959
54.5
37.1
619
43.0
28.0
470
63.4
45.1
1169
7.1-59
7.1-60

Property
Monthly Averages
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
Average
EMISSION FACTORS
Location
Symbol
Units
Pittsburgh, PA
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
34.1
19.2
424
36.8
20.7
625
47.6
29.4
943
60.7
39.4
1317
70.8
48.5
1602
79.1
57.1
1762
82.7
61.3
1689
81.1
60.1
1510
74.8
53.3
1209
62.9
42.1
895
49.8
33.3
505
38.4
24.3
347
59.9
40.7
1069
Providence, RI
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
36.4
20.0
506
37.7
20.9
739
45.5
29.2
1032
57.5
38.3
1374
67.6
47.6
1655
76.6
57.0
1776
81.7
63.3
1695
80.3
61.9
1499
73.1
53.8
1209
63.2
43.1
907
51.9
34.8
538
40.5
24.1
419
59.3
41.2
1112
Columbia, SC
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
56.2
33.2
762
59.5
34.6
1021
67.1
41.9
1355
77.0
50.5
1747
83.8
59.1
1895
89.2
66.1
1947
91.9
70.1
1842
91.0
69.4
1703
85.5
63.9
1439
76.5
50.3
1211
67.1
40.6
921
58.8
34.7
722
75.3
51.2
1380
Sioux Falls, SD
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
22.9
1.9
533
29.3
8.9
802
40.1
20.6
1152
58.1
34.6
1543
70.5
45.7
1894
80.3
56.3
2100
86.2
61.8
2150
83.9
59.7
1845
73.5
48.5
1410
62.1
36.7
1005
43.7
22.3
608
29.3
10.1
441
56.7
33.9
1290
Memphis, TN
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
48.3
30.9
683
53.0
34.1
945
61.4
41.9
1278
72.9
52.2
1639
81.0
60.9
1885
88.4
68.9
2045
91.5
72.6
1972
90.3
70.8
1824
84.3
64.1
1471
74.5
51.3
1205
61.4
41.1
817
52.3
34.3
629
71.6
51.9
1366
Amarillo, TX
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
49.1
21.7
960
53.1
26.1
1244
60.8
32.0
1631
71.0
42.0
2019
79.1
51.9
2212
88.2
61.5
2393
91.4
66.2
2281
89.6
64.5
2103
82.4
56.9
1761
72.7
45.5
1404
58.7
32.1
1033
51.8
24.8
872
70.7
43.8
1659
Corpus Christi, TX
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
66.5
46.1
898
69.9
48.7
1147
76.1
55.7
1430
82.1
63.9
1642
86.7
69.5
1866
91.2
74.1
2094
94.2
75.6
2186
94.1
75.8
1991
90.1
72.8
1687
83.9
64.1
1416
75.1
54.9
1043
69.3
48.8
845
81.6
62.5
1521
Dallas, TX
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
54.0
33.9
822
59.1
37.8
1071
67.2
44.9
1422
76.8
55.0
1627
84.4
62.9
1889
93.2
70.8
2135
97.8
74.7
2122
97.3
73.7
1950
89.7
67.5
1587
79.5
56.3
1276
66.2
44.9
936
58.1
37.4
780
76.9
55.0
1468
Houston, TX
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
61.9
40.8
772
65.7
43.2
1034
72.1
49.8
1297
79.0
58.3
1522
85.1
64.7
1775
90.9
70.2
1898
93.6
72.5
1828
93.1
72.1
1686
88.7
68.1
1471
81.9
57.5
1276
71.6
48.6
924
65.2
42.7
730
79.1
57.4
1351
Midland-Odessa,
TX
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
57.6
29.7
1081
62.1
33.3
1383
69.8
40.2
1839
78.8
49.4
2192
86.0
58.2
2430
93.0
66.6
2562
94.2
69.2
2389
93.1
68.0
2210
86.4
61.9
1844
77.7
51.1
1522
65.5
39.0
1176
59.7
32.2
1000
77.0
49.9
1802
Salt Lake City, UT
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 d
37.4
19.7
639
43.7
24.4
989
51.5
29.9
1454
61.1
37.2
1894
72.4
45.2
2362
83.3
53.3
2561
93.2
61.8
2590
90.0
59.7
2254
80.0
50.0
1843
66.7
39.3
1293
50.2
29.2
788
38.9
21.6
570
64.0
39.3
1603
9/97
9/97

Property
Monthly Averages
Annual
Average
Location
Symbol
Units
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Richmond, VA
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 day
46.7
26.5
632
49.6
28.1
877
58.5
35.8
1210
70.6
45.1
1566
77.9
54.2
1762
84.8
62.2
1872
88.4
67.2
1774
87.1
66.4
1601
81.0
59.3
1348
70.5
46.7
1033
60.5
37.3
733
50.2
29.6
567
68.8
46.5
1248
Seattle, WA
(Sea-Tac Airport)
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 day
43.9
34.3
262
48.8
36.8
495
51.1
37.2
849
56.8
40.5
1294
64.0
46.0
1714
69.2
51.1
1802
75.2
54.3
2248
73.9
54.3
1616
68.7
51.2
1148
59.5
45.3
656
50.3
39.3
337
45.6
36.3
211
58.9
43.9
1053
Charleston, WV
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 day
41.8
23.9
498
45.4
25.8
707
55.4
34.1
1010
67.3
43.3
1356
76.0
51.8
1639
82.5
59.4
1776
85.2
63.8
1683
84.2
63.1
1514
78.7
56.4
1272
67.7
44.0
972
55.6
35.0
613
45.9
27.8
440
65.5
44.0
1123
Huntington, WV
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 day
41.1
24.5
526
45.0
26.6
757
55.2
35.0
1067
67.2
44.4
1448
75.7
52.8
1710
82.6
60.7
1844
85.6
65.1
1769
84.4
64.0
1580
78.7
57.2
1306
67.6
44.9
1004
55.2
35.9
638
45.2
28.5
467
65.3
45.0
1176
Cheyenne, WY
TAX
TAN
I
F
F
Btu/ft2 day
37.3
14.8
766
40.7
17.9
1068
43.6
20.6
1433
54.0
29.6
1771
64.6
39.7
1995
75.4
48.5
2258
83.1
54.6
2230
80.8
52.8
1966
72.1
43.7
1667
61.0
34.0
1242
46.5
23.1
823
40.4
18.2
671
58.3
33.1
1491
References 13 and 14, TAX = daily maximum ambient temperature, TAN = daily minimum ambient temperature, I = daily total solar
insolation factor.
7.1-61
Table 7.1-8. RIM-SEAL LOSS FACTORS, KRa, KRb, and n,

