Istruzioni TI-89 Titanium
Istruzioni TI-89 Titanium
Istruzioni TI-89 Titanium
Graphing Calculator
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Initial start-up
Installing the AAA Batteries
The TI-89 Titanium uses four AAA alkaline batteries and one button cell backup battery.
The backup battery is already installed, and the AAA batteries are provided with the
product.
1. Remove the battery cover from the back of the calculator.
2. Unwrap the four AAA batteries provided with your product and insert them in the
battery compartment. Arrange the batteries according to the polarity (+ and )
diagram in the battery compartment.
3. Replace the battery cover on the calculator. The cover should snap into place.
Getting Started
Note: If your calculator initializes the preinstalled Apps, a progress bar will appear with
the message Installation in progress . . . Do not interrupt! instead
of the Apps desktop. To avoid losing Apps, do not remove the batteries during
initialization. (You can re-install Apps from either the Product CD-ROM or
education.ti.com.)
Progress bar
Getting Started
and tap
and tap
V AR -LIN K
CHAR
Open Apps.
Getting Started
Getting Started
Description
(press
and then press
(press
and then press
Similar to
)
You can use
if an error
except:
if an error message is
displayed.
Note:
key.
The calculators Automatic Power Down (APD) feature prolongs battery life by
turning the calculator off automatically following several minutes of inactivity. When you
turn on the calculator after APD:
The display, cursor, and any error conditions are exactly the same as before APD.
Getting Started
Note: APD does not occur if a calculation or program is in progress, unless the program
is paused. If a program is running but waiting for a key press, APD will occur after
several minutes of inactivity.
Getting Started
Getting Started
Function keys (
Apps.
Cursor keys ( ,
2. Use the cursor keys to select a category. A submenu lists the characters in that
category.
3. Use the cursor keys to select a character, and press
Getting Started
9
or
Press
repeatedly to
select 9:
and press
Getting Started
to close the
Example: Use the keyboard map to find the not equal to symbol ( ) shortcut and enter
the symbol in the Program Editor.
Press
Result
Symbol
displayed at
cursor location.
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10
Modifier keys
Modifier keys add features by increasing the number of keyboard operations at your
fingertips. To access a modifier function, press a modifier key and then press the key for
the corresponding operation.
Keys
(Second)
(Diamond)
(Shift)
(Alpha)
Getting Started
Description
Accesses Apps, menu options, and other
operations. Second functions are printed above
their corresponding keys in the same color as
the
key.
Accesses Apps, menu options, and other
operations. Diamond functions are printed
above their corresponding keys in the same
color as the
key.
Types an uppercase character for the next letter
key you press. Also used with and to
highlight characters when editing.
Lets you type alphabetic characters without a
QWERTY keypad. Alpha characters are printed
above their corresponding keys in the same
color as the
key.
11
Example: Access the VAR-LINK [All] screen, where you can manage variables and Apps.
Press
Result
Function keys
Use the function keys to perform the following operations:
On the Apps desktop, open Apps and select or edit Apps categories.
Numeric keypad
The numeric keypad lets you enter positive and negative numbers.
To enter a negative number, press
Getting Started
).
12
3. Type the exponent as an integer with up to three digits. (As the following example
shows, you can use a negative exponent.)
Example: On the calculator Home screen, enter 0.00685 using scientific notation.
Press
6
Result
85
Description
Displays the Y= Editor.
Displays the Window Editor.
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13
Key Command
Description
Displays the Graph screen.
Sets parameters for the Table
screen.
Displays the Table screen.
These keys let you edit entered
information by performing a cut,
copy, or paste operation.
Displays the Apps desktop.
With the Apps desktop off,
displays the FLASH
APPLICATIONS menu.
Switches between the last two
chosen Apps.
Turns the custom menu on and off.
Converts measurement units.
Designates a measurement unit.
Deletes the character to the left of
the cursor (backspace).
Deletes the character to the right
of the cursor.
Switches between insert and
overwrite modes.
Displays the MEMORY screen.
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14
Key Command
Description
Displays a list of commands.
Recalls the contents of a variable.
Stores a value to a variable.
Displays the CHAR menu, which
lets you select Greek letters,
international accented characters,
and other special characters..
Mode settings
Modes control how the TI-89 Titanium displays and interprets information. All numbers,
including elements of matrices and lists, are displayed according to the current mode
settings. When the TI-89 Titanium is turned off, the Constant Memory feature retains
all of the mode settings you have selected.
To view the TI-89 Titanium mode settings:
1. Press
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15
2. Press
or
Note: Modes that are grayed out are available only if other required mode settings are
selected. For example, the Custom Units mode listed on Page 3 is available only if the
Unit System mode is set to CUSTOM.
Viewing mode settings
Press
Getting Started
Result
16
Press
Result
Getting Started
Result
17
Press
Result
Press
and then press
until
3:Espaol is highlighted.
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18
Press
Result
To return the Language mode setting to English, repeat the steps, selecting 1:English in
the Language field.
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19
Note: Typing a letter takes you to the first command in the list starting with the same
letter.
Press
Result
(displays User-Defined
commands, if any)
Select commands from the Catalog and insert them onto the calculator Home screen
entry line or paste them to other Apps, such as the Y= Editor, Text Editor, or CellSheet
Apps.
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20
Example:
Insert the comDenom( command on the calculator Home screen entry line.
Note: Before selecting a command, position the cursor where you want the command to
appear.
Pressing
Result
C
The status line displays any required and optional parameters for the selected
command. Optional parameters appear in square brackets.
Note: Pressing
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21
Selected
command
Command
parameters
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22
, and so on to
Result of last entry is displayed here. (Note that results are not displayed on the entry
line.)
Status line shows the current state of the calculator.
Entry line displays your current entry.
Your previous entry is displayed here.
To return to the Apps desktop from the calculator Home screen, press
Getting Started
23
Review previous entries and answers. Use the cursor keys to view entries and
answers that have scrolled off the screen.
Recall or auto-paste a previous entry or answer onto the entry line to reuse or edit.
(For more information, see the electronic Operating the Calculator chapter.)
The cursor, which normally rests on the entry line, can be moved into the history area.
The following table shows you how to move the cursor around in the history area.
To
Do this
View entries/answers
scrolled off the screen
Go to the oldest or
If the cursor is in the history area, press
newest entry/answer pair
.
or
View an entry or answer Move the cursor to the entry or answer. Use or
too long for one line ( is
to scroll left or right and
or
to go
displayed at the end of
to the beginning or end.
the line)
Return cursor to the entry Press
, or press
line
on the entry line.
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24
________
8/30
_______
Maximum number of
pairs that can be saved
_______
_______
8/30
and use
3. Press
or
or
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25
To delete an entry/answer pair, move the cursor to either the entry or answer, and press
or
.
Opening Apps
Use the cursor keys or press the first letter of the App name to highlight the Apps icon on
the Apps desktop and press
. The App either opens directly or displays a dialog
box. The most common dialog box lists these options for the App:
Note: The TI-89 Titanium uses the general term variable to refer to the App data files
that you create.
Option
Description
Current
Open
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26
Option
Description
New
Result
Getting Started
27
Press
Result
program1
The newly created program variable, program1, is saved to the Main folder.
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28
in full-screen mode. In
To return to the last open App from the Apps desktop, press
Description
All
English
SocialSt
Math
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29
Key
Description
Graphing
Science
Organizr
Example:
Result
If you select an Apps category containing no Apps, a message appears to confirm that
1:Edit Categories menu, where you can add
the category is empty and point you to the
App shortcuts to the category. (See Customizing the Apps categories on page 31.)
Press
or
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30
through
Apps categories:
1. Select
1:Edit Categories. A submenu displays the six customizable Apps category
names. (The All category is not listed.)
2. Highlight an Apps category and press
. The Edit Categories dialog box
appears with a list of installed Apps and a text box with the category name
highlighted.
3. To change the Apps category name, type the desired name.
Note: Enter a name of up to eight characters, including letters with or without
capitalization, numbers, punctuation, and accented characters.
4. To add or remove an App shortcut from the category, press
as required to
highlight the box next to the App, then press to add or remove the check mark ( ).
5. To save the changes and return to the Apps desktop, press
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31
Example: Replace the Social Studies category with the Business category and add the
CellSheet and Finance App shortcuts.
Press
Result
2
or
Getting Started
32
Press
Result
Business
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33
Press
Result
Getting Started
34
Getting Started
35
More information is available about using split screens. (For more information, see the
electronic Split Screens chapter.)
Indicator
Meaning
Current folder
Modifier key
Angle mode
Exact/Approx
mode
), if any.
Graph number
Graph mode
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36
Indicator
Meaning
Busy/Pause,
Locked/Archived
variable
Getting Started
Result
37
Press
Result
To turn on the Apps desktop, repeat the procedure, selecting ON in the Apps Desktop
mode field. To return to the Apps desktop from the calculator Home screen, press
.
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38
The clock is turned on by default. If you turn off the clock, all Clock dialog box options
except Clock ON/OFF are grayed out.
indicates you
can scroll down
for more options)
. The CLOCK dialog box appears with the Time Format field highlighted.
Note: Because the CLOCK dialog box displays the settings current at the time you open
the dialog box, you might need to update the time before exiting.
Setting the time
1. Press
2. Press
or
to highlight an option, then press
in the Time Format field.
3. Press
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39
8. Press
or
to highlight an AM/PM option, then press
option appears.
or
2. Press
3. Press
or
to highlight an option, then press
in the Date Format field.
4. Press
7. Press
or
to highlight an option, then press
in the Month field.
8. Press
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40
Set the time and date to 19/10/02 (October 19, 2002) at 1:30 p.m.
Press
Result
Time and date
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41
Press
Result
30
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42
Press
Result
2002
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43
Press
Result
19
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44
Press
Result
Revised time and date
Getting Started
Result
Clock on
45
Press
Result
Clock off
To turn on the clock, repeat the procedure, selecting ON in the Clock field. Remember to
reset the time and date.
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46
Using menus
To select most TI-89 Titanium menus, press the function keys corresponding to the
toolbars at the top of the calculator Home screen and most App screens. Select other
menus using key commands.
Toolbar menus
The starting point for TI-89 Titanium math operations, the calculator Home screen
displays toolbar menus that let you choose math-related options.
Toolbar menus also appear at the top of most App screens. These menus list common
functions of the active App.
Other menus
Use key commands to select the following menus. These menus contain the same
options regardless of the screen displayed or the active App.
Press
To display
CHAR menu. Lists characters not available on the
keyboard; characters are organized by category
(Greek, math, punctuation, special, and
international).
MATH menu. Lists math operations by category.
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47
Press
To display
APPLICATIONS menu. Lists the installed Apps.
(Menu is available only when the Apps desktop is
turned off; Apps are normally accessed from the
Apps desktop.)
FLASH APPLICATIONS menu. Lists the installed
Flash Apps. (Menu is available only when Apps
desktop is turned off; Flash Apps are normally
accessed from the Apps desktop.)
Press the number or letter to the left of the option you want to select.
or
Press
or
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48
Example:
Select factor( from the Algebra menu on the calculator Home screen.
Press
Result
Press:
or
From the Apps desktop, use the
cursor keys to highlight
and press
indicates
Algebra menu will
open when you
press .
2
or
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49
points to
additional options.
Example:
Select ord( from the MATH menu on the calculator Home screen.
Press
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Result
50
Press
Result
D
or
B
or
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51
Example:
Open the SAVE COPY AS dialog box from the Window Editor.
Press
Result
and press
2
or
Press to display
a list of folders.
Press
twice to save and
close the dialog box.
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52
S key shortcut also opens the SAVE COPY AS dialog box in most
Canceling a menu
To cancel a menu without making a selection, press
through
) of a toolbar menu.
Press a function key, then press or to move from one toolbar menu to the next.
Press from the last menu to move to the first menu. Press to move from the first
menu to the last menu.
Note: If you press when a menu option with a submenu is selected, the submenu will
appear instead of the next toolbar menu. Press again to move to the next menu.
More information is available about menus. (See the electronic Operating the Calculator
chapter.)
Custom menu
The custom menu provides quick access to your most commonly used options. Use the
default custom menu or create your own using the Program Editor. You can include any
available TI-89 Titanium command or character.
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53
The custom menu replaces the standard toolbar menu on the calculator Home screen.
(For details on creating a custom menu, see the electronic Programming chapter.) More
information is available about custom menus. (See the electronic Operating the
Calculator chapter.)
Example:
Turn on and turn off the custom menu from the calculator Home screen.
Press
Result
Default custom menu
Example:
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54
Note: Restoring the default custom menu erases the previous custom menu. If you
created the previous custom menu with a program, you can run the program again to
reuse the menu.
Press
Result
3
or
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55
Press
Result
Getting Started
Result
56
Press
Result
3
or
2. Press
3. Press
4. Press
5. Press
. The Split Screen mode setting displays the option you selected.
6. Press
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57
Example:
Getting Started
Result
58
Press
Result
Getting Started
Split-screen mode
59
Mode
Description
Split 2 App
Number of Graphs
or
Display the Y= Editor in the top screen and the Graph App in the bottom
Press
Getting Started
Result
60
Press
Result
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61
If you set Split 1 App and Split 2 App to the same nongraphing App or to the same
graphing App with Number of Graphs set to 1, the TI-89 Titanium exits split-screen mode
and displays the App in full-screen mode.
Selecting the active App
In split-screen mode, only one App can be active at a time.
Press
open App.
to close the active App and display the full-screen view of the other
Select Split Screen on Page 2 of the MODE dialog box, set split-screen mode to
FULL, and press
.
Press
More information is available about using split screens. (See the electronic Split Screens
chapter.)
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62
Adding Apps to your TI-89 Titanium is like loading software on a computer. All you need
is TI Connect software and the USB computer cable that came with your TI-89
Titanium.
For system requirements and instructions to link to compatible calculators and download
TI Connect software, Apps, and OS versions, see the TI E&PS Web site.
Before downloading Apps to your TI-89 Titanium, please read the license agreement on
the CD-ROM or TI Web site.
Finding the OS version and identification (ID) numbers
If you purchase software from the TI E&PS Web site or call the customer support
number, you will be asked to provide information about your TI-89 Titanium. You will find
this information on the ABOUT screen.
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63
OS version
Hardware version
Unit ID (required to obtain certificates for installing purchased Apps). Similar to a
serial number. Write this number down and keep it in a safe place in case the calculator
is ever lost or stolen.
Apps certificate revision number (Cert. Rev.)
Product identifier (Product ID). Similar to a model number.
Note that your screen will be different than the one shown above.
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64
Deleting an Application
Deleting an application removes it from the TI-89 Titanium and increases space for other
applications. Before deleting an application, consider storing it on a computer for
reinstallation later.
1. Quit the application.
2. Press
3. Press
. (Press
again to
Getting Started
65
To connect your calculator to another calculator Use the USB unit-to-unit cable or
an I/O unit-to-unit cable to connect the TI-89 Titanium to a compatible graphing
calculator or peripheral device, such as a TI-89 or TI-92 Plus graphing calculator or the
CBL 2 and CBR systems.
To show your calculators display to the classroom Use the accessory port to
connect the TI-Presenter video adapter to the teacher model of the TI-89 Titanium.
The TI-Presenter video adapter provides a video interface between the calculator and
video display or recording devices. Or use the accessory port to connect the
TI ViewScreen overhead panel to your calculator. The TI ViewScreen overhead panel
enlarges and projects the display so an entire class can view it. For more information
about the TI-Presenter video adapter and TI ViewScreen panel, see the TI E&PS Web
site at education.ti.com.
USB port
I/O port
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66
USB port
I/O port
Accessory port
Batteries
The TI-89 Titanium uses four AAA alkaline batteries and a button cell backup battery.
The backup battery is already installed, and the AAA batteries are provided with your
product.
Getting Started
67
3. Replace the battery cover on the calculator. The cover should snap into place.
Meaning
Batteries are low.
Replace batteries as soon as possible.
Before replacing the batteries, turn off the TI-89 Titanium by pressing
to avoid
losing information stored in memory. Do not remove both the back-up battery and the
AAA alkaline batteries at the same time.
Getting Started
68
2. Remove the old battery and install a new button cell battery, positive (+) side up.
Replace the cover and the screw.
Important OS download information
New batteries should be installed before beginning an OS download.
When in OS download mode, the APD feature does not function. If you leave your
calculator in download mode for an extended time before you actually start the
Getting Started
69
download, your batteries may become depleted. You will then need to replace the
depleted batteries with new batteries before downloading.
You can also transfer the OS to another TI-89 Titanium using a USB unit-to-unit cable . If
you accidentally interrupt the transfer before it is complete, you will need to reinstall the
OS via a computer. Again, remember to install new batteries before downloading.
Please contact Texas Instruments as described in Service & Support Information, if you
experience a problem.
Battery Precautions
Take these precautions when replacing batteries:
Do not mix new and used batteries. Do not mix brands (or types within brands) of
batteries.
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70
Performing Computations
This section provides several examples for you to perform from the Calculator Home
screen that demonstrate some of the computational features of the TI-89 Titanium. The
history area in each screen was cleared by pressing
and selecting 8:Clear Home,
before performing each example, to illustrate only the results of the examples
keystrokes.
Showing Computations
Steps and keystrokes
Display
Previews
71
Display
71
30
20
71
71
Display
Previews
72
Display
2 2634492
Finding Roots
Steps and keystrokes
Display
Previews
9X
73
Expanding Expressions
Steps and keystrokes
Display
Reducing Expressions
Steps and keystrokes
Display
Previews
2X
74
Factoring Polynomials
Steps and keystrokes
Display
2X
Solving Equations
Steps and keystrokes
Display
Previews
1X
2X
75
Display
2X
Solving Inequalities
Steps and keystrokes
Display
Previews
1X
76
Display
X
2
Display
Previews
DX
100
77
Display
Display
Press
0
1
a
5
0
2
d
1
4
b
0
7
2
6
Previews
1X
78
Display
7X,
Display
2
2
Previews
345
79
Display
Symbolic Manipulation
Solve the system of equations 2x 3y = 4 and x + 7y = 12. Solve the first equation so
that x is expressed in terms of y. Substitute the expression for x into the second
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80
equation, and solve for the value of y. Then substitute the y value back into the first
equation to solve for the value of x.
Steps and keystrokes
Display
12X
3Y
X
2. Begin to solve the equation x + 7y = 12
for y, but do not press
yet.
Press
7Y
12
Previews
81
Display
Previews
82
acceleration due to gravity, which is a constant named _g). Convert the result from
newtons to kilograms of force.
Steps and keystrokes
Display
Previews
2
2
83
Display
KG
MS
20
2
KG
G
84
learn how to enter a function, produce a graph of the function, trace a curve, find a
minimum point, and transfer the minimum coordinates to the Home screen.
Explore the graphing capabilities of the TI-89 Titanium by graphing the function
y=(|x2 3| 10)/2.
Steps and keystrokes
Display
10
2
3. Display the graph of the function.
Select 6:ZoomStd by pressing 6 or by
moving the cursor to 6:ZoomStd and
pressing
.
Press
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85
Display
4. Turn on Trace.
The tracing cursor, and the x and y
coordinates are displayed.
Press
tracing cursor
...
Previews
...
86
Display
minimum point
minimum coordinates
Display
Previews
87
Display
5 r
8
X
R
2
Previews
Y1
88
Display
6. Select ZoomSqr.
ZoomSqr increases the range along the
Note: There is a gap between the top and bottom halves of the circle because each half
is a separate function. The mathematical endpoints of each half are ( 5,0) and (5,0).
Depending on the viewing window, however, the plotted endpoints for each half may be
slightly different from their mathematical endpoints.
Previews
89
Display
Previews
90
Display
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91
Parametric Graphing
Graph the parametric equations describing the path of a ball kicked at an angle ( ) of 60
with an initial velocity (v 0) of 15 meters/sec. The gravity constant g = 9.8 meters/sec 2.
Ignoring air resistance and other drag forces, what is the maximum height of the ball and
when does it hit the ground?
Steps and keystrokes
Display
xt1(t)=15t cos(60 )
15T
60
Type T
, not T
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92
Display
60
T
0
5
3
10
.02
5
Press
Previews
or
as necessary
93
Polar Graphing
The graph of the polar equation r1( ) = A sin B forms the shape of a rose. Graph the
rose for A=8 and B=2.5. Then explore the appearance of the rose for other values of A
and B.
Steps and keystrokes
Display
Previews
2.5
94
Display
Press
Previews
95
Display
Press
Sequence Graphing
A small forest contains 4000 trees. Each year, 20% of the trees will be harvested (with
80% remaining) and 1000 new trees will be planted. Using a sequence, calculate the
number of trees in the forest at the end of each year. Does it stabilize at a certain
number?
Initially
After 1 Year
After 2 Years
After 3 Years
...
4000
.8 x 4000
+ 1000
.8 x (.8 x 4000 +
1000) + 1000
.8 x (.8 x (.8 x
4000 + 1000) +
1000) + 1000
...
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96
Display
14.8
1000
4000
Press
Previews
50
97
Display
50
10
6000
1000
Previews
and
By default, sequences
use the Square
display style.
as necessary
98
3D Graphing
Graph the 3D equation z(x,y) = (x3y y3x) / 390. Animate the graph by using the cursor
to interactively change the eye Window variable values that control your viewing angle.
Then view the graph in different graph format styles.
Steps and keystrokes
Display
8
3X
390
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99
Display
Previews
eight times
100
Display
Previews
101
Display
HIDDEN SURFACE
CONTOUR LEVELS
(may require extra
time to calculate
contours)
WIRE AND
CONTOUR
WIRE FRAME
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102
Note: You can also display the graph as an implicit plot by using the GRAPH FORMATS
dialog box (
). If you press
to switch between styles, the implicit plot is not
displayed.
Display
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103
Display
8
100
.001 Y1
Y1
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104
Display
0
10
20
10
.1
0
10
120
10
Press
10
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105
Display
10
20
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106
Display
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45
107
Display
Graph when(x<0, x,
5 cos(x))
WHEN
5
X
3. Execute the Graph command, which
automatically displays the Graph screen.
The graph uses the current Window
variables, which are assumed to be their
standard values (
6) for this example.
Press
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108
Display
PIC
to regraph.
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109
Display
Tables
Evaluate the function y=x 3 2x at each integer between 10 and 10. How many sign
changes are there, and where do they occur?
Steps and keystrokes
Display
Previews
110
Display
Press
10
Previews
and
as necessary
111
Display
.1
Split Screens
Split the screen to show the Y= Editor and the Graph screen. Explore the behavior of a
polynomial as its coefficients change.
Steps and keystrokes
Display
Previews
112
Display
.1 X
Previews
113
Display
Previews
114
Data/Matrix Editor
Use the Data/Matrix Editor to create a one-column list variable. Then add a second
column of information. Notice that the list variable (which can have only one column) is
automatically converted into a data variable (which can have multiple columns).
Steps and keystrokes
Display
1. Use
to display the Data/Matrix Editor.
Create a new list variable named TEMP.
Press 3
TEMP
Previews
to enter
4
115
Display
C1
Note: If you dont need to save the current variable, use it as a scratchpad. The next
time you need a variable for temporary data, clear the current variable and re-use it. This
lets you enter temporary data without wasting memory by creating a new variable each
time.
Previews
116
Display
2. Use
to display the Data/Matrix Editor.
Create a new data variable named
BUILD.
Press 3
Previews
BUILD
117
Display
800
750
950
31
20
Previews
42
55
9
73
118
Display
C2
Previews
119
Display
Press
Previews
120
Display
C2
twice
Previews
121
Display
Press
Previews
C1
122
Display
C2
Y2
C1
22. Enter a title for column 6. Define
column 6s header as the residuals for
LinReg.
C2
RESID
C5
Previews
C4
123
Display
C6
1:All Off.
Previews
124
Display
1 3 Y1
(eight times)
300
2
Programming
Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer, sums all integers from 1 to the
entered integer, and displays the result.
Steps and keystrokes
Display
1. Use
to display the Program Editor.
Create a new program.
Press 3
2. Type PROG1 (with no spaces) as the
name of the new program variable.
PROG
Previews
125
Display
Previews
twice
126
Display
Previews
127
Display
prog1()
Previews
Output from
other programs
may still be on
the screen.
Result of integer 5
twice
128
Display
, or
Text Operations
Start a new Text Editor session. Then practice using the Text Editor by typing whatever
text you want. As you type, practice moving the text cursor and correcting any typos you
may enter.
Steps and keystrokes
Display
Previews
TEST
129
Display
or
to delete the character
to the left or right of the cursor,
respectively.
type anything you want
Previews
130
Display
Numeric Solver
Consider the equation a=(m2 m1)/(m2+m1) g, where the known values are m2=10 and
g=9.8. If you assume that a=1/3 g, find the value of m1.
Steps and keystrokes
1. Use
Display
M2
M2
Previews
M1
M1
131
Display
9.8
Previews
132
Display
Previews
or
to redisplay the
133
Number Bases
Calculate 10 binary (base 2) + F hexadecimal (base 16) + 10 decimal (base 10). Then,
use the operator to convert an integer from one base to another. Finally, see how
changing the Base mode affects the displayed results.
Steps and keystrokes
Display
(use
to move to Base
2. Calculate 0b10+0hF+10.
To enter a binary or hex number, you
must use the 0b or 0h prefix (zero and the
letter B or H). Otherwise, the entry is
treated as a decimal number.
Note: The 0b or 0h prefix is a zero, not
the letter O, followed by B or H.
0
Previews
B 10
HF
10
134
Display
BIN
HEX
(use
to move to Base
7. Calculate 0b10+0hF+10.
0
Previews
B 10
HF
10
135
Display
(use
to move to Base
9. Re-enter 0b10+0hF+10.
Press
Previews
136
variables are locked automatically.) Finally, unarchive the variable and delete the unused
variables so that they will not take up memory.
Steps and keystrokes
Display
X1
X
4
5
L1
25
M1
Press 5
3. Display the VAR-LINK screen.
This example assumes that the variables
assigned above are the only ones
defined.
Press
Previews
137
Display
5 f(
Press
8. Complete the operation.
Press 2
Previews
5 f(2)
138
Archiving a variable
Steps and keystrokes
Display
(use
to highlight
2. Use the
Manage toolbar menu to
archive the variable.
indicates the variable is archived.
Press
Previews
X1
139
Display
X1
(use
to highlight
Previews
140
Deleting variables
Steps and keystrokes
Display
1
to delete.
1)
Previews
141
Display
4. Because
1 also selected the MAIN
folder, an error message states that you
cannot delete the MAIN folder.
Acknowledge the message.
When VAR-LINK is redisplayed, the
deleted variables are not listed.
Press
5. Close VAR-LINK and return to the current
application (Home screen in this
example).
When you use
(instead of
) to
close VAR-LINK, the highlighted name is
not pasted to the entry line.
Press
Previews
142
143
Description
(press
and
then press
)
(press
press
Similar to
and then
You can use
)
displayed.
Note:
if an error message is
except:
if an error message is
key.
The display, cursor, and any error conditions are exactly as you left them.
144
APD does not occur if a calculation or program is in progress, unless the program is
paused. If a program is running, but waiting for a key press, APD will occur after several
minutes of inactivity.
and
and
VAR-LINK O
CHAR
Contrast keys
If you press and hold
or
too long, the display may go completely black or
blank. To make finer adjustments, hold
and then tap
or .
145
to lighten the
display.
The status line along the bottom of the display also gives battery information.
Indicator in status line
Description
Batteries are low.
Replace batteries as soon as possible.
146
, and
147
Modifier Keys
Modifier Keys
Modifier
Description
(second)
(diamond)
(shift)
and
or
148
QUIT PASTE
ESC
accesses
QUIT, which is the same
color as the
key.
accesses
PASTE, which is the same
color as the
key.
Some keys perform only one additional operation, which may require either
or
,
depending on the color in which the operation is printed on the keyboard and where it is
positioned above the key.
CUT
2nd
Description
Displays the Y= Editor.
Displays the Window Editor.
Displays the Graph screen.
Sets parameters for the Table screen.
149
Key
Description
Displays the Table screen.
These keys let you edit entered information by
performing a cut, copy, or paste operation.
150
Key
Description
Displays the MEMORY screen.
Displays the VAR-LINK screen for managing variables
and Flash applications.
Recalls the contents of a variable.
Displays the UNITS dialog box.
Displays the CHAR menu, which lets you select Greek
letters, international accented characters, etc.
,
151
types , which is
the same color as the
key.
and
[A] displays an A,
which is the same color as
the
key.
Press:
and then the letter
key (status line shows
Type a space.
of the
(alpha function
key)
Turn on lowercase
alpha-lock.
Turn on uppercase
ALPHA-lock.
Notes:
152
On the TI-89 Titanium, alpha-lock is always turned off when you change
applications, such as going from the Text Editor to the Home screen.
To type a period, comma, or other character that is the primary function of a key, you
must turn alpha-lock off.
Alpha-lock
153
or
to
Entering Numbers
The keypad lets you enter positive and negative numbers for your calculations. You can
also enter numbers in scientific notation.
Entering a Negative Number
1. Press the negation key
.)
154
module. For example, it is important to know that functions such as x 2 are evaluated
before negation.
Use
and
to include parentheses if you
have any doubt about how a negation will be
evaluated.
Evaluated as (22)
9
7 = 63
but
9
7 displays an error message.
6
2=4
but
6
2 = 12 since it is interpreted as 6( 2), implied multiplication.
2
4=2
but
2
4 subtracts 2 from the previous answer and then adds 4.
Important: Use
for negation.
155
2. Press:
appears in the display.
3. Type the exponent as an integer with up to 3 digits. You can use a negative
exponent.
Entering a number in scientific notation does not cause the answers to be displayed in
scientific or engineering notation.
The display format is determined by the
mode settings and the magnitude of the
number.
Represents 123.45
10-2
156
Definitions
Expression
Operator
Function
Returns a value.
Instruction
Initiates an action.
The Technical Reference module describes all of the built-in functions and
instructions.
157
This guidebook uses the word command as a generic reference to both functions
and instructions.
Implied Multiplication
The graphing calculator recognizes implied multiplication, provided it does not conflict
with a reserved notation.
If you enter:
Valid
2
4 sin(46)
5(1+2) or (1+2)5
[1,2]a
2(a)
2
4 sin(46)
5 (1+2) or (1+2) 5
[a 2a]
2 a
Invalid
xy
a(2)
a[1,2]
Parentheses
Expressions are evaluated according to the Equation Operating System (EOS)
hierarchy described in the Technical Reference module. To change the order of
evaluation or just to ensure that an expression is evaluated in the order you require, use
parentheses.
Calculations inside a pair of parentheses are completed first. For example, in 4(1+2),
EOS first evaluates (1+2) and then multiplies the answer by 4.
158
Entering an Expression
Type the expression, and then press
to evaluate it. To enter a function or
instruction name on the entry line, you can:
Select it from a menu, if available. For example, select 2:abs from the Number
submenu of the MATH menu.
or
Type the name letter-by-letter from the keyboard. (On the TI-89 Titanium, use
and
to type letters.) You can use any mixture of uppercase or lowercase
letters. For example, type sin( or Sin(.
Example
159
TI-89 Titanium
Press
Display
3.76
3.76/( 7.9+ (
7.9
160
to store
161
2. As necessary, use
and
to highlight the entry or answer you want to view. For
example,
moves from answer to entry, up through the history area.
3. Use and or
right and left.
and
to scroll
is
displayed at the beginning of the line.
4. To return to the entry line, press
Continuing a Calculation
When you press
to evaluate an expression, the graphing calculator leaves the
expression on the entry line and highlights it. You can continue to use the last answer or
enter a new expression.
If you press:
, ,
, or
The calculator:
,
Example
Calculate 3.76 ( 7.9 + 5). Then add 2 log 45 to the result.
162
TI-89 Titanium
Press
Display
3.76
7.9
5
LOG
45
Stopping a Calculation
When a calculation is in progress, BUSY appears on the right end of the status line. To
stop the calculation, press
.
There may be a delay before the Break
message is displayed.
Press
163
--- ,
2
OFF
x3
----------2
^2, /2,
((x3)/2)
The entry line does not show an expression in pretty print. If pretty print is turned on, the
history area will show both the entry and its result in pretty print after you press
.
Exact/Approx Mode
By default, Exact/Approx = AUTO. You can use
164
EXACT Any result that is not a whole number is displayed in a fractional or symbolic
form (1/2, ,
2 , etc.).
Shows whole-number results.
Note: By retaining fractional and symbolic forms, EXACT reduces rounding errors
that could be introduced by intermediate results in chained calculations.
165
(decimal) form.
Note: Results are rounded to the precision of your graphing calculator and displayed
your entry contains a decimal point. Also, certain functions may display APPROXIMATE
results even if your entry does not contain a decimal point.
A decimal in the entry forces a
floating-point result.
166
Note: To retain an EXACT form, use fractions instead of decimals. For example, use 3/2
instead of 1.5.
The following chart compares the three settings.
Entry
Exact
Result
Approximate
Result
Auto
Result
8/4
2.
8/6
4/3
1.33333
4/3
8.5 3
51/2
25.5
(2)/2
2
------2
6.28319
2.
6.28319
.707107
press
167
Internally, the calculator calculates and retains all decimal results with up to 14
significant digits (although a maximum of 12 are displayed).
Setting
Example
Description
FIX
(012)
123.
123.5
123.46
123.457
FLOAT
123.456789012
FLOAT
(112)
1.E 2
1.2E 2
123.
123.5
123.46
123.457
(FIX 0)
(FIX 1)
(FIX 2)
(FIX 3)
(FLOAT 1)
(FLOAT 2)
(FLOAT 3)
(FLOAT 4)
(FLOAT 5)
(FLOAT 6)
Notes:
Regardless of the Display Digits setting, the full value is used for internal floatingpoint calculations to ensure maximum accuracy.
168
Setting
Example
Description
NORMAL
12345.6
SCIENTIFIC
1.23456E 4
1.23456
104
ENGINEERING
1.23456E 3
12.3456
103
169
Press:
or
area. Press
or press
170
Deleting a Character
To delete:
Press:
Hold
to delete multiple
characters.
(once only)
if the cursor is not at the beginning or end of the entry line. The first
press deletes all characters to the right of the cursor, and the second clears the entry
line.
171
172
2. Hold
and press or to highlight
characters left or right of the cursor.
Hold
and press
.
Menus
To leave the keyboard uncluttered, the calculator uses menus to access many operations.
This section gives an overview of how to select an item from any menu. Specific menus
173
To display:
, etc.
174
Press the number or letter shown to the left of that item. For a letter on the TI-89
Titanium, press
and then a letter key.
or
(Submenus)
If you select a menu item ending with , a submenu is displayed. You then select an item
from the submenu.
175
Because of limited
screen size, the TI-89
Titanium overlaps
these menus.
For example,
List displays a
submenu that
lets you select a
specific List
function.
For items that have a submenu, you can use the cursor pad as described below.
To wrap to the last menu item directly from the first menu item, press
the first menu item directly from the last menu item, press .
.
. (This is the same as
. To wrap to
176
Canceling a Menu
To cancel the current menu without making a selection, press
whether any submenus are displayed, you may need to press
cancel all displayed menus.
. Depending on
several times to
177
or
Use the cursor pad to move to the next (press ) or previous (press ) toolbar
menu. Pressing from the last menu moves to the first menu, and vice versa.
When using , be sure that an item with a submenu is not highlighted. If so,
that items submenu instead of moving to the next toolbar menu.
displays
to
178
Selecting an Application
The graphing calculator has different applications that let you solve and explore a variety
of problems. You can select an application from a menu, the Apps desktop, or you can
access commonly used applications directly from the keyboard.
Application:
Lets you:
FlashApps
Y= Editor
Window Editor
Graph
Display graphs.
179
Application:
Lets you:
Table
Data/Matrix Editor
Program Editor
Text Editor
Numeric Solver
Home
180
The most common dialog box lists these options for the application:
Option
Description
Current
Open
New
Note: The general term variable is used to refer to the application data files that you
create.
Use any of these methods to return to the Apps desktop from within an application:
Press
.
to open the full-screen view of the active
again.
To return to the last open application from the Apps desktop, press
181
182
You can access commonly used applications from the keyboard. On the TI-89 Titanium
for example,
is the same as pressing
and then
. This guidebook uses the
notation
, similar to the notation used in second functions.
Application:
Press:
Home
Y= Editor
Window Editor
Applications listed
above ,
etc., are
printed in the same
color as
.
Graph
Table Setup
Table Screen
Setting Modes
Modes control how numbers and graphs are displayed and interpreted. Mode settings
are retained by the Constant Memory feature when the graphing calculator is turned
off. All numbers, including elements of matrices and lists, are displayed according to the
current mode settings.
to display the MODE dialog box, which lists the modes and their current
183
dimmed settings.
or
(with
, or
) to
to display a menu that lists the valid settings. The current setting is
Use
or
or
184
Note: To cancel a menu and return to the MODE dialog box without making a
selection, press
instead of
changes you made will be canceled.
this guidebook.
