Asi Steel Connections
Asi Steel Connections
Asi Steel Connections
17/1/08
11:25 AM
Page 1
Connection Handbook 1
BACKGROUND AND THEORY
Handbook 1:
Design of Structural Steel Connections
Handbook 1.
Design of structural steel connections.
by
T.J.Hogan
All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without
the written permission of Australian Steel Institute.
Note to commercial software developers: Copyright of the information contained within this publication is
held by Australian Steel Institute (ASI). Written permission must be obtained from ASI for the use of any
information contained herein which is subsequently used in any commercially available software package.
FIRST EDITION 2007 (LIMIT STATES)
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry:
Hogan, T.J.
Handbook 1: Design of structural steel connections
1 st ed.
Bibliography.
ISBN 978 0 909945947 (pbk.).
1.
Steel, StructuralStandards - Australia.
2.
Steel, StructuralSpecifications - Australia.
3.
Joints, (Engineering)Design and construction.
I.
Munter, S.A.
II.
Australian Steel Institute.
III.
Title
(Series: Structural steel connection series; 1).
Disclaimer: The information presented by the Australian Steel Institute in this publication has been
prepared for general information only and does not in any way constitute recommendations or
professional advice. While every effort has been made and all reasonable care taken to ensure the
accuracy of the information contained in this publication, this information should not be used or relied
upon for any specific application without investigation and verification as to its accuracy, suitability and
applicability by a competent professional person in this regard. The Australian Steel Institute, its officers
and employees and the authors and editors of this publication do not give any warranties or make any
representations in relation to the information provided herein and to the extent permitted by law (a) will
not be held liable or responsible in any way; and (b) expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for
any loss or damage costs or expenses incurred in connection with this publication by any person, whether
that person is the purchaser of this publication or not. Without limitation, this includes loss, damage, costs
and expenses incurred as a result of the negligence of the authors, editors or publishers.
The information in this publication should not be relied upon as a substitute for independent due
diligence, professional or legal advice and in this regards the services of a competent professional person
or persons should be sought.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
ii
CONTENTS
Page
List of figures
List of tables
Preface
About the author
About the contributing author and editor
Acknowledgements
iv
v
vi
vii
vii
viii
Page
4.9 Weld group loaded by general
set of design actions
4.10 Properties of common fillet
weld groups
4.11 Practical fillet weld groups
4.12 Design example No. 4
Design of fillet weld group
loaded in-plane
4.13 Design example No. 5
Design of fillet weld group loaded
out-of-plane
67
69
71
75
76
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
120
125
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28
Figure 29
Figure 30
Figure 31
Figure 32
Page
Rigid connections ........................... 4
Simple connections ........................ 5
Moment rotation characteristics
of typical connections ..................... 7
End plate tear-out failure edge
distances ...................................... 16
End plate tear-out failure force
components .................................. 16
End plate tear-out, simple case .... 16
Lap joint and brace/gusset
connection .................................... 21
Bolt group subject to in-plane
moment ........................................ 28
Bolt group subject to shear
forces at centroid .......................... 29
Bolt group subject to a general
load set......................................... 29
Graphical relationshipBolt force
to component displacement......... 30
Horizontal and vertical bolt
forces at an extreme bolt .............. 31
Single bolt column loaded
in-plane......................................... 32
Single bolt columnForces
and edge distances for end plate
tear-out or bearing failure ............. 33
Double bolt column loaded
in-plane......................................... 35
Double bolt columnForces
and edge distances for end plate
tear-out or bearing failure ............. 36
Bolted plate splice ........................ 39
Bolt group loaded in-plane............ 41
Bolt group loaded out-of-plane
Design actons............................... 44
Double bolt column geometry ....... 45
Prying mechanism in T-stub
connection .................................... 46
Graphical relationshipBolt
load/applied load for a stiff
T-stub flange ................................ 47
Graphical relationshipBolt
load/applied load for a flexible
T-stub flange ................................ 47
T-stub critical dimensions and
design actions .............................. 48
T-stub parameters ........................ 48
Bolt group loaded out-of-plane ..... 50
T-stub geometry ........................... 51
Weld types.................................... 52
Symbols for welds on drawings .... 53
Design throat thickness of
incomplete penetration butt weld .. 57
Design throat thickness of
fillet welds..................................... 58
Design actions on a fillet weld ...... 60
Page
Figure 33 Design forces per unit length
parallel to weld group axes x, y, z .61
Figure 34 Fillet weld subject to longitudinal
and transverse shear forces ..........61
Figure 35 General fillet weld group................63
Figure 36 Horizontal and vertical weld
component forces at a point
in a weld group ..............................65
Figure 37 Fillet weld group loaded
out-of-plane ...................................66
Figure 38 General fillet weld group................67
Figure 39 Possible critical points in
particular fillet weld group..............71
Figure 40 Fillet weld group loaded inand out-of-plane ............................72
Figure 41 Two parallel vertical welds
loaded out-of-plane .......................72
Figure 42 Two parallel horizontal welds
loaded out-of-plane .......................74
Figure 43 Fillet weld group loaded in-plane ...75
Figure 44 Fillet weld group loaded
out-of-plane ...................................76
Figure 45 Rectangular connection
component geometry.....................81
Figure 46 Rectangular component design
moment capacityMajor axis........82
Figure 47 Rectangular component design
moment capacityMinor axis........82
Figure 48 Rectangular component design
capacity in axial tension ...............83
Figure 49 Examples of block shear
failure in components ....................84
Figure 50 Block shear area in components ...85
Figure 51 Section with holes in both flanges .88
Figure 52 Section with holes in one flange ....88
Figure 53 Section with holes in one flange ....89
Figure 54 Single web coped (SWC) sections 95
Figure 55 SWC universal beam (UB) ............95
Figure 56 T-Section of SWC UB showing
elastic neutral axis.........................96
Figure 57 SWC UB T-section with plastic
neutral axis in web.........................96
Figure 58 SWC UB T-section with plastic
neutral axis in the flange ...............97
Figure 59 SWC universal beam example ....101
Figure 60 Double web coped (DWC)
sections .......................................102
Figure 61 Elastic neutral axis in
DWC section ...............................103
Figure 62 DWC universal beam example ....105
Figure 63 Block shear failure in DWC
members .....................................107
Figure 64 Block shear area in SWC
and DWC members .....................108
Figure 65 Web reinforcement of coped
supported members.....................109
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table 12
Table 13
Table 14
Table 15
Table 16
Table 17
Table 18
Table 19
Table 20
Table 21
Table 22
Table 23
Table 24
Table 25
Table 26
Table 27
Page
Page
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
PREFACE
This new series of connection publications by the Australian Institute of Steel (ASI) covering
capacity tables, theory and design of individual simple connections will be known as the
Structural Steel Connections Series, Part 1: 1 st ed. 2007 (Connection Series, Part 1). This
Connection Series, Part 1 details the method of design and provides capacity tables and
detailing parameters for a range of simple connections commonly used for structural steelwork
in Australia. Connections have a major engineering and economic importance in steel structures
influencing design, detailing, fabrication and erection costs. Standardisation of design approach
integrated with industry detailing is the key to minimum costs at each stage. This Connections
Series, Part 1 in conjunction with the future Connection Series, Part 2 for rigid connections
(collectively the Structural Steel Connections Series or Connection Series) replaces and
enhances an ASI flagship publication first released in 1978 at which time connection design
theories were developed for the purpose of generating and releasing connection capacity
tables. The first three editions were released in permissible stress format. The fourth edition
Design of Structural Connections (often referred to as the Green Book) was released in 1994 in
limit state format but there was no subsequent release of a limit state companion document
containing connection design capacity tables.
Handbook 1: Design of structural steel connections is the hub of a new Connections Series
expanding and revising the elemental connection theory contained in previous editions of
Design of Structural Connections. This has been achieved through extensive local and
international literature reviews using ASIs close association with like organisations and
searching the wealth of material contained in the ASI Library facility (the largest in the Southern
Hemisphere). This process consolidated industry best practice, references and research
papers. Handbook 1 formulates the elemental equations and procedures for the assessment of
bolts, bolt groups, welds, weld groups, connection components and supporting members in
standardised structural connections. Dimensions and clearances for bolt installation have been
revised and new theory for bolt groups loaded out-of-plane added.
The new Connections Series format with separate design guides for individual connection types
is intended to facilitate addition to or revision of connection model theory using relevant new
local or international research as deemed appropriate by the ASI. Connection models
developed using the Handbook 1 theory follow a stylised page format with a numbered DESIGN
CHECK procedure to simplify connection capacity assessment. This Connection Series, Part 1
also revises the third edition of Bolting of steel structures in Design Guide 1 now known as
Bolting in structural steel connections. Another important design guide (Design Guide 2) has
been specifically developed called Welding in structural steel connections. Design Capacity
Tables V3: Simple Connections Open Sections consolidates design capacity tables contained
in the individual connection design guides (specifically Design Guide 3: Web Side Plate, Design
Guide 4: Flexible End Plate and Design Guide 5: Angle Cleat Connections) and is known as the
Design Capacity Tables for Structural Steel V3, Simple Connections (Simple Connection DCTs
V3).
Engineering Systems has worked closely with the ASI to further develop Limcon as the
companion program for this new Connection Series. The latest version of Limcon (V3.5) fully
implements the new connection design models and was employed in checking the design
tables. The Limcon output for one or more of the worked examples is included in an appendix to
each design guide for each connection design type. The program is an efficient tool covering
the full range of structural connections, including those beyond the scope of capacity tables
provided in the Connection Series.
An appendix to each publication in the series also contains an ASI comment form. Users of this
Connections Series are encouraged to photocopy this one page form and forward any
suggested improvements which may be incorporated into future editions.
T.J. Hogan
S.A. Munter
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
vi
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to extend special thanks to:
The ASI Connections Steering Ccommittee consisting of Richard Collins (Engineering Systems),
Anthony Ng (OneSteel Market Mills), Arun Syam (Smorgon Steel Tube Mills) for their respective
contributions with the development and review of the technical and editorial content of the
revised ASI Connection Manual.
Significant contributions were made by:
Sub-Committees
for
progressive
All facets of the ASI membership including design engineers, steelwork detailers and
fabricators in contributing industry best practice and standards through ASI surveys and
direct consultation to establish the theory and geometry in this new ASI Connection
Manual.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
viii
1.1
Background
The ASI was formed in 2002 through the merger of Australian Institute of Steel Construction
(AISC) and Steel Institute of Australia (SIA). The former AISC published a design manual giving
guidance on the design of structural connections in steelwork (Ref. 2).
ASI is updating Reference 2 by way of the Connection Series including design guides, dealing
with connection parts and individual connection types. The overall series of connections
publications will be known as the Connections Series.
The former AISC also published a manual containing standardised detailing for simple
connections, accompanied by load tables (Ref. 3).
Wherever possible each design guide for individual connection types contains standardised
detailing and design capacity tables for the connection type covered by that design guide
derived using the design models in that design guide.
The Connection Series is a specialist series devoted to the design of connections in structural
steel in accordance with current Australian Standard AS4100 (Ref 1.), reflecting the current
state of knowledge of connection behaviour from test results. In some instances, the test
evidence is sparse and in other instances the evidence is contradictory or clouded. Each design
guide in the Connection Series has been written by weighing the evidence to provide
recommended design procedures based in part on the design procedures used in equivalent
manuals and/or published papers.
Each design guide is intended to provide a design model which gives a reasonable estimate of
connection design capacity and effort has been expended in researching and developing design
models which can be justified on the basis of the available research and current design
practice. It is to be emphasised that for the connections model presented, the design model is
not the only possible model. It is therefore not intended to suggest that other models may
not result in adequate connection capacity and further reference is made to the
Disclaimer on page ii of this publication as to the required investigation and verification
by a competent professional person or persons in regards to the accuracy, suitability and
applicability of the materials provided in this Connections Series.
The connections dealt with are those presently in common use in Australia and reflect the types
of connections covered within the earlier AISC Standardized Structural Connections (Ref. 3).
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
BACKGROUND DISCUSSION
2.1
General considerations
the connection designer requires a realistic estimate of connection strength in order that a
connection will be economical (not over-designed) and safe (design capacity exceeds
design actions); and
(b)
the connection must be detailed in such a way that it is economic to fabricate and erect,
while recognising that the connection detailing may have an important impact on the
strength of the connection.
Any design model for assessing the strength of a connection must take account of the following
four elements:
(i)
(ii)
the strength of the connection components (plates, flat bars, angles, gusset plates);
(iii)
(iv)
Codes for the design of steel structures primarily deal with member design as a whole, rather
than specifically allowing for local effects, and provide only the basic information on fastener
design. No code specifies a detailed design procedure for any type of connection, leaving the
assessment of how a connection behaves and how its behaviour should be allowed for in design
to the individual designer. This presents the designer with a considerable task considering the
large number of different connection types that may be encountered, each requiring individual
research and assessment. A series such as this seeks to assist the designer by providing
guidance in order to reduce the task considerably.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
BACKGROUND DISCUSSION
2.2
Forms of construction
AS 4100 allows for three forms of construction which relate to the behaviour of the connections.
It then requires that the design of the connections be such that the structure is capable of
resisting all design actions, calculated by assuming that the connections are appropriate to the
form of construction of the structure or structural part. The design of the connections required is
to be consistent with the form of construction assumed.
The three forms of construction are:
Rigid constructionFor rigid construction, the connections are assumed to have sufficient
rigidity to hold the original angles between the members unchanged. The joint
deformations must be such that they have no significant influence on the distribution of
the action effects nor on the overall deformation of the frame.
Semi-rigid constructionFor semi-rigid construction, the connections may not have sufficient
rigidity to hold the original angles between the members unchanged, but are required to
have the capacity to furnish dependable and known degree of flexural restraint. The
relationship between the degree of flexural restraint and the level of the load effects is
required to be established by methods based on test results.
Simple constructionFor simple construction, the connections at the ends of members are
assumed not to develop bending moments. Connections between members in simple
construction must be capable of deforming to provide the required rotation at the
connection and are required to not develop a level of restraining bending moment which
adversely affects any part of the structure. The rotation capacity of the connection must
be provided by the detailing of the connection and must have been demonstrated
experimentally. The connection is then required to be considered as subject to reaction
shear forces acting at an eccentricity appropriate to the connection detailing.
Examples of rigid connections include (Figure 1):
welded moment connection
bolted moment end plate
moment splice (bolted or welded)
moment transmitting base plate.
Examples of simple connections include (Figure 2):
angle seat
bearing pad
flexible end plate
angle cleat
web side plate or fin plate.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
BACKGROUND DISCUSSION
2.3
Clause 9.1.3 of AS 4100 (Ref. 1) nominates the basic requirements that any design model must
have for the design of a steel connection if the design model is to be acceptable. These
requirements are as follows:
Each element in a connection shall be designed so that the structure is capable of
resisting all design actions. The design capacities of each element shall be not less than
the calculated design action effects.
Connections and the adjacent areas of members shall be designed by distributing the
design action effects so that they comply with the following requirements:
(a)
The distributed design action effects are in equilibrium with the design action effects
acting on the connection.
(b)
The deformations in the connection are within the deformation capacities of the
connection elements.
(c)
All of the connection elements and the adjacent areas of members are capable of
resisting the design action effects acting on them.
(d)
The connection elements shall remain stable under the design action effects and
deformations.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
BACKGROUND DISCUSSION
2.4
Connection characteristics
Figure 3 illustrates typical moment-rotation characteristics for a variety of both simple and
rigid connections. It is clear from this figure that no connection is either fully rigid (vertical axis)
or truly pinned (horizontal axis) and it is also apparent that whether a connection is rigid or
simple may well depend on the rotation which is imposed on it by the supported member.
Although no connections are ideal pins, all of the typical simple connections would be suitable
for simple design within the meaning of Clause 4.2 of AS 4100. Connections connect a
member to a support. In the case of simple connections, supports may be considered to be
flexible or stiff, in the extreme. In practice, no support is purely flexible (i.e. all beam end
rotation is accommodated by movement of the support) nor purely stiff (i.e. all beam end
rotation is accommodated by deformation within the connection), but rather lies somewhere
between the two extremes.
maintain a significant stiffness and strength throughout all elements of the connection;
(b)
arrange that some element of the connection is rotationally flexible (while not impairing
the load carrying capability of the connection).
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
It is generally assumed that the angle seat, bearing pad, flexible end plate and the angle cleat
connections can be detailed into category (b). It is, however, necessary in dimensioning the
components for these connections to ensure that as much flexibility as possible is achieved.
Making the flexible component too stiff places unnecessary rotation requirements and bending
moments on the other components and the support.
The web side plate connection nominally seems to fit into category (a). The weld is stiff and
possesses little ductile rotational capacity. The plate may be capable of significant rotation if a
plastic hinge can form in it. The bolt group is also capable of significant rotation and tests
suggest that most of the rotation occurs in the bolt group. Obviously, where the rotation occurs
is a function of the relative stiffnesses and strengths of the components, and their interactions.
A further complication is that it is possible to have two extremes of behaviour with a simple
connection attached to a stiff support:
(a)
rotation capacity provided directly adjacent to the support (flexible end plate, flexible
angle cleat);
(b)
rotation capacity provided at a distance from the support (angle seat, web side plate).
Note that case (b) requires that the support and the components between the hinge and the
support always be subject to bending moment as well as shear force. Using the recommended
design models for simple connections in relevant Design Guides of this Manual, the possibility
of either a stiff or a flexible support is accounted for in the formulation of the design model.
Another observation also should be made. In determining the design model to be adopted for a
simple or rigid connection, the detailing practice, the effect of tolerances and the magnitude of
the design capacities of connection elements must all be considered. Connection detailing
practice differs between countries, as do the tolerances on the lengths of members, the
tolerances on the positioning of members and the design capacities in many of the connection
elements.
These factors may alter the significance of some aspects of any design model and consequently
different design models may be appropriate in different countries. These factors can also create
problems with the analysis of results from much of the research data, as the failure loads of the
connection are often compared with the relevant design capacities of the time rather than being
compared with the measured strength of the individual components within the connection.
It is very important to note that virtually all of the reported testing of simple connections has
been carried out in the stiff support situation. This is of some significance in assessing the
results and the reported connection behaviour, and is another reason why there is no distinction
in any of the Design Guides of this Manual between a stiff and a flexible support condition in the
recommended design models for any simple connection.
This Manual meets the requirements of AS 4100 by providing a rational and recognised design
model for a range of common steel connections, each design model reflecting engineering
principles and known connection behaviour from experimental data in each Design Guide. The
emphasis in this Manual is on practical design models whose assumptions are transparent to
the user. The model in each Design Guide is related to current codes of Standards Australia in
respect of member and fastener design, and member and fastener mechanical properties, which
are presented in this Design Guide.
