Practice Examination 10

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. According to the kinetic-molecular theory, particles of matter

A. are in constant motion.
C. have different colors.
B. have different shapes.
D. are always fluid.
2. An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas
A. not made of particles.
B. that conforms to all of the assumptions of the kinetic theory.
C. whose particles have zero mass.
D. made of motionless particles.
3. Unlike in an ideal gas, in a real gas
A. all particles move in the same direction.
B. all particles have the same kinetic energy.
C. the particles cannot diffuse.
D. the particles exert attractive forces on each other.
4. According to the kinetic-molecular theory, particles of an ideal gas
A. attract each other but do not collide.
B. repel each other and collide.
C. neither attract nor repel each other but collide.
D. neither attract nor repel each other and do not collide.
5. What determines the average kinetic energy of the molecules of any gas?
A. temperature
C. container volume
B. pressure
D. molar mass
6. Which is an example of gas diffusion?
A. inflating a flat tire
B. the odor of perfume spreading throughout a room
C. a cylinder of oxygen stored under high pressure
D. All of the above
7. Which substance has the lowest density?
A. H2O(s)
C. Hg(l)
B. H2O(l)
D. NaCl(s)
8. The density of a substance undergoes the greatest change when the substance changes from a
A. liquid to a gas.
C. solid to a liquid.
B. liquid to a solid.
D. a molecular solid to an ionic solid.
9. According to the kinetic-molecular theory, how does a gas expand?
A. Its particles become larger.
B. Collisions between particles become elastic.
C. Its temperature rises.
D. Its particles move greater distances.
10. Diffusion between two gases occurs most rapidly if the gases are at
A. high temperature and the molecules are small.
B. low temperature and the molecules are large.
C. low temperature and the molecules are small.
D. high temperature and the molecules are large.
11. Which is an example of effusion?

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A. air slowly escaping from a pinhole in a tire

B. the aroma of a cooling pie spreading across a room
C. helium dispersing into a room after a balloon pops
D. oxygen and gasoline fumes mixing in an automobile carburetor
What happens to the volume of a gas during compression?
A. The volume increases.
B. The volume decreases.
C. The volume remains constant.
D. It is impossible to tell because all gases are different.
Why does the air pressure inside the tires of a car increase when the car is driven?
A. Some of the air has leaked out.
B. The air particles collide with the tire after the car is in motion.
C. The air particles inside the tire increase their speed because their temperature rises.
D. The atmosphere compresses the tire.
What is the process by which molecules of a gas randomly encounter and pass through a small opening in a
container?
A. diffusion
C. distillation
B. osmosis
D. effusion
Under which conditions do real gases most resemble ideal gases?
A. low pressure and low temperature
C. high pressure and high temperature
B. low pressure and high temperature
D. high pressure and low temperature
Which gases behave most like an ideal gas?
A. gases composed of highly polar molecules
B. gases composed of monatomic, nonpolar molecules
C. gases composed of diatomic, polar molecules
D. gases near their condensation temperatures
Two gases with unequal molar masses are injected into opposite ends of a long tube at the same time and
allowed to diffuse toward the center. They should begin to mix
A. in approximately five minutes.
B. closer to the end that holds the heavier gas.
C. closer to the end that holds the lighter gas.
D. exactly in the middle.
The intermolecular forces between particles in a liquid can involve all of the following except
A. London dispersion forces.
C. dipole-dipole attractions.
B. hydrogen bonding.
D. gravitational forces.
The particles in both gases and liquids
A. consist only of atoms.
B. can change positions with other particles.
C. can only vibrate in fixed positions.
D. are packed closely together.
The compressibility of a liquid is generally
A. less than that of a gas.
C. equal to that of a gas.
B. more than that of a gas.
D. zero.
The intermolecular forces between particles are
A. weaker in solids than in liquids.
B. stronger in gases than in solids.
C. equal in strength in gases and in liquids.
D. stronger in liquids than in gases.
Which best describes the particles of a liquid compared to those of a gas?