Mode
Description
Graph
Current Folder
Display Digits
Angle
185
Mode
Description
Exponential
Format
Complex
Format
Vector Format
Pretty Print
Split Screen
Splits the screen into two parts and specifies how the
parts are arranged: FULL (no split screen),
TOP-BOTTOM, or LEFT-RIGHT. Refer to the Split
Screens module.
Split 1 App
Split 2 App
Number of
Graphs
For a split screen, lets you set up both sides of the screen
to display independent sets of graphs.
Graph 2
Exact/Approx
Base
186
Mode
Description
Unit System
Custom Units
Language
Apps Desktop
187
Menu Item
Description
Clear az
NewProb
Restore
custom
default
Notes:
188
When defining a variable that you want to retain, use more than one character in the
name. This prevents it from being deleted inadvertently by 1:Clear az.
For information about checking and resetting memory or other system defaults, refer
to Memory and Variable Management.
189
Defaults to
Built-in.
Help displays a commands parameters in a dialog box.
and
allow access to Flash application functions and User-Defined functions and
programs.
Note: Options that are not currently valid are dimmed. For example,
Flash Apps is
dimmed if you have not installed a Flash application.
User-Defined is dimmed if you
Built-in.
Note: The first time you display the Built-in list, it starts at the top of the list. The next time
you display the list, it starts at the same place you left it.
190
3. Move the
To move the
Press or type:
or
or
The letter key. (On the TI-89
Titanium, do not press
first. If
you do, you need to press
or
again before you can
type a letter.)
191
required
or
factor(expression,variable)
optional
Note: For details about the parameters, refer to that commands description in the
Help. The
Indicated
command and its
parameters.
Some commands, such as ClrDraw, do not require parameters. If you select one of these
commands, parameters will not display on the status line and you will see Unavailable if
you press
Help.
Press
192
3. Move the
To move the
Press or type:
or
or
The letter key. (On the TI-89
Titanium, do not press
first. If
you do, you need to press
or
again before you can
type a letter.)
193
Note: Use the VAR-LINK screen to manage variables, folders, and Flash
applications. See the Memory and Variable Management module.
194
3. Move the
To move the
indicator:
Press or type:
or
or
To the first function or program that The letter key. (On the TI-89
begins with a specified letter
Titanium, do not press
first. If
you do, you need to press
or
again before you can
type a letter.)
Can use 1 to 8 characters consisting of letters and digits. This includes Greek letters
(but not ), accented letters, and international letters.
-
Can use uppercase or lowercase letters. The names AB22, Ab22, aB22, and ab22 all
refer to the same variable.
195
Built-in functions (such as abs) and instructions (such as LineVert). Refer to the
Technical Reference module.
System variables (such as xmin and xmax, which are used to store graphrelated values). Refer to the Technical Reference module for a list.
Examples
Variable
Description
myvar
OK
OK
Log
Log1
OK
3rdTotal
circumfer
Data Types
DataTypes
Examples
Expressions
Lists
{2 4 6 8}, {1 1 2}
2 2
196
DataTypes
Examples
Matrices
10 0
10 0 ,
34 6
Character strings
Pictures
Functions
myfunc(arg), ellipse(x,y,r1,r2)
To store to a variable temporarily, you can use the with operator. Refer to Substituting
Values and Setting Constraints in Symbolic Manipulation.
197
Displaying a Variable
1. Type the variable name.
2. Press
names, use
as described in
Memory and Variable Management.
198
twice.
In this example, the value stored in num1 will be inserted at the cursor position in the
entry line.
Current Folder
Modifier Key
Angle Mode
199
Exact/Approx Mode
Graph Number
Graph Mode
Replace Batteries
History Pairs, Busy/Pause, Locked Variable
Indicator
Meaning
Current Folder
Modifier Key
2nd
200
Indicator
Meaning
Angle Mode
RAD
Radians
DEG
Degrees
GRAD
Gradian
Exact/Approx
Mode
AUTO
Auto
EXACT
Exact
APPROX
Approximate
Graph Number
Graph Mode
FUNC
y(x) functions
PAR
POL
r( ) polar equations
SEQ
u(n) sequences
3D
z(x,y) 3D equations
DE
201
Indicator
Meaning
Battery
History Pairs,
Busy/Pause,
Archived
23/30
BUSY
PAUSE
Notes:
To cancel
,
modifier key.
If the next key you press does not have a diamond feature or an associated letter,
the key performs its normal operation.
, or
202
term Home screen. Both terms are interchangeable and refer to the same screen.
Displaying the Calculator Home Screen
When you first turn on your TI-89 Titanium, the Apps desktop is displayed. To display the
calculator Home screen, highlight the Home icon and press
. You can also display
the calculator Home screen by pressing
(TI-89 Titanium). If you turn off the Apps
Desktop mode, the calculator Home screen appears automatically.
203
Toolbar
Lets you display menus for selecting operations applicable to the calculator Home screen. To
display a toolbar menu, press
,
, etc.
Pretty Print Display
Shows exponents, roots, fractions, etc., in traditional form.
Last Entry
Your last entry.
Entry Line
Where you enter expressions or instructions.
Status Line
Shows the current state of the calculator, including several important mode settings.
204
Last Answer
Result of your last entry. Note that results are not displayed on the entry line. Note:
(Approx) was used in this example.
The following example shows an answer that is not on the same line as the expression.
Note that the answer is longer than the screen width. An arrow ( ) indicates the answer
is continued. The entry line contains ellipsis (). Ellipsis indicates the entry is longer
than the screen width.
Last Entry
"Pretty print" is ON. Exponents, roots, fractions, etc., are displayed in the same form in which they
are traditionally written.
History Area
Lists entry/answer pairs you have entered. Pairs scroll up the screen as you make new entries.
Answer Continues
Highlight the answer and press
to scroll right and view the rest of it. Note that the answer is not
on the same line as the expression.
Expression Continues ()
Press to scroll right and view the rest of the entry. Press
or end of the entry line.
or
to go to the beginning
205
History Area
The history area shows up to eight previous entry/answer pairs (depending on the
complexity and height of the displayed expressions). When the display is filled,
information scrolls off the top of the screen. You can use the history area to:
Review previous entries and answers. You can use the cursor to view entries and
answers that have scrolled off the screen.
Recall or auto-paste a previous entry or answer onto the entry line so that you can
re-use or edit it.
Do this:
Continue using
to move the cursor from
answer to entry, up through the history
area.
to highlight
206
To:
Do this:
Press
, or press
until the cursor is
back on the entry line.
Total number of
pairs that are
currently saved.
Maximum number of
pairs that can be
saved.
8/30
If the cursor is
in the history
area:
Pair number of
the highlighted
entry or answer.
By default, the last 30 entry/answer pairs are saved. If the history area is full when you
make a new entry (indicated by 30/30), the new entry/answer pair is saved and the
oldest pair is deleted. The history indicator does not change.
207
Do this:
Press
to highlight the
twice.
Press
and select 8:Clear Home, or enter
ClrHome on the entry line.
Delete a particular
entry/answer pair
208
answers.
Item
Description
Type
Folder
Variable
Note: For information about folders, see the Memory and Variable Management
module.
3. Press
twice).
209
1. Use the Text Editor to open the variable containing the saved calculator Home
screen entries.
The saved entries are listed as a series of command lines that you can execute
individually, in any order.
2. Starting with the cursor on the first line of
the script, press
repeatedly to execute
the commands line by line.
3. Display the restored calculator Home
screen.
This split screen shows the Text Editor (with the command line script) and the
restored calculator Home screen.
Note: For complete information on using the Text Editor and executing a command
210
1. Use
2. Press
and
To copy or move information in the entry line, you must use a cut, copy, or paste
operation. (You can perform a copy operation in the history area, but not a cut or paste.)
211
After cut
After copy
Clipboard = x^43x^36x^2+8x
Clipboard = x^43x^36x^2+8x
Note: You can cut, copy or paste without having to use the
, or
Cutting is not the same as deleting. When you delete information, it is not placed in the
clipboard and cannot be retrieved.
Note: When you cut or copy information, it replaces the clipboards previous contents, if
any.
212
2. Press
to highlight the
b) Press:
to
213
b) Press
c) Press:
to paste the copied expression.
d) Complete the new entry, and press
.
b) Press
to define y1(x).
c) Press:
to paste.
d) Press
definition.
Note: By copying and pasting, you can easily transfer information from one
application to another.
214
Display
0
NUM
NUM
1
NUM
NUM
2
215
TI-89 Titanium
Display
variables.
Using the equation A= r2, use trial and error to find the radius of a circle that covers 200
square centimeters.
Note: Editing an entry lets you make minor changes without retyping the entire entry.
The example below uses 8 as the first guess and then displays the answer in its
approximate floating-point form. You can edit and reexecute using 7.95 and continue
until the answer is as accurate as you want.
TI-89 Titanium
8
Display
R
R
216
TI-89 Titanium
Display
7.95
Note: When the entry contains a decimal point, the result is automatically displayed in
floating-point.
Press:
Effect:
once
Previous entries
repeatedly
Note: You can also use the entry function to recall any previous entry. Refer to entry( ) in
217
4.2
Variable ans(1) is
inserted, and its value
is used in the
calculation.
Just as ans(1) always contains the last answer, ans(2), ans(3), etc., also contain previous
answers. For example, ans(2) contains the next-to-last answer.
Note: Refer to ans( ) in the Technical Reference module.
218
and
as described in the
lets you:
lets you:
Insert the variable ans(1), which
contains the last answer only.
Each time you enter a calculation,
ans(1) is updated to the latest
answer.
toolbar menu.
219
to move the cursor up into the history area. This highlights the last answer.
and
This pastes the entire entry or answer. If you need only a part of the entry or answer, edit
the entry line to delete the unwanted parts.
220
Format of a Function
The following examples show user-defined functions with one argument and two
arguments. You can use as many arguments as necessary. In these examples, the
definition consists of a single expression (or statement).
cube(x) = x3
xroot(x,y) = y1/x
Function name
Argument list
Definition
When defining functions and programs, use unique names for arguments that will not be
used in the arguments for a subsequent function or program call.
Note: Function names follow the same rules as variable names. Refer to Storing and
221
Arguments (x and y in these examples) are placeholders that represent whatever values
you pass to the function. They do not represent the variables x and y unless you
specifically pass x and y as the arguments when you evaluate the function.
Creating a User-Defined Function
Use one of the following methods.
Method
Description
Store an expression to a function name (including
the argument list).
Define command
Program Editor
222
223
When entering a multi-statement function on the calculator Home screen, you must enter
the entire function on a single line. Use the Define command just as you would for a
single-statement function.
Use a colon to separate each
statement.
Define sumrecip(nn)=Func:Local temp,i: ... :EndFunc
Use argument names that will never be used
when calling the function or program.
Multi-statement
functions show as
224
Evaluating a Function
You can use a user-defined function just as
you would any other function. Evaluate it by
itself or include it in another expression.
Do this:
Press:
225
To:
Do this:
or
From the calculator Home screen, press
.
Type the function name but not the argument list
(such as xroot), and press
twice.
or
From the Program Editor, open the function. (Refer
to Programming.)
Edit the definition
Note: You can view a user-defined function in the CATALOG dialog box, but you cannot
226
The following shows an answer that is too long for one line.
Press or
to scroll left.
Press or
to scroll right.
The following shows an answer that is both too long and too tall to be displayed on
the screen.
Note: This example uses the randMat function to generate a 25 x 25 matrix.
Press
or
Press
to scroll up
to scroll down
Press
or
to scroll left
Press
or
to scroll right
227
For example:
Note: This example uses the seq function to generate a sequential list of integers from 1
to 2500.
When you see the << ...>> symbol, the answer cannot be displayed even if you highlight
it and try to scroll.
In general, you can try to:
If possible, break the problem into smaller parts that can be calculated and displayed
with less memory.
228
Calculator Home
screen normal toolbar
menu
Custom menu
Note: You can also turn the custom menu on and off by entering CustmOn or CustmOff in
Unless the menu has been modified, the default custom menu appears.
Menu
Function
Var
f(x)
Solve
Unit
Symbol
229
Menu
Function
International
Tool
Note: A custom menu can give you quick access to commonly used items. The
Programming module shows you how to create custom menus for the items you use
most often.
This pastes the commands used to create the default menu into the entry line.
Note: The previous custom menu is erased. If that menu was created with a
230
or
If you obtain new or upgraded software or Flash applications for your TI-89 Titanium,
you may need to provide your current software version and/or the ID number of your
unit.
If you have difficulties with your TI-89 Titanium and need to contact technical
support, knowing the software version may make it easier to diagnose the problem.
231
The About screen displays the following information about your calculator:
Hardware version
Unit ID
OS version
Product identifier
Apps certificate revision number
Hardware version
Unit ID (required to obtain certificates for installing purchased Apps)
232
To see why this is important, suppose you want to find the first derivative of x 3 with
respect to x.
Symbolic Manipulation
233
Example:
If defined, the variables
value is displayed.
If defined, true is
displayed.
If undefined, false is
displayed.
Symbolic Manipulation
234
Method:
Example:
If undefined, NONE is
displayed.
Note: Use
Variable Management.
Symbolic Manipulation
235
Do this:
Symbolic Manipulation
236
To delete:
Do this:
Note: For more information about the | operator, refer to Typing the With Operator.
Symbolic Manipulation
237
EXACT Setting
When Exact/Approx = EXACT, the handheld uses exact rational arithmetic with up to
614 digits in the numerator and 614 digits in the denominator. The EXACT setting:
The functions solve, cSolve, zeros, cZeros, factor, , fMin, and fMax use only exact
symbolic algorithms. These functions do not compute approximate solutions in the
EXACT setting.
Symbolic Manipulation
238
With this kind of equation, EXACT will not compute approximate solutions. For
example, 2 x = x has an approximate solution x 0.641186, but it is not displayed in
the EXACT setting.
Advantages
Disadvantages
APPROXIMATE Setting
When Exact/Approx = APPROXIMATE, the handheld converts rational numbers and
irrational constants to floating-point. However, there are exceptions:
Certain built-in functions that expect one of their arguments to be an integer will
convert that number to an integer if possible. For example: d(y(x), x, 2.0) transforms
to d(y(x), x, 2).
Symbolic Manipulation
239
Functions such as solve and (integrate) can use both exact symbolic and approximate
numeric techniques. These functions skip all or some of their exact symbolic techniques
in the APPROXIMATE setting.
Advantages
Disadvantages
AUTO Setting
When Exact/Approx = AUTO, the handheld uses exact rational arithmetic wherever all of
the operands are rational numbers. Otherwise, floating-point arithmetic is used after
Symbolic Manipulation
240
but
0.5 1/3 transforms to .16666666666667
This floating-point infection does not leap over barriers such as undefined variables or
between elements of lists or matrices. For example:
(1/2 1/3) x + (0.5 1/3) y transforms to x/6 + .16666666666667 y
and
{1/2 1/3, 0.5 1/3} transforms to {1/6, .16666666666667}
In the AUTO setting, functions such as solve determine as many solutions as possible
exactly, and then use approximate numerical methods if necessary to determine
additional solutions. Similarly, (integrate) uses approximate numerical methods if
appropriate where exact symbolic methods fail.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Symbolic Manipulation
241
Automatic Simplification
When you type an expression on the entry line and press
, the TI-89 Titanium
automatically simplifies the expression according to its default simplification rules.
Note: For information about folders, refer to the Calculator Home Screen module.
For functions:
-
Symbolic Manipulation
242
Products and sums involving undefined variables are sorted according to the first letter
of the variable name.
-
Symbolic Manipulation
243
No key cancellation
No key cancellation
and
sin(x)2 + cos(x)2 = 1
244
Symbolic Manipulation
245
Note: You may or may not want to define a numeric value for var, depending on the
situation.
For example:
x cannot be simplified.
Symbolic Manipulation
246
Symbolic Manipulation
247
All undefined variables are treated as real numbers in symbolic calculations. To perform
complex symbolic analysis, you must define a complex variable. For example:
x+yi z
Then you can use z as a complex variable. You can also use z_. For more information
see the _ (underscore) topic in the Technical Reference module.
Symbolic Manipulation
248
Note:
Only x 2 was
replaced, not x 4.
Define the
substitution in
simpler terms for
a more complete
substitution.
Symbolic Manipulation
249
Infinite recursions can occur when you define a substitution variable in terms of
itself.
Substitutes sin(x+1), sin(x+1+1),
sin(x+1+1+1), etc
sin(x)|x=x+1
Symbolic Manipulation
250
No match for
substitution
only if x and/or y is
not negative
Sin 1(sin( )) =
only if
/2 and
/2 radians
Symbolic Manipulation
251
named xy.
Because sin 1(sin( )) = is not always valid, the
expression is not simplified.
With a constraint, the expression can be simplified.
Note: For
or , press
select them from a menu.
or
8 or
2 to
However, substitution is preferable for most cases because the variable is defined only
for the current calculation and does not accidentally affect later calculations.
Symbolic Manipulation
252
Caution: After x is defined, it can affect all calculations that involve x (until you delete x).
to display:
Symbolic Manipulation
253
Note: For a complete description of each function and its syntax, refer to the Technical
Reference module.
Menu Item
Description
solve
factor
expand
zeros
approx
comDenom
propFrac
nSolve
Calculates a single solution for an equation as a floatingpoint number (as opposed to solve, which may display
several solutions in a rational or symbolic form).
Symbolic Manipulation
254
Menu Item
Description
Trig
Symbolic Manipulation
255
Menu Item
Description
right Returns the right-hand side of an equation or
inequality.
Note: The left and right functions are also used to return a specified number of elements
Symbolic Manipulation
256
2) and expand (
3) functions.
factor(expression [,var])
for factoring with respect to a variable
expand(expression [,var])
for partial expansion with respect to a
variable
Factor x5
Symbolic Manipulation
257
Solving an Equation
Use the solve (
solve(equation, var)
Solve x + y
5 = 2x
5y for x.
Symbolic Manipulation
258
To see intermediate results, you can manually solve the equation step-by-step.
x
2x
5y
2x
y
5
1
2x 3y = 4
x + 7y = 12
Example
Use the solve function for a one-step solve(2x 3y=4 and x+7y= 12,{x,y})
solution.
Use the solve function with
substitution ( | ) for step-by-step
manipulation.
Symbolic Manipulation
259
Method
Example
Note: The simult and rref matrix functions are not on the
4 or the Catalog.
Symbolic Manipulation
260
4) function.
zeros(expression, var)
or , type
also use
8 or
them from a menu.
Symbolic Manipulation
or
.You can
2 to select
261
7) and comDenom (
6) functions.
In this example:
Symbolic Manipulation
262
31x + 60
--------------------- is the remainder of x4 2x2+x divided by 2x2+x+4.
8
x
x
----- --- 15/8 is the quotient.
2 4
to display:
Note: For a complete description of each function and its syntax, refer to the Technical
Reference module.
Menu Item
Description
d differentiate
Symbolic Manipulation
263
integrate
limit
sum
product
fMin
fMax
arcLen
taylor
nDeriv
nInt
deSolve
impDif
Symbolic Manipulation
264
Note: The d symbol for differentiate is a special symbol. It is not the same as typing the
letter D on the keyboard. Use
1 or
.
2) and d differentiate (
1) functions.
Symbolic Manipulation
265
Note: You can integrate an expression only; you can differentiate an expression, list, or
matrix.
Finding a Limit
Use the limit (
3) function.
Symbolic Manipulation
266
9) function.
Graph sin(x):Graph
y1(x)
Symbolic Manipulation
267
Undefined Functions
You can use functions such as f(x), g(t), r( ), etc., that have not been assigned a
definition. These undefined functions yield symbolic results. For example:
Use DelVar to ensure that f(x) and g(x) are not
defined.
Then find the derivative of f(x) g(x) with
respect to x.
Note: To select d from the Calc toolbar menu,
press
1 (or press
on the keyboard).
Single-Statement Functions
You can use user-defined functions consisting of a single expression. For example:
Symbolic Manipulation
268
Use
1
sec x = ----------cos x
Then find the limit of sec(x) as x
approaches /4.
Note: To select limit from the Calc toolbar
menu, press
3.
h x =
0
sin -t
-------t
Define h(x)=
(sin(t)/t,t,0,x).
menu, press
2 (or press
on the
keyboard). To select taylor, press
9.
Symbolic Manipulation
269
In some cases, you may be able to create an equivalent single-statement function. For
example, consider a piecewise function with two pieces.
When:
Use expression:
x<0
x 0
x
5 cos(x)
Define
y1(x)=Func:If x<0
Then: ... :EndFunc
Symbolic Manipulation
B:nInt.
270
Define
y1(x)=when(x<0,
x, 5cos(x))
menu, press
keyboard).
2 (or press
on the
Press
for a floating-point
result.
Freeing Up Memory
Use
as described in Memory and Variable Management to view
and delete variables and/or Flash applications.
Symbolic Manipulation
271
Use
to set Exact/Approx = APPROXIMATE. (For results that have a large
number of digits, this uses less memory than AUTO or EXACT. For results that have
only a few digits, this uses more memory.)
Simplifying Problems
Split solve(a b=0,var) into solve(a=0,var) and solve(b=0,var). Solve each part and
combine the results.
x
y
In the expression ------------------------------ + ------------------------------ , substitute d for
2
2
2
2
a +b +c
a +b +c
x y
are --- + --- . In the solution, replace d with
d d
a+b + a+b
c + c
In the expression -------------------------------------------------- , substitute c for (a+b) and use --------------------- . In
2
2
1 a+b
1c
the solution, replace c with (a+b).
a + b + c and
a + b + c.
Symbolic Manipulation
272
5<3 is false.
Symbolic Manipulation
273
Symbolic Manipulation
A solution is at every
integer multiple of .
274
@1 ... @255
This notation indicates an arbitrary constant
that represents any integer.
When an arbitrary constant occurs multiple
times in the same session, each occurrence is
numbered consecutively. After it reaches 255,
arbitrary integer consecutive numbering
restarts at @0. Use Clean Up 2:NewProb to
reset to @1.
Note: For @, press:
,
represents infinity, and e represents the
constant 2.71828... (base of the natural
logarithms).
These constants are often used in entries as
well as results.
Notes:
For
, press:
For e, press:
Symbolic Manipulation
275
undef
This indicates that the result is undefined.
Mathematically undefined
(undetermined sign)
Non-unique limit
Symbolic Manipulation
276
From a Menu
The following shows how to select a unit, but you can use the same general procedure
to select a constant.
From the Home screen:
1. Type the value or expression.
6.3
3. Use
and
to move the cursor to the
applicable category.
Note: Use
and
to scroll one
page at a time through the categories.
277
However, if you are adding units to a variable, you must put a space or before the
underscore. For example, x_m is treated as a variable, not as x with a unit.
278
3 9.8_m/_s
Combine the units _m
and _s. There is no
pre-defined m/_s unit.
279
Enter:
_m
_s
100_m/(2_s) 50 -------
50. _m _s
Note: If you have any doubt about how a value and its units will be evaluated, group
280
From the UNITS dialog box, you can select available units from a menu.
281
If you want to convert to a unit other than the default, use the conversion operator.
expression_unit1
_unit2
For , press
_km/_hr
282
If an expression uses a combination of units, you can specify a conversion for some of
the units only. Any units for which you do not specify a conversion will be displayed
according to your defaults.
To convert 186000 miles/second from miles to
kilometers:
186000_mi/_s
_km
Because a Time
conversion is not
specified, it is shown
in its default unit (_s
in this example).
1/_hr
Because a Length
conversion is not
specified, it is shown
in its default unit (_m
in this example).
283
100
32
212
_oC
_oF
284
100_oC
100
[D]
32
212
_oC
_oF
180_o F
285
If Unit System=SI or
ENG/US, the Custom
Units item is dimmed.
You cannot set a
default for individual
categories.
CUSTOM.
2. Press
3. Press
286
You can also use setUnits( ) or getUnits( ) to set or return information about default
units. Refer to the Technical Reference module.
When the CUSTOM UNIT DEFAULTS dialog box first appears, it shows the current
default units.
287
If the defaults are Area = _acre and Length = _m (meters), area results are shown
with _acre units.
If you set Area = NONE, area results are shown with _m2 units.
Note: NONE is not available for base categories such as Length and Mass that have no
components.
You want to enter length values in dekameters. Define 10_m as a new unit named
_dm.
You want to calculate how many times someone blinks. You can use _blinks as a
valid unit without defining it. This standalone unit is treated similar to a variable that
is not defined. For instance, 3_blinks is treated the same as 3a.
Note: If you create a user-defined unit for an existing category, you can select it from the
288
Second character can be any valid variable name character except _ or a digit. For
example, _9f is not valid.
Remaining characters (up to 6) can be any valid variable name character except an
underscore.
Defining a Unit
Define a unit the same way you store to a variable.
289
definition _newUnit
For , press
Assuming unit
defaults for Length
and Time are set to
_m and _s.
Assuming unit
default for Time is
set to _s.
Notes:
User-defined units are displayed in lowercase characters, regardless of the case you
use to define them.
User-defined units such as _dm are stored as variables. You can delete them the
same as you would any variable.
290
Value
_c
speed of light
2.99792458E8_m/_s
_Cc
coulomb constant
_g
acceleration of gravity
9.80665_m/_s2
_Gc
gravitational constant
6.6742E 11_m3/_kg/_s2
_h
Plancks constant
6.6260693E 34_J _s
_k
Boltzmanns constant
1.3806505E 23_J/_ K
_Me
9.1093826E 31_kg
291
Description
Value
_Mn
1.67492728E 27_kg
_Mp
1.67262171E 27_kg
_Na
Avogadros number
6.0221415E23 /_mol
_q
electron charge
1.60217653E 19_coul
_Rb
Bohr radius
5.291772108E 11_m
_Rc
8.314472_J/_mol/_ K
_Rdb
Rydberg constant
10973731.568525 /_m
_Vm
molar volume
2.2413996E 2_m3/_mol
_ 0
permittivity of a vacuum
8.8541878176204E 12_F/_m
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
5.670400E 8_W/_m2/_ K4
_ 0
2.06783372E 15_Wb
_ 0
permeability of a vacuum
1.2566370614359E 6_N/_A2
_ b
Bohr magneton
Notes:
The calculator simplifies unit expressions and displays results according to your
default units. Therefore, constant values displayed on your screen may appear
different from the values in this table.
292
These values represent the most up-to-date constants available at time of printing
from the CODATA Internationally recommended values of the Fundamental Physical
Constants available on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
web site. (http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html).
Length
_Ang
angstrom
_mi
mile
_au
astronomical unit
_mil
1/1000 inch
_cm
centimeter
_mm
millimeter
_fath
fathom
_Nmi
nautical mile
_fm
fermi
_pc
parsec
_ft
foot (ENG/US)
_rod
rod
_in
inch
_yd
yard
_km
kilometer
micron
_ltyr
light year
angstrom
_m
meter (SI)
Area
_acre
acre
_ha
hectare
293
Volume
_cup
cup
_ml
milliliter
_floz
fluid ounce
_pt
pint
_flozUK
_qt
quart
_gal
gallon
_tbsp
tablespoon
_galUK
British gallon
_tsp
teaspoon
_l
liter
Time
_day
day
_s
_hr
hour
_week
week
_min
minute
_yr
year
_ms
millisecond
_ s
microsecond
_ns
nanosecond
Velocity
_knot
knot
_mph
_kph
294
Acceleration
no pre-defined units
Temperature
_ C
_ K
Kelvin
_ F
Fahrenheit
_ R
Luminous Intensity
_cd
Amount of Substance
_mol
Mass
_amu
_oz
ounce
_gm
gram
_slug
slug
_kg
kilogram (SI)
_ton
ton
_lb
pound (ENG/US)
_tonne
metric ton
295
_mg
milligram
_mton
metric ton
_tonUK
long ton
Force
_dyne
dyne
_N
newton (SI)
_kgf
kilogram force
_tonf
ton force
_lbf
Energy
_Btu
_J
joule (SI)
_cal
calorie
_kcal
kilocalorie
_erg
erg
_kWh
kilowatt-hour
_eV
electron volt
_latm
liter-atmosphere
_ftlb
foot-pound
Power
_hp
horsepower (ENG/US)
_kW
kilowatt
_W
watt (SI)
296
Pressure
_atm
atmosphere
_mmHg
millimeters of mercury
_bar
bar
_Pa
pascal (SI)
_inH2O
inches of water
_psi
_inHg
inches of mercury
_torr
millimeters of mercury
_mmH2O
millimeters of water
Viscosity, Kinematic
_St
stokes
Viscosity, Dynamic
_P
poise
Frequency
_GHz
gigahertz
_kHz
kilohertz
_Hz
_MHz
megahertz
297
Electric Current
_A
_mA
milliampere
_kA
kiloampere
_ A
microampere
Charge
_coul
Potential
_kV
kilovolt
_V
_mV
millivolt
_volt
volt
Resistance
_k
kilo ohm
_ohm
ohm
_M
megaohm
Conductance
_mho
mho (ENG/US)
_siemens
siemens (SI)
_mmho
millimho
_ mho
micromho
298
Capacitance
_F
_pF
picofarad
_nF
nanofarad
_ F
microfarad
oersted
gauss
_T
Magnetic Flux
_Wb
Inductance
_henry
_nH
nanohenry
_mH
millihenry
_ H
microhenry
299
Graphing Functions
1. Set Graph mode (
) to FUNCTION.
Also set Angle mode, if necessary.
300
).
window.
6. Change the graph format if necessary.
9
or
).
Display the coordinates of any pixel by using the free-moving cursor, or of a plotted
point by tracing a function.
Use the
301
Use the
Graph Mode
1. Press
to display the MODE dialog
box, which shows the current mode
settings.
2. Set the Graph mode to FUNCTION. Refer to Setting Modes in Operating the
Calculator.
For graphs that do not use complex numbers, set Complex Format = REAL.
Otherwise, it may affect graphs that use powers, such as x1/3.
While this module specifically describes y(x) function graphs, the calculator lets you
select from six Graph mode settings.
Graph Mode Setting
Description
FUNCTION
y(x) functions
PARAMETRIC
302
Description
POLAR
r( ) polar equations
SEQUENCE
u(n) sequences
3D
z(x,y) 3D equations
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Angle Mode
When using trigonometric functions, set the Angle mode for the units (RADIAN,
DEGREE or GRADIAN) in which you want to enter and display angle values.
Checking the Status Line
To see the current Graph mode and Angle mode, check the status line at the bottom of
the screen.
Angle
Mode
Graph
Mode
303
the current graphing mode. For example, in POLAR graphing mode, function names are
r1( ), r2( ), etc.)
Defining a New Function
1. Press
Note: The function list shows abbreviated function names such as y1, but the entry
line shows the full name y1(x).
2. Press
3. Press
and
to move the cursor to any undefined function. (Use
to scroll one page at a time.)
or
and
The expression can refer to other variables, including matrices, lists, and other
functions. Only floats and lists of floats will produce a plot.
or
. When you
304
The function list now shows the new function, which is automatically selected for
graphing.
Note: If you accidentally move the cursor to the entry line, press
to move it back to
and
2. Press
or
Use and to move the cursor within the expression and edit it. Refer to
Editing an Expression in the Entry Line in Operating the Calculator.
or
Press
one.
4. Press
once or twice to clear the old expression, and then type the new
.
The function list now shows the edited function, which is automatically selected for
graphing.
Note: To cancel any editing changes, press
instead of
305
Clearing a Function
From the Y= Editor:
To erase:
Do this:
Press
once or twice (depending on
the cursors location) and then press
.
All functions
Press
and then select 8:Clear
Functions. When prompted for
confirmation, press
.
or
Note:
You dont have to clear a function to prevent it from being graphed. You can select the
functions you want to graph.
Shortcuts to Move the Cursor
From the Y= Editor:
Press:
To:
or
306
Note: User-defined functions can have almost any name. However, if you want them to
appear in the Y= Editor, use function names y1(x), y2(x), etc.
A indicates which functions will be graphed the next time you display the Graph
screen.
307
Selected
Deselected
To select or deselect:
Do this:
A specified function
Press
Press
You dont have to select a function when you enter or edit it; it is selected automatically.
To turn off any stat plots, press
5 or use
to deselect them.
From the Home Screen or a Program
You can also select or deselect functions from the Home screen or a program.
308
Use the FnOn and FnOff commands (available from the Home screens
toolbar menu) for functions. Refer to the Technical Reference module.
Use the PlotsOn and PlotsOff commands for stat plots. Refer to the Technical
Reference module.
Other
309
Description
Line
Dot
Square
Thick
Animate
Path
Above
Below
310
xscl
ymin
Window Variables
(shown in Window Editor)
xmax
Variable
Description
xmin, xmax,
ymin, ymax
yscl
311
Variable
Description
xscl, yscl
xres
To turn off tick marks, set xscl=0 and/or yscl=0. Small values of xres improve the graphs
resolution but may reduce the graphing speed.
Type a value or an expression. The old value is erased when you begin typing.
or
Press
or
Press
or
Values are stored as you type them; you do not need to press
.
simply
moves the cursor to the next Window variable. If you type an expression, it is evaluated
when you move the cursor to a different Window variable or leave the Window Editor.
Basic Function Graphing
312
You also can display the GRAPH FORMATS dialog box from the Y= Editor, Window
Editor, or Graph screen. Press:
Format
Description
Coordinates
313
Format
Description
Graph Order
Grid
Axes
Leading Cursor
Labels
Discontinuity
Detection
To turn off tick marks, define the viewing window so that xscl and/or yscl = 0.
Changing Settings
From the GRAPH FORMATS dialog box:
1. Move the cursor to highlight the format setting.
2. Press
or
314
Note: To cancel a menu or exit the dialog box without saving any changes, use
instead of
If you select an
Zoom operation from the Y= Editor or Window Editor, the TI-89
Titanium automatically displays the Graph screen.
Interrupting Graphing
While graphing is in progress:
315
Smart Graph
When you display the Graph screen, the Smart Graph feature displays the previous
window contents immediately, provided nothing has changed that requires regraphing.
Smart Graph updates the window and regraphs only if you have:
Selected or deselected a function or stat plot. (If you only select a new function,
Smart Graph adds that function to the Graph screen.)
316
Free-Moving Cursor
When you first display the Graph screen, no cursor is visible. To display the cursor, press
a cursor pad arrow. The cursor moves from the center of the screen, and its coordinates
are displayed.
y1(x)=x2
The c indicates these are cursor coordinates.
The values are stored in the xc and yc system
variables. Rectangular coordinates use xc and
yc. Polar coordinates use rc and c.
If your screen does not show coordinates, set the graph format so that Coordinates =
RECT or POLAR. Press:
Press:
To an adjoining pixel
317
Press:
and then a cursor pad arrow.
, or
The next time you move the cursor, it moves from its last position.
When you move the cursor to a pixel that appears to be on the function, it may be near
the function but not on it.
Use the Trace tool described on the next page to display coordinates that are on the
function.
318
Tracing a Function
To display the exact coordinates of any plotted point on a graphed function, use the
Trace tool. Unlike the free-moving cursor, the trace cursor moves only along a functions
plotted points.
Beginning a Trace
From the Graph screen, press
The trace cursor appears on the function, at the middle x value on the screen. The
cursors coordinates are displayed at the bottom of the screen.
If multiple functions are graphed, the trace cursor appears on the lowest-numbered
function selected in the Y= Editor. The function number is shown in the upper right part
of the screen.
If any stat plots are graphed, the trace cursor appears on the lowest-numbered stat plot.
Moving along a Function
To move the trace cursor:
Do this:
Press
Press
or
.
or
319
Do this:
The trace cursor moves only from plotted point to plotted point along the function, not
from pixel to pixel.
Function number being traced.
For example: y3(x).
Trace coordinates are
those of the function, not
the pixel.
If your screen does not show coordinates, set the graph format so that Coordinates =
RECT or POLAR. Press:
Each displayed y value is calculated from the x value; that is, y=yn(x). If the function is
undefined at an x value, the y value is blank.
You can continue to trace a function that goes above or below the viewing window. You
cannot see the cursor as it moves in that off the screen area, but the displayed
coordinate values show its correct coordinates.
Note: Use QuickCenter to trace a function that goes above or below the window.
320
321
Using QuickCenter
If you trace a function off the top or bottom of the viewing window, you can press
to center the viewing window on the cursor location.
After QuickCenter, the cursor stops tracing. If you want to continue tracing, press
You can use QuickCenter at any time during a trace, even when the cursor is still on the
screen.
Canceling Trace
To cancel a trace at any time, press
A trace is also canceled when you display another application screen such as the Y=
Editor. When you return to the Graph screen and press
to begin tracing:
If Smart Graph regraphed the screen, the cursor appears at the middle x value.
If Smart Graph does not regraph the screen, the cursor appears at its previous
location (before you displayed the other application).
322
Note: If you select a Zoom tool from the Y=Editor or Window Editor, the TI-89 Titanium
Description
ZoomBox
ZoomIn,
ZoomOut
ZoomDec
ZoomSqr
323
Zoom Tool
Description
ZoomStd
ZoomTrig
ZoomInt
Lets you select a new center point, and then sets x and
y to 1 and sets xscl and yscl to 10.