The philosophy of the Manual is the same as that espoused in Reference 4, being as follows:
(i)
take into account overall connection behaviour, carry out an appropriate analysis in order
to determine a realistic distribution of forces within the connection;
(ii)
ensure that each component or fastener in each action path has sufficient capacity to
transmit the applied action;
(iii)
recognise that this procedure can only give a connection where equilibrium is capable of
being achieved but where compatibility is unlikely to be satisfied, and therefore ensure
that the connection elements are capable of ductile behaviour.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
Connections are considered in the Manual and in AS 4100 to consist of the following connection
elements:
(A)
(B)
(C)
supported members;
(D)
supporting members,
all of whose design capacities must be evaluated in order to estimate the design capacity of a
connection. This Guide deals with the design capacity of these elements as isolated elements
so that the formulae derived can be used in later Guides concerned with individual connections.
The design models contained within this Manual are considered to be applicable only to
connections which are essentially statically loaded. Connections subject to dynamic loads,
earthquake loads or fatigue applications may require additional considerations.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
3.1
In Australia a standard bolting category identification system has been adopted in AS 4100 for
use by designers and detailers. This system is summarised in Table 1.
TABLE 1
BOLT CATEGORY IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
Details of bolt used
Property
class
Min. bolt
tensile
strength
(MPa)
Min. bolt
yield
strength
(MPa)
4.6/S
4.6
400
240
Commercial
bolt
8.8/S
8.8
830
660
8.8/TF
8.8
830
660
8.8/TB
8.8
830
660
High
Strength
Structural
BoltFriction
type
AS/NZS 1252
connection
(Ref. 6)
High strength
Structural
Bolt
Bearing type
connection
In both applications,
bolts are fully
Tensioned to the
requirements of
AS 4100. Cost of
tensioning is an
important
consideration in the
use of these bolting
procedures.
Bolting
category
8.8/T
Bolt name
Australian
Standard
AS 1111.1
(Ref. 5)
Remarks
The use of the various bolting categories is discussed in Reference 7 while the appropriate
bolting category for each connection type is identified in the Design Guide for that connection
type.
Generally, bolting categories 4.6/S and 8.8/S are used in simple connections while category
8.8/TB is used in rigid connections and bolted splices. Category 8.8/TF is recommended only
for use in connections where a no-slip connection under serviceability loads is essential. 8.8/TF
is the only bolting category which requires consideration of the condition of the contact surfaces
in a bolted connection.
Design drawings and shop detail drawings should both contain notes summarising Table 1.
The dimensions of bolts conforming to AS 1111.1 may be found in Table 2, while the
dimensions of bolts conforming to AS/NZS 1252 may be found in Table 3. These dimensions
are required for checking clearances in connections.
Connections also require detailing so that there is sufficient clearance for wrenches used to
tighten the nut. Clearances for three common types of wrench are given in Table 4.
The mechanical properties of bolts specified in AS 1111.1 and AS/NZS 1252 are given in
Tables 5 and 6.
A more detailed discussion of bolting generally may be found in Design Guide 1 (Reference 7).
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
10
3.2
Bolt dimensions
TABLE 2
DIMENSIONS OF COMMERCIAL BOLTS AND NUTS
AS 1111.1 Bolts (Ref. 5), AS 1112.3 Nuts (Ref. 33)
Bolt
Nut
max.
min.
nom.
Width
across
corners
Washer
Height of Outside Nominal
normal
dia.
thickness
nuts
max.
min.
max.
max.
M12
1.75
12
18
20
18
20
12
24
2.5
M16
2.0
16
24
26
10
24
26
16
30
M20
2.5
20
30
33
13
30
33
19
37
M24
3.0
24
36
40
15
36
40
22
44
M30
3.5
30
46
51
19
46
51
26
56
M36
4.0
36
55
61
23
55
61
32
66
TABLE 3
DIMENSIONS OF HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTS AND NUTS
AS/NZS 1252 (Ref. 6)
Bolt
Nut
max.
max.
max.
Width
across
corners
Washer
Height of Outside Nominal
normal
dia.
thickness
nuts
max.
max.
max.
max.
nom.
M16
2.0
16
27
31
11
27
31
17
34
M20*
2.5
20
34
39
13
32
39
21
42
M24
3.0
24
41
47
16
41
47
24
50
M30
3.5
30
50
58
20
50
58
31
60
M36
4.0
36
60
69
24
60
69
37
72
*NOTE: At the time of developing this design guide M20 high strength structural bolts and nuts are still
typically being supplied in Australia with dimensions complying to AS 12521983 despite this code being
superseded by the ISO aligned standard AS/NZS 1252:1996. The 1996 Standard specified a new across
flat (AF) dimension of 34 mm for M20 bolts compared to 32 mm specified in the 1983 Standard. The
dimensions listed in Table 3 are in accordance with the current 1996 standard. International
manufacturers have been reluctant to adopt the ISO AF sizes. Australian suppliers of structural bolts are
typically ordering the mechanical properties to AS/NZS 1252:1996.
Used in this guide to designate metric bolts with thread complying with AS 1275.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
11
3.3
TABLE 4
DIMENSIONS OF WRENCHES FOR DETERMINING ERECTION CLEARANCES
DIMENSIONS OF OPEN ENDED WRENCHES
ISO 3318 (Ref. 34)
CLEARANCES4.6/S CATEGORY
Nom. bolt
dia.
12
16
20
24
30
36
AF
Clearance
X max.
(mm)
(mm)
18
24
30
36
46
55
45
57
70
83
104
123
CLEARANCES8.8/S CATEGORY
AF
Clearance
X max.
(mm)
(mm)
27
34
41
50
60
64
78
93
112
133
Nom. bolt
dia.
16
20
24
30
36
Clearance
C max.
(Normal)
C min.
(Long)
D max.
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
16
60
85
40
25
20
65
85
48.3
30
24
70
85
57.1
35
Nom.
bolt dia.
Please Note: Australian rigging crews can interchange between metric, UNC and imperial sockets for
erection of steelwork. This factor combined with the numerous global manufacturers of erection
equipment of both high and low quality makes the task of locking in exact equipment dimensions from
suppliers virtually impossible. Dimensions for open ended wrench clearances and all sockets have been
tabulated from the nominated International Standards (ISO). All other equipment dimensions are supplied
as a guide only from supplier specifications. Sockets meeting M20 AS/NZS 1252:1996 may be in limited
supply in Australia and not available across all ranges for reasons noted at Table 3.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
12
TABLE 4 (continued)
DIMENSIONS OF WRENCHES FOR DETERMINING ERECTION CLEARANCES
DIMENSIONS OF IMPACT WRENCHES
ISO 2725-2 (Ref. 36)
CLEARANCES8.8/TF AND 8.8/TB CATEGORIES
Impact wrench
type
Normal
wrenches
Heavy wrenches
B
(mm)
A
(mm)
to 370
some
to 600
55
65
Sockets
20 mm drive
Clearance
Nom.
bolt dia.
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
16
54
48
30
20
57
58
35
24
58
61.1
35
Sockets
25 mm drive
Clearance
Nom.
bolt dia.
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
16
60
58
35
20
63
58
35
24
70
68
40
Please Note: Australian rigging crews can interchange between metric, UNC and imperial sockets for
erection of steelwork. This factor combined with the numerous global manufacturers of erection
equipment of both high and low quality makes the task of locking in exact equipment dimensions from
suppliers virtually impossible. Dimensions for open ended wrench clearances and all sockets have been
tabulated from the nominated International Standards (ISO). All other equipment dimensions are supplied
as a guide only from supplier specifications. Sockets meeting M20 AS/NZS 1252:1996 may be in limited
supply in Australia and not available across all ranges for reasons noted at Table 3.
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3.4
TABLE 5
METRIC HEXAGON COMMERCIAL BOLTS
STANDARD SPECIFICATION:
PROPERTY CLASS:
NORMAL METHOD OF MANUFACTURE:
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
AS 1111.1 (Ref. 5)
4.6
Hot or cold forging (generally cold)
Tensile strength
400 MPa (nom. and min.)
Yield stress
240 MPa (min.)
Stress under proof load 225 MPa (min.)
M12, M16, M20, M24, M30, M36
Tensile
Minimum
Proof load
Designation stress area breaking load
(mm 2 )
(kN)
(kN)
M12
84.3
33.7
19.0
M16
157
62.8
35.3
M20
245
98.0
55.1
M24
353
141
79.4
M30
561
224
126
M36
817
327
184
NOTE: Elongation after fracture = 22% min.
Hardness = 114 HB min.
TABLE 6
HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTS
STANDARD SPECIFICATION:
PROPERTY CLASS:
NORMAL METHOD OF MANUFACTURE:
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
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3.5
AS 4100 is a design code written in limit state format, in which two limit states might require
consideration in the design of bolted connections:
STRENGTH LIMIT STATE
shear/bearing mode where the forces are perpendicular to the bolt axis and are
transferred by shear and bearing on the bolt and bearing on the ply material;
(b)
friction mode where the forces are perpendicular to the bolt axis but are transferred by
frictional resistance between the mating surfaces, the frictional resistance being improved
by applying an initial clamping force;
(c)
axial tension where the forces to be transferred are parallel to the bolt axis.
Most connections have bolts which transfer load in the shear/bearing mode, with the exception
of the bolted moment end plate and the column base plate in which the bolts can be subject to
both shear force and axial tension.
A bolt in shear/bearing mode (bolting categories 4.6/S, 8.8/S and 8.8/TB) bears against the
sides of the bolt holes and load is transferred by shear in the bolts and bearing on the
connected plies. The shear strength of the bolt is affected by the strength of the bolt material
and by the available bolt area across the shear plane. Consequently, the situation of whether
plain shank or thread intercepts the shear plane affects the strength of the connection, as
discussed in detail in Reference 7. In practice, it is very difficult to ensure that threads are
excluded from the shear plane in many practical connections for reasons discussed in
Reference 7, since the practice requires that the erector install a bolt of the correct minimum
length into the bolt hole and the practice often leads to bolts of excessive length. Most
connectionsespecially the simple connectionsare designed on the assumption that threads
will be included in the shear plane, as this assumption most accurately reflects the field
situation and is a conservative basis for design.
The failure in the connected plies may occur in one of two ways:
(i)
(ii)
Local bearing type failures involve a piling up of ply material in front of the hole around the bolt
shank, either the plain shank or threaded length.
End plate tear-out failure occurs in connections in which the end distance (ae1 or a e2 in Figure 4)
falls below 3.2 times the bolt diameter, the end distance representing the length of ply which
must fail in shear for failure of the connected ply to occur. The end distance is defined in
AS 4100 as the minimum distance from the edge of a hole to the edge of a ply in the direction
of the component of force plus half the bolt diameter. Plate tear-out type failures are observed
in joints subject to a force which acts towards a free edge.
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
15
Defining
dh
= hole diameter = df + 2 mm
df
= bolt diameter
sp
= bolt pitch
ae
Since the end distance is defined from the hole edge and the hole is usually 2 mm larger than the
bolt diameter then:
a e1 = (a e 1 mm)
a e2 = (sp 0.5d h 1 mm)
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
16
3.6
The strength limit state design provisions which apply for static load applications are found in
Clause 9.3.2 of AS 4100. These provisions are summarised in Table 7.
TABLE 7
AS 4100 CLAUSE 9.3.2 PROVISIONS,
STRENGTH LIMIT STATE, STATIC LOADS
Limit state
Bolt in shear
AS 4100 Clause
9.3.2.1
Design requirement
Vf
V f
f uf
kr
Av
Bolt in tension
9.3.2.2
N tf* N tf
N tf* = design tension force
N tf
As
V f * 2 N tf* 2
1. 0
+
V f N tf
Ply in bearing
Vb* V b
Vb* = design bearing force on a ply
9.3.2.4
Vb
Vb
a e t p f up (tear-out failure)
df
= bolt diameter
tp
ae
f up
NoteFiller plates: Where filler plates exceed 6 mm but are less than 20 mm in total thickness, the
nominal shear capacity Vf specified in Table 7 is required by Clause 9.3.2.5 of AS 4100 to be reduced by
15%. Filler plates greater than 20 mm in total thickness should not be used as no design guidance is
available in AS 4100.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
17
where:
Ac
nx
Usually either:
n n = 1 and nx = 0 when there are two plies and threads intercept the shear plane (thus
giving Av = A c)
OR
n n = 0 and nx = 1 when there are two plies and the shank intercepts the shear plane (thus
giving Av = A o).
The core area and plain shank area for bolt diameters commonly used are given in Table 8.
Also given in Table 8 is the tensile stress area used when bolts are subject to tension.
TABLE 8
DESIGN AREAS OF BOLTS
Nom. dia.
(mm)
Areas (mm 2 )
Designation
A c core
df
76.2
A s tensile
stress
84.3
A o shank
12
M12
16
M16
144
157
201
20
M20
225
245
314
24
M24
324
353
452
30
M30
519
561
706
36
M36
759
817
1016
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113
18
TABLE 9
STRENGTH LIMIT STATE
COMMERCIAL BOLTS
4.6/S BOLTING CATEGORY
(f uf = 400 MPa, = 0.8)
Designation
Axial
tension
N tf
Threads included in
shear planeN
V fn
Threads excluded
from shear planeX
V fx
kN
kN
kN
M12
27.0
15.1
22.4
M16
50.2
28.6
39.9
M20
78.4
44.6
62.3
64.3
89.7
M24
113
M30
180
103
140
M36
261
151
202
= 0.8
= 0.8
4.6N/S
4.6X/S
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
19
TABLE 10
STRENGTH LIMIT STATE
HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTS
8.8/S, 8.8/TB, 8.8/TF BOLTING CATEGORIES
(f uf = 830 MPa)
Desig- Axial
nation tension
Single shear
Plate tear-out in kN
Bearing in kN
Threads
Threads
included in excluded
from shear
shear
plane X
plane N
V b for t p
tp = 6
tp = 8
t p = 10
t p = 12
10
N tf
V fn
V fx
kN
kN
kN
M16
104
59.3
82.7
M20
163
92.6
129
78 89 100 103 118 133 129 148 166 155 177 199 142 189 236
M24
234
133
186
M30
373
214
291
35 40
45
35
40
45
35
40
45
35
40
45
= 0.8
8.8N/S
8.8X/S
= 0.9
= 0.9
f up =410 MPa
f up =410 MPa
NOTE: The above table lists the design capacity of a ply in bearing for Grade 250 (f up = 410 MPa) plate
only. For design capacities for ply failure in other grades of steel, multiply the above values by the ratio of
the actual f up to 410 MPa.
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
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(b)
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
21
TABLE 11
REDUCTION FACTOR FOR LAP CONNECTIONS (k r)
Length
L j < 300
300 L j 1300
L j > 1300
1.0
1.075L j /4000
0.75
mm
kr
Values of k r for n of
sp
65
1.0
1.0
0.994
0.978
0.961
0.945
70
1.0
1.0
0.988
0.970
0.953
0.935
75
1.0
1.0
0.981
0.963
0.944
0.925
80
1.0
0.995
0.975
0.955
0.935
0.915
85
1.0
0.990
0.969
0.948
0.926
0.905
90
1.0
0.985
0.963
0.940
0.918
0.895
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
22
3.7
General
Under certain conditions, a bolted connection which does not slip under the serviceability shear
force may be specified. This type of connection is known as a friction-type joint and employs the
8.8/TF bolting category.
The no slip requirement applies for the serviceability limit stateit would be totally unrealistic to
have no slip for the strength limit statethough a separate check is also required by AS 4100
for the strength limit state, under the assumption that slip has occurred before this state is
reached.
The design requirements of AS 4100 for 8.8/TF bolting category are summarised in Table 12.
With the bolt hole clearances permitted by AS 4100, the maximum amount of slip that can occur
with a single bolt in a single hole is 23 mm. In actual connections, as the number of bolts in a
connection increases, so the potential for slip decreases since the normal inaccuracies in
fabrication and erection mean that some bolts in the connection are most likely to be in bearing
mode even before the connection is loaded in shear.
Slip under the applied shear force only needs to be restricted where such slip affects the
serviceability or behaviour of the structure. Such instances are rare and are mostly restricted to
cases of continually reversing loading or fatigue loading.
Design parameters
Initial bolt tension
There can be considerable variation in the level of bolt tension possible, unless control is
exercised over the bolt installation procedure. The procedures within Section 15 of AS 4100 for
bolt installation are intended to ensure that a reliable level of installed bolt tension is achieved
so that the design provisions against slip under the serviceability shear force are themselves
reliable.
Hole types
Different hole typesround, short slotted, long slotted and oversizeare permitted by Section
14 of AS 4100.
All of the hole types, except the standard round hole with 23 mm clearance, may cause a loss
of clamping force in the vicinity of the bolt because of loss of area due to the bigger hole. The
clamping force is highly localised around the hole and any loss of hole area has a significant
effect on the tension achieved, which in turn affects the slip resistance at the interface.
The factor for different hole types, k h, is intended to compensate for this effect, and varies from
0.70 to 1.00 according to hole type (see Table 12).
Contact surface condition
The value of the slip factor, , is highly dependent on the condition of the contact or faying
surfaces. This slip factor should be determined using a test procedure as laid down in
Appendix J of AS 4100. The slip factor used in AS 4100 for bare steel surfaces is 0.35.
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
23
TABLE 12
AS 4100 CLAUSE 9.3.3 PROVISIONS
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATESTATIC LOADS
Limit state
Bolt in shear
AS 4100 Clause
9.3.3.1
Design requirement
Vsf*
*
sf
V sf
V sf
= slip factor
= 0.35 for clean as-rolled surfaces or as determined by
testing in accordance with Appendix J of AS 4100
n ei
N ti
kh
9.3.3.3
Vsf* N tf*
+
1 .0
Vsf N tf
N tf* = design tension forceserviceability limit state
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
24
TABLE 13
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTS
8.8/TF BOLTING CATEGORY
Slip factor, = 0.35
Number of effective interfaces, n ei = 1
Capacity factor, = 0.7for bolt serviceability limit state
Designation
N ti , bolt tension
at installation
N tf = N ti
kN
kN
M16
95
M20
145
M24
M30
66.5
k h = 0.85
k h = 0.7
Standard holes
Oversize holes
short slotted
holes
Long slotted
holes
23.3
19.8
16.3
101
35.5
30.2
24.9
210
147
51.5
43.7
36.0
335
234
82.1
69.8
57.5
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
25
3.8
Geometric requirements of
AS 4100 for bolted connections
Sheared or
hand flame
cut edge
Rolled edge
of a rolled
section
mm
mm
mm
mm
12
21
18
15
16
28
24
20
20
35
30
25
24
42
36
30
30
53
45
38
36
63
54
45
For fasteners which are not required to carry design actions in regions not liable to
corrosion: the lesser of 32tp and 300 mm.
(b)
For an outside line of fasteners in the direction of the design force: the lesser of
4tp + 100 mm, and 200 mm.