FOR FLOATING ROOF TANKSa
Average-Fitting Seals
Tank Construction And
Rim-Seal System
KRa
(lb-mole/ft-yr)
KRb
[lb-mole/(mph)n-ft-yr]
n
(dimensionless)
Welded Tanks
Mechanical-shoe seal
Primary onlyb
Shoe-mounted secondary
Rim-mounted secondary
Liquid-mounted seal
Primary only
Weather shield
Vapor-mounted seal
Primary only
Weather shield
5.8
1.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.4
2.1
1.6
1.0
1.6
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
1.5
1.2
0.3
6.7c
3.3
2.2
0.2
0.1
0.003
3.0
3.0
4.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
2.0
1.9
1.5
Riveted Tanks
Mechanical-shoe seal
Primary only
Shoe-mounted secondary
10.8
9.2
1.1
Note: The rim-seal loss factors KRa, KRb, and n may only be used for wind speeds below 15 miles
per hour.
a
b
Reference 15.
If no specific information is available, a welded tank with an average-fitting mechanical-shoe
primary seal can be used to represent the most common or typical construction and rim-seal system
in use for external and domed external floating roof tanks.
c If no specific information is available, this value can be assumed to represent the most common or
typical rim-seal system currently in use for internal floating roof tanks.
7.1-62
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Table 7.1-9. AVERAGE ANNUAL WIND SPEED (v) FOR SELECTED U. S. LOCATIONSa
Location
Alabama
Birmingham
Huntsville
Mobile
Montgomery
Alaska
Anchorage
Annette
Barrow
Barter Island
Bethel
Bettles
Big Delta
Cold Bay
Fairbanks
Gulkana
Homer
Juneau
King Salmon
Kodiak
Kotzebue
McGrath
Nome
St. Paul Island
Talkeetna
Valdez
Yakutat
Arizona
Flagstaff
Phoenix
Tucson
9/97
Wind
Speed
(mph)
7.2
8.2
9.0
6.6
6.9
10.6
11.8
13.2
12.8
6.7
8.2
17.0
5.4
6.8
7.6
8.3
10.8
10.8
13.0
5.1
10.7
17.7
4.8
6.0
7.4
6.8
6.3
8.3
Location
Arizona (continued)
Winslow
Yuma
Arkansas
Fort Smith
Little Rock
Wind
Speed
(mph)
8.9
7.8
7.6
7.8
California
Bakersfield
Blue Canyon
Eureka
Fresno
Long Beach
Los Angeles (City)
Los Angeles Intl. Airport
Mount Shasta
Sacramento
San Diego
San Francisco (City)
San Francisco Airport
Santa Maria
Stockton
6.4
6.8
6.8
6.3
6.4
6.2
7.5
5.1
7.9
6.9
8.7
10.6
7.0
7.5
Colorado
Colorado Springs
Denver
Grand Junction
Pueblo
10.1
8.7
8.1
8.7
Connecticut
Bridgeport
Hartford
12.0
8.5
Location
Delaware
Wilmington
District of Columbia
Dulles Airport
National Airport
Florida
Apalachicola
Daytona Beach
Fort Meyers
Jacksonville
Key West
Miami
Orlando
Pensacola
Tallahassee
Tampa
West Palm Beach
Wind
Speed
(mph)
9.1
7.4
9.4
7.8
8.7
8.1
8.0
11.2
9.3
8.5
8.4
6.3
8.4
9.6
Georgia
Athens
Atlanta
Augusta
Columbus
Macon
Savannah
7.4
9.1
6.5
6.7
7.6
7.9
Hawaii
Hilo
Honolulu
Kahului
Lihue
7.2
11.4
12.8
12.2
7.1-63
Location
Idaho
Boise
Pocatello
Illinois
Cairo
Chicago
Moline
Peoria
Rockford
Springfield
Wind
Speed
(mph)
8.8
10.2
8.5
10.3
10.0
10.0
10.0
11.2
Indiana
Evansville
Fort Wayne
Indianapolis
South Bend
8.1
10.0
9.6
10.3
Iowa
Des Moines
Sioux City
Waterloo
10.9
11.0
10.7
Kansas
Concordia
Dodge City
Goodland
Topeka
Wichita
12.3
14.0
12.6
10.0
12.3
Kentucky
Cincinnati Airport
Jackson
Lexington
Louisville
7.1-64
9.1
7.2
9.3
8.4
Location
Louisiana
Baton Rouge
Lake Charles
New Orleans
Shreveport
Maine
Caribou
Portland
Maryland
Baltimore
Wind
Speed
(mph)
7.6
8.7
8.2
8.4
11.2
8.8
9.2
Massachusetts
Blue Hill Observatory
Boston
Worcester
15.4
12.5
10.1
Michigan
Alpena
Detroit
Flint
Grand Rapids
Houghton Lake
Lansing
Muskegon
Sault Sainte Marie
8.1
10.4
10.2
9.8
8.9
10.0
10.7
9.3
Minnesota
Duluth
International Falls
Minneapolis-Saint Paul
Rochester
Saint Cloud
EMISSION FACTORS
11.1
8.9
10.6
13.1
8.0
Location
Mississippi
Jackson
Meridian
Wind
Speed
(mph)
7.4
6.1
Missouri
Columbia
Kansas City
Saint Louis
Springfield
9.9
10.8
9.7
10.7
Montana
Billings
Glasgow
Great Falls
Helena
Kalispell
Missoula
11.2
10.8
12.8
7.8
6.6
6.2
Nebraska
Grand Island
Lincoln
Norfolk
North Platte
Omaha
Scottsbuff
Valentine
11.9
10.4
11.7
10.2
10.6
10.6
9.7
Nevada
Elko
Ely
Las Vegas
Reno
Winnemucca
6.0
10.3
9.3
6.6
8.0
9/97
Location
New Hampshire
Concord
Mount Washington
Wind
Speed
(mph)
6.7
35.3
New Jersey
Atlantic City
Newark
10.1
10.2
New Mexico
Albuquerque
Roswell
9.1
8.6
New York
Albany
Birmingham
Buffalo
8.9
10.3
12.0
New York (Central Park)

New York (JFK Airport)
New York (La Guardia
Airport)
Rochester
Syracuse
North Carolina
Asheville
Cape Hatteras
Charlotte
Greensboro-High Point
Raleigh
Wilmington
North Dakota
Bismark
Fargo
Williston
9/97
Location
Ohio
Akron
Cleveland
Columbus
Dayton
Mansfield
Toledo
Youngstown
Oklahoma
Oklahoma City
Tulsa
Oregon
Astoria
Eugene
9.4
12.0
Medford
Pendleton
12.2
9.7
9.5
Portland
Salem
Sexton Summit
7.6
11.1
7.5
7.5
7.8
8.8
10.2
12.3
10.1
Pennsylvania
Allentown
Avoca
Erie
Harrisburg
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh Intl
Airport
Williamsport
Puerto Rico
San Juan
Wind
Speed
(mph)
9.8
10.6
8.5
9.9
11.0
9.4
9.9
12.4
10.3
8.6
7.6
4.8
8.7
7.9
7.1
11.8
9.2
8.3
11.3
7.6
9.5
9.1
7.8
8.4
Location
Rhode Island
Providence
South Carolina
Charleston
Columbia
GreenvilleSpartanburg
South Dakota
Aberdeen
Huron
Rapid City
Sioux Falls
Tennessee
Bristol-Johnson
City
Chattanooga
Knoxville
Memphis
Nashville
Oak Ridge
Texas
Abilene
Amarillo
Austin
Brownsville
Corpus Christi
Dallas-Fort Worth
Del Rio
El Paso
Galveston
Houston
Lubbock
Wind
Speed
(mph)
10.6
8.6
6.9
6.9
11.2
11.5
11.3
11.1
5.5
6.1
7.0
8.9
8.0
4.4
12.0
13.6
9.2
11.5
12.0
10.8
9.9
8.9
11.0
7.9
12.4
7.1-65
Location
Texas (continued)
Midland-Odessa
Port Arthur
San Angelo
San Antonio
Victoria
Waco
Wichita Falls
Wind
Speed
(mph)
11.1
9.8
10.4
9.3
10.1
11.3
11.7
Utah
Salt Lake City
8.9
Vermont
Burlington
8.9
Virginia
Lynchburg
Norfolk
Richmond
Roanoke
7.7
10.7
7.7
8.1
Washington
Olympia
Quillayute
Seattle Intl. Airport
Spokane
Walla Walla
Yakima
6.7
6.1
9.0
8.9
5.3
7.1
West Virginia
Belkley
Charleston
Elkins
Huntington
9.1
6.3
6.2
6.6
Location
Wisconsin
Green Bay
La Crosse
Madison
Milwaukee
Wind
Speed
(mph)
Wyoming
Casper
Cheyenne
Lander
Sheridan
10.0
8.8
9.9
11.6
12.9
13.0
6.8
8.0
Reference 13.
7.1-66
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Table 7.1-10. AVERAGE CLINGAGE FACTORS, Ca

(bbl/103 ft2)
Product Stored
Shell Condition
Light Rust
Dense Rust
Gunite Lining
Gasoline
0.0015
0.0075
0.15
Single-component stocks
0.0015
0.0075
0.15
Crude oil
0.0060
0.030
0.60
Reference 3. If no specific information is available, the values in this table can be assumed to
represent the most common or typical condition of tanks currently in use.
Table 7.1-11. TYPICAL NUMBER OF COLUMNS AS A FUNCTION OF TANK

DIAMETER FOR INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS WITH COLUMNSUPPORTED FIXED ROOFSa
Tank Diameter Range D, (ft)
Typical Number
Of Columns, NC
0 < D 85
85 < D 100
100 < D 120
120 < D 135
135 < D 150
6
7
8
9
150
170
190
220
235
<
<
<
<
<
D
D
D
D
D
170
190
220
235
270
16
19
22
31
37
270
275
290
330
360
<
<
<
<
<
D
D
D
D
D
275
290
330
360
400
43
49
61
71
81
Reference 4. This table was derived from a survey of users and manufacturers. The actual number
of columns in a particular tank may vary greatly with age, fixed roof style, loading specifications,
and manufacturing prerogatives. Data in this table should not be used when actual tank data are
available.
9/97
7.1-67
Table 7.1-12. DECK-FITTING LOSS FACTORS, KFa, KFb,