ZoomData
ZoomFit
Memory
SetFactors
x and y are the distances from the center of one pixel to the center of an adjoining
pixel.
324
increments, use
, etc.
325
For a ZoomIn, the x variables are divided by xFact, and the y variables are
divided by yFact.
new xmin = xmin/xFact , etc.
For a ZoomOut, the x variables are multiplied by xFact, and the y variables are
multiplied by yFact.
new xmin = xmin
xFact , etc.
326
1. From the
box.
2. Use
and
Type the new value. The old value is cleared automatically when you begin
typing.
or
Press
or
3. Press
(after typing in an input box, you must press
changes and exit the dialog box.
327
Select:
To:
1:ZoomPrev
2:ZoomSto
3:ZoomRcl
Note: You can store only one set of Window variable values at a time. Storing a new set
Math toolbar menu has several tools that help you analyze
328
Math Tool
Description
Value
Zero,
Minimum,
Maximum
Intersection
Derivatives
f(x)dx
Inflection
Distance
Tangent
Arc
329
Math Tool
Description
Shade
Note: For Math results, cursor coordinates are stored in system variables xc and yc (rc
and c if you use polar coordinates). Derivatives, integrals, distances, etc., are stored in
the system variable sysMath.
2. Type the x value, which must be a real value between xmin and xmax. The value can
be an expression.
3. Press
y1(x)=1.25x
cos(x)
4. Press
or
to move the cursor between functions at the entered x value. The
corresponding y value is displayed.
If you press or , the free-moving cursor appears. You may not be able to move it
back to the entered x value.
330
), typing an x value,
and
and
. The cursor
.
and
331
5. Press
y2(x)=2x 7
and
and
332
and
(ReGraph).
and
and
2. As necessary, use
and
or
and
6. Set the second point. (If you use the cursor to set the point, a line is drawn as you
move the cursor.)
7. Press
and
(ReGraph).
334
and
or
X axis?
335
and
respectively.
4. Press
Above?
2. As necessary, use
or
3. Press
. The cursor moves to the next graphed function, and the screen
prompts for Below?
4. As necessary, use
function.)
5. Press
or
336
and
respectively.
7. Press
Below
function
Above
function
337
Polar Graphing
338
).
window.
6. Change the graph format if necessary.
9
or
Display the coordinates of any pixel by using the free-moving cursor, or of a plotted
point by tracing a polar equation.
Polar Graphing
339
Use the
Use the
Math toolbar menu to find derivatives, tangents, etc. Some menu items
are not available for polar graphs.
Polar Graphing
340
You can use the Define command from the Home screen (see the Technical Reference
module) to define functions and equations for any graphing mode, regardless of the
current mode.
The Y= Editor maintains an independent function list for each Graph mode setting. For
example, suppose:
In FUNCTION graphing mode, you define a set of y(x) functions. You change to
POLAR graphing mode and define a set of r( ) equations.
When you return to FUNCTION graphing mode, your y(x) functions are still defined
in the Y= Editor. When you return to POLAR graphing mode, your r( ) equations are
still defined.
Window Variables
The Window Editor maintains an independent set of Window variables for each Graph
mode setting (just as the Y= Editor maintains independent function lists). Polar graphs
use the following Window variables.
Variable
min, max
Polar Graphing
Description
Smallest and largest
values to evaluate.
341
Variable
step
Description
Increment for the value. Polar equations are evaluated
at:
r( min)
r( min+ step)
r( min+2( step))
... not to exceed ...
r( max)
xmin, xmax,
ymin, ymax
xscl, yscl
Note: You can use a negative step. If so, min must be greater than max.
xmin = 10.
ymin = 10.
xmax = 10.
ymax = 10.
max = 2
(6.2831853... radians or
360 degrees)
step = /24
yscl = 1.
values, use:
342
or
to set Coordinates = POLAR. If Coordinates = RECT, the polar equations will be graphed
properly, but coordinates will be displayed as x and y.
When you trace a polar equation, the
Exploring a Graph
As in function graphing, you can explore a graph by using the following tools. Any
displayed coordinates are shown in polar or rectangular form as set in the graph format.
Tool
Free-Moving
Cursor
Zoom
Polar Graphing
343
Tool
Trace
Math
value.
value.
Note: You can use QuickCenter at any time during a trace, even if the cursor is still on
the screen.
Polar Graphing
344
Parametric Graphing
345
).
window.
6. Change the graph format if necessary.
9
or
Display the coordinates of any pixel by using the free-moving cursor, or of a plotted
point by tracing a parametric equation.
Parametric Graphing
346
Use the
Use the
Math toolbar menu to find derivatives, tangents, etc. Some menu items
are not available for parametric graphs.
Parametric Graphing
347
Instead of:
Because:
t cos(60)
tcos(60)
Note: When using t, be sure implied multiplication is valid for your situation. You can use
the Define command from the Home screen (see the Technical Reference module) to
define functions and equations for any graphing mode, regardless of the current mode.
The Y= Editor maintains an independent function list for each Graph mode setting. For
example, suppose:
In FUNCTION graphing mode, you define a set of y(x) functions. You change to
PARAMETRIC graphing mode and define a set of x and y components.
When you return to FUNCTION graphing mode, your y(x) functions are still defined
in the Y= Editor. When you return to PARAMETRIC graphing mode, your x and y
components are still defined.
348
The Above and Below styles are not available for parametric equations and are dimmed
on the Y= Editors Style toolbar menu.
Window Variables
The Window Editor maintains an independent set of Window variables for each Graph
mode setting (just as the Y= Editor maintains independent function lists). Parametric
graphs use the following Window variables.
Note: You can use a negative tstep. If so, tmin must be greater than tmax.
Variable
Description
tmin, tmax
tstep
xmin, xmax,
ymin, ymax
Parametric Graphing
349
Variable
Description
xscl, yscl
xmin = 10.
ymin = 10.
tmax = 2
(6.2831853... radians
or 360 degrees)
xmax = 10.
ymax = 10.
tstep = /24
(.1308996... radians
or 7.5 degrees)
xscl = 1.
yscl = 1.
You may need to change the standard values for the t variables (tmin, tmax, tstep) to
ensure that enough points are plotted.
Exploring a Graph
As in function graphing, you can explore a graph by using the following tools.
Note: During a trace, you can also evaluate x(t) and y(t) by typing the t value and
pressing
. You can use QuickCenter at any time during a trace, even if the cursor is
still on the screen.
Tool
Free-Moving
Cursor
Parametric Graphing
350
Tool
Zoom
Trace
Math
Parametric Graphing
351
Graphing Sequences
1. Set Graph mode (
) to SEQUENCE.
Also set Angle mode, if necessary.
5 or use
to deselect them.
Sequence Graphing
352
).
window.
6. Change the graph format if necessary.
9
or
Display the coordinates of any pixel by using the free-moving cursor, or of a plotted
point by tracing a sequence.
Use the
Use the
Math toolbar menu to evaluate a sequence. Only 1:Value is available for
sequences.
Note: You can also evaluate a sequence while tracing. Simply enter the n value directly
353
If a sequence requires more than one initial value, enter them as a list enclosed in
braces { } and separated by commas. You must use a list to enter two or more initial
values.
Sequence Graphing
354
If a sequence requires an initial value but you do not enter one, you will get an error
when graphing.
On the Y= Editor, Axes lets you select the axes that are used to graph the sequences.
Optionally, for sequences only, you can select different axes for the graph. TIME is the
default.
Axes
Description
TIME
WEB
CUSTOM
The Y= Editor maintains an independent function list for each Graph mode setting. For
example, suppose:
In FUNCTION graphing mode, you define a set of y(x) functions. You change to
SEQUENCE graphing mode and define a set of u(n) sequences.
When you return to FUNCTION graphing mode, your y(x) functions are still defined
in the Y= Editor. When you return to SEQUENCE graphing mode, your u(n)
sequences are still defined.
Note: You can use the Define command from the Home screen (see Technical
Reference) to define functions and equations for any graphing mode, regardless of the
current mode.
Sequence Graphing
355
Selecting Sequences
With TIME and WEB axes, the TI-89 Titanium graphs only the selected sequences. If
you entered any sequences that require an initial value, you must enter the
corresponding ui value.
Note: With TIME and CUSTOM axes, all defined sequences are evaluated even if they
With CUSTOM axes, when you specify a sequence in the custom settings, it is graphed
regardless of whether it is selected.
Sequence Graphing
356
Window Variables
The Window Editor maintains an independent set of Window variables for each Graph
mode setting (just as the Y= Editor maintains independent function lists). Sequence
graphs use the following Window variables.
Variable
Description
nmin, nmax
plotStrt
plotStep
xmin, xmax,
ymin, ymax
xscl, yscl
Note: Both nmin and nmax must be positive integers, although nmin can be zero; nmin,
nmax, plotstrt and plotstep must be integers 1. If you do not enter integers, they will be
rounded to integers.
Sequence Graphing
357
xmin = 10.
xmax = 10.
xscl = 1.
ymin = 10.
ymax = 10.
yscl = 1.
You may need to change the standard values for the n and plot variables to ensure that
sufficient points are plotted.
To see how plotstrt affects graph, look at the following examples of a recursive
sequence.
plotStrt=1
This graph is plotted beginning with the 9th term.
plotStrt=9
Note: Both of these graphs use the same Window variables, except for plotstrt.
Sequence Graphing
358
With TIME axes (from Axes on the Y= Editor), you can set plotstrt = 1 and still graph only
a selected part of the sequence. Simply define a viewing window that shows only the
area of the coordinate plane you want to view.
You could set:
plotStrt=
nma
With TIME or CUSTOM axes, multiple sequences are always plotted simultaneously.
Exploring a Graph
As in function graphing, you can explore a graph by using the following tools. Any
displayed coordinates are shown in rectangular or polar form as set in the graph format.
Tool
Free-Moving
Cursor
Sequence Graphing
359
Tool
Zoom
Trace
Math
With WEB axes, the trace cursor follows the web, not the
sequence.
Sequence Graphing
360
During a trace, you can evaluate a sequence by typing a value for n and pressing
You can use QuickCenter at any time during a trace, even if the cursor is still on the
screen.
Item
Description
Axes
Build Web
Sequence Graphing
361
Item
Description
X Axis
and
Y Axis
Active only when Axes = CUSTOM, these let you select the
value or sequence to plot on the x and y axes.
To change any of these settings, use the same procedure that you use to change other
types of dialog boxes, such as the MODE dialog box.
Must be recursive with only one recursion level; u(n 1) but not u(n 2).
Sequence Graphing
362
Plots the selected sequence definitions as functions, with u(n 1) as the independent
variable. This effectively converts a recursive sequence into a nonrecursive form for
graphing.
The TI-89 Titanium draws the y=x reference line and then plots y = y =
5 x.
TRACE
to trace the
The web:
1. Starts on the x axis at the initial value ui (when plotstrt = 1).
2. Moves vertically (either up or down) to the sequence.
Sequence Graphing
363
Example: Convergence
1. On the Y= Editor (
xmin=0
xmax=25
xscl=1
ymin= 10
ymax=10
yscl=1
).
u(n)
Sequence Graphing
364
xmin= 10
xmax=10
xscl=1
ymin= 10
ymax=10
yscl=1
u(n)
y= .8x + 3.6
u(n 1)
y=x
Sequence Graphing
365
Example: Divergence
1. On the Y= Editor (
ui1 = 4.45.
xmin=0
xmax=10
xscl=1
).
u(n)
Sequence Graphing
xmin= 10
xmax=10
xscl=1
366
u(n
u(n 1)
y=x
y=3.2x .8x2
Example: Oscillation
This example shows how the initial value can affect a sequence.
1. On the Y= Editor (
), use the same sequence defined in the divergence
example: u1(n) = 3.2u1(n 1) .8(u1(n 1)) 2. Set initial value ui1 = 0.5.
2. Set Axes = TIME.
3. On the Window Editor (
nmin=1
nmax=100
plotstrt=1
plotstep=1
xmin=0
xmax=100
xscl=10
).
u(n)
Sequence Graphing
367
xmin=2.68
xmax=6.47
xscl=1
u(n)
u(n 1)
y=x
y=3.2x .8x2
8. Press
. Then use
As you trace to larger values of nc, notice that xc and yc oscillate between 2.05218
and 3.19782.
9. On the Window Editor, set plotstrt=50.
Then regraph the sequence.
Note: By starting the web plot at a later
368
Number of rabbits
Number of foxes
Rn
Rn-1 (1 + M K W n-1)
Wn
Wn-1 (1 + G R n-1 D)
1. On the Y= Editor (
u1(n) = u1(n 1)
ui1 = 200
u2(n) = u2(n 1)
ui2 = 50
.001
u2(n 1))
u1(n 1)
.03)
Sequence Graphing
369
xmin=0
xmax=400
xscl=100
to individually
trace the number of rabbits
u1(n) and foxes u2(n) over time
(n).
u(n)
u1(n)
u2(n)
5. On the Y= Editor, set Axes = CUSTOM, X Axis = u1, and Y Axis = u2.
6. On the Window Editor (
nmin=0
nmax=400
plotstrt=1
plotstep=1
xmin=84
xmax=237
xscl=50
u2(n)
Note: Use
Sequence Graphing
u1(n)
370
) to:
tblStart = 1
tbl = 1
Independent = AUTO
This item is dimmed
if you are not using
TIME axes.
Sequence Graphing
371
).
Fibonacci sequence is
in column 2.
Sequence Graphing
or
) to see
372
Graphing 3D Equations
1. Set Graph mode (
) to 3D. Also set
Angle mode, if necessary.
).
3D Graphing
373
Use the
Zoom toolbar menu to zoom in or out on a portion of the graph. Some of
the menu items are dimmed because they are not available for 3D graphs.
Use the
Math toolbar menu to evaluate the equation at a specified point. Only
1:Value is available for 3D graphs.
You can also evaluate z(x,y) while tracing. Type the x value and press
the y value and press
.
3D Graphing
; then type
374
The Y= Editor maintains an independent function list for each Graph mode setting. For
example, suppose:
In FUNCTION graphing mode, you define a set of y(x) functions. You change to 3D
graphing mode and define a set of z(x,y) equations.
3D Graphing
375
When you return to FUNCTION graphing mode, your y(x) functions are still defined
in the Y= Editor. When you return to 3D graphing mode, your z(x,y) equations are
still defined.
Note: You can use the Define command from the Home screen (see the Technical
Reference module) to define functions and equations for any graphing mode, regardless
of the current mode.
Selecting the Display Style
Because you can graph only one 3D equation at a time, display styles are not available.
On the Y= Editor, the Style toolbar menu is dimmed.
For 3D equations, however, you can use:
9
Window Variables
The Window Editor maintains an independent set of Window variables for each Graph
mode setting (just as the Y= Editor maintains independent function lists). 3D graphs use
the following Window variables.
Variable
Description
eye , eye ,
eye
3D Graphing
376
Variable
Description
xmin, xmax,
ymin, ymax,
zmin, zmax
xgrid, ygrid
ymin
y increment = ymax
--------------------------------ygrid
ncontour
3D Graphing
z(xmin,ymin)
z(xmin,ymax)
z(xmax,ymin)
z(xmax,ymax)
377
Note: If you enter a fractional number for xgrid or ygrid, it is rounded to the nearest whole
number 1. The 3D mode does not have scl Window variables, so you cannot set tick
xmin = 10.
xmax = 10.
xgrid = 14.
ymin = 10.
ymax = 10.
ygrid = 14.
zmin = 10.
zmax = 10.
ncontour = 5.
You may need to increase the standard values for the grid variables ( xgrid, ygrid) to
ensure that enough points are plotted.
Note: Increasing the grid variables decreases the graphing speed.
or
3D Graphing
378
For 3D Graphs:
Free-Moving
Cursor
Zoom
Trace
Lets you move the cursor along a grid wire from one grid
point to the next on the 3D surface.
3D Graphing
to
379
Tool
Math
For 3D Graphs:
Only 1:Value is available for 3D graphs. This tool displays
the z value for a specified x and y value.
After selecting 1:Value, type the x value and press
.
Then type the y value and press
.
Note: During a trace, you can also evaluate z(x,y). Type the x value and press
3D Graphing
380
Note: You can move the cursor only within the x and y boundaries set by Window
variables xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax.
Although the rules are straightforward, the actual cursor movement can be confusing
unless you know the orientation of the axes.
In 2D graphing, the x and y axes always
have the same orientation relative to the
Graph screen.
In 3D graphing, x and y have a different
orientation relative to the Graph screen.
Also, you can rotate and/or elevate the
viewing angle.
eye =20 eye =70 eye =0
Note: To show the axes and their labels from the Y= Editor, Window Editor, or Graph
screen, use:
3D Graphing
381
moves in a negative
y direction, back to ymin.
moves in a positive
y direction, up to ymax.
moves in a negative
x direction, back to xmin.
By displaying and labeling the axes, you can more easily see the pattern in the cursor
movement. To move grid points closer together, you can increase Window variables
xgrid and ygrid.
When the trace cursor is on an interior point in the displayed plane, the cursor moves
from one grid point to the next along one of the grid wires. You cannot move diagonally
across the grid. Notice that the grid wires may not appear parallel to the axes.
3D Graphing
382
For example, consider a saddle shape z1(x,y) = (x2 y2) / 3. The following graph shows
the view looking down the y axis.
Now look at the same shape at 10 from the x axis (eye = 10).
Note: To cut away the front of the saddle in this example, set xmax=0 to show only
negative x values.
3D Graphing
383
For example, suppose you trace the paraboloid z(x,y) = x 2 + .5y2 graphed with the
indicated Window variables. You can easily move the cursor to a position such as:
Trace cursor
Valid trace
coordinates
Although the cursor is actually tracing the paraboloid, it appears off the curve because
the trace coordinates:
but
Note: QuickCenter lets you center the viewing cube on the cursors location. Simply
press
When zc is outside the z boundary of the viewing cube, the cursor is physically displayed
at zmin or zmax (although the screen shows the correct trace coordinates).
3D Graphing
384
eye
positive x axis.
eye
eye
positive z axis.
3D Graphing
385
eye = 50
eye = 80
3D Graphing
386
eye = 70
eye = 50
Note: This example starts on the xy plane (eye = 90) and decrements eye by 20 to
3D Graphing
387
Note: During rotation, the axes expand or contract to fit the screens width and height.
z1(x,y)=(x3yy3x) / 390
eye
=0
eye
= 45
eye
= 90
z=10
z= 10
3D Graphing
z=10
z= 10
388
As the z axis rotates 90 , its range ( 10 to 10 in this example) expands to almost twice its
original length. Likewise, the x and y axes expand or contract.
From the Home Screen or a Program
The eye values are stored in the system variables eye , eye , and eye . You can access
or store to these variables as necessary.
To type or , press
You can also press
[F] or
, respectively.
and use the Greek menu.
3D Graphing
389
Note: The viewing orbit affects the eye Window variables in differing amounts.
Do this:
or
or
Press
Press X, Y or Z, respectively.
or
3D Graphing
390
After animating the graph, you can stop and then re-start the animation in the same
direction by pressing:
or
During an animation, you can switch to the next graph format style by pressing:
3D Graphing
391
or -
To change any of these settings, use the same procedure that you use to change other
types of dialog boxes, such as the MODE dialog box.
In many cases, the origin (0,0,0) is inside the box, not at a corner. For example, if
xmin = ymin = zmin = 10 and xmax = ymax = zmax = 10, the origin is at the center of
the box.
3D Graphing
392
Note: Setting Labels = ON is helpful when you display either type of 3D axes.
Later sections in this module describe CONTOUR LEVELS, WIRE AND COUNTOUR,
and implicit plots.
Be Aware of Possible Optical Illusions
The eye angles used to view a graph (eye , eye , and eye Window variables) can result
in optical illusions that cause you to lose perspective on a graph. Typically, most optical
illusions occur when the eye angles are in a negative quadrant of the coordinate system.
3D Graphing
393
Optical illusions may be more noticeable with box axes. For example, it may not be
immediately obvious which is the front of the box.
Looking down
from above the xy plane
=0
Looking up
from below the xy plane
Note: The first two examples show the graphs as displayed on the screen. The second
two examples use artificial shading (which is not displayed on the screen) to show the
front of the box.
To minimize the effect of optical illusions, use the GRAPH FORMATS dialog box to set
Style = HIDDEN SURFACE.
Contour Plots
In a contour plot, a line is drawn to connect adjacent points on the 3D graph that have
the same z value. This module discusses the CONTOUR LEVELS and WIRE AND
CONTOUR graph format styles.
3D Graphing
394
or
Style = WIRE AND CONTOUR
The viewing angle is set initially so that you are viewing the contours by looking
down the z axis. You can change the viewing angle as necessary.
The graph is shown in expanded view. To switch between expanded and normal
view, press .
The Labels format is set to OFF automatically.
For WIRE AND CONTOUR, the contours are drawn on a wire frame view. The
viewing angle, view (expanded or normal), and Labels format retain their previous
settings.
Notes:
From the Graph screen, you can switch from one graph format style to the next
(skipping IMPLICIT PLOT) by pressing:
Pressing:
to select CONTOUR LEVELS does not affect the viewing angle, view, or Labels
3D Graphing
395
Style
z1(x,y)=(x3yy3x) / 390
z1(x,y)=x2+.5y25
WIRE AND
CONTOUR
Note: These examples use the same x, y, and z Window variable values as a ZoomStd
viewing cube. If you use ZoomStd, press Z to look down the z axis. Do not confuse the
3D Graphing
396
ncontour + 1
If ncontour=5 and you use the standard viewing window ( zmin= 10 and zmax=10) , the
increment is 3.333. Five contours are drawn for z= 6.666, 3.333, 0, 3.333, and 6.666.
Note, however, that a contour is not drawn for a z value if the 3D graph is not defined at
that z value.
3D Graphing
397
or
Move the cursor to the applicable point. (The cursor moves along the grid lines.)
Then press
.
For example, suppose the current graph is z1(x,y)=x2+.5y25. If you specify x=2 and
y=3, a contour is drawn for z=3.5.
Note: Any existing contours remain on the graph. To remove the default contours, display
the Window editor (
) and set ncontour=0.
3D Graphing
398
DrwCtour {1,2,3}
DrwCtour
seq(n,n, 10,10,2)
The specified contours are drawn on the current 3D graph. (A contour is not drawn if the
specified z value is outside the viewing cube or if the 3D graph is not defined at that z
value.)
You can use the cursor keys to animate the contour plot.
You cannot trace ( ) the contours themselves. However, you can trace the wire
frame as seen when Style=WIRE AND CONTOUR.
3D Graphing
399
Because of possible long evaluation times, you first may want to experiment with
your 3D equation by using Style=WIRE FRAME. The evaluation time is much
shorter. Then, after youre sure you have the correct Window variable values,
display the Graph Formats dialog box and set Style=CONTOUR LEVELS or WIRE
AND CONTOUR.
Example
In this example, let f(x)=x3+1. By substituting the general complex form x+y i for x, you
can express the complex surface equation as z(x,y)=abs((x+y i)3+1).
1. Use
2. Press
to set Graph=3D.
, and define the equation:
z1(x,y)=abs((x+y i)^3+1)
3. Press
, and set the Window
variables as shown.
3D Graphing
400
It will take awhile to evaluate the graph; so be patient. When the graph is displayed,
the complex modulus surface touches the xy plane at exactly the complex zeros of
the polynomial:
1
3
1
3
1 , --- + ------- i, and --- ------- i
2 2
2 2
6. Press
, and move the trace cursor to
the zero in the fourth quadrant.
The coordinates let you estimate
.428.857i as the zero.
The zero is precise
when z=0.
7. Press
. Then use the cursor keys to
animate the graph and view it from
different eye angles.
3D Graphing
401
Notes:
For more accurate estimates, increase the xgrid and ygrid Window variables.
However, this increases the graph evaluation time.
When you animate the graph, the screen changes to normal view. Use
between normal and expanded views.
to toggle
Implicit Plots
An implicit plot is used primarily as a way to graph 2D implicit forms that cannot be
graphed in function graphing mode. Technically, an implicit plot is a 3D contour plot with
a single contour drawn for z=0 only.
3D Graphing
402
By using implicit plots in 3D graphing mode, you can graph these implicit forms without
solving for y or x.
f(x,y)g(x,y)=0
z1(x,y)=f(x,y)g(x,y)
If x2+.5y2=30,
then z1(x,y)=x2+.5y230.
Notes: You can also graph many implicit forms if you either:
3D Graphing
403
Note: From the Graph screen, you can switch to the other graph format styles by
pressing:
The viewing angle is set initially so that you are viewing the plot by looking down the
z axis. You can change the viewing angle as necessary.
The plot is shown in expanded view. To switch between expanded and normal view,
press .
Style
x2y2=4
z1(x,y)=x2y24
sin(x)+cos(y)= e(x y)
z1(x,y)=sin(x)+cos(y)e(x y)
IMPLICIT
PLOT
3D Graphing
404
Note: These examples use the same x, y, and z Window variable values as a ZoomStd
viewing cube. If you use ZoomStd, press Z to look down the z axis.
The ncontour Window variable has no affect. Only the z=0 contour is drawn,
regardless of the value of ncontour. The displayed plot shows where the implicit form
intersects the xy plane.
You cannot trace ( ) the implicit plot itself. However, you can trace the unseen wire
frame graph of the 3D equation.
Because of possible long evaluation times, you first may want to experiment with
your 3D equation by using Style=WIRE FRAME. The evaluation time is much
shorter. Then, after youre sure you have the correct Window variable values, set
Style=IMPLICIT PLOT.
3D Graphing
405
Example
Graph the equation sin(x 4+yx3 y) = .1.
1. Use
2. Press
to set Graph=3D.
, and define the equation:
z1(x,y)=sin(x^4+y x^3y).1
3. Press
, and set the Window
variables as shown.
4. Press:
Turn on the axes, set
Style = IMPLICIT PLOT, and return to the
Window editor.
5. Press
3D Graphing
406
Note: When you animate the graph, the screen changes to normal view. Press
to
3D Graphing
407
5 or use
to deselect them.
408
or
Note: The Fields format is critical,
depending on the order of the equation.
).
409
).
410
Note: You can use the Define command from the Home screen to define functions and
equations.
When entering equations in the Y= Editor, do not use y(t) formats to refer to results. For
example:
Do not use implied multiplication between a
variable and parenthetical expression. If you
do, it is treated as a function call.
Important: Selecting y1' will graph the y1 solution curve, not the derivative y1', depending
411
or
Description
Graph Order
Not available.
Solution Method
412
Graph format
Description
Fields
DIRFLD Draws a direction field for only one 2ndorder equation (or system of two 1st-order equations),
with axes determined by the custom axes settings.
equations.
Note: If you press
Setting Axes
In the Y= Editor, Axes may or may not be available, depending on the current graph
format.
If it is available, you can select the axes that
are used to graph the differential equations.
413
Axes
Description
TIME
CUSTOM
Window Variables
Differential equation graphs use the following Window variables. Depending on the
Solution Method and Fields graph formats, not all of these variables are listed in the
Window Editor (
) at the same time.
Variable
Description
t0
tmax, tstep
414
Variable
Description
tplot
Note: If tmax < t0, tstep must be negative. If Fields=SLPFLD, tplot is ignored and is
assumed to be the same as t0.
Variable
Description
xmin, xmax,
ymin, ymax
xscl, yscl
ncurves
415
Variable
Description
When ncurves is used, t0 is set temporarily at the
middle of the screen and initial conditions are distributed
evenly along the y axis, where:
ymax ymin
increment = -------------------------------ncurves + 1
The y values for the initial conditions are:
ymin + increment
ymin + 2 (increment)
ymin + ncurves (increment)
diftol
fldres
Estep
dtime
416
xmin = 1.
xmax = 10.
xscl = 1.
ymin = 10.
ymax = 10.
yscl = 1.
ncurves = 0.
diftol = .001
Estep = 1.
fldres = 14.
dtime = 0.
You may need to change the standard values for the t variables to ensure that sufficient
points are plotted.
The fldpic System Variable
When a slope or direction field is drawn, a picture of the field is stored automatically to a
system variable named fldpic. If you perform an operation that regraphs the plotted
equations but does not affect the field, the TI-89 Titanium reuses the picture in fldpic
instead of having to redraw the field. This can speed up the regraphing time significantly.
fldpic is deleted automatically when you exit the differential equation graphing mode or
when you display a graph with Fields = FLDOFF.
Exploring a Graph
As in function graphing, you can explore a graph by using the following tools. Any
displayed coordinates are shown in rectangular or polar form as set in the graph format.
Tool
Free-Moving
Cursor
417
Tool
Zoom
Trace
Lets you move the cursor along the curve one tstep at a
time. To move approximately ten plotted points at a time,
press
or
.
If you enter initial conditions in the Y= Editor or let the
ncurves Window variable plot curves automatically, you
can trace the curves. If you use:
IC from the Graph screen to select initial conditions
interactively, you cannot trace the curves.
QuickCenter applies to all directions. If you move the
cursor off the screen (top or bottom, left or right), press
to center the viewing window on the cursor location.
Use
or
to view results on all plotted curves.
Math
Note: During a trace, you can move the cursor to a particular point by typing a value for t
and pressing
. You can use QuickCenter at any time during a trace, even if the
cursor is still on the screen.
418
For a 2nd- or higher-order differential equation, you must define a system of 1st-order
equations in the Y= Editor.
If you enter initial conditions, you must enter
the same number of initial conditions for each
equation in the system. Otherwise, a
Dimension error occurs.
419
Then:
SLPFLD
DIRFLD
FLDOFF
When ncurves is used, t0 is set temporarily at the middle of the Graph screen. However,
the value of t0 as set in the Y= Editor or Window Editor is not changed.
Notes:
SLPFLD is for a single 1st-order equation only. DIRFLD is for a 2nd-order equation
(or system of two 1st-order equations) only.
420
Do this:
SLPFLD
or
DIRFLD
Press:
Specify an initial condition. Either:
y(t0).
-
421
If Fields =
Do this:
FLDOFF
Press:
You are prompted to select the axes for which you want to
enter initial conditions.
Note: With SLPFLD or DIRFLD, you can select initial conditions interactively regardless
of whether you enter initial conditions in the Y= Editor. With FLDOFF, you can select
initial conditions interactively. However, if three or more equations are entered, you must
enter a single value (not a list) as the initial condition for each equation in the Y= Editor.
Otherwise, a Dimension error occurs when graphing.
Note about Tracing a Solution Curve
When you enter initial conditions in the Y= Editor or let ncurves graph solution curves
automatically, you can use
to trace the curves. However, you cannot trace a curve
drawn by selecting an initial condition interactively. These curves are drawn, not plotted.
422
y'' + y' + y = ex
y'' = ex
y'
y'' = et
y'
423
In place of:
Substitute:
y
y'
y''
y'''
y(4)
y1
y2
y3
y4
y5
y'' = et
y2
y1
Do not substitute
on the left side at
this time.
In place of:
Substitute:
y
y'
y''
y(4)
y1
y2
y3
y4
y2' = et
y2
y1
424
y1' = y'
y2' = y''
etc.
Therefore, this examples 2nd-order equation is entered on the y2' line.
In a system such as this, the solution to the y1' equation is the solution to the nth-order
equation. You may want to deselect any other equations in the system.
425
Example
1. Press
3. In the Y= Editor (
system of equations.
), enter the
y'' + y = 0
y'' = y
y'' = y1
y2' = y1
5. Press:
9
or
and set Axes = ON, Labels =
OFF, Solution Method = RK, and
Fields = DIRFLD.
Important: For 2nd-order equations, you
must set Fields=DIRFLD or FLDOFF.
426
xmin= 2
xmax=2
xscl=1
ymin= 2
ymax=2
yscl=1
), set
ncurves=0
diftol=.001
fldres=14
dtime=0
).
x axis = y1 = y
y axis = y2 = y'
427
To examine this harmonic oscillator in more detail, use a split screen to graph the
manner in which y and y' change with respect to time (t).
9. Press
and change the mode
settings on Page 2 as shown. Then close
the MODE dialog box, which redraws the
graph.
Note: To display different graphs in both
or
Set Fields = FLDOFF.
Important: Because Fields=DIRFLD cannot
plot a time axis, you must change the
Fields setting. FLDOFF turns off all fields.
428
ymin= 2.
ymax=2.
15. Press
to display the Graph
screen for graph #2.
The left side shows the phase-plane orbit.
The right side shows the solution curve
and its derivative.
16. To return to a full screen of the original
graph, press
to switch to the left
side. Then press
and change the
Split Screen setting.
y'
429
Example
1. Press
3. In the Y= Editor (
system of equations.
), enter the
Important: The
solution to the y1'
equation is the
solution to the 3rdorder equation.
430
6. Press:
9
or
Set Axes = ON, Labels = ON,
Solution Method = RK, and
Fields = FLDOFF.
Important: For 3rd- or higher-order
equations, you must set Fields=FLDOFF.
Otherwise, an Undefined variable error
xmin= 1
xmax=10
xscl=1.
ymin= 3
ymax=3
yscl=1
), set
ncurves=0
diftol=.001
431
).
time, use
Item
Description
Axes
432
Item
Description
X Axis, Y Axis Active only when Axes = CUSTOM, these let you select
what you want to plot on the x and y axes.
t time
y solutions (y1, y2, etc.) of all selected differential
equations
y' values of all selected differential equations (y1', y2',
etc.)
y1, y2, etc. the solution to the corresponding differential
equation, regardless of whether that equation is selected
y1', y2', etc. the value of the right-hand side of the
corresponding differential equation, regardless of whether
that equation is selected
Note: t is not valid for either Axis when Fields=DIRFLD. If you select t, an Invalid axes
433
Predator-Prey Model
Use the two coupled 1st-order differential equations:
y1' = y1 + 0.1y1 y2 and y2' = 3y2 y1 y2
where:
y1
= Population of foxes
= Population of rabbits
EQUATIONS.
2. In the Y= Editor (
), define the
differential equations and enter the
initial conditions.
Note: To speed up graphing times, clear
or
Set Axes = ON, Labels = ON,
Solution Method = RK, and
Fields = FLDOFF.
Differential Equation Graphing
434
xmin= 1
xmax=10
xscl=5
ymin= 10
ymax=40
yscl=5
), set
ncurves=0
diftol=.001
y2(t)
Note: Use
and
to move the trace
cursor between the curves for y1 and y2.
y1(t)
435
or
Set Fields = DIRFLD.
Note: In this example, DIRFLD is used for
two related differential equations that do
not represent a 2nd-order equation.
9. Press:
Confirm that the axes are set as shown.
10. In the Y= Editor, clear the initial conditions
for yi1 and yi2.
initial condition.
436
EQUATIONS.
437
t0 is the time at
which the initial
condition occurs.
By default, t0=0.
yi1=10
5. Press:
9
or
Set Solution Method = RK and
Fields = FLDOFF.
Note: To speed up graphing times, clear
), set
438
t0=0.
tmax=100.
tstep=1.
tplot=0.
xmin= 1.
xmax=100.
xscl=1.
ymin= 10.
ymax=10
yscl=1.
ncurves=0.
diftol=.001
Important: Change tstep from .1 (its default) to 1. Otherwise, BldData calculates too
many rows for the data variable and a Dimension error occurs.
7. In the Home screen
BldData rklog
or
Set Solution Method = EULER.
Note: You do not need to graph the
equation before using BldData. For more
information about BldData, refer to the
BldData eulerlog
439
c1=rklog[1] or
c1=eulerlog[1]
c2=rklog[2]
c3= eulerlog[2]
Plot Type=xyline
Mark=Cross
x=c1
y=c3
, and
440
ymin= 10.
ymax=120.
yscl=10.
xres=2.
).
ymin=85.5
ymax=86
yscl=.1
xres=2
441
20. Press
to trace, and then press or
until y1 is selected. (1 shows in upper
right corner.) Then enter 40.
Euler (Plot 2)
RK (Plot 1)
By moving the trace cursor to trace each solution to xc = 40, you can find that:
You can also use the Data/Matrix Editor to open the errorlog data variable and scroll to
time = 40.
442
Example
For a general solution, use the following syntax. For a particular solution, refer to the
Technical Reference module.
deSolve(1stOr2ndOrderODE, independentVar, dependentVar)
Using the logistic 1st-order differential equation, find the general solution for y with
respect to t.
deSolve(y' = 1/1000 y (100 y),t,y)
For ', type
Notes:
For maximum accuracy, use 1/1000 instead of .001. A floating-point number can
introduce round-off errors.
This example does not involve graphing, so you can use any Graph mode.
443
Before using deSolve( ), clear any existing t and y variables. Otherwise, an error occurs.
1. In the Home screen
use deSolve( ) to
find the general solution.
@1 represents a
constant. You may
get a different
constant (@2, etc.).
to move to the
beginning of the entry line.
3. For an initial condition y=10 with t=0, use
solve( ) to find the @1 constant.