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
26
Bolt holes
The diameter of bolt holes in bolted connections is stipulated in AS 4100 to be larger than the
bolt diameter by either:
2 mm for M24 bolts or smaller
3 mm for bolts larger than M24
6 mm for holes in base plates
The large oversize holes permitted in base plates is to assist in column erection and is related
to the out-of-position tolerance for anchor bolts permitted in AS 4100.
In some applications, the use of slotted or oversize holes may be justified in order to ease
erection difficulties. AS 4100 makes provision for the use of short and long slotted holes and
oversize holes, and the detailed provisions for such holes are summarised in Table 15.
TABLE 15
AS 4100 PROVISIONS FOR SLOTTED AND OVERSIZED HOLES
(df = nominal bolt diameter)
Hole type
Short slotted
Long slotted
Oversize
Limitations
M20
M24
Width: d f + 2
22
26
Length: 1.33 d f
or d f + 10
(whichever is the
greater)
30
34
Width: d f + 2
22
26
Length: 2.5 d f
50
60
1.25 d f or d f + 8
(whichever is the
greater)
28
32
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
27
3.9
AS 4100 Clause 9.4 specifies the assumptions which must be made when analysing any bolt
group so that the design actions on individual bolts in the group may be determined.
Clause 9.4.1 deals specifically with a bolt group subject to in-plane loading which generates
only shear force on the bolts in the group. This Clause specifies that the design method to be
used must comply with the following assumptions:
(a)
The connection plates are considered to be rigid and to rotate relative to each other about
a point known as the instantaneous centre of rotation of the bolt group.
(b)
In the case of a bolt group subject to a pure couple only, the instantaneous centre of
rotation coincides with the bolt group centroid.
In the case of a bolt group subject to an in-plane shear force applied at the group
centroid, the instantaneous centre of rotation is at infinity and the design shear force is
uniformly distributed throughout the group.
In all other cases, either the results of independent analyses for a pure couple alone and
for an in-plane shear force applied at the bolt group centroid shall be superposed, or a
recognised method of analysis shall be used.
(c)
The design shear force in each bolt shall be assumed to act at right angles to the radius
from the bolt to the instantaneous centre, and shall be taken as proportional to that
radius.
sin n =
yn
rn
cos n =
xn
rn
xn
=0
rn
(Eqn 3.9.1)
yn
=0
rn
(Eqn 3.9.2)
*
n
*
n
V r
*
n n
*
= +Mbm
(Eqn 3.9.3)
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
28
Vbv*
nb
(Eqn 3.9.4)
*
Vh* (= design shear force on a bolt due to action V bh
)=
Vbh*
nb
(Eqn 3.9.5)
V
V
V
*
n
cos n + Vbv* = 0
(Eqn 3.9.6)
*
n
sin n Vbh* = 0
(Eqn 3.9.7)
r + Vbv* (e x e ) + Vbh* y e = 0
(Eqn 3.9.8)
*
n n
In order to solve these equations for Vn* the design shear force on bolt n one further equation
is required and the form of this equation depends on the analysis method used.
Various methods of analysis have been proposed for bolt groups including the linear or elastic
method, the plastic and the force/displacement or elastic/plastic method. These can all be
developed from the centre of rotation concept which forms the basis of Clause 9.4.1 of
AS 4100.
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
29
Traditionally, design has been done using the elastic method of analysis, which is readily
amenable to a closed-form solution and to hand calculations. Reference 8 notes that there is
little benefit arising from the use of other methods of analysis.
The relationship between the force on a bolt and the component displacement may be thought
of that as shown in Figure 11. The linear assumption assumes that the bolt force is linearly
related to the displacement and has the advantage that it leads to a closed form solution which
is not available with any other assumption. Typically, assumption (c) of Clause 9.4.1 of AS 4100
leads to a linear equation of the form F* (bolt force) = k r where k is a constant and r is the
distance from the centre of rotation to an individual bolt.
(ii)
Because much of the deformation which occurs in realistic cases is due to bearing failure of the
connected material, a single definition of this relationship is really only suited to the application
for which it was derived by tests.
The AISC Manual (Ref. 9) now has design aids as well as rapid design methods available,
particularly for routine bolt group configurations.
*
The method for bolt groups loaded by in-plane design action set ( Vbv* , Vbh* , Mbm
) in this Guide
uses the linear method. The method was also used in Reference 2, and is used in a number of
equivalent Manuals as either the primary method of analysis or as an alternative method
(Reference 9). As Reference 9 notes, the load-deformation method is more accurate but
requires tabulated values or an iterative solution while the linear method is simplified but
conservative as it neglects the ductility of the bolt group and potential for load redistribution.
handbook 1
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30
Using the linear method, Clause 9.4.1 (c) of AS 4100 relates the design shear force on any bolt
*
) on the bolt furthest from the centre of rotation by the linear
( Vn* ) to the design shear force ( Vmb
relationship
Vn*
rn *
Vmb
rmax
(Eqn 3.9.9)
where:
r max
= maximum value of r n
*
mb
V is the value of interest for design being the design shear force on the extreme bolt which
can be found by substituting Eqn 3.9.9 into Eqn 3.9.3 giving
*
Vmb
rmax
2
n
*
= Mbm
or
*
Vmb
*
Mbm
rmax
rn2
letting
l bp
r
= (x
=
2
n
2
n
+ y n2
then
*
Vmb
*
Mbm
rmax
l bp
(Eqn 3.9.10)
*
*
*
Vmb
can be resolved into horizontal ( Vmh
) and vertical components ( Vmv
)as in Figure 12(a).
*
Vmh
y max
*
* y max
*
= M bm
= Vmb sin max = Vmb r
l bp
max
(Eqn 3.9.11)
*
Vmv
x max
*
* x max
*
= M bm
= Vmb cos max = Vmb r
l bp
max
(Eqn 3.9.12)
31
*
Using vectorial addition to obtain the resultant design shear force ( Vres
) on the extreme boltas
in Figure 12(b)
*
Vres
(V
*
*
Vbv* Mbm
x max 2 Vbh* Mbm
y max 2
+
+
l bp
l bp
nb
nb
*
v
*
+ Vmv
) + (V
2
*
h
*
+ Vmh
(Eqn 3.9.13)
This equation can also be used to solve any general problem for a bolt group subject to in-plane
actions.
The design requirement considering only shear on the bolt becomes:
*
Vres
V f
For bolt groups subject to a combination of in-plane vertical shear, in-plane horizontal shear
and in-plane bending moment, general equations governing the design of such bolt groups can
be derived. A summary of the governing expressions is given herein, while a full derivation of
the expressions is given in Reference 2. The purpose of deriving such expressions is to have
simple expressions available for use with specific connections in other Design Guides.
Governing equations for common cases are given in Tables 16 and 18.
TABLE 16
SINGLE BOLT COLUMN
The governing interaction equation for a single column bolt group considering bolt shear
failure can be obtained as follows:
Vbh*
V*
M*
+ bm + bv 1.0
Vdh Mdm
Vdv
(Eqn 3.9.14)
V dh = np( V f)
V dv = np( V f)
M dm =
npsp (np + 1)
6
(Vf )
for np 1
= 0
for np = 1
*
If V = 0 and M bm
= Vbv* e (e = eccentricity of Vbv* )
a common case in many simple connections
*
bh
(Eqn 3.9.15)
where
Zb is a function of e, s p and np
FIGURE 13 SINGLE BOLT
COLUMN LOADED IN-PLANE
6e
1+
s p (n p + 1)
=0
(Eqn 3.9.16)
for np = 1
In the above expressions, Vf = nominal capacity of a single bolt in shear-strength limit state
= 0.8
as discussed in section 3.6.
Tables of values of Zb can be developed to allow rapid design (Table 17).
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
32
The governing interaction equation for end plate tear-out/bearing failure for a single
column bolt group can be obtained as follows:
It is also necessary in bolted connections to check the components of forces acting towards the
edge of a component or supported member to ensure that end plate tear-out or bearing failure
will not occur. The derivation of expressions to cover this situation may be found in
Reference 2. The equations derived may be summarized as follows for the case of:
*
Vbh* = 0 and M bm
= V bv* e
(V ) + (V )
*
Vres
=
* 2
v
* 2
mb
Vbv* ( V ev) n p
(vertical tear-out)
(horizontal tear-out)
where:
Vv*
Vbv*
np
*
*
Vmb
= Vbv
np 1
6e
np sp (np + 1)
np = 1
np 1
= 0
Ze
sp (np + 1)
np = 1
6e
= 0
(Section 3.6)
V bf = 3.2 d f tp fup
(Section 3.6)
V ev = a ev t p fup
(Section 3.6)
V eh = a eh t p fup
fup
tp
= thickness of ply
(Figure 14)
(Figure 14)
= 0.9
df
= bolt diameter
np
Tables of values of Ze can be developed to speed up the design process (Table 17).
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
33
TABLE 17
BOLT GROUP DESIGN FACTORS FOR SINGLE COLUMN OF BOLTS
s p = 70 mm
np
V dh /V f
V dv/V f
M dm /V f
0.070
0.140
0.233
0.350
0.490
0.653
0.840
1.05
l bp 10
2.45
9.80
24.5
49.0
85.75
137
206
294
Values of Z b for n p =
mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
2.00
1.92
1.74
1.52
1.32
1.15
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
3.00
2.93
2.76
2.52
2.28
2.05
4.00
3.94
3.78
3.56
3.30
3.04
5.00
4.95
4.81
4.60
4.34
4.07
6.00
5.96
5.83
5.63
5.39
5.12
7.00
6.96
6.84
6.66
6.43
6.17
8.00
7.96
7.86
7.69
7.48
7.22
9.00
8.97
8.87
8.72
8.51
8.27
1.01
0.894
0.802
0.725
0.661
1.84
1.66
1.51
1.38
1.27
2.79
2.56
2.36
2.18
2.02
3.80
3.54
3.29
3.07
2.87
4.84
4.56
4.29
4.03
3.80
5.89
5.60
5.31
5.04
4.78
6.95
6.66
6.36
6.07
5.79
8.00
7.72
7.42
7.13
6.83
0.606
0.560
0.520
0.485
0.454
1.17
1.09
1.01
0.949
0.891
1.87
1.75
1.64
1.54
1.45
2.68
2.52
2.37
2.24
2.11
3.58
3.38
3.19
3.02
2.87
4.53
4.30
4.08
3.88
3.70
5.52
5.27
5.03
4.80
4.59
6.55
6.27
6.01
5.76
5.53
Values of Z e for n p =
2
10
20
30
40
50
3.50
1.75
1.17
0.875
0.700
4.67
2.33
1.56
1.17
0.933
5.83
2.92
1.94
1.46
1.17
7.00
3.50
2.33
1.75
1.40
8.17
4.08
2.72
2.04
1.63
9.33
4.67
3.11
2.33
1.87
10.5
5.25
3.50
2.63
2.10
11.67
5.83
3.89
2.92
2.33
60
70
80
90
100
0.583
0.500
0.438
0.389
0.350
0.778
0.667
0.583
0.519
0.467
0.972
0.833
0.729
0.648
0.583
1.17
1.00
0.875
0.778
0.700
1.36
1.17
1.02
0.907
0.817
1.56
1.33
1.17
1.04
0.933
1.75
1.50
1.31
1.17
1.05
1.94
1.67
1.46
1.30
1.17
110
120
130
140
150
0.318
0.292
0.269
0.250
0.233
0.424
0.389
0.359
0.333
0.311
0.530
0.486
0.449
0.417
0.389
0.636
0.583
0.538
0.500
0.467
0.742
0.681
0.628
0.583
0.544
0.848
0.778
0.718
0.667
0.622
0.955
0.875
0.808
0.750
0.700
1.06
0.972
0.897
0.833
0.778
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
34
TABLE 18
DOUBLE BOLT COLUMN
The governing interaction equation for a double bolt
column bolt group considering bolt shear failure can
be obtained as follows:
2
Vbv*
Vdv
2s pg
+
2
1 + s pg
2
2
1 + s pg
Vbv*
Vdv
*
*
M bm
M bm
M dm M dm
*
Vbh* M bm
Vbh*
V dh M dm Vdh
1 .0
(Eqn 3.9.17)
2n p (V f)
V dh
2n p (V f)
M dm =
=
s pg
)
)
npsp (Vf )
s g (Vf)
(n
Vf
) (
(
1 2
np 1 + sg / sp
3
(np 1)2+ sg / sp
for np 1
for np = 1
sg
1)sp
0.8
*
If Vbh* = 0 and M bm
= V bv* e (e = eccentricity of Vbv* ) a common case in many simple
connections
(Eqn 3.9.18)
where
Zb is a function of e, s p, np, s g and s pg
The formula for Zb is derived in Reference 2 as follows:
Zb
2n p
e
s
s
2e / s g
2
/
pg
g
2
1 +
2
+
+
1
2
2
1 np + 1 1
1 np + 1 1
1+
1+
3 n p 1 s pg
3 n p 1 s pg
2n p
[1 + Z 1 ] 2 + [Z 1 / s pg ] 2
for n p 1
(Eqn 3.9.19)
where
Z1
2e / s g
1 np + 1 1
3 n p 1 s pg
2
1 + 2e / sg
1+
Zb
for n p = 1
35
The governing interaction equation for end plate tear-out/bearing failure for a double
column bolt group can be obtained as follows:
It is also necessary in bolted connections to check the components of forces acting towards the
edge of a component or supported member to ensure that end plate tear-out or bearing failure
will not occur. The derivation of expressions to cover this situation may be found in
Reference 2. The equations derived may be summarized as follows for the case of:
*
Vbh* = 0 and Mbm
= Vbv* e
(V
*
Vres
=
*
v
*
+ Vmv
) + (V )
2
* 2
mh
Vbv*
Zev(Vev) 2n p
(vertical tear-out)
Vbv*
Zeh (Veh) 2n p
(horiz. tear-out)
where
Vv*
Vbv*
2np
*
*
Vmv
= Vbv
*
*
Vmh
= Vbv
lbp
Zev =
Zeh =
es g
2lbp
e(np 1)sp
2lbp
np sp2
6
1+
[(n 1) + 3(s
2
p
1
npes g
/ sp
np 1
lbp
l bp
np 1
e(np 1)sp np
sg
Zev =
sg + 2e
np = 1
Zeh = 0
np = 1
V bf = 3.2 d f tp fup
(Section 3.6)
V ev = a ev t p fup
(Section 3.6)
V eh = a eh t p fup
(Section 3.6)
fup
tp
= thickness of ply
aev
(Figure 16)
(Figure 16)
= 0.9
df
= bolt diameter
np
Tables of values of Zex and Zeh can be developed to expedite the design process (Table 19).