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A. less random
C. colder
B. lower in density
D. higher in energy
The particles in a liquid are usually
A. closer together and lower in energy than those in a solid.
B. farther apart and higher in energy than those in a gas.
C. closer together and lower in energy than those in a gas.
D. farther apart and lower in energy than those in a solid.
Which term best describes the process by which particles escape from the surface of a nonboiling liquid and
enter the gas state?
A. sublimation
C. surface tension
B. evaporation
D. aeration
Which of the following causes particles in a liquid to escape into a gas state?
A. high kinetic energy
C. surface tension
B. a freezing temperature
D. the combining of liquids
A solid forms when the average energy of a substance's particles
A. increases.
C. decreases then increases.
B. decreases.
D. creates a random arrangement.
Which of these can happen due to decreasing the average energy of a liquid's particles?
A. vaporization
C. a random arrangement
B. evaporation
D. freezing
Particles within a solid
A. do not move.
C. move about freely.
B. vibrate about fixed positions.
D. exchange positions easily.
Forces holding particles together are strongest in a
A. solid.
C. gas.
B. liquid.
D. vapor.
The energy of the particles in a solid is
A. higher than the energy of the particles in a gas.
B. high enough to allow the particles to interchange with other particles.
C. higher than the energy of the particles in a liquid.
D. lower than the energy of the particles in liquids and gases.
The compressibility of solids is generally
A. lower than the compressibility of liquids and gases.
B. higher than the compressibility of liquids only.
C. about equal to the compressibility of liquids and gases.
D. higher than the compressibility of gases only.
Solids have a definite volume because
A. the particles do not have a tendency to change positions.
B. the particles are far apart.
C. they can be easily compressed.
D. the energy of the particles is high.
In general, most substances are
A. least dense in the liquid state.
B. more dense as gases than as solids.
C. less dense as solids than as liquids.
D. most dense in the solid state.
The rate of diffusion in solids is very low because the
A. particles are not free to move about.
B. surfaces of solids usually contact gases.

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C. attractive forces are weak.

D. melting points are high.
Which of the following properties do solids share with liquids?
A. fluidity
C. definite volume
B. definite shape
D. slow rate of diffusion
Which causes the high density of solids?
A. The particles are more massive than those in liquids.
B. The intermolecular forces between particles are weak.
C. The particles are packed closely together.
D. The energy of the particles is very high.
The difference between crystalline and amorphous solids is determined by
A. temperature changes.
B. pressure when the substances are formed.
C. amount of order in particle arrangement.
D. strength of molecular forces.
Compared with a crystalline solid, the particles in an amorphous solid
A. occur in a random pattern.
B. occur in a definite, three-dimensional arrangement.
C. consist of molecular sheets.
D. have a more complex unit cell.
Which of the following is an amorphous solid?
A. ice
C. graphite
B. diamond
D. glass
Which of the following is not correct about crystalline solids?
A. They can maintain a definite shape without a container.
B. They can exist as single crystals.
C. Their particles are held in relatively fixed positions.
D. They are geometrically irregular.
Which of the following is a crystalline solid?
A. a plastic milk container
C. a glass bottle
B. a quartz rock
D. a three-dimensional glass cube
Which substance's solid state consists of covalent molecular crystals?
A. salt
C. sodium
B. water
D. diamond
Which type of crystal consists of positive metal cations surrounded by valence electrons that are donated by
the metal atoms and belong to the crystal as a whole?
A. ionic
C. metallic
B. covalent network
D. covalent molecular
What is the total three-dimensional array of points that describes the arrangement of the particles of a crystal
called?
A. unit cell
C. diffraction pattern
B. crystal lattice
D. crystalline system
Which of the following is not a property of covalent network crystals?
A. high conductivity
C. high melting point
B. hardness
D. brittleness
Which of the following statements about ionic crystals is not correct?
A. Their structure consists of positive and negative ions arranged in a regular pattern.
B. The strong binding forces between the positive and negative ions in their structure give
them certain properties.

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C. Their ions can be monatomic or polyatomic.

D. They consist of molecules held together by intermolecular forces.
If the rate of evaporation from the surface of a liquid exceeds the rate of condensation,
A. the system is in equilibrium.
B. the liquid is boiling.
C. energy as heat is no longer available.
D. the concentration of the vapor is increasing.
If the temperature and surface area of a liquid remain constant,
A. the liquid is not in equilibrium with its vapor.
B. no further evaporation occurs.
C. the rate of evaporation remains constant.
D. the rate of condensation is greater than the rate of evaporation.
Molecules at the surface of a liquid can enter the vapor phase only if
A. equilibrium has not been reached.
B. the concentration of the vapor is zero.
C. their energy is high enough to overcome the attractive forces in the liquid.
D. condensation is not occurring.
When does the concentration of a vapor decrease?
A. when the rate of condensation decreases
B. when the temperature remains constant
C. when the liquid phase is warmed
D. when the rate of condensation exceeds the rate of evaporation
A liquid-vapor system at equilibrium is kept at constant temperature while the volume of the system is
doubled. When equilibrium is restored,
A. the concentration of vapor molecules has decreased.
B. the vapor pressure is the same as the original vapor pressure.
C. the volume of the liquid has increased noticeably.
D. the number of liquid molecules has increased.
When energy as heat is applied to a liquid-vapor system at equilibrium, a new equilibrium state will have
A. a higher percentage of liquid.
C. equal amounts of liquid and vapor.
B. a higher percentage of vapor.
D. all liquid.
If the temperature of a liquid-vapor system at equilibrium is reduced, the
A. concentration of the vapor will decrease.
B. rate of evaporation will increase.
C. equilibrium is unaffected.
D. percentage of liquid in the system will decrease.
If the temperature of a liquid-vapor system at equilibrium increases, the new equilibrium condition will
A. have a lower concentration of vapor.
B. have an increased vapor pressure.
C. not have equal rates of condensation and evaporation.
D. be larger in volume.
At its triple point, water can
A. have only three pressure values.
B. exist in equilibrium in three different phases.
C. only be present as vapor.
D. exist only as a solid.
The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure conditions at which
A. density is greatest.
B. states of a substance coexist at equilibrium.

