- Plant cells are 80-90% water, with the percentage varying between plant cell types. Carrot cells contain 85-95% water while wood cells contain 35-75% and seeds contain 5-15% water.
- Plants continuously absorb and lose water through their leaves via transpiration. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves and stems into the atmosphere. It occurs when the leaves' stomata are open for gas exchange during photosynthesis.
- Transpiration helps supply water for photosynthesis and transporting minerals from the roots throughout the plant while also cooling the leaves.
- Plant cells are 80-90% water, with the percentage varying between plant cell types. Carrot cells contain 85-95% water while wood cells contain 35-75% and seeds contain 5-15% water.
- Plants continuously absorb and lose water through their leaves via transpiration. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves and stems into the atmosphere. It occurs when the leaves' stomata are open for gas exchange during photosynthesis.
- Transpiration helps supply water for photosynthesis and transporting minerals from the roots throughout the plant while also cooling the leaves.
- Plant cells are 80-90% water, with the percentage varying between plant cell types. Carrot cells contain 85-95% water while wood cells contain 35-75% and seeds contain 5-15% water.
- Plants continuously absorb and lose water through their leaves via transpiration. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves and stems into the atmosphere. It occurs when the leaves' stomata are open for gas exchange during photosynthesis.
- Transpiration helps supply water for photosynthesis and transporting minerals from the roots throughout the plant while also cooling the leaves.
- Plant cells are 80-90% water, with the percentage varying between plant cell types. Carrot cells contain 85-95% water while wood cells contain 35-75% and seeds contain 5-15% water.
- Plants continuously absorb and lose water through their leaves via transpiration. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves and stems into the atmosphere. It occurs when the leaves' stomata are open for gas exchange during photosynthesis.
- Transpiration helps supply water for photosynthesis and transporting minerals from the roots throughout the plant while also cooling the leaves.
80-90% of a growing plant cell is water This varies between types of plant cells
Carrot has 85-95% water
Wood has 35-75% water Seeds have 5-15% water
Plant continuously absorb and lose water
Lost through the leaves Called transpiration
Water Transpiration The evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaves and stems of plants. It occurs chiefly at the leaves while their stomata are open for the passage of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis. Transpiration is not simply a hazard of plant life. It is the "engine" that pulls water up from the roots to: supply photosynthesis (1%-2% of the total) bring minerals from the roots for biosynthesis within leaf cool the leaf .
Water
Hydrogen Bonds The Amazing Hydrogen Bond results from the partial charges generated by the 105 degree angle between the two hydrogen atoms on the water molecule. Hydrogen bond: attraction of hydrogen with a partial positive charge to another molecule with a partial negative charge.
Water is Polar Water is a polar molecule with differing charges on differing sides. This sets up a critical difference between molecules: Hydrophobic--afraid of water Hydrophilic--love water
Water (A) Hydrogen bonds between water molecules results in local aggregations of water molecules
(B) Theses are
very short lived, break up rapidly to form more random configurations Due to temperature variations in water
Properties of Water 1. Water is Liquid at Room Temperature.
2. Water is the Universal
Solvent.
Structure = Charge Charge = Hbond
Water dissolves polar
molecules Salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl), dissolve in water by dissociating as each ion becomes surrounded by the polar water molecules
Water allows chemical
reactions to occur Water establishes boundaries Remember Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic?
Properties of Water 3. Water is Cohesive Water sticks to sides Water fills vessels Water molecules cling, but also rearrange, this allows water to flow!
4. The temperature of water rises and falls slowly This prevents sudden or dramatic changes! One calorie will raise 1g of water 1 degree C. This is over two times the amount of energy required for other covalent molecules! Protection and Buffer
Properties of Water 5. Water has a high heat of Vaporization Water to steam requires a lot of energy This property helps moderate the earths temperature Life as we know it would not exist if we were all gasses!