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
36
TABLE 19
BOLT GROUP FACTORS FOR DOUBLE COLUMN OF BOLTS
s g = 70 mm
s p = 70 mm
np
V dh /V f
V dv/V f
M dm /V f
2
2
0.070
4
4
0.198
6
6
0.344
8
8
0.531
10
10
0.764
12
12
1.04
14
14
1.37
16
16
1.74
18
18
2.16
2
2 / 1 + spg
1.41
1.79
1.90
1.94
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.98
2
2spg / 1 + spg
2.00
1.41
0.894
0.632
0.485
0.392
0.329
0.283
0.248
I bp 103
2.45
9.80
26.95
Values of Z b for n p =
mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
1
2.00
1.56
1.27
1.08
0.933
0.824
0.737
0.667
0.609
0.560
0.519
0.483
0.452
0.424
0.400
0.378
2
4.00
3.47
3.04
2.68
2.39
2.15
1.96
1.79
1.65
1.53
1.42
1.33
1.25
1.17
1.11
1.05
3
6.00
5.51
5.01
4.55
4.13
3.77
3.45
3.17
2.93
2.72
2.54
2.37
2.23
2.10
1.99
1.88
4
8.00
7.57
7.07
6.55
6.06
5.60
5.18
4.80
4.46
4.16
3.89
3.65
3.44
3.25
3.07
2.92
5
10.0
9.62
9.15
8.62
8.09
7.57
7.08
6.62
6.20
5.81
5.47
5.15
4.86
4.60
4.37
4.15
6
12.0
11.7
11.2
10.7
10.2
9.62
9.08
8.56
8.08
7.62
7.20
6.82
6.46
6.14
5.84
5.56
7
14.0
13.7
13.3
12.8
12.3
11.7
11.1
10.6
10.1
9.55
9.07
8.63
8.21
7.82
7.46
7.13
8
16.0
15.7
15.4
14.9
14.4
13.8
13.2
12.7
12.1
11.6
11.0
10.5
10.1
9.63
9.21
8.83
9
18.0
17.8
17.4
17.0
16.5
15.9
15.4
14.8
14.2
13.6
13.1
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.1
10.6
Values of Z ev for n p =
1
.778
.636
.538
.467
.411
.368
.333
.304
.280
.259
.241
.225
.212
.200
.189
2
.875
.778
.700
.636
.583
.538
.500
.467
.437
.412
.389
.368
.350
.333
.318
3
.928
.865
.811
.762
.720
.681
.647
.616
.588
.562
.538
.517
.497
.478
.461
4
.955
.913
.875
.840
.808
.778
.750
.724
.700
.677
.656
.636
.618
.600
.583
5
.969
.940
.913
.887
.863
.840
.818
.797
.778
.759
.741
.724
.708
.692
.677
6
.978
.957
.937
.917
.899
.881
.864
.847
.831
.816
.801
.787
.773
.760
.747
7
.983
.967
.952
.937
.922
.908
.895
.881
.869
.856
.844
.832
.821
.810
.799
Values of Z eh for n p =
8
.987
.975
.963
.951
.939
.928
.917
.906
.895
.885
.875
.865
.856
.846
.837
9
.990
.980
.970
.960
.951
.942
.933
.924
.915
.906
.898
.890
.882
.874
.866
2
7.00
3.50
2.33
1.75
1.40
1.17
1.00
.875
.778
.700
.636
.583
.538
.500
.467
3
6.42
3.21
2.14
1.60
1.28
1.07
.917
.802
.713
.642
.583
.535
.494
.458
.428
4
7.00
3.50
2.33
1.75
1.40
1.17
1.00
.875
.778
.700
.636
.583
.538
.500
.467
5
7.88
3.94
2.63
1.97
1.58
1.31
1.13
.984
.875
.788
.716
.656
.606
.563
.525
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
6
8.87
4.43
2.98
2.22
1.77
1.48
1.27
1.11
.985
.887
.806
.739
.682
.633
.591
7
9.92
4.96
3.31
2.48
1.98
1.65
1.42
1.24
1.10
.992
.902
.826
.763
.708
.661
8
11.0
5.50
3.67
2.75
2.20
1.83
1.57
1.38
1.22
1.10
1.00
.917
.846
.786
.733
9
12.1
6.05
4.04
3.03
2.42
2.02
1.73
1.51
1.35
1.21
1.10
1.01
.931
.865
.807
37
TABLE 20
BOLT GROUP FACTORS FOR DOUBLE COLUMN OF BOLTS
s g = 90 mm
s p = 70 mm
np
V dh /V f
V dv/V f
M dm /V f
2
2
0.090
4
4
0.228
6
6
0.382
10
10
0.804
2
2 / 1 + spg
1.23
1.68
8
8
0.571
1.84
1.90
12
12
1.08
1.94
14
14
1.41
1.96
16
16
1.78
1.97
18
18
2.20
1.97
2
2spg / 1 + spg
2.00
1.58
1.08
0.788
0.612
0.498 0.419
0.361
0.317
I bp 10
4.05
13.0
31.75
Values of Z b for n p =
mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
1
2.00
1.64
1.38
1.20
1.06
0.947
0.857
0.783
0.720
0.667
0.621
0.581
0.545
0.514
0.486
0.462
2
4.00
3.50
3.09
2.76
2.48
2.25
2.06
1.90
1.76
1.64
1.53
1.44
1.35
1.28
1.21
1.15
3
6.00
5.49
5.00
4.56
4.16
3.82
3.52
3.25
3.02
2.82
2.64
2.48
2.34
2.21
2.09
1.99
4
8.00
7.53
7.02
6.51
6.04
5.60
5.20
4.84
4.51
4.23
3.97
3.73
3.52
3.33
3.16
3.01
5
10.0
9.57
9.08
8.55
8.03
7.52
7.05
6.61
6.20
5.83
5.50
5.19
4.91
4.66
4.43
4.22
6
12.0
11.6
11.1
10.6
10.1
9.54
9.01
8.51
8.04
7.61
7.20
6.83
6.48
6.16
5.87
5.60
7
14.0
13.7
13.2
12.7
12.2
11.6
11.1
10.5
9.99
9.50
9.03
8.60
8.19
7.82
7.47
7.14
8
16.0
15.7
15.3
14.8
14.3
13.7
13.1
12.6
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.59
9.19
8.81
9
18.0
17.7
17.3
16.9
16.4
15.8
15.2
14.7
14.1
13.5
13.0
12.4
11.9
11.5
11.0
10.6
Values of Z ev for n p =
1
.818
.692
.600
.529
.474
.429
.391
.360
.333
.310
.290
.273
.257
.243
.231
2
.903
.823
.756
.699
.650
.607
.570
.537
.508
.481
.458
.436
.417
.399
.382
3
.938
.883
.834
.791
.751
.716
.684
.654
.627
.602
.579
.558
.538
.519
.502
4
.959
.921
.886
.853
.823
.795
.769
.744
.721
.700
.679
.660
.642
.625
.608
5
.971
.944
.918
.894
.871
.849
.828
.809
.790
.772
.754
.738
.722
.707
.693
6
.979
.959
.940
.921
.903
.886
.869
.854
.838
.823
.809
.795
.782
.769
.757
7
.984
.969
.954
.939
.925
.911
.898
.885
.873
.861
.849
.837
.826
.815
.805
Values of Z eh for n p =
8
.988
.975
.964
.952
.941
.930
.919
.908
.989
.888
.878
.869
.859
.850
.841
9
.990
.980
.971
.961
.952
.943
.934
.925
.917
.908
.900
.892
.884
.876
.869
2
9.29
4.64
3.10
2.32
1.86
1.55
1.33
1.16
1.03
.929
.844
.774
.714
.663
.619
3
7.56
3.78
2.52
1.89
1.51
1.26
1.08
.945
.840
.756
.687
.630
.582
.540
.504
4
7.76
3.88
2.59
1.94
1.55
1.29
1.11
.970
.862
.776
.706
.647
.597
.554
.517
5
8.45
4.22
2.82
2.11
1.69
1.41
1.21
1.06
.938
.845
.768
.704
.650
.603
.563
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
6
9.32
4.66
3.11
2.33
1.87
1.55
1.33
1.17
1.04
.932
.848
.777
.717
.668
.622
7
10.30
5.15
3.43
2.57
2.06
1.72
1.47
1.29
1.14
1.03
.936
.858
.792
.736
.687
8
11.33
5.66
3.78
2.83
2.26
1.89
1.62
1.42
1.26
1.13
1.03
.944
.871
.809
.755
9
12.39
6.20
4.13
3.10
2.48
2.07
1.77
1.55
1.38
1.24
1.13
1.03
.953
.885
.826
38
Check a bolted splice in a 180 20 plate in the following configuration to ensure that it can
transmit the design tension capacity of the plate being spliced.
Spliced plate:
20 mm thick
fy = 250 MPa
Ag
= 180 20 = 3600 mm 2
An
fu = 410 MPa
Design capacity:
Splice plates:
2 No 10 mm thick
fy = 260 MPa
Ag
= 2 180 10 = 3600 mm
An
Nt
Nt
Design capacity:
Bolts:
fu = 410 MPa
bolt length = 70 mm
SATISFACTORY
(Ref. 7)
(Ref. 7)
Hence, threads intercept one shear plane, plain shank intercepts the other shear planebolts
subject to shear on two planes.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
39
Design capacity of bolts in shear = Vfn + V fx = 92.6 + 129 = 221.6 kN (Table 10)
Vb
M20 bolts
a e1 = 39 mm
d f = 20 mm
fup = 410 MPa
tp = 20 mm
39 20 410/10 3 = 320 kN
Splice plates:
From Table 7
a e1 = 34 mm
tp = 10 mm
Vb
34 10 410/10 3 = 139 kN
V b = 0.9 139 kN > 92.6 kN threads included
= 125.5 < 129 kN threads excluded
Design capacity on two shear planes per bolt reduces to = 92.6 + 125.5 = 218 kN.
Total design capacity of 4 bolts each side of splice location = 4 218 = 872 kN
> 810 kN SATISFACTORY
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
40
If the bolts in the connection shown in Figure 18 are M20 bolts in 8.8/S bolting category,
determine the maximum design vertical force that the bolts in the bolt group can sustain.
Vbv*
= V* kN
*
Mbm
= 0.5 V* kNm
= 8
Ibp
(x
2
n
+ y n2
r max
45 2 + 105 2 = 114.2 mm
= 8 45 2 + 4 105 2 + 4 35 2
= 65200 mm2
Vv*
Vbv*
nb
= 0.125V*
Vh*
Vbh*
nb
=0
*
M bm
r max
I bp
*
Vmb
=
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
41
*
M bm
y max
I bp
*
Vmv
=
*
M bm
x max
Ibp
(V ) + (V )
2
*
mv
2
*
mh
*
Note that Vmb
=
= 0.876V* as before
(V
*
=
Vres
*
v
*
+ Vmv
) + (V
2
*
h
*
+ Vmh
= 0.932V*
Vf
Bolt design capacity: M20 bolts 8.8/S bolting category
grip = 15.4 + 8 = 23.4 mm From Reference 7, 55 mm long bolt is shortest possible bolt
55 mm long bolt has minimum plain shank of 10 mm (<15.4) threads intercept shear plane
Vdf = V fn = 92.6 kN (Table 10)
Crushing on 8 mm ply, Vb = 3.2 20 8 410/10 3 = 210 kN
V* 99.4 kN
Design capacity of bolt group based on end plate tear-out considerations:
Now vertical end plate tear-out is not likely in either column or bracket, while horizontal end
plate tear-out will occur in the 8 mm web of the channel member before occurring in column
flange. Hence,
tp = 8 mm,
= 0.9
a eh 1 = 50 1 mm = 49 mm
*
Vmh
on top bolt = 0.805V* V b = a e tpfup
V*
0.9 49 8 410
= 180 kN
0.805 10 3
s p = 70 mm
2
1+ s
Z1 =
Zb =
s g = 90 mm
np = 4
2spg
= 0.788
= 1.84
2
1 + spg
2
pg
spg =
90
= 0.4286 e = 500 mm s g/s p = 1.2857
3 70
1 2
2
3 np 1 + s g / s p
n p s p = 570.7
(n p 1) 2 + s g / s p 2
) (
(
)
)
2 500 / 90
= 2.761
1 5
1
1+
3 3 0.4286 2
2 4
3.761 + (2.761 / 0.4286 ) 2
2
= 1.072
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
42
V* 2
V * 0.5V * 0.5V *
740.8 + 0.788 740.8 52.8 + 52.8 1.0
4 70 2
2
15 + 3 (90 / 70 ) = 65200 mm3
6
Now, vertical end plate tear-out is not likely in either column or bracket, while horizontal end
plate tear-out will occur in the 8 mm web of the channel member before occurring in column
flange. Hence,
tp
= 8 mm,
= 0.9
f up = 410 MPa
a eh 1 = 50 1 mm = 49 mm
99.4
= 12.4 kN
2 4
*
Vmh
99.4 500 3 70
= 80.0 kN Veh = 145 kN
2 65200
*
Vmv
99.4 500 90
= 34.3 kN
2 65200
*
Vres
SATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY
CONCLUSION: Plate tear-out does not control the design capacity of the connection.
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
AS BEFORE
43
AS 4100 Clause 9.4.2 specifies that for a bolt group loaded such that it is subject to out-ofplane loading, the design actions shall be determined in accordance with Clause 9.1.3.
Clause 9.1.3 of AS 4100 nominates the basic requirements that any design model must have for
the design of a steel connection if the design model is to be acceptable. These requirements
are as follows:
Each element in a connection shall be designed so that the structure is capable of
resisting all design actions. The design capacities of each element shall be not less than
the calculated design action effects.
Connections and the adjacent areas of members shall be designed by distributing the
design action effects so that they comply with the following requirements:
(a)
The distributed design action effects are in equilibrium with the design action effects
acting on the connection.
(b)
The deformations in the connection are within the deformation capacities of the
connection elements.
(c)
All of the connection elements and the adjacent areas of members are capable of
resisting the design action effects acting on them.
(d)
The connection elements shall remain stable under the design action effects and
deformations.
V*
nb
N tn* = design tension force per bolt due to horizontal axial tension N t* =
N t*
nb
The method used in this Design Guide to determine the design tension force in the bolts due to
the design action M* is based on the following assumptions:
(1)
the neutral axis is at the centroid of the bolt group (Figure 19);
(2)
the bolts above the neutral axis are all in tension and the bolts below the neutral axis are
assumed to be notionally in compression;
(3)
a plastic distribution of bolt force is assumed on both sides of the neutral axis.
The method is one suggested in Reference 9, Case II (neutral axis at centre of gravity).
44
*
Using these assumptions, the design axial tension in the bolts on the tension side ( N tm
) is given
by:
*
= design force per bolt in tension due to design bending moment M*
N tm
M*
nt y m
(Eqn 3.12.1)
nt
ym
= lever arm between resultant tensile force and resultant compression force
ym =
(n
+ 1) s p
2
(Eqn 3.12.2)
ym =
np sp
2
(Eqn 3.12.3)
The bolts above the neutral axis are subject to shear force and tension force and must satisfy
the interaction equation of Table 7.
*
2
Vv* 2 N tn* + N tm
1 .0
V
N
tf
f
(Eqn 3.12.4)
The bolts below the neutral axis have a notional compression force due to the design bending
moment M*. This would normally be ignored, so that the bolts below the neutral axis would
normally only need to satisfy
Vv* 2 N tn* 2
1 .0
+
Vf N tf
(Eqn 3.12.5)
45
Bolt groups subject to out-of-plane moment or direct tension may be subject to an additional
tensile force due to the flexural behaviour of the plate which the bolts connect to a support. This
phenomenon is known as prying action and is illustrated in Figure 21. Any increase in tension
force in the bolt due to prying should be taken into account in the design of the bolts and the
connected plate.
The mechanism of prying can be understood by reference to Figure 21. Considering a T-stub
under tensile load, the contact pressure between the T-stub flange and the base will be reduced
and additional prying forces develop in the general region of the flange tip, thus increasing the
tensile force in the bolts, as the flange of the T-stub deforms.
(b)
(c)
the magnitude of the clamping forces induced into the bolts at installation;
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
the dimensions of the bolt position relative to the edge of the connected plate and the
point of application of the force.
If the connected plate is sufficiently stiff (thick plate), the flexural deformations of the plate will
be small compared to the elongation of the bolts and very little prying force will be developed
(refer to Figure 22). The connected plate will bend in single curvature.
If the connected plate is sufficiently flexible (thin plate), the flexural deformations of the plate
will be large and prying force will develop (refer to Figure 23). Bending of the plate develops a
prying force acting between the bolt line and the edge of the plate, which may continue up until
bolt failure. The connected plate may bend in either single or double curvature.
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
46
The test results plotted in Reference 10 show that experimentally measured levels of prying
force may vary between 0% and 40% depending on the exact test arrangement. Precise
evaluation by calculation is difficult despite the various studies on the subject reported in
References 2 and 10.
FIGURE 22 GRAPHICAL
RELATIONSHIPBOLT
LOAD/APPLIED LOAD FOR A STIFF
T-STUB FLANGE
A further complication is that if there are more than one line of bolts either side of the point of
application of the design action, tests have shown that the outer line of bolts is not very
effective in carrying the applied design action unless the connected plate is thick or stiffened
(Ref. 10). The assessment of prying force for such arrangements is little studied and is not
further developed in this Guide.
A simple approach is as follows:
(i)
for thick connected plates to a rigid supportuse an allowance for prying of 0% to 10% by
increasing the calculated tension force in a bolt by the selected percentage.
(ii)
for thin connected platesuse an allowance for prying of 20% to 40% by increasing the
calculated tension force in a bolt by the selected percentage.
What constitutes a plate that is sufficiently thick so as to reduce prying is discussed later.
If an analytical approach is desired to be used, the following method taken from Reference 10 is
suggested. It is an approach also used in References 9 and 11. In using this analytical
approach, it needs to be recognised that a lot of the experimental research is based on tee
stubs bolted to supports and subject to tension. Some T-stub research has the T-stubs also
bolted to the flanges of an I-section. Few realistic connections in Australia where prying is of
interest involve a genuine T-stub detail as most involve plates bolted to I -section supports.
Figure 24(a) shows a tee stub connection and identifies two critical dimensions (a e and a f).
Figure 24(b) shows the same T-stub in a deformed condition when subject to a tension force
N t* . If the T-stub deforms as shown, it presses against the support (assumed to be rigid) at the
ends of the T-stub and generates a reactionit is this reaction which is the prying force ( Nq* ).
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
47
(Eqn 3.13.1)
(Eqn 3.13.2)
where
M 2*
design bending moment acting on the net cross-section of the flange of the
T-stub, through the bolt centreline
Ml*
design bending moment acting on the gross cross-section of the flange of the
T-stub, at the face of the T-stub stem
letting
and
(Eqn 3.13.4)
48
0.5N t* a f
N t* a f
=
(1 + ) 2(1 + )
(Eqn 3.13.4)
Methods of determining Ms for connection components (such as the T-stub flange) are
discussed in Section 5 of this Guide.
In order to determine the design tension force in the bolt, it is to be noted that:
M 2*
N q* a e = M 1*
N t* a f
M 1*
=
ae
2(1 + ) a e
(Eqn 3.13.5)
Hence,
Nq*
(Eqn 3.13.6)
The total design force in the bolt ( N tf* ) is then given by:
N tf*
a
0.5Nt* + Nq* = Nt* 0.5 + f
ae 2(1 + )
(Eqn 3.13.7)
The behaviour of the flange of the T-stub as observed experimentally suggests that flange
deformation is such that modified values of a e and a f should be used, as follows:
ae
a e + 0.5d h
af
a f 0.5d h
dh
where
Using these modified parameters, the equations of interest become the following
equations:
a
N tf* = N t* 0.5 + f
a e 2(1 + )
M 1* =
N t* a f
2(1 + )
(Eqn 3.13.8)
(Eqn 3.13.9)
The structural connection designer has a multitude of solutions to choose from by varying as
Thornton illustrates in Reference 12these being
Option 1
Choose = 0, single curvature bending in the T-stub flange. There is zero prying,
so Ntf* = 0.5Nt* , but a thicker plate is required that satisfies
M 1* = 0.5N t* a f M s
Option 2
Option 3
Equations 3.13.8 and 3.13.9 are a consistent set of equations which relate plate thickness and
bolt force.
The foregoing is a general treatment which is adapted in other Design Guides for individual
connections as requirednotably the Bolted Moment End Plate and Column Base Plate subject
to bending moment.
The AISC Manual (Ref. 9) contains an alternative formulation which is claimed to provide better
correlation with available test data
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
49
If the bolts in the connection shown in Figure 26 are M20 bolts in 8.8/S bolting category,
determine if they are satisfactory under the design action shown.
N tf = 163 kN
V b > Vfx
nb = 8
s p = 70 mm
nt = np = 4
ym =
np sp
2
n p = 4 (even numbering)
= 140 mm
Design actions:
250
= 31.3 kN
8
250 250
M*
=
= 111.6 kN
N tf* =
nt y m
4 140
Vv* =
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
50
SATISFACTORY
Checking plate thickness using Sections 5.3 and 3.13: treating area around top two bolts
as a T-stub as in Figure 27:
a f = 50 mm
a f = 50 11 = 39 mm
d h = 22 mm
N t* = 2 111.6 kN = 223.2 kN
For =0,
(Section 5.3)
M s =
0.9 250 25 2 70
4 10 3
= 2460 kNmm
< M1*
NOT SATISFACTORY
since the plate is thin, prying will occur and the design tension force on the bolts must be
reassessed.
(B)
Assume = 1
=
70 22
= 0.685
70
af = 39 mm
ae = 40 + 11 = 51 mm
a f
39 1 0.685
=
31.3 2 146 2
Bolt Interaction Equation (Section 3.12)
+
= 0.86 1.0
129 163
M1* =
223 39
2 1.685
= 2580 kNm
SATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY
CONCLUSIONS
(1)
(2)
25 mm thick plate is just satisfactory, will bend in double curvature and 31% prying force
will be involved. The plate is not thick enough for no prying to occur. For no prying to
occur, a plate thickness of 36 mm is required for which:
M s =
0.9 250 36 2 70
4 10 3
= 5130 kNm
>4352 kNm = M1*
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
51
4.1
Weld types
AS 4100 restricts the use of plug and slot welds to applications where these welds either
transmit shear in lap joints or where they prevent buckling of lapped parts or where they join
component parts of built-up members.
52
4.1
NOTES:
1. The letters CP in the tail of the arrow indicate a complete penetration butt weld.
2. The tail should be omitted if no reference T is required.
3. The size of a fillet weld shall be to the left of the symbol.
4. For an incomplete penetration butt weld, the design throat thickness shall be to the left of the symbol.
Where no design throat thickness is shown, a complete penetration butt weld is assumed required.