AND m, AND TYPICAL NUMBER OF DECK FITTINGS, NFa
Loss Factors
Fitting Type And Construction Details
Access hatch (24-inch diameter well)
Bolted cover, gasketedb
Unbolted cover, ungasketed
Unbolted cover, gasketed
Fixed roof support column welld
Round pipe, ungasketed sliding cover
Round pipe, gasketed sliding cover
Round pipe, flexible fabric sleeve seal
Built-up column, ungasketed sliding coverc
Built-up column, gasketed sliding cover
Unslotted guide-pole and well (8-inch
diameter unslotted pole, 21-inch
diameter well)
Ungasketed sliding coverb
Ungasketed sliding cover w/pole sleeve
Gasketed sliding cover
Gasketed sliding cover w/pole wiper
Gasketed sliding cover w/pole sleeve
Slotted guide-pole/sample well (8-inch
diameter slotted pole, 21-inch
diameter well)e
Ungasketed or gasketed sliding cover
Ungasketed or gasketed sliding cover,
with floatg
Gasketed sliding cover, with pole wiper
Gasketed sliding cover, with pole sleeve
Gasketed sliding cover, with pole sleeve
and pole wiper
Gasketed sliding cover, with float and
pole wiperg
Gasketed sliding cover, with float, pole
sleeve, and pole wiperh
Gauge-float well (automatic gauge)
Unbolted cover, ungasketedb
Unbolted cover, gasketed
Bolted cover, gasketed
Gauge-hatch/sample port
Weighted mechanical actuation,
gasketedb
ungasketed
Slit fabric seal, 10% open areac
Vacuum breaker
ungasketed
Weighted mechanical actuation, gasketedb
7.1-68
KFa
(lb-mole/yr)
KFb
m
Typical Number Of
(lb-mole/(mph)m-yr) (dimensionless)
Fittings, NF
1
1.6
36c
31
0
5.9
5.2
0
1.2
1.3
NC
(Table 7.1-11)
31
25
10
47
33
1
31
25
25
14
8.6
150
2.2
13
3.7
12
1.4
2.1
2.2
0.78
0.81
43
270
1.4
31
41
11
36
48
46
2.0
1.4
1.4
8.3
4.4
1.6
21
7.9
1.8
11
9.9
0.89
14c
4.3
2.8
5.4
17
0
1.1
0.38
0
1
0.47
2.3
12
0.02
0.97
0
Nvb (Table 7.1-13)j
7.8
6.2c
0.01
1.2
EMISSION FACTORS
4.0
0.94
9/97

Loss Factors
Fitting Type And Construction Details
Deck drain (3-inch diameter)
Openb
90% closed
Stub drain (1-inch diameter)k
Deck leg (3-inch diameter)
Adjustable, internal floating deckc
Adjustable, pontoon area - ungasketedb
Adjustable, pontoon area - gasketed
Adjustable, pontoon area - sock
Adjustable, center area - ungasketedb
Adjustable, center area - gasketedm
Adjustable, center area - sockm
Adjustable, double-deck roofs
Fixed
Rim ventn
Weighted mechanical actuation, ungasketed
Weighted mechanical actuation, gasketedb
Ladder well
Sliding cover, ungasketedc
Sliding cover, gasketed
KFa
(lb-mole/yr)
1.5
1.8
KFb
m
Typical Number Of
(lb-mole/(mph)m-yr) (dimensionless)
Fittings, NF
0.21
0.14
1.7
1.1
1.2
Nd (Table 7.1-13)
Nd (Table 7.1-15)
Nl (Table 7.1-15),
(Table 7.1-14)
7.9
2.0
1.3
1.2
0.82
0.53
0.49
0.82
0
0.37
0.08
0.14
0.53
0.11
0.16
0.53
0
0.91
0.65
0.65
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.14
0
0.68
0.71
1.8
0.10
1.0
1.0
1d
76
56
Note: The deck-fitting loss factors, KFa, KFb, and m, may only be used for wind speeds below
15 miles per hour.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
j
k
m
n
Reference 5, unless otherwise indicated.

If no specific information is available, this value can be assumed to represent the most common or
typical deck fitting currently in use for external and domed external floating roof tanks.
If no specific information is available, this value can be assumed to represent the most common or
typical deck fitting currently in use for internal floating roof tanks.
Column wells and ladder wells are not typically used with self supported fixed roofs.
References 16,19.
A slotted guide-pole/sample well is an optional fitting and is not typically used.
Tests were conducted with floats positioned with the float wiper at and 1 inch above the sliding
cover. The user is cautioned against applying these factors to floats that are positioned with the
wiper or top of the float below the sliding cover ("short floats"). The emission factor for such a
float is expected to be between the factors for a guidepole without a float and with a float,
depending upon the position of the float top and/or wiper within the guidepole.
Tests were conducted with floats positioned with the float wiper at varying heights with respect to
the sliding cover. This fitting configuration also includes a pole sleeve which restricts the airflow
from the well vapor space into the slotted guidepole. Consequently, the float position within the
guidepole (at, above, or below the sliding cover) is not expected to significantly affect emission
levels for this fitting configuration, since the function of the pole sleeve is to restrict the flow of
vapor from the vapor space below the deck into the guidepole.
Nvb = 1 for internal floating roof tanks.
Stub drains are not used on welded contact internal floating decks.
These loss factors were derived using the results from pontoon-area deck legs with gaskets and
socks.
Rim vents are used only with mechanical-shoe primary seals.
9/97
7.1-69
Table 7.1-13. EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS: TYPICAL NUMBER OF

VACUUM BREAKERS, Nvb, AND DECK DRAINS, Nda
Tank Diameter
D (feet)b
Number Of Vacuum Breakers, Nvb

Pontoon Roof
Double-Deck Roof
Number Of Deck drains, Nd
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
ND
400
ND
of vacuum breakers may vary greatly depending on throughput and manufacturing prerogatives. The
actual number of deck drains may also vary greatly depending on the design rainfall and
manufacturing prerogatives. For tanks more than 350 feet in diameter, actual tank data or the
manufacturers recommendations may be needed for the number of deck drains. This table should
not be used when actual tank data are available. ND = no data.
b If the actual diameter is between the diameters listed, the closest diameter listed should be used. If
the actual diameter is midway between the diameters listed, the next larger diameter should be used.
7.1-70
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Table 7.1-14. EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS: TYPICAL NUMBER OF

ROOF LEGS, Nla
Pontoon Roof
Tank Diameter, D (feet)b
Number Of Pontoon
Legs
Number Of Center Legs
Number Of Legs On
Double-Deck Roof
30
40
50
4
4
6
2
4
6
6
7
8
60
70
80
90
100
9
13
15
16
17
7
9
10
12
16
10
13
16
20
25
110
120
130
140
150
18
19
20
21
23
20
24
28
33
38
29
34
40
46
52
160
170
180
190
200
26
27
28
29
30
42
49
56
62
69
58
66
74
82
90
210
220
230
240
250
31
32
33
34
35
77
83
92
101
109
98
107
115
127
138
260
270
280
290
300
36
36
37
38
38
118
128
138
148
156
149
162
173
186
200
310
320
330
340
350
39
39
40
41
42
168
179
190
202
213
213
226
240
255
270
360
370
380
390
400
44
45
46
47
48
226
238
252
266
281
285
300
315
330
345
of roof legs may vary greatly depending on age, style of floating roof, loading specifications, and
manufacturing prerogatives. This table should not be used when actual tank data are available.
b If the actual diameter is between the diameters listed, the closest diameter listed should be used. If
the actual diameter is midway between the diameters listed, the next larger diameter should be used.
9/97
7.1-71
Table 7.1-15. INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS: TYPICAL NUMBER

OF DECK LEGS, N1, AND STUB DRAINS, Nda
Deck fitting type
Typical Number Of Fittings, NF
Deck leg or hanger wellb

(5
D D2
)
10 600
Stub drain (1-inch diameter)b,c

(
a
b
c
D2
)
125
Reference 4
Not used on welded contact internal floating decks.
Table 7.1-16. DECK SEAM LENGTH FACTORS (SD) FOR TYPICAL DECK
CONSTRUCTIONS FOR INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKSa
Typical Deck Seam Length Factor,
SD (ft/ft2)
Deck Construction
Continuous sheet constructionb
0.20c
0.17
0.14
5 ft wide
6 ft wide
7 ft wide
Panel constructiond
5 x 7.5 ft rectangular
5 x 12 ft rectangular
0.33
0.28
a
b
c
Reference 4. Deck seam loss applies to bolted decks only.