C. equilibrium cannot occur.

D. kinetic energy is at a minimum.
____ 57. Above the critical temperature, a substance
A. does not have a vapor pressure.
C. cannot exist in the liquid state.
B. sublimes.
D. is explosive.
____ 58. What is the critical pressure?
A. the pressure at which all substances are solids
B. the pressure at which the attractive forces in matter break down
C. the highest pressure under which a solid can exist
D. the lowest pressure under which a substance can exist as a liquid at the critical temperature
____ 59. According to the figure below, what is the most volatile substance shown?

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A. benzene
C. toluene
B. water
D. aniline
The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is
A. the same for all liquids.
B. measured only at 0C.
C. constant for a particular liquid at all temperatures.
D. the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature.
At a given temperature, different liquids will have different equilibrium vapor pressures because
A. the energy of the particles is the same for different liquids.
B. diffusion rates differ for the liquids.
C. the attractive forces between the particles differ among liquids.
D. they cannot all be in equilibrium at once.
A volatile liquid
A. has strong attractive forces between particles.
B. evaporates readily.
C. has no odor.
D. is ionic.
The equilibrium vapor pressure of water is
A. constant at all temperatures.
B. specific for any given temperature.
C. unrelated to temperature.
D. inversely proportional to the temperature.

____ 64. The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid increases with increasing temperature because
A. the rate of condensation decreases.
B. the average energy of the particles in the liquid increases.
C. the volume decreases.
D. the boiling point decreases.
____ 65. The equilibrium vapor pressure of a molten ionic compound is likely to be
A. lower than that of ether.
C. higher than that of volatile liquids.
B. zero except when it is boiling.
D. proportional to the volume.
____ 66. Whenever a liquid changes to a vapor, it
A. absorbs energy from its surroundings.
C. is boiling.
B. is in equilibrium with its vapor.
D. is condensing.
____ 67. What is the process of a substance changing from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid phase?
A. condensation
C. sublimation
B. evaporation
D. vaporization
____ 68. At pressures greater than 1 atm, water will boil at
A. a temperature higher than 100C.
C. 100C.
B. a temperature lower than 100C.
D. 4C.
____ 69. Why would a camper near the top of Mt. Everest find that water boils at less than 100C?
A. There is greater atmospheric pressure than at sea level.
B. The flames are hotter at that elevation.
C. There is less atmospheric pressure than at sea level.
D. The atmosphere has less moisture.
____ 70. Glycerol boils at a slightly higher temperature than water. This reveals that glycerol's attractive forces are
A. nonexistent.
C. the same as those of water.
B. weaker than those of water.
D. stronger than those of water.
____ 71. Diethyl ether's boiling point is about 35C at 1 atm. At 1.5 atm, what will be ether's approximate boiling
point?
A. 10C
C. 40C
B. 20C
D. 100C
____ 72. During boiling, the temperature of a liquid
A. remains constant.
C. decreases.
B. increases.
D. approaches water's boiling point.
____ 73. During the process of freezing, a liquid
A. loses kinetic energy.
C. gains potential energy.
B. loses potential energy.
D. gains kinetic energy.
____ 74. How does the molar enthalpy of fusion of ice compare with the molar enthalpy of fusion of other solids?
A. It is about the same.
B. It is relatively small.
C. It is relatively large.
D. It is about the same as that of colorless solids.
____ 75. At about what temperature does water reach its maximum density?
A. 0C
C. 4C
B. 2C
D. 6C
____ 76. When water is warmed from its freezing temperature to its temperature of maximum density, it
A. contracts.
C. maintains a constant volume.
B. expands.
D. increases in weight.
____ 77. Why doesn't water in lakes and ponds of temperate climates freeze solid during the winter and kill nearly all
the living things it contains?