5. Arrow side and other side welds are made the same size unless otherwise dimensioned.
6. Symbols only apply between abrupt changes in direction of welding unless governed by the weld all
round symbol or otherwise dimensioned.
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53
4.2
Selection of prequalified
welding consumables
TABLE 21
PREQUALIFIED WELDING CONSUMABLES
Steel grade in
AS/NZS 3678
(Ref. 27)
AS/NZS 3679.1
(Ref. 29)
Steel
type
Classification
Grade
E41XX, E48XX
0 and 1
W40X, W50X
250L0
E41XX, E48XX
W402, W502
250L15, 300L15
E41XX, E48XX
W403, W503
E48XX, E41XX
0 and 1
W50X, W40X
350L0, WR350L0
E48XX, E41XX
W502, W402
350L15, 400L15
E48XX, E41XX
W503, W403
TABLE 22
STRENGTH OF WELD METAL
Weld metal designation
f uw (MPa)
E41XX, W40X
410
E48XX, W50X
480
As required by AS 4100, all welding must comply with AS 1554.1 (Ref. 14).
Table 21 is based on Table 4.5.1 of AS 1554.1 (Ref. 14) and matches weld metal strength and
ductility to base metal strength and ductility, when using any of the welding procedures
complying with AS 1554.1. In Tables 21 and 22, X or XX indicates any number(s) representing a
variety of different electrode compositions may be used.
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54
4.3
Weld categories
Category GP may be selected where the weld is essentially statically loaded and is not loaded
above 66.7% of the design capacity of a SP weld.
SP (structural purpose)
Category GP may be selected where the weld is essentially statically loaded and is not loaded
above 75% of the design capacity of a SP weld.
SP (structural purpose)
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
55
4.4
(b)
(c)
and rather than specifying the size of such a weld on the drawings it is usual to specify the
required design throat thickness. This then allows the fabricator to produce the required weld by
selecting the most advantageous combination of welding process, weld preparation and welding
position. The whole procedure must be qualified in terms of AS 1554.1 before fabrication
commences.
AS 4100 Clause 9.7.2.3 specifies the design throat thickness of a butt weld as follows:
(a)
Complete penetration butt weldThe design throat thickness for a complete penetration
butt weld shall be the size of the weld.
(b)
(ii)
where < 60
(B)
where >60
where
d
= depth of preparation (d 3 and d 4 are the values of d for each side of the
weld)
= angle of preparation.
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
56
(iii)
For an incomplete penetration butt weld made by an automatic arc welding process
for which it can be demonstrated by means of a macro test on a production weld
that the required penetration has been achieved, an increase in design throat
thickness up to the depth of preparation may be allowed. If the macro test shows
penetration beyond the depth of preparation, an increase in design throat thickness
up to that shown in Figure 9.7.3.4 (of AS 4100) may be allowed.
For fully-automatic arc welding processes, Clause 9.7.2.3(b)(iii) permits advantage to be taken
of the penetration achievable with such processes to reduce the size of the weld deposited,
provided a macro test demonstrates the viability of the procedure (see Figure 30).
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57
4.5
AS 4100 Clause 9.7.3.10 specifies that a fillet weld subject to a design force per unit length
v w* (kN/mm) shall satisfy:
v w* v w
where:
vw
= nominal capacity of fillet weld per unit length (kN/mm)see Tables 23, 24
= 0.6 fuw tt k r
kr
The design throat thickness is the smallest dimension from the root of the weld to the
hypotenuse of the triangular weld profile, drawn perpendicular to the hypotenuse (see
Figure 31).
58
2)
3)
for tw = 1012 mm: Not recommended for all casescannot be guaranteed as single pass
welds. Check with fabricator before specifying.
TABLE 23
STRENGTH LIMIT STATE
DESIGN CAPACITIES OF EQUAL LEG FILLET WELDS PER UNIT LENGTH
Category SP, = 0.8, k r = 1.0
Weld size
(mm)
(kN/mm)
Leg: tw
Throat: t t
E41XX/W40X
E48XX/W50X
2.12
0.417
0.489
2.83
0.557
0.652
3.54
0.696
0.815
4.24
0.835
0.978
5.66
1.11
1.30
10
7.07
1.39
1.63
12
8.49
1.67
1.96
f uw = 410 MPa
f uw = 480 MPa
t t = t w/ 2
TABLE 24
STRENGTH LIMIT STATE
DESIGN CAPACITIES OF EQUAL LEG FILLET WELDS PER UNIT LENGTH
Category GP, = 0.6, k r = 1.0
Weld size
(mm)
(kN/mm)
Leg: tw
Throat: t t
E41XX/W40X
E48XX/W50X
2.12
0.313
0.367
2.83
0.417
0.489
3.54
0.522
0.611
4.24
0.626
0.733
5.66
0.835
0.978
10
7.07
1.04
1.22
12
8.49
1.25
1.47
t t = t w/ 2
f uw = 410 MPa
f uw = 480 MPa
Theoretical and experimental work indicates that longitudinally loaded fillet welds provide lower
strength but higher ductility than transversely loaded fillet welds (Refs. 19, 20). This is not
reflected in the nominal capacity expression of AS 4100 but the lower bound longitudinally
loaded strength is used together with an average capacity factor, to give the design capacity.
The increase in strength for transversely loaded fillet welds is variously estimated at 13%
(Ref. 19) to 44% (Ref. 20) but the decrease in ductility is a factor of 4 (Ref. 20).
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59
AS 4100 Clause 9.7.3.10 specifies that the design force per unit length on a fillet weld shall be
determined as the vectorial sum of the design forces per unit length on the effective area of the
weld. The effective area is taken as the product of the effective length and the design throat
thickness (AS 4100 Clause 9.7.3.6).
For the design of a fillet weld, AS 4100 Clause 9.7.3.10 specifies that the nominal capacity be
based on a failure stress of 0.6fuw in shear on the design weld throat (tt) which is assumed to be
the failure plane (see Figure 32). Considering the design actions in terms of force per unit
length ( v n* , v vt* , v vl* )on the fillet weld throat in Figure 32, a general form of a failure criterion may
be written as (Ref. 21):
k wv w
where
kv
v n*
= design force per unit length of weld normal to the plane of the fillet weld throat
v vl*
= design force per unit length of weld longitudinal to the plane of the fillet weld
throat
v vt* = design force per unit length of weld transverse to the plane of the fillet weld throat
= capacity factor
kw
= a factor to account for the failure criteria of a single weld element determined from
test data
For Clause 9.7.3.10 of AS 4100, values of k v = 1.0 and k w = 1.0 were adopted based on the
studies reported in Reference 21. Accordingly, AS 4100 requires that the design force per unit
length be the vectorial sum of all design forces per unit length acting on the effective area of the
fillet weld.
(v ) + (v ) + (v )
* 2
n
*
vt
*
vl
v w
*
The design requirement then becomes: v res
v w, where values of v w are given in Tables 23
and 24.
The design method of AS 4100 involving the calculation of fillet weld force per unit length using
linear methods combined with vectorial addition of component forces is conservative, but the
chosen value of the capacity factor () reflects this conservatism (Ref. 21). Any other
combination of design criteria would involve the use of a smaller capacity factor to arrive at
essentially the same result.
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60
In many actual fillet welds, it is more convenient to define a fillet weld orientation with respect to
three mutually orthogonal axes, usually arranged so that the fillet weld lies in the x-y planeas
in Figure 33.
v w
Specifically, for a fillet weld subject only to longitudinal shear forceas in Figure 34(a)the
design capacity per unit length of fillet weld is given by:
v w = f uw tt
and
*
v res
= v z* since v n* = v vt* = 0, v vl* = v z*
(v
*
y
/ 2
v vt* = v y* / 2
) + (v
2
*
y
/ 2
= v y* v w
v vl* = 0
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
61
4.6
The connection plates shall be considered to be rigid and to rotate relative to each other
about a point known as the instantaneous centre of rotation of the weld group.
(b)
In the case of a weld group subject to a pure couple only, the instantaneous centre of
rotation coincides with the weld group centroid.
In the case of a weld group subject to an in-plane shear force applied at the group
centroid, the instantaneous centre of the rotation is at infinity and the design force per unit
length ( v w* ) is uniformly distributed throughout the group.
In all other cases, either the results of independent analyses for a pure couple alone and
for an in-plane shear force applied at the weld group centroid shall be superposed, or a
recognised method of analysis shall be used.
(c)
The design force per unit length ( v w* ) at any point in the fillet weld group shall be
assumed to act at right angles to the radius from that point to the instantaneous centre,
and shall be taken as proportional to that radius.
Note that the Clause permits the use of superposition under (b) and this method will be used
extensively in this Section. Also note the similarity in wording to that for bolt groups loaded inplaneessentially the method for fillet weld groups is identical to that for such bolt groups and
the development in this Section will reflect this.
If a connection at the end of a member is viewed as a weld group in isolation from that member
then the nominal capacity of the weld group may be determined by either an elastic or an
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62
ultimate strength approach. Both methods are based upon assumptions (a) and (b) of Clause
9.8.1.1, that is the rotation being assumed about an instantaneous centre.
The elastic or linear method is the traditional approach to the assessment of the load capacity
of a weld group. The design force per unit length of weld is considered to be proportional to the
distance from the instantaneous centre, as in assumption (c) of Clause 9.8.1.1, quoted above.
This method has been adopted in AS 4100 because reliability studies reported in Reference 21
have indicated that the method is sufficiently reliable, while having the virtue of being simpler to
apply than the alternative methods and being amenable to hand calculation.
Applying the provisions of Clause 9.8.1.1 of AS 4100 to the general fillet weld group of Figure
35 the analysis proceeds as follows:
Lw
ds
= length of weld
= unit length of weld at point (x s, y s)
v s*
Fy* =
(v
(v
M z* =
[v
Fx* =
(Eqn 4.7.1)
(Eqn 4.7.2)
*
s
d s sin s
*
s
d s cos s
*
s
d s sin s (y s y p ) +
] [v
*
s
d s cos s (x s x p )
(Eqn 4.7.3)
(y
y e )d s
(Eqn 4.7.4)
Fy* = k w
(x
x e )d s
(Eqn 4.7.5)
M z* = k w
(y
y e ) (y s y p )d s + k w
x e ) (x s x p )d s
(Eqn 4.7.6)
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63
(x
x d
s
ds = 0
2
s
y d
2
s
= lwy
x d +y d
2
s
x d
2
s
= lwx
= l wy + l wx = l wp
where lwx, l wy, and l wp are second moments of area of a weld group of unit throat thickness
calculated about weld group centroid, for the x -axis, y -axis and polar axis respectively.
Using these substitutions, the three equations of equilibrium may be re-written as:
Fx* = k wLwy e
(Eqn 4.7.7)
Fy* = k wLwx e
(Eqn 4.7.8)
(Eqn 4.7.9)
Rearranging these equations gives explicit solutions for the three unknowns ( x e, y e, k w):
xe
ye
kw
Fy*
(Eqn 4.7.10)
k w Lw
Fx*
k w Lw
(Eqn 4.7.11)
M z* + Fx* y p + Fy* xp
(Eqn 4.7.12)
l wp
Hence, the design force per unit length ( v w* ) at any point ( x s, y s) is given by:
v w* = k wr s
where r s =
(xs xe ) 2 + (y s y e ) 2
(Eqn 4.7.13)
v w* must be less than v w (design capacity per unit length), given in Tables 22 and 23.
(Eqn 4.7.14)
From Clause 9.8.1.1(b) of AS 4100, in-plane shear forces are uniformly distributed so that:
v x*
v y*
*
= force per unit length in y -axis direction due to Fy
*
= Fy / Lw
*
) applied at the weld group centroid,
For the pure couple ( M zo
xe
= ye = 0
then
kw
with
v m* = k wr s
and
*
M zo
and rs =
l wp
Fy* = Fx* = 0
x s2 + y s2
*
*
Taking components of v m* parallel to the x ( v mx
) and y ( v my
) axes gives (see Figure 36)
*
*
*
v mx
= v m sin s = v m
*
*
*
v my
= + v m cos s = + v m
ys
M* y
= zo s
rs
l wp
(Eqn 4.7.15)
xs
M* x
= + zo s
rs
l wp
(Eqn 4.7.16)
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64
v y*
*
ys
Fx* M zo
Lw
l wp
Fy*
Lw
*
M zo
xs
l wp
(Eqn 4.7.17)
(Eqn 4.7.18)
with the resultant force per unit length being given as:
*
v res
=
(v ) + (v )
* 2
x
* 2
y
(Eqn 4.7.19)
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
65
4.7
Clause 9.8.2.1 of AS 4100 deals specifically with a fillet weld group subject to out-of-plane
loading which generates out-of-plane shear forces on the fillet weld group. The Clause restricts
the design method to be used to the following assumptions:
(a)
The fillet weld group shall be considered in isolation from the connected element; and
(b)
The design force per unit length in the fillet weld resulting from a design bending moment
shall be considered to vary linearly with the distance from the relevant centroidal axes.
The design force per unit length in the fillet weld group resulting from any shear force or
axial force shall be considered to be uniformly distributed over the length of the fillet weld
group.
Clause 9.8.2.1 of AS 4100 does not specifically mention that superposition is permitted but the
Commentary (Ref. 8) states that the same comments as were made about Clause 9.8.1.1 apply.
Superposition is thus assumed to be permitted for out-of-plane loading in this Guide.
As with the analysis for in-plane loading, the weld group loaded out-of-plane is analysed by
treating it as a weld group of unit thickness and is considered in isolation from the member
(Figure 37). Once again, the nominal capacity could be determined by either a linear or an
ultimate strength approach. However, Clause 9.8.2.1(b) of AS 4100 specifically mentions a
linear relationship for determining the design force per unit length in the fillet weld resulting from
the design bending moment. The same comments made earlier about the reasons for AS 4100
using the linear method in relation to in-plane loading also apply for out-of-plane loading.
or
*
x
Fx*
=
Lw
(Eqn 4.8.1)
Fy*
v y*
v z*
Fz* M x* y
for moment M x* about x-axis as in Figure 37
+
Lw
l wx
(Eqn 4.8.3)
v z*
*
Fz* M y x
for moment M y* about y-axis (not shown in Figure 37)
+
Lw
l wy
(Eqn 4.8.4)
(Eqn 4.8.2)
Lw
(v ) + (v ) + (v )
* 2
x
* 2
y
* 2
z
66
4.8
Page 1 of 2
For a fillet weld group subject to both in-plane and out-of-plane loading simultaneously,
Clause 9.8.3.1 of AS 4100 states that the design action shall be obtained using the previous
methods for in-plane and out-of-plane loading separately such that Clause 9.7.3.10 of AS 4100
is satisfied at all points, and the design shear forces per unit length in different directions being
combined using vectorial addition.
Hence, for the general fillet weld group of Figure 38, subject to both in-plane and out-of-plane
loading:
v y*
v z*
Fx* M z* y
Lw
l wp
Fy*
Lw
M z* x
l wp
*
Fz* M x* y M y x
+
Lw
l wx
l wy
(Eqn 4.9.1)
(Eqn 4.9.2)
(Eqn 4.9.3)
where
v x* , v y* and v z* are the design forces per unit length in the x , y , z directions respectively on an
elemental length of weld. The x and y -axes are the principal axes of the weld group and the
z -axis is perpendicular to the weld group and through the centroid.
Fx* , Fy* and Fz* are the design forces applied to the weld group along the x , y , z axes
respectively.
M x* , M y* and M z* are the design bending moments applied to the weld group about the
respective x , y , z-axes, with M z* moments due to in-plane forces being determined relative to
weld centroid location.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
67
lwx and lwy are the second moment of areas of the weld group for a unit thickness of weld about
the x and y-axes respectively. l wp(= lwx + l wy) is the polar moment of inertia about the z -axis, and
L w is the total length of weld.
It is also legitimate for the above expressions to be slightly modified in order to allow them to
reflect realistic distributions of the force set ( Fx* , Fy* and Fz* ) between components of the total
weld group, as follows:
v x*
v y*
*
z
Fx* M z* y
Lwx
l wp
Fy*
Lwy
(Eqn 4.9.4)
M z* x
l wp
(Eqn 4.9.5)
*
Fz* M x* y M y x
+
=
Lwz
l wx
l wy
(Eqn 4.9.6)
where
L wx, L wy , L wz = the lengths of weld assumed to receive the component forces along the individual
x , y and z -axes respectively;
The resultant design force per unit length is:
*
v res
=
(v ) + (v ) + (v )
* 2
x
* 2
y
* 2
z
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
68
4.9
TABLE 25
PROPERTIES OF COMMON FILLET WELD GROUPS TREATED AS LINE ELEMENTS
Type of fillet weld
group
lwx
lwy
lwp
d
2
d3
12
d3
12
d3
+
6
b 2d a 3
+
+
2
3
2
a(b a )
ad 2 +
ad 2 +
b
2
d
2
b
2
d
2
For a = 0
For a = b
(2b + d )
2ab + b
2a + 2b + d
2
For a = 0
2
b
(2b + d )
(2a + d )d
2(a + b + d )
For a = b
d
2
d
2
For a = 0
d
2
For a = 0
d3
6
b 2d
2
bd 2 a 3
+
+
2
3
2
a(d a )
b3
+ ab 2
6
For a = 0
bd
2
a2 + b2
2(a + b + d )
b 2d a 3
2
+
+ a(b a )
2
3
d3
6
d 3 b 2d
+
6
2
bd 2 a 3
+
+
2
3
b3
2
a(d a ) +
+ ab 2
6
For a = 0
For a = 0
b3
6
a d y 2+
For a = 0
a3
a
+ a x 2 +
12
2
3
2
b
dx +
+
12
b
b x 2
2
d
+
12
2
d
d y 2 + by
2
For a = b
d2
(6b + d )
12
a 3 a(d a ) 2
+
6
2
bd 2 d 3
+
+
2
12
For a = 0
d2
(6b + d )
12
bd 2 b 3
+
2
6
l wx + l wy
For a = b
b 3 (b + 2d )
3 (2b + d )
2a b x 2 + d x
+
2b 3
b
+ 2b x 2
12
2
For a = 0
l wx + l wy
b 3 (b + 2d )
3 (2b + d )
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
69
TABLE 25 ( continued)
PROPERTIES OF COMMON FILLET WELD GROUPS TREATED AS LINE ELEMENTS
Type of fillet weld
group
lwx
lwy
b
2
d
2
d
bd
+
6
2
b
2
d
2
bd 2 +
d
2
d
2
d 3
8
d3
6
b
db
+
6
2
b3
3
d 3
8
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
lwp
d 3 bd 2
+
6
2
3
b
db 2
+
+
6
2
bd 2 +
d 3 b3
+
6
3
I wx + I wy
70
Critical points
Many fillet weld groups comprise lines of welds parallel to the x and y axes. For such relatively
regular fillet weld groups, the identification of possible critical points is correspondingly more
straightforward.