SD = 1/W, where W = sheet width (ft).
If no specific information is available, this value can be assumed to represent the most common
bolted decks currently in use.
d S = (L+W)/LW, where W = panel width (ft) and L = panel length (ft).
D
7.1-72
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
7.1.5 Sample Calculations

Example 1 - Chemical Mixture in a Fixed Roof Tank
Determine the yearly emission rate of the total product mixture and each component for a chemical
mixture stored in a vertical cone roof tank in Denver, Colorado. The chemical mixture contains (for
every 3,171 lb of mixture) 2,812 lb of benzene, 258 lb of toluene, and 101 lb of cyclohexane. The
tank is 6 ft in diameter, 12 ft high, usually holds about 8 ft of product, and is painted white. The tank
working volume is 1,690 gallons. The number of turnovers per year for the tank is five (i. e., the
throughput of the tank is 8,450 gal/yr).
Solution
1. Determine tank type. The tank is a fixed-cone roof, vertical tank.
2. Determine estimating methodology. The product is made up of three organic liquids, all of which
are miscible in each other, which makes a homogenous mixture if the material is well mixed. The
tank emission rate will be based upon the properties of the mixture. Raoults Law (as discussed in the
HAP Speciation Section) is assumed to apply to the mixture and will be used to determine the
properties of the mixture.
3. Select equations to be used. For a vertical, fixed roof storage tank, the following equations apply:
LT = LS + LW
(1-1)
LS = 365 WVVVKEKS
(1-2)
LW = 0.0010 MVPVAQKNKP
(1-23)
where:
LS = standing storage loss, lb/yr
LW = working loss, lb/yr
VV = tank vapor space volume, ft3
9/97
VV = /4 D2 HVO
(1-3)
7.1-73

WV
M VP VA
(1-9)
RT LA
KE = vapor space expansion factor, dimensionless

T V
P V P B
KE
T LA
P A P VA
(1-16)
KS = vented vapor space saturation factor, dimensionless

1
KS
1 0.053 PVA HVO
(1-22)
D = diameter, ft
HVO= vapor space outage, ft
MV = molecular weight of vapor, lb/lb-mole
PVA = vapor pressure at the daily average liquid surface temperature, psia
R = ideal gas constant =
10.731 psia ft 3
lb mole R

PB = breather vent pressure setting range, psi
Q = annual net throughput, bbl/yr
KN = working loss turnover factor, dimensionless
KP = working loss product factor, dimensionless
4. Calculate each component of the standing storage loss and working loss functions.
a. Tank vapor space volume, VV:
VV = /4 D2 HVO
(1-3)
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
D = 6 ft (given)
7.1-74
For a cone roof, the vapor space outage, HVO is calculated by:
HVO = HS - HL + HRO
(1-4)
HS = tank shell height, 12 ft (given)

HL = stock liquid height, 8 ft (given)
HRO = roof outage, 1/3 HR = 1/3(SR)(RS)
(1-6)
SR = tank cone roof slope, 0.0625 ft/ft (given) (see Note 1 to Equation 1-4)
RS = tank shell radius = 1/2 D = 1/2 (6) = 3
Substituting values in Equation 1-6 yields,
HRO = 1 (0.0625)(3) = 0.0625 ft
3
Then use Equation 1-4 to calculate HVO,
HVO = 12 - 8 + 0.0625 = 4.0625 ft
Therefore,
VV = (6)2 (4.0625) = 114.86 ft3
4
b. Vapor density, WV:
WV
M V P VA
R T LA
(1-9)
R = ideal gas constant = 10.731 psia ft3

lb-mole R
MV = stock vapor molecular weight, lb/lb-mole
PVA = stock vapor pressure at the daily average liquid surface temperature, psia
First, calculate TLA using Equation 1-13.
9/97
TLA = 0.44 TAA + 0.56 TB + 0.0079 I
(1-13)
7.1-75
where:
TAA = daily average ambient temperature, R
TB = liquid bulk temperature, R
I = daily total solar insolation, Btu/ft2 d = 1,568 (see Table 7.1-7)
= tank paint solar absorptance = 0.17 (see Table 7.1-6)
TAA and TB must be calculated from Equations 1-14 and 1-15.
T AA
T AX
T AN
(1-14)
from Table 7.1-7, for Denver, Colorado:

TAX = daily maximum ambient temperature = 64.3F
TAN = daily minimum ambient temperature = 36.2F
Converting to R:
TAX = 64.3 + 460 = 524.3R
TAN = 36.2 + 460 = 496.2R
Therefore,
TAA = (524.3 + 496.2)/2 = 510.25 R
TB = liquid bulk temperature = TAA + 6 - 1
(1-15)
TAA = 510.25 R from previous calculation

= paint solar absorptance = 0.17 (see Table 7.1-6)
I = daily total solar insolation on a horizontal surface = 1,568 Btu/ft2 d (see
Table 7.1-7)
Substituting values in Equation 1-15
TB = 510.25 + 6 (0.17) - 1 = 510.27 R
Using Equation 1-13,
TLA = (0.44) (510.25R) + 0.56 (510.27R) + 0.0079 (0.17) (1,568) = 512.36R
Second, calculate PVA using Raoults Law.
7.1-76
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
According to Raoults Law, the partial pressure of a component is the product of its pure vapor
pressure and its liquid mole fraction. The sum of the partial pressures is equal to the total vapor
pressure of the component mixture stock.
The pure vapor pressures for benzene, toluene, and cyclohexane can be calculated from Antoines
equation. Table 7.1-5 provides the Antoines coefficients for benzene, which are A = 6.905,
B = 1,211.033, and C = 220.79. For toluene, A = 6.954, B = 1,344.8, and C = 219.48. For
cyclohexane, A = 6.841, B = 1,201.53, and C = 222.65. Therefore:
B
log P A
T C
TLA, average liquid surface temperature (C) = (512.36 - 492)/1.8 = 11
For benzene,
log P
6.905
1,211.033
(11C 220.79)
P = 47.90 mmHg = 0.926 psia

Similarly for toluene and cyclohexane,
P = 0.255 psia for toluene
P = 0.966 psia for cyclohexane
In order to calculate the mixture vapor pressure, the partial pressures need to be calculated for each
component. The partial pressure is the product of the pure vapor pressures of each component
(calculated above) and the mole fractions of each component in the liquid.
The mole fractions of each component are calculated as follows:
Component
Amount, lb
Benzene
2,812
Mi
78.1
Toluene
258
92.1
2.80
0.07
Cyclohexane
101
84.2
1.20
0.03
40.0
1.00
Total
Moles
xi
36.0
0.90
where:
Mi = molecular weight of component
xi = liquid mole fraction
The partial pressures of the components can then be calculated by multiplying the pure vapor pressure
by the liquid mole fraction as follows:
9/97
7.1-77
Component
P at 52F
xi
Ppartial
Benzene
0.926
0.90
0.833
Toluene
0.255
0.07
0.018
Cyclohexane
0.966
0.03
0.029
1.0
0.880
Total
The vapor pressure of the mixture is then 0.880 psia.
Third, calculate the molecular weight of the vapor, MV. Molecular weight of the vapor depends upon
the mole fractions of the components in the vapor.
MV =
where:
Miyi
Mi = molecular weight of the component

yi = vapor mole fraction
The vapor mole fractions, yi, are equal to the partial pressure of the component divided by the total
vapor pressure of the mixture.
Therefore,
ybenzene = Ppartial/Ptotal = 0.833/0.880 = 0.947
Similarly, for toluene and cyclohexane,
ytoluene = Ppartial/Ptotal = 0.020
ycyclohexane = Ppartial/Ptotal = 0.033
The mole fractions of the vapor components sum to 1.0.
The molecular weight of the vapor can be calculated as follows:
Component
Mi
yi
Mv
Benzene
78.1
0.947
74.0
Toluene
92.1
0.020
1.84
Cyclohexane
84.2
0.033
2.78
1.0
78.6
Total
7.1-78
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Since all variables have now been solved, the stock density, WV, can be calculated:
WV
(78.6) (0.880)
(10.731) (512.36)
M VP VA
R T LA
lb
1.26 x 10 2
ft 3
c. Vapor space expansion factor, KE:

KE
TV
T LA
PV PB
P A P VA
(1-16)
where:
PV = daily vapor pressure range, R
PB = breather vent pressure setting range, psia
PA = atmospheric pressure, 14.7 psia (given)
PVA = vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, psia = 0.880 psia (from
Step 4b)
TLA = daily average liquid surface temperature, R = 512.36R (from Step 4b)
First, calculate the daily vapor temperature range from Equation 1-17:
TV
0.72 T A
0.028I
(1-17)
where:
TA = daily ambient temperature range = TAX - TAN
= tank paint solar absorptance, 0.17 (given)
I = daily total solar insolation, 1,568 Btu/ft2 d (given)
from Table 7.1-7, for Denver, Colorado:
TAX = 64.3F
TAN = 36.2F
9/97
7.1-79
Converting to R,
TAX = 64.3 + 460 = 524.3R
TAN = 36.2 + 460 = 496.2R
From equation 1-17 and TAX = TAX - TAN
TA = 524.3 - 496.2 = 28.1R
Therefore,
TV = 0.72 (28.1) + (0.028)(0.17)(1568) = 27.7R
Second, calculate the daily vapor pressure range using Equation 1-18:
PV = PVX - PVN
(1-18)
PVX, PVN = vapor pressures at the daily maximum, minimum liquid temperatures can be calculated
in a manner similar to the PVA calculation shown earlier.
TLX = maximum liquid temperature, TLA + 0.25 TV (from Figure 7.1-17)
TLN = minimum liquid temperature, TLA - 0.25 TV (from Figure 7.1-17)
TLA = 512.36 (from Step 4b)
TV = 27.7R
TLX = 512.36 + (0.25) (27.7) = 519.3R or 59F
TLN = 512.36 - (0.25) (27.7) = 505.4R or 45F
Using Antoines equation, the pure vapor pressures of each component at the minimum liquid surface
temperature are:
Pbenzene = 0.758 psia
Ptoluene = 0.203 psia
Pcyclohexane = 0.794 psia
7.1-80
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
The partial pressures for each component at TLN can then be calculated as follows:
Component
P at 45F
xi
Ppartial
Benzene
0.758
0.90
0.68
Toluene
0.203
0.07
0.01
Cyclohexane
0.794
0.03
0.02
1.0
0.71
Total
Using Antoines equation, the pure vapor pressures of each component at the maximum liquid
surface temperature are:
Pbenzene = 1.14 psia
Ptoluene = 0.32 psia
Pcyclohexane = 1.18 psia
The partial pressures for each component at TLX can then be calculated as follows:
Component
xi
Ppartial
Benzene
1.14
0.90
1.03
Toluene
0.32
0.07
0.02
Cyclohexane
1.18
0.03
0.04
1.0
1.09
Total
Therefore, the vapor pressure range, PV = PLX - PLN = 1.09 - 0.710 = 0.38 psia.
Next, calculate the breather vent pressure, PB, from Equation 1-20:
PB = PBP - PBV
(1-20)
where:
PBP = breather vent pressure setting = 0.03 psia (given) (see Note 3 to Equation 1-16)
PBV = breather vent vacuum setting = -0.03 psig (given) (see Note 3 to Equation 1-16)
PB = 0.03 - (-0.03) = 0.06 psig
Finally, KE, can be calculated by substituting values into Equation 1-16.
KE
9/97
(27.7)
(512.36)
0.38 0.06 psia

