Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity
CONDUCTIVITY
CHE 331 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
: EH1105C
2011843468
2011465212
2011651446
2011688134
: EH 110 5C
EXPERIMENT
PLANNER
: THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
SCOPE
CRITERIA
FULL
Introduction
Aims /Objectives
Theory
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5
5
10
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FULL
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Aims and Description Include the description of main apparatus 5
of Apparatus
Methodology
Reference
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SCOPE
CRITERIA
FULL
Results
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Data must be similar with what that was 20
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20
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Abstract
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Must provide objective of the experiment, 5
Sample Calculation
Conclusion
Recommendation
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the 5
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ABSTRACT.
The objectives of this experiment are to calibrate the unit by establishing the
incidental heat transfer and determine the conductivity of air. It is done by recording
the temperature and power reading of T1 and T2 when at reading stabilised for about
ten minutes. The air is used as the sample for the calibration. As a results, it is found
that when starting with 5W power, the inner temperature get is 36.3
and for
TABLE OF CONTAINS
Abstract
Table contains
1.
Introduction
2.
Objective
3.
Theory
4.
5.
Experimental procedure
6.
7.
Sample calculation
8.
9.
References
10.
Appendix
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The SOLTEQ Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases Unit (Model: HE 156)
has been designed for students to determine the thermal conductivity of various
liquids and gases. Thermal conductivity data is of prime importance in designing heat
exchangers. Heat transfer coefficients in these equipment are usually computed
using correlations, which require thermal conductivity data. The thermal conductivity
measurement unit for liquids and gases has been designed for student to determine
the thermal conductivity of various liquids and gases by injecting the test fluid to the
unit.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to calibrate the unit by establishing the
incidental of heat transfer and to determine the thermal conductivity of air, K.
3.0 THEORY
The basis of conduction heat transfer is Fouriers Law. This law involves the idea that
the heat flux, q, is proportional to the temperature gradient,
T in any direction,
q=kA
t
n
Conductivity is the ability of the given substance to transfer energy, in this case the
thermal energy. Basically, the thermal conductivity can be measured by knowing the
temperature difference between two known points of which heat flow is known.
Thermal conductivity has the unit of watts per meter per Celcius degree whereas the
heat flow is expressed in watts. Therefore, the numerical value of the thermal
conductivity indicates how fast heat will flow in a material.
For most gases at moderate pressure the thermal conductivity is a function of
temperature alone. This means that the gaseous data for 1 atm may be used for a
rather wide range of pressure. When non-ideal-gas behavior is encountered, the
other sources must be consulted for thermal conductivity data.
The physical mechanism of thermal-energy conduction in liquids is qualitatively the
same as in gases; however, the situation is considerably more complex since the
molecules are more closed spaced and molecular force field exert a strong influence
on the energy exchange in the collision process.
Thermal energy may be conducted in solids by two models: lattice vibration and
transport by free electrons. In good electrical conductors a rather large number of
free electrons move about in a lattice structure of the material. Just as these
electrons may transport electric charge, they may also carry thermal energy from
high temperature region to a low-temperature region, as in the case of gases. In fact,
these electrons are frequently referred to as the electron gas. Energy may also be
transmitted as vibration energy in the lattice structure of the material. In general,
however, this latter mode of energy transfer is not as large as the electron transport,
and for this reason good electrical conductors are always good heat conductors.
k = k32
492+Ck
T +Ck
T
492
where Ck is the Sutherland constant, T is the absolute temperature of the gas in oR, k
32
Contact Resistance
Contact resistance defined as temperature difference develops between two solids
that do not have perfect contact with each other. One of the factors that causes error
in the determination of the thermal conductivity is the nature of bond formed between
the heat source and the fluid or solid specimen, which contacts it and transmits heat.
If a solid receives heat by contacting solid, it is almost impossible to exclude the
presence of air or other fluid from the contact. Even when a liquid contacts a metal,
the presence of minute pits or surface roughness may permanently trap infinitesimal
bubbles of air, and it will be seen presently that these may cause considerable error.
employment of thin layer of a test fluid enclosed between two surfaces that
maintained at different temperatures.
For precise thermal conductivity measurement, the account must be made of
energy loss by test fluid convective heat flow. An apparatus with smallest gap width
between the two surfaces to employ the test fluid is recommended. Thus, coaxialcylinder method takes an intermediate position between the hot-wire method and the
flat-plate method.