(v ) + (v ) + (v )
* 2
x
* 2
y
* 2
z
v w = (0.6 fuw t t )
(Section 4.9)
Design procedure
The design of any general fillet weld group subject to a general design action set ( Fx* , Fy* , Fz* ,
M x* , M y* , M z* ) may be obtained by evaluating the design action set ( v x* , v y* , v z* ) using the
equations given in Section 4.9, using the property set ( L wx, L wy , L wz , I wx , I wY, I wp ,) from Table 24,
and checking that the governing inequality given above is satisfied, at each of the critical points
(1-8).
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
71
v x* =
Lwx
I wp
v y*
v
*
z
Fy*
Lwy
M z* x
I wp
= 0
= 0
v y*
v z*
Fy*
L wy
Fz*
M*y
+ x
L wz
I wx
I wx
(L )
w
Lw
2
(Table 24)
at points 3, 4, 7, 8 (+ve at 3, 8,
= 0
v y*
*
= Fy / (2Lw )
v z*
Fz*
M *L / 2
+ x w3
at points 3, 8 (top)
2Lw
(Lw ) / 6
Fz*
M *L / 2
at points 4, 7 (bottom)
x w3
(Lw ) / 6
2Lw
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
72
(v ) + (v )
* 2
y
* 2
z
v w
Substitution of the appropriate design forces per unit length ( v y* , v z* ) into this equation enables
the fillet weld group to be rapidly designed for any action set ( Fy* , Fz* , M x* ).
For Fz* = 0, M x* = 0
Hence, v dv = design capacity of fillet weld group subject to vertical shear only = 2 L w( v w)
since v y* = 0, the design requirement reduces to v z* v w
For Fy* = 0, M x* = 0
since v z*
Hence, v dh = design capacity of fillet weld group subject to horizontal shear only = 2 L w( v w)
For Fy* = 0, Fz* = 0
since v y*
*
= 0 and v z
3M x*
L2w
M z*
Hence, Mdm
1 2
Lw (v w )
3
= design capacity of fillet weld group subject only to moment applied at the weld
group centroid
=
1 2
Lw (v w )
3
Fy*
2Lw
v z* =
3M x*
L2w
3Fy* e
L2w
2L w
then Fy*
2 3Fy* e 2
+ 2 (v w ) 2
L w
2Lw (v w )
(the design capacity of a fillet weld group subject to a vertical shear force
6e 2
1 +
Lw
only at an eccentricity of e).
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
73
(b)
= L wy = L wz = 2L w
I wx
Lw t 2
(Table 24)
2
= 0
v y*
= Fy* / (2Lw )
v z*
Fz*
M * (t / 2)
+ x 2
2Lw
Lw t / 2
Fz*
M*
+ x at points 1, 2 in Figure 42
2Lw Lw t
Fz*
M * (t / 2)
x 2
2Lw Lw t / 2
Fz*
M*
x at points 5, 6 in Figure 42
2Lw Lw t
FIGURE 42
(v ) + (v )
*
y
*
z
v w
*
since v z* = 0, the design requirement reduces to v y v w
Hence, v dh = design capacity of fillet weld group subject to horizontal shear only = 2 L w( v w)
For Fy* = 0, Fz* = 0
M x*
then M x* L wt( v w)
Lw t
since v z* =
Hence, Mdm
v z* v w (as above)
since v y* = 0
= design capacity of fillet weld group subject only to moment applied at the weld
group centroid
= L wt( v w)
Fy*
2Lw
v z* =
Fy e
M x*
(at points 1, 2, 5, 6)
=
Lw t
Lw t
2Lw Lw t
2Lw
(the design capacity of a fillet weld group subject to a vertical shear
then Fy* (v w )
1 + 4(e / t ) 2
74
b2
2b + d
= 89.0 mm
Design actions: F = 0 Fy* = 180 kN
(Figure 40a)
M z* = 180 (275 + 175 89.0)
*
x
= 64980 kNmm
L wx
I wp
I wp
Lw
assume
= 21.8 10 6 mm3
at points 1, 6:
x
y
at points 2, 3, 4, 5: x
= 89.0
M z* y
64980 150
=
I wp
21.8 10 6
Fy*
L wy
= 0.767 at points 1, 6
=
(critical)
(not critical)
( 0.447 ) +( 0.767 )
2
= 0.888 kN/mm
From Table 25SP weld category
6 mm E48XX fillet weld
*
v w = 0.978 kN/mm > v res
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
SATISFACTORY
75
Fy* = 450 kN
M x*
Fz* = 0
= 90 kNm
= 90000 kNmm
Use AS 4100 Clause 9.8.2.2 Alternative analysis due to the connection type.
It can be assumed that the vertical shear is primarily taken by the webs of the box section. If so
this vertical shear must be assumed to be transferred through the vertical fillet weld only.
Hence,
L wy = 2 300 = 600 mm
For weld group,
= 300 mm
d
= 200 mm
b
I wx =
at points 1, 2, 3, 8 y
at points 4, 5, 6, 7 y
d 3 bd 2
+
(Table 25, type no. 6 weld group)
6
2
=
=
v z*
=
=
=
450
= 0.75
at points 3, 4, 7, 8
600
0
at points 1, 2, 5, 6
90000 ( 150 )
13.5 10 6
+1.00 at points 1, 2, 3, 8 ( y = +150)
1.00 at points 4, 5, 6, 7 ( y = 150)
( 0.75) 2 +( 1.00 ) 2
= 1.25 kN/mm
From Table 23SP weld category
8 mm E48XX fillet weld
*
v w = 1.30 kN/mm > v res
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
SATISFACTORY
76
CONNECTION COMPONENTS
5.1
Angle components
NOTES:
1
TABLE 26
EQUAL ANGLES
RATIONALISED DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING
Designation
Leg size
Rationd
thickness
b1 b1
mm mm
200200
150150
125125
100100
90 90
75 75
mm
26EA
20EA
18EA
16EA
13EA
19EA
16EA
12EA
10EA
16EA
12EA
10EA
8EA
12EA
10EA
8EA
6EA
10EA
8EA
6EA
10EA
8EA
6EA
5EA
Mass
per m
kg/m
76.8
60.1
54.4
48.7
40.0
42.1
35.4
27.3
21.9
29.1
22.5
18.0
14.9
17.7
14.2
11.8
9.2
12.7
10.6
8.22
10.5
8.73
6.81
5.27
Dimensions
Actual
thickness
t
r1
mm
mm
26.0
18
20.0
18
18.0
18
16.0
18
13.0
18
19.0
13
15.8
13
12.0
13
9.5
13
15.8
10
12.0
10
9.5
10
7.8
10
12.0
8
9.5
8
7.8
8
6.0
8
9.5
8
7.8
8
6.0
8
9.5
8
7.8
8
6.0
8
4.6
8
Centre
of area
r2
mm
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
pB = nL
mm
59
57
56
55
54
44
43
42
41
37
35
34
34
29
28
28
27
26
25
24
22
21
21
20
Designation
Leg size
Rationd
thickness
b1 b1
mm mm
6565
5555
5050
mm
10EA
8EA
6EA
5EA
6EA
5EA
8EA
6EA
5EA
3EA
Mass
per m
kg/m
9.02
7.51
5.87
4.56
4.93
3.84
5.68
4.46
3.48
2.91
Dimensions
Actual
thickness
r2
t
r1
mm
mm mm
9.5
6
3
7.8
6
3
6.0
6
3
4.6
6
3
6.0
6
3
4.6
6
3
7.8
6
3
6.0
6
3
4.6
6
3
3.0
6
3
Centre
of area
pB = nL
mm
20
19
18
18
16
15
15
15
14
13
TABLE 27
UNEQUAL ANGLES
RATIONALISED DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING
Designation
Leg size
b1 b2
Rationd
thickness
mm mm
150100
mm
12UA
10UA
16UA
12UA
10UA
8UA
12UA
10UA
8UA
6UA
10UA
8UA
6UA
150 90
125 75
100 75
Mass
per m
kg/m
22.5
18.0
27.9
21.6
17.3
14.3
17.7
14.2
11.8
9.16
12.4
10.3
7.98
Dimensions
Actual
thickness
r2
t
r1
mm
mm mm
12.0
10
5
9.5
10
5
15.8
10
5
12.0
10
5
9.5
10
5
7.8
10
5
12.0
8
5
9.5
8
5
7.8
8
5
6.0
8
5
9.5
8
5
7.8
8
5
6.0
8
5
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
Centre of area
pB
mm
49
48
52
51
50
49
43
42
42
41
32
31
30
nL
mm
24
23
23
21
20
20
18
17
17
16
19
19
18
77
TABLE 28
GAUGE LINES FOR ANGLES
Nominal
leg length
s g1
s g2
s g3
Bolt
Nominal
leg length
s g3
Bolt
200
75
75
120
M24
100
55
M20
150
55
55
90
M20
90
55
M20
125
45
50
75
M20
75
45
M20
65
35
M16
55
35
M16
50
30
M16
NOTES:
1
The gauges given are suitable for general use in member detailing. When angles are used as
components in connections, gauge lines may be varied from the values given above in order
to suit a particular connection.
The bolt diameters listed are the maximum that can be accommodated on the thickest angles
of each leg length, using either:
(a)
high strength structural bolts with washers to AS/NZS 1252 (Ref. 6); or
(b)
For thinner legs and commercial bolts with normal series washers, it may be possible to
accommodate a larger bolt diameter.
TABLE 29
STRENGTHS OF ANGLES TO AS/NZS 3679.1 (Ref. 29) GRADE 300
Thickness of angle
Yield stress
Tensile strength
mm
MPa
MPa
<11
320
440
11, 17
300
440
>17
280
440
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
78
CONNECTION COMPONENTS
5.2
NOTES:
1
TABLE 30
FLATS
Width thickness
Width thickness
mm mm
50 5
50 6
50 8
50 10
50 12
50 16
50 20
50 25
Mass
per
metre
kg/m
1.96
2.36
3.14
3.92
4.71
6.28
7.85
9.81
mm mm
110 6
110 8
110 10
110 12
130 5
130 6
130 8
130 10
Mass
per
metre
kg/m
5.18
6.91
8.64
10.4
5.1
6.12
8.16
10.2
65 5
65 6
65 8
65 10
65 12
2.55
3.06
4.08
5.10
6.12
130 12
130 16
130 20
130 25
150 5
12.2
16.3
20.4
25.5
5.89
65 16
65 20
75 5
8.16
10.2
2.94
150 6
150 8
150 10
7.06
9.42
11.8
Thickness
of bar
mm
Yield
stress
MPa
Tensile
strength
MPa
75 6
75 8
75 10
3.53
4.71
5.89
150 12
150 16
150 20
14.1
18.8
23.5
<11
11, 17
>17
320
300
280
440
440
440
75 12
75 16
75 20
75 25
75 40
90 6
90 8
90 10
90 12
100 5
100 6
100 8
100 10
7.06
9.42
11.8
14.7
23.6
4.24
5.65
7.06
8.48
3.92
4.71
6.28
7.85
150 25
150 50
180 6
180 10
180 12
180 20
200 6
200 8
200 10
200 12
200 16
200 20
200 25
29.4
58.9
8.48
14.1
17.0
28.3
9.42
12.6
15.7
18.8
25.1
31.4
39.2
9.42
12.6
15.7
19.6
39.2
100
100
100
100
100
12
16
20
25
50
Width thickness
mm mm
250 6
250 8
250 10
250 12
300 6
300 8
300 10
300 12
Mass
per
metre
kg/m
11.8
15.7
19.6
23.5
14.1
18.8
23.5
28.3
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
79
CONNECTION COMPONENTS
5.3
Plate components
Standard thicknesses of plate available in Grade 250 to AS/NZS 3678 (Ref. 27) are as follows:
5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 45, 50 mm
Typical applications for connection components cut from plate are:
end plates (flexible, rigid)
column base plates
fin plates
gusset plates
stiffeners
splice plates
TABLE 31
STRENGTH OF PLATE TO AS/NZS 3678 (Ref. 27)
GRADE 250
Thickness of
plate
mm
8
> 8, 12
>12, 50
>50, 80
>80, 150
Yield stress
MPa
280
260
250
240
230
Tensile
strength
MPa
410
410
410
410
410
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
80
CONNECTION COMPONENTS
5.4
Design capacities
General
Connection components (cleats, gusset plates, brackets) must have their strength assessed in
order to determine the strength of a connection as a whole. AS 4100 Clause 9.1.9 specifies that
connection components shall have their capacities assessed using the provisions of Sections 5,
6, 7 or 8 of AS 4100 as applicable. AS 4100 Table 3.4 specifies a capacity factor of 0.90 for
connection components.
A connection component is typically of rectangular cross-section (d i ti ) as shown in Figure 45,
with or without a single line of holes of diameter d h (as in Figure 45) or multiple lines of holes.
Vv
Vu
where
Vu
= the nominal shear capacity of a web with a uniform shear stress distribution
determined in accordance with Clause 5.11.2 of AS 4100
*
fvm
, fva* = the maximum and average design shear stress respectively in the web
V *Q
= Ib
fva*
Hence, fvm*
Vv
t id i
12
Q=
V*
=
d it i
t id i
8
b = ti
1 .5
f*
therefore vm* = 1.5
= V *
f va
d it i
2Vu
= 0.833 Vu = 0.50 fyi d i ti on substitution of Vu = 0.60 fyi d i ti
0 .9 + 1 .5
81
f yit i d i
0.90 f yit id i
4
FIGURE 46
= 0.225 fyi ti d i 2
M*, design bending moment
Local buckling in flexure is not normally a problem with connection components. Table 5.2 of
AS 4100 does not provide a plasticity slenderness limit for elements with compression at one
edge and tension at the other but both edges unsupported, which is the way most components
are used. Usually attachment to a member prevents local buckling of the component.
Clause 5.2.6 of AS 4100 only specifies an allowance for holes be made in flanges, which a
rectangular component does not possess (Fig. 46).
Design moment capacityMinor axis for rectangular component
FIGURE 47
The rectangular component when bent about its minor axis would be considered compact. Thus
Clause 5.21 of AS 4100 specifies the nominal moment capacity as:
Ms = f yi Z e
Ze = lesser of S = d i ti 2/4
where:
An = the net area of the cross-section, except that for sections with penetrations or
unfilled holes that reduce the section area by less than 100 {1[fy/(0.85fu )]}%, the
gross area may be used. Deductions for fastener holes shall be made in
accordance with Clause 9.1.10 of AS 4100.
In the absence of local buckling, k f may be taken as 1.0 while:
An = Ag for all holes filled with bolts (which is the usual case) = d i ti
= (d i ti n pd h) if holes are not filled and unfilled holes reduce gross area by more than
100 {1[fy/(0.85fu)]}%
Then, N s = design capacity in axial compression
= 0.9 Anf yi N*, the design axial compression force
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
82
= Ag f yi
Nt
= 0.85 k t An fui
and
where
Ag = the gross area of the cross-section
fyi
kt
An = the net area of the cross-section, obtained by deducting from the gross area the
sectional area of all penetrations and holes, including fastener holes. The
deduction for all fastener holes shall be made in accordance with Clause 9.1.10 of
AS 4100
fui
For components in connections, a uniform force distribution usually applies for which k t = 1.0.
Now Ag = d i ti and An = d i ti n p d h ti (Figure 48)
so
Nt
fyi d i ti and
0.85 fui (d i ti n p d h ti )
and
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
83
= 0.75
fu
fy
(b)
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
84
The design capacity recommended by Kulak at Reference 11 and this Design Guide for
connection components such as gusset plates, angle cleats, web cleats is as follows:
V bs = [Ant f ui + 0.6fyi Agv)
where terms are as defined above.
The AISC Specification (Ref. 22) Clause J4.3 gives the same expression as above for the upper
bound using U bs = 1 which the Commentary implies applies for other than multiple row shear
connections in coped beam webs. The application to connection components subject to shear
force is not specifically addressed in the Commentary.
Relevant areas Ant and Agv are defined as shown in Figure 50.
SHEAR FORCE
TENSION FORCE
A nt = ( l t 0.5dh ) t i
A nt
A gv = l vt i
A gv = l vt i
A gv = l vt i
dh
= hole diameter
ti
= thickness of component
= ( l t 1.5dh ) t i
A nt = ( l t ( nh 1) dh ) t i
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
85
SUPPORTED MEMBERS
6.1
General
For the design of some connections, an assessment is required of the design capacity of the
supported member in bending, shear, bearing, etc. (in particular for flexible connections) while
for other connections it is useful to know the design capacity in shear or bending because the
connection may be designed for a selected proportion of the member capacity (such as rigid
connections or splices). Sections 6.2 to 6.4 are intended to give a summary of the relevant
design capacities in bending and shear for:
uncoped sections
Section 6.2
Section 6.3
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
86
SUPPORTED MEMBERS
6.2
Uncoped sections
Moment capacity
The nominal section moment capacity (Ms) is calculated as follows:
Ms = fyZe
where
Ze = effective section modulus
= Zc
sy s
(Z c Z )
sy sp
= Z +
if s sp
(Clause 5.2.3)
if sp < s sy
(Clause 5.2.4)
e =
t 250
ey = the plate element yield slenderness limit (see Table 5.2 of AS 4100, Ref. 1)
b = the clear width of the element outstand from the face of the supporting plate element
or the clear width of the element between the faces of supporting plate elements
t
The section plasticity and yield slenderness limits ( sp) and (sy) respectively shall be taken as
the values of the element slenderness limits ( ep) and ( ey) respectively given in Table 5.2 of
AS 4100 for the element of the cross-section which has the greatest value of e/ ey .
Rolled sections (HR)
ep = 9 for a flange outstand
= 82 for a web
ey = 16 for a flange outstand
= 115 for a web
In terms of Clause 5.2.6 of AS 4100, for sections without holes, or for sections with holes that
reduce either of the flange areas by not more than 100 {1 [f y/(0.85fu)]}%, the elastic and
plastic section moduli may be calculated using the gross section. If the holes reduce either of
the flange areas by more than this, Z and S shall be calculated using either:
(a)
(An/Ag) times the value for the gross section, in which An is the sum of the net areas of the
flanges and the gross area of the web, and Ag the gross area of the section; or
(b)
The design section moment capacity (Ms) is calculated from the nominal section moment
capacity (Ms) and the capacity factor ( = 0.9), so that:
M s = fy Z e
Tables of Ze and Ms for rolled and welded I sections are contained in Reference 25 while
tables of Ms for hollow sections are contained in Reference 26.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
87
Where the area of bolt holes in the flanges are such that the limit in AS 4100 is exceeded, the
following formulae for Z and S may be used to determine Ze.