Note: If you got a different constant (@2,
For @, type
R
444
You can also use deSolve( ) to solve this problem directly. Enter:
deSolve(y' = 1/1000 y (100 y) and y(0)=10,t,y)
or
1st-order
SLPFLD or FLDOFF
445
2nd-order
(system of two 1st-order equations)
DIRFLD or FLDOFF
3rd- or higher-order
FLDOFF
(system of three or more 1st-order equations)
For your order of equation, use the previous table to find the valid Fields settings.
Change to the applicable setting.
For a particular Fields setting, check the following for information that applies to that
setting.
446
Fields=SLPFLD
In the
Y= Editor
Use
to select one and only one 1st-order equation. You
can enter mulNotele equations, but only one at a time can be
selected.
The selected equation must not refer to any other equation in
the Y= Editor. For example:
If y1'=y2, an Undefined variable error occurs when you graph.
In the Graph
screen
447
Fields=DIRFLD
In the
Y= Editor
With custom
axes
448
In the Graph
screen
Notes
Fields=FLDOFF
In the
Y= Editor
449
With custom
axes
In the Graph
screen
Notes
450
451
Generating a Table
1. Set Graph mode and, if necessary, Angle
mode (
).
Note: Tables are not available in 3D Graph
mode.
).
Tables
452
).
Change the tables setup parameters. By changing the starting or incremental value
used for the independent variable, you can zoom in or out on the table to see
different levels of detail.
Build or edit a manual table to show only specified values of the independent
variable.
Tables
453
tbl
Tables
454
Note: The table initially starts at tblStart, but you can use
tblStart
tbl
An automatic table
Based on initial
values
value
value
OFF
AUTO
That matches
Graph screen
ON
AUTO
ASK
A manual table
Note: means that any value entered for this parameter is ignored for the indicated
type of table.
In SEQUENCE graphing mode, use integers for tblStart and tbl.
Tables
455
1. Use
and
Do this:
tblStart
or
tbl
Press
or
to display a menu of valid
settings. Then either:
Note: To cancel a menu or exit the dialog box without saving any changes, press
instead of
Store values directly to the system variables tblStart and tbl. Refer to Storing and
Recalling Variable Values in Operating the Calculator.
Tables
456
Set Graph < > Table and Independent by using the setTable function. Refer to the
Technical Reference module.
or
5.
The cursor initially highlights the cell that contains the starting value of the independent
variable. You can move the cursor to any cell that contains a value.
Tables
457
or
Press:
,
, or
and then
, or
The header row and the first column are fixed so that they cannot scroll off the screen.
When you scroll down or up, the variable and function names are always visible
across the top of the screen.
When you scroll right or left, the values of the independent variable are always
visible along the left side of the screen.
Tables
458
Tables
459
If a numbers magnitude is too large for the current cell width, the number is rounded
and shown in scientific notation.
If the cell width is too narrow even for scientific notation, ... is shown.
Notes:
Use
By default, Display Digits = FLOAT 6. With this mode setting, a number is shown with up
to six digits, even if the cell is wide enough to show more. Other settings similarly affect a
displayed number.
If cell width is:
Full Precision
12
1.2345678901
1.2
1.2346
1.23457
1.23457*
...
1.2E5
123456.78
123457.
123457.*
.000005
...
5.E 6
.000005
.000005
1.2345678E19
...
1.2E19
1.2346E19
1.23457E19*
...
...
1.23456789012E 200
1.2E 200
1.2346E 200*
*Note: Depending on display mode settings, some values are not shown in
full precision even when the cell is wide
Note: To see a number in full precision, highlight the cell and look at the entry line.
Tables
460
Type the new function. The old function is erased when you begin typing.
or
Press
or
Press
or
Note: To cancel any changes and return the cursor to the table, press
instead of
Tables
461
4. Press
to save the edited function and update the table. The edited function is
also saved in the Y= Editor.
If You Want to Change the Setup Parameters
After generating an automatic table, you can change its setup parameters as necessary.
Press
or
changes.
Tables
462
If you first display an automatic table and then change it to Independent = ASK, the table
continues to show the same values. However, you can no longer see additional values
by scrolling up or down off the screen.
If you start with a blank table, you can enter a value in consecutive cells only
(row 1, row 2, etc.). You cannot skip cells (row 1, row 3).
2. Press
to move the value to the table and update the corresponding function
. Simply begin
typing.
The cursor returns to the entered cell. You can use
Tables
463
column 1 only.
You can also enter a list variable or an expression that evaluates to a list.
Note: If the independent variable column contains existing values, they are shown as
a list (which you can edit).
4. Press
to move the values into the independent variable column. The table is
updated to show the corresponding function values.
Tables
464
Do this:
Press
8. When prompted for
confirmation, press
.
Tables
465
Tables
466
(Home
moving cursor.
467
Note: Use a split screen to show a graph and the Home screen or Data/Matrix Editor at
The sysData variable can be cleared, deleted, etc., just as any other data variable.
However, it cannot be locked.
468
If the Graph screen contains a function or stat plot that references the current
contents of sysData, this command will not operate.
Function
Parametric
Polar
Sequence
3D
Differential Equation
n
x, y
t
469
Description
Copy and
paste
Define
command
470
Method
Description
If the expression is already stored to a variable:
1. Display the Y= Editor, highlight the desired function, and
press
.
2. Press
. Type the variable name that contains
the expression, and press
twice.
Important: To recall a function variable such as f1(x), type
only f1, not the full function name.
3. Press
to save the recalled expression in the
Y= Editors function list.
Note:
is useful if an expression is stored to a
variable or function that does not correspond to the
Y= Editor, such as a1 or f1(x).
471
If the expression is in
terms of:
A non-native independent
variable
Note: Graph uses the current Window variable settings and is available from the Home
screens
toolbar menu.
Graph does not work with sequence graphs or differential equations. For parametric,
Graph expr,
In 3D graphing mode:
Graph expr, x, y
Note: To create a table from the Home screen, use the Table command. It is similar to
Graph. Both share the same expressions.
Graph does not copy the expression to the Y= Editor. Instead, it temporarily suspends
any functions selected on the Y= Editor. You can trace, zoom, or show and edit Graph
472
Other toolbar
or
Display the Y= Editor. The next time you display the Graph screen, it will use the
functions selected on the Y= Editor.
and:
Define f1(aa)=1.25aa cos(aa)
f1(x) y1(x)
473
two-piece functions. For three or more pieces, it may be easier to create a multistatement, user-defined function.
Using the When Function
To define a two-piece function, use the syntax:
when(condition, trueExpression, falseExpression)
For example, suppose you want to graph a function with two pieces.
When:
Use expression:
x<0
5 cos(x)
In the Y= Editor:
For three or more pieces, you can use nested when functions.
474
Use expression:
x<
4 sin(x)
x
x
and x < 0
2x + 6
6 x2
In the Y= Editor:
where:
y1(x)=when(x<0,when(x<
,4 sin(x),2x+6),6 x^2)
475
Use expression:
x<
4 sin(x)
x
x
and x < 0
0
2x + 6
6 x2
Note: For information about similarities and differences between functions and
When entering a multi-statement function on the Y= Editor or Home screen, you must
enter the entire function on a single line.
476
In the Y= Editor:
477
and
commas.
478
graph {2,4,6}sin(x)
graph {2,4,6}sin({1,2,3}x)
4 sin(x), 2x+4
6 sin(x), 3x+4
The functions within each group are graphed simultaneously, but the groups are graphed
sequentially.
Note: To set graph formats from the Y= Editor, Window Editor, or Graph screen, press:
479
. Then press
to display Page 2.
Number of Graphs = 2
split
480
Page 2:
side
4. Press
Graph 2: right or
bottom side
Graph modes (FUNCTION, POLAR, etc.). Other modes such as Angle, Display
Digits, etc., are shared and affect both graphs.
481
Graph screens.
Y= Editors. However, both graphs share common function and stat plot definitions.
Note: The Y= Editor is completely independent only when the two sides use different
482
Suppose Graph 1 and Graph 2 are set for function graphing. Although both sides
show the same function list, you can select ( ) different functions for graphing
Note: If you make a change on the active Y= Editor (redefine a function, change a style,
etc.), that change is not reflected on the inactive side until you switch to it.
(second function of
Switch to the applicable graph side and display the application as you normally
would.
or
Use
483
Use
Screen = FULL.
or
-
Press
twice. This always exits a split screen and returns to a full-sized
Home screen.
Note: You can display non-graph-related applications (such as the Home screen) on only
After the two-graph mode is set up, graph-related operations refer to the active graph
side. For example:
10 xmax
affects either Graph 1 or Graph 2, depending on which is active when you execute the
command.
484
For example:
1. Define y1(x)=.1x32x+6 on the Y= Editor,
and graph the function.
485
DrawFunc y1(x) 6
4. Press
to draw the function on the
Graph screen.
You cannot trace, zoom, or perform a
math operation on a drawn function.
Note: To clear the drawn function, press
or
and select 1:ClrDraw
486
To display the Home screen and put DrawInv in the entry line, press:
3
DrawInv y1(x)
487
Press
to regraph.
Note: You can also enter ClrDraw on the Home screens entry line.
You can also do anything that causes the Smart Graph feature to redraw the graph (such
as change the Window variables or deselect a function on the Y= Editor).
488
To draw a:
Do this:
Point (pixel-sized)
Press
Freehand line
.
, and move the cursor to draw
Note: When drawing a freehand line, you can move the cursor diagonally.
To quit, press
Note: If you start drawing on a white pixel, the pencil draws a black point or line. If you
start on a black pixel, the pencil draws a white point or line (which can act as an eraser).
489
Do this:
Press
To quit, press
490
, etc.
To quit, press
Drawing a Circle
From the Graph screen:
1.
and select 4:Circle.
2. Move the cursor to the center of the circle,
and press
.
3. Move the cursor to set the radius, and
press
.
Note: Use
, etc.
491
To quit, press
Note: Use
, etc.
492
2. As necessary, use
and
DrawSlp 4,0,6.37
493
To quit, press
or
Note: The text cursor indicates the upper-left corner of the next character you type.
494
Important: By default,
Type = GDB (for graph
database). You must
set Type = Picture.
495
3D graph.
2. Set the 1st corner of the box by
moving its top and left sides. Then
press
.
Note: Use
and
bottom, and use
sides.
496
Important: By default,
Type = GDB (for graph
database). Be sure to
set Type = Picture.
A graph picture is a drawing object. You cannot trace any curve on a picture.
For Pictures Saved from a Portion of the Graph Screen
When you press
and select 1:Open, the picture is superimposed starting at the upperleft corner of the Graph screen. If the picture was saved from a portion of the Graph
screen, it may appear shifted from the underlying graph.
You can specify which screen pixel to use as the upper-left corner.
497
498
Example
This example program (named cyc) generates 10 views of a 3D graph, with each view
rotated 10 further around the Z axis. For information about each command, refer to the
499
Technical Reference module. For information about using the Program Editor, refer to
Programming.
Program Listing
:cyc()
:Prgm
:local I
: Set mode and Window variables
:setMode(graph,3d)
:70 eye
: 10 xmin
:10 xmax
:14 xgrid
: 10 ymin
:10 ymax
:14 ygrid
: 10 zmin
:10 zmax
:1 zscl
: Define the function
:(x^3 yy^3 x)/390 z1(x,y)
: Generate pics and rotate
:For i,1,10,1
: i 10 eye
: DispG
: StoPic #("pic" & string(i))
:EndFor
: Display animation
:CyclePic "pic",10,.5,5, 1
:EndPrgm
500
Note: Due to its complexity, this program takes several minutes to run.
After entering this program on the Program Editor, go to the Home screen and enter
cyc( ).
Mode settings (
) for Graph, Angle, Complex Format, and Split Screen (only if you
are using the two-graph mode).
Table parameters (
), Window variables (
or
501
replaced. You may want to store the current graph database before opening a stored
database.
502
503
2. Because the modes related to split screens are listed on the second page of the
MODE dialog box, either:
Use
to scroll down.
or
Press
to display Page 2.
3. Set the Split Screen mode to either of the following settings. For the procedure used
to change a mode setting, refer to Operating the Calculator.
Split Screen Settings
TOP-BOTTOM
LEFT-RIGHT
Split Screens
504
Mode
Split 1 App
Split 2 App
If you set Split 1 App and Split 2 App to the same application, the calculator exits the split
screen mode and displays the application full screen.
You can open different applications after the split screen is displayed.
Note: In two-graph mode, described in Additional Graphing Topics, the same application
Split Screens
505
Description
Number of Graphs
Note: Leave this set to 1 unless you
have read the applicable section
in Additional Graphing Topics.
Due to the border that indicates the active application, split screens have a smaller
displayable area than a full screen.
TI-89 Titanium:
Split 1 App
Split 2 App
Split
Ratio
FULL
N/A
0 158
0 76
N/A
N/A
Split Screens
506
Split 1 App
Split 2 App
Ratio
TOPBOTTOM
1:1
0 154
0 34
0 154
0 34
LEFTRIGHT
1:1
0 76
0 72
0 76
0 72
Split
Voyage 200:
Split 1 App
Split 2 App
Split
Ratio
FULL
N/A
0 238
0 102
N/A
N/A
TOPBOTTOM
1:1
0 234
0 46
0 234
0 46
1:2
0 234
0 26
0 234
0 68
2:1
0 234
0 68
0 234
0 26
1:1
0 116
0 98
0 116
0 98
1:2
76
0 98
0 156
0 98
2:1
0 156
0 98
0 76
0 98
LEFTRIGHT
Split Screens
Press
to display the MODE dialog box. Then
set Split Screen = FULL. When you press
to
close the dialog box, the full-sized screen shows the
application specified in Split 1 App.
507
Method 2:
Press
screen.
By the Automatic Power Down The split screen is just as you left it.
(APD) feature, or when you
press
.
Split Screens
508
Split-screen indicator
Description
Top-bottom split screen
Split Screens
509
The toolbar and status line, which are always the full width of the display, are
associated with the active application.
For applications that have an entry line (such as the Home screen and Y= Editor),
the entry line is the full width of the display only when that application is active.
Toolbar is for Y= Editor.
Thick border indicates the
Y= Editor is active.
Entry line is full width when
Y= Editor is active.
Split Screens
(second function of
510
1. Use
to switch to the application you
want to replace.
2. Use
or
(such as
the new application.
) to select
If you select an application that is already displayed, the calculator switches to that
application.
Method 2:
3. Press
and then
Split Screens
511
Pressing
Split Screens
512
Note: Both Top-Bottom and Left-Right splits use the same methods to select an
application.
Split Screens
513
List Variable
A list is a series of items (numbers, expressions, or character strings) that may or may
not be related. Each item is called an element. In the Data/Matrix Editor, a list variable:
If you enter more than one column of elements in a list variable, it is converted
automatically into a data variable.
Data/Matrix Editor
514
On the Home screen (or anywhere else you can use a list), you can enter a list as a
series of elements enclosed in braces { } and separated by commas.
Although you must use commas to separate
elements on the entry line, spaces separate
the elements in the history area.
To refer to a specified element in a list, use
the format shown to the right.
list1[1]
Data/Matrix Editor
515
Note: For stat calculations, columns must have the same length.
NewData data1,list1,list2
data1[1]
(data1[1])[1]
For example:
Displays column 1 of the variable data1.
Displays element 1 in column 1 of the
variable data1.
Data/Matrix Editor
516
Matrix Variable
A matrix is a rectangular array of elements. When you create a matrix in the Data/Matrix
Editor, you must specify the number of rows and columns (although you can add or
delete rows and columns later). In the Data/Matrix Editor, a matrix variable:
[[1,2,3][4,5,6]] mat1
[1,2,3;4,5,6] mat1
row 1
row 2
row 1
row 2
Data/Matrix Editor
517
Item
Lets you:
Type
Folder
Data/Matrix Editor
518
Item
Lets you:
Variable
Row dimension
and
Col dimension
Note: If you do not type a variable name, your calculator displays the Home screen.
4. Press
(after typing in an input box such as Variable, press
create and display an empty variable in the Data/Matrix Editor.
twice) to
Data/Matrix Editor
519
or
From any application, launch Data/Matrix Editor again and select 2:Open.
2. Select the type, folder, and variable to
open.
3. Press
Note: Variable shows the first existing variable in alphabetic order. If there are no existing
Data/Matrix Editor
520
Deleting a Variable
Because all Data/Matrix Editor variables are saved automatically, you can accumulate
quite a few variables, which take up memory.
To delete a variable, use the VAR-LINK screen (
VAR-LINK, refer to Memory and Variable Management.
Data/Matrix Editor
521
When values are entered, the entry line shows the full value of the highlighted cell.
Note: Use the title cell at the very top of each column to identify the information in that
column.
Entering or Editing a Value in a Cell
You can enter any type of expression in a cell (number, variable, function, string, etc.).
1. Move the cursor to highlight the cell you want to enter or edit.
2. Press
or
or
Variable Type
After pressing
List or data
Matrix
Right to the cell in the next column. From the last cell in a
row, the cursor automatically moves to the first cell in the
next row. This lets you enter values for row1, row2, etc.
Data/Matrix Editor
or
first.
522
Press:
,
, or
and then
or
or
Note: To enter a value from the entry line, you can also use
, or
or
When you scroll down/up, the header row remains at the top of the screen so that the
column numbers are always visible. When you scroll right/left, the row numbers remain
on the left side of the screen so that they are always visible.
Data/Matrix Editor
523
In a list variable, a cell in the gap is undefined until you enter a value for the cell.
Note: If you enter more than one column of elements in a list variable, it is converted
In a data variable, gaps in a column are handled the same as a list. However, if you
leave a gap between columns, that column is blank.
In a matrix variable, when you enter a value in a cell outside the current boundaries,
additional rows and/or columns are added automatically to the matrix to include the
new cell. Other cells in the new rows and/or columns are filled with zeros.
Note: Although you specify the size of a matrix when you create it, you can easily
Data/Matrix Editor
524
or
or
4. Press
Data/Matrix Editor
to display a menu of
525
Do this:
A column
All columns
Press
and select 8:Clear Editor. When prompted for
confirmation, press
(or
to cancel).
Note: For a list or data variable, a clear column is empty. For a matrix, a clear column
contains zeros.
Data/Matrix Editor
526
or
Move the cursor to the header cell ( c1, c2, etc.) and press
Notes:
is not required if you want to type a new definition or replace the existing
one. However, if you want to edit the existing definition, you must press
.
Press
or
Data/Matrix Editor
527
Press
or
before pressing
c1=seq(x^2,x,1,5)
c1={1,2,3,4,5}
c2=2 c1
c4=c1 c2sin(c3)
Note: The seq function is described in the Technical Reference module. If you refer
to an empty column, you will get an error message unless Auto-calculate = OFF.
3. Press
, , or
to save the
definition and update the columns.
Editor. For a list variable, the definitions are not saved (only their resulting cell values).
Data/Matrix Editor
528
or
Move the cursor to the header cell ( c1, c2, etc.) and press
2. Press
3. Press
, or
Do this:
Data/Matrix Editor
Data/Matrix Editor
529
Note: If you have a CBL 2 or CBR, use these techniques for your collected lists. Use
If column 2s header is defined as c2=2 c1, any change you make in column 1 is
automatically reflected in column 2.
or
2.
3. Press
Data/Matrix Editor
If Auto-calculate = OFF and you make changes as described above, the header
definitions are not recalculated until you set Auto-calculate = ON.
Note: You may want to set Auto-calculate = OFF to make changes without recalculating
each time, enter a definition such as c1=c2+c3 before you enter columns 2 and 3, or
override any errors in a definition until you can debug the error.
Data/Matrix Editor
531
c2=shift(c1,2)
c3=shift(c1, 2)
Shifted columns have the same length as the base
Last two elements of c1 shift down and out the
bottom; undefined elements shift into the top.
First two elements of c1 shift up and out the top;
undefined elements shift into the bottom.
Note: To enter shift, type it from the keyboard or select it from the CATALOG.
For example:
c2=cumSum(c1)
1+2
1+2+3+4
Note: To enter cumSum, type it, select it from the CATALOG, or press
and
Data/Matrix Editor
532
Sorting Columns
After entering information in a data, list, or matrix variable, you can easily sort a specified
column in numeric or alphabetical order. You can also sort all columns as a whole, based
on a key column.
C1
C1
fred
75
sally
82
chris
98
jane
chris
75
fred
98
jane
82
sally
Data/Matrix Editor
533
None of the columns can be locked (defined by a function in the column header).
When the cursor is in a locked column, is shown at the beginning of the entry line.
Data/Matrix Editor
534
To a:
List
List or data
Data
Data
Data column
List
Matrix
Matrix
Note: A list is automatically converted to a data variable if you enter more than one
column of information.
Procedure
From the Data/Matrix Editor:
1. Display the variable that you want to copy.
Data/Matrix Editor
535
2. Press
4. Press
twice).
Data/Matrix Editor
536
Data/Matrix Editor
537
) to FUNCTION.
and then
functions.
5. Define the viewing window (
).
538
or
Graph the selected equations
(
).
539
540
Description
Calculation
Type
Freq
Category
Include
Categories
541
Note: To use an existing list variable for x, y, Freq, or Category, type the list name
twice).
The results are displayed on the STAT VARS screen. The format depends on the
Calculation Type. For example:
For Calculation Type = OneVar
When is shown
instead of =, you
can scroll for
additional results.
Note: Any undefined data points (shown as undef) are ignored in a stat calculation.
542
Open another data variable or reopen the same data variable (if the calculation
referred to a column in a data variable). Results are also cleared if you leave and
then reopen the Data/Matrix Editor with a data variable.
Change the current folder (if the calculation referred to a list variable in the previous
folder).
543
If an item is dimmed,
it is not valid for the
current Calculation
Type.
Calc Type
Description
OneVar
TwoVar
CubicReg
ExpReg
544
Calc Type
Description
LinReg
LnReg
Logistic
MedMed
PowerReg
QuadReg
545
Calc Type
Description
QuartReg
SinReg
Note: For TwoVar and all regression calculations, the columns that you specify for x and y
Statistical Variables
Statistical calculation results are stored to variables. To access these variables, type the
variable name or use the VAR-LINK screen as described in Memory and Variable
546
Management. All statistical variables are cleared when you edit the data or change the
calculation type. Other conditions that clear the variables are listed.
Calculated Variables
Statistical variables are stored as system variables. However, regCoef and regeq are
treated as a list and a function variable, respectively.
One
Var
Two
Var
sum of x values
sum of x2 values
x2
x2
Regressions
mean of x values
Sx
Sx
nStat
nStat
mean of y values
sum of y values
sum of y2 values
y2
Sy
sum of x y values
xy
minimum of x values
minX
minX
547
maximum of x values
One
Var
Two
Var
maxX
maxX
minimum of y values
minY
maximum of y values
maxY
1st quartile
q1
median
medStat
3rd quartile
q3
Regressions
regression equation
regeq
regression coefficients
(a, b, c, d, e)
regCoef
correlation coefficient
corr
coefficient of determination
R2
summary points
(MedMed only)
medx1, medy1,
medx2, medy2,
medx3, medy3
corr is defined for a linear regression only; R2 is defined for all polynomial
regressions.
Note:
If regeq is 4x + 7, then regCoef is {4 7}. To access the a coefficient (the 1st element
in the list), use an index such as regCoef[1].
548
1st quartile is the median of points between minX and medStat, and 3rd quartile is
the median of points between medStat and maxX.
Procedure
From the Data/Matrix Editor:
1. Press
to display the Plot Setup screen.
Initially, none of the plots are defined.
2. Move the cursor to highlight the plot
number that you want to define.
3. Press
549
Description
Plot Type
Mark
Freq
Category
Include
Categories
Note:
550
Plots defined with column numbers always use the last data variable in the
Data/Matrix Editor, even if that variable was not used to create the definition.
To use an existing list variable for x, y, Freq, or Category, type the list name instead
of the column number.
5. Press
twice).
x = c1
y = c2
Note: Any undefined data points (shown as undef) are ignored in a stat plot.
Change the graph mode. (Stat plots are not graphed in 3D mode.)
551
Note: If the original plot was selected ( ), the copy is also selected.
552
Scatter
Data points from x and y are plotted as coordinate pairs. Therefore, the columns or lists
that you specify for x and y must be the same length.
Xyline
This is a scatter plot in which data points are
plotted and connected in the order in which
they appear in x and y.
You may want to sort all the columns in the
Data/Matrix Editor before plotting.
3 or
4
553
Box Plot
This plots one-variable data with respect to the minimum and maximum data points
(minX and maxX) in the set.
Q1
minx
Med Q3
maxX
When you select multiple box plots, they are plotted one above the other in the same
order as their plot numbers.
Select Mod Box Plot as the Plot Type when you define a plot in the Data/Matrix
Editor.
A modified box plot excludes points outside the interval [Q1 X, Q3+X], where X is defined
as 1.5 (Q3 Q1). These points, called outliers, are plotted individually beyond the box
plots whiskers, using the mark that you select.
554
Histogram
This plots one-variable data as a histogram. The x axis is divided into equal widths called
buckets or bars. The height of each bar (its y value) indicates how many data points fall
within the bars range.
xmax xmin
Number of bars = ---------------------------------------------Hist. Bucket Width
ZoomData (
9 from the Graph screen, Y= Editor, or Window Editor) adjusts xmin
and xmax to include all data points, but it does not adjust the y axis.
Use
to set ymin = 0 and ymax = the number of data points expected
in the tallest bar.
555
Trace cursor
Range of the
traced bar
# of data points in
the traced bar
556
to scroll
557
Note: Plots defined with column numbers always use the last data variable in the
Data/Matrix Editor, even if that variable was not used to create the definition.
To:
Do this:
Press
and select the applicable item. You
can also use this menu to turn all functions on.
558
559
or
from the Y= Editor, Window Editor, or Graph
screen.
Then change the settings as necessary.
Plot Type
Description
Scatter or xyline
Box plot
Histogram
Note: When a stat plot is displayed, the Graph screen does not automatically pan if you
trace off the left or right side of the screen. However, you can still press
the screen on the trace cursor.
to center
560
561
In the Data/Matrix Editor, you can enter the test scores and frequency values in two
columns.
Test
scores
Frequency
values
c1
c2
85
97
97
92
92
89
92
91
89
95
91
c1
85
95
95
95
Frequency of 2
Frequency of 3
Note: A frequency value of 0 effectively removes the data point from analysis.
To use frequency values, specify the frequency column when you perform a statistical
calculation or define a stat plot. For example:
562
Note: You can also use frequency values from a list variable instead of a column.
Used to indicate:
Note: You do not need a category value for the whole class. Also, you do not need
category values for all 10th graders or all 11th graders since they are combinations of
other categories.
563
In the Data/Matrix Editor, you can enter the scores and the category values in two
columns.
Test scores
Category values
c1
c2
85
97
92
88
90
95
79
68
92
84
82
To use category values, specify the category column and the category values to include
in the analysis when you perform a statistical calculation or define a stat plot.
564
Include Categories:
{1}
{2}
{1,2}
{3}
{4}
{3,4}
{1,3}
{2,4}
Note: To analyze the whole class, leave the Category input box blank. Any category
565
After you store the CBL 2 information on the TI-89 Titanium, there are two ways to use
the CBL 2 list variables.
566
Note: For specifics about using the CBL 2 and retrieving data to the TI-89 Titanium, refer
567
For example:
NewData temp1, time, temp
creates a data variable called temp1 in which time is in column 1 and temp is in column
2.
From the Data/Matrix Editor, create a new, empty data variable with the applicable
name. For each CBL 2 list that you want to include, define a column header as that
list name.
For example, define column 1
as time, column 2 as temp.
568
CBR
You can also use the Calculator-Based Ranger (CBR) to explore the mathematical
and scientific relationships between distance, velocity, acceleration, and time using data
collected from activities you perform.
569
Running a Program
On the Home screen:
1. Type the name of the program.
2. You must always type a set of
parentheses after the name.
Some programs require you to
pass an argument to the
program.
Note: Use
to list
existing PRGM variables.
prog1()
If arguments are not
required
prog1(x,y)
If arguments are required
Press
Programming
570
When you run a program, the TI-89 Titanium automatically checks for errors. For
example, the following message is displayed if you:
Note: The TI-89 Titanium also checks for run-time errors that are found within the
program itself.
Breaking a Program
When a program is running, the BUSY indicator is displayed in the status line.
Programming
571
Press
Most output and input commands use the Program I/O screen. (Input commands
prompt the user to enter information.)
After the program stops, the TI-89 Titanium shows the last screen that was displayed.
Programming
572
Last output
Note: To clear any previous output, enter the Clr O command in your program. You can
also execute Clr O from the Home screen.
When a program stops on the Program I/O screen, you need to recognize that it is not
the Home screen (although the two screens are similar). The Program I/O screen is
used only to display output or to prompt the user for input. You cannot perform
calculations on this screen.
Note: If Home screen calculations dont work after you run a program, you may be on the
Press
to toggle between the Home screen and the Program I/O screen.
or
Press
, or
Programming
, etc.).
573
2. Select 3:New.
3. Specify the applicable information for the
new program or function.
Item
Lets you:
Type
Folder
Programming
574
Item
Lets you:
Variable
4. Press
(after typing in an input box such as Variable, you must press
twice) to display an empty template.
This is the template for a
program. Functions have a
similar template.
You can now use the Program Editor as described in the remaining sections of this
module.
Note: A program (or function) is saved automatically as you type. You do not need to
save it manually before leaving the Program Editor, starting a new program, or
opening a previous one.
Resuming the Current Program
You can leave the Program Editor and go to another application at any time. To return to
the program or function that was displayed when you left the Program Editor, launch
Program Editor again and select 1:Current.
Programming
575
twice.
or
From another application, launch Program Editor again and select 2:Open.
2. Select the applicable type, folder, and
variable.
3. Press
Note: By default, Variable shows the first existing program or function in alphabetical
order.
Programming
576
Copying a Program
In some cases, you may want to copy a program or function so that you can edit the
copy while retaining the original.
1. Display the program or function you want to copy.
2. Press
twice.
Programming
577
Note: Use the cursor pad to scroll through the program for entering or editing commands.
Use
or
You enter and edit program commands in the Program Editor by using the same
techniques used to enter and edit text in the Text Editor. Refer to Entering and Editing
Text in the Text Editor module.
After typing each program line, press
. This inserts a new blank line and lets you
continue entering another line. A program line can be longer than one line on the screen;
if so, it will wrap to the next screen line automatically.
Note: Entering a command does not execute that command. It is not executed until you
Programming
578
Entering Comments
A comment symbol ( ) lets you enter a remark in a program. When you run the program,
all characters to the right of are ignored.
:prog1()
:Prgm
: Displays sum of 1 thru n
:Request "Enter an integer",n
:expr(n) n: Convert to numeric expression
:-----Description of the program .
Description of expr.
Note: Use comments to enter information that is useful to someone reading the program
code.
To enter the comment symbol, press:
or
Press
and select 9:
Programming
579
Using Indentation
For more complex programs that
use If...EndIf and loop structures
such as For...EndFor, you can make
the programs easier to read and
understand by using indentation.
:12 6
:cos( /4)
:solve(x^2x2=0,x)
:Disp 12 6
:Disp cos( /4)
:Disp solve(x^2x2=0,x)
Programming
580
:Disp 12 6
:cos( /4) maximum
prog1(3,5)
Programming
581
:circ(x,y,r)
Prgm
:FnOff
:ZoomStd
:ZoomSqr
:Circle x,y,r
:LineHorz y+r
:EndPrgm
Only circ( ) is initially
displayed on the blank
template; be sure to edit this
line.
Note: In this example, you cannot use circle as the program name because it
Programming
582
circ(0,0,5)
Passed to r
Passed to y
Passed to x
Note: This example assumes that the user enters values that can be displayed by the
viewing window set up by ZoomStd and ZoomSqr.
Programming
583
You can create functions that expand on the TI-89 Titaniums built-in functions. You
can then use the new functions the same as any other function.
Functions return values that can be graphed or entered in a table; programs cannot.
You can use a function (but not a program) within an expression. For example:
3 func1(3) is valid, but not 3 prog1(3).
Because you pass arguments to a function, you can write generic functions that are
not tied to specific variable names.
Note: You can create a function from the Home screen, but the Program Editor is more
Can use the following instructions only. Any others are invalid.
Cycle
For...EndFor
Lbl
Return
Programming
Define
Goto
Local
While...EndWhile
Exit
If...EndIf (all forms)
Loop...EndLoop
key)
584
Can use all built-in TI-89 Titanium / Voyage 200 functions except:
setFold
setTable
setGraph
switch
setMode
Can refer to any variable; however, it can store a value to a local variable only.
-
The arguments used to pass values to a function are treated as local variables
automatically. If you store to any other variables, you must declare them as local
from within the function.
Cannot call a program as a subroutine, but it can call another user-defined function.
Entering a Function
When you create a new function in the Program Editor, the TI-89 Titanium displays a
blank template.
Note: Use the cursor pad to scroll through the function for entering or editing commands.
Programming
585
If the function requires input, one or more values must be passed to the function. (A
user-defined function can store to local variables only, and it cannot use instructions that
prompt the user for input.)
Programming
:cube(x)
:Func
:x^3
:EndFunc
586
:cube(x)
:Func
:If x<0
: Return 0
:x^3
:EndFunc
Example of a Function
The following function returns the xth root of a value y ( x y ). Two values must be passed
to the function: x and y.
Programming
587
Note: Because x and y in the function are local, they are not affected by any existing x or
y variable.
Function as defined in
the Program Editor
3 x:125 y
4 xroot(3,125)
20
:xroot(x,y)
:Func
:y^(1/x)
:EndFunc
Programming
588
:subtest2(x,y)
:Prgm
: Disp x,y
:EndPrgm
Programming
589
An internal subroutine is called and executed in the same way as a separate program.
:subtest1()
:Prgm
:local subtest2
:Define subtest2(x,y)=Prgm
: Disp x,y
:EndPrgm
: Beginning of main program
:For i,1,4,1
: subtest2(i,I*1000)
:EndFor
:EndPrgm
Declares the subroutine as a local variable.
Defines the subroutine.
Calls the subroutine.
Note: Use the Program Editors
Prgm...EndPrgm commands.
Programming
590
Lbl commands are local to the programs in which they are located. Therefore, a Goto
command in the calling program cannot branch to a label in a subroutine or vice versa.
Scope of Variables
Scope
Description
Programming
591
Scope
Description
Programming
592
Note: If a program has local variables, a graphed function cannot access them. For
example:
Local a
5 a
Graph a cos(x)
may display an error or an unexpected result (if a is an existing variable in the current
folder).
Circular Definition Errors
When evaluating a user-defined function or running a program, you can specify an
argument that includes the same variable that was used to define the function or create
the program. However, to avoid Circular definition errors, you must assign a value for
x or i variables that are used in evaluating the function or running the program.
For example:
x+1 x
or
For i,i,10,1
Disp i
EndFor
Causes a Circular definition error message if x or i does not have a value. The error
does not occur if x or i has already been assigned a value.
Programming
593
Description
Stores a value to a variable. As on the Home screen,
pressing
enters a symbol.
Archive
BldData
CopyVar
Define
DelFold
DelType
DelVar
Deletes a variable.
getFold
getType
isArchiv()
isLocked()
isVar()
Local
Programming
594
Command
Description
Lock
MoveVar
NewData
NewFold
NewPic
Rename
Renames a variable.
Unarchiv
Unlock
Note: The Define, DelVar, and Local commands are available from the Program Editors
Var toolbar menu.
Programming
595
program and does not need to be stored after the program stops.
If you declare variable i as local, it is deleted automatically when the program stops so
that it does not use up memory.
Programming
596
For example:
Define fact(n)=Func:
Local m:
While n>1:
n m m: n1 n:
EndWhile:
Return m:
EndFunc
Local variable m is not assigned an initial value.
In the example above, the local variable m exists independently of any variable m that
exists outside of the function.
597
Refer to a global variable name, typically with two or more characters, that is not
likely to exist outside of the function or program.
Include DelVar within the function or program to delete the global variable, if it exists,
before referring to it. (DelVar does not delete locked or archived variables.)
String Operations
Strings are used to enter and display text characters. You can type a string directly, or
you can store a string to a variable.
Programming
598
Programming
599
String Commands
Note: See the Technical Reference module for syntax for all commands and functions.
Command
Description
&
char
dim
expr
format
inString
left
mid
ord
Programming
600
Command
Description
right
rotate
shift
string
Conditional Tests
Conditional tests let programs make decisions. For example, depending on whether a
test is true or false, a program can decide which of two actions to perform. Conditional
tests are used with control structures such as If...EndIf and loops such as
While...EndWhile (described later in this module).
Programming
601
Press
and select 8:Test. Then
select the operator from the menu.
or
Relational Tests
Relational operators let you define a conditional test that compares two values. The
values can be numbers, expressions, lists, or matrices (but they must match in type and
dimension).
Operator
True if:
Example
>
Greater than
a>8
<
Less than
a<0
a+b 100
a+6 b+1
Equal
list1=list2
Not equal to
mat1 mat2
Programming
602
>= for
<= for
/= for
(To get the / character, press
.)