14.7 psia 0.880 psia
0.077
7.1-81
d. Vented vapor space saturation factor, KS:

KS
1
0.053 P VA H VO
(1-22)
where:
PVA = 0.880 psia (from Step 4b)
HVO = 4.0625 ft (from Step 4a)
1
KS
0.841
1 0.053(0.880)(4.0625)
5. Calculate standing storage losses.
LS = 365 WVVVKEKS
Using the values calculated above:
WV = 1.26 x 10-2 lb (from Step 4b)
ft3
VV = 114.86 ft3 (from Step 4a)
KE = 0.077 (from Step 4c)
KS = 0.841 (from Step 4d)
LS = 365 (1.26 x 10-2)(114.86)(0.077)(0.841) = 34.2 lb/yr
6. Calculate working losses.
The amount of VOCs emitted as a result of filling operations can be calculated from the
following equation:
LW = (0.0010) (MV)(PVA)(Q)(KN)(KP)
(1-23)
From Step 4:
MV = 78.6 (from Step 4b)
PVA = 0.880 psia (from Step 4b)
Q = 8,450 gal/yr x 2.381 bbl/100 gal = 201 bbl/yr (given)
KP = product factor, dimensionless = 1 for volatile organic liquids, 0.75 for crude oils
KN = 1 for turnovers <36 (given)
N = turnovers per year = 5 (given)
7.1-82
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
LW = (0.0010)(78.6)(0.880)(201)(1)(1) = 13.9 lb/yr

7. Calculate total losses, LT.
LT = LS + LW
where:
LS = 34.2 lb/yr
LW = 13.9 lb/yr
LT = 34.7 + 13.9 = 48.1 lb/yr
8. Calculate the amount of each component emitted from the tank.
The amount of each component emitted is equal to the weight fraction of the component in the
vapor times the amount of total VOC emitted. Assuming 100 moles of vapor are present, the number
of moles of each component will be equal to the mole fraction multiplied by 100. This assumption is
valid regardless of the actual number of moles present. The vapor mole fractions were determined in
Step 4b. The weight of a component present in a mixture is equal to the product of the number of
moles and molecular weight, Mi, of the component. The weight fraction of each component is
calculated as follows:
pounds
Weight fraction = ________i
total pounds
Therefore,
Component
No. of moles
Mi
Poundsi
Weight
fraction
Benzene
(0.947 x 100) = 94.7
78.1
7,396
0.94
Toluene
(0.02 x 100) = 2.0
92.1
184
0.02
Cyclohexane
(0.033 x 100) = 3.3
84.3
278
0.04
Total
100
7,858
1.0
The amount of each component emitted is then calculated as:

Emissions of componenti = (weight fractioni)(LT)
Component
Weight fraction
Total VOC emitted,

lb/yr
Emissions, lb/yr
Benzene
0.94
48.1
Toluene
0.02
48.1
0.96
Cyclohexane
0.04
48.1
1.92
Total
9/97
45.2
48.1
7.1-83
Example 2 - Chemical Mixture in a Horizontal Tank - Assuming that the tank mentioned in
Example 1 is now horizontal, calculate emissions. (Tank diameter is 6 ft and length is 12 ft.)
Solution:
Emissions from horizontal tanks can be calculated by adjusting parameters in the fixed roof equations.
Specifically, an effective diameter, DE, is used in place of the tank diameter, D. The vapor space
height, HVO, is assumed to be half the actual tank diameter.
1. Horizontal tank adjustments. Make adjustments to horizontal tank values so that fixed roof tank
equations can be used. The effective diameter, DE, is calculated as follows:
The vapor space height, HVO is calculated as follows:

HVO = 1/2 D = 1/2 (6) = 3 ft
2. Given the above adjustments the standing storage loss, LS, can be calculated.
Calculate values for each effected variable in the standing loss equation.
LS =
365 VVWVKEKS
VV and KS depend on the effective tank diameter, DE, and vapor space height, HVO.
These variables can be calculated using the values derived in Step 1:
VV
(D )2 H VO
4 E
VV
KS
KS
7.1-84
(9.577)2 (3)
4
216.10 ft 3
1
(0.053) (P VA) (H VO)
1
(0.053) (0.880) (3)
0.877
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
3. Calculate standing storage loss using the values calculated in Step 2.

LS = 365 VVWVKEKS
VV = 216.10 ft3 (from Step 2)
WV = 1.26 x 10-2 lb/ft3 (from Step 4b, example 1)
KE = 0.077 (from Step 4c, example 1)
KS = 0.877 (from Step 2)
LS = (365)(1.26 x 10-2)(216.10)(0.077)(0.877)
LS = 67.1 lb/yr
4. Calculate working loss. Since the parameters for working loss do not depend on diameter or vapor
space height, the working loss for a horizontal tank of the same capacity as the tank in Example 1 will
be the same.
LW = 13.9 lb/yr
5. Calculate total emissions.
LT = LS + LW
LT = 67.1 + 13.9 = 81 lb/yr
9/97
7.1-85
Example 3 - Chemical Mixture in an External Floating Roof Tank - Determine the yearly emission
rate of a mixture that is 75 percent benzene, 15 percent toluene, and 10 percent cyclohexane, by
weight, from a 100,000-gallon external floating roof tank with a pontoon roof. The tank is 20 feet in
diameter. The tank has 10 turnovers per year. The tank has a mechanical shoe seal (primary seal) and
a shoe-mounted secondary seal. The tank is made of welded steel and has a light rust covering the
inside surface of the shell. The tank shell is painted white, and the tank is located in Newark, New
Jersey. The floating deck is equipped with the following fittings: (1) an ungasketed access hatch with
an unbolted cover, (2) an unspecified number of ungasketed vacuum breakers with weighted
mechanical actuation, and (3) ungasketed gauge hatch/sample ports with weighted mechanical
actuation.
Solution:
1. Determine tank type. The tank is an external floating roof storage tank.
2. Determine estimating methodology. The product consists of three organic liquids, all of which are
miscible in each other, which make a homogenous mixture if the material is well mixed. The tank
emission rate will be based upon the properties of the mixture. Because the components have similar
structures and molecular weights, Raoults Law is assumed to apply to the mixture.
3. Select equations to be used. For an external floating roof tank,
LT = LWD + LR + LF + LD
LWD = (0.943) QCWL/D
(2-1)
(2-4)
LR = (KRa + KRbvn)P*DMVKC
(2-2)
LF = FFP*MVKC
(2-5)
LD = KDSDD2P*MVKC
(2-9)
where:
LR = rim seal loss from external floating roof tanks, lb/yr
LF = deck fitting loss, lb/yr
LD = deck seam loss, lb/yr = 0 for external floating roof tanks
Q = product average throughput, bbl/yr
C = product withdrawal shell clingage factor, bbl/1,000 ft2; see Table 7.1-10
WL = density of liquid, lb/gal
7.1-86
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
KRa = zero wind speed rim seal loss factor, lb-mole/ft yr; see Table 7.1.8
KRb = wind speed dependent rim seal loss factor, lb-mole/(mph)nft yr; see Table 7.1-8
v = average ambient wind speed for the tank site, mph
n = seal wind speed exponent, dimensionless
P* = the vapor pressure function, dimensionless
= (PVA/PA)/(1 + [1-(PVA/PA)]0.5)2
where:
PVA= the true vapor pressure of the materials stored, psia
PA = atmospheric pressure, psia = 14.7
MV = molecular weight of product vapor, lb/lb-mole
KC = product factor, dimensionless
FF = the total deck fitting loss factor, lb-mole/yr
nf
= (NF KF ) = [(NF KF ) + (NF KF ) + ... + NF KF )]
i i
1 1
2 2
nf nf
i=1
where:
NF = number of fittings of a particular type, dimensionless. NF is determined for the
i
i
specific tank or estimated from Tables 7.1-12, 7.1-13, or 7.1-14
KF = deck fitting loss factor for a particular type of fitting, lb-mole/yr. KF is determined
i
i
for each fitting type from Equation 2-7 and the loss factors in Table 7.1-12
nf = number of different types of fittings, dimensionless; nf = 3 (given)
KD = deck seam loss per unit seam length factor, lb-mole/ft/yr
4. Identify parameters to be calculated/determined from tables. In this example, the following
parameters are not specified: WL, FF, C, KRa, KRb, v, n, PVA, P*, MV, and KC. The following values
are obtained from tables or assumptions:
9/97
7.1-87
KC = 1.0 for volatile organic liquids (given in Section 7.1.3.2)