Using the approach based on method (b) above:
SECTION WITH HOLES IN BOTH FLANGES
Defining:
A = area of unholed section (gross area)
Ix = second moment of area about x-axis of
unholed section
Sx = plastic section modulus about x-axis of
unholed section
n h holes d h diameter each flange
tf = flange thickness
I holed section
Z x holed section = x
d/2
Sx holed section = Sx 2n h d h tf d t f
2
Z e = min of [1.5 Z x , Sx ] for compact sections or use formula in Clause 5.2.4 of AS 4100
(Page 1 of this Section) for non-compact sections
A d 2 nh d h t f t f 2
A nh d h t f
y th = d y bh
I x
holed section
Z x
Z x
y bh d/2
nhd ht f3
n h d h tf d t f 2 [A n h d h t f ] y 2
2
12
I x holed section
=
y th
= Ix
I x holed section
y bh
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
88
For plastic section modulus, equating areas above/below plastic section neutral axis:
bf t f + (d 1 y bp )t w = bf t f nh d h t f + y bp t w
solving gives y bp =
(Figure 53)
d1t w + nhd ht f
2t w
2
y bp
tw
+ (bf nhd h )t f (y bp + t f / 2)
= 0.9fy Ze
M sx
which is a lot simpler but less exact than using method (b).
The AS 4100 limits for rolled sections above which holes must be accounted for are as follows:
for Grade 300 rolled sections, fu = 440 MPa
fy = 280 MPa, limit is 25.1%
= 300 MPa, limit is 19.8%
= 320 MPa, limit is 14.4%
If the deduction for holes is below these values, then the Z and S of the gross section may be
used.
for Grade 300 welded plate sections, fu = 430 MPa
fy = 280 MPa, limit is 23.4%
= 300 MPa, limit is 17.9%
= 310 MPa, limit is 15.2%
If the deduction for holes is below these values, then the Z and S of the gross section may be
used.
Note that Clause 5.2.6 of AS 4100 only requires deductions be made for holes in flangesno
deduction need be made for holes in webs.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
89
Shear capacity
The shear stress distribution of H and channel shaped sections can be assumed to be
approximately uniform, in terms of Clauses 5.11.1 and 5.11.2 of AS 4100.
Hence, provided the maximum web panel depth to thickness ratio (dp/t w) of the section
satisfies
dp
tw
82
fy
250
where
dp = depth of web panel = d 2tf
d
= depth of a section
tf
= thickness of flange
where v =
dp
t w
82
2 1 .0
fy
250
The design shear capacity of a web (V v) is calculated from the nominal shear capacity of the
web (Vv) and the capacity factor ( = 0.9).
Therefore, for an uncoped section:
Vvo = 0.54fy Aw
where Aw is as defined above. AS 4100 does not have any requirement to adjust V vo for the
presence of bolt holes in the web of a connection presumably because such holes are usually
filled with bolts.
When a cross-section is subject to both shear force and bending moment simultaneously,
AS 4100 Clause 5.12.3 provides that the nominal web shear capacity in the presence of
bending moment be given by:
for M* 0.75M s; and
Vvm = Vv
1.6M *
= Vv 2.2 M
for 0.75Ms M* Ms
where
Vv
= the nominal shear capacity of a web in shear alone = Vvo (noted above)
90
TABLE 32A
UNIVERSAL BEAMS
GRADE 300
DESIGN SECTION MOMENT AND WEB CAPACITIES
Holed one Holed two Holed/
flanges Unholed NOTES:
flange
M sx
M sx
V v
M sx
calculated for two
diameter
holes in one flange
kNm
kNm
kN
sx
M
calculated
for two
927*
927*
1180
diameter
holes
in
both
flanges
829*
829*
1100
Unholed
Designation
M sx
kNm
610UB 125
113
101
927
829
782
530UB 92.4
82.0
782*
782*
1100
640
558
578
504
544
478
939
876
460UB 82.1
74.6
67.1
496
449
399
443
401
356
412
372
333
788
719
667
410UB 59.7
53.7
324
304
286
269
264
251
548
529
360UB 56.7
50.7
44.7
273
242
222
239
212
196
219
195
180
496
449
420
310UB 46.2
40.4
32.0
197
182
134
170
157
115
155
144
105
356
320
283
250UB 37.3
31.4
25.7
140
114
92.0
118
96.9
74.0
106
87.5
67.5
283
265
214
200UB 29.8
25.4
22.3
18.2
90.0
74.6
65.3
51.8
75.2
62.1
55.0
67.0
55.4
48.1
225
204
174
154
180UB 22.2
18.1
16.1
56.2
45.2
39.8
186
151
135
150UB 18.0
14.0
38.9
29.3
161
130
22 mm
22 mm
TABLE 32B
PARALLEL FLANGE CHANNELS
GRADE 300
DESIGN SECTION MOMENT AND WEB CAPACITIES
Designation
Mass
per metre
Unholed
M sx
V v
kg/m
kNm
kN
380PFC
55.2
238
657
300PFC
40.1
152
415
250PFC
35.5
114
346
230PFC
25.1
73.3
258
200PFC
22.9
59.7
207
180PFC
20.9
49.0
187
150PFC
17.7
37.0
156
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
91
TABLE 32C
WELDED BEAMS
GRADE 300
DESIGN SECTION MOMENT AND WEB CAPACITIES
Unholed Holed one Holed two Unholed/
flange
flanges
Holed
Designation
NOTES:
M sx
M sx
M sx
V v
M sx
kNm
kNm
kNm
kN
1200WB 455
423
392
342
317
278
249
7110
6510
5910
4980
4500
3790
3250
7110*
6510*
5910*
4980*
4500*
3790*
3250*
7110*
6510*
5910*
4980*
4500*
3790*
3250*
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
2900
M sx
calculated for two 24 mm
diameter holes in both flanges
1000WB322
296
258
215
4130
3720
3100
2580
4130*
3720*
3100*
2580*
4130*
3720*
3100*
2580*
2490
2490
2490
2490
900WB282
257
218
175
3440
3070
2510
2020
3440*
3070*
2510*
2020*
3440*
3070*
2510*
2020*
1730
1730
1730
1730
800WB192
168
146
122
2030
1720
1540
1220
2030*
1720*
1430
1140
2030*
1720*
1330
1050
1190
1190
1190
1190
700WB173
150
130
115
1610
1350
1210
1020
1610*
1350*
1110
944
1610*
1350*
1020
868
1100
1100
1100
1100
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
92
SUPPORTED MEMBERS
6.3
Determine the unholed and holed moment and shear capacity of a 250UB31.4 universal beam,
Grade 300, Yield stress, f y = 320 MPa.
Moment capacity
Flange slenderness
ef =
bf t w
2t f
Web slenderness
ew =
d1
tw
fy
250
fy
250
= 8.13
= 38.4
320
= 9.19
250
320
= 43.4
250
To calculate Zex the plate element slenderness values are compared with the plate element
slenderness limits in Table 5.2 of AS 4100.
Bending about the x-axis puts the flange in uniform compression. Hence
ef = 9.19
ep = 9
ey = 16
ef / ey = 0.574
Bending about the x-axis places one edge of the web in tension and the other in compression.
Hence
ep = 82
ew = 43.4
ey = 115
ew / ey = 0.377
The flange has the higher value of e / ey and hence is the critical element in the section. From
Clause 5.2.2 of AS 4100 the section slenderness and slenderness limits are the flange values,
i.e.
sp = 9
sy = 16
s = 9.19
Now sp < s sy.
Zx
= 354 10 mm3
Zc
(
(
sy s
=Z+
sy sp
Z ex
)
) (Z
Z )
(16 9.19 )
(397 354 ) 10 3
= 354 10 3 +
(16 9 )
= 395 10 3 mm 3
M sx = 0.9 320 395 103 /106 = 114 kNm (refer Table 32A)
Moment capacity with 2 22 mm dia. holes on one flange
nh = 2
dh = 22 mm
=
=
=
=
t f = 8.6 mm
A = 4010 mm2
= 44.5 106
2 22 8.63
252 8.6
2
2 22 8.6
[4010 2 22 8.6] 12.7
2
12
= 38.3 106 mm 4
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
93
min Z x =
38.3 10 6
= 276 10 3
138.7
d1 = 234 mm
y bp =
t w = 6.1 mm
bf = 146 mm
3
6
M x =0.9 320 336 10 /10
Shear capacity
dp
= d1 = 234 mm
dp
tw
234
= 38.4
6. 1
82
320
250
= 72.5
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
94
SUPPORTED MEMBERS
6.4
The formulae quoted in Section 6.2 also apply for determining the nominal section moment
capacity of a single web coped section, except that for a SWC section (which is a tee section in
cross section (Fig. 54)):
ep = 9, for a flange outstand or web subject to either uniform compression or maximum
compression at unsupported edge and tension at supported edge
ey = 16, for flange outstand subject to uniform compression
= 25, for a web subject to maximum compression at unsupported edge and tension at
supported edge
The assumption made for single coped sections is that local buckling of the web, which is in
compression due to the bending moment induced by the end reaction, does not occur. This
assumption is made on the basis that the cope length involved is small (usually of the order of
100150 mm) and that the stiffening effect of the connection itself inhibits local buckling.
Reference 9 also contains a similar assumption.
Where individual connections require additional assessment for local bucking of the supported
member, a method that may be used is presented later in this Section (following the plastic
modulus formulation).
Assuming the full tee section as effective locally at the connection,
Ze = [Ss; 1.5 Zs]min
where the plastic modulus ( Ss) and the elastic modulus (Zs) of a single web coped section are
given by the expressions following. Notation used is shown in Figure 55.
95
Zs = min of:
Ix
;
(
+
d
w tf yc )
Ix
yc
bf t f3
t d3
+ bf t f (y c 0.5t f ) 2 + 0.0152r 4 + 0.4292r 2 (y c t f 0.223r ) 2 + w w + t w d w (t f + 0.5d w y c ) 2
12
12
yc =
Plastic Modulus Ss
(b)
(a)
d w t w + 2t f t w bf t f 0.4292r 2
2t w
tf + r
Ss
= b f t f (y s t f / 2) + 0.4292r 2 (y s t f 0.223r )
+ t w (y s t f )
(y s t f )
2
+ (d w + t f y s ) t w
(d w
+ tf ys )
2
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
96
(b)
y s
Ss
= bf y s
bf t f + 0.4292r 2 + d w t w
tf
2bf
(t y s ) + 0.4292r 2 (t y + 0.223r ) + d t (t + d / 2 y )
ys
+ bf (t f y s ) f
f
s
w w f
w
s
2
2
f y = [f yf ,f yw] min
Where local buckling is desired to be assessed for a SWC beam, Reference 9 contains in Part 9
a design moment capacity which is based on work by Cheng et al. This assessment can be
summarised as follows:
M ss = 0.9 fcr Zs
where
fcr
E
tw
tf
dw
d
Lc
2E
=
12 1 2
tw
dw + tf
f k f y
= 200 10 3 MPa
= poissons ratio = 0.3
= plate buckling model adjustment factor
= 2L c/d
when L c/d 1.0
1+ L c/d
when L c/d > 1.0
d +t
= 2.2 w f
Lc
1.65
when
2.2(d w + t f )
Lc
=
=
=
=
=
web thickness
flange thickness
web depth (Figure 55)
uncoped section depth (Figure 55)
length of cope (Figure 55)
when
Lc
(d w + t f )
1. 0
Lc
> 1. 0
(d w + t f )
Note that if there are holes in the flange of the tee section at the SWC, then a deduction for
holes must be made in accordance with Clause 5.2.6 of AS 4100, in the same manner as
illustrated in Section 6.2. Coped sections rarely have holes in the remaining flange at simple
connections.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
97
A tee shaped section such as a single web coped section will have a non-uniform shear stress
distribution. Using AS 4100 Clauses 5.11.1 and 5.11.3, the nominal shear capacity (Vv) is given
by:
Vv
2Vu
f *
0.9 + vm
*
f va
Vu
where
Vu
*
fvm
, fva*
= the nominal shear capacity of a web with a uniform shear stress distribution
determined in accordance with Clause 5.11.2
= the maximum and average design shear stresses respectively in the web
determined by a rational elastic analysis.
Now since dw /d w
82
fy / 250
for all rolled sections to AS/NZS 3679.1, and using Clause 5.11.4 of
AS 4100:
Vu = Vw = 0.6 f y A w = 0.6 f y d w t w
Now fva*
and
*
=
fvm
V*
dwtw
V * Qc
Qd
f*
= c w
so that vm
Ix
Ixtw
fva*
y dA
1.08 f y d w t w
0.54 f y d w t w where fy = f y of web
Qc d w
0 .9 +
Ix
When a cross-section is subject to both shear force and bending moment simultaneously,
AS 4100 Clause 5.12.3 provides that the nominal web shear capacity in the presence of
bending moment be given by:
for M* 0.75M s; and
Vvm = Vv
1.6M *
= Vv 2.2
M s
for 0.75Ms M* Ms
where
Vv
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
98
TABLE 33A
SINGLE WEB COPED UNIVERSAL BEAMS
GRADE 300
COPE DEPTH = 65 mm
DESIGN SECTION MOMENT AND SHEAR CAPACITIES
M ss
V ws
kNm
kN
610UB125
113
101
342
315
310
919
860
863
530UB 92.4
82.0
231
210
720
673
460UB 82.1
74.6
67.1
161
146
134
586
536
499
Designation
410UB 59.7
53.7
96.4
97.2
399
387
360UB 56.7
50.7
44.7
74.1
66.4
64.6
350
318
298
310UB 46.2
40.4
32.0
43.2
41.0
34.5
239
216
192
250UB 37.3
31.4
25.7
27.4
24.8
19.5
179
169
136
200UB 29.8
25.4
22.3
18.2
15.0
13.0
11.2
9.3
130
117
101
88
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
99
For a PFC, the following equations apply in lieu of those derived for a universal section given
above.
b t3
t d3
2
Ix = f f + bf t f (y c 0.5t f ) 2 + 0.0076r 4 + 0.2146r 2 (y c t f 0.223r ) + w w + t w d w (t f + 0.5d w y c ) 2
12
12
2
2
0.5bf t f + 0.2146r (t f + 0.223r ) + d w t w (t f + 0.5d w )
yc =
bf t f + 0.2146r 2 + d w t w
Qc = b ftf(y c 0.5tf) + 0.2146 r 2 (y c tf 0.223r) + tw(y c tf) 2/2
Plastic Neutral Axis in Web
d w t w + 2t f t w bf t f 0.2146r 2
tf + r
2t w
ys
Ss
= bf y s
(t y s ) + 0.2146r 2 (t y + 0.223r ) + d t (t + d 2 y )
ys
+ bf (t f y s ) f
f
s
w w f
w
s
2
2
TABLE 33B
SINGLE WEB COPED PARALLEL FLANGE CHANNELS
GRADE 300
COPE DEPTH = 65 mm
DESIGN SECTION MOMENT AND SHEAR CAPACITIES
Designation
M ss
V ws
kNm
kN
380PFC
89.9
467
300PFC
44.6
276
250PFC
28.0
215
230PFC
18.0
157
200PFC
11.4
117
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
100
SUPPORTED MEMBERS
6.5
Determine the design moment and shear capacity of a single web coped 410UB53.7 universal
beam, Grade 300.
= 178 mm
= 403 65 10.9 = 327 mm
6
tf = 10.9 mm
t wb = 7.6 mm
= 53.7 10 mm
= 99.2 mm
on substitution into the expressions given earlier
= 216 10 3 mm3
= 43.1 mm
on substitution into the expression given in Section 6.4
hence, plastic neutral axis is in member web, i.e. y s > tf + r
= [Ss; 1.5Z]min
= 409 10 3 mm3 on substitution into the expression given in Section 6.4
= 1.5 53.7 10 6/(327 + 10.9 99.2) = 338 10 3 mm3
= [409 10 3; 338 10 3]min = 338 10 3 mm
= 0.9 320 338 10 3/106 = 97.2 kNm
(as in Table 33A)
216 10 3 327
= 1.313
=
53.7 10 6
0.9 1.2 320 327 7.6
=
= 387 kN
10 3 (0.9 + 1.313 )
3
< 0.9 0.6 320 327 7.6/10 = 429 kN
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
101
SUPPORTED MEMBERS
6.6
In this case, both edges are unsupported and AS 4100 contains no provisions for local buckling
of such a section. The assumption is usually made that local buckling of the web in triangular
compression above the neutral axis does not occur locally at connection. Reference 9 contains
a similar assumption.
For a rectangular section,
(d w t wFigure 60)
Z x = t w d w2 6
S = t w d w2 4
Z e = [1.5Z x , Sx ]min
= t w d w2 4
fd
fcr
fe
= (1.34 0.486)
= (1.30/ 2)
t w2
fd
Lc d w
fcr
fy 1 d w
438 K 2t w
d cb > 0.2d
for 0.7
for 0.7 < 1.41
for > 1.41
and K is a function of (2Lc/d w) as set out below
(interpolate for intermediate values)
2L c/d w
0.25
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.75
1.5
16
13
10
4.5
2.5
1.3
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.425
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
102
1.6M *
= Vv 2.2
M s
for 0.75 Ms M* M s
where
Vv = the nominal shear capacity of a web in shear alone = Vwd above
Ms = the nominal section moment capacity = Msd above
the design capacity being given by Vvm , where = 0.9.
Holes in DWC sections:
AS 4100 only requires that deductions for holes be made in flanges (Clause 5.2.6) when
calculating section moment capacity. Since a DWC section has no flanges, no deduction for
holes in the web need be made when calculating section moment capacity.
AS 4100 does not require an adjustment to V wd for the presence of bolt holes in the web at a
connection presumably because such holes are usually filled with bolts.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
103
TABLE 34A
DOUBLE WEB COPED UNIVERSAL BEAMS
GRADE 300
DESIGN SECTION MOMENT AND SHEAR CAPACITIES
d
d ct
d cb
dw
tw
M sd
V wd
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
kNm
kN
610UB125
113
101
612
607
602
65
65
65
52
52
52
495
490
485
11.9
11.2
10.6
197
182
180
795
741
740
530UB 92.4
82.0
533
528
65
65
53
53
415
410
10.2
9.6
126
116
610
567
460UB 82.1
74.6
67.1
460
457
454
65
65
65
50
52
54
345
340
335
9.9
9.1
8.5
84.8
75.7
68.7
492
446
410
410UB 59.7
53.7
406
403
65
65
51
53
290
285
7.8
7.6
47.2
44.4
326
312
360UB 56.7
50.7
44.7
359
356
352
65
65
65
49
51
52
245
240
235
8.0
7.3
6.9
34.6
30.3
27.4
282
252
233
310UB 46.2
40.4
32.0
307
304
298
65
65
65
52
54
53
190
185
180
6.7
6.1
5.5
17.4
15.0
12.8
183
163
143
250UB 37.3
31.4
25.7
256
252
248
65
65
65
51
52
53
140
135
130
6.4
6.1
5.0
9.0
8.0
6.1
129
119
93.6
Designation
TABLE 34B
DOUBLE WEB COPED PARALLEL FLANGE CHANNELS
GRADE 300
DESIGN SECTION MOMENT AND SHEAR CAPACITIES
d
d ct
d cb
dw
tw
M sd
V wd
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
kNm
kN
380PFC
380
65
50
265
10.0
50.6
382
300PFC
300
65
50
185
8.0
19.7
213
250PFC
250
65
50
135
8.0
10.5
156
230PFC
230
65
50
115
6.5
6.2
108
Designation
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
104
SUPPORTED MEMBERS
6.7
Determine the design moment and shear capacity of a double web coped 410UB53.7 universal
beam, Grade 300.