Boolean Tests
Boolean operators let you combine the results of two separate tests.
Operator
True if:
Example
and
a>0 and a 10
or
a 0 or b+c>10
xor
is true if
is false if
x 2
x>2
Note: If you use not from the Home screen, it is shown as ~ in the history area. For
example, not x>2 is shown as ~(x>2).
Programming
603
:If | Then
:EndIf
The cursor is
positioned so that you
can enter a conditional
test.
Programming
604
If Command
To execute only one command if a conditional test is true, use the general form:
:If x>5
:
Disp "x is greater than 5"
:Disp x
Executed only if x>5; otherwise, skipped.
Always displays the value of x.
In this example, you must store a value to x before executing the If command.
Note: Use indentation to make your programs easier to read and understand.
If...Then...EndIf Structures
To execute one group of commands if a conditional test is true, use the structure:
:If x>5 Then
: Disp "x is greater than 5"
: 2 x x
:EndIf
:Disp x
Executed only if x>5.
Displays value of:
2x if x>5
x if x 5
Programming
605
Note: EndIf marks the end of the Then block that is executed if the condition is true.
Programming
606
Refer to the Technical Reference module for more information and an example.
Lbl and Goto Commands
You can also control the flow of your program by using Lbl (label) and Goto commands.
Use the Lbl command to label (assign a name to) a particular location in the program.
Lbl labelName
name to assign to this location (use the same
naming convention as a variable name)
You can then use the Goto command at any point in the program to branch to the
location that corresponds to the specified label.
Goto labelName
specifies which Lbl command to branch to
Programming
607
Because a Goto command is unconditional (it always branches to the specified label), it
is often used with an If command so that you can specify a conditional test. For example:
:If x>5
: Goto GT5
:Disp x
:-------:-------:Lbl GT5
:Disp "The number was > 5
If x>5, branches directly to label GT5.
For this example, the program must include commands (such as Stop) that prevent Lbl GT5
from being executed if x 5.
Programming
608
:For |
:EndFor
If the loop requires
arguments, the cursor
is positioned after the
command.
You can then begin entering the commands that will be executed in the loop.
Note: A loop command marks the start of the loop. The corresponding End command
For...EndFor Loops
A For...EndFor loop uses a counter to control the number of times the loop is repeated.
The syntax of the For command is:
Note: The ending value can be less than the beginning value, but the increment must be
negative.
For(variable, begin, end [, increment])
Programming
609
When For is executed, the variable value is compared to the end value. If variable does
not exceed end, the loop is executed; otherwise, program control jumps to the command
following EndFor.
i>5
:For i,0,5,1
: -------: -------:EndFor
:--------
Note: The For command automatically increments the counter variable so that the
Programming
610
While...EndWhile Loops
A While...EndWhile loop repeats a block of commands as long as a specified condition is
true. The syntax of the While command is:
While condition
When While is executed, the condition is evaluated. If condition is true, the loop is
executed; otherwise, program control jumps to the command following EndWhile.
x
x<5
:While x<5
: -------: -------:EndWhile
:--------
Note: The While command does not automatically change the condition. You must
Any variables referenced in the condition must be set before the While command.
(You can build the values into the program or prompt the user to enter the values.)
The loop must contain commands that change the values in the condition, eventually
causing it to be false. Otherwise, the condition is always true and the program
cannot exit the loop (called an infinite loop).
Programming
611
For example:
:0 x
:While x<5
: Disp x
: x+1 x
:EndWhile
:Disp x
Initially sets x.
Displays 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Increments x.
Displays 5. When x increments to 5, the loop is not executed.
Loop...EndLoop Loops
A Loop...EndLoop creates an infinite loop, which is repeated endlessly. The Loop
command does not have any arguments.
:Loop
: -------: -------:EndLoop
:--------
Programming
612
Typically, the loop contains commands that let the program exit from the loop. Commonly
used commands are: If, Exit, Goto, and Lbl (label). For example:
:0 x
:Loop
: Disp x
: x+1 x
: If x>5
:
Exit
:EndLoop
:Disp x
An If command checks the condition.
Exits the loop and jumps to here when x increments to 6.
Note: The Exit command exits from the current loop.
The If command could also use a Goto command to transfer program control to a
specified Lbl (label) command.
Programming
613
Programming
614
Configuration Commands
Command
Description
getConfg
getFold
getMode
getUnits
setFold
setGraph
setMode
setTable
setUnits
switch
Note: The parameter/mode strings used in the setMode( ), getMode( ), setGraph( ), and
setTable( ) functions do not translate into other languages when used in a program. See
Programming
615
1. Position the cursor where you want to insert the setMode command.
2. Press:
to display a list of modes.
Note: The Mode menu does not let you set
the Current Folder mode. To set this
mode, use the setFold command.
:setMode("Graph","FUNCTION")
Programming
616
Input Commands
Command
Description
getKey
Returns the key code of the next key pressed. See the
Technical Reference module for a listing of key codes.
Input
Input can also display the Graph screen and let the user
update the variables xc and yc (rc and c in polar mode) by
positioning the graph cursor.
InputStr
PopUp
Prompt
Programming
617
Command
Description
Request
Output Commands
Command
Description
Clr O
Disp
DispG
DispHome
DispTbl
Output
Format
Pause
Programming
618
Command
Description
Text
Notes:
In a program, simply performing a calculation does not display the result. You must
use an output command.
After Disp and Output, the program immediately continues. You may want to add a
Pause command.
Description
Dialog...
EndDlog
Toolbar...
EndTbar
Programming
619
Command
Description
DropDown
Item
Request
Text
Title
Notes:
When you run a program that sets up a custom toolbar, that toolbar is still available
even after the program has stopped.
Request and Text are stand-alone commands that can also be used outside of a
Programming
620
Do this:
Turn on the
custom menu
Press
Press
or
again.
Go to a different application.
CustmOff
Note: When the custom menu is turned on, it replaces the normal toolbar menu. Unless a
different custom menu has been created, the default custom menu is displayed.
Programming
621
Note: When the user selects a menu item, the text defined by that Item command is
Programming
622
:Title "Units"
:Item "_m/_s^2":Item "_ft/_s^2":Item "_m":Item "_ft":Item "_l"
:Item "_gal":Item "_\o\C":Item "_\o\F":Item "_kph":Item "_mph"
:Title "Symbols"
:Item "#":Item "\beta\":Item "?":Item "~":Item "&"
:Title "Internat'l"
:Item "\e`\":Item "\e'\":Item "\e^\":Item "\a`\"
:Item "\u`\":Item "\u^\":Item "\o^\":Item "\c,\":Item "\u..\"
:Title "Tools"
:Item "ClrHome":Item "NewProb":Item "CustmOff"
:EndCustm
:CustmOn
Note: The following may be slightly different than the default custom menu on your
calculator.
Note: See how "_\o\C" and "_\o\F" display as C and F in the menu. Similarly, see the
623
Editor to create a new program, and paste them into the blank program. Then modify the
commands as necessary.
Note: This inserts all the commands on a single line. You do not need to split them into
separate lines.
You can create and use only one custom menu at a time. If you need more, write a
separate program for each custom menu. Then run the program for the menu you need.
Restoring the Default Custom Menu
To restore the default:
1. From the Home screens normal menu (not the custom menu), select Clean Up:
When you restore the default, any previous custom menu is erased. If the previous
menu was created with a program, you can run the program again if you want to reuse
the menu later.
Programming
624
Table Commands
Command
Description
DispTbl
setTable
Table
Graphing Commands
Command
Description
ClrGraph
Define
DispG
FnOff
FnOn
Programming
625
Command
Description
Graph
Input
Displays the Graph screen and lets the user update the
variables xc and yc (rc and c in polar mode) by positioning
the graph cursor.
NewPlot
PlotsOff
PlotsOn
setGraph
setMode
Style
Trace
ZoomBox
to
ZoomTrig
Description
AndPic
Programming
626
Command
Description
CyclePic
NewPic
RclGDB
RclPic
RplcPic
StoGDB
StoPic
XorPic
Note: For information about graph pictures and databases, also refer to Additional
Graphing Topics.
Programming
627
Pixel coordinates Refer to the pixels that physically make up the screen. These
are independent of the viewing window because the screen is always:
159 (0 to 158) pixels wide and 77 (0 to 76) pixels tall.
Point coordinates Refer to the coordinates in effect for the current viewing window
(as defined in the Window Editor).
0,0
158,0
0,76
0,102
-10,10
10,10
-10,-10
10,-10
158,76
Pixel coordinates
(independent of viewing window)
Point coordinates
(for standard viewing window)
Note: For information about pixel coordinates in split screens, refer to the Data/Matrix
Editor module.
Many drawing commands have two forms: one for pixel coordinates and one for point
coordinates.
Note: Pixel commands start with Pxl, such as PxlChg.
Description
ClrDraw
Programming
628
Description
PtChg or
PxlChg
PtOff or
PxlOff
PtOn or
PxlOn
PtTest or
PxlTest
PtText or
PxlText
Description
Circle or
PxlCrcl
DrawSlp
Line or
PxlLine
Programming
629
Command
Description
LineHorz or
PxlHorz
LineTan
LineVert or
PxlVert
Drawing Expressions
Command
Description
DrawFunc
DrawInv
DrawParm
DrawPol
DrwCtour
Shade
Programming
630
2. Select a command.
Programming
631
Description
GetCalc
SendCalc
Note: For a sample program that synchronizes the receiving and sending units so that
GetCalc and SendCalc are executed in the proper sequence, refer to Transmitting
Description
Get
Programming
632
Command
Description
Send
If your program allows the user to select from several options, be sure to run the
program and test each option.
Programming
633
Debugging Techniques
Run-time error messages can locate syntax errors but not errors in program logic. The
following techniques may be useful.
During testing, do not use local variables so that you can check the variable values
after the program stops. When the program is debugged, declare the applicable
variables as local.
Within a program, temporarily insert Disp and Pause commands to display the
values of critical variables.
-
To confirm that a loop is executed the correct number of times, display the counter
variable or the values in the conditional test.
Error-Handling Commands
Command
Description
Try...EndTry
ClrErr
Clears the error status and sets the error number in system
variable Errornum to zero.
PassErr
Programming
634
Example 1
This example uses InputStr for input, a While...EndWhile loop to calculate the result, and
Text to display the result.
:prog1()
:Prgm
:InputStr "Enter an integer",n
:expr(n) n
:0 temp:1 I
:While i n
: temp+i temp
: i+1 I
:EndWhile
:Text "The answer is "&string(temp)
:EndPrgm
Prompts for input on Program I/O screen.
Converts string entered with InputStr to an expression.
Loop calculation.
Displays output in a dialog box.
Programming
635
(times)
Example 2
This example uses Prompt for input, Lbl, and Goto to create a loop, and Disp to display
the result.
:prog2()
:Prgm
:Prompt n
:0 temp:1 I
:Lbl top
: temp+i temp
: i+1 I
: If i n
:
Goto top
:Disp temp
:EndPrgm
Prompts for input on Program I/O screen.
Loop calculation.
Displays output on Program I/O screen.
Note: Because Prompt returns n as a number, you do not need to use expr to convert n.
Programming
636
Example 3
This example uses Dialog...EndDlog to create dialog boxes for input and output. It uses
Loop...EndLoop to calculate the result.
:prog3()
:Prgm
:Dialog
: Title "Enter an integer"
: Request "Integer",n
:EndDlog
:expr(n) n
:0 temp:0 I
:Loop
: temp+i temp
: i+1 I
: If i>n
:
Exit
:EndLoop
:Dialog
: Title "The answer is"
: Text string(temp)
:EndDlog
:EndPrgm
Defines a dialog box for input.
Converts string entered with Request to an expression.
Loop calculation.
Defines a dialog box for output.
Programming
637
Example 4
This example uses built-in functions to calculate the result without using a loop.
:prog4()
:Prgm
:Input "Enter an integer",n
:sum(seq(i,i,1,n)) temp
:Disp temp
:EndPrgm
Prompts for input on Program I/O.
Calculates sum.
Displays output on Program I/O screen.
Note: Because Input returns n as a number, you do not need to use expr to convert n.
Function
seq
Programming
638
Assembly-Language Programs
You can run programs written for the TI-89 Titanium in assembly language. Typically,
assembly-language programs run much faster and provide greater control than the
keystroke programs that you write with the built-in Program Editor.
Programming
639
You can purchase computer-to-calculator and unit-to-unit cables from the TI Online
Store at education.ti.com/buy.
Running an Assembly-Language Program
After a TI-89 Titanium assembly-language program is stored on your unit, you can run
the program from the Home screen just as you would any other program.
If the program requires one or more arguments, type them within the ( ). Refer to the
programs documentation to find out about required arguments.
If the program is not in the current folder, be sure to specify the pathname.
Programming
kbdprgm1( )
kbdprgm6( )
640
The programs must be stored in the MAIN folder. Also, you cannot use a shortcut to run a
program that requires an argument.
If you have a program with a different name and you would like to run it with a keyboard
shortcut, copy or rename the existing program to kbdprgm1( ), etc.
You Cannot Edit an Assembly-Language Program
You cannot use your TI-89 Titanium to edit an assembly-language program. The built-in
Program Editor will not open assembly-language programs.
).
View.
Programming
641
aware that you can easily make a mistake that locks up the calculator and causes you to
lose your data. We suggest you make a backup of the calculator contents before
attempting to use the Exec command.
Programming
642
Item
Description
Type
Folder
Text Editor
643
Item
Description
Variable
4. Press
(after typing in an input box such as Variable, you must press
twice) to display an empty Text Editor screen.
You can now use the Text Editor as described in the remaining sections of this
module.
Note: Your session is saved automatically as you type. You do not need to save a
session manually before leaving the Text Editor, starting a new session, or opening a
previous one.
Resuming the Current Session
You can leave the Text Editor and go to another application at any time. To return to the
session that was displayed when you left the Text Editor, launch Text Editor again and
select 1:Current.
Text Editor
644
twice.
From any application, launch Text Editor again and select 2:Open.
2. Select the applicable folder and text
variable.
3. Press
Note: By default, Variable shows the first existing text variable in alphabetic order.
Text Editor
645
Copying a Session
In some cases, you may want to copy a session so that you can edit the copy while
retaining the original.
1. Display the session you want to copy.
2. Press
3. Specify the folder and text variable for the copied session.
4. Press
twice.
Text Editor
646
Typing Text
When you create a new Text Editor session, you see an empty screen. When you open
a previous session or return to the current session, you see the existing text for that
session.
Use the cursor pad to scroll through a session or position the text cursor.
Text Editor
647
Press
or
to scroll up or down one screen at a time, and
to go to the top or bottom of the text session.
or
Press:
and then the letter key (status line shows
key)
Text Editor
648
To type a period, comma, or other character that is the primary function of a key, you
must turn alpha-lock off.
Deleting Characters
To delete:
The character to the left of the cursor
The character to the right of the cursor
Press:
or
7
(same as
paragraph.
Text Editor
649
Highlighting Text
To:
Do this:
Highlight text
or
to highlight characters to the left or right of the
cursor, respectively.
or
to highlight all characters up to the cursor
position on the next or previous line, respectively.
Do this:
Text Editor
Press
650
,
,
to cut, copy, and paste without having to
use the
toolbar menu.
4. Move the text cursor to the location where you want to insert the text.
5. Press
You can use this general procedure to cut, copy, and paste text:
From one text session to another. After cutting or copying text in one session, open
the other session and then paste the text.
From a text session to a different application. For example, you can paste the text
into the Home screens entry line.
Text Editor
651
Finding Text
From the Text Editor:
1. Place the text cursor at any location preceding the text you want to search for. All
searches start at the current cursor location.
2. Press
twice.
The cursor:
Found
Not found
Text Editor
652
and then
653
Press
Text Editor
654
Press
key.
GREEK (
section).
SYSDATA (
sysdata.
FMT (
KBDPRGM1 6(
1 through
6) If you have user-defined or assemblylanguage programs named kbdprgm1() through kbdprgm6(), these shortcuts run the
corresponding program.
OFF (
-
) Similar to
except:
Text Editor
655
HOMEDATA (
history area.
Press
Text Editor
656
Press
Note: If you press a key combination that does not access a Greek letter, you get the
normal letter for that key. Your calculator does not display a map of Greek letters; the
map shown here is for reference only.
Several keys let you access lowercase and uppercase Greek letters. For example:
On the TI-89 Titanium:
Press
Press
Text Editor
657
Press
The exact keys that you press on the TI-89 Titanium depend on whether alpha-lock is on
or off. For example:
On the TI-89 Titanium, if:
Then:
Alpha-lock is off.
(
(
Lowercase alpha-lock
(
) is on.
Uppercase ALPHA-LOCK
(
) is on.
X or
X displays .
is not required for X, Y, Z, or T.)
W displays .
W displays .
is used for uppercase letters.)
X displays .
W displays .
W displays
X displays .
W displays .
W displays
on the TI-89 Titanium to access a Greek letter while alphalock is on, it turns alpha-lock off.
Text Editor
658
3. Select 1:Command.
C is displayed at the beginning of the text
Text Editor
659
Executing a Command
To execute a command, you must first mark the line with a C. If you execute a line that is
not marked with C, it will be ignored.
1. Place the cursor anywhere on the command line.
2. Press
Text Editor
660
The command is copied to the entry line on the Home screen and executed. The Home
screen is displayed temporarily during execution, and then the Text Editor is
redisplayed.
After execution, the cursor moves to the next line in the script so that you can continue to
execute a series of commands.
Note: To examine the result on the Home screen, use a split screen or press
Press:
and select
1:Script view.
and select
2:Clear split.
sets up a Text
The active application is indicated by a thick border. (By default, the Text Editor is
the active application.)
To switch between the Text Editor and the Home screen, press
function of
).
Text Editor
(second
661
Text Editor
662
Example
1. Type your script. Press
and select
1:Command to mark the command lines.
2. Press
6. Press
and select 2:Clear split to return
to a full screen Text Editor.
Text Editor
663
Entering an Equation
On the eqn: line, type in your equation.
You can:
For example:
a=(m2 m1)/(m2+m1) g
a+b=c+sin(d)
Numeric Solver
664
You can:
For example:
Y= Editor:
Do not use system function
y1(x)=1.25x cos(x)
names (such as y1(x) or r1( ))
or
as simple variables (y1 or r1).
Home screen:
Be careful with implied
Define y1(x)=1.25x cos(x)
multiplication. For example,
In the Numeric Solver, you then would
a(m2+m1) is treated as a
enter:
function reference, not as
y1(x)=0 or y1(t)=0, etc.
a (m2+m1).
e+f ln(g)
After you press
, the expression
is set equal to a system variable called
exp and entered as:
exp=e+f ln(g)
Numeric Solver
665
Numeric Solver
666
twice.
Note: An equation variable has an EXPR data type, as shown on the MEMORY and
VAR-LINK screens.
Opening a Saved Equation
To open a previously saved equation variable:
1. From the Numeric Solver screen, press
and select 1:Open.
Numeric Solver
667
.
Variable eqn contains
the current equation;
it always appears
alphabetically in the
list.
edit.
Numeric Solver
668
Enter a number or expression for all variables except the one you want to solve for.
Notes and Common Errors
Since a is defined in
terms of g, you must
define g before a.
When you move the
cursor to another line,
g/3 is evaluated.
Numeric Solver
If variable a was
defined previously as
b+c a, then b and c
are listed instead of a.
669
Numeric Solver
670
Numeric Solver
671
For the bounds, you can also enter variables or expressions that evaluate to appropriate
values (bound={lower,upper}) or a valid list variable that contains a two-element list
(bound=list). The bounds must be two floating point elements with the first one less than
or equal to the second one.
Note: You can also select an initial guess graphically.
2. Press
Solve.
Numeric Solver
672
Do this:
Press
. The unknown variable shows the
value being tested when the error occurred.
Note: An iterative process is used to solve an equation. If the iterative process cannot
Numeric Solver
673
see how many solutions exist and use the cursor to select an accurate initial guess and
bounds.
Displaying the Graph
In the Numeric Solver, leave the cursor on the
unknown variable. Press
and select:
1:Graph View
or
3:ZoomStd
or
4:ZoomFit
For information about
ZoomStd and
ZoomFit, refer to
Basic Function
Graphing.
Screens module.
Numeric Solver
674
You can explore the graph by using the free-moving cursor, tracing, zooming, etc., as
described in Basic Function Graphing.
How the Graph Affects Various Settings
When you use the Numeric Solver to display a graph:
Mode
Setting
Graph
FUNCTION
Any functions selected in the
Y= Editor will not be graphed.
Split Screen
LEFT-RIGHT
Number of Graphs
Note: If you were previously using different mode settings, you will need to reselect
After you leave the Numeric Solver, the Graph screen may continue to display the
equations solution, ignoring any selected Y= functions. If so, display the Y= Editor
and then return to the Graph screen. Also, the graph is reset when you change the
Graph mode or use ClrGraph from the Home screen (
5) or a program.
Numeric Solver
675
Numeric Solver
twice.
676
Numeric Solver
677
or lowercase.
If you enter a number without the 0b or 0h prefix, such as 11, it is always treated as a
decimal number. If you omit the 0h prefix on a hexadecimal number containing A F, all
or part of the entry is treated as a variable.
Number Bases
678
Bin
Dec
Hex
For , press
. Also, you can
select base conversions from the
MATH/Base menu.
256 Bin
Note: If your entry is not an integer, a Domain
error is displayed.
To convert 101110 from binary to
hexadecimal:
0b101110 Hex
1. Use
to set the Base mode to the
base that you want to convert to.
Number Bases
679
MODE screen.
Number Bases
, and
680
0h prefix in result
identifies the base.
Number Bases
Press
to
display the result in
APPROXIMATE form.
681
0h1
1
0h0
0
0h7FFFFFFF
2,147,483,647
Description
not integer
integer
Number Bases
682
Description
integer1 or integer2
Note: You can select these operators from the MATH/Base menu. For an example using
Number Bases
683
0h7AC36 = 0b00000000000001111010110000110110
and
0h3D5F
and
0b00000000000000000011110101011111
0b00000000000000000010110000010110 = 0h2C16
Leading zeros are not shown in the result.
Note: If you enter an integer that is too large to be stored in a signed, 32-bit binary form,
Description
rotate(integer)
or
rotate(integer,#ofRotations)
If #ofRotations is:
Number Bases
684
Description
shift(integer)
or
shift(integer,#ofShifts)
If #ofShifts is:
shift(0h7AC36)
Number Bases
685
Dropped
b00000000000000111101011000011011 = 0h3D61B
Leading zeros are not shown in the result.
Number Bases
686
. (The numbers on your MEMORY screen may vary from those shown.)
Prgm/Asn: Includes programs written for the TI-89 Titanium as well as any assembly-language
programs you have loaded.
History: Size of history pairs saved in the Home screens history area.
FlashApp: Size of Flash applications.
RAM free: Free space in RAM.
Flash ROM free: Free space in Flash ROM.
Note: To display the size of individual variables and determine if they are in the user data
archive, use the VAR-LINK screen.
To close the screen, press
687
Item
Description
RAM
Flash ROM
All Memory
instead of
688
Indicates this...
Collapsed folder view (to right of folder name).
Expanded folder view (to right of folder name).
689
This...
Indicates this...
You can scroll for more variables and/or folders (in bottom
left corner of screen).
If selected with
Locked
Archived
Press
or
. (Use
or
or
Type a letter. If there are any variable names that start with that letter, the cursor
moves to highlight the first of those variable names.
Note: Type a letter repeatedly to cycle through the names that start with that letter.
690
Description
ASM
Assembly-language program
DATA
Data
EXPR
FUNC
Function
GDB
Graph database
LIST
List
MAT
Matrix
PIC
Picture of a graph
PRGM
Program
STR
String
TEXT
Types not listed above are miscellaneous data types used by software applications.
Closing the VAR-LINK Screen
To close the VAR-LINK screen and return to the current application, use
described below.
Press:
or
as
To:
Paste the highlighted variable or folder name to the cursor
location in the current application.
691
Press:
To:
Return to the current application without pasting the
highlighted name.
To determine if a variable with a given name exists in the system table, Enter the
IsVar() function on the Home screen.
IsVar (var_name)
692
Do this:
A single variable or
folder
A group of variables
or folders
693
To select:
Do this:
Note: Press either or to toggle between expanded or collapsed view when you
have a folder highlighted.
Folders and Variables
Folders give you a convenient way to manage variables by organizing them into related
groups.
The TI-89 Titanium has one built-in folder named MAIN. Unless you create other folders
and designate a user-created folder as the current folder, all variables are stored in the
MAIN folder by default. A system variable or a variable with a reserved name can be
stored in the MAIN folder only.
Example of variables that
can be stored in MAIN only
Window variables
(xmin, xmax, etc.)
Table setup variables
(TblStart, Tbl, etc.)
Y= Editor functions
(y1(x), etc.)
694
By creating additional folders, you can store independent sets of user-defined variables
(including user-defined functions). For example, you can create separate folders for
different TI-89 Titanium applications (Math, Text Editor, etc.) or classes. You can store a
user-defined variable in any existing folder.
The user-defined variables in one folder are independent of the variables in any other
folder. Therefore, folders can store separate sets of variables with the same names but
different values.
MAIN
Variables
System variables
User-defined
a=1, b=2, c=3
f(x)=x+x+x
ALG102
User-defined
b=5, c=100
f(x)=sin(x)+cos(x)
DAVE
User-defined
a=3, b=1, c=2
f(x)=x+6
MATH
User-defined
a=42, c=6
f(x)=3x+4x+25
695
The system variables in the MAIN folder are always directly accessible, regardless of the
current folder.
Note: User-defined variables are stored in the current folder unless you specify
otherwise.
Creating a Folder from the VAR-LINK Screen
1. Press
2. Press
twice.
After you create a new folder from VAR-LINK, that folder is not automatically set as the
current folder.
Creating a Folder from the Home Screen
Enter the NewFold command on the Home screen.
NewFold folderName
696
When you execute setFold, it returns the name of the folder that was previously set as
the current folder.
Setting the Current Folder from the MODE Dialog Box
1. Press
or
5. Press
697
or
folderName \ functionName
698
For example:
If Current Folder = MAIN
a=1
f(x)=x+x+x
MATH
a=42
f(x)=3x+4x+25
699
View.
The VAR-LINK screen is updated to show only the specified folder, variable type, or Flash
application.
700
4. Press
(such as
701
2. Press
2. Press
to select the folder(s) to delete.
(The folder's variables become selected
automatically.)
3. Press
1:Delete or
4. Press
to confirm the deletion of the
folder and all its variables.
702
To delete a variable, enter the DelVar command on the calculator Home screen.
DelVar var1 [, var2] [, var3] ...
To delete all variables of a specific type, enter the DelType command on the
calculator Home screen.
DelType var_type where var_type is the variable type.
Note: The DelType command deletes all variables of the specified type in all folders.
To delete an empty folder, enter the DelFold command on the calculator Home
screen.
DelFold folder1 [, folder2] [, folder3] ...
703
Home screen, Y= Editor, Table Editor, or Data/Matrix Editor The cursor must be
on the entry line.
Text Editor, Window Editor, Numeric Solver, or Program Editor The cursor can be
anywhere on the screen.
You can also paste a variable name to the current cursor location in many Flash
applications.
Procedure
Starting from an application listed above:
1. Position the cursor where you want to
insert the variable name.
2. Press
sin(|
sin(a1|
sin(a1)|
704
If you paste a variable name that is not in the current folder, the variables pathname is
pasted.
sin(class\a2
Assuming that CLASS is not the current folder, this is
pasted if you highlight the a2 variable in CLASS.
Store data, programs, or any other variables to a safe location where they cannot be
edited or deleted inadvertently.
You can archive variables that you need to access but do not need to edit or
change, or variables that you are not using currently but need to retain for future
use.
Note: You cannot archive variables with reserved names or system variables.
If you acquire additional programs for your TI-89 Titanium, particularly if they are
large, you may need to create additional free RAM before you can install those
programs.
705
Additional free RAM can improve performance times for certain types of calculations.
From the VAR-LINK Screen
To archive or unarchive:
1. Press
2. Select one or more variables, which can be in different folders. (You can select an
entire folder by selecting the folder name.)
Note: To select a single variable, highlight it. To select multiple variables, highlight
each variable and press
.
3. Press
8:Archive Variable
or
9:Unarchive Variable
706
or
To cancel, press
After garbage collection, depending on how much additional space is freed, the variable
may or may not be archived. If not, you can unarchive some variables and try again.
707
Lets you know why an archive will take longer than usual. It also alerts you that the
archive may fail if there is not enough memory.
Can alert you when a program is caught in a loop that repetitively fills the user data
archive. Cancel the archive and investigate the reason.
708
variable D
variable A
Sector 1
variable B
Empty
block
variable C
Sector 2
Depending on its
size, variable D is
stored in one of
these locations.
Sector 3
This process continues to the end of the last sector. Depending on the size of individual
variables, the empty blocks may account for a significant amount of space.
Note: Garbage collection occurs when the variable you are archiving is larger than any
empty block.
How Unarchiving a Variable Affects the Process
When you unarchive a variable, it is copied to RAM but it is not actually deleted from
user data archive memory.
709
variable A
Sector 1
Sector 2
variable D
Sector 3
Unarchived variables are marked for deletion, meaning they will be deleted during the
next garbage collection.
710
variable A
Sector 1
variable D
Sector 2
711
Note: A temporary copy lets you open or execute an archived variable. However, you
cannot save any changes to the variable.
So that you dont have to unarchive variables unnecessarily, the TI-89 Titanium performs
a behind-the scenes copy. For example, if you run a program that is in the user data
archive, the TI-89 Titanium:
1. Copies the program to RAM.
2. Runs the program.
3. Deletes the copy from RAM when the program is finished.
The error message is displayed if there is not enough free RAM for the temporary copy.
Note: Except for programs and functions, referring to an archived variable does not copy
it. If variable ab is archived, it is not copied if you perform 6 ab.
Correcting the Error
To free up enough RAM to access the variable:
1. Use the VAR-LINK screen (
variable that you want to access.
2. Use the MEMORY screen (
712
Archiving large variables or programs (moving them from RAM to the user data
archive).
Note: Typically, the RAM free size must be larger than the archived variable.
713
Connectivity
714
USB Port
USB unit-to-unit
cable
Position so that the USB symbols face each other; then insert the connector.
Connectivity
715
I/O Port
I/O unit-to-unit
cable
I/O Port
Connectivity
716
I/O Port
I/O unit-to-unit
cable
I/O Port
Connectivity
717
Connectivity
718
Connectivity
719
Connectivity
720
Locked variables that have the same name on both the sending and receiving units must
be unlocked on the receiving unit before they can be overwritten from the sending unit. If
archived variables have the same names on both the sending and receiving units, a
message asks you to confirm that you will allow the variables to be overwritten.
If you select:
What happens:
Unlocked variable
Locked variable
Archived variable
Unlocked Flash
application
Locked Flash
application
Unlocked Folder
Locked Folder
Connectivity
721
Canceling a Transmission
From either the sending or receiving unit:
1. Press
or
Sending unit
Press
or
to cancel the transmission.
Note: The sending unit may not always display this
message. Instead, it may remain BUSY until you
cancel the transmission.
Connectivity
722
Shown on:
Sending unit
Connectivity
. (By
723
Shown on:
Receiving unit
If on the default VAR-LINK screen, this selects the folder and its contents.
Collapsed folders become expanded when selected.
If selecting a Flash App (from the F7 tab), this selects the App folder and its
contents. A checkmark appears beside the folder, but not beside the
contents. Collapsed Flash App folders do not automatically become
expanded.
To select multiple variables, Flash applications, or folders highlight each one and
press
to place a checkmark ( ) beside it. Use
again to deselect any that
you do not want to transmit.
Connectivity
724
3. Press
or
Press
4. Press
Connectivity
725
You can use optional parameters with the SendCalc or GetCalc command to specify
either the USB port or I/O port. (See Appendix A for details.) If you do not include these
parameters, the TI-89 Titanium communicates through the USB port.
The Chat Program
The following program uses GetCalc and SendCalc. The program sets up two loops that
let the linked devices take turns sending and receiving/displaying a variable named msg.
InputStr lets each user enter a message in the msg variable.
Connectivity
726
:Chat()
:Prgm
:ClrIO
:Disp "On first unit to send,","
enter 1;","On first to receive,"
:InputStr " enter 0",msg
:If msg="0" Then
:
While true
:
GetCalc msg
:
Disp msg
:
InputStr msg
:
SendCalc msg
:
EndWhile
:Else
:
While true
:
InputStr msg
:
SendCalc msg
:
GetCalc msg
:
Disp msg
: EndWhile
:EndIf
:EndPrgm
Notes:
Sets up this unit to receive and display the variable msg.
Then lets this user enter a message in msg and send it.
Loop executed by the unit that receives the first message.
Lets this user enter a message in msg and send it.
Then sets up this unit to receive and display msg.
Loop executed by the unit that sends the first message.
Connectivity
727
To synchronize GetCalc and SendCalc, the loops are arranged so that the receiving unit executes
GetCalc while the sending unit is waiting for the user to enter a message.
Type:
1 and press
0 and press
Connectivity
728
Connectivity
729
messages and status information related to new functionality in the OS may not display
correctly.
When in OS download mode, the Automatic Power Down (APD) feature does not
function. If you leave your device in download mode for an extended time before you
actually start the downloading process, your batteries may become depleted. You will
then need to replace the depleted batteries with new batteries before downloading.
If you accidentally interrupt the transfer before it is complete, you will need to reinstall the
OS. Again, remember to install new batteries before downloading.
Backing Up Your Unit Before an Operating System Installation
When you install an OS upgrade, the installation process:
Deletes all user-defined variables (in both RAM and the user data archive),
functions, programs, and folders.
Resets all system variables and modes to their original factory settings. This is
equivalent to using the MEMORY screen to reset all memory.
To retain any existing variables or Flash applications, do the following before installing
the upgrade:
Connectivity
730
Connectivity
731
to start
Important:
For each receiving unit, remember to back up information as necessary and install
new batteries.
Be sure both the sending and receiving units are in the VAR-LINK screen.
During the transfer, the receiving unit shows how the transfer is progressing. When the
transfer is complete:
The receiving unit returns to either the Apps desktop or the Home screen. You may
need to use
(lighten) or
(darken) to adjust the contrast.
Connectivity
732
Description
The sending and receiving units are not
connected properly, or the receiving unit is not
set up to receive.
The certificate on the receiving unit is not valid for
the operating system (OS) or App on the sending
unit. You must obtain and install a valid
certificate.
If the App no longer requires a certificate, you
can download it again from the Texas
Instruments Web site at education.ti.com and
then install the App again on your calculator.
An error occurred during the transfer. The current
OS in the receiving unit is corrupted. You must
reinstall the product software from a computer.
Connectivity
733
Error Message
Description
Replace the batteries on the unit displaying this
message.
Connectivity
734
To send an ID number from one device to another, first connect two units by using a USB
unit-to-unit cable or I/O unit-to-unit cable.
Step: On the:
Do this:
1.
Collecting unit
(Receiving unit)
2.
Sending unit
a. Press
screen.
b. Press
Additional units
Notes:
Connectivity
735
Each time an ID list is successfully sent from one device to another, the ID list is
automatically deleted from the sending unit.
2. Press
Connectivity
736
Most functions of the TI-89 Titanium are compatible with the TI-89, Voyage 200, and
TI-92 Plus. The TI-89 Titanium and the TI-89 are similar, except that the TI-89 Titanium
has more memory (more room for Apps and user archive) and the TI-89 Titanium has a
USB port. The Voyage 200 is the same as the TI-92 Plus except it has more memory,
and thus more room for applications (Apps).
All data is compatible among the TI-89 Titanium, TI-89, Voyage 200, and TI-92 Plus,
but some programs written for one may not run or may not run the same on the other
because of differences in the devices screen sizes and keyboards and the USB port on
the TI-89 Titanium.
Other incompatibilites can occur because of different version the operating system. To
download the latest version of the operating system, visit the Texas Instruments Web
site at education.ti.com/downloadticonnect.
Connectivity
737
TI-89
Titanium
Voyage
200
TI-92 Plus
TI-89
Titanium
OS
Apps
Variables
Apps
Variables
Variables
Variables
TI-89
Apps
Variables
OS
Apps
Variables
Variables
Variables
Voyage
200
Variables
Variables
OS
Apps
Variables
Apps
Variables
TI-92 Plus
Variables
Variables
Apps
Variables
OS
Apps
Variables
Connectivity
TI-89
738
Activities
739
10
a = w+5
b = 10a
w
w
a
Activities
740
b
b 4ac
x = --------------------------------------2a
Activities
741
Detailed information about using the functions in this example can be found in Symbolic
Manipulation.
Performing Computations to Derive the Quadratic Formula
Perform the following steps to derive the quadratic formula by completing the square of
the generalized quadratic equation.
1. Clear all one-character variables in the
current folder.
Choose 1:Clear a-z and press
confirm.
to
Activities
742
Activities
743
Exploring a Matrix
This activity shows you how to perform several matrix operations.