C = 0.0015 bbl/1,000 ft2 for tanks with light rust (from Table 7.1-10)
KRa = 1.6 (from Table 7.1-8)
KRb = 0.3 (from Table 7.1-8)
n = 1.6 (from Table 7.1-8)
Since the wind speed for the actual tank site is not specified, the wind speed for Newark, New
Jersey is used:
v = 10.2 mph (see Table 7.1-9)
FF, WL, PVA, P*, and MV still need to be calculated.
FF is estimated by calculating the individual KF and NF for each of the three types of deck
i
i
fittings used in this example. For the ungasketed access hatches with unbolted covers, the KF value
can be calculated using information from Table 7.1-12. For this fitting, KFa = 36, KFb = 5.9, and
m = 1.2. The value for KV for external floating roof tanks is 0.7 (see Section 7.1.3, Equation 2-7).
There is normally one access hatch. So,
KFaccess hatch = KFa + KFb(Kvv)m
= 36 + 5.9 [(0.7)(10.2)]1.2
KFaccess hatch = 98.4 lb-mole/yr
NFaccess hatch = 1
The number of vacuum breakers can be taken from Table 7.1-13. For a tank with a diameter
of 20 feet and a pontoon roof, the typical number of vacuum breakers is one. Table 7.1-12 provides
fitting factors for weighted mechanical actuation, ungasketed vacuum breakers when the average wind
speed is 10.2 mph. Based on this table, KFa = 7.8, KFb = 0.01, and m = 4. So,
KFvacuum breaker = KFa + KFb (Kvv)m
KFvacuum breaker = 7.8 + 0.01 [(0.7)(10.2)]4
KFvacuum breaker = 33.8 lb-mole/yr
NFvacuum breaker = 1
For the ungasketed gauge hatch/sample ports with weighted mechanical actuation, Table 7.1-12
indicates that floating roof tanks normally have only one. This table also indicates that KFa = 2.3, KFb
= 0, and m = 0. Therefore,
7.1-88
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
KFgauge hatch/sample port = KFa + KFb (Kvv)m

KFgauge hatch/sample port = 2.3 + 0
KFgauge hatch/sample port = 2.3 lb-mole/yr
NFgauge hatch/sample port = 1
FF can be calculated from Equation 2-6:
3
FF = (KF )(NF )
i
i
i=1
= (98.4)(1)+(33.8)(1)+(2.3)(1)
= 134.5 lb-mole/yr
5. Calculate mole fractions in the liquid. The mole fractions of components in the liquid must be
calculated in order to estimate the vapor pressure of the liquid using Raoults Law. For this example,
the weight fractions (given as 75 percent benzene, 15 percent toluene, and 10 percent cyclohexane) of
the mixture must be converted to mole fractions. First, assume that there are 1,000 lb of liquid
mixture. Using this assumption, the mole fractions calculated will be valid no matter how many
pounds of liquid actually are present. The corresponding amount (pounds) of each component is equal
to the product of the weight fraction and the assumed total pounds of mixture of 1,000. The number
of moles of each component is calculated by dividing the weight of each component by the molecular
weight of the component. The mole fraction of each component is equal to the number of moles of
each component divided by the total number of moles. For this example the following values are
calculated:
Component
Weight
fraction
Weight, lb
Molecular
weight, Mi,
lb/lb-mole
Moles
Mole
fraction
Benzene
0.75
750
78.1
9.603
0.773
Toluene
0.15
150
92.1
1.629
0.131
Cyclohexane
0.10
100
84.2
1.188
0.096
1.00
1,000
12.420
1.000
Total
For example, the mole fraction of benzene in the liquid is 9.603/12.420 = 0.773.
6. Determine the daily average liquid surface temperature. The daily average liquid surface
temperature is equal to:
TLA = 0.44 TAA + 0.56 TB + 0.0079 I
9/97
7.1-89
TAA = (TAX + TAN)/2

TB = TAA + 6 - 1
For Newark, New Jersey (see Table 7.1-7):
TAX = 62.5F = 522.2R
TAN = 45.9F = 505.6R
I = 1,165 Btu/ft2 d
From Table 7.1-6, = 0.17
Therefore;
TAA = (522.2 + 505.6)/2 = 513.9R
TB = 513.9R + 6 (0.17) - 1 = 513.92R
TLA = 0.44 (513.9) + 0.56 (513.92) + 0.0079 (0.17)(1,165)
= 515.5R = 55.8F = 56F
7. Calculate partial pressures and total vapor pressure of the liquid. The vapor pressure of each
component at 56F can be determined using Antoines equation. Since Raoults Law is assumed to
apply in this example, the partial pressure of each component is the liquid mole fraction (xi) times the
vapor pressure of the component (P).
Component
P at 56F
xi
Ppartial
Benzene
1.04
0.773
0.80
Toluene
0.29
0.131
0.038
Cyclohexane
1.08
0.096
0.104
1.00
0.942
Totals
The total vapor pressure of the mixture is estimated to be 0.942 psia.

8. Calculate mole fractions in the vapor. The mole fractions of the components in the vapor phase
are based upon the partial pressure that each component exerts (calculated in Step 7).
So for benzene:
ybenzene = Ppartial/Ptotal = 0.80/0.942 = 0.85
where:
ybenzene = mole fraction of benzene in the vapor
7.1-90
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Ppartial = partial pressure of benzene in the vapor, psia

Ptotal = total vapor pressure of the mixture, psia
Similarly,
ytoluene = 0.038/0.942 = 0.040
ycyclohexane = 0.104/0.942 = 0.110
The vapor phase mole fractions sum to 1.0.
9. Calculate molecular weight of the vapor. The molecular weight of the vapor depends upon the
mole fractions of the components in the vapor.
MV = Miyi
where:
MV = molecular weight of the vapor, lb/lb-mole
yi = mole fraction of component i in the vapor, lb-mole/lb-mole
Component
Benzene
Toluene
Cyclohexane
Total
Mi
78.1
92.1
84.2
yi
0.85
0.040
0.110
1.00
MV = (Mi)(yi)
66.39
3.68
9.26
79.3
The molecular weight of the vapor is 79.3 lb/lb-mole.