= 403 mm
d w = 285 mm
t w = 7.6 mm
2
3
3
= 7.6 285 /4 = 154.3 10 mm
= 44.4 kNm
(as Table 34A)
= 0.9 320 154.3 10 3/106
= 312 kN
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
105
SUPPORTED MEMBERS
6.8
Connection components and coped sections are generally so short that lateral torsional
buckling of neither the connection elements nor of the coped section will occur.
Coping of beam ends may reduce the elastic critical buckling moment of a laterally unsupported
flexural member, particularly if exceptionally long copes are involved.
In AS 4100, no specific guidance is given about the effect of web coping on the buckling
capacity of a laterally unrestrained beam, but it would be prudent to either perform a buckling
analysis using Reference 28 (permitted by Clause 5.6.4) or assume only partial restraint at the
coped end when calculating the twist restraint factor (k t) and the lateral restraint factor (k r ) in
terms of Clause 5.6.3. A k r value of 1.0 should always be used for supported members
connected by angle cleats or web plates only, whether the members are coped or uncoped due
to the lack of restraint to the top flange.
Guidance on the restraint provided by specific connections where the supported members are
either uncoped or coped may be found in Reference 30. Guidance on the lateral torsional
buckling analysis of I -section beams with copes at the support may be found in References 28
and 31, while testing is reported in Reference 32. In References 28 and 31, the situation is
analysed as an interaction problem involving buckling of the uncoped length and coped length
separately, and then combining the effects of each.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
106
SUPPORTED MEMBERS
6.9
Page 1 of 2
A coped member may fail when a block of web material pulls out as illustrated in Figure 63.
AS 4100 does not address the failure mechanism of rupture due to block shear. The AISC
Specification (Ref. 22) Clause J5 contains provisions which apply to plates, gussets, angles and
brackets by reference to Clause J4.3 of the Specification.
fu
fy
Agv
Agt
Anv
Ant
U bs
= 0.75
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Reference 11 argues that separate equations for design capacity are required for:
(a)
107
(b)
The design capacity recommended by Kulak at Reference 11 and this Design Guide for coped
beam webs is as follows:
V bs = [0.5Ant fui + 0.6fyi Agv]
where terms are as defined above.
The AISC Specification (Ref. 22) Clause J4.3 gives the following expressions for the upper
bound based on guidance given in the Commentary to the Specification:
V bs = [A nt fui + 0.6fyi Agv]
= [0.5Ant fui + 0.6fyi A gv]
Relevant areas Ant and Agv are defined as shown in Figure 64.
For both SWC and DWC, Ant = ltt w 0.5d htw (single column of bolts)
Agv = l vt w
where
lt
lv
dh
= hole diameter
tw
= thickness of web
FIGURE 64 BLOCK SHEAR AREAS IN SWC AND DWC MEMBERS
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
108
SUPPORTED MEMBERS
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
109
SUPPORTING MEMBERS
7.1
Rationalised dimensions
TABLE 35
UNIVERSAL BEAMS
RATIONALISED DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING
Flange
Depth of
section
Width
Thickness
bf
tf
tw
Designation
kg/m
Web
thickness
tw
Dimensions
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
610UB 125
113
101
612
607
602
229
228
228
20
17
15
12
11
11
6
6
5
109
108
109
544
544
544
34
31
29
653
648
644
14
14
14
530UB 92.4
82.0
533
528
209
209
16
13
10
10
5
5
99
100
474
474
30
27
573
568
14
14
460UB 82.1
74.6
67.1
460
457
454
191
190
190
16
15
13
10
9
9
5
5
4
91
90
91
406
406
406
27
26
24
498
495
492
11
11
11
410UB 59.7
53.7
406
403
178
178
13
11
8
8
4
4
85
85
358
358
24
22
444
440
11
11
360UB 56.7
50.7
44.7
359
356
352
172
171
171
13
12
10
8
7
7
4
4
3
82
82
82
310
310
310
24
23
21
398
395
391
11
11
11
310UB 46.2
40.4
32.0
307
304
298
166
165
149
12
10
8
7
6
6
3
3
3
80
79
72
261
261
256
23
22
21
349
346
333
11
11
13
250UB 37.3
31.4
25.7
256
252
248
146
146
124
11
9
8
6
6
5
3
3
3
70
70
60
217
217
208
20
18
20
295
291
277
9
9
12
200UB 29.8
25.4
22.3
18.2
207
203
202
198
134
133
133
99
10
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
3
3
3
2
64
64
64
47
170
170
170
162
19
17
16
18
247
243
242
221
9
9
9
11
180UB 22.2
18.1
16.1
179
175
173
90
90
90
10
8
7
6
5
5
3
3
2
42
43
43
141
141
141
19
17
16
201
197
195
9
9
9
150UB 18.0
14.0
155
150
75
75
10
7
6
5
3
3
35
35
120
120
18
15
172
168
8
8
TABLE 36
UNIVERSAL COLUMNS
RATIONALISED DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING
Flange
Depth of
section
Width
Thickness
bf
tf
tw
mm
Designation
Web
thickness
tw
Dimensions
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
310UC 158
137
118
96.8
327
321
315
308
311
309
307
305
25
22
19
15
16
14
12
10
8
7
6
5
148
148
148
148
244
244
244
244
42
38
35
32
451
445
440
433
17
17
17
17
250UC 89.5
72.9
260
254
256
254
17
14
11
9
5
4
123
123
197
197
31
28
365
359
14
14
200UC 59.5
52.2
46.2
210
206
203
205
204
203
14
13
11
9
8
7
5
4
4
98
98
98
159
159
159
26
24
22
293
290
287
11
11
11
150UC 37.2
30.0
23.4
162
158
152
154
153
152
12
9
7
8
7
6
4
3
3
73
73
73
121
121
121
20
18
16
223
220
215
9
9
9
100UC 14.8
97
99
47
63
17
139
10
NOTE: Dimensions in Tables 35 and 36 may not add correctly due to rounding.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
110
TABLE 37
WELDED BEAMS
RATIONALISED DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING
Flange
Depth of
section
Width
Thickness
bf
tf
tw
Designation
kg/m
Web
thickness
tw
Dimensions
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
1200WB 455
423
392
342
317
278
249
1200
1192
1184
1184
1176
1170
1170
500
500
500
400
400
350
275
40
36
32
32
28
25
25
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
242
242
242
192
192
167
130
1104
1104
1104
1104
1104
1104
1104
48
44
40
40
36
33
33
1300
1293
1285
1250
1242
1221
1202
1000WB 322
296
258
215
1024
1016
1010
1000
400
400
350
300
32
28
25
20
16
16
16
16
8
8
8
8
192
192
167
142
944
944
944
944
40
36
33
28
1099
1092
1069
1044
900WB 282
257
218
175
924
916
910
900
400
400
350
300
32
28
25
20
12
12
12
12
6
6
6
6
194
194
169
144
848
848
848
848
38
34
31
26
1007
1000
975
949
800WB 192
168
146
122
816
810
800
792
300
275
275
250
28
25
20
16
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
145
133
133
120
748
748
748
748
34
31
26
22
869
855
846
831
700WB 173
150
130
115
716
710
700
692
275
250
250
250
28
25
20
16
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
133
120
120
120
648
648
648
648
34
31
26
22
767
753
743
736
TABLE 38
WELDED COLUMNS
RATIONALISED DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING
Flange
Depth of
section
Width
Thickness
bf
tf
tw
Designation
kg/m
Web
thickness
tw
Dimensions
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
500WC 440
414
383
340
290
267
228
480
480
472
514
506
500
490
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
40
40
36
32
28
25
20
40
32
32
25
20
20
20
20
16
16
13
10
10
10
230
234
234
238
240
240
240
384
384
384
434
434
434
434
48
48
44
40
36
33
28
693
693
688
717
711
707
700
400WC 361
328
303
270
212
181
144
430
430
422
414
400
390
382
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
40
40
36
32
25
20
16
40
28
28
25
20
20
16
20
14
14
13
10
10
8
180
186
186
188
190
190
192
334
334
334
334
334
334
334
48
48
44
40
33
28
24
587
587
581
576
566
559
553
350WC 280
258
230
197
355
347
339
331
350
350
350
350
40
36
32
28
28
28
25
20
14
14
13
10
161
161
163
165
259
259
259
259
48
44
40
36
499
493
487
482
NOTE: Dimensions in Tables 37 and 38 may not add correctly due to rounding.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
111
TABLE 39
PARALLEL FLANGE CHANNELS
RATIONALISED DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING
Depth of
Mass section
Designation
per m
kg/m
Flange
Width
Thickness
Web
thickness
bf
tf
mm
mm
mm
tw
mm
Dimensions
a
mm
mm
mm
mm
380PFC
55.2
380
100
18
10
90
317
32
14
300PFC
40.1
300
90
16
82
240
30
14
250PFC
35.5
250
90
15
82
196
27
12
230PFC
25.1
230
75
12
89
182
24
12
200PFC
22.9
200
75
12
69
152
24
12
180PFC
20.9
180
75
11
69
134
23
12
150PFC
17.7
150
75
10
69
111
20
10
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
112
SUPPORTING MEMBERS
7.2
Gauge lines
TABLE 40
GAUGE LINES FOR UNIVERSAL SECTIONS
Section
Flange s gf
M20
Web s gw
M24
M20
M24
Universal beams
610UB
530UB
140
140
90
90
140
140
460UB
410UB
360UB,310UB
310UB32.0
90
90
90
70
140
70
70
90
90
90
250UB
250UB25.7*
200UB
200UB18.2*
180UB
150UB
70
70
70
50
b
b
90
140
140
140
90
60
90
90
90
70
140
140
140
90
b
90
90
140
140
90
90
70
70
140
140
90
90
70
70
90
90
90
90
70
70
70
70
140
140
140
140
90
90
90
90
70
70
70
70
140
140
140
140
70
70
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
90
140
140
70
70
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
90
140
140
90
90
90
90
90
90
70
c
70
70
70
140
140
90
90
90
70
c
70
70
70
140
140
Universal columns
310UC
250UC
200UC
150UC
100UC
Preference
NOTES:
*Gauge listed for 250UB25.7 and 200UB18.2 are for M16 bolts.
bIndicates that the flange will not accommodate this size of bolt.
cIndicates that the web will not accommodate two lines of bolts with a gauge of 50 mm or more.
All dimensions are in mm.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
113
TABLE 41
GAUGE LINES FOR WELDED SECTION
FLANGES
M20
Section
M24
s gf2
s gf1
s gf1
s gf2
Welded beams
1200WB455-392
140
90
280
1200WB342-278
140
90
280
1200WB249
140
90
1000WB322-258
140
90
1000WB215
420
280
140
90
280
140
90
280
140
90
140
90
140
90
140
90
140
90
900WB282,218
140
90
900WB175
140
90
140
90
800WB
140
90
140
90
700WB
140
90
140
90
280
280
280
Welded columns
500WC
140
280
400WC
140
280
350WC
140
Preference
420
140
280
140
280
140
2
TABLE 42
GAUGE LINES FOR WELDED SECTION
WEBS
Web s gw
Section
M24
M20
Welded beams
1200WB
140
90
70
140
90
70
1000WB
140
90
70
140
90
70
900WB
140
90
70
140
90
70
800WB
140
90
70
140
90
70
700WB
140
90
70
140
90
70
500WC
140
90
70
140
90
70
400WC
140
90
70
140
90
70
350WC
140
90
70
140
90
70
Welded columns
Preference
114
TABLE 43
GAUGE LINES FOR PARALLEL FLANGE
CHANNELS
Section
Flange s gf
Web s gw
M16
M20
M24
M16
M20
M24
380100
55
55
55
140
90
70
140
90
70
140
90
70
300 90
55
55
140
90
70
140
90
70
140
90
70
250 90
55
55
140
90
70
140
90
70
140
90
70
230 75
45
45
140
90
70
90
70
90
70
200 75
45
45
90
70
90
70
90
70
180 75
45
45
70
90
70
90
70
150 75
45
45
70
Preference
65
2
55
2
NOTES:
bIndicates that the flange will not accommodate this size of bolt.
cIndicates that the web will not accommodate two lines of bolts with a gauge of 50 mm or more.
All dimensions are in mm.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
115
8.1
AS 4100 Requirements
AS 4100 Clause 9.1.4 provides that connections shall be designed at the strength limit state for
the greater of:
(a)
(b)
the minimum design action effects expressed either as the value or the factor times the
member design capacity for the minimum size of member required by the strength limit
state, specified in items (i) to (vii) below:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Splices in members subject to axial tensiona force of 0.3 times the member
design capacity in tension.
(v)
Splices in members subject to axial compressionfor ends prepared for full contact
in accordance with Clause 14.4.4.2 of AS 4100, it shall be permissible to carry
compressive actions by bearing on contact surfaces. When members are prepared
for full contact to bear at splices, there shall be sufficient fasteners to hold all parts
securely in place. The fasteners shall be sufficient to transmit a force of 0.15 times
the member design capacity in axial compression.
In addition, splices located between points of effective lateral support shall be
designed for the design axial force (N*) plus a design bending moment not less than
the design bending moment (M*) where
M* =
N * Ls
1000
Splices in flexural membersa bending moment of 0.3 times the member design
capacity in bending. This provision shall not apply to splices designed to transmit
shear force only.
A splice subjected to a shear force only shall be designed to transmit the design
shear force together with any bending moment resulting from the eccentricity of the
force with respect to the centroid of the connector group.
(vii)
The action to be designed for is the greater of the calculated design actions or the minimum
specified in (i) to (vii), as appropriate.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
116
The minimum is generally expressed as a factor times the design capacity (R u ) for the
minimum size of member required by the strength limit state. Hence, if a member is increased in
size above the minimum size for whatever reason (rationalisation of member sizes, slenderness
or serviceability considerations), it is only necessary to use the design capacity of the minimum
size required by the strength limit state for the purpose of determining the minimum design
action. For example, columns which may be subject to large compressive forces and only minor
tensile forces, any splice has to be designed for both the specified value for the minimum
member size required to resist the compression, and for the specified value for the minimum
member size required to resist the tension.
Minimum design actions for an individual connection are discussed in detail in the Design Guide
relevant for that connection.
handbook 1
design of structural steel connections, first edition
117
REFERENCES
AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF
connections, 3rd edition, 1985.
Owens, G.W. and Cheal, B.D. Structural steelwork connections, Butterworths, London,
1989.
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND, AS/NZS 1252:1996 Highstrength steel bolts with associated nuts and washers for structural engineering.
STANDARDS
Commentary.
10
Kulak, G.L., Fisher, J.W. and Struik, J.H.A. Guide to design criteria for bolted and riveted
joints, 2 nd edition (2001 -Published by American Institute of Steel Construction).
11
Kulak, G. High strength boltsA Primer for structural engineers, American Institute of
Steel Construction, Steel Design Guide 17, 2002.
12
13
14
STANDARDS
AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS
NEW
ZEALAND,
Structural steel welding, Part 1: Welding of steel structures.
15
16
17
18
STANDARDS
AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS
NEW
ZEALAND,
AS/NZS 2717.1:1996
WeldingElectrodesGas metal arc, Part 1: Ferritic steel electrodes.
19
Lay, M.G. Fillet weld design stresses in AS 1250, Proceedings, 23rd National Conference
of the Australian Welding Institute, Hobart, Sept., 1975, pp. 8792.
20
Butler, L.J. and Kulak, G.L. Strength of fillet welds as a function of direction of load,
Welding Journal, Welding Research Council, Vol. 36, No. 5, May 1971, pp. 231s234s.
21
Pham, L. and Bennetts, I.D. Reliability study of fillet weld design, Civil Engineering
Transactions, Institution of Engineers Australia, Vol. CE26, No. 2, May 1984, pp. 119
124.
22
AUSTRALIA,
STEEL
AS 4100
CONSTRUCTION,
Supplement
Cored
Standardized
11999
Steel
structures
AS/NZS 1554.1:2004
electrodes
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design of structural steel connections, first edition
structural
for
arc-welding,
118
23
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA, AS 1237.22002 Plain washers for metric bolts, screws and
nuts for general purposes, Part 2: Tolerances.
24
25
26
AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Design capacity tables for structural steel, Vol 2:
Hollow sections, 2 nd edition, 2004.
27
28
Cheng, J.R., Yura, J.A. and Johnson, C.P. Lateral buckling of coped steel beams,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 114, No .1, Jan 1988, pp. 115.
29
30
Trahair, N.S., Hogan, T.J. and Syam, A.A. Design of unbraced beams, Steel
Construction, Australian Institute of Steel Construction, Vol. 27, No. 1, Feb 1993.
31
Gupta, A.K. Buckling of coped steel beams, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE,
Vol. 110, No. ST9, Sept 1984, pp. 19771987.
32
Cheng, J.R. and Yura, J.A., Lateral buckling tests on coped steel beams, Journal of
Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 114, No. ST1, Jan 1988, pp. 1630.
33
34
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD, ISO 33181990 Assembly tools for screws and nuts
Double-headed open-ended wrenches, double-headed ring wrenches and combination
wrenchesMaximum widths of heads.
35
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD, ISO 2725-11996 Assembly tools for screws and nuts
Square drive sockets, Part 1: Hand-operated socketsDimensions.
36
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD, ISO 2725-21996 Assembly tools for screws and nuts
Square drive sockets, Part 2: Machine-operated sockets (impact)Dimensions.
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119
A1
Introduction
A1.1 General
This Appendix contains the output from the Limcon computer program for two of the examples
for which detailed hand calculations are included in the Design Guide. Limcon undertakes all
DESIGN CHECKS set out in the ASI design model and lists the capacity and capacity ratio for
each limit state. A detail diagram is included at the beginning of the Limcon output. A virtual
reality image of the connection can be displayed on the computer screen to facilitate checking.
Note: To express the result of each limit state check Limcon uses the capacity ratio. This is the ratio of
the design capacity to the design action effect and the minimum capacity ratio for all limit states must
not be less than 1.0.
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APPENDIX A
A2
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APPENDIX A
A3
Limcon outputDesign
example No. 5Design of fillet
weld group loaded out-of-plane
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