Activities
744
Activities
745
[1,4] )=0,x)
Result: x= 70/17
Note: Use the cursor in the history area to
scroll the result.
Activities
746
Activities
747
Activities
748
Activities
749
Activities
750
C
C
C
C
C
C
3. Press
and select 1:Script view to show
the Text Editor and the Home screen on
a split-screen. Move the cursor to the first
line in the Text Editor.
Activities
751
4. Press
repeatedly to execute each line
in the script one at a time.
Note: Press
and select 2:Clear split to
go back to a full-sized Text Editor screen.
5. To see the results of the script on a fullsized screen, go to the Home screen.
Note: Press
Home screen.
Activities
752
Activities
753
Activities
754
Observe that the global behavior of the f(x) function is basically represented by the
quadratic quotient y2(x). The rational expression is basically a quadratic function as x
gets very large in both the positive and negative directions.
The lower graph is y3(x)=f(x) graphed
separately using the line style.
Activities
755
C2
C1
C2
C1
C2
C1
C2
110
125
105
120
140
85
80
90
80
95
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
115
135
110
130
150
90
95
85
100
95
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
130
145
140
145
165
100
105
115
110
120
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
145
160
165
170
190
110
115
125
120
125
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
Activities
756
Perform the following steps to compare the weight of high school students to their year in
school.
1. Start the Data/Matrix Editor, and create a
new Data variable named students.
3. Open the
Activities
757
7. Press
(all boys)
Plot 5: {2,4,6,8}
(all girls)
8. In the Y= Editor, deselect any functions
that may be selected from a previous
activity.
Note: Only Plot 1 through Plot 5 should be
selected.
Activities
758
and
Description
:cooltemp( )
Program name
:Prgm
:Local i
Activities
759
Program Instruction
Description
:setMode("Graph","FUNCTION")
:PlotsOff
:FnOff
:ClrDraw
:ClrGraph
:ClrIO
:{0} time
:Send{1,0}
:Send{1,2,1}
:Disp "graphingTemperature."
:Pause
:PtText "TEMP(C)",2,99
:PtText "T(S)",80, 5
Activities
760
Program Instruction
Description
:Send{3,1, 1,0}
:For i,1,99
:Get data[i]
:PtOn i,data[i]
:EndFor
:seq(i,i,1,99,1) time
:NewPlot 1,1,time,data,,,,4
:DispG
:PtText "TEMP(C)",2,99
:PtText "T(S)",80, 5
:EndPrgm
You can also use the Calculator-Based Ranger system (CBR) to explore the
mathematical and scientific relationships between distance, velocity, acceleration, and
time using data collected from activities you perform.
761
Note: Press
symbol.
Activities
762
Activities
763
Optional Exercise
Assuming the same initial velocity of 95 feet per second, find the angle that the ball
should be hit to achieve the greatest distance.
Activities
764
Activities
765
Activities
766
Summary
Note that zc is zero for each of the function values in steps 79. Thus, the complex zeros
1, i, i of the polynomial x3 x2+x 1 can be visualized with the three points where the
graph of the modulus surface touches the xy plane.
Activities
767
Press
point result.
Activities
to obtain a floating-
768
Activities
769
:Func
:Local tempi,tempfunc,tempstr1
: temp3+(1+temp2/1200 temp6) temp4 ((1 (1+temp2/1200)^
( temp1))/(temp2/1200)) temp5 (1+temp2/1200)^( temp1)
tempfunc
:For tempi,1,5,1
:"temp"&exact(string(tempi)) tempstr1
:If when(#tempstr1=0,false,false,true) Then
:If tempi=2
:Return approx(nsolve(tempfunc=0,#tempstr1) | #tempstr1>0 and
#tempstr1<100)
:Return approx(nsolve(tempfunc=0,#tempstr1))
:EndIf
:EndFor
:Return "parameter error"
:EndFunc
Note: You can use your computer keyboard to type lengthy text and then use
TI Connect software to send it to the TI-89 Titanium.
Activities
770
Activities
771
Finding Factors
Enter the expressions shown below on the Home screen.
1. factor(x^3 5x)
result.
displays a rational
2. factor(x^3+5x)
result.
displays a rational
3. factor(x^3 5x,x)
result.
displays a real
4. cfactor(x^3+5x,x)
result.
displays a complex
Activities
772
Activities
:For j,1,colordim,1
:cumSum(templist) urncum
:If pick urncum[j] Then
:drawlist[j]+1 drawlist[j]
:templist[j] 1 templist[j]
:Exit
:EndIf
:EndFor
:EndFor
:Return drawlist
:EndFunc
773
Activities
774
a mph
Eastward
Traveling
Current
Boat
Intended
Path
Actual Path
river bank
Activities
775
Activities
776
Because the vectors are equal, the xcoordinate of i+c must equal the x-coordinate
of the resultant vector r. Likewise, the ycoordinate of i+c must equal the y-coordinate
of resultant vector r.
6. Set up two equations involving vectors i+c
and r.
Activities
777
Activities
778
.....................................................................780
............................................784
ZoomSqr:Circle 1,2,3
abs({ /2,
/3})
abs(2 3 )
abs(z)
abs(x+y )
{
2
13
|z|
x 2+y 2
x 3 and x 4
{x 4 x 2}
x 4
0b100101 and 0b100
0b100
37 and 0b100
4
y1(x) = cos(x)
Style = 3:Square
Style = 3:Square
Zoom = 7:ZoomTrig
= 2:Save Copy As...
Type = Picture, Variable =
PIC1
y2(x) = sin(x)
Style = 3:Square
Style = 3:Square
y1 = no checkmark (F4 to
deselect)
Zoom = 7:ZoomTrig
AndPic PIC1
Done
angle(0+2 )
90
angle(1+ )
angle(z)
angle(x+ y)
angle({1+2 ,3+0 ,0 4 })
1
1
1
1
2
3
5
approx( )
3.141
1.}
1.732]
10 arctest
Archive arctest
5 arctest
15 arctest
10
Done
50
Unarchiv arctest
15 arctest
Done
15
arcLen(cos(x),x,0, )
3.820
arcLen(f(x),x,a,b)
b
(
(f(x))) +1
a
arcLen({sin(x),cos(x)},x,0, )
{3.820 3.820}
augment({1, 3,2},{5,4})
{1 3 2 5 4}
1 2
[3 4]
[1,2;3,4] M1
[6]
[5;6] M2
1 2 5
[3 4 6]
[5 6]
augment(M1,M2)
[5,6] M2
1 2
3 4
5 6
augment(M1;M2)
avgRC(f(x),x,h)
f(x+h)
h
avgRC(sin(x),x,h)|x=2
sin(h+2)
h
avgRC(x^2 x+2,x)
sin(2)
2. (x .4995)
avgRC(x^2 x+2,x,.1)
avgRC(x^2 x+2,x,3)
f(x)
2. (x .45)
2 (x+1)
256 Bin
0h1F Bin
0b100000000
0b11111
8 sin(x) y1(x)
2 sin(x) y2(x)
ZoomStd
Done
Done
BldData
6
Done
ceiling(0.456)
1.
ceiling({ 3.1,1,2.5})
{ 3. 1 3.}
3.
]
4
(3 x + 2 ) (3 x + 2 )
cFactor(x^2+3)
x +3
cFactor(x^2+a)
x +a
) (x+ )
) (x+
) (x+ a
cFactor(x^5+4x^4+5x^3 6x 3)
x 5+4 x 4+5 x 3 6 x 3
cFactor(ans(1),x)
(x .965) (x+.612) (x+2.13)
(x+1.11 1.07 )
(x+1.11+1.07 )
char(38)
"&"
char(65)
"A"
startTmr()
148083315
checkTmr(148083315)
34
startTmr() Timer1
startTmr() Timer2
checkTmr(Timer1) Timer1Value
checkTmr(Timer2) Timer2Value
ZoomSqr:Circle 1,2,3
:clearerr()
:Prgm
:PlotsOff:FnOff:ZoomStd
:For i,0,238
: x i+xmin xcord
: Try
: PtOn xcord,ln(xcord)
: Else
: If errornum=800 or
errornum=260 Then
:
ClrErr clear the error
: Else
:
PassErr pass on any other
error
: EndIf
: EndTry
:EndFor
:EndPrgm
colDim([0,1,2;3,4,5])
colNorm(mat)
[4
2
5
3
6]
9
comDenom((y^2+y)/(x+1)^2+y^2+y)
comDenom((y^2+y)/(x+1)
^2+y^2+y,x)
comDenom(exprn,abc) comden
(exprn)
Done
comden((y^2+y)/(x+1)^2+y^2+y)
comDenom((y^2+y)/(x+1)
^2+y^2+y,y)
(y^2 1))
1234 x (x y+2) (y
1)
conj(1+2 )
conj([2,1 3 ;
1 2
, 7])
1+3
7
conj(z)
conj(x+ y)
z
x+
x+y a
10 x
CopyVar a,b
a c
DelVar x
b
x+y
10
Done
y+10
Done
x+y
y+10
cos(( /4) )
2
2
cos(45)
2
2
cos({0,60,90})
{1
1/2
0}
cos( /4)
2
2
cos(45 )
2
2
cos([1,5,3;4,2,1;6, 2,1])
.212
.160
.248
.205
.259
.090
.121
.037
.218
cos (1)
cos ({0,.2,.5})
1.047}
cos ([1,5,3;4,2,1;6, 2,1])
1.369
1.734+.064
.725+1.515
2.083+2.632
1.490+2.105
.623+.778
1.790 1.271
cosh(1.2)
1.810
cosh({0,1.2})
{1
1.810}
cosh([1,5,3;4,2,1;6, 2,1])
421.255
327.635
226.297
253.909
255.301
216.623
216.905
202.958
167.628
cosh (1)
cosh ({1,2.1,3})
{0 1.372
cosh (3)}
2.525+1.734
.009 1.490
.486 .725
.322 2.083
1.662+.623
1.267+1.790
cot(45)
45
coth(1.2)
1.199
coth({1,3.2})
1
1.003
tanh(1)
coth 1(3.5)
cot 1(1)
cot({1,2.1,3})
1
1
.584
tan(1)
tan(3)
.293
crossP({a1,b1},{a2,b2})
{0 0 a1 b2 a2 b1}
crossP({0.1,2.2, 5},{1, .5,0})
{ 2.5
5.
2.25}
crossP([1,2,3],[4,5,6])
[ 3 6
3]
crossP([1,2],[3,4])
[0 0
2]
csc( /4)
sin(4)
csc 1(1)
90
csc ({1,4,6})
1
sinh(3)
csch(3)
csch({1,2.1,4})
1
sinh(1)
.248
1
sinh(4)
csch 1(1)
csch
sinh-1(1)
1({1,2.1,3})
cSolve(x^3= 1,x)
solve(x^3= 1,x)
cSolve(x^(1/3)= 1,x)
false
solve(x^(1/3)= 1,x)
x= 1
exact(cSolve(x^5+4x^4+5x
^3 6x 3=0,x))
cSolve(ans(1),x)
cSolve(conj(z)=1+ ,z)
z=1+
cSolve(conj(z_)=1+ ,z_)
z_=1
2
3
and v_=1/2
and v_=1/2 +
2
3
2
or u_=0 and v_=0
( 1 4 c_+1)2
u_=
and v_= 1 4 c_+1
4
or
u_=
( 1 4 c_ 1)2
( 1 4 c_ 1)
and v_=
4
2
or u_=0 and v_=0
and v_=1/2
2
and w_=@1
or
u_=1/2
and v_=1/2 +
2
and w_=@1
or u_=0 and v_=0 and w_=@1
w_
w_
u_=
+1/2 and v_=
2
2
{0,1,2,3} L1
{0,2,3,4} L2
CubicReg L1,L2
ShowStat
{0 1 2 3}
{0 2 3 4}
Done
regeq(x) y1(x)
NewPlot 1,1,L1,L2
Done
Done
cumSum({1,2,3,4})
{1 3 6 10}
[1,2;3,4;5,6] m1
cumSum(m1)
1
3
5
1
4
9
2
4
6
2
6
12
:Test()
:Prgm
:Custom
:Title "Lists"
:Item
"List1"
:Item
"Scores"
:Item
"L3"
:Title "Fractions"
:Item
"f(x)"
:Item
"h(x)"
:Title "Graph"
:EndCustm
:EndPrgm
5000
,3,.5,4, 1
[2,2,3] Cylind
[2
3]
cZeros(x^5+4x^4+5x^3 6x 3,x)
{ 2.125
.612 .965
1.114 1.073
1.114+1.073 }
cZeros(conj(z) 1
,z)
{1+ }
cZeros(conj(z_) 1
,z_)
{1
cZeros({u_ v_ u_ v_,v_^2+u_},
{u_,v_})
1/2
1/2 +
0
1/2 +
2
3
1/2
0
2
3
ans(1)[2]
1/2 +
1/2
2
( 1 4 c_+1)
4
( 1 4 c_ 1)2
4
0
0
1 4 c_+1
2
( 1 4 c_ 1)
2
cZeros({u_ v_ u_ v_,v_^2+u_},
{u_,v_,w_})
1/2
1/2 +
1/2 +
@1
cZeros({u_+v_
{u_,v_})
@1
1/2
@1
^(w_),u_ v_
},
w_
w_
+1/2
[.494
[.149+4.89
.703]
1.588+1.540
(3x^3 x+7,x)
(3x^3 x+7,x,2)
9x
(f(x)) g(x) +
(sin(f(x)),x)
(x^3,x)|x=5
18 x
(f(x) g(x),x)
(g(x)) f(x)
x
cos(f(x))
75
( (x^2 y^3,x),y)
6 y
x
x
3
(x^2,x, 1)
({x^2,x^3,x^4},x)
{2 x
(f(x))
x
3 x
4 x }
dayOfWk(1948,9,6)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
1.5
DD
45 22'14.3" DD
1.5
45.370
1.5 DD
60}
85.9
0b10011 Dec
19
0h1F Dec
31
Define g(x,y)=2x 3y
g(1,2)
1 a:2 b:g(a,b)
Define h(x)=when(x<2,2x 3,
2x+3)
h( 3)
h(4)
(
)
Done
4
4
Done
9
5
Define eigenvl(a)=
cZeros(det(identity(dim(a)
[1]) x a),x)
Done
eigenvl([ 1,2;4,3])
3
1
(2
3 + 1)
{2 11
}
11
Define g(x,y)=Func:If x>y Then
:Return x:Else:Return y:EndIf
:EndFunc
Done
g(3, 7)
Define listinpt()=prgm:Local
n,i,str1,num:InputStr "Enter
name of list",str1:Input "No.
of elements",n:For
i,1,n,1:Input "element
"&string(i),num:
num #str1[i]:EndFor:EndPrgm
Done
listinpt()
NewFold games
games
DelFold games
Done
Done
games
2 a
(a+2)^2
DelVar a
(a+2)^2
2
16
Done
(a+2)
deSolve(y''+2y'+y=x^2,x,y)
x+x
y=(@1 x+@2)
4 x+6
right(ans(1)) temp
(@1 x+@2)
2
(temp,x,2)+2
DelVar temp
+x
4 x+6
(temp,x)+temp x^
Done
deSolve(y'=(cos(y))^2 x,x,y)
tan(y)=
x
+@3
2
solve(ans(1),y)
x +2 @3
y=tan
+@n1
sin(y)=(y
deSolve(ode and
y(0)=0,x,y) soln
(2 sin(y)+y )
= (
2
y+cos(y)) y'
1)
(right(eq) left(eq),x)/
( (left(eq) right(eq),y))
impdif(eq,x,y)
sin(y)
true
Done
ode|y'=impdif(soln,x,y)
true
DelVar ode,soln
^(x)+cos(y))y' ode
sin(y)=(
x +2 (c 1)
2
Done
22/3 (3 t)4/3
and t 0
4
deSolve(w'' 2w'/x+(9+2/x^2)w=
x ^(x) and w( /6)=0 and
w( /3)=0,x,w)
w=
6
10
x sin(3 x)
10
x cos(3 x)
x x
10
det([a,b;c,d])
a d b c
det([1,2;3,4])
(98 x
55 x +12 x 1)
[1E20,1;0,1] mat1
det(mat1)
det(mat1,.1)
1.E20
[0
1
1]
0
1.E20
diag({2,4,6})
2 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 6
[4,6,8;1,2,3;5,7,9]
4 6 8
1 2 3
5 7 9
diag(ans(1))
[4 2 9]
:Dlogtest()
:Prgm
:Dialog
:Title
"This is a dialog box"
:Request "Your name",Str1
:Dropdown "Month you were born",
seq(string(i),i,1,12),Var1
:EndDlog
:EndPrgm
dim({0,1,2})
{2 3}
dim("Hello")
dim("Hello"&" there")
11
Disp "Hello"
Hello
Disp cos(2.3)
.666
{1,2,3,4} L1
Disp L1
{1
4}
3. _hr
:5 cos(x) y1(x)
: 10 xmin
:10 xmax
: 5 ymin
:5 ymax
:DispG
5 cos(x) y1(x)
DispTbl
45.371
DMS
45 22'15.6"
{45.371,60} DMS
{45 22'15.6"
60 }
dotP({a,b,c},{d,e,f})
a d+b e+c f
dotP({1,2},{5,6})
17
dotP([a,b,c],[d,e,f])
a d+b e+c f
dotP([1,2,3],[4,5,6])
32
DrawParm
t cos(t),t sin(t),0,10,.1
DrawPol 5 cos(3
),0,3.5,.1
DrawSlp 2,3, 2
(1/5)x^2+(1/5)y^2 10 z1(x,y)
Done
10 xmin:10 xmax
10
10 ymin:10 ymax
10
10 zmin:10 zmax
10
0 ncontour
0
DrwCtour { 9, 4.5, 3,0,4.5,9}
2.3 4
23000.
2.3 9+4.1 15
4.1 15
3 10^4
30000
^(1)
^(1.)
2.718
9
^(3)^2
^({1,1.,0,.5})
{
2.718
1.648}
^([1,5,3;4,2,1;6, 2,1])
782.209
680.546
524.929
559.617
488.795
371.222
456.509
396.521
307.879
5
9
7
eigVc(m1)
.800
.484
.352
.767
.573+.052
.262+.096
.767
.573 .052
.262 .096
5
9
7
eigVl(m1)
{ 4.409 2.204+.763
2.204 .763 }
1+1/x
1+1/entry(1)
1
x+1
2
1
x+1
2 (2 x+1) + 3/2
1
5 / 3 3 (3 x+2)
1
x+1
entry(4)
exact(.25)
1/4
333333
1000000
exact(.333333)
exact(.33333,.001)
1/3
7 x+y
2
exact(3.5x+y)
exact({.2,.33,4.125})
{1 5
33
33 8}
100
:0 temp
:For i,1,100,1
: temp+i temp
: If temp>20
: Exit
:EndFor
:Disp temp
21
solve(x^2 x 2=0,x)
x= 1
x=2 or
{ 1 2}
expand((x+y+1)^2)
x +2 x y+2 x+y +2 y+1
expand((x+y+1)^2,y)
y +2 y (x+1)+(x+1)
expand((x+y+1)^2,x)
x +2 x (y+1)+(y+1)
expand((x^2 x+y^2 y)/(x^2 y^2
x^2 y x y^2+x y),y)
expand(ans(1),x)
expand(ans(1),x)
1
2 + x+ 2 + x+1
ln(2x y)+ (2x y)
ln(2 x y)+ (2 x y)
expand(ans(1))
ln(x y)+ 2 (x y)+ln(2)
expand(ans(1))|y>=0
ln(x)+ 2 x y+ln(y)+ln(2)
2 x+y
+sign(x y)+|x y|
expand(ans(1))
sign(x) sign(y)+|x| |y|+( x)2
expr("1+2+x^2+x")
x +x+3
expr("expand((1+x)^2)")
x +2 x+1
Done
8
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} L1
{1,2,2,2,3,4,5,7} L2
{1 2 }
{1 2 }
Done
ExpReg L1,L2
ShowStat
Regeq(x) y1(x)
NewPlot 1,1,L1,L2
Done
Done
a (a 1) (a+1) (x 1) (x+1)
factor(x^2+1)
x +1
factor(x^2 4)
(x 2) (x+2)
factor(x^2 3)
x
3
factor(x^2 a)
x
a
a (a
1) (x 1) (x+1)
factor(x^2 3,x)
(x+ 3) (x 3)
factor(x^2 a,x)
(x+ a) (x
a)
factor(x^5+4x^4+5x^3 6x 3)
x 5+4 x4+5 x3 6 x 3
factor(ans(1),x)
(x .964) (x+.611)
(x+2.125) (x +2.227
x+2.392)
factor(152417172689)
123457 1234577
isPrime(152417172689)
false
[1,2;3,4] amatrx
amatrx
2
4]
Done
1.01 1.01
[1.01 1.01]
{1,2,3,4,5} alist
Fill 1.01,amatrx
[3
{1 2 3 4 5}
Fill 1.01,alist
Done
alist
{1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01}
floor( 2.14)
3.
floor({3/2,0, 5.3})
{1 0
6.}
floor([1.2,3.4;2.5,4.8])
1. 3.
[2. 4.]
a+b
2
x =
fMax(.5x^3 x 2,x)
fMax(.5x^3 x 2,x)|x 1
fMax(a x^2,x)
x= or x=
x =
x= .816
or x=0 or a=0
fMax(a x^2,x)|a<0
x=0
x=
or x=
fMin(.5x^3 x 2,x)|x 1
fMin(a x^2,x)
x= or x=
fMin(a x^2,x)|a>0
x=1
or x=0 or a=0
x=1.
x=0
:0 tempsum : 1 step
:For i,1,100,step
: tempsum+i tempsum
:EndFor
:Disp tempsum
tempsum
tempsumstep
5050
2500
format(1.234567,"f3")
"1.235"
format(1.234567,"s2")
"1.23 0"
format(1.234567,"e3")
format(1.234567,"g3")
"1.235 0"
"1.235"
format(1234.567,"g3")
"1,234.567"
format(1.234567,"g3,r:")
"1:235"
fPart( 1.234)
fPart({1,
.234
2.3, 7.003})
{0
.3
.003}
Graph g(x)
gcd(18,33)
gcd({12,14,16},{9,7,5})
{3 7 1}
gcd([2,4;6,8],[4,8;12,16])
2
[6
4
8]
:Send {3,1, 1,0}
:For i,1,99
: Get data[i]
: PtOn i,data[i]
:EndFor
:Pause
:GetCalc L1
:Disp "List L1 received"
getConfg()
{"Product Name" "Advanced
Mathematics Software"
"Version" "2.00, 09/25/1999"
"Product ID" "03-1-4-68"
"ID #" "01012 34567 ABCD"
"Cert. Rev. #" 0
"Screen Width" 160
"Screen Height" 100
"Window Width" 160
"Window Height" 67
"RAM Size" 262132
"Free RAM" 197178
"Archive Size" 655360
"Free Archive" 655340}
getConfg()
{"Product Name" "Advanced
Mathematics Software"
"Version" "2.00, 09/25/1999"
"Product ID" "01-1-4-80"
"ID #" "01012 34567 ABCD"
"Cert. Rev. #" 0
"Screen Width" 240
"Screen Height" 120
"Window Width" 240
"Window Height" 91
"RAM Size" 262144
"Free RAM" 192988
"Archive Size" 720896
"Free Archive" 720874}
getDate()
{2002
22}
getDenom((x+2)/(y 3))
y 3
getDenom(2/7)
getDenom(1/x+(y^2+y)/y^2)
x y
1 = MM/DD/YY
2 = DD/MM/YY
3 = MM.DD.YY
4 = DD.MM.YY
5 = YY.MM.DD
6 = MM-DD-YY
7 = DD-MM-YY
8 = YY-MM-DD
1 = MM/DD/YY
2 = DD/MM/YY
3 = MM.DD.YY
4 = DD.MM.YY
5 = YY.MM.DD
6 = MM-DD-YY
7 = DD-MM-YY
8 = YY-MM-DD
getFold()
"main"
getFold() oldfoldr
"main"
oldfoldr
"main"
:Disp
:Loop
: getKey() key
: while key=0
:
getKey() key
: EndWhile
: Disp key
: If key = ord("a")
: Stop
:EndLoop
getMode("angle")
"RADIAN"
getMode("graph")
"FUNCTION"
getMode("all")
{"Graph" "FUNCTION"
"Display Digits" "FLOAT 6"
"Angle" "RADIAN"
"Exponential Format" "NORMAL"
"Complex Format" "REAL"
"Vector Format" "RECTANGULAR"
"Pretty Print" "ON"
"Split Screen" "FULL"
"Split 1 App" "Home"
"Split 2 App" "Graph"
"Number of Graphs" "1"
"Graph 2" "FUNCTION"
"Split Screen Ratio" "1,1"
"Exact/Approx" "AUTO"
"Base" "DEC"}
getNum((x+2)/(y 3))
getNum(2/7)
getNum(1/x+1/y)
x+2
2
x+y
12 = 12 hour clock
24 = 24 hour clock
12 = 12 hour clock
24 = 24 hour clock
{1,2,3} temp
getType(temp)
{1 2 3}
"LIST"
2+3 temp
getType(temp)
2+3
"EXPR"
DelVar temp
getType(temp)
Done
"NONE"
getUnits()
:0 temp
:1 i
:Lbl TOP
: temp+i temp
: If i<10 Then
:
i+1 i
:
Goto TOP
: EndIf
:Disp temp
Graph
time,2cos(time)/time,time
256 Hex
0h100
0b111100001111 Hex
0hF0F
identity(4)
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
:If x<0
:Disp "x is negative"
Then
Then
Then
Program"
imag(1+2 )
imag(z)
imag(x+ y)
imag({ 3,4
, })
{0
1 1}
imag([a,b; c, d])
0 0
[c d]
:For i,1,9,1
: "Enter x" & string(i) str1
: Input str1,#(right(str1,2))
:EndFor
inString("Hello there","the")
int( 2.5)
int([-1.234,0,0.37])
3.
[-2. 0 0.]
intDiv( 7,2)
intDiv(4,5)
3 5}
iPart( 1.234)
iPart({3/2, 2.3,7.003})
{1 2. 7.}
1.
IsPrime(5)
IsPrime(6)
true
false
Define nextPrim(n)=Func:Loop:
n+1 n:if isPrime(n):return n:
EndLoop:EndFunc
Done
nextPrim(7)
11
:Lbl lbl1
:InputStr "Enter password",
str1
:If str1 password
: Goto lbl1
:Disp "Welcome to ..."
lcm(6,9)
18
lcm({1/3, 14,16},{2/15,7,5})
{2/3 14 80}
left("Hello",2)
left({1,3, 2,4},3)
"He"
{1 3
2}
left(x<3)
limit(2x+3,x,5)
13
limit(1/x,x,0,1)
limit(sin(x)/x,x,0)
limit((sin(x+h) sin(x))/h,h,0)
cos(x)
limit((1+1/n)^n,n, )
limit(a^x,x, )
undef
limit(a^x,x, )|a>1
limit(a^x,x, )|a>0 and a<1
Line 0,0,6,9
Line 0,0,6,9,0
LineHorz 2.5
Graph cos(x)
LineTan cos(x), /4
LineVert
2.5
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6} L1
{0,2,3,4,3,4,6} L2
{0 1 2 }
{0 2 3 }
Done
LinReg L1,L2
ShowStat
Regeq(x) y1(x)
NewPlot 1,1,L1,L2
Done
Done
list({20,30,45,70})
{10,15,25}
list mat({1,2,3})
[1 2 3]
list mat({1,2,3,4,5},2)
1 2
3 4
5 0
ln(2.0)
.693
ln({ 3,1.2,5})
Error: Non-real result
ln({ 3,1.2,5})
{ln(3) +
.182
ln(5)}
ln([1,5,3;4,2,1;6, 2,1])
1.831+1.734
.448 .725
.266 2.083
.009 1.490
1.064+.623
1.124+1.790
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} L1
{1
{1,2,2,3,3,3,4,4} L2
{1
LnReg L1,L2
ShowStat
Regeq(x) y1(x)
NewPlot 1,1,L1,L2
2 3 }
2 2 }
Done
Done
Done
:prgmname()
:Prgm
:Local x,y
:Input "Enter x",x
:Input "Enter y",y
:Disp x y
:EndPrgm
{1,2,3,4} L1
{1,2,3,4}
Lock L1
Done
DelVar L1
Error: Variable is locked or protected
log(2.0)
.301
log({ 3,1.2,5})
Error: Non-real result
log({ 3,1.2,5})
ln(3)
{ln(10) + ln(10)
.079...
ln(5)
}
ln(10)
log([1,5,3;4,2,1;6, 2,1])
.795+.753
.194 .315
.115 .904
.003 .647
.462+.270
.488+.777
{1,2,3,4,5,6} L1
{1 2 3 }
{1,1.3,2.5,3.5,4.5,4.8} L2
{1 1.3 2.5 }
Logistic L1,L2
Done
ShowStat
regeq(x) y1(x)
NewPlot 1,1,L1,L2
Done
Done
:1 i
:Loop
: Rand(6) die1
: Rand(6) die2
[6,12,18;5,14,31;3,8,18] m1
LU m1,lower,upper,perm
lower
upper
1
5/6
1/2
6
0
0
Done
12
4
0
LU m1,lower,upper,perm
18
16
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
Done
1
m
o
lower
perm
0
0
1
[mo np]
[m,n;o,p] m1
upper
18
31
18
0
1
1/2
1
0
0
perm
12
14
8
0
1
m p
o
[01 10]
mat list([1,2,3])
{1 2 3}
[1,2,3;4,5,6] M1
mat list(M1)
1 2 3
[4 5 6]
{1 2 3 4 5 6}
max(2.3,1.4)
2.3
max({1,2},{ 4,3})
{1 3}
max({0,1, 7,1.3,.5})
1.3
.26
mean({1,2,3},{3,2,1})
5/3
5/6]
mean([1,2;3,4;5,6],[5,3;4,1;
6,2])
[47/15, 11/3]
mean({.2,0,1, .3,.4})
median({.2,0,1, .3,.4})
.2
.3]
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6} L1
{0,2,3,4,3,4,6} L2
MedMed L1,L2
ShowStat
{0 1 2 }
{0 2 3
Done
Regeq(x) y1(x)
NewPlot 1,1,L1,L2
Done
Done
mid("Hello there",7,3)
"the"
mid("Hello there",2)
"ello there"
mid("Hello there",1,5)
"Hello"
mid("Hello there",1,0)
""
mid({9,8,7,6},3)
{7 6}
mid({9,8,7,6},2,2)
{8 7}
mid({9,8,7,6},1,2)
{9 8}
mid({9,8,7,6},1,0)
{}
mid({"A","B","C","D"},2,2)
{"B" "C"}
min(2.3,1.4)
1.4
min({1,2},{ 4,3})
{ 4 2}
min({0,1, 7,1.3,.5})
3 .3]
mod(7,0)
mod(7,3)
mod( 7,3)
mod(7, 3)
mod( 7, 3)
4}
{1,2,3,4} L1
{1 2 3 4}
MoveVar L1,Main,Games
Done
mRow( 1/3,[1,2;3,4],2)
1
1
2
4/3]
mRowAdd( 3,[1,2;3,4],1,2)
1
[0
2
2]
mRowAdd(n,[a,b;c,d],1,2)
a
b
[a n+c b n+d]
nCr(z,3)
ans(1)|z=5
nCr(z,c)
1
c!
10
z!
c!(z c)!
ans(1)/nPr(z,c)
z (z 2) (z 1)
6
nCr({5,4,3},{2,4,2})
{10 1 3}
nCr([6,5;4,3],[2,2;2,2])
15
[6
10
3 ]
nDeriv(cos(x),x,h)
Error!
limit(nDeriv(cos(x),x,h),h,0)
sin(x)
nDeriv(x^3,x,0.01)
3. (x +.000033)
nDeriv(cos(x),x)|x= /2
1.
nDeriv(x^2,x,{.01,.1})
{2. x 2. x}
NewData mydata,{1,2,3},{4,5,6}
Done
mydata
NewFold games
Done
newList(4)
{0 0 0 0}
newMat(2,3)
0 0 0
[0 0 0]
NewPic [1,1;2,2;3,3;4,4;5,5;
5,1;4,2;2,4;1,5],xpic
Done
RclPic xpic
FnOff
Done
PlotsOff
Done
{1,2,3,4} L1
{1 2 3 4}
{2,3,4,5} L2
{2 3 4 5}
NewPlot 1,1,L1,L2,,,,4
Done
NewProb
Done
1.493
nInt(cos(x),x,
(cos(x),x,
ans(1)
, +1
12)
1.041
12
, +10^( 12))
1
sin(
)
1000000000000
1.
12
norm([a,b;c,d])
a +b +c +d
norm([1,2;3,4])
30
not 2>=3
true
not x<2
x 2
innocent
not 0h7AC36
0hFFF853C9
0b100101 dec
37
not 0b100101
0b11111111111111111111111111011010
ans(1) dec
38
nPr(z,3)
ans(1)|z=5
nPr(z, 3)
ans(1) nPr(z c, c)
z!
(z c)!
1
60
1
(z+1) (z+2) (z+3)
nPr(z,c)
z (z 2) (z 1)
nPr({5,4,3},{2,4,2})
{20 24 6}
nPr([6,5;4,3],[2,2;2,2])
30
[12
20
6]
nSolve(x^2+5x 25=9,x)
3.844
nSolve(x^2=4,x= 1)
2.
nSolve(x^2=4,x=1)
2.
nSolve(x^2+5x 25=9,x)|x<0
8.844
nSolve(((1+r)^24 1)/r=26,r)|r>
0 and r<.25
.0068
nSolve(x^2= 1,x)
"no solution found"
{0,2,3,4,3,4,6} L1
OneVar L1
ShowStat
Done
x 3 or x 4
x 3
If x<0 or x 5
Goto END
If choice=1 or choice=2
Disp "Wrong choice"
0h7AC36 or 0h3D5F
0h7BD7F
0b100101 or 0b100
0b100101
ord("hello")
104
char(104)
"h"
ord(char(24))
ord({"alpha","beta"})
24
{97
98}
:RandSeed 1147
:ClrIO
:For i,1,90,10
: Output i, rand(100),"Hello"
:EndFor
P Rx(r, )
cos( ) r
P Rx(4,60 )
1.3
P Ry(r, )
sin( ) r
2
P Ry(4,60 )
P Ry({ 3,10,1.3},{ /3,
3/2
/4,0})
3
2
/4,0})
2
0.
part(cos(
part(cos(
x+3))
x+3),0)
"cos"
part(cos(
x+3),1)
3+
part(cos(
part(cos(
part(cos(
x+3))
x+3),0)
x+3),1) temp
temp
part(temp,0)
part(temp)
part(temp,2)
part(temp,1) temp
part(temp,0)
part(temp)
part(temp,1)
part(temp,2)
1
"cos"
3+ x
x+3
"+"
2
3
x
" "
2
x
part(x+y+z)
part(x+y+z,2)
part(x+y+z,1)
2
z
y+x
part(x y z)
part(x y z,2)
part(x y z,1)
2
z
y x
part([a,b,c;x,y,z],0)
part([a,b,c;x,y,z])
"{"
2
part([a,b,c;x,y,z],2) temp
{x
part(temp,0)
part(temp)
part(temp,3)
delVar temp
z}
"{"
3
z
Done
:d(y,x)
:Func
:Local f
:If getType(y)="VAR"
: Return when(y=x,1,0,0)
:If part(y)=0
: Return 0 y= , , ,numbers
:part(y,0) f
:If f=" " if negate
: Return d(part(y,1),x)
:If f=" " if minus
: Return d(part(y,1),x)
d(part(y,2),x)
:If f="+"
: Return d(part(y,1),x)
+d(part(y,2),x)
:If f=" "
: Return
part(y,1) d(part(y,2),x)
+part(y,2) d(part(y,1),x)
:If f="{"
: Return seq(d(part(y,k),x),
k,1,part(y))
:Return undef
:EndFunc
:ClrIO
:DelVar temp
:1 temp[1]
:1 temp[2]
:Disp temp[2]
:For i,3,20
: Pause
:EndFor
PlotsOff 1,2,5
Done
PlotsOff
Done
PlotsOn 2,4,5
Done
PlotsOn
Done
[1,3.] Polar
[x,y] Polar
(
2
3+4 Polar
(4
/3) Polar
tan (3/4))
5
4
3+4 Polar
(5 90 tan (3/4))
polyEval({a,b,c},x)
a x +b x+c
polyEval({1,2,3,4},2)
26
polyEval({1,2,3,4},{2, 7})
{26 262}
PopUp
{"1990","1991","1992"},var1
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} L1
{1,2,3,4,3,4,6} L2
{1 2 3 }
PowerReg L1,L2
ShowStat
Regeq(x) y1(x)
NewPlot 1,1,L1,L2
{1 2 3 }
Done
Done
Done
:prgmname()
:Prgm
:
:EndPrgm
product({1,2,3,4})
product({2,x,y})
product({4,5,8,9},2,3)
24
2 x y
40
product([1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9])
[28 80 162]
product([1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9],
1,2)
[4,10,18]
Prompt A,B,C
EndPrgm
propFrac(4/3)
1 + 1/3
propFrac( 4/3)
1 1/3
propFrac((x^2+x+1)/(x+1)+
(y^2+y+1)/(y+1),x)
propFrac(ans(1))
PtChg 2,4
PtOff 2,4
PtOn 3,5
ptTest(3,5)
true
PtText "sample",3,5
PxlChg 2,4
PxlCrcl 40,80,30,1
PxlCrcl 50,125,40,1
PxlHorz 25,1
PxlLine 50,15,20,90,1
PxlLine 80,20,30,150,1
PxlHorz 25,1
PxlOff 25,50
25,50
PxlOn 25,50
PxlOn 25,50
PxlTest(25,50)
PxlOff 25,50
true
PxlTest(25,50)
false
PxlText "sample
text",20,10
PxlText "sample
text",20,50
PxlVert 50,1
[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9.] m1
1
4
7
QR m1,qm,rm
.123
.492
qm
.861
rm
8.124
0.