10. Calculate weight fractions of the vapor. The weight fractions of the vapor are needed to calculate
the amount (in pounds) of each component emitted from the tank. The weight fractions are related to
the mole fractions calculated in Step 7 and total molecular weight calculated in Step 9:
9/97
7.1-91
y iM i
ZV
ZV
(0.85)(78.1)
79.3
0.84 for benzene
ZV
(0.040)(92.1)
79.3
0.04 for toluene
ZV
(0.110)(84.2)
79.3
0.12 for cyclohexane
MV
11. Calculate total VOC emitted from the tank. The total VOC emitted from the tank is calculated
using the equations identified in Step 3 and the parameters calculated in Steps 4 through 9.
LT = LWD + LR + LF
a. Calculate withdrawal losses:
LWD = 0.943 QCWL/D
where:
Q = 100,000 gal x 10 turnovers/yr (given)
= 1,000,000 gal x 2.381 bbl/100 gal = 23,810 bbl/yr
C = 0.0015 bbl/103 ft2 (from Table 7.1-10)
WL = 1/[ (wt fraction in liquid)/(liquid component density from Table 7.1-3)]
Weight fractions
Benzene = 0.75 (given)
Toluene = 0.15 (given)
Cyclohexane = 0.10 (given)
Liquid densities
Benzene = 7.4 (see Table 7.1-3)
Toluene = 7.3 (see Table 7.1-3)
Cyclohexane = 6.5 (see Table 7.1-3)
WL = 1/[(0.75/7.4) + (0.15/7.3) + (0.10/6.5)]
= 1/(0.101 + 0.0205 + 0.0154)
= 1/0.1369
7.1-92
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
= 7.3 lb/gal
D = 20 ft (given)
LWD = 0.943 QCWL/D
= [0.943(23,810)(0.0015)(7.3)/20]
= 12 lb of VOC/yr from withdrawal losses
b. Calculate rim seal losses:
LR = (KRa + KRbvn)DP*MVKC
where:
KRa = 1.6 (from Step 4)
KRb = 0.3 (from Step 4)
v = 10.2 mph (from Step 4)
n = 1.6 (from Step 4)
KC = 1 (from Step 4)
PVA = 0.942 psia (from Step 7) (formula from Step 3)
D = 20 ft
P* = (PVA/PA)/(1 + [1-(PVA/PA)]0.5)2
= (0.942/14.7)/(1+[1-(0.942/14.7)]0.5)2 = 0.017
MV = 79.3 lb/lb-mole (from Step 9)
LR = [(1.6 + (0.3)(10.2)1.6)](0.017)(20)(79.3)(1.0)
= 376 lb of VOC/yr from rim seal losses
c. Calculate deck fitting losses:
LF = FFP*MVKC
where:
FF = 134.5 lb-mole/yr (from Step 4)
P* = 0.017
9/97
7.1-93
MV = 79.3 lb/lb-mole
KC = 1.0 (from Step 4)
LF = (134.5)(0.017)(79.3)(1.0)
= 181 lb/yr of VOC emitted from deck fitting losses
d. Calculate total losses:
LT = LWD + LR + LF
= 12 + 376 + 181
= 569 lb/yr of VOC emitted from tank
12. Calculate amount of each component emitted from the tank. For an external floating roof tank,
the individual component losses are determined by Equation 4-2:
LTi = (ZV )(LR + LF) + (ZL )(LWD)
i
i
Therefore,
LTbenzene = (0.84)(557) + (0.75)(12) = 477 lb/yr benzene
LTtoluene = (0.040)(557) + (0.15)(12) = 24 lb/yr toluene
LTcyclohexane = (0.12)(557) + (0.10)(12) = 68 lb/yr cyclohexane
7.1-94
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Example 4 - Gasoline in an Internal Floating Roof Tank - Determine emissions of product from a
1 million gallon, internal floating roof tank containing gasoline (RVP 13). The tank is painted white
and is located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The annual number of turnovers for the tank is 50. The tank is
70 ft in diameter and 35 ft high and is equipped with a liquid-mounted primary seal plus a secondary
seal. The tank has a column-supported fixed roof. The tanks deck is welded and equipped with the
following: (1) two access hatches with unbolted, ungasketed covers; (2) an automatic gauge float well
with an unbolted, ungasketed cover; (3) a pipe column well with a flexible fabric sleeve seal; (4) a
sliding cover, gasketed ladder well; (5) adjustable deck legs; (6) a slotted sample pipe well with a
gasketed sliding cover; and (7) a weighted, gasketed vacuum breaker.
Solution:
1. Determine tank type. The following information must be known about the tank in order to use the
floating roof equations:
-----
the
the
the
the
number of columns
effective column diameter
rim seal description (vapor- or liquid-mounted, primary or secondary seal)
deck fitting types and the deck seam length
Some of this information depends on specific construction details, which may not be known.
In these instances, approximate values are provided for use.
2. Determine estimating methodology. Gasoline consists of many organic compounds, all of which
are miscible in each other, which form a homogenous mixture. The tank emission rate will be based
on the properties of RVP 13 gasoline. Since vapor pressure data have already been compiled, Raoults
Law will not be used. The molecular weight of gasoline also will be taken from a table and will not
be calculated. Weight fractions of components will be assumed to be available from SPECIATE data
base.
3. Select equations to be used.
LWD =
(0.943) QCWL
[1 + (
(2-1)
NCFC
)]
(2-4)
(2-2)
LF = FFP*MVKC
(2-5)
LD = KDSDD2P*MVKC
(2-9)
where:
LR = rim seal loss, lb/yr
LF = deck fitting loss, lb/yr
9/97
7.1-95
LD = deck seam loss, lb/yr

Q = product average throughput (tank capacity [bbl] times turnovers per year),
bbl/yr
C = product withdrawal shell clingage factor, bbl/1,000 ft2
WL = density of liquid, lb/gal
NC = number of columns, dimensionless
FC = effective column diameter, ft
KRa = zero wind speed rim seal loss factor, lb-mole/ft yr
KRb = wind speed dependent rim seal loss factor, lb-mole/(mph)nft yr
v = average ambient site wind speed (zero for internal floating roof tanks), mph
MV = the average molecular weight of the product vapor, lb/lb-mole
KC = the product factor, dimensionless
P* = the vapor pressure function, dimensionless
= (PVA/PA)/[1 + (1-([PVA/PA]))0.5)]2
and
PVA = the vapor pressure of the material stored, psia
PA = average atmospheric pressure at tank location, psia
FF = the total deck fitting loss factor, lb-mole/yr
=
nf
(NF KF ) = [(NF KF ) + (NF KF ) + ... + (NF KF )]
i i
1 1
2 2
nf nf
i=1
and:
NF = number of fittings of a particular type, dimensionless. NF is determined
i
i
for the specific tank or estimated from Table 7.1-12
KF = deck fitting loss factor for a particular type of deck fitting, lb-mole/yr.
i
KF is determined for each fitting type using Table 7.1-12
i
nf = number of different types of fittings, dimensionless

KD = the deck seam loss factor, lb-mole/ft yr
= 0.14 for nonwelded decks
= 0 for welded decks
7.1-96
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97

= Lseam/Adeck
and:
Lseam = total length of deck seams, ft
Adeck = area of deck, ft2 = D2/4
4. Identify parameters to be calculated or determined from tables. In this example, the following
parameters are not specified: NC, FC, P, MV, KRa, KRb, v, P*, KC, FF, KD, and SD. The density of
the liquid (WL) and the vapor pressure of the liquid (P) can be read from tables and do not need to be
calculated. Also, the weight fractions of components in the vapor can be obtained from speciation
manuals. Therefore, several steps required in preceding examples will not be required in this example.
In each case, if a step is not required, the reason is presented.
The following parameters can be obtained from tables or assumptions:
KC = 1.0 for volatile organic liquids
NC = 1 (from Table 7.1-11)
FC = 1.0 (assumed)
KRa = 0.3 (from Table 7.1-8)
KRb = 0.6 (from Table 7.1-8)
v = 0 for internal floating roof tanks
MV = 62 lb/lb-mole (from Table 7.1-2)
WL = 5.6 lb/gal (from Table 7.1-2)
C = 0.0015 bbl/1,000 ft2 (from Table 7.1-10)
KD = 0 for welded decks so SD is not needed
FF = (KF NF )
i
5. Calculate mole fractions in the liquid. This step is not required because liquid mole fractions are
only used to calculate liquid vapor pressure, which is given in this example.
6. Calculate the daily average liquid surface temperature. The daily average liquid surface
temperature is equal to:
TLA = 0.44 TAA + 0.56 TB + 0.0079 I
TAA = (TAX + TAN)/2
9/97
7.1-97
TB = TAA + 6 - 1
For Tulsa, Oklahoma (see Table 7.1-7):
TAX = 71.3F = 530.97R
TAN = 49.2F = 508.87R
I = 1,373 Btu/ft2 d
From Table 7.1-6, = 0.17
Therefore,
TAA = (530.97 + 508.87)/2 = 519.92R
TB = 519.92 + 6(0.17) - 1 = 519.94R
TLA = 0.44 (519.92) + 0.56 (519.94) + 0.0079(0.17)(1,373)
TLA = 228.76 + 291.17 + 1.84
TLA = 521.77R or 62F
7. Calculate partial pressures and total vapor pressure of the liquid. The vapor pressure of gasoline
RVP 13 can be interpolated from Table 7.1-2. The interpolated vapor pressure at 62F is equal to
7.18 psia. Therefore,
P* =
PVA/PA
___________________________
[1 + (1 - [PVA/PA])0.5]2
P* =
(7.18/14.7)/[1 + (1-(7.18/14.7))0.5]2
P* =
0.166
8. Calculate mole fractions of components in the vapor. This step is not required because vapor mole
fractions are needed to calculate the weight fractions and the molecular weight of the vapor, which are
already specified.
9. Calculate molecular weight of the vapor. This step is not required because the molecular weight of
gasoline vapor is already specified.
10. Calculate weight fractions of components of the vapor. The weight fractions of components in
gasoline vapor can be obtained from a VOC speciation manual.
7.1-98
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
11. Calculate total VOC emitted from the tank. The total VOC emitted from the tank is calculated
using the equations identified in Step 3 and the parameters specified in Step 4.
LT =
LWD + LR + LF + LD
a. Calculate withdrawal losses:

LWD = [(0.943)QCWL]/D [1 + (NCFC)/D]
where:
Q = (1,000,000 gal)(50 turnovers/yr)
= (50,000,000 gal)(2.381 bbl/100 gal) = 1,190,500 bbl/yr
C = 0.0015 bbl/1,000 ft2
WL = 5.6 lb/gal
D = 70 ft
NC = 1
FC = 1
LWD = [(0.943)(1,190,500)(0.0015)(5.6)]/70[1 + (1)(1)/70] = 137 lb/yr VOC for withdrawal
losses
b. Calculate rim seal losses:
Since v = 0 for IFRTs:
LR = KRaDP*MVKC
where:
KRa = 0.3 lb-mole/ft yr
D = 70 ft
P* = 0.166
MV = 62 lb/lb-mole
KC = 1.0
LR = (0.3)(0.166)(70)(62)(1.0) = 216 lb/yr VOC from rim seals
9/97
7.1-99
c. Calculate deck fitting losses:

LF = FFP*MVKC
where:
FF = (KF NF )
i
KF = KFa for internal floating roof tanks since the wind speed is zero (see Equation 2-8).
i
i
Substituting values for KFa taken from Tables 7.1-12 and 7.1-15 for access hatches, gauge float well,
i
pipe column well, ladder well, deck legs, sample pipe well, and vacuum breaker, respectively, yields:
FF = (36)(2) + (14)(1) + (10)(1) + (56)(1) + 7.9[5 + (70/10) + (702/600)] + (43.1)(1) +
(6.2)(1)
= 361 lb-mole/yr
P* = 0.166
MV = 62 lb/lb-mole
KC = 1
LF = (361)(0.166)(62)(1.0) = 3,715 lb/yr VOC from deck fittings
d. Calculate deck seam losses:
LD = KDSDD2P*MVKC
Since KD = 0 for IFRTs with welded decks,
LD = 0 lb/yr VOC from deck seams
e. Calculate total losses:
= 137 + 216 + 3,715 + 0 = 4,068 lb/yr of VOC emitted from the tank
12. Calculate amount of each component emitted from the tank. The individual component losses are
equal to:
LT = (ZV )(LR + LF + LD) + (ZL )(LWD)
i
Since the liquid weight fractions are unknown, the individual component losses are calculated based on
the vapor weight fraction and the total losses. This procedure should yield approximately the same
values as the above equation because withdrawal losses are typically low for floating roof tanks. The
amount of each component emitted is the weight fraction of that component in the vapor (obtained
from a VOC species data manual and shown below) times the total amount of VOC emitted from the
tank. The table below shows the amount emitted for each component in this example.
7.1-100
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97
Constituent
Air toxics
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
O-xylene
Nontoxics
Isomers of pentane
N-butane
Iso-butane
N-pentane
Isomers of hexane
3-methyl pentane
Hexane
Others
Total
Weight Percent In Vapor
Emissions, lb/yr
0.77
0.66
0.04
0.05
31.3
26.8
1.6
2.0
26.78
22.95
9.83
8.56
4.78
2.34
1.84
21.40
1,089
934
400
348
194
95.2
74.9
871
100
4,068
Source: SPECIATE Data Base Management System, Emission Factor and Inventory Group, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1993.
References for Section 7.1
1. Laverman, R.J., Emission Reduction Options For Floating Roof Tanks, Chicago Bridge and Iron
Technical Services Company, Presented at the Second International Symposium on Aboveground
Storage Tanks, Houston, TX, January 1992.
2. VOC Emissions From Volatile Organic Liquid Storage Tanks-Background Information For
Proposed Standards, EPA-450/3-81-003a, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, July 1984.
3. Evaporative Loss From External Floating Roof Tanks, Third Edition, Bulletin No. 2517, American
Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 1989.
4. Evaporation Loss From Internal Floating Roof Tanks, Third Edition, Bulletin No. 2519, American
Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 1982.
5. Manual Of Petroleum Measurement Standards: Chapter 19: Evaporative Loss Measurement,
Section 2, Evaporative Loss From Floating Roof Tanks, Preliminary Draft, American Petroleum
Institute, Washington, DC, December 1994.
6. Ferry, R.L., Estimating Storage Tank Emissions--Changes Are Coming, TGB Partnership, 1994.
7. Benzene Emissions From Benzene Storage Tanks-Background Information For Proposed
Standards, EPA-450/3-80-034a, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC, December 1980.
8. Evaporative Loss From Fixed Roof Tanks, Second Edition, Bulletin No. 2518, American
Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., October 1991.
9/97
7.1-101
9. Estimating Air Toxics Emissions From Organic Liquid Storage Tanks, EPA-450/4-88-004, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1988.
10. Barnett, H.C., et al., Properties Of Aircraft Fuels, NACA-TN 3276, Lewis Flight Propulsion
Laboratory, Cleveland, OH, August 1956.
11. Petrochemical Evaporation Loss From Storage Tanks, First Edition, Bulletin No. 2523, American
Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1969.
12. SIMS Data Base Management System, Version 2.0, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 1990.
13. Comparative Climatic Data Through 1990, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Asheville, NC, 1990.
14. Input For Solar Systems, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Environmental and Information Service, National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC,
prepared for the U. S. Department of Energy, Division of Solar Technology, November 1978
(revised August 1979).
15. Ferry, R.L., Documentation Of Rim Seal Loss Factors For The Manual Of Petroleum
Measurement Standards: Chapter 19--Evaporative Loss Measurement: Section 2--Evaporative
Loss From Floating Roof Tanks, preliminary draft, American Petroleum Institute, April 5, 1995.
16. Written communication from R. Jones, et al., Midwest Research Institute, to D. Beauregard, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Final Fitting Loss Factors For Internal And External Floating
Roof Tanks, May 24, 1995.
17. Written communication from A. Parker and R. Neulicht, Midwest Research Institute, to
D. Beauregard, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fitting Wind Speed Correction Factor For
External Floating Roof Tanks, September 22, 1995.
18. Use Of Variable Vapor Space Systems To Reduce Evaporation Loss, Bulletin No. 2520, American
Petroleum Institute, New York, NY, 1964.
19. Written communication from A. Parker, Midwest Research Institute, to D. Beauregard, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Final Deck Fitting Loss Factors for AP-42 Section 7.1,
February 23, 1996.
20. Courtesy of R. Ferry, TGB Partnership, Hillsborough, NC.
7.1-102
EMISSION FACTORS
9/97

Liquid Storage Tanks Chapter 7 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Liquid Storage Tanks Chapter 7 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Liquid Storage Tanks Chapter 7 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

7.

LIQUID STORAGE TANKS

Liquid Storage Tanks

7.1 Organic Liquid Storage Tanks

Liquid Storage Tanks

Liquid Storage Tanks

7.1.2 Emission Mechanisms And Control

Liquid Storage Tanks

Liquid Storage Tanks

Liquid Storage Tanks

Liquid Storage Tanks

The tank roof height, HR, is equal to SR RS

R = the ideal gas constant, 10.731 psia ft3/lb-mole R

For more detailed information, please refer to Section 7.1.4.

exp = exponential function

Liquid Storage Tanks

TLA = daily average liquid surface temperature, R

TLA = 0.44TAA + 0.56TB + 0.0079 I

TLA = daily average liquid surface temperature, R

Liquid Storage Tanks

TV = daily vapor temperature range, R

PV = daily vapor pressure range, psia

PB = breather vent pressure setting range, psig

TA = daily ambient temperature range, R

Liquid Storage Tanks

Working Loss - The working loss, LW, can be estimated from:

LW = working loss, lb/yr

Liquid Storage Tanks

is the average annual ambient temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.

LF = the deck fitting loss, lb/yr

KF = deck fitting loss factor for a particular type fitting

Liquid Storage Tanks

mi = loss factor for a particular type of deck fitting, dimensionless

7.1.3.3 Variable Vapor Space Tanks18

LV=(2.40 x 10-2) (MVPVA/V1) [(V1) - (0.25 V2N2)]

LV = variable vapor space filling loss, lb/1,000 gal throughput

Liquid Storage Tanks

Another variation that is frequently made to the emission estimation procedures is an

ZV = weight fraction of component i in the vapor, lb/lb

LT = total losses, lb/yr

ZV = weight fraction of component i in the vapor, lb/lb

LR = rim seal losses, lb/yr

Liquid Storage Tanks

LD = deck seam losses, lb/yr

LWD = withdrawal losses, lb/yr

ML = molecular weight of liquid stock, lb/lb-mole

yi = vapor mole fraction of component i, lb-mole/lb-mole

Liquid Storage Tanks

Therefore, the appropriate form of Henrys Law equation is:

Liquid Storage Tanks

Figure 7.1-1. Typical fixed-roof tank.1

Figure 7.1-2. External floating roof tank (pontoon type).20

Liquid Storage Tanks

Figure 7.1-3 External floating Roof Tank (Double Deck)

Liquid Storage Tanks

Figure 7.1-4. Internal floating roof tank.20

Figure 7.1-5. Domed external floating roof tank.20

Liquid Storage Tanks

Figure 7.1-6. Vapor-mounted primary seals.20