The apparatus is consists of two coaxial cylinders vertically placed and leaving
a very small annular gap that is charged with the test fluid. The inner cylinder is
heated with the electrical heater. As the thermal low across the gap is fairly radial, the
governing equation is the Fourier equation, which relates heat output, Q, the inner
cylinder temperature, T1, and outer cylinder temperature, T 2, with the thermal
conductivity, k, of test fluid :
k=
ln ( R 2/ R 1)
( T 1T 2 )2 L xqc
Where R1and R2 are radius of the annulus, filled with the gas (R 2>R1) and L is
the length of the cylinder, 0.01 m. R1= 0.01665 m.
From the explanation, to find the thermal conductivity coefficient we must use
Fouriers Law as stated in equation (1). Solving for k we get,
k=
q dx
A dT
For radial heat transfer conduction in a cylinder, dx become dr, and area A, is the
cross sectional area of a conducting path. At steady state conditions across the small
radial gap, drbecome, r, dT become T and we get,
k=
q r
A T
In order to find the heat by conduction in a cylinder (q c) we can use the conservation
of energy equation. When we applied it to this system we will get,
By substituting equation (6) into equation (7), we get the following expression for q lost:
qlost = qgen qc = Q
wherer = ln (R2/R1)
(kA Tr )
5
7
1
2
3
4
Thermocouple Sensors
Sample Port( Top)
Cooling Water Inlet
Cooling Water Outlet
V1
V2
V3
a Experimental Capabilities
b Overall Dimensions
Height : 0.50m
Width : 0.80m
Depth : 0.50m
c General Requirements
Electrical : 240 VAC, 1-phase, 50Hz
Water : Laboratory main supply
Temperature Sensors
Six thermocouples installed were type K. Ensure that all thermocouples and
the leads are in good condition and insert the thermocouples probes into the
sensors insertion holes provided as follows:
1 into the inner cylindrical plug
2 into the outer cylindrical plug
Cooling Water Supply
The Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases Unit require a source of clean
and constant head as well as constant temperature (cold) water.Connect the
cold-water inlet to the nearest water supply using the hose provided, then
connect water outlet to the water drainage.
Commissioning Procedures
1. Connect the power lead to the nearest 240VAC power supply and then
switch on the electrical supply.
2. Open the control panel; push the reset button of the Earth Leakage Circuit
Breaker (ELCB) inside the control panel after the main power supply is
switched on. The ELCB should be kicked off, indicating that the ELCB is
functioning properly. If not, have a trained wireman to inspect the trainer for
any electrical leakage. The ELCB should be tested at least once a month.
3. Switch on the main switch. All indicator should lit-up.
4. Turn the temperature selector (1 and 2) to read all temperature readings.
Note that the readings are closed to the ambient temperature.
5. Open the water supply to supply cooling water into the cooling jacket.
Cooling water at approximately 5 to 10 LPM is sufficient for the experimental
purposes.
6. Open both sampling valves (V2 and V3). Switch on the heater and adjust the
heating power to 20 watt. Note that the temperature readings of selection 1
will start to increase.
7. The unit is now ready for use.
5.0
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
5 Temperature readings (T1 and T2) recorded when all readings stabilized for
about ten minutes.
6.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Power(W)
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tin ( C)
36.3
39.2
43.5
48.2
51.9
56.2
Tout (C)
30.3
30.4
30.6
30.8
31.5
31.6
Qout (w)
6.0
8.8
12.9
17.4
20.4
24.6
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Temperature Difference, c
DISCUSSION:
35
The basis of conduction heat transfer is Fouriers Law. The trend of graph for
experiment 1 is difference from example of graph incidental heat transfer.
Based on result on Qlost against different temperature, the graph is not directly
proportional because of careless during the experiment was conduct. The
effect of Qlost on temperature difference based on the experiment is when the
thermal conductivity value increased, the Q lost
30.0
= 6.3
Tavg = (36.3 + 30.0
= 33.15
/ 2
RECOMMENDATIONS.
The power supply in this experiment can change with easily because of internal
problem of instruments; therefore we must always control the power at 5 watt and 25
watt for constant the power. Instead of that, during experiment, always need to be
prepare with the stopwatch to get the correct timer for this experiment, because it can
cause wrong reading if the time taken is not on time.
9.0 APPENDICES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/conductive-heat-transfer-d_428.html