0.
2
5
8
3
6
9.
Done
.904
.301
.301
.408
.816
.408
9.601
.904
0.
11.078
1.809
0.
[mo np]
[m,n;o,p] m1
QR m1,qm,rm
qm
m2 + o 2
o
m2 + o 2
Done
sign(m p n o) o
m2 + o 2
m sign(m p n o)
m2 + o 2
m2 + o 2
rm
m n+o p
m2 + o 2
|m p n o|
m2 + o 2
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} L1
{4,3,1,1,2,2,3,3} L2
{1 2 3 }
{4 3 1 }
Done
QuadReg L1,L2
ShowStat
Regeq(x) y1(x)
NewPlot 1,1,L1,L2
Done
Done
{ 2, 1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6} L1
{ 2 1 0 }
{4,3,1,2,4,2,1,4,6} L2
{4 3 1 }
QuartReg L1,L2
Done
ShowStat
Regeq(x) y1(x)
NewPlot 1,1,L1,L2
Done
Done
R P (x,y)
R P (3,2)
R P ([3,-4,2],[0,
4,1.5])
R Pr(3,2)
R Pr(x,y)
R Pr([3,-4,2],[0,
4,1.5])
RandSeed 1147
Done
rand()
rand(6)
rand( 100)
.158
5
49
RandSeed 1147
Done
6
6
6
3
3
4
randMat(3,3)
8
2
0
RandSeed 1147
randNorm(0,1)
randNorm(3,4.5)
Done
.492
3.543
RandSeed 1147
Done
randPoly(x,5)
5
4
3
2 x +3 x 6 x +4 x 6
RandSeed 1147
rand()
Done
.158
RclGDB GDBvar
Done
real(2+3 )
real(z)
real(x+ y)
real({a+
b,3, })
real([a+
b,3;c, ])
{a
0}
3
0]
[c
[3,
4,
6] Rect
3 2 3 2
[ 4
4
[a, b, c]
[a cos(b) sin(c)
a sin(b) sin(c) a cos(c)]
4 ^( /3) Rect
(4
/3) Rect
2+2
2+2
(4 60) Rect
0
0
1
62/71
[ae
[a,b,c;e,f,g] m1
ref(m1)
f
e
b
f
c
g
g
e
a g c e
a f b e
remain(7,0)
remain(7,3)
remain( 7,3)
remain(7, 3)
1
1
remain( 7, 3)
0 1}
[2
1
1 ]
{1,2,3,4} L1
Rename L1, list1
list1
{1,2,3,4}
Done
{1,2,3,4}
Define factoral(nn)=Func
:local answer,count:1 answer
:For count,1,nn
:answer count answer:EndFor
:Return answer:EndFunc
Done
factoral(3)
right({1,3, 2,4},3)
{3
2 4}
right("Hello",2)
"lo"
right(x<3)
rotate(0b1111010110000110101)
0b10000000000000111101011000011010
rotate(256,1)
0b1000000000
rotate(0h78E)
rotate(0h78E, 2)
rotate(0h78E,2)
0h3C7
0h800001E3
0h1E38
rotate({1,2,3,4})
rotate({1,2,3,4}, 2)
{4 1 2 3}
{3 4 1 2}
rotate({1,2,3,4},1)
{2 3 4 1}
rotate("abcd")
"dabc"
rotate("abcd", 2)
"cdab"
rotate("abcd",1)
"bcda"
round(1.234567,3)
1.235
round({ , (2),ln(2)},4)
{3.1416 1.4142 .6931}
round([ln(5),ln(3); , ^(1)],1)
1.6
[3.1
1.1
2.7]
rowAdd([3,4; 3, 2],1,2)
[30 42]
rowAdd([a,b;c,d],1,2)
a
[a+c
b
b+d]
[1,2;3,4;5,6] M1
rowdim(M1)
1 2
3 4
5 6
3
rowNorm([-5,6,-7;3,4,9;9,-9,-7])
25
[1,2;3,4;5,6] Mat
1 2
3 4
5 6
rowSwap(Mat,1,3)
5 6
3 4
1 2
66/71
147
71
62/71
rref([a,b,x;c,d,y])
d xb y
1 0 a db c
(c x a y)
0 1
a db c
sec(45)
(2)
sec({1,2.3,4})
1
1
1.000
cos(1)
cos(4)
sec 1(1)
1
sec ({1,2,5})
0 3 cos 1(1/5)
1
cosh(3)
sech(3)
sech({1,2.3,4})
cosh(1)
.198
1
cosh(4)
1.074
:Send {1,0}
:Send {1,2,1}
:a+b x
:SendCalc x
:a+b x
:SendChat x
seq(n^2,n,1,6)
{1 4 9 16 25 36}
seq(1/n,n,1,10,2)
{1 1/3 1/5 1/7 1/9}
sum(seq(1 n^2,n,1,10,1))
196...
127...
1.549
setDate(2001,10,31)
{2001
11
1}
1
2
3
4
=
=
=
=
MM/DD/YY
DD/MM/YY
MM.DD.YY
DD.MM.YY
5
6
7
8
=
=
=
=
YY.MM.DD
MM-DD-YY
DD-MM-YY
YY-MM-DD
newFold chris
Done
setFold(main)
"chris"
setFold(chris) oldfoldr
"main"
1 a
setFold(#oldfoldr)
1
"chris"
chris\a
setGraph("Graph Order","Seq")
"SEQ"
setGraph("Coordinates","Off")
"RECT"
setMode("Angle","Degree")
"RADIAN"
2
2
sin(45)
setMode("Angle","Radian")
"DEGREE"
sin(
2
2
4)
setMode("Display Digits",
"Fix 2")
"FLOAT"
3.14
3.141
"OFF"
setTable("Independent","AUTO")
"ASK"
setTime(11,32,50)
{10
44
49}
12 = 12 hour clock
24 = 24 hour clock
setUnits({"SI"})
{"SI" "Area" "NONE"
"Capacitance" "_F" ...}
setUnits({"CUSTOM","Length",
"_cm","Mass","_gm"})
{"SI" "Length"
"Mass" "_kg"
"_m"
...}
Shade cos(x),sin(x)
ClrDraw
Shade cos(x),sin(x),0,5
Done
ClrDraw
Shade cos(x),sin(x),0,5,2
Done
ClrDraw
Done
Shade cos(x),sin(x),0,5,2,1
shift(0b1111010110000110101)
0b111101011000011010
shift(256,1)
0b1000000000
shift(0h78E)
shift(0h78E, 2)
0h3C7
0h1E3
shift(0h78E,2)
0h1E38
Dropped
shift({1,2,3,4})
shift({1,2,3,4}, 2)
{undef undef 1 2}
{2 3 4 undef}
{undef 1 2 3}
shift({1,2,3,4},1)
shift("abcd")
" abc"
shift("abcd", 2)
"
shift("abcd",1)
"bcd "
ab"
{1,2,3,4,5} L1
{0,2,6,10,25} L2
{1 2 3 4 5}
{0 2 6 10 25}
TwoVar L1,L2
ShowStat
sign( 3.2)
1.
sign({2,3,4, 5})
{1
1}
sign(1+abs(x))
sign([ 3,0,3])
[ 1
1 1]
simult([1,2;3,4],[1; 1])
[a,b;c,d] matx1
simult(matx1,[1;2])
[2]
a b
[c d]
(2 b d)
a d b c
2 a c
a d b c
simult([1,2;3,4],[1,2; 1, 3])
3
7
[2
9/2]
2
2
sin({0,60,90})
3
2
{0
1}
sin( /4)
2
2
sin(45 )
2
2
sin([1,5,3;4,2,1;6, 2,1])
.942
.045
.048
.045
.949
.005
.031
.020
.961
sin (1)
sin(45)
2
2
sin(( /4) )
90
sin ({0,.2,.5})
{0
.201
.523}
1.490 2.105
.947 .778
1.790+1.271
sinh(1.2)
1.509
sinh({0,1.2,3.})
{0 1.509
10.017}
sinh([1,5,3;4,2,1;6, 2,1])
360.954
352.912
298.632
305.708
233.495
154.599
239.604
193.564
140.251
sinh (0)
sinh ({0,2.1,3})
{0 1.487
sinh (3)}
2.155
1.158
.926
.112
1.528 .572
seq(x,x,1,361,30) L1
{1 31 61 }
{5.5,8,11,13.5,16.5,19,19.5,17,
14.5,12.5,8.5,6.5,5.5} L2
{5.5 8 11 }
SinReg L1,L2
Done
ShowStat
regeq(x) y1(x)
NewPlot 1,1,L1,L2
Done
Done
x=
or x=
( b
4 a c-b
2 a
4 a c+b)
2 a
x=a or x= .567
2 x 2
x=1
undef
0
solve(5x 2 2x,x)
x 2/3
exact(solve((x a) ^(x)= x
(x a),x))
x+x=0 or x=a
x=.860
solve(x=x+1,x)
solve(x=x,x)
false
true
x 1 and x 3
solve(sin(x)=0,x)
solve(x^(1/3)= 1,x)
x=@n1
x= 1
false
x=4
solve(y=x^2 2 and
x+2y= 1,{x,y})
x=1 and y= 1
or x= 3/2 and y=1/4
solve(x^2+y^2=r^2 and
(x r)^2+y^2=r^2,{x,y})
r
x=
and y=
or x=
r
and y=
2
2
3
r
r
solve(x^2+y^2=r^2 and
(x r)^2+y^2=r^2,{x,y,z})
r
3 r
x=
and y=
and z=@1
2
2
or x=
r
and y=
2
and z=@1
z
sin(z)+1
(sin(z) 1
x=
and y=
z
z
+1
+1
y=sin(z),{y,z})
{2,1,4,3} list1
SortA list1
{2,1,4,3}
Done
list1
{4,3,2,1} list2
SortA list2,list1
{1 2 3 4}
{4 3 2 1}
Done
list2
list1
{1 2 3 4}
{4 3 2 1}
{2,1,4,3} list1
{1,2,3,4} list2
SortD list1,list2
list1
list2
{2 1 4 3}
{1 2 3 4}
Done
{4 3 2 1}
{3 4 1 2}
[1,2,3] Sphere
[3.741
[2,
1.107
4,3] Sphere
[3.605 .785
[ 13
3
cos (
.640]
.588]
13
)]
13
startTmr()
148083315
checkTmr(148083315)
34
startTmr() Timer2
checkTmr(Timer1) Timer1Value
startTmr() Timer1
checkTmr(Timer2) Timer2Value
stdDev({a,b,c})
stdDev({1,2,5, 6,3, 2})
stdDev([1,2,5;-3,0,1;.5,.7,3])
[2.179
1.014
2]
stdDev({1.3,2.5, 6.4},{3,2,5})
4.33345
For i,1,10,1
If i=5
Stop
EndFor
string(1.2345)
string(1+2)
"1.2345"
"3"
string(cos(x)+ (3))
"cos(x)+ (3)"
Style 1,"thick"
Done
Style 10,"path"
Done
[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9] m1
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
subMat(m1,2,1,3,2)
4 5
[7 8]
subMat(m1,2,2)
5 6
[8 9]
sum({1,2,3,4,5})
15
sum({a,2a,3a})
6 a
sum(seq(n,n,1,10))
55
sum({1,3,5,7,9},3)
sum([1,2,3;4,5,6])
21
[5
9]
sum([1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9])
[12 15 18]
sum([1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9],2,3)
[11,13,15]
switch()
[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9] mat1
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
mat1
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
a b
[a,b;c,d] mat2
[c d]
mat2
[b d]
a c
[3+ 4+ ]
mat3
[2
3
4
Table cos(time),time
tan(( /4) )
tan(45)
tan({0,60,90})
{0
undef}
tan( /4)
tan(45 )
3 0 1}
tan([1,5,3;4,2,1;6, 2,1])
28.291 26.088
11.114
12.117
7.835
5.481
36.818
10.459
32.806
tan (1)
45
tan ({0,.2,.5})
{0
.197
.463}
tanh(1.2)
tanh({0,1})
.833
{0
tanh(1)}
tanh([1,5,3;4,2,1;6, 2,1])
.097 .933
.425
.488
.538
.129
1.282
1.034 .428
tanh (0)
.518 1.570
tanh ({1,2.1,3})
{
ln(2)
2
2
.267 1.490
.479 .947
.878+1.790
taylor( ^( (x)),x,2)
taylor( ^(t),t,4)|t= (x)
taylor(1/(x (x 1)),x,3)
expand(taylor(x/(x (x 1)),
x,4)/x,x)
tCollect((cos( ))^2)
cos(2
)+1
tCollect(sin( )cos( ))
sin(
)+sin( + )
tExpand(sin(3 ))
4 sin( ) (cos( ))
sin( )
tExpand(cos(
))
Done
timeCnv(152442117)
{1764
57}
:Dialog
:Title
"This is a dialog
box"
:Request "Your name",Str1
:Dropdown "Month you were
born",
seq(string(i),i,1,12),Var1
:EndDlog
tmpCnv(100_ c,_ f)
tmpCnv(32_ f,_ c)
For , press
.
For _ , press
For , press
212. _ F
0. _ C
tmpCnv(0_ c,_ k)
273.15 _ K
tmpCnv(0_ f,_ r)
459.67 _ R
100
32
212
_ C
_ F
tmpCnv(100_ c,_ f)
tmpCnv(180_ f,_ c)
For , press
.
For _ , press
For _ , press
180. _ F
100. _ C
tmpCnv(100_ c,_ k)
100. _ K
tmpCnv(100_ f,_ r)
.
100. _ R
.
tmpCnv(1_ c,_ f)
1.8 _ F
100_ C
0
32
100
180_ F
212
_ C
_ F
:Toolbar
: Title "Examples"
: Item "Trig", t
: Item "Calc", c
: Item "Stop", Pexit
:EndTbar
:Try
: NewFold(temp)
: Else
:
Already exists
: ClrErr
:EndTry
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6} L1
{0 1 2 }
{0,2,3,4,3,4,6} L2
TwoVar L1,L2
ShowStat
{0 2 3 }
Done
10 arctest
Archive arctest
5 arctest
15 arctest
10
Done
50
Unarchiv arctest
15 arctest
Done
15
unitV([a,b,c])
a +b +c
a +b +c
a +b +c
unitV([1,2,1])
[6
6
3
6
6]
unitV([1;2;3])
14
14
14
7
3 14
14
variance({a,b,c})
a a (b+c)+b
3
b c+c
variance({1,3,5},{4,6,2})
68/33
variance([1,2,5; 3,0,1;
.5,.7,3])
[4.75 1.03
4]
variance([ 1.1,2.2;3.4,5.1;
2.3,4.3],[6,3;2,4;5,1])
[3.91731,2.08411]
31/2
when(x<0,x+3)|x=5
when(x<0,3+x)
ClrGraph
Graph when(x
and
x<0,x+3,undef)
ClrGraph
Graph when(x<0,when(x<
4 sin(x),2x+3),5 x^2)
Done
,
:1 i
:0 temp
:While i<=20
: temp+1/i temp
: i+1 i
:EndWhile
:Disp "sum of reciprocals up to
20",temp
false
true
0h79169
0b100001
( b 4 a c +b)
2 a
b 4 a cb
2 a
a x^2+b x+c|x=ans(1)[2]
exact(zeros(a ( ^(x)+x)
zeros({x^2+y^2 r^2,
(x r)^2+y^2 r^2},{x,y})
r
2
2
3
ans(1)[2]
r
2
zeros({x^2+y^2 r^2,
(x r)^2+y^2 r^2},{x,y,z})
r
2
r
2
2
3
@1
r
@1
sin(z)+1
z
+1
(sin(z) 1)
z
+1
[.041
3.183]
[.001
6.281]
ZoomStd:ZoomBox
Done
1st corner
2nd corner
{1,2,3,4} L1
{2,3,4,5} L2
newPlot 1,1,L1,L2
ZoomStd
{1 2 3 4}
{2 3 4 5}
Done
ZoomData
Done
ZoomDec
Done
ZoomFit
Done
Done
Done
Done
ZoomSqr
Done
Done
ZoomTrig
{22, , /2} L1
{10,5, /2} L2
L1+L2
ans(1)+{ , 5,
{22
/2}
{10 5 /2}
{32 +5 }
}
{ +32
0}
b
[a+1
c d+1]
15+{10,15,20}
{25 30 35}
{10,15,20}+15
{25 30 35}
20+[1,2;3,4]
56
60
64
68
72
[a,b;c,d]+[1,0;0,1]
56
ans(1)+4
ans(1)+4
ans(1)+4
ans(1)+4
21
[3
2
24]
{22, ,
4
5
6 2
6
2} {10,5,
[3,4] [1,2]
2}
{12
5 0}
[2 2]
15 {10,15,20}
{5 0 -5}
{10,15,20} 15
{-5 0 5}
20 [1,2;3,4]
19
2
16]
[ 3
2 3.45
6.9
x y x
x2 y
{1.0,2,3} {4,5,6}
{4. 10 18}
{2 a,3 2} {a ,b 3}
{2 a
b
2}
[1,2,3;4,5,6] [a,d;b,e;c,f]
{4,5,6}
{4
[1,2;3,4] .01
identity(3)
.01 .02
[.03 .04]
0 0
0
0
0 0
2/3.45
{1.0,2,3}/{4,5,6}
x^3/x
.57971
x2
a/{3,a, (a)}
a
3 1
{a,b,c}/(a b c)
1
1
a c
1
a b}
1
a c
1
a b]
{b c
[a,b,c]/(a b c)
[b c
4^2
16
{a,2,c}^{1,b,3}
{a
2b
c }
{p a
p^{a,2, 3}
1
p }
{1,2,3,4}^ 2
{1
1/4
1/9
1/16}
[1,2;3,4]^2
[1,2;3,4]^ 1
[1,2;3,4]^ 2
[a,2;b,3].+[c,4;5,d]
x.+[c,4;5,d]
[a,2;b,3]. [c,4;d,5]
x. [c,4;d,5]
[a,2;b,3]. [c,4;5,d]
x. [a,b;c,d]
[a,2;b,3]./[c,4;5,d]
x./[c,4;5,d]
[a,2;b,3].^[c,4;5,d]
x.^[c,4;5,d]
2.43
{ 1,0.4,1.2 19}
{1
a
2.43
.4
1.2 19}
a b
0b100101 dec
37
0b100101
0b11111111111111111111111111011011
ans(1) dec
37
13%
.13
{.01 .1
1.}
:g(x)
:Func
:If x 5 Then
: Return 5
: ElseIf x> 5 and x<0 Then
: Return x
: ElseIf x 0 and x 10 Then
: Return x
: ElseIf x=10 Then
: Return 3
:EndIf
:EndFunc
Graph g(x)
120
{5,4,3}
{120
24
6}
1 2
[6 24]
[1,2;3,4]
"Hello Nick"
x
3
(x^2,x)
(a x^2,x,c)
b
a
3
3
(x^2,x,a,b)
a x
+c
3
(b
^( x^2)+a/(x^2+a^2),x)
( ^( x^2),x, 1,1)
1.493
( (ln(x+y),y,0,x),x,0,a)
(4)
({9,a,4})
{3
2}
1
120
(1/n,n,1,5)
(k^2,k,1,n)
(n)
({1/n,n,2},n,1,5)
{120
(k,k,4,3)
120 32}
1
(1/k,k,4,1)
(1/k,k,4,1)
6
(1/k,k,2,4)
1/4
137
60
(1/n,n,1,5)
(k^2,k,1,n)
n (n + 1) (2 n + 1)
6
(1/n^2,n,1, )
(k,k,4,3)
(k,k,4,1)
(k,k,4,1)+ (k,k,2,4)
:For i,1,5,1
: ClrGraph
: Graph i x
: StoPic #("pic" & string(i))
:EndFor
2
2
cos(( /4) )
cos({0 ,( /12) ,
})
( 3+1)
{1
4
1}
cos(45 )
2
2
[5, 60 , 45 ]
5+3 (10 /4)
5 5 2+(3 5 2)
2.071 4.071
2513'17.5"
25.221
2530'
51/2
2 y
cylindrical
=t
3/4
spherical
3_m _ft
9.842 _ft
real(z)
real(z_)
z
real(z_)
imag(z)
imag(z_)
0
imag(z_)
3_m _ft
9.842 _ft
10^(1.5)
{1
31.622
10^{0, 2,2,a}
1
100 10 a}
100
10^([1,5,3;4,2,1;6, 2,1])
1.143E7
9.956E6
7.652E6
8.171E6
7.115E6
5.469E6
6.675E6
5.813E6
4.468E6
3.1^ 1
.322581
1
4
10.
1
}
x 2
[1,2;3,4]^ 1
[1,2;a,4]^ 1
x+1| x=3
x+y| x=sin(y)
x+y| sin(y)=x
4
sin(y)+y
x+y
Done
f(x)| x= (3)
3+7
(sin(x))^2+2sin(x) 6| sin(x)=d
d +2d 6
x=1
(x) (1/x)|x>0
1
(x)
(1/x)
solve(x^2 1=0,x)| x 1
1
x
x= 1
/4 myvar
2cos(x) Y1(x)
{1,2,3,4} Lst5
Done
{1 2 3 4}
1 2 3
[1,2,3;4,5,6] MatG
[4 5 6]
"Hello" str1
"Hello"
screen
:For i,1,10
times
This loops 10
0b10+0hF+10
27
0b10+0hF+10
0b11011
0b10+0hF+10
0h1B
909
Error
Number
Description
10
20
30
40
Argument error
50
Argument mismatch
Two or more arguments must be of the same type. For example,
PtOn
and PtOn
are both valid, but
PtOn
is a mismatch.
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
910
Error
Number
Description
160
161
163
165
170
Bound
For the interactive graph math functions like 2:Zero, the lower bound must be less
than the upper bound to define the search interval.
180
Break
The
185
Checksum error
190
Circular definition
This message is displayed to avoid running out of memory during infinite
replacement of variable values during simplification. For example, a+1 a, where a
is an undefined variable, will cause this error.
200
205
Data is too big to save to a variable. Please use F6 Util to reduce the size.
The size of the data in the editor exceeds the maximum size that can be saved in a
variable. The F6 Util menu provides operations that can be used to reduce the size
of the data.
210
Data type
An argument is of the wrong data type.
220
Dependent limit
A limit of integration is dependent on the integration variable. For example,
(x^2,x,1,x) is not allowed.
225
Diff Eq setup
230
Dimension
A list or matrix index is not valid. For example, if the list {1,2,3,4} is stored in L1,
then L1[5] is a dimension error because L1 only contains four elements.
911
Error
Number
Description
240
Dimension mismatch
Two or more arguments must be of the same dimension. For example, [1,2]+[1,2,3]
is a dimension mismatch because the matrices contain a different number of
elements.
250
Divide by zero
260
Domain error
An argument must be in a specified domain. For example, ans(100) is not valid
because the argument for ans() must be in the range 199.
270
280
290
295
Excessive iteration
300
307
308
310
320
330
Folder
An attempt was made in the VAR-LINK menu to store a variable in a folder that
does not exist.
335
345
Inconsistent units
350
360
380
Invalid ans()
390
Invalid assignment
912
Error
Number
Description
400
405
Invalid axes
410
Invalid command
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
Invalid label
Label names must follow the same rules used for naming variables.
510
520
530
540
550
913
Error
Number
Description
560
570
Invalid pathname
For example, \\var is invalid.
575
580
585
590
600
Invalid table
605
610
620
630
640
650
Link transmission
A transmission between two units was not completed. Verify that the connecting
cable is connected firmly to both units.
665
670
673
Memory
680
Missing (
The calculation required more memory than was available at that time. If you get
this error when you run a large program, you may need to break the program into
separate, smaller programs or functions (where one program or function calls
another).
914
Error
Number
Description
690
Missing )
700
Missing "
710
Missing ]
720
Missing }
730
740
750
765
No functions selected
780
No solution found
Using the interactive math features (F5:Math) in the Graph application can give this
error. For example, if you attempt to find an inflection point of the parabola
y1(x)=x , which does not exist, this error will be displayed.
790
800
Non-real result
For example, if the unit is in the REAL setting of the Complex Format mode, ln( 2)
is invalid.
810
Not enough memory to save current variable. Please delete unneeded variables on
the Var-Link screen and re-open editor as current OR re-open editor and use F1 8 to
clear editor.
This error message is caused by very low memory conditions inside the
Data/Matrix Editor.
830
Overflow
840
Plot setup
915
Error
Number
Description
850
860
870
875
880
Sequence setup
885
Signature error
890
Singular matrix
895
Slope fields need one selected function and are used for 1st-order equations only
900
Stat
910
Syntax
The structure of the entry is incorrect. For example, x+ y (x plus minus y) is
invalid; whereas, x+ y (x plus negative y) is correct.
930
940
950
955
960
Undefined variable
965
970
980
990
1000
1010
Zoom
916
Error
Number
Description
Warning:
^0 or undef^0 replaced by 1
or 1^undef replaced by 1
or
917
Graph
y(x) functions
2:PARAMETRIC
3:POLAR
r( ) polar equations
4:SEQUENCE
u(n) sequences
5:3D
z(x,y) 3D equations
Current Folder
Specifies the current folder. You can set up multiple folders with unique
configurations of variables, graph databases, programs, etc.
1:main
2:
(custom folders)
Display Digits
Selects the number of digits. These decimal settings affect only how results
are displayedyou can enter a number in any format.
Internally, the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage 200 retains decimal numbers with
14 significant digits. For display purposes, such numbers are rounded to a
maximum of 12 significant digits.
1:FIX 0
2:FIX 1
D:FIX 12
E:FLOAT
F:FLOAT 1
G:FLOAT 2
Q:FLOAT 12
918
Angle
Specifies the units in which angle values are interpreted and displayed in
trig functions and polar/rectangular conversions.
1:RADIAN
2:DEGREE
3:GRADIAN
Exponential Format
Specifies which notation format should be used. These formats affect only
how an answer is displayed; you can enter a number in any format. Numeric
answers can be displayed with up to 12 digits and a 3-digit exponent.
1:NORMAL
2:SCIENTIFIC
3:ENGINEERING
Note: If you select NORMAL, but the answer cannot be displayed in the
number of digits selected by Display Digits, the TI-89
Titanium / Voyage 200 displays the answer in SCIENTIFIC notation. If
Display Digits = FLOAT, scientific notation will be used for exponents of 12
or more and exponents of 4 or less.
Complex Format
Specifies whether complex results are displayed and, if so, their format.
1:REAL
2:RECTANGULAR
3:POLAR
919
Vector Format
Pretty Print
Determines how 2-element and 3-element vectors are displayed. You can
enter vectors in any of the coordinate systems.
1:RECTANGULAR
2:CYLINDRICAL
3:SPHERICAL
2:ON
For example,
2,
2 , or
x 3
x
Split Screen
Lets you split the screen into two parts. For example, you can display a
graph and see the Y= Editor at the same time.
1:FULL
2:TOP-BOTTOM
3:LEFT-RIGHT
920
Split 1 App
and
Split 2 App
Number of Graphs
Specifies whether both parts of a split screen can display graphs at the
same time.
1
Graph 2
Specifies the type of graphs that you can plot for the second graph on a
two-graph split screen. This is active only when Number of Graphs = 2. In
this two-graph setting, Graph sets the type of graph for the top or left part of
the split screen, and Graph 2 sets the bottom or right part. The available
choices are the same as for Graph.
Exact/Approx
1:1
1:2
2:1
2:EXACT
3:APPROXIMATE
921
Base
Unit System
2:HEX
3:BIN
Lets you enter a unit for values in an expression, such as 6_m * 4_m or
23_m/_s * 10_s, convert values from one unit to another within the same
category, and create your own user-defined units.
1:SI
2:ENG/US
3:CUSTOM
Custom Units
Lets you select custom defaults. This mode is dimmed until you select Unit
System, 3:CUSTOM.
Language
Lets you localize the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage 200 into one of several
languages, depending on which language Flash applications are installed.
1:English
2:
(language Flash
applications)
922
Apps Desktop
923
1. SOH
2. STX
3. ETX
4. EOT
5. ENQ
6. ACK
7. BELL
8.
BS
9. TAB
10. LF
11.
12. FF
13. CR
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.SPACE
33. !
34. "
35. #
36. $
37. %
38. &
39. '
40. (
41. )
42. *
43. +
44. ,
45.
46. .
47. /
48. 0
49. 1
50. 2
51. 3
52. 4
53. 5
54. 6
55. 7
56. 8
57. 9
58. :
59. ;
60. <
61. =
62. >
63. ?
64. @
65. A
66. B
67. C
68. D
69. E
70. F
71. G
72. H
73. I
74. J
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
[
\
]
^
_
`
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
{
|
}
~
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
e
i
r
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
924
Modifier
None
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
F1
268
F1
268
F6
273
Y=
8460
F1
268
F2
269
F2
269
F7
274
WINDOW
8461
F2
269
F3
270
F3
270
F8
275
GRAPH
8462
F3
270
F4
271
F4
271
F4
271
TblSet
8463
F4
271
F5
272
F5
272
F5
272
TABLE
8464
F5
272
COPY
24576
CUT
12288
PASTE
8456
ESC
264
8457
APPS
265
277
HOME
277
266
a-lock
ESC
264
ESC
264
QUIT
4360
APPS
265
APPS
265
SWITCH
4361
HOME
277
HOME
277
CUST
4373
HOME
18
MODE
266
MODE
266
CATLG
278
CATLG
278
151
95
MODE
190
CATLG
BS
257
BS
257
INS
4353
278
8449
BS
257
CLEAR
263
CLEAR
263
CLEAR
263
120
88
LN
4184
8455
CLEAR
263
8280
120
121
89
SIN
4185
122
90
COS
4186
SIN
8281
121
COS-1
8282
116
84
TAN
4180
TAN
-1
122
8276
116
136
94
8316
102
98
DEL
x
-1
94
94
140
124
70
176
40
66
123
41
67
125
169
99
44
68
91
8236
100
101
47
69
42
74
45
79
43
85
Format d/b
93
33
4138
&
38
106
VAR-LNK
4141
Contr. -
111
CHAR
4139
Contr. +
117
925
Modifier
None
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
CR
13
CR
13
ENTRY
4109
APPROX
8205
CR
13
STO
258
80
RCL
4354
64
112
'
157
97
SYMB
8341
107
39
Value
61
65
EE
149
75
173
SPACE
32
ANS
4372
8365
SPACE
32
46
87
>
62
158
119
48
86
<
60
156
118
49
81
"
34
8241
113
50
82
92
8242
114
51
83
UNITS
4147
8243
115
52
76
58
8244
108
53
77
MATH
4149
8245
109
54
78
MEM
4150
8246
110
55
71
4151
8247
103
56
72
4152
8248
104
57
73
59
8249
105
159
Normal
338
16722
4434
8530
33106
340
16724
4436
8532
33108
344
16728
4440
8536
33112
337
16721
4433
8529
33105
and
339
16723
4435
8531
33107
and
342
16726
4438
8534
33110
and
345
16729
4441
8537
33113
and
348
16732
4444
8540
33116
926
Second modifier
Assoc.
[A]
Value
Assoc.
Value
128
[B]
129
[D]
133
[E]
134
[F]
145
[G]
131
[L]
137
[M]
181
[P]
140
[R]
141
[S]
143
[T]
144
[W]
148
132
130
139
142
147
138
146
135
927
Modifier
None
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
F1
268
F1
268
F1
268
8460
F2
269
F2
269
F2
269
8461
F3
270
F3
270
F3
270
8462
F4
271
F4
271
F4
271
8463
F5
272
F5
272
F5
272
8464
F6
273
F6
273
F6
273
8465
F7
274
F7
274
F7
274
8466
F8
275
F8
275
F8
275
8467
MODE
266
MODE
266
MODE
266
8458
CLEAR
263
CLEAR
263
263
8455
4358
8454
4360
8456
LN
262
LN
262
CLEAR
ex
ESC
264
ESC
264
QUIT
APPS
265
APPS
265
SWITCH
4361
CR
13
CR
13
4109
SIN
259
SIN
259
ENTRY
SIN-1
4355
8451
COS
260
COS
260
4356
8452
TAN
261
TAN
261
COS-1
TAN-1
4357
8453
94
94
40
40
41
44
8457
APPROX
8205
140
8286
123
8232
41
125
8233
44
91
8236
93
8239
47
47
42
42
45
45
VAR-LNK
4141
Contrast
Contrast +
4138
8234
43
43
CHAR
4139
STO
258
STO
258
RCL
4354
8450
32
8224
SPACE
32
32
61
61
BS
257
BS
257
INS
136
173
173
ANS
46
46
>
136
92
4353
8253
DEL
8449
58
8328
4372
8365
62
8238
928
Modifier
None
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
Assoc.
Value
48
48
<
60
8240
49
49
149
8241
50
50
CATALOG
4146
8242
51
51
CUST
4147
8243
52
52
4148
8244
53
53
MATH
4149
8245
54
54
MEM
4150
8246
55
55
4151
8247
56
56
4152
8248
57
57
x -1
4153
8249
97
65
Table 3
98
66
99
67
Table 4
8257
39
8258
COPY
8259
WINDOW
8261
100
68
101
69
Table 5
102
70
103
71
Table 6
104
72
&
38
8264
105
73
151
8265
106
74
107
75
124
108
76
34
109
77
59
110
78
Table 7
111
79
Table 8
112
80
95
113
81
63
CALC HOME
8273
114
82
64
GRAPH
8274
115
83
223
SAVE
8275
116
84
35
TBLSET
8276
117
85
Table 9
118
86
157
PASTE
8278
119
87
33
Y=
8279
120
88
169
CUT
8280
121
89
18
TABLE
8281
122
90
J
K
176
159
8260
FORMAT
190
CAPS
8262
8263
8266
KEY
8267
8268
8269
NEW
8270
OPEN
8271
UNITS
8272
8277
8282
929
Normal
338
16722
4434
8530
340
16724
4436
8532
33108
344
16728
4440
8536
33112
337
16721
4433
8529
33105
and
339
16723
4435
8531
33107
and
342
16726
4438
8534
33110
and
345
16729
4441
8537
33113
and
348
16732
4444
8540
33116
A)
Key
Assoc.
Normal
224
232
200
236
204
242
210
249
217
Assoc.
Normal
231
33106
192
C)
199
E)
Key
Assoc.
Normal
225
233
201
237
205
243
211
250
218
253
221
193
930
Assoc.
128
129
133
134
145
131
137
181
140
141
143
144
148
138
146
135
Assoc.
241
245
132
130
139
142
147
N)
Normal
209
O)
Key
Assoc.
Normal
226
234
202
238
206
244
212
251
219
G)
Normal
194
U)
Key
Assoc.
Normal
228
235
203
239
207
246
214
252
220
255
196
931
Overview of
Complex Numbers
A complex number has real and imaginary components that identify a point
in the complex plane. These components are measured along the real and
imaginary axes, which are similar to the x and y axes in the real plane.
Imaginary
Expressed as
a+b , r
, or
(r )
a
r
Real
As shown below, the form that you can enter depends on the current Angle
mode.
You can use the form:
a+b
re
Radian only
(In Degree or Gradian angle mode, this form
causes a Domain error.)
(r
To enter the:
Do this:
Rectangular form
a+b
For example:
932
To enter the:
Do this:
Polar form
re
or
(r )
symbol,
TI 89 Titanium:
Voyage 200:
symbol,
Parentheses are
required for the
(r ) form.
TI 89 Titanium:
[R]
or
[R]
Voyage 200:
R
or
R
For example:
Complex Format
Mode for Displaying
Results
Use
to set the
Complex Format mode to
one of three settings.
You can enter a complex number at any time, regardless of the Complex
Format mode setting. However, the mode setting determines how results
are displayed.
REAL
RECTANGULAR
POLAR
933
Using Complex
Variables in
Symbolic
Calculations
z_ is treated as a
complex variable if it does
not have a stored value.
Method 2: Store an unreal value into any variable. For example:
x+y z
Then z is treated as a
complex variable.