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A. Water is colorless.
B. Ice floats.
C. The molar enthalpy of fusion of ice is relatively low.
D. Water contracts as it freezes.
The molar enthalpy of fusion for water is 6.008 kJ/mol. What quantity of energy is released when 253 g of
liquid water freezes? (Molar mass of water is 18.02 g/mol.)
A. 759 kJ
C. 2.33 kJ
B. 0.429 kJ
D. 84.4 kJ
The standard molar enthalpy of vaporization for water is 40.79 kJ/mol. What mass of steam is required to
release 500. kJ of energy upon condensation? (Molar mass of water is 18.02 g/mol.)
A. 221 g
C. 1130 g
B. 325 g
D. 1660 g
1. Which group of the following would be considered intramolecular forces of attraction?
A. hydrogen bonding and covalent bonds
C. hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole
attractions, and dispersion forces
B. dipole-dipole attractions and ionic bonds D. ionic bonds and covalent bonds
Compared with ionic compounds, molecular compounds
A. have higher boiling points.
C. have lower melting points.
B. are brittle.
D. are harder.
Ionic compounds are brittle because the strong attractive forces
A. allow the layers to shift easily.
B. cause the compound to vaporize easily.
C. keep the surface dull.
D. hold the layers in relatively fixed positions.
A chemical bond formed by the attraction between positive ions and surrounding mobile electrons is a(n)
A. nonpolar covalent bond.
C. polar covalent bond.
B. ionic bond.
D. metallic bond.
In metals, the valence electrons
A. are attached to particular positive ions.
C. are immobile.
B. are shared by all of the atoms.
D. form covalent bonds.
Dipole-dipole forces are considered the most important forces in polar substances because the London
dispersion forces present in polar substances
A. are no longer present.
B. are usually much weaker than the dipole-dipole forces.
C. are too unpredictable.
D. act only in solids.
Compared with molecular bonds, the strength of intermolecular forces is
A. weaker.
C. about the same.
B. stronger.
D. too variable to compare.
The reason the boiling point of water (H2O) is higher than the boiling point of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is
partially explained by
A. London forces.
C. ionic bonding.
B. covalent bonding.
D. hydrogen bonding.
When a polar molecule attracts the electron in a nonpolar molecule,
A. a dipole is induced.
C. an ionic bond forms.
B. a crystal lattice forms.
D. a Lewis structure forms.
Iodine monochloride (ICl) has a higher boiling point than bromine (Br 2) partly because iodine monochloride
is a(n)
A. nonpolar molecule.
C. metal.

B. polyatomic ion.

D. polar molecule.

Short Answer
90. Why are gases described as fluid?
Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

91. What do points E and F represent in the figure above?

92. What does point A represent in the figure above?

93.

Explain what the curves AB, AC, and AD represent in the figure above.

Practice Examination 10
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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2
D
2
A
2
D
3
C
3
B
3
B
3
B
3
A
3
A
4
C
4
A
4
C
4
D
4

STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:

3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
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1
3.4.12.A.4
1
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1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
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1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: III

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: II

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: II

REF: 4

DIF: II

REF: 4

71. ANS: C
OBJ: 4
72. ANS: A
OBJ: 4
73. ANS: B
OBJ: 4
74. ANS: C
OBJ: 2
75. ANS: C
OBJ: 2
76. ANS: A
OBJ: 2
77. ANS: B
OBJ: 2
78. ANS: D
Solution:

PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:

PTS: 1
STA: 3.4.12.A.4
79. ANS: A
Solution:

80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.

PTS:
STA:
ANS:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:

1
3.4.12.A.4
D
C
4
D
4
D
1
B
1
B
4
A
4
D
4
A
5
D
5

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 5

DIF: I

REF: 5

DIF: I

REF: 5

DIF: II

REF: 5

DIF: III

REF: 5

OBJ: 3

DIF: III

REF: 5

OBJ: 3

DIF: I

REF: 3

DIF: II

REF: 3

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: I

REF: 4

DIF: II

REF: 5

DIF: I

REF: 5

DIF: II

REF: 5

DIF: I

REF: 5

DIF: II

REF: 5

PTS:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:
STA:
PTS:

1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4

1
1
3.4.12.A.5
1
3.4.12.A.5
1
3.4.12.A.5
1
3.4.12.A.5
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1
3.4.12.A.4
1

PTS: 1

SHORT ANSWER
90. ANS:
Gas particles glide easily past one another because the attractive forces between them are insignificant.
Because this behavior is similar to liquids, gases are classified as fluids.
PTS: 1
DIF: II
REF: 1
OBJ: 3
STA: 3.4.12.A.4
91. ANS:
E is the normal freezing point, and F is the normal boiling point.
PTS: 1
DIF: III
REF: 4
OBJ: 2
STA: 3.4.12.A.4
92. ANS:
Point A is the triple point for water, where the solid, liquid, and vapor phases of water exist in equilibrium.
PTS: 1
DIF: II
REF: 4
OBJ: 2
STA: 3.4.12.A.4
93. ANS:
Curve AB indicates the conditions under which ice and water vapor coexist at equilibrium. Curve AC
indicates the conditions under which liquid water and water vapor coexist at equilibrium. Curve AD indicates
conditions under which ice and liquid water coexist at equilibrium.
PTS: 1
STA: 3.4.12.A.4

DIF: II

REF: 4

OBJ: 2