6. Frozen water is less
dense than liquid water Lakes freeze from the top down Allows for ice activities Protects organisms in Lakes
Water transport processes
Moves from soil, through plant, and to atmosphere by a variety of mediums
Cell wall Cytoplasm Plasma membranes Air spaces
How water moves depends on what it is passing
through (Soil , plant and atmosphere continuum) - SPAC
Water across plant membranes
There is some diffusion of water directly across the bilipid membrane. Aquaporins: Integral membrane proteins that form water selective channels allows water to diffuse faster Facilitates water movement in plants
Alters the rate of water flow
across the plant cell membrane NOT direction
Permeability and Diffusion
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means that only some molecules can cross. Small uncharged molecules like O2, CO2 and H2O pass. Large or charged molecules like proteins or ions cannot pass.
Diffusion is the movement
of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
20
10 15
15
Diffusion
Diffusion works down a concentration gradient. Leads to the gradual
mixing of molecules & eventual dissipation of conc. Differences. It is rapid over short distances, but extremely slow over long distances
Pressure-driven bulk flow drives
long-distance water transport Bulk flow: Concerted movement of groups of molecules, most often in response to a pressure gradient.
Dependant on the radius of the tube that water is traveling
in. Double radius flow rate increases 16 times!!!!!!!!!!
This is the main method for water movement in :
Xylem, Cell Walls and in the Soil. Independent of solute concentration gradients to a point So different from diffusion
Cell water potential
All living things need a continuous input of free energy to maintain and repair structures, as well as to grow and reproduce Biochemical reactions, solute accumulation, and long distance transport are all driven by the input of free energy into the plant This is defined as Water Potential.
Cell water potential - yw
The equation yw = ys + yp + yg Affected by three factors:
ys : Solute potential or osmotic potential
The effect of dissolved solutes on water and the cell
yp : Hydrostatic pressure of the solution.
A +ve pressure is known as Turgor pressure Can be ve, as in the xylem and cell wall this is important in moving water long distances in plants
yg : Gravity - causes water to move downwards unless
opposed by an equal and opposite force
Osmosis and Tonicity
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a plasma membrane. Osmosis occurs when there is an unequal concentration of water on either side of the selectively permeable plasma membrane. Remember, H2O CAN cross the plasma membrane.
Tonicity is the osmolarity of a solution--the amount of solute in a solution. Solute--dissolved substances like sugars and salts. Tonicity is always in comparison to a cell. The cell has a specific amount of sugar and salt.
Tonic Solutions A Hypertonic solution has more solute than the cell. A cell placed in this solution will give up water (osmosis) and shrink. A Hypotonic solution has less solute than the cell. A cell placed in this solution will take up water (osmosis) and blow up. An Isotonic solution has just the right amount of solute for the cell. A cell placed in this solution will stay the same.
Plant cell in hypotonic solution
Flaccid cell in 0.1M sucrose solution. Water moves from sucrose solution to cell swells up becomes turgid. This is a Hypotonic solution has less solute than the cell. So higher water concentration. Pressure increases on the cell wall as cell expands to equilibrium
The equation
yw = ys + yp
ys : Solute potential or osmotic potential
The effect of dissolved solutes on water and the cell yp : Hydrostatic pressure of the solution. A +ve pressure is known as Turgor pressure Can be ve, as in the xylem and cell wall this is important in moving water long distances in plants
Plant cell in hypertonic solution
Turgid cell in 0.3M sucrose solution Water movers from cell to sucrose solution A Hypertonic solution has more solute than the cell. So lower water concentration. Turgor pressure reduced and protoplast pulls away from the cell wall
Yw and water status of
plants Water potential has two main uses 1: Governs water transport across membranes. 2: Uses as a measure of the water status of plant.
Because of water loss to the atmosphere plants are
seldom fully hydrated. They suffer from water deficits Leads to inhibition of 1. Plant growth most likely to be affected 2. Photosynthesis
Yw and water status of
plants Cell division slows down Reduction of synthesis of: Cell wall Proteins Closure of stomata Due to accumulation of the plant hormone Abscisic acid This hormone induces closure of stomata during water stress Naturally more of abscisic acid hormone in desert plants
Summary Water is important to plants Makes up the media in which all biochemical processes occur that are essential to plant life. Influences the structure and function of proteins, cell membranes, nucleic acids, & carbohydrates
Water movement driven by free energy. Moves
by Osmosis, bulk flow, diffusion or a combination Help moves water from soil through plant to atmosphere