Complex Numbers
and Degree Mode
934
Accuracy Information
To maximize accuracy, the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage 200
carries more digits internally than it displays.
Computational
Accuracy
Graphing Accuracy
The Window variable xmin is the center of the leftmost pixel used, and xmax
is the center of the rightmost pixel used. x is the distance between the
centers of two horizontally adjacent pixels.
x is calculated as (xmax
xmin) / (# of x pixels
1).
ymin) / (# of y pixels
1).
935
Graph
y1(x)y99(x)*
xt1(t)xt99(t)*
ui1ui99*
tc
xfact
xmax
ymax
x
zscl
ncontour
tmin
tplot
Estep
nmax
Graph Zoom
zxmin
zymin
zxres
ztmin
ztmaxde
zzmax
zeye
zpltstep
x2
y2
medStat
medy1
minY
regCoef*
Sx
Statistics
y1'(t)y99'(t)*
yt1(t) yt99(t)*
xc
rc
yfact
xscl
yscl
y
eye
min
tmax
ncurves
fldpic
plotStrt
yi1yi99*
z1(x,y)z99(x,y)*
yc
c
zfact
xgrid
ygrid
zmin
eye
max
tstep
diftol
fldres
plotStep
r1( )r99( )*
u1(n)u99(n)*
zc
nc
xmin
ymin
xres
zmax
eye
step
t0
dtime
nmin
sysMath
zxmax
zymax
z min
ztmax
ztstepde
zzscl
znmin
zxscl
zyscl
z max
ztstep
ztplotde
zeye
znmax
zxgrid
zygrid
z step
zt0de
zzmin
zeye
zpltstrt
xy
corr
medx1
medy2
nStat
regEq(x)*
Sy
x
y
maxX
medx2
medy3
q1
seed1
R2
x
y
maxY
medx3
minX
q3
seed2
Table
tblStart
Data/Matrix
c1c99
sysData*
Miscellaneous
main
ok
Solver
eqn*
exp*
tbl
tblInput
errornum
936
Order of Evaluation
Parentheses,
Brackets, and
Braces
Level
Operator
Indirection (#)
Function calls
Negation ( )
10
11
Logical not
12
Logical and
13
14
15
Store ( )
937
Indirection
Post Operators
Post operators are operators that come directly after an argument, such as
5!, 25%, or 60 15' 45". Arguments followed by a post operator are
evaluated at the fourth priority level. For example, in the expression 4^3!, 3!
is evaluated first. The result, 6, then becomes the exponent of 4 to yield
4096.
Exponentiation
Negation
Constraint (|)
The argument following the with (|) operator provides a set of constraints
that affect the evaluation of the argument preceding the with operator.
938
Regression Formulas
This section describes how the statistical regressions are
calculated.
Least-Squares
Algorithm
where:
Regressions
Regression
Description
CubicReg
ExpReg
LinReg
y=ab
y=ax+b
where a is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
939
Regression
Description
LnReg
Logistic
MedMed
y=a/(1+b* ^(c*x))+d
y=ax+b
where a is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
PowerReg
QuadReg
y=ax
y=ax 2+bx+c
For three data points, the equation is a polynomial fit; for
four or more, it is a polynomial regression. At least three
data points are required.
QuartReg
SinReg
940
Algorithm
Based on your x and y Window variables, the distance between xmin and
xmax and between ymin and ymax is divided into a number of grid lines
specified by xgrid and ygrid. These grid lines intersect to form a series of
rectangles.
z1 + z2 + z3 + z 4
4
z 3 =f(x 2 ,y 1 )
z 1 =f(x 1 ,y 1 )
E
z 4 =f(x 2 ,y 2 )
z 2 =f(x 1 ,y 2 )
The E value is treated as the value of the equation at the center of the
rectangle.
For each specified contour value (C i):
At each of the five points shown to
the right, the difference between
the points z value and the contour
value is calculated.
z3 Ci
z1 Ci
E Ci
941
Runge-Kutta Method
For Runge-Kutta integrations of ordinary differential
equations, the TI-89 Titanium / Voyage 200 uses the BogackiShampine 3(2) formula as found in the journal Applied Math
Letters, 2 (1989), pp. 19.
Bogacki-Shampine
3(2) Formula
(xn + h 12 , yn + h 12 F 1)
F3 =
(xn + h 34 , yn + h 34 F 2)
yn+1 = yn + h
( 29 F1 + 13 F 2 + 49 F 3)
xn+1 = xn + h
F4 = (xn+1 , yn+1)
errest = h
( 725 F1
1
F
12 2
1
1
F + F
9 3 8 4
The error estimate errest is used to control the step size automatically. For
a thorough discussion of how this can be done, refer to Numerical Solution
of Ordinary Differential Equations by L. F. Shampine (New York: Chapman
& Hall, 1994).
The TI-89 Titanium / Voyage 200 software does not adjust the step size to
land on particular output points. Rather, it takes the biggest steps that it can
(based on the error tolerance diftol) and obtains results for xn x xn+1
using the cubic interpolating polynomial passing through the point (xn , yn)
with slope F 1 and through (xn+1 , yn+1) with slope F 4. The interpolant is
efficient and provides results throughout the step that are just as accurate
as the results at the ends of the step.
942
Battery Information
The TI-89 Titanium / Voyage 200 uses two types of batteries:
four alkaline batteries, and one button cell battery as a backup
for retaining memory while you change the alkaline batteries.
As the alkaline batteries run down, the display will begin to dim (especially
during calculations). To compensate for this, you will need to adjust the
contrast to a higher setting. If you find it necessary to increase the contrast
setting frequently, you will need to replace the alkaline batteries. To assist
you, a BATT indicator (
) will display in the status line area when the
batteries have drained down to the point when you should replace them
soon. When the BATT indicator is displayed in reverse text (
), you must
replace the alkaline batteries immediately.
BATT indicator
To avoid loss of data, do not remove the button cell backup battery unless
four fresh alkaline batteries are installed.
Effects of Replacing
the Batteries
If you do not remove both types of batteries at the same time or allow them
to run down completely, you can change either type of battery without losing
anything in memory.
Battery Precautions
943
Replacing the
Alkaline Batteries in
the TI-89 Titanium
) to avoid loss of
2. Slide the protective cover over the keyboard and place the device face
down.
3. Push down on the battery cover latch, and then pull up to remove the
cover.
4. Remove all four discharged AAA batteries.
5. Install four new AAA alkaline batteries, arranged according to the
polarity (+ and -) diagram inside the battery compartment.
6. Replace the battery cover by inserting the two prongs into the two slots
at the bottom of the battery compartment, and then push the cover until
the latch snaps closed.
Replacing the
button cell backup
battery in the TI-89
Titanium
To replace the button cell backup battery, remove the battery cover and
unscrew the tiny screw holding the BACK UP BATTERY cover in place.
Remove the old battery and install a new battery, positive (+) side up.
Replace the cover and the screw.
944
Replacing the
Alkaline Batteries in
the Voyage 200
) to avoid loss of
2. Slide the protective cover over the keyboard and place the device face
down.
3. Press the notched battery cover and slide it off, away from the device.
4. Remove all four discharged AAA batteries.
5. Install four new AAA alkaline batteries, arranged according to the
polarity (+ and -) diagram inside the battery compartment.
6. Slide the battery cover onto the device, prong side first. Gently push the
cover until the prongs snap into place.
Replacing the
button cell battery
in the Voyage 200
To replace the button cell backup battery, remove the battery cover. Insert a
blunt object into the circular indentation next to the battery. Gently place a
finger on the battery and pry it out.
Slide in a new battery, positive (+) side up. Press firmly to snap the new
button cell battery into place.
AAA alkaline battery compartment
945
In Case of Difficulty
If you have difficulty operating the TI-89 Titanium /
Voyage 200, the following suggestions may help you correct
the problem.
Suggestions
If:
Suggested action:
Press
to darken or
the display contrast.
An error message is
displayed.
Press
several times to exit any menu
or dialog box and to return the cursor to
the entry line.
to lighten
or
Be sure that the batteries are installed
properly and that they are fresh.
946
If:
Suggested action:
, and
.
. Then
as you
3. Continue holding
and
for
five seconds before releasing.
The Voyage 200 appears
to be locked up and will not
respond to keyboard input.
and
. Then press
as you
3. Continue holding
and
for five
seconds before releasing.
947
For technical
support
For product
(hardware) service
Home Page:
education.ti.com
KnowledgeBase and
e-mail inquiries:
education.ti.com/support
Phone:
International Information:
education.ti.com/international
KnowledgeBase and
support by e-mail:
education.ti.com/support
(972) 917-8324
948
Index
Symbols
!, factorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
, store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
, /=, not equal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
#, indirection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
&, append . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
( ), sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
( ), integrate 78, 238, 240, 241, 245, 264,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
f(x)dx (graph math tool) . . . . . . 329, 332
(function keys)
moving among toolbar menus . . . 53
selecting categories . . . . . . . . 26, 29
selecting menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
, degree notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
<, less than . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
<<...>>, insufficient display memory . 227
=, equal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
>, greater than . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
(negation key) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
@, arbitrary integer . . . . . . . . . . 274, 275
tbl, table increment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
tmpCnv( ), temperature-range
conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
x window variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
y window variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
, <=, less than or equal . . . . . . . . . . 602
(subtraction key) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
, >=, greater than or equal . . . . . . . . 602
, comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
|, with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78, 81, 237, 247
, infinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
/
(delete character) . . . . . . 14
(hand modifier key)
status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
(second modifier key)
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
(MEMORY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
(exponent key) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
(measurement conversions) . . . 14
(recall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
(Catalog)
commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
exiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
key command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
(Custom)
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
key command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
(Character)
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
entering special characters . . . . . . . 8
key command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
949
selecting characters . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
calculator Home screen . . . . . . . . 22
entering commands . . . . . . . . . . . 20
exiting the split-screen mode . . . . 62
key command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
turning off the calculator . . . . . . . . . 5
, convert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Bin, display as binary . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Dec, display as decimal integer . . . . 679
Hex, display as hexadecimal . . . . . . 679
(shift modifier key)
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
(diamond modifier key)
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
S (SAVE COPY AS)
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
(store) key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
(cursor keys)
entering commands . . . . . . . . . . . 21
opening Apps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
selecting entry/answer pairs . . . . . 24
using the CHAR menu . . . . . . . . . . 8
, negate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
( ), product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
max window variable . . . . . . . . . . . 341
min window variable . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
step window variable . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Numerics
3D (three-dimensional) mode . . . . . . . 36
3D graphing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373407
animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 389
CONTOUR LEVELS . . . . . . 102, 393
HIDDEN SURFACE . . . . . . 102, 393
WIRE AND CONTOUR . . . . 102, 393
WIRE FRAME . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 393
A
ABOUT screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
abs( ), absolute value . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
absolute value, abs( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
accent marks
CHAR menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
accented characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Algebra menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253, 256
All category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
and (Boolean), and . . . . . . . . . . 247, 683
and picture, AndPic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
and, Boolean and . . . . . . . 247 , 603, 683
Angle mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185, 303
angle mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 , 36
status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
answer (last), ans( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
APD (Automatic Power Down) . . . . . 144
APD (Automatic Power Down) feature
during calculation or program . . . . . 6
turning on after . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
append, & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
APPLICATIONS menu . . . . . . . . . . . 179
950
APPLICATIONS menu (
) . . . 48, 56
Approximate mode . . 164, 186, 201, 239
approximate, approx( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Apps (calculator software applications)
deleting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
icon highlighted, last open . . . . . . . 4
icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 , 56
shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Apps desktop
calculator Home screen and . . . . 22
categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 30
clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
date and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
initial startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3
mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 , 37
parts of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
split-screen status . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
turning off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
turning off the calculator . . . . . . . . . 5
arbitrary integer, @ . . . . . . . . . . 274, 275
Arc (graph math tool) 329, 335, 344, 351
arc length, arcLen( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
archive variables, Archive . 594, 706, 707
Archive, archive variables . . . . . 594, 706
archiving variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
assembly language . . . . . . . . . . 639, 642
asymptotes, faux, detecting . . . . . . . . 90
augment( ), augment/concatenate . . 745
B
backspace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Base mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 , 186
BATT message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 , 202
precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
prolonging life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
replacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 67
binary
display, Bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
rotate, rotate( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
shift, shift( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
BldData, build data . . . . . . . . . . 437, 594
Boolean
and, and . . . . . . . . . . . 247 , 603, 683
exclusive or, xor . . . . . . . . . 603, 683
not, not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 , 682
951
C
cables . . . . . . . . . . 63, 65, 714, 731, 735
Calc menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
calculator Home screen
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
changing entry/answer pairs . . . . 25
custom menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
entering commands . . . . . . . . . . . 20
function keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
key command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
toolbar menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
turning off the calculator . . . . . . . . . 5
calculator software applications (Apps) 4
icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Calculator-Based Laboratory system
connecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Calculator-Based Laboratory. See CBL
Calculator-Based Ranger See CBR
Calculator-Based Ranger system
connecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Catalog (
)
commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
exiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
key command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
CATALOG menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
categories
All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Apps desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
customizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
example of editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Graphing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Organizr (organizer) . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
selecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
selecting empty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
SocialSt (social studies) . . . . . . . . 29
CBL
programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
statistical data . . . . . . . . . . . 566, 567
CBL 2 system
activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
connecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
CBR
programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
statistical data . . . . . . . . . . . 566, 567
CBR system
connecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
952
programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
ceiling, ceiling( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
certificate 722, 729, 730, 731, 732, 733,
734
Certificate revision (Cert. Rev.) . . . . 232
cFactor( ), complex factor . . . . . 255, 771
CHAR menu (
)
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
entering special characters . . . . . . 8
key command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
character string, char( ) . . . . . . . . . . 600
characters
deleting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Greek . . . . . . . . . 8, 15, 47, 655, 656
international/accented . . . . 8, 15, 47
math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 , 15, 47
numeric code, ord( ) . . . . . . . . . . 600
punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
special . . . . 8, 15, 47, 653, 654, 656
string, char( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
uppercase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
uppercase/lowercase . . . . . 152, 648
circle
drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
graphing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 , 87
circle, Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Circle, draw circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Circular definition error . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Clean Up menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
clear
953
tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
zeros, cZeros( ) . . . . . . . . . 238, 255
Complex Format mode . . . . . . . . . . . 186
complex format mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Complex menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
connecting
TI ViewScreen overhead panel . . 66
TI-Presenter video adapter . . . . . 66
Constant Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Constant Memory feature . . . . . . . . . . 15
constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
predefined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
contour plots . . . . . . . . . . . 394, 398, 399
DrwCtour, draw contour . . . . . . . 398
contour-level graphing . . . . . . . 102, 393
contrast
adjusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 , 68
initial startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
contrast, adjusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
convert measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
convert,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Coordinates graph format . . . . . 313, 342
copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 , 651
copy variable, CopyVar . . . . . . 594, 701
CopyVar, copy variable . . . . . . . . . . 701
cSolve( ), complex solve . . . . . . . . . . 238
cubic regression, CubicReg . . . . . . . 544
CubicReg, cubic regression . . . . . . . 544
cumSum( ), cumulative sum . . . . . . . 532
Current folder mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Current folder status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Current mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
cursor
3D graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
deleting characters . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
free-moving 317, 343, 350, 359, 379,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
hidden surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
in the history area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
location following APD . . . . . . . . . . 5
moving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
off the curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Selecting a command . . . . . . . . . . 21
trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Viewing entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
cursor keys (
)
entering commands . . . . . . . . . . . 21
opening Apps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
selecting entry/answer pairs . . . . . 24
using the CHAR menu . . . . . . . . . . 8
CustmOff, custom toolbar off . . . . . . . 228
CustmOn, custom toolbar on . . . . . . . 228
CUSTOM (
) menu . . . . . . . 54
descripton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
key command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CUSTOM axes (sequence) . . . . . . . . 361
CUSTOM custom plots . . . 355, 432, 433
CUSTOM menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
custom plots, CUSTOM . . . 355, 432, 433
Custom Units mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Custom, define toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . 619
cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 , 651
954
D
d( ), first derivative . . . 77, 245, 263, 265
darker/lighter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
data filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
data plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Data/Matrix Editor
cell width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
column header . . 526, 529, 530, 531
filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
list variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 , 520
new, NewData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
scrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
sorting columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
statistical plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 , 522
data/matrix editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
date
reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
DE (differential equation) mode . . . . . 36
decimal
integer display, Dec . . . . . . . . . 679
define toolbar, Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Define, define . . . . . . 355, 411, 444, 740
define, Define . 222, 269, 307, 348, 355,
376, . 411, 444, 470, 477, 589, 594,
625, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
955
956
E
, exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
e, natural log base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
else if, ElseIf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 , 605
else, Else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
ElseIf, else if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
end
custom, EndCustm . . . . . . . . . . . 619
dialog, EndDlog . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
for, EndFor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 , 609
function, EndFunc . . . . . . . . . . . 585
if, EndIf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 , 604
loop, EndLoop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
program, EndPrgm . . . . . . . 126, 589
toolbar, EndTBar . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
try, EndTry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
while, EndWhile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
EndCustm, end custom . . . . . . . . . . 619
EndDlog, end dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
EndFor, end for . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 , 609
EndFunc, end function . . . . . . . . . . . 585
EndIf, end if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 , 604
EndLoop, end loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
EndPrgm, end program . . . . . . 126, 589
EndTBar, end toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
EndTry, end try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
EndWhile, end while . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
English category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
entry line
clearing the history area . . . . . . . . 26
cursor rests on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
inserting commands . . . . . . . . . . . 20
recalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
entry, entry( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
entry/answer pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
equal, = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
equations, solving . . .664, 668, 672, 673
error conditions after APD . . . . . . . . . . . 5
errors and troubleshooting
Circular definition . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
clear error, ClrErr . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Memory error . . . . . . . . . . . 711 , 712
Out-of-memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
pass error, PassErr . . . . . . . . . . . 634
programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 , 733
Estep window variable . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Euler method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 , 437
EXACT mode status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exact/Approx mode . 164, 186, 201, 238,
239, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
exact/approx mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
example
changing mode settings . . . . . . . . 17
editing categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
restoring the default custom menu 54
selecting menu options . . . . . . . . . 49
turning off the clock . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
turning on/off the custom menu . . 54
using dialog boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
957
958
F
factor( ), factor . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 743, 771
factor, factor( ) . . 73, 238, 254, 257, 743,
771
factorial, ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
factoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
false message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
family of curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
FCC statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Fibonacci sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
field off, FLDOFF . . . . . . . . 413, 422, 449
field picture, fldpic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Flash applications . . 179, 193, 271, 687,
688, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
deleting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
FLASH APPLICATIONS (
)
accessing Apps not listed . . . . . . . 57
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
key command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Flash, upgrading operating system . 729,
730, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
FLDOFF, field off . . . . . . . . 413, 422, 449
fldpic, field picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
fldres window variable . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
floor( ), floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
959
functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 , 157
delayed simplification . . . . . . . . . 245
graphing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
maximum, fMax( ) . . . . . . . . 238, 264
minimum, fMin( ) . . . . . . . . . 238, 264
multistatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
off, FnOff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 , 625
on, FnOn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 , 625
program function, Func . . . . . . . . 585
user-defined 194, 221, 269, 376, 473,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 , 583, 585
G
Garbage collection message . . 707, 708,
709, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 , 711
Get, get/return CBL/CBR value . 566, 632
get/return
calculator, GetCalc . . . 632, 725, 726
CBL/CBR value, Get . . . . . . 566, 632
configuration, getConfg( ) . . . . . . 615
denominator, getDenom( ) . . . . . 255
folder, getFold( ) . . . . . . . . . 594, 615
key, getKey( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
mode, getMode( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
number, getNum( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 255
type, getType( ) . . . . . . . . . . 235, 594
units, getUnits( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
GetCalc, get/return calculator . 632, 725,
726
getConfg( ), get/return configuration . 615
getFold( ), get/return folder . . . . 594, 615
960
961
panning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
parametric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
pausing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 , 497
piecewise functions . . . . . . . . . . 473
polar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
QuickCenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
recall graph database, RclGDB . 627
selecting functions . . .307, 348, 356,
411
sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 372
setting, setGraph( ) . . . . . . 615, 626
Shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 , 335
shading, Shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
simultaneous graphs . . . . . . . . . 479
split screen . . . . . . . . . 480, 483, 504
store graph database, StoGDB . 627
style, Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Tangent . . . . . . . 329, 334, 344, 351
text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
time plots . . . . . . 355, 361, 432, 433
trace, Trace 319, 626, 749, 759, 761,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
tracing 85, 319, 322, 344, 351, 360,
379, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
two-graph mode . 480, 481, 482, 504
Value 329, 330, 344, 351, 360, 380,
418
viewing window 311, 341, 349, 357,
377
H
Hand modifier key ( )
status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Hardware version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
hexadecimal
display, Hex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
hidden surface . . . . . . . . . . 102, 382, 393
highlighting
characters when editing . . . . . . . . 11
to view full name of App . . . . . . . . . 3
highlighting text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Histogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
History area
status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
history area . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 , 206, 662
History indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Home icon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
962
I
ID list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 , 736
ID number . 231, 729, 730, 731, 734, 736
if, If . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 , 580, 604, 605
implicit derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
implicit plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 , 405
implied multiplication . . . . . . . . 158, 348
Independent AUTO/ASK, independent
auto/ask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 , 462
independent auto/ask, Independent
AUTO/ASK . . . . . . . . . 455, 457, 462
indirection, # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
infinity, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Inflection (graph math tool) . . . . 329, 333
initial conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
initial startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
input string, InputSt . . . . . . 599, 617, 726
input, Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 , 626
InputSt, input string . . . . . . 599, 617, 726
insert mode (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
inString( ), within string . . . . . . . . . . . 600
instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
calculator Home screen . . . . . . . . 22
Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
insufficient display memory, <<...>> . 227
intDiv( ), integer divide . . . . . . . . . . . 681
integer divide, intDiv( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 681
K
key commands
keyboard map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
special characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
(second) key . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
(shift) key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
(diamond) key . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
(alpha) key . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
key codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8, 9, 654, 655
shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 , 655
keys
function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
modifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
L
label, Lbl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 , 607, 614
Labels graph format . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Language mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
language mode
963
M
math category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
MATH menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
MATH menu (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 47
math operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
matrices
augment/concatenate, augment( ) . .
745
copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
data from a graph . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
964
locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
new data, NewData . . . . . . . . . . 595
pretty print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
random, randMat( ) . . . . . . . . . . 745
reduced row echelon form, rref( ) 260
Maximum (graph math tool) . . . 329, 331
measurement
conversions (
) . . . . . . . . . . 14
medium-medium line regression, MedMed
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
MedMed, medium-medium line regression
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
memory
archiving, Archive . . . . 594, 706, 707
checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 , 688
insufficient display memory, <<...>> .
227
resetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 , 688
unarchive, Unarchiv . . 595, 706, 707
VARLINK screen 689, 691, 692, 693,
. . . 694, 696, 697, 698, 699, 706
MEMORY (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Memory (zoom) . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 , 327
Memory error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
menu item, Item . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 , 622
Menus
APPLICATIONS (
) . . . . . 48, 56
menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 , 256
APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Calc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
canceling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
CATALOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
CHAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 , 15, 47
Clean Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
CUSTOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
custom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 , 624
CUSTOM (
) . . 14, 53, 54
Extract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
FLASH APPLICATIONS (
) .
14, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 , 57
MATH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
selecting options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
submenu options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 , 228
Trig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
using . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
messages
BATT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
false . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Garbage collection . . 707, 708, 709,
710, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
insufficient display memory, <<...>> .
227
true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
undef (undefined) . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
mid-string, mid( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Minimum (graph math tool) . 85, 329, 331
modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
3D (three-dimensional) . . . . . . . . . 36
965
graph type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
grayed out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
insert (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17
Number of Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . 186
overwrite (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
PAR (parametric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
POL (polar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Pretty Print . . . . . . . . . . 16, 164, 186
RAD (radian) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
SEQ (sequence) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
setting in programs . . . . . . . . . . . 614
setting, setMode( ) . . . . . . . 615, 626
settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Split App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Split Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
split screen 3, 16, 29, 34, 36, 57, 59,
60, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Unit System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
unit system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Vector Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
vector format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
modifier keys (
) . . . . . . . 11
status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
move variable, MoveVar . . . . . . . . . . 595
multistatement functions . . . . . . . . . . 475
N
natural log base, e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
ncontour window variable . . . . . . . . . 377
966
O
on/off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
operating system . . . . . . . . 731, 732, 733
operating system (OS)
downloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Operating System (OS) version . . . . 232
operating system, upgrading . . 729, 730,
731
operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
or (Boolean), or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
or, Boolean or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603, 683
ord( ), numeric character code . . . . . 600
Organizr (organizer) category . . . . . . . 30
OS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 , 730, 731
OS (Operating System) version . . . . 232
Out-of-memory error . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
output, Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618, 625
overwrite mode (
) . . . . . . . . . . 14
967
P
panning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
PAR (parametric) mode . . . . . . . . . . . 36
parallelepiped activity . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
parametric graphing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
parentheses, brackets, and braces . 158
pass error, PassErr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
paste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 , 651
PAUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
PAUSE indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
pause, Pause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 , 634
pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 , 497
and, AndPic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
cycle, CyclePic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
deleting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
exclusive or, XorPic . . . . . . . . . . 627
new, NewPic . . . . . . . . . . . 595 , 627
recall, RclPic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
replace, RplcPic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
storing, StoPic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
piecewise functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
pixel
change, PxlChg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
circle, PxlCrcl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
horizontal line, PxlHorz . . . . . . . 630
line, PxlLine . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 , 629
off, PxlOff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
on, PxlOn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 , 629
test, pxlTest( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
text, PxlText . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
vertical line, PxlVert . . . . . . . . . . 630
plots
clearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
new, NewPlot . . . . . . . . . . . 554 , 626
off, PlotsOff . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309, 626
on, PlotsOn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309, 626
selecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 , 558
tracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
viewing window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Y= Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
PlotsOff, plots off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
PlotsOn, plots on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
plotStep window variable . . . . . . . . . . 357
plotStrt window variable . . . . . . . . . . 357
point
change, PtChg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
off, PtOff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
on, PtOn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
test, ptTest( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
text, PtText . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
POL (polar) mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
polar
graphing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257, 265
activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
popup menu, PopUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
PopUp, popup menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
power regression, PowerReg . . . . . . 545
PowerReg, power regression . . . . . . 545
pretty print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 , 164, 204
Pretty Print mode . . . . . . . . . 16, 164, 186
968
deleting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
display graph, DispG . . . . . . 618, 625
display Home screen, DispHome 618
display I/O screen, Disp . . 128, 580,
618, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
display table, DispTbl . . . . . 618, 625
drop-down menu, DropDown . . . 620
else if, ElseIf . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 , 605
else, Else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
end custom, EndCustm . . . . . . . . 619
end dialog, EndDlog . . . . . . . . . . 619
end for, EndFor . . . . . . . . . . 580, 609
end function, EndFunc . . . . . . . . 585
end if, EndIf . . . . . . . . . 580, 604, 605
end loop, EndLoop . . . . . . . . . . . 612
end program, EndPrgm . . . . 126, 589
end toolbar, EndTBar . . . . . . . . . 619
end try, EndTry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
end while, EndWhile . . . . . . . . . . 611
entering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574, 577
execute assembly language, Exec . .
642
execute program, Prgm . . . 126, 589
for, For . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 , 609
format string, format( ) . . . . 618, 625
function, Func . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
functions . . . . . . . . . . . 574 , 583, 585
get/return configuration, getConfg( ) .
615
get/return folder, getFold( ) . . . . . 615
969
Q
quadratic regression, QuadReg . . . . 545
QuadReg, quadratic regression . . . . 545
quartic regression, QuartReg . . . . . . 546
QuartReg, quartic regression . . . . . . 546
QuickCenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Quit (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
970
R
RAD (radian) mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
randMat( ), random matrix . . . . . . . . 745
random
matrix, randMat( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
number seed, RandSeed . . . . . . 745
RandSeed, random number seed . . 745
rational functions activity . . . . . . . . . 753
RclGDB, recall graph database 503, 627
RclPic, recall picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
recall
graph database, RclGDB . . 503, 627
picture, RclPic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Recall (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
reduced row echelon form, rref( ) . . . 260,
745
regressions
cubic, CubicReg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
exponential, ExpReg . . . . . . . . . 544
linear regression, LinReg . . . . . . 545
logarithmic, LnReg . . . . . . . . . . . 545
logistic, Logistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
medium-medium line, MedMed . 545
power regression, PowerReg . . . 545
quadratic formula activity . . . . . . 741
quadratic, QuadReg . . . . . . . . . . 545
quartic, QuartReg . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
selecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
sinusoidal, SinReg . . . . . . . . . . . 546
rename, Rename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
replace picture, RplcPic . . . . . . . . . . 627
S
sampling activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
SAVE COPY AS (
S)
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Scatter plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
scientific notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 , 155
scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 , 659, 662
activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
scrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 , 226, 461
Second modifier key (
)
description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
selecting categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
send chat, SendChat . . . . . . . . . 725, 726
send list variable, Send . . . . . . . . . . . 633
send to calculator, SendCalc . . 632, 725,
726
Send, send list variable . . . . . . . . . . . 633
971
stopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
simultaneous equations, simult( ) . . . 260
SinReg, sinusoidal regression . . . . . . 546
sinusoidal regression, SinReg . . . . . . 546
slope field, SLPFLD . . . . . . 413, 421, 446
SLPFLD, slope field . . . . . . 413, 421, 446
Smart Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
SocialSt (social studies) category . . . . 29
software version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Solution Method graph format . . . . . . 412
solution, deSolve( ) . . . . . . . . . . 264, 442
solve( ), solve . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 81, 444
solve, solve( ) 75, 81, 238, 240, 241, 245,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 , 254, 258, 444
solving linear equations . . . . . . . . 75, 258
special characters . . . . . . . 653, 654, 656
Split App mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
split screen . . . .480, 483, 661, 674, 676
entry line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 , 512
exiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
switch, switch( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Split Screen mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
split-screen mode
active graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
exiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Number of graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
returning from within an App . . . . . 29
selecting active App . . . . . . . . . . . 62
setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
972
battery low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
on Apps desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
split-screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
status line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 , 303
command parameters . . . . . . . . . . 21
history information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
StoGDB, store graph database . 503, 627
stop, Stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
StoPic, store picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
stopping a calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Store (
) key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
storing
graph database, StoGDB . . . . . . 627
picture, StoPic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
symbol,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
string( ), expression to string . . . . . . . 601
strings
append, & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
character code, ord( ) . . . . . . . . . 600
character string, char( ) . . . . . . . . 600
dimension, dim( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
expression to string, string( ) . . . . 601
format, format( ) . . . . . 600, 618, 625
indirection, # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
inputting, InputSt . . . . . 599, 617, 726
left, left( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
mid-string, mid( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 , 600
right, right( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
rotate, rotate( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
shift, shift( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
973
T
t0 window variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
TABLE SETUP, table setup . . . . . . . 453
table-graph, Graph<->Table . . . . . . . 454
tables
tbl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
cell width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 , 465
complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
differential equations . . . . . . . . . 450
displaying, DispTbl . . . . . . . 618, 625
functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
generating with sequence . . . . . 371
graphing, Graph<->Table . . . . . . 454
incrementing, tbl . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Independent AUTO/ASK . .455, 457,
462
manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
setTable( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
setting, setTable( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 615
setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
setup, TABLE SETUP . . . . . . . . . 453
starting, tblStart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
tblStart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Tangent (graph math tool) 329, 334, 344,
351
Taylor polynomial, taylor( ) . . . . 264, 267
tblStart, table start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
temperature conversion, tmpCnv( ) . . 284
temperature-range conversion,
tmpCnv( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
text editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 , 653, 659
cut, copy, paste . . . . . . . . . . 210, 651
find . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
highlighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
text, Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 , 620
Then, Then . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 , 605
three-dimensional graphing . . . . 373407
animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 389
CONTOUR LEVELS . . . . . . 102, 393
HIDDEN SURFACE . . . . . . 102, 393
WIRE AND CONTOUR . . . . 102, 393
WIRE FRAME . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 393
TI Connectivity Cable .63, 714, 731, 735
TI ViewScreen overhead panel
connecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
TI Connect software . . . . . . . . . . 63, 731
time
974
reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
time plots, TIME . . . . 355, 361, 432, 433
time value of money activity . . . . . . . 769
TIME, time plots . . . . . . . . 355, 432, 433
TI-Presenter video adapter
connecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
tmax window variable . . . . . . . . 349, 414
tmin window variable . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
tmpCnv( ), temperature conversion . 284
toolbar
define, Custom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
off, CustmOff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
on, CustmOn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Toolbar menus
calculator Home screen . . . . . . . . 47
moving among . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
replaced by custom menu . . . . . . 54
selecting math operations . . . . . . 12
Toolbar, toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
top-bottom split screen
setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
setting initial Apps . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
tplot window variable . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Trace, trace . . . . . . . 749, 759, 761, 764
trace, Trace 319, 626, 749, 759, 761, 764
tracing 85, 319, 322, 344, 351, 360, 379,
418
transmitting. See linking and transmitting
Trig menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
trigonometric
collection, tCollect( ) . . . . . . . . . . 255
expansion, tExpand( ) . . . . . . . . . 255
true message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
try, Try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
tstep window variable . . . . . . . . 349, 414
turning off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
after APD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
following inactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
turning on
initial startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
TwoVar, two-variable results . . . . . . . 544
two-variable results, TwoVar . . . . . . . 544
typing
file name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
to scroll through Catalog . . . . . . . . 20
U
Unarchiv, unarchive variables . 595, 706,
707
unarchive variables, Unarchiv . 595, 706,
707
undef (undefined) message . . . . . . . . 276
Unit ID (identifier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Unit System mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
unit System mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
units
converting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285, 291
displaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
975
modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
setting, setUnits( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 615
user-defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
unit-to-unit cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
connecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
unlock, Unlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
upgrading operating system (OS) . . . 729,
730, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
user-defined functions . . .194, 221, 269,
376, . . . . . . . . . . 473, 475, 583, 585
user-defined units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
V
Value (graph math tool) . .329, 330, 351,
380, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 195, 197
archiving and unarchiving . 705, 706
archiving, Archive . . . . 594, 706, 707
clearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
copy, CopyVar . . . . . . . . . . 594, 701
copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 , 669
delayed simplification . . . . . . . . . 245
delete, DelVar . . 236, 268, 594, 598
deleting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
DelType 703
in applications . . . . . . . . . . 703, 704
local, Local . . . . . 587, 592, 594, 595
locking, Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
locking/unlocking . . . . . . . . 202, 701
matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
moving, MoveVar . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
overriding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
pasting name . . . . . . . . . . . 703 , 704
recall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
referring to App files . . . . . . . . . . . 26
renaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
statistical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 , 546
store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
transmitting . . . . .714, 716, 720, 721
unarchive, Unarchiv . . 595, 706, 707
undefined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233, 669
unknown, solving for . . . . . . 668, 672
unlocking, Unlock . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
VARLINK . . 689, 691, 692, 693, 694,
696, . . . . . . .697, 698, 699, 706
Vector Format mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
vector format mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Vector Format mode . . . . . . . . . . 186
viewing angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
viewing orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
W
web plots
convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
WEB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 , 361, 362
WEB, web plots . . . . . . . . . 355, 361, 362
976
X
xgrid window variable . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
xmax window variable . . . 311, 342, 349,
357, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 , 415
xmin window variable 311, 342, 349, 357,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 , 415
xor, Boolean exclusive or . . . . . 603, 683
XorPic, exclusive or picture . . . . . . . . 627
xres window variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
xscl window variable 312, 342, 350, 357,
415
xyline plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Y
Y= editor 84, 87, 303, 341, 347, 354, 375,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 , 469
ygrid window variable . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
ymax window variable . . . 311, 342, 357,
377, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
ymin window variable 311, 342, 349, 357,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 , 415
977
Z
Zero (graph math tool) . . . . . . . 329, 331
zeroes
activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
zeroes, zeroes( ) . . . . . . . . 238, 254, 261
zeroes, zeros( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
zeros( ), zeroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
zmax window variable . . . . . . . . . . . 377
zmin window variable . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
zoom
box, ZoomBox . . . . . . . . . . 323, 325
data, ZoomData . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
decimal, ZoomDec . . . . . . . . . . . 323
factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 , 326
fit, ZoomFit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
in, ZoomIn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 , 326
integer, ZoomInt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 , 327
out, ZoomOut . . . . . . . . . . . 323 , 326
previous, ZoomPrev . . . . . . . . . . 328
recall, ZoomRcl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
square, ZoomSqr . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
standard, ZoomStd . . . . . . . . . . . 324
store, ZoomSto . . . . . . . . . . 327, 328
trig, ZoomTrig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Zoom menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
978